text:
Wash. Post's Murray and Kurtz dismissed reader concerns about Post's coverage of Bush prewar falsehoods
Research ››› ››› JOE BROWN
In keeping with a pattern at The Washington Post, Shailagh Murray and Howard Kurtz dismissed suggestions that the Post should follow up on a National Journal article on an internal Bush administration review, which found that President Bush had been specifically advised that claims he made during his 2003 State of the Union address about Iraq's nuclear program might not be true. Despite the Post's failure to report on the revelation, Murray suggested readers already knew "that Bush had some indication" the intelligence he cited "was faulty."
In an April 3 online chat, Washington Post congressional reporter Shailagh Murray dismissed a reader's suggestion that the Post should follow up on a March 30 article by National Journal investigative reporter Murray Waas, who reported that an internal Bush administration review found that President Bush "had been specifically advised that claims he later made in his 2003 State of the Union address -- that Iraq was procuring high-strength aluminum tubes to build a nuclear weapon -- might not be true." Asked by the reader whether the Post would follow up on this revelation "because it strengthens the argument that Bush intentionally misled the country about this issue," or whether it was too busy reporting "puff pieces about how the President's new, more open style is winning audiences over," Murray responded that the Post's White House reporters were "working on profiles of the [Bush] twins and that cute dog Barney." She instructed readers "to check out the National Journal piece" for themselves, adding: "Does anyone out there really doubt at this point that Bush had some indication that the intelligence on the tubes was faulty?" The Post has yet to cover Waas's National Journal disclosures.
In a separate chat later that day, a reader asked Post media critic Howard Kurtz about Murray's comments, specifically whether the Post's White House reporters would appreciate Murray's assertion that they are too busy profiling the Bush twins and the Bush family dog to follow up on the National Journal story. Kurtz responded: "I think our White House correspondents possess an actual sense of humor. Personally, I can't get enough about Barney."
Murray's suggestion that the Post does not need to cover a story of the magnitude of Waas's because readers already know "that Bush had some indication that the intelligence on the [aluminum] tubes was faulty" -- as well Kurtz's failure to even acknowledge the issue -- fit into a larger pattern at the Post of brushing aside, as "old news," revelations about the Iraq war that could be damaging to the Bush administration.
The Post editorial page dismissed the disclosures contained in the Downing Street memo, claiming that the memo "add[s] not a single fact to what was previously known about the administration's prewar deliberations" or to "what was publicly known in July 2002." Moreover, as Media Matters for America has noted (here and here), three years after the start of the Iraq war, the Post editorial page has yet to acknowledge its failure to question the Bush administration's claims in the run-up to the war, and has not retracted the falsehoods it put forth in promoting, and subsequently defending, the invasion.
From Murray's April 3 chat:
Rochester, N.Y.: Last week Murray was (sic) reported in the National Journal that Bush was explicitly warned that portions of the case for WMD was likely faulty -- specifically the part about the infamous aluminum tubes. This seems important, because it strengthens the argument that Bush intentionally misled the country about this issue. Is The Post planning on following up on this? Or do you have your hands full with puff pieces about how the President's new, more open style is winning audiences over?
Shailagh Murray: Just a sec, let me check with the White House reporters -- nope, they're working on profiles of the twins and that cute dog Barney.
Readers are herein instructed to check out the National Journal piece.
Does anyone out there really doubt at this point that Bush had some indication that the intelligence on the tubes was faulty?
From Kurtz's April 3 chat:
Alexandria, Va.: Shailagh Murray just joked a few minutes ago with a chatter who wanted more media coverage of the Murray Waas report on Bush's level of knowledge on WMD intelligence. Shailaugh (sic) quipped:
"Just a sec, let me check with the White House reporters -- nope, they're working on profiles of the twins and that cute dog Barney."
Do you think the White House reporters for The Post would appreciate that? And what about Helen Thomas writing a book about her colleagues in the W.H. press being wimps? How do they react?
Howard Kurtz: I think our White House correspondents possess an actual sense of humor. Personally, I can't get enough about Barney.
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About the Book
Enjoy reading about loving characters who interact in their precious environment of Emerald Falls. Along the way Madeleine and her friend have a daring adventure, and boldly and bravely save a life. They learn that the environment we live in is so important. All living things play a role in the circle-of-life on our priceless planet.
For teachers and parents there is a Vocabulary Builder to enrich the minds of our youth. Enjoy the Wise Apple's Advice about animals and Mother Nature.
Features & Details
- Category Children
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
76 Pages
- Publish Date Aug 22, 2010
- Language English
- Tags childrens book, vocabulary, river, girls, turtles, nature
About the Creator
I was a student and teacher of Political Science and Ancient History before my near-fatal automobile accident. After a transforming experience with Jesus, I became a Christian writer and lecturer, and a Herald of Christ. Jesus put a fire in me and it energized my ability to think, speak, and write to serve Him. I am a Businessman in Agoura Hills, California.
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NORMAN – The Lincoln Riley era tripped coming out of the gate last season. Slow starts against Tulsa and Tennessee had some fans calling for the young offensive coordinator to leave before his coaching stint even really began with the Sooners.
By the end of the season, anyone who uttered those words was probably swallowing them pretty hard.
Oklahoma had the leeway to start slowly last year with no expectations and a comparably easy schedule. That's not the case this year with two College Football Playoff contenders in the first three games of the regular season. A slow start against Houston or Ohio State could doom the season before it even starts.
In Year 2 under Riley, the Sooners have to find offensive rhythm pretty quickly.
"We better," Riley said with a laugh. ". . . Our guys have a strong understanding that if we don't, we'll be in trouble. We play some obviously really good teams here in the beginning. We have to be very good really early."
The pieces are in place to do just that.
