text:
Today's Devotional
Not a SprintWhere do you feel like giving up?
Top Music Videos
addfanatics's UploadsBack to addfanatics's channel.
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Amna Ismail Chiffon Suit AIC-063
Look instantly elegant and ultra-chic in this shocking pink chiffon suit. Beautiful grey embroidery adds appeal and charisma to this formal wear, while diamantes add sparkle and take it up a notch. Team it with subtle makeup and neutral heels to get the look.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Overview Edit
The web hacking incident database (WHID) is a project dedicated to maintaining a list of web application-related security incidents. The WHID's purpose is to serve as a tool for raising awareness of the web application security problem and provide information for statistical analysis of web application security incidents. Unlike other resources covering website security, which focus on the technical aspect of the incident, the WHID focuses on the impact of the attack. To be included in WHID an incident must be publicly reported, be associated with web application security vulnerabilities and have an identified outcome.


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Wall of Air was a Mastery 4 air spell which created an air wall that will throw back anybody or item which attempted to cross it. [1]
- ↑ Player's Guide: 2nd Ed, p. 213
|This magic or religion related article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by expanding this article.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Tim Ellison <t.p.elli...@gmail.com>
|Re: [jira] Commented: (HARMONY-6331) [classlib][beans] remove XMLDecoderTest from the exclude list
|Fri, 04 Sep 2009 09:07:16 GMT
On 04/Sep/2009 08:26, Charles Lee wrote: > Thanks Regis. > > The testcase will *pass* on ri and harmony+vme. But failed on harmony+drlvm. > The reason cause this difference is due to differenct order returned by the > Class.getMethods. > It seems findMethod in XMLDecoder shoud fix this problem, because it should > be order free. > > Also I use "*" around the word "pass" when I mentioned result using harmony > + vme. It is a fake pass. The exception it throw is "Cannot decide which > method to call to match get" due to the specific method order it get. The > senario as follows: > > Class A has four method: > 1. test(int, String) > 2. test(Integer, Object) > 3. test(Object, String) > 4. test(String, Object) > > I want to invoke the test with arg null and "aaa", that is > method.invoke(null, "aaa"). Which method should be invoked? > RI: NoSuchMethodException > vme: (mothed order is 4, 1, 2, 3), "Cannot decide which method to call to > match get", because method 4 and method 2 has the same distance. > drlvm: (mothd order is 1, 2, 3, 4), method 3 is invoked because it has the > smallest distance. > > My question is: which method should be invoked? Is this a quiz, or are you asking for an opinion? I would hope that the correct answer could be determined from the Beans spec, otherwise we should follow the RI's behavior. I would guess 3, since null is a valid actual parameter for an Object formal parameter (and an int is not) and String matches exactly. I don't think the order should matter. However, I'm not so familiar with the spec to say whether my 'logical answer' is the one the spec would give you. Regards, Tim
|View raw message


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Blouses in Half-Sizes: V1, 2 & 3 have front button closing and set-in sleeves. V1 & 2 have long sleeves gathered to buttoned cuffs. V1 with shirt type collar has self tie belt worn at waist or under collar. V2 & 3 with "V" neckline have front gathers at forward shoulder seams and tie collar. V3 has short sleeves with turn-back-cuffs.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
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[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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More Father's Day cards!
Thursday, June 13, 2013
Wednesday, June 12, 2013
Saturday, June 1, 2013
Father's Day cards
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Birthday Card
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Tuesday, May 28, 2013
Heart frame card
Posted by shelly at 6:17 PM No comments:
Butterfly card
Made the card for the challenge over at the simon says stamp blog. Paper from basic grey and frame from fancy pants. Embellishments basic grey.
Posted by shelly at 6:06 PM 1 comment:
Sunday, May 12, 2013
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Game background
|The Water Lord,
King of the Water Elementals
|Home plane
|The Sea of Timelessness (Elemental Plane of Water)
4E: Elemental Chaos
|Power level
|Design details
In the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, Istishia (/ɪsˈtɪʃiə/ iss-TISH-ee-ə),[1] also known as "The Water Lord" and "King of Water Elementals," is the Neutral god of Elemental Water and purification.
Publication history[edit]
Ed Greenwood created Istishia for his home Forgotten Realms game, inspired by the deity Straasha, created by Michael Moorcock for his Elric stories.[citation needed]
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977-1988)[edit]
Ed Greenwood initially used Straasha, one of Moorcock's Elemental gods as found in the original Deities & Demigods, as the elemental lord of water for his home Dungeons & Dragons campaign set in the Forgotten Realms. As Greenwood indicated in his article "Down-to-earth Divinity" in Dragon #54 (October 1981), Moorcock's elemental gods "may later be replaced in [his] universe by "official" AD&D beings as these are published".[2] Istishia first appeared in the original Manual of the Planes (1987),[3] and was featured as one of the elemental lords for the Forgotten Realms in the Forgotten Realms Campaign Set's "Cyclopedia of the Realms" booklet (1987).[1]
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989-1999)[edit]
Istishia was described in the hardback Forgotten Realms Adventures (1990),[4] the revised Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting (1993) in the "Running the Realms" booklet,[5] and Faiths & Avatars (1996).[6]
His role in the cosmology of the Planescape campaign setting was described in On Hallowed Ground (1996),[7] and The Inner Planes (1998).[8]
His relationships with the nonhuman deities in the Forgotten Realms was covered in Demihuman Deities (1998).[9]
Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition (2000-2007)[edit]
Istishia appears as one of the major deities of the Forgotten Realms setting again, in Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting (2001),[10] and is further detailed in Faiths and Pantheons (2002).[11]
Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008-Present)[edit]
Istishia appears in the fourth edition as a primordial.[12]
Istishia's symbol is a cresting wave and his favourite weapon is a wave (a warhammer for his clerics). His domains are Destruction, Ocean, Storm, Travel and Water. He is worshipped by bards, elemental archons of water, sailors and travelers. His clerics can be of Chaotic Neutral, True Neutral, Neutral Evil, Neutral Good, and Lawful Neutral alignments.
