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note- this plan is for stage 3-4 zombie outbreaks only.Edit
in a world where zombies vastly outnumber humans, and in a world where zombies are taking over and the world is in panic, are very dangerous environments for the would-be survivor and his or her group of refugees. in such a world, not only is it crucial to find a fortress and supplies, but also to keep these supplies at maximum, and keep in hold of the fortress. an average zombie survival plan consists generally of a person grabbing weapons, getting in a car, getting supplies, finding a stronghold, and fortifying it. if this is the only part of the plan, these people will not last for longer than five months, average maximum. this plan deals with every major facet of the needs of the survivor through every step, while still sticking closely to the zombie survival guide. please don't take this plan as the one and only- other plans and ideas may be added and placed as deemed fit. you could use this plan on it's own- but since there is no doubt something that's been overlooked, you could see this as more of a template. now, let's begin with step 1.
step 1- first signsEdit
let me start off by saying- you should start building up supplies now (see below for appropriate supplies). the attack could happen at any moment, and you must be sure, even if you weren't following these steps, your ready for at least a stage 2 zombie outbreak. you should also be looking for the signs as well as gathering material. when the zombie outbreak arrives, you will be ready. the start of the outbreak will be subtle signs, things that generally take your interest for a couple of minutes a day. on the news, cannibal-related murders are becoming more and more frequent. search parties are going out to look for missing persons, with one (ore more) party member carrying a firearm. and both of these incidents are happening constantly, in multiple places. when an official releases a statement on the matter, public or otherwise, it's time to act. this does not mean collecting firearm ammunition- at least, not on the top of your list. first up is edible vegetable seeds and non-perishable foodstuffs. you should already have picked a location for a fortress- preferably, if, like me, you live in england, somewhere more northern, or in other countries, other less populated areas with an abundance of wild animals. when it comes to the previous function of the fortress, it should not be a police station, place of worship or hospital. somewhere like a school, since they usually have spacious car parks, medical supplies, science equipment, kitchens and, importantly, large playing fields, where you can grow fruit and vegetables in large numbers, and keep any animals. and lockable rooms, as storage and emergency backup spaces. and most importantly, not many people will think, when the zombie numbers rise, to look for sanctity and saviour in a school. start packing you rucksacks, make sure your car has petrol in it at all times. make sure other people you would like to join you are close, start training for running and climing, practise combat, keep a melee weapon close, keep well rested, fed and watered and, finally, make sure you have at least two firearms and ammunition. wait for the public to start to panic, and then begin step 2.
step 2- panicEdit
when the dead are finally appearing in the streets, panic will no doubt spread across every home nearby. when the attacks get worse, so will the panic, causing riots, fires, and, potentially, casualties. this is why you must act on the sign. the sign may sound stupid, but it's incredibly obvious and useful. in every pandemic that got serious, governments in question either thought about, got close to, or put out leaflets explaining what to do in a problem. as crazy as it sounds, you must scan news on every level untill news of leaflets reaches your ears. any mention will do, and when it reaches you you must act. similarly, if the governments declare a meeting with others to discuss the problem, you must act. go to any nearby shops and buy as much medical and food supplies possible. keep your friends close, and keep memorising the plan. when panic reaches the streets, you need to put on body armor- take a look at the main article on this wiki for advice.- and make your way to your fortress with all your supplies and weapons (DO NOT do this at night! it may seem like the best time to move around without suspicion, but that is the same logic as gangs and rioters, groups notorious to expand in times of panic. it's best to do it on a schoolday, around midday-ish). obviously, if your fortress matches the ideal description above, it will be a public building, so don't move in your items just yet- take them in a car, leave them in your car, park your car nearby and wait there untill thumb|300px|right|if you need help deciding what car to take, maybe this can help.the panic gets so bad the building closes. then, move your car closer, and, odd as it sounds, buy some d.i.y material (such as welders, saws and benches) and, if the riots are getting bad, "comandeer" wreckage and wood/Metal items such as desks, doors and items on the street. you should already have gardening material with you, including tools, and how-to guides and materials for building wells, shelter and even possibly animal sheds. you may not be able to carry all this in one car, so make sure you have other members of your group bring their cars as well. spend this time to study the details of the building your planning on fortifying, keep shifts to look out for mobs night and day. with this in practise, all you need to do is keep on your toes for step 3.
step 3- dead (numbers) risingEdit
it may be short weeks, days or hours after final stage of step 2. it may be months. or, it may happen so fast youv'e not followed every step (which is why it's important to start building up supplies and fortress ideas straight away, and to act fast in performing the steps). whenever it happens, you should know. the zombies will be a common sight, in sufficient numbers to cause panic to the government. police and possibly military will be called in to contain the numbers, sadly they will no doubt swell them. whatever the case, when all police are called out to deal with the threat, you should strike. first, pile your cars into the parking spaces, or directly outside, of the building that will soon be your fortress. you should know the whereabouts of the alarms and cctv cameras from your rigorous study of the building, and now you must destroy them. you should be in full armor with weapons (close combat, mainly) and if there is anyone in the building, you should tell them why you are there and offer help and support if they join you. if any attack you they should be restrained. start using the d.i.y tools to weld and attach the spare wood and metal to the outside fences to make them taller and stronger, and so patrols can walk around and look over them somehow, as well as being an entrance/exit somewhere around the fortress. you should also start building wells and shelter and fortifying inside the fence and planting fruit and vegetable. at least two of your survivors should go out in the largest car with a full tank of petrol to collect some animals- chickens, sheep, rabbits,- smallish animals, easy to catch, edible, and serves some othe prupose as well (rabbits- fur for clothes, chickens- eggs, sheep- wool, ect). perhaps, depending on the population of the area and the space between it and the fortress, they could also bring back cows on foot. at all times during this, keep guard of the area. when all this is done, shut the doors, and do not open them unless a person is outside. if anyone plays rough- has a weapon and isnt afraid to use it- try and restrain instead of kill- you can convert the car park, or some of it, into a secure prison- the car park will no doubt be right next to the wall, and the moanings of the undead outside should rehabilitate the guilty (or drive them insane- a cruel punishment perhaps, but necessary in such times). with this in mind, you should begin step 4 shortly after.