Oklahoma returns starting quarterback Baker Mayfield, and things should run a bit smoother in Riley's second year as offensive coordinator. There's also no learning curve for Oklahoma's top offensive skill players, who all picked up the offense and hit their stride around midseason last year.
Oklahoma will need to know more about itself this year.
"You have a good idea of establishing an identity going in, but you know, it has to happen," Oklahoma coach Bob Stoops said. "You have to get out there and see it come to fruition, and that only comes with games. We'll sure try to have a strong one going into that last week going into game week."
Part of that identity will revolve around the running game, which was still a major work in progress early last season because of a rebuilt offensive line and an offensive system that hadn't exactly feature the run much at East Carolina or Texas Tech under Riley.
This year, and even with a Heisman Trophy candidate at quarterback, Oklahoma knows that teams will load up to stop the run.
"If they don't try to do that, they'd be foolish, just because of the personnel we have inside," Mayfield said. ". . . That room is the best talent of running back room in the country. Those guys, I trust them; our whole offense. I fully expect people to try and load up the box."
That'll have to pick up quickly where it left off at the end of last season.
"We have a sense of urgency to really push, to really get into a great rhythm going into that week of game week and really ahead of game week," Stoops said.null


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text:
Scales of justice
A man accused of throwing a punch that cost his alleged victim an eye will wait until later this month for the outcome of his trial.
Michael Robert Bryenton, 36, was back in provincial court in Charlottetown Tuesday for the second day of his aggravated assault trial.
In making his final submissions, defence lawyer Thane MacEachern asked Judge John Douglas to be careful when considering the victim's testimony.
"His memory throughout the testimony is very vague," MacEachern said.
That someone assaulted Trevor Acorn in a Euston Street boarding house on Nov. 24, 2015 isn't in dispute.
Acorn spent several weeks in hospital and was transferred to Halifax for treatment of injuries that included skull fractures.
He lost an eye after the assault and has nine plates in his face and skull.
Acorn accused Bryenton of punching him in the eye and testified Jeremy Joseph Cummiskey hit him in the head with a 2x6.
Bryenton and Cummiskey went to Acorn's room looking for drugs, but two versions of events were presented in court.
In one, Acorn said Bryenton threw the punch unprovoked.
In the other, Bryenton said he didn't punch Acorn and Cummiskey attacked without any provocation.
MacEachern said considering the evidence as a whole, Bryenton's version of events was more logical.
Crown attorney Lisa Goulden said Acorn was adamant Bryenton hit him in the eye and believed that blow cost him his eye.
Even if the court believed Acorn's account was somehow questionable, it had to consider if Bryenton was a party to the assault, she said.
Goulden said Bryenton wasn't a passive observer and he was a party to the assault that led to Acorn's serious injuries.
"He started a sequence of events that led to that happening," Goulden said.
After hearing the submissions, Douglas said he needed time to reflect on some of the issues raised and adjourned the case until Feb. 26.
Cummiskey is scheduled to be back in court Feb. 17 for a preliminary hearing.


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|Jewish Theological Seminary
Jewish Theological Seminary Building at 3080 Broadway in Manhattan
|והסנה איננו אכל
|Motto in English
|And the bush was not consumed – Exodus 3:2
|Religious affiliation
|Conservative Judaism
|Arnold Eisen
|Alan Cooper
New York City, New York, United States
40°48′43″N 73°57′37″W / 40.81194°N 73.96028°WCoordinates: 40°48′43″N 73°57′37″W / 40.81194°N 73.96028°W
The Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) is the academic and spiritual center of Conservative Judaism.
The Jewish Theological Seminary operates five schools: Albert A. List College of Jewish Studies, which is affiliated with Columbia University and offers joint/double bachelors degree programs with both Columbia and Barnard College, The Graduate School, The William Davidson Graduate School of Jewish Education, H. L. Miller Cantorial School and College of Jewish Music, and the Rabbinical School.
Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
Rabbi Zecharias Frankel (1801-1875) at one time was in the traditional wing of the nascent Reform Judaism movement. After the second Reform rabbinic conference (1845, Frankfurt, Germany) he resigned after coming to believe that their positions were excessively radical. In 1854 he became the head of a new rabbinical school, the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau. In his magnum opus Darkhei HaMishnah (Ways of the Mishnah) Rabbi Frankel amassed scholarly support which showed that Jewish law was not static, but rather had always developed in response to changing conditions. He called his approach towards Judaism 'Positive-Historical', which meant that one should accept Jewish law and tradition as normative, yet one must be open to changing and developing the law in the same historical fashion that Judaism has always historically developed.
Positive-Historical Judaism in America
About this time in America, Rabbi Sabato Morais championed the reaction to American Reform. At one time Rabbi Morais had been a voice for moderation within the coalition of Reformers. He had opposed the more radical changes, but was open to moderate changes that would not offend traditional sensibilities. After the Reform movement published the Pittsburgh Platform, Rabbi Morais recognized the futility of his efforts and began the creation of a new rabbinical school in New York City. He was soon joined by Rabbi Alexander Kohut and Rabbi Bernard Drachman, both of whom had received semicha (rabbinic ordination) at Rabbi Frankel's Breslau seminary. They shaped the curriculum and philosophy of the new school after Rabbi Frankel's seminary. The first graduate to be ordained was Rabbi Morris Mandel who went to lead Adas Israel congregation (Washington, D.C.).
In 1902, Professor Solomon Schechter assumed presidency of JTS. In a series of papers he articulated an ideology for the nascent movement. In 1913 he presided over the creation of the United Synagogue of America. (The name was changed in 1991 to the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism.)
Prominent professors at the Seminary at the time included such luminaries as Saul Lieberman, Alexander Marx, Louis Ginzberg and Louis Finkelstein and many others.
