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The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
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1 T.C. ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞI Empowered lives. Resilient nations. The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
2 T.C. ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞI Empowered lives. Resilient nations. The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs Project: Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 2011 Prepared by Ekin Keskin, Esra Başak, Uğur Yolak, Lee Thomas, Camille Bann
3 2011 Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection (GDNAP) Alparslan Türkeş Cad. 31. Sok. No Beştepe/Yenimahalle/Ankara Tel: Fax: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Birlik Mahallesi 415. Cadde No Çankaya/Ankara Tel: Fax: Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. GDNAP or UNDP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale of for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without permission in writing from GDNAP or UNDP. For bibliographic purposes this text may be referred as: Keskin, E., Başak, E., Yolak, U., Thomas, L., Bann, Camille (2011). The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs. Interim Feasibility report on new income generation activities for each MCPAs. Project PIMS 3697: The Strengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey. Technical Report Series 1: 112 pp. This publication is prepared within the framework of large scale Strengthening the system of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey Project which is funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and executed by the General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in partnership with the General Directorate of Fisheries & Aquaculture of the Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock and the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) of the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Technical Report Series: 1 Authors: Ekin Keskin, Esra Başak, Uğur Yolak, Lee Thomas, Camille Bann Cover and Layout Design: Evren Çağlayan Layout Design Corrections: Harun Güçlüsoy, Güner Ergün & Gülden Atkın Gençoğlu Cover Photos: Women repairing fishnet, Harun Güçlüsoy Sailing boat, GDNAP Archive Yassıca Islands, GDNAP Archive Photos: 1-6, 8, 10-12, 14, 18-19, 21, 23, 24. GDNAP Archives 7, 9, 13, 15-17, 20, 22. Harun Güçlüsoy This document should not be considered as an official Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, GEF and United Nations document. ii The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
4 Foreword Turkey is a country surrounded by the sea on three sides. Turkey s nature and climatic conditions adorn it with a significant biodiversity in its coastal areas. However, there are also problems that touch these regions and that become more imminent everyday. Urbanization, industrialization, tourism, other residential areas and activities alike that leads to irregular and unplanned development that have severe impacts on coastal and marine areas. Developments, especially in the economy also increase marine transportation and dependency on the use of marine and coastal areas for development, housing, commerce, recreational activities and basic needs. Furthermore, the pressure of fast urbanization and settlement activities on coastal areas leads to many problems including loss of dunes, salt beds and marshes; marine and coastal pollution, deterioration and loss of coastal ecosystems. Biodiversity and fertility of coastal and marine areas are faced with this increasing pressure, leading to damages that cannot be undone. These coastal and marine areas are one of the most precious assets we have and we must protect them. In order to alleviate these pressures and overcome these challenges, relevant structures and infrastructures for effective implementation and surveillance to ensure that these areas are sustainably managed, preserved and protected without being deteriorated and with a balanced approach between use and protection. In this regard, all related agencies and institutions have to go under a capacity building process to meet the demands of the required structures and infrastructures; cooperation and coordination between all parties have to be improved and an effective and efficiently operating work program and a model for financial resources have to be developed. In its responsibility area covering a coastline that extends over some 8,592 km, General Directorate for the Natural Assets Protection carries out research activities for the protection and study of threatened and endangered species and habitats that are duly specified in the national legislation as well as in international conventions that Turkey is a party; carries out research activities on the biodiversity of marine and coastal environments; determines the marine surface vessel capacity of important bays and harbors; establishes procedures and principles for use of protection and use of such areas; carries out other integral coastal management activities and strives to minimize risks that threaten such assets. Protection of marine and coastal resources being a global priority, Marine Protected Areas are fast developing and expanding as a concept. Turkey is no exception to this rule where considerable awareness raising efforts are being carried out. Through the large scale GEF Project entitled Strengthening Turkey s Marine and Coastal Protected Areas covering the term between and with the UNDP as the implementing partner, the General Directorate has taken a very first step for devising a long term solution for the protection of marine biodiversity in Turkish coastal waters; for the restructuring of marine and coastal protected areas database and to guarantee effectiveness and sustainability of ecological service functions. A series of technical reports that are prepared as a part of the project on economic analysis, socio-economy of fisheries in coastal areas, together with other efforts on the identification of marine sensitive areas, integration of economic principles to planning processes, ensuring financial sustainability, mitigation of pollutants from marine vessels and determination of alternative livelihood resources are expected to yield the following project outcomes: - Responsible institutions have the capacities and internal structure needed for prioritizing the establishment of new MCPAs and for more effectively managing existing MCPAs. - MCPA financial planning and management systems are facilitating effective business planning, adequate levels of revenue generation and cost-effective management. - Inter-agency coordination mechanisms in place to regulate and manage economic activities within multiple use areas of the MCPAs. Documents covering the three main outcomes of the Project so far mentioned are submitted to your perusal. Osman İYİMAYA Dep. Gen. Dir. Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey iii
5 Acknowledgements The authors of the Study wish to thank the Turkish Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas and UNDP for the organisation of the visits to Project areas. They also wish to address their gratitude to the local representatives of Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas and of the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks for their guidance during the field studies. The authors also wish to thank all the interviewees and contributors (listed in Appendix I) from different local and national level institutions, businesses and civil sectors, whose opinions, suggestions and materials have helped to shape this Study. Acronyms EEME EPASA FE GEKA GDNCNP IZKA MARA MARTAB MCPA MoCT MoEF MPA MRE NTFPs ORKÖY SEPA TSI Environmental Economy and Management Expert Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas Finance Expert Southern Aegean Development Agency General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks İzmir Development Agency Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Marmaris Turizm Alanı Altyapı Hizmet Birliği Marmaris Tourism Area Infrastructure Service Union Marine and Coastal Protected Area Ministry of Culture and Tourism Ministry of Environment and Forestry Marine Protected Area Market Research Expert Non Timber Forest Products General Directorate of Forest-Village Relations Special Environmental Protected Areas Turkish Statistical Institute iv The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