step 4- war and peaceEdit
obviously, once on your fortress, it will be almost impossible to detect what is happening with the rest of the world. there is, however, one idea- all this time, you will still be able to use electric, power grid and gas-using machines, as well as satellite- using technology. when these all fail, you know the world is more than likely overrun with the living dead. it's time to take the long run. make sure patrollers have guns in case of bandits- DO NOT waste ammunition on zombies, you need it for the faster, stronger harder to defeat in melee bandits (do not attempt to restrain these people, just shoot). whatever you do, though, as your biggest threat you must somehow take out the zombies- wether you open the gate slightly so only one can get through at a time, taking them out one by one, or send out a group of guards in heavy armor with a weapon or two for 1-2 hours, because when the hoarde around you has depleted sufficiently, you can send out foot patrols (save the petrol in your cars for emergencies) to reclaim more space, material or animals (and possibly survivors). of course, with such a group you must keep peace. you should set a firm but fair law- and anyone caught breaking rules should be punished in a firm but fair way. severe crimes- murder, specifically- and slightly less severe crimes performed constantly by the guilty, should be dealt with by death- decapitation is good practise for training guards, as long as it's with a weapon that hasn't killed or touched a zombie- after all, food will be a problem, and this person was a criminal- as wrong as it sounds, cannibalism is an option to consider with death-row criminals. similarly, another such moral wrong in society may be necessary- the human race may be on it's last feet, and somehow you will need to keep the numbers growing, so prostitution may have to be an option to consider. i'm not saying eat babies and bone the night away as soon as youv'e finished building defence- i'm leaving options open for desperate times. obviously, with these steps being taken, you should expand and be prosperous over time. after this, and of course, eradication of zombies from your area, you'll no doubt have a thriving civilization which will no doubt keep growing, and- oh yeah- survive the apocalyspe at it's head, surviving in style with a future ahead.
further adviceEdit
really, if you need any tips in survival- what bandits are, where, and how, to weld, attack plans, running plans, backup plans, animal rearing, weapons, well, shelter and furniture building, and other bits and peices you may want to add to this template plan, please consult both this wikia and the zombie survival guide, as well as books and manuals specifically for some of the tasks you may have to perform, such as building, welding, farming and structural stability. if you find much information, it would also be very appreciated if you could add it to this page- this is, after all, a template, and it would certainly help it cover everything needed to survive the apocalypse. with this in mind, i wish you the best in your survival, and hope iv'e managed to help you on the path of survival as well as possible.
good videos/additional informationEdit
this category has been left open to any and all to add information they think may be useful, and may somehow enhance the effectiveness of this plan.


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Assembled by Lady Gaby, text by Penny Arcade
"Legend, icon, wild-hearted demoness bad-girl bitch. It is impossible to describe the juggernaut that is Penny Arcade without entering the world of hyperbole that she not only inhabits but also personifies. Since first climbing out of her bedroom window at age 13 to join the fabulously disenfranchised world of queers, junkies, whores, stars, stalkers and geniuses she has become one of the most influential performers in the world. By fearlessly displaying her singular brand of feminist sexuality and personal conflict she has garnered countless fans worldwide with an emotionally and intellectually charged performance style. Internationally revered as writer, director and actress, she has become the very bedrock that many of the biggest names in the entertainment industry have built their careers upon.
Born Susana Carmen Ventura to an immigrant Italian family in the small factory town of New Britain, Connecticut, she became Penny Arcade at age 17 while on LSD in an effort to amuse her mentor and patron, openly gay photographer/artist Jaimie Andrews. It was Andrews, a member of The Playhouse of the Ridiculous, who introduced the young Arcade to legendary director John Vaccaro. Vaccaro, then directing Kenneth Bernard's potent play The Moke Eater, subsequently gave Penny her theatrical debut in the groundbreaking production. Soon after, Arcade became a teenage superstar for Andy Warhol's Factory with a featured role in the Morrissey/Warhol film Women In Revolt but quickly found the life of an upcoming pop tart too one dimensional and fled to Amsterdam.
In 1980, La Mama's Ellen Stewert and Vaccaro invited her to recreate her 1970 New York role in Ken Bernard's play Nite Club. She returned to New York after nearly a decade of globe hopping and international intrigue to resume her apprenticeship with many of the greats of American experimental theatre including Jack Smith, Jackie Curtis and Charles Ludlam. In 1985 Arcade began creating her own improvisational and unscripted solo work. In 1989 she began to create group work, beginning with her commission from Engarde Arts for whom she created A Quiet Night for Sid and Nancy at the Chelsea Hotel.
1990-91 was a prolific period for Arcade during which she wrote four full length shows, including the core of her autobiographical trilogy; Based on A True Story, Invitation to The Beginning Of The End Of The World and La Miseria. It was also in 1990 that she created her most famous work, her sex and censorship show, BITCH!DYKE!FAGHAG!WHORE! A blend of political humanism, freedom of expression and erotic dancing, BITCH!DYKE!FAGHAG!WHORE! toured the world twice both as an international festival as well as a commercial hit in 20 cities around the world.
In the time since Penny has seen Bad Reputation her all girl show (with a few gay men who wanted their own dance number!) premiere in NYC at Performance Space 122 in March of 1999 and later in Manchester, England, and Glasgow Scotland. Her New York Values – an autopsy on the death of Bohemia and the commodification of rebellion – also had its premiere at PS 122 in spring of 2002 as a group show and has been performed as a solo show in Los Angeles, Austin, Frankfurt, Heldelberg and the Royal Festival Hall in London.
Since 1999 Penny has spearheaded the award winning documentary series Stemming The Tide of Cultural Amnesia, The Lower Eastside Biography Project, an oral history and downtown performance project cum training program sponsored in part by Manhattan Neighborhood Network. She is a member of Feminists for Free Expression, The National Coalition Against Censorship, Visual Aids, and the artist/art professional caucus that produces Day Without Art each December 1 st. In addition, she is a founding member of FEVA (Federation of East Village Artists) the producer of The Howl! Festival of the Arts."
Penny Arcade will perform Bad Reputation at 'From the Mouth of Dame' show extravaganza with Angie Reed, Miss Le Bomb, Thirst (duo), hosted by Lady Gaby,
Thursday 23rd November @ King Kong Klub Brunnestrasse Berlin Mitte 10 pm start


text:
come in contact
Also found in: Legal.
come in(to) contact(with someone or something)
1. Lit. to touch someone or something, probably unknowingly. How many people have come into contact with the sick man? He came in contact with almost no one.