His allies are those with a relation to water, like Deep Sashelas, Eldath, Valkur, and Umberlee, but they are not strong relationships. He opposes Kossuth in every way.
- ^ a b Ed Greenwood, Jeff Grubb and Karen S. Martin (1987). Forgotten Realms Campaign Set. TSR, Inc. ISBN 0-88038-472-7.
- ^ Greenwood, Ed. "Down to Earth Divinity." Dragon #54 (TSR, 1981)
- ^ Grubb, Jeff. Manual of the Planes (TSR, 1987)
- ^ Grubb, Jeff and Ed Greenwood. Forgotten Realms Adventures (TSR, 1990)
- ^ Ed Greenwood (1993). Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting. ASIN B000K06S2E.
- ^ Martin, Julia, and Eric L. Boyd. Faiths & Avatars (TSR, 1996)
- ^ McComb, Colin. On Hallowed Ground (TSR, 1996)
- ^ Cook, Monte, with William W. Connors. The Inner Planes. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 1998
- ^ Boyd, Eric L. Demihuman Deities (TSR, 1998)
- ^ Ed Greenwood; et al. (2001). Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting. Wizard of the Coast. ISBN 0-7869-1836-5.
- ^ Boyd, Eric L, and Erik Mona. Faiths and Pantheons (Wizards of the Coast, 2002)
- ^ Bruce R. Cordell, Ed Greenwood, Chris Sims. Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide (Wizards of the Coast, 2008)


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New Year in Armenia 2018
The tour program for those who have decided to celebrate Christmas and New Year 2015 in Armenia.
Tour programm
|31 December
Arrival in Yerevan. Meeting at the Airoport. Transfer to hotel. Lunch at traditional Armenian style restaurant. City tour in Yerevan: Republic Square, Opera House, Architectural complex Cascade. Through the Northern Avenue to the Republic Square on the Armenia's main Christmas tree. Rest at the hotel. Celebrating New Year in a restaurant: New Year show program.
|1 January
Tour to rocky monastery Geghard, which was built in the XIII century. The monastery is unique because a part of it is carved into the rocks. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In the territory of the monastery khachkars (cross-stones) are located; many of them date back to the early medieval period. Tour to Garni pagan temple-the only surviving monument in Armenia belonging to the era of Paganism and Hellenism. The temple was dedicated to the God of Sun Mithra. Garni complex includes also remains of old fortress, summer palace of Armenian kings, roman baths. Lunch in the village of Garni, in the rural house, participation in baking Armenian bread Lavash. Live performance of Duduk.
|2 January
Visit to Nana Manucharyan's pottery workshop in Yerevan, where you will take part in the process of making Armenian traditional salt cellar in the form of a woman. In ancient times these kind of figures had ritual and worship significance. On the departure day you can take the already fired and glazed ware with you. Lunch in Anteb Western Armenian restaurant. Visit to the authentic and eccentric house-museum of famous Armenian filmmaker Sergey Parajanov. Tasting of best Armenian wines at Enoteca wine club.
|3 January
Breakfast in the hotel. Khor Virap monastery opens one of the most beautiful views of the Biblical Mount Ararat, which is especially beautiful when covered with snow. Under the monastery is located the royal prison where Saint Gregory the Illuminator was imprisoned for 13 years by Armenian king Tiridates III. You can go down to royal prison, the depth of which is 6.5 meters. Next destination is the South of Armenia, the monastery complex Noravank, built in the XIII-XIV centuries. The road to Noravank monastery reaches the Gnishik River canyon, eights kilometers of wonderful territory and rock formations with stunning colors. The canyon is famous for its caves, rare Flora and Fauna. The monastery is located in a spectacular natural environment and is one of the most magnificent monuments of medieval Armenia. Nearby is the Cave of Birds, where recently were found the world's oldest leather shoe and a winery. Local wine tasting in the cellar of Areni. Lunch in a local restaurant.
|4 January
Tour to Echmiadzin, the spiritual center of Armenian Apostolic Church and the residence of the Catholicos of all Armenians. Participation in the Christmas liturgy. The Treasury Museum of Echmiadzin where remain three of the most important religious relics brought from different monasteries and Dioceses: the Holy Lance(that pierced Christ by the Roman soldier during His crucifixion. It was brought to Armenia by the Apostle Thaddeus when he came to evangelize), a piece of Noah's Ark and the Right Hand of Saint Gregory the Illuminator. Visit to the ruins of Zvartnots, built in the 7th century. It represents a unique architectural structure. The temple was considered as one of the tallest buildings of its time (45-49 m). It is listed as Unesco World Heritage Site. Lunch at local restaurant. Visit to the History Museum of Armenia, which possesses a large collection attesting of thousand year old Armenian history.
|5 January
Tour to Tsakhkadzor, ski resort of Armenia. Kecharis monastery, built in the XI-XIII centuries. You will go up with cable car to one level in the mountain Teghenis. Lunch at the restaurant boutique Tsaghkunk. Tour to Lake Sevan – the largest lake in the Causasus, located at altitude of 1900 meters. Then we will visit Sevanavank monastery which offers a wonderful view of Lake Sevan.
|6 January
Armenian traditional soup Khash in Aragatsotn region. Monastery complex Saghmosavank, built in the XIII century, is located on the edge of stunning Kasakh River gorge. Many valuable parchments were written and painted in the library of the monastery. Trip to village Oshakan, in the center of which is situated a church, where was buried Mesrop Mashtots, creator of Armenian alphabet, founder of Armenian litterature, writing and national school. In the evening visit to Malkhas jazz club in Yerevan.
|7 January
Breakfast in the hotel. Check out from the hotel with baggage. Tour and tasting in the Brandy Factory. Local sweets and dried fruits market. Vernissage, where you can buy many intersting souvenirs from Armenia. Transfer to the airport.