In 1930 the organization commissioned a new headquarters for 122nd Street and Broadway in a neo-colonial style, with a tower at the corner. The architects were Gehron, Ross and Alley.
Between 1940 and 1985, The Jewish Theological Seminary produced a radio and television show called The Eternal Light. The show aired on Sunday afternoons, featuring well-known Jewish personalities like Chaim Potok and Elie Wiesel. Broadcasts did not involve preaching or prayer, but drew on history, literature and social issues to explore Judaism and Jewish holidays in a manner that was accessible to persons of any faith.
Admission of LGBT students
Since March 2007, the Jewish Theological Seminary accepts openly gay students into their rabbinical and cantorial programs (the Seminary's other three schools upheld such non-discrimination policies prior to this date). An announcement in the press, first posted on the school's website[1] and reported by the press.[2] has been made about the admission of and ordination of homosexual students for the rabbinate and the cantorate.
A Conservative Jewish seminary in New York has agreed to admit gays and lesbians who want to become rabbis and cantors, but declined to take a stand on whether rabbis should officiate at same-sex unions.
The Jewish Theological Seminary announced its decision yesterday, more than three months after the Rabbinical Assembly's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards authorized the ordination of gays and lesbians.
In March 2008 JTS held a day long program titled Hazak Hazak V'Nithazek: Celebrating Strength Through Inclusion, marking the one year anniversary of Chancellor Eisen's decision to admit gay and lesbian students into the rabbinical and cantorial schools. A survey conducted prior to Chancellor Eisen's decision indicated that 58% of the rabbinical student body supported a change in admission policy. Some students who opposed the change in admission policy said they felt excluded from the day's program because it did not sufficiently recognize the pluralism in the student body.
Notable faculty
- Cyrus Adler
- Arnie Eisen
- José Faur
- Louis Finkelstein
- Louis Ginsberg
- David Weiss Halivni
- Judith Hauptman
- Abraham Joshua Heschel
- Max Kadushin
- Mordechai Kaplan
- Saul Lieberman
- David Marcus
- Alexander Marx
- David G. Roskies
- Joel Roth
- Solomon Schechter
- Ismar Schorsch
- Gordon Tucker
- Burton Visotzky
- Jack Wertheimer
- Yochanan Muffs
Notable alumni
- Ben Zion Bokser
- Daniel Boyarin, Hermann P. and Sophia Taubman Professor of Talmudic Culture, Departments of Near Eastern Studies and Rhetoric, University of California at Berkeley.
- Menachem Creditor, rabbi of Congregation Netivot Shalom in Berkeley, CA and founder of ShefaNetwork.org, co-founder of Keshet Rabbis
- David G. Dalin, historian
- Matthew Eisenfeld, student killed in the Jerusalem bus 18 massacres
- Ben-Zion Gold, Rabbi of Harvard Hillel
- Jonathan A. Goldstein, Bible scholar
- David Gordis, former President of Hebrew College
- Arthur Green, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies at Brandeis and Rector of the Rabbinical School at Hebrew College.
- Joseph H. Hertz, British Chief Rabbi and Author; first graduate of JTS
- Arthur Hertzberg
- Irwin Kula, Director of president of CLAL, the Center for Learning and Leadership.
- Lee I. Levine, Scholar of Ancient Judaism
- Marshall Meyer
- Jacob Neusner, Chair of the Judaic Studies Department at Bard College.
- Norman Podhoretz, former Editor, Commentary magazine
- Chaim Potok, author, and rabbi
- Paula Reimers, Rabbi
- Samuel Schafler, past president of Hebrew College, superintendent of the Chicago Board of Jewish Education
- Henrietta Szold, founder of Hadassah
- Mordecai Waxman, prominent rabbi in the Conservative movement and senior rabbi of Temple Israel of Great Neck. Opened dialogue with Pope John Paul II in 1987
- Rabbi Joseph Wolf, current rabbi of Congregation Havurah Shalom in Portland Oregon and a member of the board of Rabbis for Human Rights, North America.
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jewish Theological Seminary
- Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
- JTS library fire
- Rabbinical Assembly
- United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
- American Jewish University
- ↑ This was at http://www.jtsa.edu/about/communications/press/20062007/20070326.shtml but is currently unavailable
- ↑ shamir, Shlomo (2007-03-28). "NY Jewish seminary to accept gay students". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/842238.html. Retrieved 2009-01-06. "A Conservative Jewish seminary in New York has agreed to admit gays and lesbians who want to become rabbis and cantors, but declined to take a stand on whether rabbis should officiate at same-sex unions."