2. Fig. to meet up with and learn about someone or something. Have you ever come into contact with trigonometry before? I have never come in contact with anything so difficult.


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AIDS and Voluntary Screening Among Gay Men
Houshyar, Abdolazim
Bibliographic Citation
AIDS & PUBLIC POLICY JOURNAL 1991 Spring; 6(1): 46-53
Permanent LinkFind in a Library
MetadataShow full item record
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Belted Satchel
$ 59.99
$ 118.00
The satchel bag is handmade with organically processed leather and a unique wool embroidered belt that wraps around the entire bag.
- 14" tall x 19" wide x 5" deep
- Inner cell phone pocket, key fob, and large inside pocket.
- Outside zippered pocket with leather trim.
- Magnetic snaps to close bag (1 center, 2 sides).
- Fair trade from Peru.
Jenny Krauss artisans live in and near Ayacucho, Peru and are masters in the crafts of weaving and embroidery. The region is poor and remote so finding customers for their wares is difficult. Jenny Krauss was founded in 2008 to help these artisans maintain a steady income through international sales of their work. The company offers them design guidance to appeal to the US customer while maintaining their traditional craft.
The work is certified by the Fair Trade Federation. Fair trade manufacturing refers to a set of guidelines that are meant to ensure artisans earn a living wage and are not exposed to environmental hazards.
Most of the artisans are women, who usually spend the morning attending to their family farms and the afternoons embroidering. Their babies are often wrapped in a blanket on their back and older children play nearby.
The average cost of living in Ayacucho and its environs is 400-500 Peruvian Nuevo soles (PEN) per month, but these artisans earn on average 1000 PEN/month, and can earn up to 2500 PEN/month. Your purchase helps these communities sustain their livelihoods and traditions.


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When you have two cosplayers dressing as Sub-Zero and Scorpion from Mortal Kombat, the best course of action is to get them together for an epic photo shoot and battle. Jenifer Ann (Scorpion) and Heather1337 (Sub-Zero) look fierce as the characters; I'd hate to be caught between them as they duke it out.
Photos and editing by David Love.
More of the series after the break.
Send your cosplay pics to email@example.com.
(via GxG)


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You are going to Watch Fate kaleid liner Prisma Illya 2wei Herz! Episode 2 English subbed online free episodes with HQ / high quality. Stream Anime Fate kaleid liner Prisma Illya 2wei Herz! Episode 2 Online English sub Tricolore Birthday. Illya and her friends arrive at the beach alongside Shirou and his friend Issei Ryuudou. Whilst enjoying the beach, Miyu tells about how she has a brother, who Shirou resembles, before the girls come across Bazett, who is working part-time jobs to pay off her debts. Later, as everyone has a party to celebrate Illya, Miyu, and Kuro's birthdays, the celebrations are interrupted by some noisy construction from Rin and Luvia, who are attempting to dig for the eigth card, with Illya soon finding herself in the middle of an outrageous feud. Things become more troublesome when Ruby tries to inject Shirou with a love potion, though Sapphie soon sorts things out by erasing everyone's memories.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 4, 1986
|Filing date
|Mar 27, 1985
|Priority date
|Jun 1, 1984
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Susumu Nishigaki, Shinsuke Yano, Shirohito Matsuyama
|Original Assignee
|Narumi China Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (38), Classifications (29), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to low temperature fired ceramics especially useful in the manufacture of electronic components or parts and further, useful in other various applications, such as heat-resistance industrial articles, tablewares, kichen utensils and decorative articles.
Recently, there has been a growing demand for a more densely integrated electronic circuits with the increasing trend toward miniaturization of computers or electronic devices of various equipment or facilities for public-utility. In such circumstances, substrates must satisfy the following requirements.
(1) Low cost
(2) Light weight
(3) High mechanical strength
(4) The substrates have a high thermal conductivity, thereby allowing rapid radiation of generated heat.
(5) In order to increase the density of a two-dimensional wiring, wiring with a conductor width of 150 μm or finer can be performed.
(6) The substrate sheets can be readily stacked in a multilayer configuration and thereby permit a three-dimensional wiring with an increased density.
(7) Passive parts, such as inductors, resistors or capacitors, can be integrally incorporated into the substrate during stacking the substrate sheet in a multilayer configuration.
(8) In order to minimize an electrostatic capacity between conductors, thereby to realize a rapid response to signals, their dielectric constant must be as small as possible.
(9) For the requirement (8), conductive materials with a low electrical resistance, for example, Ag, Ag-Pd, Cu, Au, can be employed.
(10) The dielectric layers have a small coefficient of thermal expansion near that of a Si semiconductor with a thermal expansion coefficient of 3.5�10-6 /�C. to be packaged thereon, thereby permitting a direct bonding of semiconductor chips thereto.
(11) Electrical resistivity between wires printed thereon is high.
(12) They are not adversely affected by temperature, humidity or other atmospheric conditions and have high stability properties.
Heretofore, for the above mentioned purposes, various organic multilayer substrates or alumina ceramic multilayer substrates have been employed. However, these conventional substrates are superior in some properties, but in other properties, they are inferior. Therefore, any substrate heretofore available can not give satisfaction in all respects and presents problems or difficulties in practical applications.
More specifically, in the case of organic multilayer substrates, circuits are formed on copper cladding layers bonded onto both sides of phenol resin or epoxy resin substrate sheets, then the resin sheets are bonded to form a multilayer configuration by using epoxy resin adhesives and through holes are formed between the conductors by a mechanical perforating process. However, the organic resin multilayer substrates thus fabricated have the following problems:
(1) The substrates are subjected to warpage and cracking during repeated soldering or dip brazing operations because of their poor heat resistance, low strength and unfavorably excess thermal expansion coefficient of the order of 50�10-6 /�C. and further their electrical resistivity will be detrimentally affected due to elevated temperature exposure.
(2) When elements, such as resistors or semiconductor IC chips, which tend to generate heat, are packaged on the conventional organic resin substrates, various special consideration or designs, for example, an enlarged bonding area for the elements or the use of radiating sheets, are required in order to prevent the elements from being heated up beyond acceptable temperature levels.
(3) In the fabrication of multilayer structures, it is very difficult to form fine conductors with a width of 150 μm or finer or numbers of through holes with a diameter of smaller than 200 μm.