6 Table of Contents Foreword iii Acknowledgements iv Acronyms iv Yönetici Özeti x INTRODUCTION Main Sectors Analyzed in the Report Methodology Report Structure INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW: STAKEHOLDERS Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas (EPASA) The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) General Directorate of Forestry General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) Turkish Coast Guard Command Chamber of Maritime Trade Development Agencies INFORMATION ABOUT THE SIX AREAS FETHİYE - GÖCEK SEPA KÖYCEĞİZ - DALYAN SEPA DATÇA-BOZBURUN SEPA G Ö K O V A SEPA FOÇA SEPA AYVALIK ISLANDS NATURE PARK FINDINGS FETHİYE - GÖCEK SEPA Agriculture Fishing Tourism EPASA Activities Possible New Income Generating Activities KÖYCEĞİZ - DALYAN SEPA Agriculture Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey v
7 4.2.2 Fishing Tourism EPASA Activities Possible New Income Generating Activities DATÇA-BOZBURUN SEPA Agriculture Fishing Tourism EPASA Activities Possible New Income Generating Activities G Ö K O V A SEPA Agriculture Fishing Tourism EPASA Activities Possible New Income Generating Activities FOÇA SEPA Agriculture Fishing Tourism EPASA Activities Possible New Income Generating Activities AYVALIK ISLANDS NATURE PARK Agriculture Fishing Tourism Current Activities Possible New Income Generating Activities LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX I APPENDIX II APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV vi The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
8 List of Maps Map 1. Project implementation sites Map 2. Boundaries of Fethiye-Göcek SEPA (source: EPASA) Map 3. Köyceğiz-Dalyan SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA) Map 4. The peninsulas of Reşadiye and Bozburun makes up the Datça SEPA (souce: EPASA)...21 Map 5. Gökova SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA) Map 6. Location of Foça SEPA (Source: EPASA) Map 7. Ayvalık Islands Nature Park boundaries(source: GDNCNP) List of Boxes Box 1. Forest Village Relations ORKÖY Box 2. Blue Chip Card System in Göcek Box 3. Alternative holiday examples in Fethiye Huzur Vadisi (yoga holidays): Box 4. Silkworm raising in Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Box 5. Fisheries in Köyceğiz Lagoon system Box 6. Datça Organic Almonds in Datça-Bozburun SEPA Box 7. Sındı Agricultural Cooperative in Datça-Bozburun SEPA Box 8. Gökova Windsports Box 9. Club Med Foça French Holiday Village Box 10. Çöpmadam (Ayvalık) Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey vii
9 List of Tables Table 1. Fethiye Göcek SEPA Regional Population (2009) Table 2. Fethiye Göcek SEPA Population Distribution According to Years ( ) Table 3. Education Information in Fethiye Table 4. Fethiye - Göcek Socio-Economic Structure Summary Table 5. Fethiye - Göcek SEPA Municipality Residential Socio-Economic Structure Summary Table 6. Socio Economic Indicators Table 7. Datça - Bozburun SEPA Regional Population (2009) Table 8. Datça - Bozburun SEPA Population Distribution According to Years Table 9. Education Information in Datça, Table 10. Datça Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Datça - Bozburun SEPA Table 11. Bozburun Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Datça - Bozburun SEPA Table 12. Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Marmaris Villages in Datça - Bozburun SEPA Table 13. Foça SEPA Population Table 14. Education Information Foça Table 15. Fethiye Field Crops Production ( ) Table 16. Harvested Area in Fethiye ( ) Table 17. Greenhouse Areas and Production in Fethiye Table 18. Fethiye Number of Fruit Trees Table 19. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Fethiye ( ) Table 20. Fethiye Vegetable Production ( ) Table 21. Animal Husbandry in Fethiye ( ) Table 22. Number of Tourists for Muğla Table 23. Rent incomes of Fethiye Göcek SEPA Table 24. Distribution of Products in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Area Table 25. Fruit Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Table 26. Field Crop Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Table 27. Honey Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Table 28. Animal Numbers in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Table 29. Milk Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Table 30. Rent incomes of Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Table 31. Harvested Area in Datça ( ) Table 32. Field Crops in Marmaris ( ) Table 33. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Datça ( ) Table 34. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Marmaris ( ) Table 35. Animal Husbandry in Datça ( ) Table 36. Animal Husbandry in Marmaris ( ) Table 37. Number of Tourists for Muğla viii The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
10 Table 38. Rent incomes from Datça-Bozburun SEPA Table 39. Rent incomes of Gökova SEPA Table 40. Foça Agricultural Land Table 41. Beekeeping in Foça Table 42. Animal Husbandry in Foça Table 43. Fish Types in Foça Table 44. Bed Capacity in Foça Table 45. Tourist Numbers, Nights, Lentgth of Stay, Occupancy Rates ( ) Foça List of Photos (by Ekin Keskin) Photo 1. Göcek İnlice Beach Site Rental Photo 2. Kayaköy Carpets Photo 3. Women working on laurel in Toparlar Village Photo 4. Boat Tours in Dalyan Photo 5. Women cracking almonds in Datça Photo 6. Products of Sındı Agricultural Cooperative Photo 7. Different Types of Fishes from Akyaka Fishing Products Cooperative Photo 8. View of Çınar Beach (Site Rental) Photo 9. Persion monument in Foça Photo 10. Beach in Foça Photo 11. Fishing boats in Ayvalık harbour Photo 12. Handmade Products of Çöpmadam Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey ix
11 Yönetici Özeti Türkiye nin Korunan Alanlar Sisteminin Güçlendirilmesi: Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanlarının Sürdürülebilirliğinin Kolaylaştırılması Projesinin 3 ana hedefi bulunmaktadır: Mevcut Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanlarının daha etkin yönetimi ve yeni Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanlarının kurulmasının önceliklendirilmesi için sorumlu kurumların ihtiyaç duyduğu kurumsal yapı ve kapasite güçlendirilmesi Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanları için finansal planlama ve yönetim sistemleri geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması ile etkin iş planlaması, yeterli gelir üretimi ve etkin yönetim maliyetinin sağlanması Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanlarının çok amaçlı kullanım alanlarında, ekonomik faaliyetlerin yönetimi ve düzenlenmesi için kurumlar arası koordinasyon mekanizmasının uygulamaya konması Yukarıdaki hedefler ışığında, bu rapor 6 uygulama alanında gelir getirici faaliyetler konusunda yapılmış bir ön çalışmadan oluşmaktadır. Proje Uygulama Alanları şöyledir: 1. Fethiye-Göcek ÖÇK Bölgesi 2. Köyceğiz-Dalyan ÖÇK Bölgesi 3. Datça-Bozburun ÖÇK Bölgesi 4. Gökova ÖÇK Bölgesi 5. Foça ÖÇK Bölgesi 6. Ayvalık Adaları Tabiat Parkı Bu çalışmanın başında yerel uzmanlar tarafından masa başı araştırması ve alanlarla ilgili bir ön bilgi taraması yapılmıştır. Bir sonraki aşama saha çalışmaları ile devam etmiş ve sonrasında toplanan bilgiler sentezlenerek bu ön rapor ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu rapor 5 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm giriş kısmıdır. İkinci bölümde sözkonusu alanlarda günlük aktivitelerde söz sahibi paydaşlar hakkındadır. Üçüncü bölümde alanlarla ilgili tanıtıcı ön bilgi sunulmaktadır. Dördüncü bölüm yapılan literatur taraması ve görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen bilgileri her alan için 3 ana başlık altında incelemekte; tarım, balıkçılık ve turizm alanlarında hâlihazırdaki gelir getirici faaliyetler hakkında bilgi sunmaktadır. Bu bölüm ÖÇKKB için halihazırda gelir getiren faaliyetler sunulmakta ve gelir getirici faaliyetler içerisinde potansiyeli olan ve sürdürülebilir olarak seçilen öneriler hem ÖÇKKB hem de diğer başlıklar altında verilmektedir. Son bölümde raporun bulguları özetlenmekte ve dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar değerlendirilmektedir. Yapılan saha çalışmaları kapsamında; Pazar Araştırma Uzmanı Ağustos 2010 tarihlerinde Muğla iline bağlı 4 alanda ve Yerel Finans Uzmanı ile beraber (Datça, Gökova ve Göcek de) görüşme ve gözlemlerde bulunmuştur Eylül 2010 tarihlerinde ise Yerel Çevre Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Uzmanı ile birlikte Foça ve Ayvalık Adaları Tabiat Parkında görüşme ve gözlemler gerçekleştirilmiştir. 