text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 20, 1998
|Filing date
|Dec 28, 1995
|Priority date
|Dec 28, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Lih-Jyh Weng
|Original Assignee
|Quantum Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (17), Classifications (9), Legal Events (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
σ(x)=σ4 x4 +σ3 x3 σ2
θ(y)=y4 +θ2 y2 +θ1 y+θ0 2
θ(y)=(y2 +t*y+u)*(y2 +v*y+w), 3!
σ(x)=σ4 x4 +σ3 x3 +σ2 x2 +σ1 x1 +σ0
θ(y)=y4 +θ2 y2 +θ1 y+θ0 ;
θ(y)=(y2 +t*y+u)*(y2 +v*y+w);
u*w=θ0 ;
t3 +θ2 t+θ1 =0
p2 +(θ2 +t0 2)p+θ0 0
y2 +t0 *y+p1 =0
y2 +t0 *y+p0 =0;
t3 +θ2 t+θ1 =0
(z3)2 +θ1 z3 +a3 =0;
γ(y)=σ4 y4 +σ3 y3 +(σ3 r+σ2)y2 +(σ3 r2 +σ1)y+σ4 r4 +σ3 r3 +σ2 2 +σ1 r+σ0 =0
γ(y)=σ4 y4 +σ3 y3 + (σ3 *σ1)1/2 +σ2 !y2 +s,
θ(y)=y4 +θ2 y2 +θ1 y+θ2 =0
σ(x)=σ4 x4 +σ3 x3 +σ2 x2 +σ1 x1 +σ0
γ(y)=σ4 y4 +σ3 y3 +(σ3 r+σ2)y2 +(σ3 r2 σ1)y+σ4 r4 +σ3 r3 +σ2 r2 +σ1 r+σ0 =0;
γ(y)=σ4 y4 +σ3 y3 + (σ3 *σ1)1/2 +σ2 !y2 +s,
θ(y)=y4 +θ2 y2 +θ1 y+θ0 =0
θ(y)=(y2 +t*y+u)*(y2 +v*y+w);
y2 +t*y+u=0
y2 +v*y+w=0;
u*w=θ0 ;
t3 +θ2 t+θ1 =O
p2 +(θ2 +t0 2)p+θ0 =O
v. solving for the roots p0 and p1, which are u and w.
(z3)2 +θ1 Z3 +a3 =O;
This invention relates generally to data processing systems and, more particularly, to a system for decoding and correcting errors in data using an error correction code.
Data stored on magnetic media, such as a magnetic disks, are typically stored in encoded form, so that errors in the stored data can possibly be corrected. The errors may occur, for example, because of inter-symbol interference, a defect in the disk, or noise. As the density of the data stored on the disk increases, more errors are likely, and the system is required to correct greater numbers of errors. The speed with which the system corrects the errors is important to the overall speed with which the system processes the data.
Prior to recording, multiple-bit data symbols are encoded using an error correction code (ECC). When the data symbols are retrieved from the disk and demodulated, the ECC is employed to, as the name implies, correct the erroneous data.
Specifically, before a string of k data symbols is written to a disk, it is mathematically encoded using an (n, k) ECC to form n-k ECC symbols. The ECC symbols are then appended to the data string to form an n-symbol error correction code word, which is then written to, or stored, on the disk. When the data are read from the disk, the code words containing the data symbols and ECC symbols are retrieved and mathematically decoded. During decoding, errors in the data are detected and, if possible, corrected through manipulation of the ECC symbols for a detailed description of decoding see, Peterson and Weldon, Error Correction Codes, 2nd Ed. MIT Press, 1972!.
To correct multiple errors in strings of data symbols, the system typically uses an ECC that efficiently and effectively utilizes the various mathematical properties of sets of symbols known as Galois fields. Galois fields are represented "GF (Pm)", where "P" is a prime number and "m" can be thought of as the number of digits, base "P", in each element or symbol in the field. P usually has the value 2 in digital computer and disk drive applications and, therefore, m is the number of bits in each symbol. The ECC's commonly used with the Galois Fields are Reed Solomon codes or BCH codes.