(4) Reliability in heat or humidity stability is low.
On the other hand, multilayered alumina substrates have the following disadvanteges:
(1) They are manufactured at a very high temperature of 1600� to 1700 � C. in an atmosphere of hydrogen and such special conditions considerably increase production cost compared with the former organic resin multilayer substrates.
(2) Since W or Mo is employed as conductive materials, resistance of the conductors is high.
(3) They exhibit a large density (from 3.8 to 3.9 g /cm3) as compared to that of the organic resin subtstrate (2.0 g/cm3).
(4) Their dielectric constant (9 to 10 at 1 MHz) is high as compared to the dielectric constant of the former organic substrates (3 to 5 at 1 MHz).
(5) Although they exhibit an appreciably lowered thermal expansion compared with the former organic substrate, their thermal expansion coefficient of 7.0�10-6 /�C. (from room temperature to 250� C.) is too large as compared to that of Si semiconductor.
In view of the above circumstances, there have been proposed several low temperature fired glass ceramic compositions.
As examples of low temperature fired ceramics, low temperature fired ceramics using crystallized glass are presented in some reports. For example, for the purpose of obtaining lower temperature fired ceramics with a high strength, MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 base composition containing additives of B2 O3 and nucleating agent are fired at a temperature of 900� to 1000 � C. to precipitate crystallites of cordierite in the resulting ceramics.
For the same purpose, there have been reported as other examples lower temperature fired ceramics produced from Li2 O-Al2 O3 -SiO2 base compositions with additives of B2 O3 and nucleating agent. In this composition, in order to increase the strength of the fired products, spodumene is precipitated. In general, in order to make ceramics at lower firing temperatures, glass phase is required to be contained in much larger quantities. However, in the case, it is very difficult to achieve a high strength of 1800 kg/cm2 or higher. In either the case of MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 or Li2 -Al2 O3 -SiO2, low temperature fired ceramics with a high strength are attained by precipitating high strength crystals therein by heat treating. However, in the cases of these known ceramic compositions, the aimed crystals do not precipitate below 900� C. and the compositions are in a glassy phase in the vicinity of 500� C. to about 800� C. Thus, when fine conductor patterns are printed onto green ceramic tapes and fired simultaneously together with the ceramics, the printed patterns tend to flow and deform. Therefore, great difficulty will be presented in the formation of circuits with a high precision. Further, another difficulty may be encountered in firing process. When green ceramic tapes containing a large amount of an organic binder are fired to remove the organic binder component, it is requested to fire the tapes so that the organic binder does not remain as carbon in the glass phase and, thus, firing should be carried out without softening the glass and while maintaining the porosity required to facilitate degassing. For such requirement, a heating rate in the firing step must be about 2� C. per minute and, as shown in FIG. 1, it takes eight hours to heat up 950� C.
Further, there is reported low temperature fired ceramics using a mixture of a noncrystallized glass and insulating or refractory oxides. The examples are a borosilicate glass (B2 O3 -SiO2) containing additives of refractory materials, such as cyanite or anorthite, or a mixture of lead borosilicate glass (B2 O3 -SiO2 -PbO-Al2 O3) and insulating oxides, such as forsterite and ZrO2. These ceramics also, as in the case of low temperature fired ceramics using crystallized glasses previously set forth, can not successfully form circuits in a high resolution due to liability to flowing of patterns and consume a very long firing time of 12 to 18 hours to heat to 900� C. due to a slow heating rate of the order of 1� C. per minute, as shown in FIG. 1. Further, in the cases of the noncrystallized glasses, since it is impossible to obtain a required strength level only from the noncrystallized glasses, refractory materials are added to the noncrystallized glasses in order to achieve an acceptable strength level in the composite systems of the noncrystallized glasses and the added refractory materials. However, the noncrystallized glass phase does not crystallized even in a final firing stage at 800� to 1000� C. The noncrystallized glass phase softens during firing and causes deformation of patterns. Further, softening of the glass makes degassing very difficult and, thus, the binder component is required to be slowly driven off by firing for a very long time at temperatures below the softening temperature of the glass. FIG. 2 shows shrinkage curves of various low temperature fired ceramics. As can be seen from this figure, in both cases of crystallized glass and noncrystallized glass with addition of refractory materials, shrinkage due to softening of glass (noncrystallized or crystallized glass) is observed at temperatures of 200� to 700� C.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide low temperature fired ceramics having an advantageous combination of properties of excellent heat resistance, high mechanical strength, low thermal expansion and low dielectric constant and thereby especially suited for use in electronic components and useful as ceramic materials for other various applications.
One aspect of the present invention resides in low temperature fired ceramics produced by firing at a low temperature a mixture consisting of, in weight percentages:
(a) 50 to 65% of powder glass consisting of 10 to 55% of CaO, 45 to 70% of SiO2, 0 to 30% of Al2 O3 and up to 10% of impurities; and
(b) 50 to 35% of powder Al2 O3 containing up to 10% of impurities.
In another aspect, the present invention resides in further low temperature fired ceramics produced by firing at a low temperature a mixture consisting of, in weight percentages:
(a) 50 to 65% of powder glass consisting of
(i) 10 to 55% of CaO, 45 to 70% of SiO2, 0 to 30% of Al2 O3 and up to 10% of impurities; and
(ii) up to 20% based on the total weight of the former components (i) of B2 O3 ; and
(b) 50 to 35% of powder Al2 O3 containing up to 10% of impurities.
Throughout this specification, percentages are all indicated by weight, unless otherwise specified.
FIG. 1 is a time-temperature profile showing the heating curves for the present invention (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 14, 18, 19, 23, 26, 27) and the heating curves for low temperature fired ceramics heretofore available (crystallized glass and noncrystallized glass+refractory material).
FIG. 2 is a percentage shrinkage-firing temperature curve for comparing low temparature fired ceramics of the present invention (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 14, 18, 19, 23, 26, 27) with conventional low temperature fired ceramics (crystallized glass and noncrystallized glass+refractory material).
FIGS. 3(a) to 3(d) are the x-ray diffraction patterns of noncrystallized CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 -B2 O3 glass and x-ray diffraction patterns showing the behaviors of the partial crystallization of the ceramics made from a mixture of CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 -B2 O3 glass or CaO-SiO2 -B2 O3 glass with Al2 O3 in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the composition range of the glass of the present invention.