Individual tour by request
|2-3 pax
|4-6 pax
|7-15 pax
|16-25 pax
|25 pax and more
Group tours with guaranteed departures
|Tour duration
|31 Dec - 07 Jan
The price includes:
- Accommodation in double rooms (3* hotel in Yerevan);
- Transportation service according to the program;
- Breakfasts in hotel and lunches in the best restaurants of Armenian cuisine;
- Welcome dinner and dinner at Malkhas jazz club;
- New Year show program;
- English speaking guide service (8 tours);
- Entrance fees including tour and tasting in Brandy Factory, baking Lavash in Garni, live performance of Duduk, Tsakhkadzor cable car.
- Travel map of Armenia;
- 2 bottles of water a day;
- Taxes.


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GiRai Doom is an Uncommon card from the Isolation set of .hack//ENEMY.
Tips and StrategiesEdit
GiRai Doom is a useful skill in multiple-element decks. Since 5 different elements have to be in the discard pile, this is far easier to play than cards requiring spotting elements, especially since event or action cards can be used for this effect. With enough different-element skills or events, even decks that focus on only one or two different elements can strengthen this card without suffering.


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Controls ie windows and properties, sets proxy, kills popups, search in web
Use this security logo:
Freeware is computer software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee.
Tutorial not found. Let know us about any useful video tutorial.
internet explorer, customize ie, internet explorer add on, browser, browsers, browsers add ons, internet browsers, proxy, proxy list, free proxy list, proxy software, free proxy software, proxy control software, change proxy
Interface improves, proxy managed enchanced
*** Please read this entire agreement ***
* This Freeware License Agreement (the "Agreement") is a
legal agreement between you ("Licensee"), the end-user, and F-Group for
the use of the F-Group software product IECount("Software").
By using this software or storing this program on a computer hard drive
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how to test a fridge thermostat download free VDMY full file
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| Product characteristics on the returns and exchanges are not accepted.
Please note that the color and size selection.
|M(22.0-23.0 cm), L(23.5-24.5 cm)
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Not Accepting Guests
- Last login almost 7 years ago
Join Couchsurfing to see Cerrie's full profile. It's free!
About Me
to dance, twirl & create circus chaos all over the world :-)
fire gypsy * earth mother * sista *
building my dream beach house with my family on the west coast of Autralia, art studio, organic gardens & orchards..
dreaming of running away with the circus, im founder & creative director of the wild west community circus school..
to weave a whole lot of magick in the world :-)
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only just heard of couch surfing from a friend.. not a great surfer, but a fantastic host...
meeting new people, visiting new places...
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i love hanging out with my family & friends & my little dog..
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Music, Movies, and Books
ecclectic taste in music, movies & books
Teach, Learn, Share
i would love to invite others to share some time in the gardens & vegie patch & art studios.. at night the magickal gradens light up with fire twirling & juggling.. we love music too..
the ocean is great for sailing, (kite & wind) surfing..


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Hepatic Encephalopathy Is Associated With Posttransplant Cognitive Function and Brain Volume
- Angelina McCarthy
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1 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION 17:38-46, 2011 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Hepatic Encephalopathy Is Associated With Posttransplant Cognitive Function and Brain Volume Rita Garcia-Martinez, 1,4 Alex Rovira, 2 Juli Alonso, 2,5 Carlos Jacas, 3,4,5 Macarena Simón-Talero, 1,4 Laia Chavarria, 1,4,5 Víctor Vargas, 1,4,5 and Juan Córdoba 1,4,5 1 Internal Medicine Hepatology Service, 2 Magnetic Resonance Unit (I.D.I.), Department of Radiology, and 3 Neuropsychology Unit, Psychiatric Service, Hospital Universitari Vall d Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; 4 Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication of cirrhosis that is associated with brain atrophy and may participate in impaired cognitive function after liver transplantation. This study analyzes the relationship of HE with cognitive function and brain volume after transplantation. A total of 52 consecutive patients with cirrhosis (24 alcohol abuse, 24 prior HE, 14 diabetes mellitus) completed a neuropsychological assessment before liver transplantation and again, 6 to 12 months after transplantation. In 24 patients who underwent the posttransplant assessment, magnetic resonance imaging was performed in addition, with measurement of brain volume and relative concentration of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine/ phosphocreatine (Cr), a neuronal marker, by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuropsychological assessment prior to transplantation identified minimal HE in 28 patients. All cognitive indexes improved after liver transplantation, but 7 patients (13%) showed persistent mild cognitive impairment. Global cognitive function after transplantation was poorer in patients with the following variables before liver transplantation: alcohol etiology, diabetes mellitus, and HE. Brain volume after transplantation was smaller in patients with prior HE. Brain volume correlated to NAA/Cr values (r ¼ 0.498, P ¼ 0.013) and poor motor function (r ¼ 0.41, P ¼ 0.049). In conclusion, the association of HE with cognitive function and brain volume suggests that having experienced HE before liver transplantation impairs the posttransplantation neurological outcome. Liver Transpl 17:38-46, VC 2011 AASLD. Received May 31, 2010; accepted September 23, Liver transplant candidates often exhibit cognitive disturbances, which are related to the effects of liver failure, the etiology of liver disease (eg, alcoholism), complications of cirrhosis (eg, hyponatremia), and extrahepatic comorbidities (eg, cerebrovascular disease). 