External links


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Marketing Velocity 2017 Event Recap: Become A Digital Believer.Partner
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Our Customers and Partners who visit the Cisco Customer Experience Center are most valued members of this family. When you visit us, we invite you to take the time toRead More
What Does It Take To Be A High Growth Tech Brand?Partner
Do you want to get the inside track on achieving high growth for your tech brand? I'm certainly interested in anything that can help partners, and particularly Partner Plus partners,Read More
Raising Your Marketing GamePartner
As an experienced marketer, I'm committed to investing in my professional development. But I admit, when you are flat out at work, it's hard to carve out the time. EvenRead More
Speed, Simplicity and SmarketingPartner
Wendy Bahr said it best at Partner Summit: "to move with speed, we have to simplify". But how can you cut through the clutter and not only reach your targetRead More


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A talk with that famous driver also referred to as "that guy in a governed truck who won't stay out of the passing lanes," though he prefers the title "Super-Duper Trucker" to anything else.Read More
"Don't send a potato to represent the interests of the grapes. Also, if you're going to wine, put it in the right cask. One more thing: don't poop in your own vineyard and expect to have a lot of visitors, especially from worker bees."Read More
"I'm not sure where all these people who are envisioning a rash of child molesters grabbing kids in the bathroom ... are coming from – or what bathrooms they're sending their kids unattended into ..."Read More
"Let's take a chance on disrupting the space-time continuum, and just cruise through what's happened in the past 83,000 years, while we were sitting in traffic last year."Read More
"Ladies and gentlemen, we have our new administrator! ... The potato chip has more experience than anyone else in the agency, because it's actually been on a truck before."Read More
Wendy on the most popular race going: "Ladies and gentlemen, you heard it here. Truck stop racing is based on the premise that no one else around matters much, and safety is for the birds."Read More
Wendy offers a vision for the future of trucking: "A 'one doughnut a week' mandate, in which all CDL holders will be issued 'good boy' credits they can trade for snacks that aren't offered on the gubmint-approved driver menus."Read More
"There are rumors of a last-minute amendment in the rule that says if you can prove you have six toes on your right foot, you don't have to run a log book at all." .. More on the ELD mandate and its exceptions.Read More
Rhyming couplets for the road: "Here I sit, all pieced and sideways / Came to fix the broken highways / Ended up a pork-filled deed / To satisfy the gubmint greed ..."Read More
Let's go space trucking! "The 1,500-light-year trip will be a Herculean effort, especially since all astronauts will be required to take a 30 minute break after eight hours of spaceship piloting."Read More


text:
I never did a proper post to give this video justice. But I filmed the event recap for Pitbull's birthday party a weeks or so ago at Club Play. I put it on the top left corner of the site since last week, but just in case you haven't watched it, check it out. Pit brings in his 30th birthday in style with his celebrity friends and family. Sammy Sosa, Rocsi, Supa Cindy, El Cata, Enrique Santos, Omega, Fat Joe, DJ Laz to name a few. The homie David Rousseau was also in the building, along with DJ Chino and Pancho. Oh yeah, and lots of females (good lord). And towards the end of the video, there's a heartfelt speech about Miami by Pit towards the end. Oh and special shout out to the amazing Ana Carolina Da Fonseca. Here's a breakdown of the video as well:
Breakdown of the video's contents:
1) Birthday wishes to Pitbull
2) Intro
3) Entrance Shots
4) Enrique Santos & Robin Carril interlude
5) Inside the club
6) Pitbull's arrival and red carpet walk
7) Inside the club and on stage (cont'd)
8) Pitbull's lavish birthday cake
9) Ana Carolina Da Fonseca surprises Pitbull on stage while confetti and smoke blows
10) LIVE: Pitbull thanks Miami and thanks everyone for coming out


text:
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Little Pumpkin - Yorkshire Terrier
painting by artist Anne Zoutsos
7 in X 5 in (17.8 cm X 12.7 cm)
£118 GBP (approx $184.32 USD) plus £7 GBP s/h
This painting is available directly from the artist via PayPal.
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text:
Published: August 30, 2013 - 05:47 PM
Vegas-bound travelers start partying early
Travelers flying to Las Vegas don't wait until they touch the ground to start their reveling.
On the way to Sin City, the average planeload of passengers spends a total of $116 for liquor, beer, wine and soda, surpassing drink sales to any other destination in the lower 48 states, according to statistics released by GuestLogix, a company that specializes in onboard merchandising for the airline industry.
Travelers flying to cities in Hawaii and Alaska spend the most of any U.S. destination, but that is because it often takes a long-haul flight to get to those cities.
Brett Proud, chief executive of GuestLogix, said the spending patterns for travelers to Vegas are unsurprising.
"Everybody going to Vegas has a party mindset," he explained.
Spending on drinks drops significantly for travelers leaving Las Vegas, Proud added: "On the way back, people are out of cash."
For all destinations, the biggest days of the week for buying drinks are Thursdays and Fridays, when the average plane load spends $67 and $66 per flight, respectively, according to GuestLogix's statistics for May.
— Hugo Martin
Los Angeles Times
Hints from Heloise:
Put card with money inside box at wedding
L.H., San Clemente, Calif. writes: When giving a gift, especially at a wedding where you leave the gifts on the table, be sure to put the card inside the box. This way, it won't get lost, and if cash or a check is inside, it will be sure to be found.
Also, I always put my address sticker on the outside of the envelope. Why should they need to look it up for a thank-you note?
— King Features
Grocery bagging champ shares tricks of trade
We've all had grocery-bagging catastrophes: A squashed loaf of bread defeated by a can of green beans, blemished tomatoes that lost a battle to the sharp edges of a cornflakes box.
There are tricks to being a better bagger. It's all about "thinking one step ahead," says Andrew Borracchini, 18, this year's winner of the National Grocers Association Best Bagger Championship and employee at Metropolitan Market in Seattle. Here are his suggestions:
• Use both hands. This will expedite the process. It also helps to look down the conveyor belt to see what's coming.
• Borracchini bags in four groups: general, shelf-stable items, like boxes and cans; fruits and vegetables; refrigerated and frozen items; and meats. Borracchini warns that frozen food and meat can leak or condensate on the trip home. To be extra safe, he recommends wrapping each meat in its own separate plastic bag.
• "In general, the heavier it is, put it at the bottom," Borracchini says. Create a foundation in each bag by packing bigger items first. Taller boxes, like cereal, should go around the edges of a bag, with cans in the middle. Next, lay smaller, durable items, such as granola bar boxes, in the middle. Save delicate items, like bread and eggs, for the top. Packs of gum and spice jars can just be dropped in open spaces, so long as they're not crushable.
• Don't exceed 15 pounds per bag, and be mindful of how much you can safely carry.
— Heather Schroering
Chicago Tribune


text:
By The Associated Press
As of Saturday, Nov. 3, 2007, at least 3,850 members of the U.S. military have died since the beginning of the Iraq war in March 2003, according to an Associated Press count. The figure includes eight military civilians. At least 3,131 died as a result of hostile action, according to the military's numbers.