There are essentially four major steps in decoding a corrupted code word of a Reed-Solomon code or a BCH code. The system first determines error syndromes that are based on the results of a manipulation of the ECC symbols. Next, using the error syndromes, the system determines an error locator polynomial, which is a polynomial that has the same degree as the number of errors. The system then finds the roots of the error locator polynomial and from each root determines the location of an associated error in the code word. Finally, the system finds error values for the error locations. In binary systems, such as digital computers, there is only one possible error value for an error location, and thus, the step of determining error values is trivial.
The steps of determining the syndromes and finding the error locations are the most time consuming in the error correction process. The invention described herein reduces the time it takes the error correction system to find the locations of either three or four errors. This involves finding the roots of third and fourth degree error locator polynomials.
In prior systems, the roots of degree-four polynomials are determined by trial and error, or by matrix manipulation or look-up table. The trial and error method is performed by substituting into the polynomial every possible value, i.e., every element of the applicable GF(22m) that is associated with a code word location, and for each value evaluating the polynomial. If the polynomial equals zero for a given value, the value is a root. The system continues the trial and error process by substituting a next possible value into the polynomial and determining if that value is a root; and so forth, until either all possible values have been tried or all four roots are determined. This trial and error process, which in an optimized form is commonly known as a Chien Search, is time consuming. Further, the time is unpredictable, since it varies with the locations of the errors in the code words.
The matrix manipulation and look-up table methods involve transforming a general degree-four polynomial of the form:
σ4 x4 +σ3 x3 +σ2 x2 +σ1 x+σ0
into a polynomial of the form:
x4 +x2 +ax+b.
If a look-up table is used, the table contains a set of solutions for every possible set of values of a and b. For the ECCs used today, typically over GF(28), the table has 216 entries, each with 32 bits, i.e., four 8-bit elements. Thus, the table takes up a great deal of storage space and requires a relatively complex addressing scheme.
A system using the matrix manipulation method produces an 2m -by-2m matrix, by determining f(α), f(α1), f(α2) . . . f(.α.sup.(2.spsp.m-1)), where f(x)=x4 +x2 +ax+b. It next manipulates the matrix to determine the null space of the space spanned by the matrix. The roots of the polynomial can then be obtained from the vectors that span the null space. For a more detailed description see, E. R. Berlekamp, Algebraic Coding Theory, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1968!. This method requires bit-by-bit manipulation of an 2 m-by-2 m matrix and typically requires numerous manipulation operations to transform the matrix. Thus, it is time consuming and computation intensive.
The inventive system described herein reduces the time it takes to find four error locations, which involves determining the roots of the degree-four polynomial. The system makes use of a well known method of determining the roots of a degree-two polynomial, as described by Berlekamp in Algebraic Coding Theory. Further, the system makes use of a method of determining the roots of a degree-three polynomial that is described by Van der Horst and Berger in Complete DeCoding of Triple-Error-Correcting Binary BCH Cod0es, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. IT-22, pp. 138-147, 1976. Van der Horst and Berger have established that the method works for GF(22m) for m=2 and 3. I have determined that the method works for atleast GF(22m) for m=4, 5 and 6.
Finding the roots of the degree-three polynomial in accordance with the teachings of Van der Horst and Berger requires determining a cubic root of a Galois field element over GF(22m). As discussed later herein, I have developed an inventive circuit for relatively quickly and easily finding the cubic roots.
The invention is a system that determines the error locations of four errors in GF(22m) by transforming a degree-four error locator polynomial ultimately into two quadratic equations, finding the solutions of these equations, and from these solutions determining the roots of the error locator polynomial.
More specifically, the system first manipulates the degree-four polynomial:
σ(x)=σ4 x4 +σ3 x3 σ2 x2 +σ1 x+σ0 1!
into the form:
θ(y)=y4 +θ2 y2 +θ1 y+θ0 2!
where the θi 's are combinations of the coefficients of the terms of the error locator polynomial.