1 The most common cause of cognitive impairment appears to be minimal hepatic encephalopathy (HE), which is secondary to liver failure and shares the same pathogenic mechanism as overt HE. Liver transplantation (LT) restores liver function and results in an improvement of minimal HE. 2 However, it is unclear whether minimal HE is fully reversible or Abbreviations: AVL, auditory verbal learning test; Cho, choline-containing compounds; COWAT, controlled oral word association test; Cr, creatine/phosphocreatine; Glu, glutamate; Gln, glutamine; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; JLO, judgment of line orientation test; LT, liver transplantation; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; mins, myo-inositol; MR, magnetic resonance; NAA, N-acetylaspartate; NPS, neuropsychological; NS, not significant; SD, standard deviation; TE, echo time; TR, repetition time. This project was funded by grants FIS 05/0226 and 07/0641. CIBERehd is supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III. R.G.-M. is the recipient of grant CM07/ Address reprint requests to Juan Córdoba, M.D., Servei de Medicina Interna-Hepatologia, Hospital General Universitari Vall d Hebron, Pg. Vall d Hebron , Barcelona 08035, Spain. Telephone: ; FAX: ; DOI /lt View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases VC 2011 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
2 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2011 GARCIA-MARTINEZ ET AL. 39 persists to some degree after LT. 3 Most studies that have specifically investigated the persistence of cognitive deficits in this population include a small group of patients 4 or assess neuropsychological performance only in the post-lt period. 5 Neuroimaging studies in diseases characterized by cognitive decline have demonstrated structural damage at different levels, thereby providing a structural basis for neuropsychological disturbances. In transplant recipients, prospective studies have shown resolution of neuroimaging abnormalities related to HE. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients with cirrhosis commonly depicts a high signal intensity on T 1 -weighted images in the basal ganglia and a high signal intensity on T 2 -weighted images along the corticospinal tract; both these abnormalities normalize within 1 year after LT. 6,7 This outcome relates to the improvement in cognitive function, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism. Neuropathological studies have documented brain atrophy in cirrhosis, 8 which has been corroborated in vivo using computed tomography. 9 However, the outcome of brain volume after LT has not been studied in depth, in part because of methodological difficulties. In a previous study, we observed that the size of brain ventricles in patients with cirrhosis after LT was larger than in controls, supporting the notion that cirrhosis may cause a decrease in the size of the brain that persists after LT. 10 A recent study in patients with cirrhosis who underwent prospective assessment of cognitive function showed a decline in neuropsychological function following episodes of HE. 11 This finding is consistent with demonstration of poorer neuropsychological scores in LT recipients who had previous episodes of HE. 5 These observations are the basis for the proposal that the lesion caused by HE has a metabolic component that reverses with improvement of liver failure and a structural component that persists regardless of the outcome of liver function. For this reason, we designed a prospective study to investigate the effect of previous HE episodes on the neuropsychological outcome following LT. In addition, we determined whether HE might have caused a loss of neuronal tissue in a subgroup of these patients by measuring the following after LT: brain volume by MR imaging using the SIENAX (structural image evaluation using normalization of atrophy) method, and the relative concentration of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), considered to be a neuronal marker, by MR spectroscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Design This study consisted of prospective assessment of neuropsychological function before and after LT. Consecutive outpatients on the transplant waiting list between March 2004 and October 2007 were assessed within 2 months of LT and again 6 to 12 months after LT. After March 2006, patients who underwent post- LT neuropsychological assessment were examined by MR of the brain. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hospital Universitari Vall d Hebron, and all patients gave written consent for participation. Patients All participants had cirrhosis and were evaluated for LT at our institution following standard procedures. At the time of the first assessment, they were on the waiting list and had no evidence of overt HE. A total of 70 patients were initially selected, of which 11 died during the first year after LT and 7 declined to participate. Thus, 52 patients completed the neuropsychological assessment (pre-lt and post-lt) and 24 of them underwent MR examination (post-lt). In the clinical protocol, the history and complications of cirrhosis were recorded before LT, and the clinical outcome after LT. To assess the effect of previous HE on the post-lt cognitive function, the following variables were recorded: number of episodes of overt HE, time to LT since first episode of overt HE, and maximal severity of HE (West Haven I-II or III-IV). These data were obtained from the patients medical records, which are systematically incorporated in the liver transplant unit database. Most patients included in the study had been regularly seen in our hospital since the first manifestation of liver disease. In the few cases of patients who went to other centers for episodes of decompensation, the information was obtained from their clinical documents. In all cases, the accuracy of the data was confirmed by the patients and their relatives. The clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The majority experienced complications of cirrhosis before LT (79% ascites, 31% bleeding secondary to portal hypertension); approximately one-fourth (27%) had diabetes mellitus before LT. The indication for LT was end-stage liver disease in 39 patients and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis in 13 patients. During the postoperative period, 4 patients experienced major neurological complications. Two of them died (1 cerebrovascular hemorrhage, 1 ischemichypoxic encephalopathy); the other 2 patients (1 seizure, 1 gaseous embolism) recovered well and were reassessed in the second study. Patients who completed the post-lt evaluation had good liver function (alanine aminotransferase ¼ IU/L, bilirubin ¼ mg/dl, albumin ¼ mg/dl) and normal creatinine ( mg/dl). Immunosuppression at the time of the second study consisted of tacrolimus given as monotherapy (n ¼ 25) or in association with mofetil mycophenolate (n ¼ 20) or inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (n ¼ 6); 1 patient was treated with cyclosporine associated with mofetil mycophenolate. Neuropsychological Assessment At the time of the neuropsychological evaluation, patients were perfectly alert, showed no flapping