According to the first aspect of the present invention, low temperature fired ceramics having a combination of highly improved properties that make them especially very useful as electronics materials are produced by firing at low temperatures a mixture consisting of, in weight percentages:
(a) 50 to 65% of finely divided glass composed of 10 to 55% of CaO, 45 to 70% of SiO2, 0 to 30% of Al2 O3 and up to 10% impurities; and
(b) 50 to 35% of finely divided Al2 O3 containing up to 10% of impurities.
Alternatively, the glass component of the present invention may further contains B2 O3 in an amount of up to 20% based on the total weight of the foregoing glass components including the impurities.
The reason why the present invention employs as glass-forming components CaO, SiO2, Al2 O3 and, if necessary, further B2 O3 is that the glass made up of such components is not reduced by firing in an atmosphere containing nitrogen as main component. The nitrogen firing atomsphere is employed when Cu is employed as conductors. Thus, the ceramic materials of the present invention can be employed in any firing atmosphere of oxidizing, reducing or inert atmosphere.
The glass may contains as impurities from 0 to 5% of alkali metals, such as Na2 O or K2 O and other oxides, for example, MgO, BaO, PbO, Fe2 O3, MnO2, Mn3 O4, Cr2 O3, NiO, Co2 O3, the maximum total amount of the impurities being limited to 10% based on the total weight of the glass forming components except B2 O3.
The Al2 O3 powder to be admixed with the glass powder may contain the same impurities as in the glass in a maximum total amount of 10%.
The low temperature fired ceramic according to the present invention is basically different from the conventional low temperature fired ceramics previously set forth in behavior or mechanism or process of sintering. The CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 or CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 -B2 O3 system noncrystallized glass is partially crystallized during the firing step by addition of Al2 O3 and precipitates crystals of anorthite or anorthite+calcium silicate (wollastonite). Such partial crystallization not only makes possible firing at lower temparature of 800� to 1000� C. but also minimizes the deformation of fine patterns caused during firing step and makes possible rapid firing.
FIGS. 3(b) to 3 (d) evidently show the partial crystallization of the ceramics according to the present invention by X-ray diffraction. FIGS. 3(b) and 3(c) are the X-ray diffraction patterns of the sintered bodies of specimen No. 3 in Table given hereinafter which were made from CaO-SiO2 -Al2 O3 -B2 O3 glass and Al2 O3 powder and fired at 850� C. and 900� C., respectively, and FIG. 3(d) is for the sintered body of specimen No. 22 made from CaO-SiO2 -B2 O3 glass and Al2 O3 powder and fired 850� C. FIG. 3(a) is the X-ray diffraction pattern of CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 -B2 O3 glass (glass composition of specimen No. 3) without an addition of Al2 O3 powder which was subjected to a heat treatment at 900� C. and, as can be seen from this figure, crystallization was not detected at this low temperature firing as in the cases of other conventional MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 or Li2 O-Al2 O3 -SiO2 glass. However, as shown in FIGS. 3(b) and 3(c), addition of Al2 O3 is found to precipitate anorthite crystals at Al2 O3 -glass interface of the resulting fired ceramics. Particularly, a large quantity of anorthite crystals are crystallized out by firing at 900� C. Further, as shown in FIG. 3(d), calcium silicate crystals may be also precipitated in some compositions. As set forth above, the raw materials for the law temperature fired ceramics of the present invention are mixtures made up of the specified noncrystallized glass compositions and alumina before fired, but after fired, the materials are converted into sintered products of partially crystallized ceramics comprising a noncrystallized glass phase, alumina and crystallized phase. When conventional low temperature fired ceramics with crystallized glass are produced, nucleating agents, such as TiO2 or ZrO2, are indispensably required. Whereas in the cases of the CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 glasses used in the present invention, it is considered that Al2 O3 acts as nuclei and dissolves in the glass phase to some extent, whereby forming the anorthite crystal.
Further, as is apparent from FIGS. 1 and 2, the low temperature fired ceramic compositions of the present invention are retained in a porous state up to the firing temperatures of 730� to 850� C. without softening and shrinking, even if heated at a rapid heating rate of the order of 30� to 50� C./min and thus binders used in the ceramics are readily removed from without any carbon component remaining in the glass phase or the formation of cracks. However, since the ceramics are rapidly shrunk and sintered by firing near the temperature range of 800� to 1000� C., a large-sized, dense ceramic substrate (for example, 30 cm�30 cm in size) can be readily obtained in a shortened time. Such rapid sintering ability is believed to be due to the partial crystallization of the low temperature fired ceramics of the present invention and the fact that any shrinkage does not occur due to firing until heated to 730� to 850� C.
The beneficial combination of partial crystallization and rapid shrinkage and sintering at high temperatures are characteristic behaviors in firing step of the mixture of CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 (-B2 O3) glass and Al2 O3 powder of the present invention. Further, since, up to the temperature of 730� to 850� C., any shrinkage does not occur but, thereafter, at the final firing stage at higher temperature, partial crystallization rapidly takes place, flowing of glass is prevented and thereby fine patterns with a high precision can be readily obtained without causing any deformation. Therefore, the green ceramics multilayered, conductors, resistors, capacitors are simultaneously fired with a high precision configuration. Further, in addition to the advantage that the simultaneous firing can be performed without causing any deformation of patterns, RuO2 resistor, Cu conductors or the like can be applied onto the fired ceramic substrate by conventional thick film printing techniques and fired without accompanying deformation of the multilayer ceramic structure or the circuit patterns previously fired onto the substrate by the simultaneous firing, by virtue of the partial crystallization caused by firing at 800� to 1000� C.
B2 O3 of the second invention is employed in order to melt the glass forming materials near temperatures of 1300� to 1450� C. and retain the firing temperature of the aimed ceramics within the temperature range of 800� to 1000� C. without adversely affecting their electrical properties and mechanical or physical properties even if a large amount of Al2 O3 is added. However, since an excess amount of B2 O3 lowers the mechanical strength of the ceramics, glass compositions containing B2 O3 in amount of more than 20% based on the total weight of the other glass-forming ingredients are impractical. Increasing B2 O3 content tends to lower thermal expansion coefficient and dielectric constant.