The AP count is 10 higher than the Defense Department's tally, last updated Friday at 10 a.m. EDT.
The British military has reported 171 deaths; Italy, 33; Ukraine, 18; Poland, 21; Bulgaria, 13; Spain, 11; Denmark, seven; El Salvador, five; Slovakia, four; Latvia, three; Estonia, Netherlands, Thailand, Romania, two each; and Australia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, South Korea, one death each.
The latest deaths reported by the military:
_ A soldier was killed Thursday by an explosive south of Baghdad.
_ A soldier died Saturday in an non-combat related explosion in Salahuddin province.
The latest identifications reported by the military:
_ No identifications reported.
Copyright 2007 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Oil on door, 2012 from my solo show "Tenuous Threads" at Anno Domini, June 2112. (sold)
Daily DeviationGiven 2014-03-10
Sleepwalkers; intriguing oil work from evilrobot42 ( Suggested by Ginryuzaki and Featured by jane-beata )
love it
I love this
Beautiful work! I love the way you used the hawkmoths here!
so very beautiful!!
oh wow thats awesome
So good. wow. I'm in awe.
I was just listening to a song called Hello Sleepwalkers, omg.
I do not know why, but it reminds me of Pan Labyrinth!
Moths are beautiful animals. I love this painting ;w;
Congrats on a DD!
Congrats on a DD!
Art they... spirits?...
I love the moths around their heads
Very imaginative, I love it!
This is really good.
Amazing concept! omg!
Wow, so great. o;
Gah I love this one, so cool!
Someone could totally derail this interesting picture by saying the moths are after something in hair they could eat.Though part of me thinksfior some reason that this character might actually be blind and that's why she doesn't mind having her hair like that.
Thats me almost every morning.....
This is so amazing! Great style! I love this composition! Really great!
This is so niice! looks like she walked around bumping into the furniture? right??
I have a sleeping disorder and I just faved this. I look like this when I'm sleepless and walking around. I wonder what you had in mind when you were painting it. What did you want to express?
Congrats on the DD!
insane! and with oil paint? wow...!
wonderful are they Death's-head Hawkmoth in it?
Very cool!
Ominous yet peaceful; I love it ^^


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You will love this gemstone pendant necklace when you see it first! It features gemstone and rhinestone pendant, adjustable polished metal link with lobster clasp closure.
Embellishment: Rhinestone
Material: Alloy
Clasp Type: Lobster Claw Clasp
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We will prepare your order after it have verified. Such as: strict quality control, arrange the suitable carriers.
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Product code: 16276
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Fast, effective relief from indigestion, heartburn and trapped wind. Neutralises excess stomach acid.
Each tablet contains Calcium Carbonate 500mg. Also contains glucose, E110 and E124
For oral use. Adults and children 12 years and over: Suck or chew 1 to 2 tablets when needed, up to a maximum of 16 tablets(7 if you are pregnant) in 24 hours.
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The privacy implications of Bluetooth
- Violet Reed
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 The privacy implications of Bluetooth Vassilis Kostakos University of Madeira / Carnegie Mellon University Abstract A substantial amount of research, as well as media hype, has surrounded RFID technology and its privacy implications. Currently, researchers and the media focus on the privacy threats posed by RFID, while consumer groups choose to boycott products bearing RFID tags. At the same, however, a very similar technology has quietly become part of our everyday lives: Bluetooth. In this paper we highlight the fact that Bluetooth is a widespread technology that has real privacy implications. Furthermore, we explore the applicability of RFID-based solutions to address these privacy implications. Keywords J.9.d Computer Applications/Mobile Applications/Pervasive computing, K.4.1 Public Policy Issues/Computers and Society/Computing Milieux. Introduction A substantial amount of research, as well as media hype, has surrounded RFID technology and its privacy implications [1,2]. Currently, researchers and media focus on the privacy threats posed by RFID, while consumer groups choose to boycott products bearing RFID tags. At the same time a very similar technology has quietly become part of our everyday lives: Bluetooth. In a recent study we found that at least 7.5% of observed pedestrians had Bluetooth-enabled mobile devices [3]. Although intended for different uses and purposes, both Bluetooth and RFID allow for mobility and unique identification. It is this characteristic that makes these two technologies similar in terms of the privacy threats they pose. In this paper we first describe the technical similarities and differences between RFID and Bluetooth. Based on these, we highlight a number of RFID-related privacy threats that equally apply to Bluetooth. We then consider the suitability of RFIDbased solutions to these threats, and examine how well they transfer to Bluetooth. We conclude with a real-world case study where Bluetooth was used to identify devices (and presumably their owners) at the scene of a crime. Our intention is two-fold. First, we wish to highlight the fact that Bluetooth is a widespread technology that has real privacy implications. Second, we want to explore the applicability of RFID-based solutions to address these implications. We conclude that although RFID can potentially pose more significant privacy threats, at the moment Bluetooth poses much more considerable threats to privacy.