6 alanda yapılan toplam görüşme sayısı 132 dir. Görüşmelerde; bölgelerde yeralan hâlihazırdaki gelir getirici faaliyetlerin yanısıra potansiyel yerli ürün satışı, eko-turizm ve dalış turizmi gibi yeni ekonomik faaliyetlerden sağlanabilecek gelir artırıcı faaliyetler konusunda yerel paydaşlardan bilgi derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yerel paydaşlar kamu sektörünün temsilcileri (tarım, turizm müdürlükleri, vb.), özel sektör (işletmeler), sivil toplum örgütleri, kooperatifler ve köy muhtarları şeklinde özetlenebilir (Ek I de detaylı liste verilmektedir). Kısaca, adı geçen alanlarda temel gelir getirici faaliyetler üç ana başlık altında incelenmiştir; tarım, balıkçılık ve turizm. Bu ön raporda gelir getirici faaliyetlerin yanısıra kıyı kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlamak için pek çok konu ele alınmıştır (örneğin balıkçılık alanındaki sıkıntılar çok yoğun bir şekilde gündeme gelmiştir). Yapılan çalışma sonucunda aşağıdaki ana konular ve zorluklar ortaya çıkmıştır: 1. Farklı paydaşlar arasında daha iyi bir yatay ve dikey koordinasyonun sağlanması gerektiği x The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
12 2. Denizcilik faaliyetleri: Balıkçılık açısından artan kirlilik ile beraber diğer tehdit ve zorluklar (örneğin azalan kaynaklar) 3. Kentleşme (göç) ve turizm gelişimi karşısında artan baskıyla başedebilme; (örneğin tarımsal üretim ile yerel kültürel ürünlerde azalış ve üretimde bulunanların azalması) 4. Kültürel ve tarihi miras alanlarının korunmasının önemi 5. Az gelişmiş altyapı sistemlerinin pek çok alanda çevresel ve sosyal bir tehdit oluşturması (karasal atıklar, atık sular, sanayi dahil) Sonuç olarak, tüm bölgelerde görüşülen kişiler tarafından gelir getirici faaliyetler konusunda çok değişik öneriler teklif edilmiştir. Geleneksel deniz ve güneş turizminin çeşitlendirilmesi gerektiği yönünde çok fazla görüş alınmış ve bu yönde dalış alanlarının artırılmasından, ekoturizmin geliştirilmesi; trekking (yürüyüş) güzergahlarının belirlenmesi, tarihi ve kültürel yerler hakkında bilgi edinilmesi, kuş gözlemleri yapılması, agroturizmin geliştirilmesi; örneğin geleneksel yemek pişirme ya da tarım yöntemleri, ya da yerel el sanatlarının nasıl yapıldığını görmek gösterilebilir. Farklı paydaşlar ile yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda bölgelerin Agroturizm ve Ekoturizm açısından zengin olduğu belirlenmiş ve ana fizibilite raporunda bunların daha detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu turizm çeşitliliğinin hem tarımsal katkı hem de çevre bilincinin sağlanması anlamında alanlarda sürdürülebilir Yeni Gelir Getirici Faaliyetler sunabileceği öngörülmektedir. Ancak, bunun başarılı olabilmesi için aşağıdan yukarıya yaklaşımın (örneğin çiftçilerin katkılarının sağlanması) ve kurumlar arası işbirliği çok önemlidir. Son olarak, raporda ÖÇKKB için de yeni günü birlik alanlarının yapılması ve yeni iskele ile şamandıra ihtiyaçları belirtilmekte ve kurum için dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlara (kapasite eksikliği vb.) dikkat çekilmektedir. Bu raporun akabinde, yerel uzmanlar birlikte 6 proje alanı için sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu olan ortak veya bireysel ekonomik faaliyetlerin bir listesini (aktivite 2.4.8) hazırlayacaklar ve öne çıkan konular fizibilite raporunda detaylı bir şekilde ele alınacaktır. Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey xi
13 I NTRODUCTION Within the marine areas bordering Turkey s lengthy coastline is found an abundant, highly diverse and globally significant biodiversity endowment (UNDP, 2009). However, Turkey s marine areas face major threats including habitat degradation associated with changes in coastal human populations and distributions, and associated sea/coast use pressures. Protected areas have a potentially significant, yet largely unrealized role to play in eliminating these threats to marine area biodiversity in Turkey (ibid). In 2009, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Turkish Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas (EPASA), in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP), have launched the Strengthening the Protected Areas Network in Turkey: Catalyzing Sustainability of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas Project in order to address the above mentioned issues. The long-term solution for marine biodiversity conservation in Turkey s territorial sea is seen as a reconfigured Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPA) network designed to protect biodiversity while optimizing its ecological service functions through effective and sustainable adaptive management. An important aspect of this optimization is sustainable financial mechanisms, including income generation possibilities, to cover the costs of management. Income generating activities in MCPAs are important not only for local economic development but also because the way they are used and managed have significant impacts on productive and valuable ecosystems. It is worth underlining that marine and coastal ecosystems are among the most productive in the world and that important socioeconomic flows are obtained from these systems (UNEP, 2006). This study is part of the abovedescribed larger project and its main goal is to identify sustainable income generating activities along the Western coast of Turkey, at 6 pilot areas of the project. These areas are Fethiye-Göcek, Köyceğiz-Dalyan, Datça-Bozburun, Gökova, Foça and Ayvalık Islands Nature Park. 1 The report focuses on income generating activities that introduce alternative livelihoods and/or add Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 1
14 value to existing activities. Overall, these activities are analyzed under three main headings; tourism, agriculture, and fishing. Furthermore, the report highlights revenue generating potential for EPA- SA and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 1.1 Main Sectors Analyzed in the Report Tourism is currently one of the leading economic sectors in the study areas and has the potential to contribute further to income generating activities. Just as coastal tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of global tourism (UNEP, 2006), in Turkey, starting from 1980 s, it has seen an explosion. The majority of these touristic activities has concentrated on the Mediterranean and Aegean coastal areas (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2007). In 2009, among countries hosting most foreign visitors, Turkey ranked as the 7 th with 25,5 million tourists; and the tourism-based revenues amounted to 21,3 million USD (World Tourism Organisation, 2009). Blessed with unique natural and cultural attractions, all the study areas are well placed to become a leader of tourism in their respective areas. To date, the tourism industry has been relying primarily on natural features (coastal beaches, scenary, favorable weather conditions etc) as the major attraction, with most tourists visiting the areas for their summer holidays. Boat excursions operate in all six study areas with most of the tour companies offering similar daily outing options. Marinas are also an important outlet for tourism