3 40 GARCIA-MARTINEZ ET AL. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, January 2011 TABLE 1. Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Patients Characteristics Study Study Demographics Number of subjects Age (years) Male/female 81%/19% 75%/25% Etiology Viral 25 (48%) 13 (54%) Alcohol 24* (46%) 8 (33%) Others 3 (6%) 3 (13%) Abstinence prior to LT 24 (6-192) 12 (6-51) (months [range]) HE Prior to LT (episodic HE) 24 (46%) 12 (50%) Number of episodes Time from first episode to LT (months) Maximal severity 20 (83%) 11 (92%) grade I-II Maximal severity 4 (17%) 1 (8%) grade III-IV Minimal HE (pre-lt neuropsychological 28 (54%) 11 (46%) assessment) Biochemical parameters before LT Bilirubin (mg/dl) Albumin (mg/dl) Creatinine (mg/dl) Prothrombin activity (%) Sodium (mg/dl) MELD Values in mean 6 SD or n (%). *In 8 of them coexisting with hepatitis C. tremor, and were oriented in space, person, and time. That is, none of them exhibited signs of overt HE. The battery of neuropsychological tests used included the following 12 : Auditory Verbal Learning (AVL): A memory test consisting of 5 presentations of a 15-word list, one presentation of a second 15-word list, a sixth recall trial after interference, and a 20-minute delayed recall of the first list. The score for each trial is the number of words correctly recalled. The test generates several indexes that are averaged in a memory index. Trail-Making Test (Part A): NPS An attention test, in which the subject must draw lines to consecutively connect 25 numbered circles. The score is the time in seconds required to finish the test. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (Oral Version): MR An attentional and speed-of-information-processing test that consists of a series of rows containing symbols that should be paired to assigned numbers from 1 to 9 according to a written code. The score is the number of correct assignations in 90 seconds. Grooved Pegboard: A motor test, consisting of a small board containing slotted holes angled in different directions. Each peg has a ridge along one side requiring it to be rotated into position for correct insertion. The score is the time to completion in seconds with the dominant and nondominant hand. Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT): A language and executive function test consisting of three phonemic letter-naming trials. The examiner asks subjects to say as many words as they can in 1 minute beginning with a given letter (for example: F, A, S). The score is the sum of all acceptable words. Hooper Visual Organization Test: A visual and executive test of perceptual organization containing a series of more or less readily recognizable pictures of cut-up objects that should be identified by the subject. The total number of items is 30 (maximum score). Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO): A visuo-perceptual organization test that examines the ability to estimate angular relationships between line segments by visually matching angled line pairs to 11 numbered segments forming a semicircle. The score refers to the number of line pairs correctly matched. The scores for each test were transformed into T values, calculated using the formula T ¼ 50 þ 10 ([x x n ]/SD n ), in which x is the raw result of the test, x n is the mean value, and SD n the standard deviation (SD) of the test in the normal population. Normal values were obtained from Spanish population data, adjusted by age, sex, and years of education (categorized into levels: 0 ¼1 year; 1 ¼ 2-3 years; 2 ¼ 4-7 years; 3 ¼ 8-9 years; 4 ¼ years; 5 ¼ >11 years). The test scores were grouped into indexes of memory (AVL), attention (Trail A, Symbol Digit), executive function (COWAT), psychomotor function (Grooved Pegboard), and visuo-perceptive function (JLO, Hooper Test). An overall score (overall cognitive index) was calculated as the average of all the tests. The definition of impairment was based on the following T values: (mild), (moderate), and <20 (severe), according to standard procedures. Minimal HE was diagnosed in patients with cirrhosis in the pre-lt examination. The diagnosis was defined by the presence of 2 or more impaired cognitive indexes (<40) in the absence of a known cause of impairment, with a normal neurological examination. 13 Overt episodic HE was defined as the development of confusional syndrome attributable to liver
4 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2011 GARCIA-MARTINEZ ET AL. 41 failure in the absence of an alternative diagnosis. 14 Cognitive impairment after LT was based on an overall cognitive function score <40. MR Imaging MR studies were performed in 24 patients, 6 to 12 months after LT, on a 1.5-T Symphony Quantum Maestro Class system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) equipped with a circular polarized receiver head array coil, with the body coil acting as transmitter. The MR protocol included acquisition of proton density and T 2 -weighted fast spin-echo (repetition time [TR]/echo time [TE]/echo train length/acquisitions ¼ 3550 ms/ ms/5/1) and T 1 -weighted spin-echo (TR/TE/ acquisitions ¼ 650 ms/17 ms/1) images. A total of 46 contiguous transverse slices with a thickness of 3 mm, a 3/4 rectangular field of view of 250 mm, and an acquisition matrix of 256 mm 256 mm were used to record images. Brain tissue volume, normalized for subject head size, was estimated with SIENAX, 15 a part of the FSL (Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain [FMRIB] Software Library) 16 from T 1 -weighted images. Normalized brain volume values are expressed in milliliters. The [ 1 H]MR spectroscopy was performed from a volume of interest localized at the parieto-occipital region and defined by a cube of 2-cm side containing mainly white matter. A spin-echo based pulse sequence was used (1600/30 ¼ TR/TE). For water suppression, a chemical shift selective gaussian pulse was applied. A total of 1024 data points were collected over a spectral width of 1000 Hz. Four dummy scans plus 128 acquisitions were accumulated for each spectrum. Spectrum analysis was performed using the LCModel, a user-independent fitting routine, which is based on a library of model spectra of individual metabolites. 