The composition range of glass employed in the present invention is shown in a shaded area of FIG. 4. The SiO2 content should be in the range of 45 to 70%, since when the content of SiO2 is below the specified range, dielectric constant and thermal expansion coefficient will be higher than their required levels, while an excess content above the range will present difficult in firing at temperatures of 1000� C. or lower. Al2 O3 must be contained in the range of 0 to 30%. Higher contents exceeding 30% will make difficult to fire at temperature of 1000� C. or lower. The content of CaO should be in the range of 10 to 55%. With an insufficient content less than 10%, it is impossible to fire at temperatures of 1000 � C. or lower, while an excess amount above 55% causes an unacceptable increase in dielectric constant and thermal expansion coefficient. The respective content ranges of SiO2, Al2 O3 and CaO above specified are all indicated based on the total weight of these glass-forming components and impurities except B2 O3.
Further, with respect to Al2 O3 powder to be added the foregoing glass powder component, the proportion of glass powder to Al2 O3 powder should be required to be within the range of 50 to 65:50 to 35 in order to produce dense ceramics at a lower firing temperature of 800� to 1000� C.
The reason why the powdered Al2 O3 content is limited to the range of 50 to 35% is that the content range is necessary to bring the firing temperatures of the ceramic within the range of 800� to 1000� C. and achieve the strength, thermal expansion, dielectric constant and volume resistivity contemplated by the present invention. An excess content of Al2 O3 powder more than 50% tends to increase the thermal expansion coefficient and dielectric constant of the ceramics above the required level and the fired products are unfavorably porous.
Al2 O3 powder to be added to the foregoing glass powder is allowed to contain impurities up to 10% as in the glass.
In preparing the ceramics of the present invention, as glass forming materials, CaO, SiO2 and Al2 O3 and, in the ceramics of the second invention, further B2 O3 are mixed thoroughly to form the composition specified above, melted at a temperature of 1300� to 1450� C. and then quenched. The resulting glass was milled to fine powder. In the preparation of the glass, thermally decomposable compounds, such as carbonates or hydroxides which are converted to the oxides on heating can be used as raw materials as well as the oxides themselves. The firing temperature range to melt the materials is also desirable from the standpoint of furnace materials or other points.
The resulting powdered glass is mixed with powdered alumina in the specified proportion. Then the mixed powders are fabricated into a desired shaped powder and then cast in a conventional manner, such as cold pressing or tape casting. The cast tape is fired at a temperature of 800� to 1000� C.
In the case where the ceramic composition of the present invention is used to make multilayer substrates, for example, Ag base conductors are printed onto the shaped green ceramic sheets and the required number of the ceramic sheets with the conductors are stacked in a multilayer configuration. Then, the green ceramics and the printed conductors are simultaneously fired to form a integrated multilayer structure. If necessary, through holes may be formed.
Also, resistor compositions, for example, RuO2 or SiC resistor compositions, or various types of capacitor pastes, such as BaTiO3, SrTiO3, Pb(Fe2/3 W1/3)O3 -Pb(Fe1/2 Nb1/2)O3 may be printed onto the green ceramic sheets by an ordinary method and the sheets are stacked into a multilayer structure and simultaneously fired to provide integrated multilayer substrates having resistors or capacitors therein. As further practice, green ceramic sheets made up of capacitor compositions and the green ceramic sheets of the present invention can be alternately stacked and simultaneously fired to provide integrated structures incorporating capacitors therein.
In a further practice, a conductor paste comprising powdered Cu having a controlled particle size and subjected to oxidation-resistance treatment is printed onto the green sheets and the green sheets with the printed conductor are stacked in a multilayer configuration. Thereafter, the multilayered ceramic sheets and the printed conductors are simultaneously fired in an atmosphere mainly consisting of N2 to provide an integrated multilayer substrate interconnecting the Cu conductors therein. In this case, since the firing is conducted in an inert atmosphere of N2, a multilayer substrate having the Cu conductors and resistors can be prepared using the Cu conductor paste and resistor pastes containing Ni-Cr, molybdenum silicide, W-Ni or other metallic compounds.
Now, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the detailed examples which follow.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Glass Composition used in CeramicCeramic Composition (wt. %) Composition B2 O3 Glass Al2 O3Specimen Alkali Other (wt. %) Powder PowderNo. CaO SiO2 Al2 O3 component Impurities *1 (wt. %) (wt. %)__________________________________________________________________________ 1 20 70 10 20 60 40 2 10 70 20 20 60 40 3 30 65 5 10 60 40 4 15 65 20 20 60 40 5 23 62 15 0 65 35 6 23 62 15 5 65 35 7 23 62 15 5 60 40 8 23 62 15 10 55 45 9 23 62 15 20 65 3510 23 62 15 20 55 4511 23 62 15 20 50 5012 23 60 5 10 60 4013 25 60 15 10 60 4014 20 60 20 10 60 4015 24 59 15 2 10 60 4016 23 59 13 2 3 9 60 4017 24 57 14 5 10 60 4018 10 60 30 20 60 4019 35 55 10 10 60 4020 35 55 10 10 50 5021 15 55 30 10 60 4022 50 50 10 55 4523 50 50 10 50 5024 40 50 10 10 60 4025 40 50 10 10 50 5026 35 45 20 10 60 4027 20 50 30 10 60 4028 19 48 28 5 10 60 4029 20 75 5 20 could not be fritted30 5 70 25 20 60 4031 23 62 15 25 60 4032 25 60 15 10 45 5533 25 60 15 10 40 6034 25 60 15 10 70 3035 15 50 35 20 could not be fritted__________________________________________________________________________ *1 Weight percentage based on the total weight of each glass except B2 O3.