related activities. According to Fethiye Socio Economic Report, serious investments have been made to the marinas in Turkey in recent years (Fethiye Socio-Economic Report, 2010). Yatch tourism demand has increasingly moved from Western Mediterreanean to Eastern Mediterreanean basin due to the relative unpolluted coastlines found in this region as well as the saturation with the well-known French, Italian and Spanish rivieras (Tandoğan, 2000). As such, Turkish coasts constitute important destinations for yatch and sailing tourism. Another marine-based tourism activity of significance in the study areas is diving. The main diving centers in Turkey concentrate on the Mediterranean, in Marmaris, Fethiye, Ölüdeniz and Ayvalık, all of which are within the project s pilot areas. The underwater scenery is varied with tunnels, caverns and rocky pinnacles providing divers with plenty to explore. Recently, the need to diversify away from the sun and beach focused tourism which tends to lean towards unsustainability with distorted urban developments, environmental pollution and pressure on natural habitats and to develop other attractions has been recognized by both the public and private sectors (Ministry of Tourism, 2007). The view that there is a need for a niche or alternative activities to mass tourism was confirmed through the field work. The coastal areas in all six areass have untapped potential to attract a wider spectrum of tourism related activities such as nature-based outings/sports both on land and sea, agriculture-based farm visits, and culture/archeology-based visits. Agriculture contributes significantly to the economy in the six coastal areas and also plays an important role in supplementing household incomes. Agriculture is among the driving forces of Turkey s economy with nearly 25% of the country s labour market depending on agriculture in rural areas (European Commission, 2010). In the Aegean region alone, agriculture contributes to 28% of incomes (GEKA, 2010). Furthermore, traditional agricultural practices that are still maintained in Turkish landscape contribute to tourism development as there is an increasing demand in rural tourism opportunities. The Southern Aegean Development Agency (GEKA) also identifies increased demand for organic agriculture and eco-tourism, among Muğla province s primary opportunities. The Aegean coast has a long history of traditional agriculture associated with the cultivation of pine nuts, olives, herbs, citrus and other fruits, and bees for honey. All the study areas have a history of cultivating olives for oil production. There may be potential for value-added agricultural outputs produced using organic farming methods, or specialty foods packaged as gourmet or artisanal foods. Fishing is the third leading economic sector in the study areas. In South Marmara region alone, fish 2 The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
15 products make up the third largest exported goods after manufacturing and mining (GEKA, 2010). Likewise in Muğla, where four of the MCPAs are located, the export of aquatic and animal products marks a volume of about 50 million USD according to 2009 data (ibid). Foça is estimated to provide 20% of the fish circulated in the Aegean region (IZKA, 2009). In Ayvalık, fish has been collected in the first nine months of 2010 and the fish export out of Ayvalık in 2010 amounted to $ (Ayvalık Directorate of Agriculture, 2010). In the six study areas fishing is still done on a small-scale by local fishermen. Small-scale fisheries provide food and drive the economies of these local communities. But the traditional fishing practices seem unable to compete with big trawlers that put increasing amounts of pressure on the resource base. Even though trawlers fish outside the legally defined marine protected zones, their impact on the food chain locally and regionally is not yet well-understood. This report is relevant to a wide range of stakeholders, including decision-makers, private investors, local authorities and the funding agencies with an interest in sustainable income generating activities in coastal areas. The limitations of data and subsequent ability to analyse the situation in detail should be acknowledged. While the document does not pretend to be a comprehensive treatment of the subject, it provides a broad assessment of the current status of the areas and identifies issues and needs that will be a starting point for the sustainable development of the activities in question. Neither a feasibility study nor a business plan had been conducted previously or developed for any of the potential income-generating activities proposed. Although there are some studies that are being conducted (in progress), they are not yet finished. It has not been possible for the project team to assess the project site business plans in the development of this report, but this will be done when they are finished. In this study, a number of activities are identified rather than a detailed assessment of one or two specific activities. As an outcome of this report, a more specific list of activities for each project area will be prepared. In the final feasibility report, more concrete opportunities and risks will be identified, and opportunities will be sought to pilot recommended activities in order to inform future strategy and possible replication in other areas. 1.2 Methodology This Interim Feasibility Study on income generation opportunities at selected marine and coastal protected areas (MCPA) was prepared over the period August 2010 December The study comprised of the following main steps: 1- Review of existing laws and policies: The local experts conducted a review of the existing regulations concerning EPASA s institutional income generation means, especially in terms of the authority s policy on site rentals at coastal zones. Furthermore, EPASA s strategic plans and action plans were analyzed in order to perceive the revenue expansion possibilities. 2- Literature review: The local experts researched and reviewed available primary and secondary sources of information. These included socio-economic reports of EPASA, İzmir and Muğla Development Agencies, scientific articles, conference proceedings and other documents concerning the project s pilot areas. 3- Solicitation of the opinions of a wide range of stakeholders: Interim Feasibility Study was designed and undertaken by literature review and field work. Using issues and questions identified during the initial literature review, the local experts made field visits to all six areas to understand the perspectives of local authorities, representatives of public and private sectors, hotel and other business owners, tour operators, and to visit some of the villages in the regions. In-depth face to face interviews were conducted with key stakeholders representing various posts in government, tourism and other relevant sectors in the project sites. Through open-ended questions prepared in advance for each stakeholder group, Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 3