17 Measurements were performed at the following resonances: N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and myoinositol (mins). Results are expressed as metabolite ratios with respect to the Cr resonance. Images were assessed by two neuroradiologists (A.R., J.A.), who were blinded to the neuropsychological test results. Statistical Analysis Continuous variables are reported as the mean 6 SD or median (interquartile range). The chi-square test or Fisher s exact tests were used to study the existence of significant differences between nominal variables. Normality of continuous variables was explored using the Shapiro-Wilk Test. Depending on the distribution of the variables, parametric or nonparametric tests were applied to study the between-group (Student t test or Mann-Whitney rank-sum test) or within-subject (t test for paired samples or Wilcoxon test) differences. Comparisons among 3 or more independent groups were performed with 1-way analysis of variance, and the Bonferroni correction was applied in the post hoc analysis of normally distributed continuous variables with equal variances. The Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient test was applied to study correlations between variables. Linear trends were determined with the polynomial linear term or Jonckheere-Terpstra test when the independent variable was ordinal. Linear multiple regression analysis was used to identify those factors (ie, cognitive risk factors: those pretransplant factors that were associated with posttransplant cognition) that were independently associated with the quantitative variables of interest (ie, global cognitive function). The criterion used to select the final model was higher R 2 with lower Mallow s Cp. 18,19 The B coefficient for each variable that remains in the final model represents the standardized coefficient (beta). A P value <0.05 with correction for multiple testing, if applicable, was considered statistically significant. Collinearity between variables was examined by estimating tolerance and the variance inflation factor; variables with problems were excluded. Statistical calculations were performed with SPSS, version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS Cognitive Function Before LT, patients exhibited several disturbances in cognitive function, but these were not obvious on clinical examination. None of the patients showed chronic, overt HE. Three neuropsychological indexes (memory, attention, and motor function) showed mild impairment (Fig. 1), and 28 patients (52%) were diagnosed with minimal HE. Patients who had minimal HE had poorer liver function and were more likely to have experienced previous HE than those who did not (Table 2). After LT, all the neuropsychological indexes showed a significant improvement, with an increase in the global cognitive function score from to The degree of improvement in global function was higher in patients who had episodes of HE and ascites before LT, and correlated with the alterations in bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin activity, and sodium, and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score results (Table 3). There was no association between the cognitive test scores and the time since LT. The multivariate analysis including the following variables: prior HE, ascites, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin activity, sodium, and MELD score (Table 3) found that the best explicative model for the improvement in global cognitive function (R 2 ¼ 0.376, Cp ¼ 2.95, P < 0.001) was associated with previous HE (B ¼ 0.28), serum sodium concentration (B ¼ 0.32), and prothrombin activity (B ¼ 0.29), In the post-lt evaluation, the average scores for the different indexes were within normal values (T values >40 and <60) (Fig. 1). However, 7 patients (13%) exhibited mild cognitive impairment (global cognitive function <40). The clinical and biochemical characteristics of this patient subgroup before and after LT are summarized in Table 4. Analysis of peritransplantation
5 42 GARCIA-MARTINEZ ET AL. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, January 2011 Figure 1. Cognitive function (Fx) before liver transplantation (pre-lt) and after liver transplantation (post-lt). The results are expressed as T values. The different neuropsychological domains showed a significant improvement after liver transplant (*P < 0.05). Please note that pre-lt, the average results for memory, attention, and motor function are impaired (values <40). conditions, post-lt infection, and effect of immunosuppressive drugs (including shifts in serum sodium or tacrolimus levels after transplantation) showed no impact of these factors on post-lt cognitive function. Global cognitive function was poorer in patients with a lower educational level, alcohol etiology, diabetes mellitus or HE prior to LT (Table 3). The best explicative model (R 2 ¼ 0.231, Cp ¼ 7.75, P ¼ 0.005), which incorporated these 4 covariables (Table 3) in the multivariate analysis, showed that the posttransplant cognitive function was associated with alcohol etiology (B ¼ 0.26), diabetes mellitus (B ¼ 0.26), and prior HE (B ¼ 0.22) These variables were considered cognitive risk factors based on these results. The number of pre- LT cognitive risk factors was associated with the overall post-lt cognitive function (Fig. 2), and the pattern of impairment was related to the risk factors. Transplant recipients with alcohol-induced cirrhosis showed a memory decline, those with diabetes mellitus exhibited attention impairment, and those with prior HE defects had impaired motor function (Fig. 3). Magnetic Resonance The characteristics of patients evaluated by MR were similar to those of the overall group (Table 1). The post-lt normalized brain volume in these patients was ml. Brain volumes were lower with increasing age (R ¼ 0.641, P ¼ 