2 RFID vs. Bluetooth Both RFID and Bluetooth are wireless communication technologies. RFID operates at the MHz frequency, and RFID tags have a range of typically up to 30 cm, while self-powered active RFID tags have a range of up to 100m. Bluetooth operates at the 2.45 GHz frequency, with ranges of up to 100 m. While RFID operations typically involve a tag and a reader, Bluetooth communication takes place between Bluetooth-enabled devices. Both technologies, however, rely on unique identifiers for operation. Identification Every RFID tag provides a unique identifier (128 bits in newer tags), and additional information up to a few kilobytes may be stored in the tag itself. This identifier is used either as a key (for example to look up the price of a product), or as a mechanism to distinguish between multiple tags. RFID tags can also store information such as the electronic product code assigned to the object, the location or other asset on which the tag is attached, as well as application-related user data. Bluetooth devices have a 48-bit unique identifier and 24-bit device class descriptor. Additionally, each device can be assigned a user-friendly device name (up to 256 characters). Each Bluetooth device provides a number of services, such as filetransfer, serial port, or audio link. These services can be utilised by other nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices. Once a link has been established between two devices, any amount of data can be exchanged. Communication Both RFID and Bluetooth operate in a broadcast model for communication. For RFID, a scanner will typically transmit a request signal and wait for a response from all the tags within range. At this point the reader can choose a specific device and query it directly. A very similar process takes place with Bluetooth: an inquiring device hops through a set of prescribed frequencies and transmits a request signal, and any device within range responds to this request. Given the set of responses, the inquiring Bluetooth device can choose to communicate with any specific device within range. We should highlight an important difference between the two technologies. In RFID there is a clear distinction between tags and readers: tags are dumb units with limited functionality whose sole purpose is to be associated with an item in the real world, while readers are smart units whose purpose is to seek RFID tags and query them or modify them. The picture is completely different when we focus on Bluetooth devices. With Bluetooth there is no distinction between tags and readers, as effectively each device can act as both. Furthermore, both parties are equals in communication, as each device can access the other device s services. This fundamental difference between RFID and Bluetooth is a first hint towards the privacy threats posed by Bluetooth. While end-users are expected to carry RFID tags embedded in everyday objects, there is no intention to equip end-users with RFID scanners, just as users never required barcode readers. Even if users were to be equipped with mobile RFID readers, their scanning potential would be limited due to RFID s limited range. On the other hand, users who own Bluetooth-enabled device effectively own a Bluetooth scanner.
3 By default, therefore, Bluetooth empowers users to carry out their own scanning of nearby devices. On the other hand, certain knowledge of electronics is required to build an RFID scanner, while off-the-shelf RFID scanners are too narrow in functionality for any end-user to be interested at the moment. Privacy threats The media hype surrounding RFID threats relate to the fact that every single item can potentially be tagged with passive tags from clothes and shoes to food and medicine. On the other hand, Bluetooth is typically found in communication devices, as it requires a source of power. In a recent study we found that approximately 7.5% of pedestrians had a Bluetooth-enabled device [3]. This study was carried out in the city of Bath, UK, and we expect this figure to be different in other cities and countries. Realistically, however, Bluetooth is out there on the streets today. Most newer phones, PDAs and satellite navigators provide Bluetooth functionality. Therefore, it is worth considering the threats that Bluetooth poses today. Here we draw on a summary of RFID privacy threats described in [1]. After describing each RFID threat, we discuss its applicability to Bluetooth. Association threat This threat illustrates the fact that a user s identity can be associated with certain items. For example, when buying RFID-tagged goods with a credit card, the seller can link those goods to the credit card, and ultimately, the identity of the buyer. The exact same threat is posed by Bluetooth technology. Sellers of Bluetooth devices (for example mobile phone operators) can link the Bluetooth unique identifier to the identity of the owner. This can happen at the point of sale. Although at the moment there is no centralised database containing such information, there exists a very similar database linking mobile phone unique identifiers (i.e. IMEI) to individuals. This database could easily be extended to include Bluetooth identifiers. Location threat Given the ability to link a tag or item to a person, the person s or item s location can be revealed and tracked. Using RFID this is possible by installing hidden readers at specific locations. This allows for people, or devices, to be identified and tracked. The exact same threat applies to Bluetooth technology. Any Bluetooth device can be used to identify and track nearby users, and can also be used to determine the location of Bluetooth-enabled artefacts like mobile phones, POS tills, PDAs and satellite navigators. In addition to our own work (e.g. [3]), a number of other projects [4,5] are doing exactly this: tracking users through space using Bluetooth technology. In fact, the first commercial products involving Bluetooth tracking are starting to appear on the market. 1 As we describe in the association threat above, however, although a device can be traced in space and time, at the moment there is no way to link that device to an individual. 1
4 Preference threat In addition to revealing an item s unique identity, RFID tags uniquely identify the manufacturer and product type of the tagged items. This information can be captured and used to create a preference profile of an individual, and even be used to determine the monetary value of these products. For instance, we could detect if a user likes to shop at a specific store, or even identify any specific medicine the user is carrying and thus infer a disease they may have. Similarly, we can calculate the value of the items in a purse. The exact same threat applies to Bluetooth devices: the provided information can be used to determine the type (or class) of a device (e.g. laptop, desktop, mobile phone) and the manufacturer of the product (e.g. Nokia, Sony-Ericsson, Apple). Additionally, advanced fingerprinting techniques can determine the exact model of a mobile phone. 