16 a total of 132 interviews were conducted in all six areas between August 2010 and October 2010 (in total 19 days). Fethiye-Göcek, Köyceğiz-Dalyan, Datça-Bozburun, Gökova are located in Muğla province. In Muğla, all four areas were covered and 88 interviews were conducted and this was followed by 25 interviews in Ayvalık Nature Islands and lastly 19 interviews in Foça. Details of each interview are provided in Appendix I. Interviews provided a practical insight into the type of activities that are being undertaken by the local stakeholders and their day to day experiences. Through the interviews, it was possible to record the factors and challenges/opportunities that may contribute to the success or failure of such initiatives. 1.3 Report Structure This report is organised into five chapters. Chapter One provides introductory information. Chapter Two presents an overview of the stakeholders that currently take part in or have a say in the activities and operations in the areas. Chapter Three gives a general overview of the areas - their location and main socio-economic and ecological characteristics. Chapter Four focuses on the findings of the interviews conducted in the areas and on key components of the activities related to agriculture, fishing and tourism. The final chapter concludes with an overview of the findings and highlights the important points for income generating activities to be successfully implemented in the areas. The report was finally drafted in a collaborative manner, with all experts contributing to specific sections. As an outcome of this interim report, a list of sustainable and environmental friendly economic activities for each project area will be prepared both for increasing the revenues of EPASA and of the concerned local communities (Activity 2.4.8) 1. The final report will also have a matrix of relevant stakeholders (public, private, etc.) for selected activities. 1 Activity 2.4.8: Local experts prepare a list of sustainable and environmental friendly joint or individual economic activities with the local stakeholders at the meeting to be organized for the dissemination of the feasibility 4 The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
17 INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW: STAKEHOLDERS The current income generating activities on Turkey s marine and coastal stretch spread across many sectors including a number of governmental institutions which by the nature of their responsibilities have important roles to perform. The public sector plays an important role in creating an enabling environment for the sustainable development in the study areas. The information provided in this section is based on the field interviews and the internet pages of government organizations (provided in the references) and the other stakeholders. Institutional responsibility for the establishment and management of MCPAs lies with four agencies: (i) the Authority for the Protection of Special Areas (EPASA); (ii) the Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; (iii) the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP); and, (iv) the Ministry for Culture and Tourism (UNDP 2009). In addition to the governmental institutions, there are many other agencies or institutions whose work is relevant 2. These supporting agencies need to work together in a coordinated manner to ensure that tourism-agriculture and other development strategies are implemented properly. This section provides succinct information about some of the stakeholders in the areas. It is not a comprehensive list due to the diverse characteristics and large field of activities in the areas. This is also valid also for the villages in the areas. Five of the 6 pilot areas, Fethiye-Göcek, Köyceğiz- Dalyan, Datça-Bozburun, Gökova and Foça are special areas under EPASA. Only Ayvalık and its islands have a different conservation status, that of a Nature Park. 2.1 Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas (EPASA) EPASA is part of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) and is headquartered in Ankara. Based on The Convention for Protecting the Mediterranean Against Pollution, signed in 2 2 For details on the major categories of stakeholders and their involvement please refer to Table 4, p. 16 UNDP Project Document. Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 5
18 Barcelona in 1976, The Authority was temporarily established on 12 June 1988 by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers (number of decision: ). EPASA was officially established on November 13, 1989 by the Decree Having the Force of Law (decision number: 383, published in Official Gazette no: 20341) pursuant to related protocol and to the article 9 of the Turkish Law of Environment no: This Decree granted the Cabinet of Ministers the power to determine and declare Special Environmental Protection Areas (SEPAs), and make the necessary regulations at sites which possess ecological value and which are threatened by environmental pollution and corruption; and also taking on measures needed to pass on areas of natural beauty to further generations. According to this Law, The Cabinet of Ministers also has the force to define the principles for the preservation of these sites and decide which ministry will conduct the plans and projects within the areas. With Decree No: 383 the authorities and the tasks for protecting environmental values of the areas, for taking all measures to solve the present environmental problems, for defining the principles for the preservation and usage of these areas, for developing the municipal construction plans of all scales within the area and also for approving these plans are given to EPASA. EPASA, which had been linked to the Prime Minister s office from the very outset, was linked to the Ministry of Environment which was established on 21 August 1991 by the Decree Having the Force of Law ( number of decision 444/KHK). EPASA was linked to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry after these two Ministries were merged on May 1, 2003 (Law no: 4856). Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas has been carrying its operations as a public institution and has a special budget. The aim of EPASA is to: Protect areas of natural beauty, historical and cultural sources, biological diversity and, living and non-living entities both underwater and above-water; Pass these values onto future generations; Promote sustianble regional development; and. make society aware of environmental values. The objectives of EPASA are to: Set the balance between protection and usage; Protect the limited and fruitful agricultural sites and qualified forest sites; Prevent underground and above ground water pollution; Protect wetland sites against extinction; Make the regions be used in an organized way; Improve the environmental infrastructure of the settlements in the regions; and Support economic sectors such as agriculture, tourism and fishery so that they do not harm the natural balance. An important difference between SEPAs and other protected areas is that management authority within SEPAs is shared with many of the national and sub-national authorities that have responsibilities within the coastal zone (UNDP 2009). 2.2 The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) The Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Forestry have merged under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) with the Law on Establishment and Duties of Ministry of Environment and Forestry No (Official Gazette 2003). The main responsibilities of the MoEF are as follows: Protecting and improving environment, Using and protecting land and natural resources with the most appropriate and efficient way in urban and rural areas, Protecting and developing the flora and fauna and natural heritage of the country, Protecting every type of environmental protection, 6 The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