0.001), alcohol etiology ( ml versus ml, P ¼ 0.049), prior HE ( ml versus ml, P ¼ 0.004) and increasing time from first HE (R ¼ 0.641, P ¼ 0.025). The multivariate analysis in which these 4 covariables were tested indicated that age and time since first episode of HE were independently associated with a significant decrease in brain volume (time from first episode of HE to LT: B ¼ 0.64, age: B ¼ 0.50; R 2 ¼ 0.76; Cp ¼ 2.44; P ¼ 0.002). The age-related decrease in brain volume was more pronounced in patients with previous HE (Fig. 4). Although cognitive function after LT was within normal values on average, patients with a smaller brain volume showed poorer function on motor tests (R ¼ 0.41, P ¼ 0.049). MR spectroscopy results (Cho/Cr ¼ , mins/cr ¼ , Gln/Cr ¼ , NAA/Cr ¼ ) were within the range of normality of our center. NAA/Cr, a neuronal marker, correlated significantly with brain volume (R ¼ 0.50, P ¼ 0.013) (Fig. 5). DISCUSSION The findings of this study indicate that HE, in addition to diabetes mellitus and prior alcohol consumption, has effects on cognitive function that persist after LT. LT candidates often experience episodes of TABLE 2. Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Patients According to the Presence of Minimal HE Normal Neuropsychological Characteristic Minimal HE (n ¼ 28) Function (n ¼ 24) P Age 56.5 (13) 54.5 (16) ns Sex (male/female) 82%/18% 79%/21% ns Education (level) 2 (3) 3 (1) ns Alcohol etiology 61% 29% Diabetes mellitus 36% 17% ns Prior HE 64% 25% Ascites 89% 67% Prior variceal bleeding 32% 29% ns Bilirubin (mg/dl) 3.1 (2.8) 1.7 (2.5) Albumin (mg/dl) 2.5 (0.8) 2.9 (0.6) Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.9 (0.5) 0.9 (0.2) ns Prothrombin activity (%) 53(12) 64 (30) Sodium (mg/dl) 135 (6) 137 (3) MELD score 17 (6) 15 (7) Values in median (interquartile range) or percent (%). Mann-Whitney rank sum test, chi-square, or Fisher s tests.
6 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2011 GARCIA-MARTINEZ ET AL. 43 Factor TABLE 3. Factors Related to the Change in Global Cognitive Function With LT and the Final Cognitive Function After LT Change in Global Cognitive Function With LT* Global Cognitive Function After LT Age ns ns Sex (male vs female) 7 6 5vs66 4 ns vs506 7 ns Education (years) ns Alcohol etiology (yes / no) 7 6 5vs66 4 ns vs Diabetes mellitus (yes / no) 8 6 6vs66 4 ns vs Prior HE (yes / no) 9 6 5vs vs Ascitis (yes / no) 8 6 4vs vs506 5 ns Bilirubin (mg/dl) ns Albumin (mg/dl) ns Creatinine (mg/dl) ns ns Prothrombin activity (%) ns Sodium (mg/dl) < ns MELD score ns Pearson s or Spearman s coefficient test or Student t test; *T values post-lt minus pre-lt T values post-lt (mean 6 SD). TABLE 4. Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics Prior to LT in Relation to the Development of Mild Cognitive Impairment After LT Mild Cognitive Impairment Normal Cognitive Function Characteristic After LT (n ¼ 7) After LT (n ¼ 45) Age (years) Alcohol etiology 5 (71%) 19 (42%) Diabetes mellitus before LT* 5 (71%) 9 (20%) Prior hepatic encephalopathy 5 (71%) 19 (42%) Time since first episode of HE (months) Severity of HE(0/I-II/III-IV) 1/3/2 0/17/ 2 Number of cognitive risk factors* 2 (2) 1 (2) MELD Na pre-lt (mg/dl) Change in Na (7 days post-lt) Tacrolimus concentration post-lt (ng/ml) Infections post-lt (number of episodes) *P < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney rank sum test or chi-square test). Maximum change in serum sodium seen 7 days posttransplant. Serum tacrolimus levels at the time of the posttransplant neuropsychological assessment (6 1 week). Infection of central nervous system was not detected in any of the groups. HE or exhibit minimal HE, as was seen in two-thirds of our patients. This population is considered at higher risk of developing neurological complications following LT. 20 Our data demonstrate that overall cognitive function may be impaired after LT in the absence of major neurological complications related to the surgical procedure or the postoperative management. The neuropsychological impairment after LT appears to have a distinct pattern in relation to the pre-lt cognitive risk factor, with psychomotor disturbances the most characteristic of HE. Fortunately, the number of patients with cognitive impairment is small and the severity of the persisting defect is mild. HE has been classically considered a metabolic encephalopathy. This concept is supported by the results of several studies showing improved cognitive function after LT. 4,21 Reversibility has even been shown for the more extreme cases of chronic deterioration, commonly called acquired hepatocerebral degeneration. 22,23 However, there is evidence that HE causes some degree of permanent central nervous system damage. 3,11 Cognitive impairment after LT has been documented in previous studies. 4 Nevertheless, the majority of transplant recipients exhibit normal cognitive function that remains stable for many years. 10 Only
7 44 GARCIA-MARTINEZ ET AL. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, January 2011 Figure 2. Global cognitive function after liver transplantation (T values) according to the number of cognitive risk factors present before liver transplantation (1-way analysis of variance). *Post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction, compared to 0 risk factors (P < 0.05). Linear tendency determined with polynomial contrast and Jonckheere-Terpstra test (P < 0.01). Figure 4. Brain volume after liver transplantation in relation to age and presence of HE before transplantation. Figure 3. Cognitive indexes (T values) after liver transplantation in relation to pretransplant risk factors (factors associated with cognitive indexes in the multivariate analysis). 13% of our patients qualified for mild cognitive impairment. There are many possible causes of central nervous system deficits, such as preexisting events (eg, alcoholism, trauma, stroke), intraoperative brain injury (eg, hypotension, ischemia), persistent portosystemic shunts, and toxic effects of immunosuppression. 24 Although we cannot exclude participation of these factors, our data indicate that susceptibility to persistent cognitive deficits is higher among patients with alcohol-induced disease, diabetes mellitus, and prior episodes of HE. Two or more of these factors were present in 71% of patients with mild cognitive impairment following LT and in only 27% of those with normal neuropsychological function. Our findings show that several pre-lt factors with known effects on neuropsychological performance Figure 5. Relationship between brain volume and NAA/Cr. may be responsible for sequelae when they act additively. Alcohol is neurotoxic and alcohol abuse causes cognitive disturbances that affect many domains. 25 Neuropsychological function improves with abstinence, but several defects may persist, 26 particularly with regard to memory, as was seen in our study. Diabetes mellitus type 2 has been associated with a decline in cognitive function that affects attention, executive function, and memory. 27 This decline is more marked in older patients and has been related to