Note that the coefficient of the y3 term is zero.
The system then factors θ(y) into:
θ(y)=(y2 +t*y+u)*(y2 +v*y+w), 3!
where "*" represents multiplication, and expands the expression to:
θ(y)=y4 +(t+v)y3 +(t*v+u+w)y2 +(t*w+v*u)y+u*w, 4!
where t, u, v and w are unknown. Equating the coefficients of expressions 2 and 3, the system determines that: ##EQU1## The system then produces an equation with the variable t as the only unknown:
t3 +θ2 t+θ1 =0 6!
This degree-three equation can be solved using the method described by Van der Horst and Berger, as discussed in more detail below.
Once a root, t0, of equation 6 is determined, the root is substituted into the expression for θ1, and that expression and the expression for θ0 are used to from a quadratic equation with u and w as the roots:
p2 +(θ2 +t0 2)p+θ0 =0 7!
The system then finds the roots, p0 and p1, of equation 7, using Berlekamp's method for solving degree-two polynomials. The roots p0 and p1, which are u and w, respectively, are substituted into polynomial 3 and each term is set to zero, to produce two quadratic equations:
y2 +t0 *y+p0 =0
y2 +t0 *y+p1 =0 8!
The roots of equations 8, which are determined using the Berlekamp method, are also the roots of θ(y), and they can thus be used directly to produce the roots of the error locator polynomial.
This direct solution is faster than the prior trial and error or the matrix manipulation methods of finding the four roots. Further, it does not require the storage of and entry into the large look-up table that is required in other prior known systems.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a decoder that is constructed in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an inventive circuit for determining the cubic roots of GF(22m) elements;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the operations of the circuit of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is the circuit of FIG. 2 for GF(28); and
FIG. 5 is a flow char of the operations that the decoder of FIG. 1 performs when it determines the locations of four errors.
The mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division discussed herein are Galois Field operations over GF(22m).
Referring now to FIG. 1, a decoder 10 includes a iyndrome generator 12 that operates in a conventional manner to produce an associated set of error syndromes. If the syndromes are all zero, the syndrome generator 12 determines that the code word is error-free. Otherwise, the syndrome generator sends the syndromes to an error locator polynomial generator 14, which produces in a conventional manner from the syndromes an error locator polynomial of degree "e", where e is the number of errors in the code word. The error locator polynomial generator 14 then sends the error locator polynomial to an error locator processor 16, which selects and implements an appropriate process for determining the roots of the error locator polynomial, and thus, the error locations. FIG. 1 depicts these processes as various blocks or processors, namely, a processor 18 for determining one error location, a processor 20 for determining two error locations, a processor 22 for determining three error locations, a processor 24 for determining four error locations, and a processor 26 for determining more than four error locations.
The two-, three- and four-error processors 20, 22 and 24 are interconnected. As discussed below, the error locator processor 16 reduces the time it takes to determine the locations of three and four errors by transforming the corresponding error location polynomials ultimately into associated sets of quadratic equations. To do this, the four-error processor 24 makes use of both the three-error processor 22 and the two-error processor 20. Similarly, the three-error processor 22 makes use of the two-error processor 20. While these processes are depicted as occurring in separate, dedicated processors, they may be performed in one or more multi-purpose processors.
The error locator processor 16 determines the locations of one and two errors in a conventiohal manner. It determines the locations of three errors in accordance with the method described by Van der Horst and Berger. However, it uses an inventive circuit to perform a necessary step of determining the cubic root of a Galois Field element. This circuit and the method of determining the three error locations are discussed below with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.
The error locator processor 16 determines the locations of four errors using a unique process that is described below with reference to FIG. 4. Before describing this process, the two- and three-error location processes are discussed in Sections A and B, respectively.
If the code word contains two errors, the error locator polynomial is of the form:
σ(x)=σ2 x2 +σ1 x+σ0 x. 1!