19 Protecting and developing forests and enlargement of forest areas, Helping development of villagers living in or near forests and to take the necessary precautions for this purpose, Meeting the requirement for forest products and developing of forest products industries. 2.3 General Directorate of Forestry The General Directorate of Forestry, which acts under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, is responsible for developing policies and regulations to ensure that forests and forest resources in Turkey are conserved and used in a sustainable manner. The Directorate s range of responsibilities include protection of Turkey s forests, management of protected areas and national parks, forest management planning, silviculture, production and marketing of forestry products, aforestation and erosion control, and forest-village relations. The Forest Law No enacted in 1937 made first legal definition of forest and introduced the first set of forest policies in Turkey. The Forest Act has been subject to many amendments until the preparation of the new Forest Law (No 6831) in This Law has been under implementation since then, with numerous amendments. Forest and village relations are managed under the General Directorate of Forest-Village Relations (ORKÖY) explained in depth below. In some of the study areas, forest villages fall within SEPA boundaries which could imply EPASA s collaboration with the General Directorate of Forestry. Box 1. Forest Village Relations ORKÖY Forest resources provide vital socio-economic contributions especially for local communities, which comprise around 7-8 million people living over 20,000 forest villages in Turkey. Almost all energy needs of such communities are provided as fuel wood at highly subsidized prices from the state forests. In addition, significant amount of wood volumes are illicitly cut and utilized by the forest village dwellers. Timber needs of forest villagers are also provided at subsidized prices from the state forests which is around m3 annually. Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) produced from forest areas also provide some important contributions to family diet and cash income to household budget in forest regions. Fodder provided by free grazing and by cutting and carrying away for winter feeding is by far the most important NTFP for the forest region communities for which livestock is one of the main source of income especially in remote mountainous areas Based on the Constitution item 170, ORKÖY was founded with the aim of contributing to the economic, social and cultural development of rural people who live within or nearby forest areas to minimize their adverse effects on forests. The ORKÖY is financed through the sale of land excluded from forest by 2/B, 3 % of the revenues from wood sales, 3 % of the total amount of the projects of allocations and rentals from forest land, 10 % of the net profit of the forest districts and from other sources such as donations, credit interest returns etc. The contributions of ORKÖY is generally categorized as 1) donation to village legal entity 2) low interest credits for social needs ( units proposed) 3) low interest credits to individuals for economic investments 4) training services. In terms of concept and methods applied ORKÖY used to be one of the success stories of Forestry in Turkey, but the effects of ORKÖY has been gradually declining. For the last decade for example, the annual average budget used for contributions was about million US$ which is far from the amount expected by villagers. GDF s yearly contribution however is around 400 million US$ including the wages and salaries paid for forest villages for employment. In 2003, for example, GDF has paid 150 million $ for harvesting operations, 98 million $ for other type employment, 84 million $ for subventions (wood sales on low price), 75 million $ for forest fire suppression teams (all composed of forest villages). Besides, around ton of NTFPs are collected by villagers at very low prices (yearly export value of these products is estimated to be over 100 million $). Contribution of forest sector from other activities such as plantation, nursery, protected areas, wild-life and game (through wages and others means) are not added here because of the lack of data. For the next 20 years it is expected that the contribution of GDF will continue at the same level, ORKÖY is likely to be downsized and integrated to the General Directorate of Rural Development, in either case the contribution of ORKÖY is not thought to be less than present level which is already low. Source: Interview and webpage of ORKÖY (http://www.ogm.gov.tr/english/fvillage.htm) Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 7
20 2.4 General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) is responsible for the selection, designation, planning, conservation, and management of national parks, nature parks, natural monuments, and nature reserve areas under the provisions of the National Parks Law No The GDNCNP manages each protected area through the regulations of its long term development plan (management plan) through a network of Park Directorates. The Directorate is also responsible for the conservation of game and wildlife species within their natural habitats by making necessary decisions on hunting control throughout the country. The first national park in Turkey was established in Since then 39 national parks have been established. Some of these parks were initially established for archaeological and historical purposes but are at the same time rich habitats where biological diversity is being protected. Among the project s 6 pilot areas, Ayvalık Islands Nature Park is the only site that is not under EPASA s juristiction but rather the GDNCPNP s. In order to determine the activities in the park, a Long Term Development Plan (see Appendix II) has been developed according to Law No. 2873, which entered into force on for Ayvalık MCPA. Unlike other governmental institutions, the GDNCPNP can appoint field guides in the parks. The selection of the field guides, their training, the regulations concerning their works procedures and principles are laid out by law (Official Gazette, 2010). 2.5 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) The Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is the main authority responsible for agricultural production systems, from its regulation to practice. The Departments of MARA consist of the following: General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises (TIGEM); General Directorate of Agricultural Production and Development (TÜGEM); General Directorate of Protection and Control (KKGM); General Directorate of Organisation and Support (TEDGEM); General Directorate of Agricultural Researches (TAGEM); Provincial Directorates of Agriculture (in 81 provinces in Turkey). With five general directorates and 81 provincial agricultural directorates and related directorates in each city, MARA directs agricultural production in Turkey. For example, TIGEM was established to provide the basic services and support for agriculture and agricultural industries. It is expected to carry out these activities following market-oriented principles and make a profit. It specialises in the provision of agricultural training and education to cooperative members. The routine programme of TEDGEM includes the organisation of cooperative activities and services, training of women in agriculture, and the improvement of the relationship between researchers, extension specialists and farmers. Although agricultural extension services are provided mostly by state organisations, the effectiveness of the state extension services has been impaired because of limited budget, low staff motivation and a reduction in the number of extension specialists within MARA. MARA has an important role in fisheries. The Directorate of Protection and Control is responsible for the formulation of policies, development and management of the fisheries sector. This includes improving resource management and control, promoting efficient resource utilization and collecting and managing information relevant to fisheries resources. 2.6 Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) The roles and responsibilities given to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism are quite vast and diverse, including policy work, monitoring and evaluation, human resources development, licensing, tourism attraction development and impact 8 The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs
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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Norman Conquest of 1066. The Monkman family lived in Northumberland. Monkhouse is one of several names that find their roots in the Anglo-Saxon terms munec, meaning monk, and hus, meaning house. It may be either local or occupational in origin, signifying worker at the monk's house in some instances and dweller at the monk's house in others. The surname may have also been used to identify one who hailed from any of several places in England called Monkhouse. In some cases the name may also be an Alglicized version of the Norman local surname Monceaux.