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Properties Thermal Exp. Dielectric tan VolumeFiring Flexural Coeff. � Constant δ Resis- BulkSpecimenTemp. Strength 10-6 /�C. ε (� 10-4 tivity Density PorosityNo. (�C.) (kg/cm2) *2 (1 MHz) 1 MHz) (Ω � cm) (g/cc) (%)__________________________________________________________________________ 1 1000 1700 4.8 6.7 2 >1014 2.8 0 2 1000 2000 4.9 6.6 3 >1014 2.9 0 3 900 2100 5.5 7.7 3 >1014 2.9 0 4 1000 2100 4.9 7.0 3 >1014 2.9 0 5 1000 2700 6.0 7.8 4 >1014 2.9 0 6 950 2000 5.7 7.5 2 >1014 2.9 0 7 950 2300 5.5 7.5 2 >1014 2.9 0 8 900 2100 5.7 7.3 1 >1014 2.9 0 9 850 1700 5.2 6.8 5 >1014 2.8 010 850 2000 5.5 7.2 4 >10.sup. 14 2.9 011 850 2000 5.3 7.3 5 >1014 3.0 0.212 850 1900 6.4 8.0 7 >1014 3.0 013 900 2100 5.5 7.7 3 >1014 2.9 014 900 2400 5.3 7.8 4 >1014 2.9 015 850 2000 5.5 7.2 2 >1014 2.9 016 900 2100 5.6 7.5 5 >1014 3.0 017 850 2000 5.2 7.6 6 >1014 2.9 018 1000 2000 4.9 7.0 3 >1014 2.9 019 850 1900 6.5 8.3 5 >1014 3.1 020 900 2200 6.3 8.4 4 >1014 3.2 0.121 1000 1900 5.2 7.3 1 >1014 3.0 022 850 1900 6.8 8.7 4 >1014 3.1 023 850 2100 6.9 6.7 6 >1014 3.2 0.124 850 1900 6.9 8.6 9 >1014 3.1 025 850 2000 6.9 8.5 8 >1014 3.2 026 850 1900 6.8 8.4 6 >1014 3.0 027 950 2100 5.1 7.4 7 >1014 2.9 028 900 2100 5.2 7.3 6 >10.sup. 14 2.9 02930 1000 Unsintered, porous fired body was obtained.31 850 1600 5.1 7.1 4 1014 2.8 032 1000 1700 Unsintered, porous fired body was obtained.33 1000 1500 Unsintered, porous fired body was obtained.34 900 1600 5.4 7.0 2 1014 2.8 035__________________________________________________________________________ *2 Thermal expansion coefficient was measured in the temperature range from room temperature to 250� C.
311 g of CaCO3, 516 g of SiO2 and 172 g of Al2 O3 were thoroughly mixed and 147 g of H3 BO3 was added to the mixture. After mixing by using a mill, the resulting powder mixture was melted at 1400� C. and poured in water. Then the prepared glass frit was milled in a ball mill.
600 g of the glass frit powder thus obtained and 400 g of Al2 O3 were blended to form a dry powder mixture and a small amount of polyvinyl alcohol was added as a binder to the mixture. After pressing, the mixture was fired at 900� C. The properties of the resulting ceramic product are given as specimen No. 14 in Table 2.
877 g of CaCO3, 1310 g of SiO2 and 316 g of Al2 O3 were intimately mixed together, melted at 1400� C. and then poured in water.
650 g of the glass frit thus obtained was mixed with 350 g of Al2 O3 and milled to a dry powder mixture. 100 g of methacrylate type binder, 50 g of plasticizer (dioctyl adipate) and 280 g of solvent (toluene and xylene) were added to 1000 g of the dry powder mixture and shaped to a slip. The slip was formed to a 1.0 mm thick green sheet using a doctor blade and fired at 1000� C. The properties of the fired ceramic sheet product are shown as specimen No. 5 in Table 2.
316 g of CaCO3, 416 g of SiO2, 102 g of Al2 O3, 20 g of Na2 O, 10 g of K2 O and 6 g of Li2 O were uniformly mixed and then 130 g of H3 BO3 was mixed using a mill. The resulting glass forming powdered material was melted at 1400� C. and poured in water. After forming glass frit, 600 g of the frit was intimately mixed with 400 g of Al2 O3 and milled to provide a dry powdered mixture.
Then, this dry powdered mixture was mixed with a suitable amount of methyl cellulose and a small amount of water, shaped into a columnar body with a diameter of 10 mm by extrusion and fired at 850� C. The properties of the ceramic product (specimen No. 17) are indicated in Table 2.
Kaolin, siliceous sand, calcium silicate and boric acid were mixed in the controlled proportion to give a total amount of 1000 g, melted at 1400� C. and thereafter poured in water. The composition of the resulting glass frit is shown in Table 1, specimen No. 16. The glass frit contained 0.8% of MgO, 0.4% of BaO, 0.5% of PbO, 1.3% of Fe2 O3, 1.3% of Na2 O and 0.7% of K2 O as impurities based on the total weight of the glass-forming components except B2 O3.
600 g of the frit and 400 g of solid solution powder composed of 90% of Al2 O3 and 10% of Cr2 O3 were thoroughly mixed together to a dry powder mixture.
To 100 g of the dry powder mixture, 20 g of polyethylene and, as a platicizer, 5 g of sorbitan stearate were added and admixed. The mixture was heated to melt the polyethylene and shaped by injection molding. The shaped body was fired at 900� C. and the ceramic product obtained therefrom exhibits the properties given as specimen No. 16 in Table 2.
Similarly, other various ceramic products of the present invention and comparative examples (specimen Nos. 29 to 35) were produced in the same way as previously above except that their compositions were changed as shown in Table 1 and their properties are given in Table 2.
As is clear from the results given in Table 2, the ceramics of the present invention are superior in heat resistance and thereby can withstand a high temperature exposure of 800� to 1000� C. without causing detrimental effects. The fired ceramic products possess a lower thermal expansion coefficient of the order of 5�10-6 to 7�10-6 /�C. Further, the ceramic products have a much higher mechanical strength and, thus, they are not subject to warpage, deformation, cracking and deterioration of electrical resistivity due to repeated heating cycles, for example, dip soldering.
Hereinafter, advantageous features of the ceramics of the present invention, especially advantages useful as circuit substrates, are listed.
(1) The ceramic substrate of the present invention exhibits a higher thermal conductivity of 0.01 cal/cm.sec.�C. which is 20 times as high as the thermal conductivities of conventional organic substrates, 0.0005 cal/cm.sec.�C. Since such much higher thermal conductivity allows heat generated in semiconductor IC chip or other passive elements on the substrate to readily radiate, the passive elements can be packaged on the ceramic substrate with a higher packing density.
(2) Since the thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic substrate of the present invention is from 4.8�10-6 to 7�10-6 /�C. and the value is considerably small in comparison with conventional organic or alumina multilayer substrate, LSI chip can be directly bonded to the substrate.