To find the roots of the polynomial, the system sets the polynomial equal to zero:
σ(x)=σ2 x2 +σ1 x+σ0 x=0 2!
and solves the equation for the solutions, x0 and x1.
To solve equation 2, the error locator processor 16 transforms the equation into the form:
y2 +y+C=0 3!
by changing the variable to: ##EQU2## such that equation 2 becomes ##EQU3## Then, dividing by ##EQU4## the system produces the equation: ##EQU5## and the C of equation 3 is thus ##EQU6##
For a solution of equation 5 to exist in GF(22m), the "traces" of both sides of the equation must be the same. A trace is defined as: ##EQU7## The Trace (0) equals 0, and thus, for solutions to exist within the Galois Field,
Trace y2 +y+C!=0 7!
The trace of a sum of terms is equal to the sum of the traces of the individual terms. In GF(22m), Trace (y2)=Trace (y) and their sum, using Galois Field addition, is zero. Accordingly, equation 5 has a solution in GF(22m) if Trace (C)=0.
The general solution to equation 5 is a linear combination of 2m-1 "base solutions". A base solution is a solution to equation 3 with C as one of the "base elements" C1, C2 . . . C2m-1 of the Galois Field. The base elements are those elements of the field that can be linearly combined to produce all of the other elements of the field. These elements may, for example, be the set of 2m-1 elements that each include 2m-1 zeros and a single 1, i.e., αi =000 . . . 1 to αj =100 . . . 00. In such a field, C=00110 . . . 0 is a linear combination of base elements 00100 . . . 0 and 00010 . . . 0. The general solution to equation 5 is the linear combination of the base solutions that correspond to the base elements which are summed to produce ##EQU8##
In GF(24) which is defined by the generator polynomial x4 +x+1, each element, αi, that has a trace of zero also has a zero as its most significant bit. Accordingly, the C's of interest in this field are combinations of the base elements α0 =0001, α1 =0010 and α2 =0100. The corresponding base solutions are: ##EQU9## Another set of base solutions are: ##EQU10## In this Galois Field, the solutions for equation 3 with C equal to α8 =0101, for example, are determined by decomposing C into:
C=α0 +α2 =0001+0100
and summing a corresponding set of base solutions, for example:
y0 =α5 30 α3 =α11
to produce a first root and determining a second root as:
y1 =y0 +α0
Next, the system determines the roots of the degree-two error locator polynomial as: ##EQU11##
The error locator polynomial associated with three errors is of the form:
σ(x)=σ3 x3 +σ2 x2 +σ1 x+σ0 8!
To find the roots, the system sets the polynomial equal to zero:
σ(x)=σ3 x3 +σ2 x2 +σ1 x+σ0 =0 9!
and transforms the equation into the form:
y3 +ay+b=0
To do this, the system makes a change of variable: ##EQU12## and equation 9 becomes ##EQU13## The system next expands the terms of equation 10: ##EQU14## and collects like terms to produce: ##EQU15## In GF(22m) the summing of two identical terms equals zero, and the equation becomes: ##EQU16## The system divides equation 12 by σ3, to produce an equation of the form:
y3 +αy+b=0 13!
with ##EQU17## If α≠0, the system changes variable to: ##EQU18## and equation 13 becomes ##EQU19## It next expands equation 15 and collects like terms to produce: ##EQU20## The system next multiplies equation 16 by z3 to produce
(z3)2 +bz3 +α=0, 17!
which is a quadratic equation with z3 as the variable. Equation 17 can then be solved using the two-error method discussed in Section A.
Once one solution, z03, is determined, the system uses a circuit that is described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 below to find the cubic root, z0. A second solution, z1 to equation 17 is: ##EQU21## where the exponent ##EQU22## is always an integer, since with m even 22m -1 is divisible by 3. A third solution to equation 17 is:
z2 =z1 +z0
The system next substitutes these solutions into the expression for y, and individually adds the results of the substitution to ##EQU23## to produce the roots x0, x1 and x2 of the degree-three error locator polynomial.