Monkman Early Origins
Northumberland where they held a family seat from very early times and the name was thought to exist prior to the invasion of the Normans and the Battle of Hastings in 1066 A.D.
Monkman Spelling Variations
Monkman Spelling Variations
Anglo-Norman names tend to be marked by an enormous number of spelling variations. This is largely due to the fact that Old and Middle English lacked any spelling rules when Norman French was introduced in the 11th century. The languages of the English courts at that time were French and Latin. These various languages mixed quite freely in the evolving social milieu. The final element of this mix is that medieval scribes spelled words according to their sounds rather than any definite rules, so a name was often spelled in as many different ways as the number of documents it appeared in. The name was spelled Monkhouse, Monckhouse, Monkhowse and others.
Monkman Early History
Monkman Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Monkman research. Another 183 words (13 lines of text) covering the years 129 and 1290 are included under the topic Early Monkman History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Monkman Early Notables (pre 1700)
Monkman Early Notables (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Monkman Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
Because of the political and religious discontent in England, families began to migrate abroad in enormous numbers. Faced with persecution and starvation at home, the open frontiers and generally less oppressive social environment of the New World seemed tantalizing indeed to many English people. The trip was difficult, and not all made it unscathed, but many of those who did get to Canada and the United States made important contributions to the young nations in which they settled. Some of the first North American settlers with Monkman name or one of its variants:
Monkman Settlers in United States in the 20th Century
Contemporary Notables of the name Monkman (post 1700)
Contemporary Notables of the name Monkman (post 1700)
The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.
Motto: Monachus Salvabor
Motto Translation: A monk (house) shall be saved.
Monkman Family Crest Products
Monkman Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Monkman Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Monkman Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 7 November 2014 at 10:48.
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|Jürgen Schmidt <jogischm...@googlemail.com>
|[CODE]: changed about box
|Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:32:30 GMT
Hi, i have changed the about dialog box a little bit and would like to get your feedback. I added a new key in the version.ini/versionrc Revision=<svn_revison_number> But after some experimenting I don't use this key right now but left it in the version file for further references to the underlying revision. I changed the value of buildid in the version file to e.g. versionrc ### buildid=340dev1 (Revision:1294675) # instead of buildid=340dev1(Build:9586) ### The minor.mk includes ### RSCVERSION=340 RSCREVISION=340dev1(Build:9586) BUILD=9586 LAST_MINOR=dev1 SOURCEVERSION=AOO340 ### I haven't yet understand completely where the values are used and decided to adapt the replacement in scriptitems.pm for now. Ariel mentioned already some problems on windows if we simply change the 4 digit buildid to the svn revision. In the end I modified my --with-build-version switch and drop the revision from here. I like the date and time in the about box. As we have seen earlier today with the windows dev snapshot it can be very useful to check easy and fast if the correct build were used. Ok I also changed the background color of this text field because it looked strange before (at least on MacOS). The result on MacOS can you review here http://people.apache.org/~jsc/screenshots/about_dialog.png More rework on the about box will be done for future versions. But for a 3.4 I think it should be ok now. Any opinions? Juergen
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If youve built a productive advisory practice, you know that the single most important resource for prospective clients is your existing book of clients. For the vast majority of advisors, referrals from satisfied investors represent the primary source of growth and new revenue. In fact, an entire consulting industry has grown up in response to this question: how can I get more clients to refer friends, family members and acquaintances to my business?
Unfortunately, many books and consultants who advise on the best strategies to do this actually harm more than help. There are some very powerful psychological dynamicsmostly significantly misunderstoodthat influence when and why a client makes a referral. There are many hidden issues potentially at stake when an advisor asks for a referral. Navigating these conversations well first and foremost means taking steps to preserve the existing relationship. In fact, it is my opinion from working with hundreds of successful advisors over the past 20 years that you should never ask an existing client for a referral.
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Hello, Creepypasta Wiki Community. Usually, I have a strong aversion towards this type of advertising. I think it's pushy in most cases, hence not doing it for a very long time. After Oceanic proved to be a story that was very much liked, I immediately began taking on the next chapter in the series, In Torment 4. Michael (Oceanic, In Torment: Excubia, In Torment III) and Natalie (In Torment, In Torment: Excubia, In Torment in Hell) both return, and are together this time. Characters have changed, and there reason for doing so will be explained. There is only one part left in the series after In Torment 4, so expect the climax. Everything the (long) series has built up for will happen in this story.