(3) The ceramic substrate of this invention has a very small dielectric constant of 6.5 to 9 (at 1 MHz) and dielectric loss (tanδ) of 10-4 to 10-3 as compared to an alumina substrate and the properties make possible a prompt response to a high frequency signal.
(4) Fine conductor patterns can be formed on the green ceramic sheet of the present invention and, after stacking 5 to 10 or more of the green ceramic sheets, simultaneously fired, thereby forming the fine conductor patterns in a three-dimensional configuration and a high density.
(5) Since the firing temperature of the green ceramic substrate is the lower temperature range of 800� to 1000 �C., they can be simultaneously fired together with resistors, capacitors or other passive elements thereon without any detrimental interaction with them, thereby providing an integrated multilayer structure having these passive elements, which can not be incorporated into any heretofore available organic or alumina multilayer substrate.
(6) The advantegeous feature of the low firing temperature substantially reduces the cost compared with conventional alumina multilayer substrates.
(7) Since the green ceramic sheets multilayered and circuit elements mounted thereon are fired at the same time to form an integrated structure, the fired product has a very high reliability in thermal and humidity stability.
(8) Since conductive materials with a low resistance, such as Ag, Cu or Au, can be applied to the ceramic substrates, the ceramic products can be produced in a high packing density and exhibit a shortpropagation delay.
(9) After the ceramic substrates multilayered and conductors or other elements formed thereon are integrated by simultaneously firing, different resistors and condutors (Ag, Au or Cu) can be formed onto the fired substrate by a conventional thick film formation technique.
(10) The ceramics have a very low small density of 2.7 to 3.2 g/cm3 as compared to that of an alumina multilayer substrate and thereby facilitates the handling of them.
The advantageous or beneficial properties or effects set forth above are listed in Table 3 below in comparison with conventional multilayer organic and alumina substrates.
TABLE 3______________________________________ Ceramic Sub- Organic Alumina strate of the Multilayer Multilayer Present Invention Substrate Substrate______________________________________Lightness of O ⊚ ΔWeightStrength O Δ ⊚Thermal O Δ ⊚ConductivityFine Pattern ⊚ Δ OForming AbilityMultilayer ⊚ Δ OForming AbilityIncorporation of ⊚ Δ OResistors orConductorsDielectric Small Very Small LargeConstant ε, tan δResistance of Very Low (Ag) Low (Cu) High (W)ConductorThermal Very Small Large SmallExpansionElectric ⊚ Δ ⊚InsulatingResistanceEnvironmental ⊚ Δ ⊚StabilityCost Cheap Very Cheap Expensive______________________________________ Note: ⊚ Best, O Good or acceptable Δ Bad or unacceptable (impractical)
As described previously, the ceramic products of the present invention have a superior combination of properties and have a good utility as low temperature fired ceramics in the various industrial fields, such as electronic parts or components, thermal resistant articles, tablewares, kitchen utensiles and decorative articles. Further, since the ceramic compositions of the present invention provide the fired products by firing at lower temperature and in a shortened firing time, the production cost and time can be significantly saved.
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|Porcelain composition
|Apr 1, 2003
|Mar 31, 2009
|United Technologies Corporation
|Application of a mixed metal oxide catalyst to a metallic substrate
|Oct 31, 2008
|Nov 6, 2012
|Rohm Co., Ltd.
|Module and manufacturing method thereof
|Dec 12, 2008
|Mar 5, 2013
|Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc.
|Medical devices having porous component for controlled diffusion
|Aug 27, 2003
|Mar 18, 2004
|Yu Hyun Seung
|Self-foamed porous ceramic composition and method for making porous ceramic using the same
|Apr 1, 2003
|Dec 22, 2005
|Sevener Kathleen M
|Application of a mixed metal oxide catalyst to a metallic substrate
|May 14, 2004
|Nov 2, 2006
|Takahiro Takada
|Porcelain composition
|Nov 4, 2008
|May 7, 2009
|Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd.
|Multi-layered ceramic board and method of manufacturing the same
|Oct 31, 2008
|May 28, 2009
|Rohm Co., Ltd.
|Module and manufacturing method thereof
|Dec 12, 2008
|Jun 18, 2009
|Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc.
|Medical Devices Having Porous Component For Controlled Diffusion
|Aug 4, 2015
|Feb 11, 2016
|Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd.
|Multi-layer ceramic capacitor
|Oct 13, 2011
|Jun 20, 2012
|Calcium-aluminum-boron-silicon glass and fused quartz low-temperature co-fired ceramic material and preparation method thereof
|Mar 5, 1996
|Jul 8, 2004
|Sumitomo Metal (Smi) Electronics Devices Inc., Mine
|Bei niedriger Temperatur gebranntes Keramik-Schaltungssubstrat
|Feb 24, 1997
|Sep 18, 1997
|Sumitomo Metal Smi Electronics
|Repeated firing resistant ceramic circuit substrate
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|Jun 8, 2000
|Sumitomo Metal Smi Electronics
|Keramische Mehrlagenleiterplatte in LTCC-Technik mit verbesserter Best�ndigkeit der Ag-Au-Verbindung
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 27, 1985
Owner name: NARUMI CHINA CORPORATION, 3, AZA-DENJIYAMA, NARUMI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:NISHIGAKI, SUSUMU;YANO, SHINSUKE;MATSUYAMA, SHIROHITO;REEL/FRAME:004388/0836
Effective date: 19850308
|Mar 12, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 4, 1991
Owner name: SUMITOMO METAL CERAMICS INC., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:NARUMI CHINA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:005866/0245
Effective date: 19910907
|May 2, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 22, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Mar 30, 2004
Owner name: SUMITOMO METAL (SMI) ELECTRONICS DEVICES INC., JAP
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SUMITOMO METAL CERAMICS INC.;REEL/FRAME:015167/0346
Effective date: 19960401
|Apr 2, 2004
Owner name: MURATA MANUFACTURING CO., LTD., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SUMITOMO METAL (SMI) ELECTRONICS DEVICES INC.;REEL/FRAME:015167/0350
Effective date: 20040326


text:
Matte Blushes are returning!
Posted by Sarah Waller on
Guess what?! Matte blushes are coming back!! Felt Up is the first one to return and is in stock here. Goodtime Girl and Bubble Dreams aren't far behind!
Want advance notice of new products, exclusive discounts, and to see a ton of swatches? Make sure to join our FB group.