If a=0, the solution to equation 13 is y=b1/3. To find the cubic root of b the system uses the circuit depicted in FIG. 2. Once the cubic root is known, the system determines y1 and y2 as: ##EQU24## and from these values determines the roots x0, x1 and x2.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, a circuit 200 finds the cubic root of an element α3k of GF(22m) by raising the element to powers that are associated with .α2.spsp.L. Raising any GF(22m) element to a power of 2L is readily accomplished using a plurality of conventional Galois Field multipliers.
The circuit 200 takes advantage of the identity x2 -1=(x-1)*(x+1). With x equal to 2m the identity becomes 22m -1=(2m -1)*(2m +1). One of the factors 2m -1 or 2m +1 is divisible by 3, but not both factors. If, for example, m=4, the factor 2m -1 is divisible by 3 and 2m +1 is not. The circuit 200 also takes advantage of the fact that (α2.spsp.m-1)*(α2.spsp.m+1)=α2.spsp.m+1.
Using the circuit 200, the Galois Field element α3k is raised in multiplier 202 to the power that corresponds to the factor of the identity that is not divisible by three (step 300). In the example of m=4, the element is raised to the 2m +1 power. Then, a look-up table 204 is used to find the cubic root .αk(2.spsp.m+1), of the product .α3k(2.spsp.m+1) (step 302). The table, which has entries only for the cubic roots of the possible products .αk(2.spsp.m+1), is relatively small. For the example of GF(28) the table has just five entries.
The multiplier 202 also raises the element α3k to a power that corresponds to ##EQU25## (step 304), and the result is multiplied in GF multiplier 206 by the cubic root produced by the look-up table 204 (step 306):
.αk(2.spsp.m+1) *αk(2.spsp.-1) =αk(2.spsp.m+1).
In step 308, the system raises this product to the ##EQU26## power, to produce the cube root αk.
FIG. 4 depicts the circuit 200 for GF(28), i.e., m=4. To raise α3k to the 2m +1 power, the circuit, in GF multiplier 201, first raises the element to the 2m or 24 =16 power. Then, in GF multiplier 203, the product α3k(16) =α48k is multiplied by the element α3k, to produce the product .α3k(2.spsp.m+1) =α51k. This product is used to enter the five-element lookup table 204:
α0→ α0
α51→ α17
α102→ α34
α153→ α51
α204→ α68
which produces α17k.
Using GF multipliers 207 and 209, the element α3k is raised to the ##EQU27## power. The GF multiplier 207 first raises the element to the 22 or 4 power and GF multiplier 209 multiplies the product α3k(4) =α12k by the element α3k to produce the product α15k.
The GF multiplier 206 then multiplies the two products α17 *α15 =α32k. The result is next raised to the ##EQU28## power in multiplier 210, to produce the cube root, αk.
The circuit 200 produces a result for every element that is applied to it. However, there are not necessarily cubic roots for every element of the Galois Field. Accordingly, the system must test the result (step 310) to determine if the result is an actual cube root. The system thus multiplies the result by itself twice and determines if the product equals the element that was applied to the circuit (step 312). If so, the cube root is accurate and the error locations can be determined (step 314). If, however, the product does not equal the element, the system determines that the error locations cannot be found (step 316). The system then ends the process of finding the error locations.
The error locator polynomial associated with four errors is of the form:
σ(x)=σ4 x4 +σ3 x3 +σ2 x2 +σ1 x+σ0. 18!
To find the roots, the system sets the polynomial equal to zero:
σ(x)=σ4 x4 +σ3 x3 +σ2 x2 +σ1 x+σ0 =0 19!
and transforms the equation into the form:
y4 +dy2 +ey+h=0.
Specifically, referring now to FIG. 5, the system in step 500 makes a change of variable:
x=y+r, where ##EQU29## and equation 19 becomes:
γ(y)=σ4 (y+r)4 +σ3 (y+r)3 +σ2 (y+r)2 +σ1 (y+r)+σ0 =0. 20!