2 Such techniques also enable us to derive estimates of the monetary value of the scanned products. Constellation threat Users carrying dozens of RFID-tagged items can be seen to have a digital shadow or constellation. A constellation can be used to track individuals without necessarily knowing their identity. This is also true of Bluetooth, but to a smaller extent. Users typically carry a handful of Bluetooth-enabled devices, such as a mobile phone, PDA, headset, or satellite navigator. These, however, still create a digital shadow that can be tracked and monitored. Another version of this threat is to derive associations between people: a Bluetooth constellation might describe a group of people, and the behaviour of this constellation can allow us to infer properties of this group. Transaction threat Transactions between individuals can be tracked by observing changes in constellations. When an RFID-tagged item moves from one constellation to another, we can determine that a transaction between those individuals took place. The exact same threat holds for items forming Bluetooth constellations, although to a smaller extent. The limited scope for transaction threats in Bluetooth is due to the small number of devices that an individual may carry. Breadcrumb threat As a consequence of the association threat, a user can e constantly linked to RFIDtagged items they purchased. This association does not necessarily break when the user discards those items. The breadcrumb threat arises when discarded items are used, for example, to commit a crime, in which case the original owner might be implicated. In terms of Bluetooth this is a perfectly plausible scenario, however it is limited by the fact that Bluetooth items are not necessarily discarded. It is still possible, however, that a user discards, for example, a mobile phone, which in turn is used by a criminal at the scene of a crime. 2
5 Solutions The above threats, although initially conceived in relation to RFID technology, also apply to Bluetooth technology. Actually, in most cases the threats are exaggerated when considering Bluetooth technology because of Bluetooth s longer range and the ease and availability of Bluetooth scanning. We now consider some of the solutions proposed in relation to RFID [2], and examine their applicability to Bluetooth. Discarding or destruction RFID tags can be completely discarded after they have served their purpose. For example, it has been proposed that RFID tags are destroyed at the point of sale. Similarly, users can remove a tag from the products they buy, provided that these tags are ease to locate and remove. This solution, however, does not transfer to Bluetooth at all. The reason is that whereas RFID is mostly useful up to the point of sale, Bluetooth is really useful after the point of sale. Destroying the Bluetooth functionality of a mobile device would actually damage the device and limit its capabilities. Most mobile devices rely on Bluetooth for establishing wireless links, exchanging files, and synchronising. Furthermore, while RFID tags may be visible and easily removed, Bluetooth is typically embedded in products, and thus cannot easily be destroyed without damaging the product itself. Deactivation or suppressing Elaborate security mechanisms have been proposed to temporarily deactivate or suppress RFID tags [2]. The complexity of this process in RFID is due to the fact that a tag cannot be deactivated directly, but instead a reader must send it a deactivation command. This, in turn, raises concerns of unauthorised readers being able to deactivate tags. Therefore, security measures involving passwords are used to ensure that only authorised readers can deactivate a tag. Conceptually, Bluetooth also uses deactivation as a privacy measure. In practice, however, the process is slightly different. Unlike RFID, users can directly interact with the Bluetooth functionality of their mobile device. Users can either completely switch off their device, selectively disable Bluetooth on their device, or configure their Bluetooth to operate in stealth mode, which effectively suppresses the unique identifier. The first two options do not allow for any Bluetooth communication to take place, while the third option allows for Bluetooth communication to take place with specific and known devices, also referred to as paired devices. There are two caveats, however, to these privacy measures. First, our studies have shown that a considerable portion of the public (7.5%) does not deactivate or suppress their Bluetooth devices [3]. This is partly due to the culture, at least in the UK, of giving one s device funny names, such that others can see them when they carry out Bluetooth scans. Furthermore, it could simply be due to the lack of knowledge and understanding of how Bluetooth operates. Secondly, once an individual s identity has been linked to a Bluetooth device (association threat), it becomes trivial to scan for that specific individual even if their device operates in stealth mode. This is possible
6 because stealth mode assumes that other parties do not know a device s unique identifier. Given that unique identifier, however, stealth mode offers no privacy protection. Renaming Another approach to dealing with RFID privacy concerns is to periodically change the unique identifiers that a tag emits. Thus, only readers with knowledge of the renaming sequence can keep track of the specific tags. A way to achieve this is for tag and reader to, for example, share a predefined set of identifiers through which a tag cycles over its lifetime. This solution can potentially work with Bluetooth, although it becomes much more complicated since, with Bluetooth, renaming must take place on both communicating parties. For this solution to work with Bluetooth, each device must keep track of the renaming cycle on every other device it talks to, and visa versa. This is further complicated by the fact that Bluetooth devices can operate in networks of up to 8 devices, also known as piconets. An elaborate mechanism is required to allow all communicating parties to be updated of the name changes that take place within the piconet. Exploiting physical properties Many of the RFID-related privacy issues can be addressed by making sure that the scanner attempting to read a tag is within a very close range. Doing so avoids the issues caused by hidden or covert scanners. This can be achieved by installing certain circuits within the tags that effectively limit the actual range of RFID. This approach is by definition not applicable to Bluetooth. The range of Bluetooth is an extremely useful feature, and minimising its range would render Bluetooth useless. An approach that might be more practical would involve the installation of a knob, similar to the volume knobs found in walkmans, which would dynamically adjust the strength of the Bluetooth signal. 3 This would allow users to extend their signal as much as is required. However, anyone within that distance would still be able to instantiate all the threats we have presented. Non-RFID solutions The solutions we have presented so far originate in research on RFID privacy threats. Some of these solutions transfer to Bluetooth (i.e. deactivation, renaming, exploiting physical properties), while other solutions cannot be transferred to Bluetooth (i.e. discarding and destruction). Here we present some further solutions that are only applicable to Bluetooth communications and we have developed with Bluetooth in mind. Our first suggested solution is the hit counter. At the moment, the Bluetooth protocol allows a device to be notified when another device has inquired the list of services, but not when other devices discovered it. However, a slight modification of the Bluetooth stack would allow each device to keep track of how many times it has been discovered, much like the hit counter on web pages. This number can be displayed to users, who can thus be made more aware of Bluetooth activity. Users can thus choose 3