The preview (first chapter of the story) exists to give readers a very thin idea of what's going on before the story releases, which may be a while.
I'd appreciate any and all feedback.
Chapter 2 has been uploaded to the Writer's Workshop as well.


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incoloss on Jun 3, 2017
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Johnny Bombshell
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I left home in 2003 to travel around Europe, and settled in West Hollywood when I returned to the States. Much to my surprise, I love it here. I am living the dream in a 1924 Spanish bungalow courtyard (supposedly home to James Cagney, once upon a time).
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Geraldine Johnson
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I'm the least-likely "California girl" - I don't own a driver's license or a bathing suit!
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Johnny Bombshell is a registered business in Los Angeles County, so California state residents must pay 9% sales tax. Sorry.
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PLEASE NOTE: All measurements are of the garment itself, not of the body that will fit inside it! Measurements are taken with the garment lying flat; that number is doubled for the bust, waist, and hips.
Etsy does not have a "block" system like eBay, and hopefully it will never need one. However, I do reserve the right to refuse service at my discretion. If someone has given me a difficult time (late or no payments, frequent returns, etc) on my other selling sites, I may decide not to do business with him or her here on Etsy.


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Ensign Maria Django was transferred from the USS Ulysses to the USS Sutherland late in 2371. Although very bright and talented, Ensign Django has been a discipline problem since her time in the Academy, with her poor attitude on more than one occasion costing her a promotion. Were it not for her drive and dedication to her duties, she would probably have been cashiered long ago. She is never shy about expressing her opinions on any given subject and is fiercely loyal to her friends and those she views as worthy of that loyalty. (Star Trek: Sutherland)
Early lifeEdit
Maria was born in Sao Paulo, Brazil, but moved to Rio de Janeiro with her family. Her mother was involved in the local tourist industry, running a hotel, while her father ran a charter dive boat. While a youth, Maria enjoyed going out on her father's dive boat where she quickly became a proficient diver, eventually becoming certified in almost all aspects of underwater diving. At the same time, while an elementary and secondary school student, she excelled as a diver and swimmer, earning medals and ribbons in numerous competitions. When not on her father's dive boat or working at the family hotel, Maria could often be found on the beach at Ipanema.
Educational yearsEdit
A bright student, the young Maria quickly achieved high marks for her academic achievements. Participated in high school swimming and dive teams, earning multiple medals and accolades.
Starfleet AcademyEdit
At first reluctant to apply to the Academy, a friend of Ensign Django's then serving on the USS Cortez convinced her to submit her application. Maria passed her Academy tests, including the psychological test, on her first attempt. Lacking Starfleet sponsorship for her application, she was admitted to the Academy on the basis of her high test scores and the strong support of local officials. While at the Academy, then Cadet Django quickly gained a reputation for both high performance in her classes and accumulating demerits and punishment tours for insubordination, ultimately graduating in the bottom third of her class. While in the Academy, her love for diving and swimming led her to participate in the Academy varsity teams in those sports. She regards her participation on those teams as one of the high points of her otherwise tempestuous tour at the Academy.
USS SutherlandEdit
Ensign Django played an important part in defeating an alien lifeform that had been preying on shipping within the Bajoran Sector. Later, she took part in a rescue mission resulting in the recovery of Ensign Sito Jaxa from the Cardassian Gul Rejak led by her shipmate LieutenantSam Lavelle. (Shakedown Cruise)
Family and personal lifeEdit
- Manoel Django: Owner of a charter boat service.
- Teresa Django: Owner of a small bed and breakfast hotel located near Ipanema.
She has a romantic relationship with her shipmate Lieutenant Sam Lavelle.
Hobbies and other talentsEdit
Swimming and diving
Memorable quotesEdit
- "That was for being an idiot. I expected Mary Poppins to get caught with her panties down, but I thought you had more sense…"
- — Maria Django to Sam Lavelle after she slapped him for getting captured along with Alyssa Ogawa by mercenaries in "Ties that Bind".
- "This is why I really joined Starfleet and why I stay in and put up with all the BS…" Her eyes now gazing at the prone body of Sito Jaxa on her biobed, the young Brazilian whispered as she brushed away a tear, "It's for people like her."
- — Maria Django to Sam Lavelle, Lieutenant Commander Worf, and Alyssa Ogawa in "Ties that Bind".
- "These things are better than tractor beams."
- — Maria Django commenting when she catches Sam Lavelle glancing at her bare chest in "Messages from Earth"


text:
Does the American Dream exist? Are poor but highly skilled individuals able to achieve their full potential? These questions are at the heart of recent episodes of Malcom Gladwell's new podcast, Revisionist History.
In "Carlos Doesn't Remember," Gladwell examines the idea of "capitalization," or how well America makes use of its human potential. Americans typically believe people are able to climb the ladder to success through hard work and determination, but Gladwell uses the story of one smart, low-income student to express doubts about American meritocracy.
"Carlos" is a bright but low-income student in Los Angeles, who secured a spot at an elite private school thanks to entertainment lawyer Eric Eisner's YES program. The episode is a stark reminder that low-income students—even the most talented ones—face large barriers to success. Gladwell calls Carlos' journey a "one in a million shot." He identifies two large obstacles that smart, low-income students must overcome, but fails to discuss the best solution to these problems: school choice. The public education system traps students like Carlos in underperforming schools that Gladwell likens to concentration camps, but choice policies could help more poor students like Carlos access good schools.
The first barrier to success is a lack of advocates for talented, low-income students. But must it take an Eric Eisner to discover such kids and help them capitalize on their potential? The underlying assumption is that advocates will not be parents or teachers, but only rare, outside forces.
Really? Most parents want the best for their children, and work hard to give them opportunities for success. The problem may well be that wealthier families can access private institutions or choose expensive homes zoned for high-quality public schools, while low-income families are relegated to cheap addresses assigning them to subpar schools. Low-income parents, as Gladwell and others imply, are not necessarily uninformed or uncaring. They just lack the resources of wealthier families.
School choice policies help to give parents those resources. In The School Choice Journey, Thomas Stewart and Patrick Wolf show that given choices, low-income parents transition from passive clients to active consumers, seeking out information on options for their children.