8 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2011 GARCIA-MARTINEZ ET AL. 45 white matter lesions and brain atrophy, probably indicating vascular-induced injury that can be enhanced in the posttransplant period by other vascular risk factors (eg, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia). 10 HE may cause damage to brain tissue, including neuronal loss. 28 In neuroradiological studies, brain volume loss, a marker of brain atrophy and a consequence of neuronal loss, has been documented in 50% of nonalcoholic patients with chronic HE. 9 A confounding factor in these studies may be low-grade brain edema, 29 which resolves after LT. In the current study, which used an accurate volumetric method, brain volume was found to be smaller in relation to age (as was expected), and the development of episodes of HE. The association between HE and brain volume should be interpreted cautiously. The MR data proceed exclusively from the post-lt period; the findings should be corroborated in longitudinal studies of patients who experienced repeated bouts of HE. Nevertheless, a plausible explanation for the association is that HE induces a loss of neurons. This notion is supported by the association between brain volume and the relative content of NAA. Animal models provide convincing evidence that several neuronal cell death mechanisms are activated in HE. 30 In comparison to chronic HE, the loss of neurons and decrease in brain volume resulting in episodic HE is mild. In our study, the majority of patients with cirrhosis exhibited brain volumes and NAA/Cr peaks within the normal range. Nevertheless, brain tissue loss, even when it is mild, can participate in a decline in cognitive function, as was suggested by the correlation found between brain volume and psychometric test results. The current study has several limitations that should be taken into consideration in the interpretation of the results. Cognitive function is influenced by several factors that are present before and after LT and some of these may not have been adequately recognized in the study. One weakness that is difficult to resolve is how to attribute neuropsychological impairment to a specific factor in patients with multiple comorbid conditions. The diagnosis of minimal HE is based on demonstration of cognitive disturbance in the absence of other causes, but several factors could have participated in the deterioration seen on pre-lt neuropsychological testing. Alcoholism is a well-recognized factor that was more common in patients with minimal HE, even after patients had been abstinent for more than 6 months. Alcohol impairs cognition and can cause brain atrophy, which affects most remarkably frontal lobes and cerebellum and may reverse in association with cognitive function with long-term sobriety. 31 To control for the confounding effects of alcoholism some studies have excluded these patients in the characterization of minimal HE, but the results have been similar 6 to those that included alcoholics on abstinence. 32 We did not exclude prior alcohol consumption because our aim was to keep the applicability of the results by investigating patients who are representative of clinical practice. The contributing effect of this factor was evaluated in the multivariable analysis. In addition, postoperative complications, especially those in the early post-lt period may also have affected cognitive function. Recent studies have shown that among older patients, hospitalization and intensive care unit admission are risk factors for developing dementia several years later. 33 Perioperative factors that could have worsened cognitive function were not identified, but may show up in studies with larger samples and longer follow-up periods. Despite these limitations, our findings may have implications in the management of LT candidates. First, therapies that are effective in preventing HE (rifaximin and lactulose) are currently available. 34 Second, the consequences of HE on postoperative cognitive status may have an influence on prioritization policies. 35 This is especially important for LT candidates with recurrent and difficult to treat episodes of overt HE and low MELD scores. Additional factors that should be also considered are age, a history of alcoholism, and concurrent diabetes, because patients with these factors are the most vulnerable. In conclusion, this prospective study shows that HE has an effect on cognitive function after LT, likely because it results in neuronal and brain volume loss. These findings suggest that implementation of measures to prevent HE may improve cognitive outcome after LT. REFERENCES 1. Buis CI, Wiesner RH, Krom RA, Kremers WK, Wijdicks EF. Acute confusional state following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Neurology 2002;59: Ortiz M, Cordoba J, Jacas C, Flavia M, Esteban R, Guardia J. Neuropsychological abnormalities in cirrhosis include learning impairment. J Hepatol 2006;44: Rose C, Jalan R. Is minimal hepatic encephalopathy completely reversible following liver transplantation? Liver Transpl 2004;10: Mechtcheriakov S, Graziadei IW, Mattedi M, Bodner T, Kugener A, Hinterhuber HH, et al. Incomplete improvement of visuo-motor deficits in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy after liver transplantation. 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text:
DR WHO TSAR WARS by BrianAWWatch
©2011-2017 BrianAW
Cover painting for a BBC Audio Book CD: DR WHO TSAR WARS - the layout and colour scheme being a mickey take of a 70's LP cover by Geoff Love, which itself was an unlicensed "homage" to the Star Wars bandwagon
Waoh, that's reallt cool!!!
greaT LIKENESS, LOVE IT!
OMG that is so awesome! I love the old film-poster style.
That was the first cassette I ever bought.