7 to disable Bluetooth on their devices when there appears to be unknown and/or systematic Bluetooth activity. Another suggested solution is the guest book. Building on the hit counter solution, a device can keep a record of the identifiers of the devices that have discovered it. The user would then be able to inspect the list of those devices, and identify traces of unauthorised activity. Our final solution to protecting privacy is an adaptation of the renaming solution. We propose that Bluetooth can rely on the user-friendly name, as opposed to the unique identifiers. This solution is quite similar to the idea of using self-assigned IP addresses for peer-to-peer WiFi communication. Typically, Bluetooth operations take place between two devices, thus it can be relatively straightforward for the user or users to make sure that each device is given a unique name. Additionally, each device could self-assign a name (or part of the name) periodically, or for each Bluetooth activity. The drawback of this solution is that pairings between devices can only last until one of the two devices changes its name. This also means frequent tasks (such as synchronisation of data using Bluetooth) would require an extra step of device discovery. Case study: Bluetooth CSI We illustrate the reality of Bluetooth privacy threats by describing a case study where we used Bluetooth to carry out our own, informal, crime scene investigation (CSI). In the early morning of November 29, 2006, the police in Bath, UK, were informed of a teenager dying after having fallen from the top of a building in the city centre. Early reports mentioned a second individual who subsequently fled the scene of the incident. The following day, the police appealed to the general public for anyone with any information to come forward. This incident took place at the building where one of our Bluetooth scanners is located. This scanner, which is part of a network of scanners across the city of Bath, is used to record mobility traces of people, much like the work carried out by similar projects [4,5]. The night of the incident, our scanner was fully operational, and constantly recorded the presence of any Bluetooth device within its range. Shortly after we began our analysis of the data from the night of the incident, the police ended the enquiry. The unlucky teenager and his friend were drunk, they decided to climb to the top of the building and in an unfortunate moment the teenager lost his balance and fell, landing on the sidewalk. In our limited analysis of the data we were able to identify a number of devices present at the scene of the incident shortly before and shortly after the teenager fell. Because there is no way to link a Bluetooth identifier to someone s identity, our data cannot be used to directly implicate anyone. Additionally, we can only be certain about the device being present at the location, not the person. However, our data could be used to narrow down the search for potential eyewitnesses. For example, the police could have achieved this by sweeping the streets and identifying people whose device identifier matched our records. 4 4 Although our data is stored using a one-way hash function, the same function can be applied in real time by the police to generate a match.
8 In addition to identifying a set of devices that appeared at the scene of the incident, we were able to cross-reference our database and identify the appearance patterns of those people. This subsequently gave us further information about each device. For instance, one of the devices must belong to a taxi driver or delivery van, as it is a satellite navigation unit and in our database appears many times throughout the day or night at this location. We should mention that there is a taxi rank nearby this location. A second device must belong to an individual such as a street sweeper or security guard, since in our database this device appears in a number of locations across the city centre, and always between 10pm and 3am. We have not been able to verify the findings of our data analysis. Despite this, we feel that very useful information can be extracted from our dataset, as well as any proximity-based traces database. Patterns of behaviour can help identify individuals, their occupation, as well as predict where they are going to be. Conclusion While RFID has captured the attention of both the research and consumer communities, Bluetooth has quietly become one of the most widely used technologies found on the streets today. In this article we describe the remarkable similarities in the threats posed by RFID and Bluetooth. Furthermore, while a number of mechanisms have been developed to curb those threats in relation to RFID, few of these mechanisms transfer well to Bluetooth. In fact, Bluetooth s increased range and ease of scanning greatly increases those threats. We demonstrate the reality of the privacy threats posed by Bluetooth in a case study involving a lethal accident. In table 1 we summarise the RFID threats we have discussed in this paper, and their applicability to Bluetooth. Similarly, in Table 2 we summarise the proposed solutions and their applicability to Bluetooth. Threat RFID Bluetooth Association threat (requires database) Location threat Preference threat Constellation threat (applies to groups) Transaction threat (limited) Breadcrumb threat (limited) Table 1. Privacy threats using RFID and Bluetooth.
9 Solution RFID Bluetooth Discard Destroy Deactivate/suppress Rename (considerable adaptation) Exploit physical properties Hit counter (protocol patch) Guest book (protocol patch) User-friendly name only (protocol adaptation) Table 2. Privacy preserving strategies and their applicability to RFID and Bluetooth. Although the Bluetooth threats we have described are real, and the penetration of Bluetooth has reached a considerable portion of the public, very few cases have been documented where Bluetooth was used to instantiate any of the threats we have described here. Perhaps one of the stories that gained some publicity was Paris Hilton s famous hacking of her phone using Bluetooth. 5 Ironically, however, this attack exploited weaknesses in the Bluetooth security model, and had nothing to do with the threats posed by the unique identifiers described here. Instead of causing havoc, Bluetooth s leakiness has resulted in a culture of playful exploration and exchange of media, at least in the UK. Typically bored teenagers, as well as adults, engage in various games using Bluetooth, ranging from the simple exchange of messages in night clubs to playing Bluetooth hide and seek on ships: taking a photograph of a location on the ship and transmitting it to the other person using Bluetooth. Despite all the games, however, the threats persist. To conclude, we should mention that many popular communication technologies, such as WiFi and GPRS, also involve the use of unique identifiers. Unlike RFID s truly pervasive potential, Bluetooth and other similar technologies are not intended to be used on almost every conceivable object. Despite this, technologies such as Bluetooth are quite popular already; it is worth considering, therefore, the privacy threats they pose, and the mechanisms to address those threats. References 1. S.L. Garfinkel, A. Juels, and R. Pappu, RFID Privacy: An Overview of Problems and Proposed Solutions, IEEE Security and Privacy, vol. 3, no. 3, pp , May A. Juels, RIFD Security and privacy: a research survey, IEEE Journal On Selected Areas In Communications, vol. 24, no. 2, pp ,
10 3. E. O Neill, V. Kostakos, T. Kindberg, A. F. gen. Schieck, A. Penn, D. S. Fraser, and T. Jones, Instrumenting the City: Developing Methods for Observing and Understanding the Digital Cityscape, UbiComp 2006: 8th Int'l Conf. on Ubiquitous Computing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4206, pp , Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, C. Diot et al. Haggle project, N. Eagle and A. Pentland, Reality mining: sensing complex social systems, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 10, no. 4, pp , Springer- Verlag, London, Mar
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