The system in step 502 expands terms:
γ(y)=σ4 (y4 +r4)+σ3 (y3 +y2 r+yr2 +r3)+σ2 (y2 +r2)+σ1 (y+r)+σ0 =0
and collects like terms, to produce:
γ(y)=σ4 y4 +σ3 y3 +(σ3 r+σ2)y2 +(σ3 r2 +σ1)y+σ4 r4 +σ3 r3 +σ2 r2 +σ1 r+σ0 =0 21!
Next, in step 504 the system substitutes ##EQU30## for r, and the coefficient of the linear term is zero, since ##EQU31## Equation 21 thus becomes
σ4 y4 +σ3 y3 + (σ3 *σ1)1/2 +σ2 !y2 +s, 22!
where "s" is the constant term of equation 21.
Instead of solving this equation directly, the system in step 506 finds the roots of ##EQU32## Accordingly, the system solves ##EQU33## The system in step 508 first factors equation 25 into:
θ(y)=(y2 +t*y+u)*(y2 +v*y+w)=0. 26!
This assumes that equation 25 can be factored, which is a valid assumption if the roots to the error locator polynomial exist in GF(22m).
The system expands the terms of equation 26 to:
θ(y)=y4 +(t+v)y3 +(t*v+u+w)y2 +(t*w+v*u)y+u*w=0 27!
and sets the coefficients of this equation equal to those of equation 25 (step 510): ##EQU34## The system in step 512 next determines an equation with "t" as the only unknown. Recall that θ2, θ1 and θ0 are known, since they are combinations of the coefficients of the error locator polynomial. Accordingly, the system produces the equation:
t3 +θ2 t+θ1 =0 28!
by setting ##EQU35## substituting this into the expression for θ2 and multiplying by t.
The result is a degree-three polynomial that can be solved using the operations described in Section B above (step 514). Specifically, the system changes variable: ##EQU36## where α=θ2 and equation 28 becomes ##EQU37## Expanding and collecting terms ##EQU38## and multiplying by z3, the system produces the equation
(z3)2 +θ1 z3 +a3 =0,
which is a quadratic equation with z3 as the variable.
Using the method of Section A, the system finds the roots of equation 29.
The system thus changes variable to:
z3 =θ1 g 30!
and the quadratic equation becomes ##EQU39## If the Trace ##EQU40## the solutions for equation 31 exist in GF(22m). Assuming the solutions exist, they are deterned by decomposing ##EQU41## into a linear combination of base elements, and associating with the base elemems the corresponding base solutions.
Once the solutions are determined, the system substitutes one of them, for example, g0, into the expression 30 for z3 and uses the circuit of FIG. 2 to determine the cubic root, z0, of z3. The system then determines t0 from the expression: ##EQU42## with z0 substituted for z.
To determine w and u, the system in step 516 uses the value t0 and the expressions:
t2 +(u+w)=θ2
to produce a quadratic equation 33 that has u and w as its roots: ##EQU43## The system then determines the solutions of equation 33 using the method of Section A. It next in step 518 substitutes these solutions, p0 and p1, into the factors of equation 26 to produce the quadratic equations:
y2 +t0 *y+p0 =0
y2 +t0 *y+p1 =0, 34!
and in step 520 solves for the roots y0, y1 and y2, y3 using the method of Section A. The roots y0, y1, y2 and y3 of equations 33 are the roots of θ(y), and 1/y0, 1/y1, 1/y2 and 1/y3 are the roots of γ(y). The system in step 522 then substitutes 1/y0, . . . 1/y3 into the expression x=y+r, to determine the roots of the degree-four error locator polynomial. Finally, the system in step 524 associates the roots of the error locator polynomial with locations in the code word.
This direct method of determining the roots of the degree-four error locator polynomial is faster than performing a Chien Search or manipulating a 2 m-by-2 m matrix. Further, it does not require the large look-up table that is used by the other prior known systems.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 15, 1976
|Jul 4, 1978
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Error location apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1983
|Jan 28, 1986
|Burroughs Corporation
|Reed-Solomon error detecting and correcting system employing pipelined processors
|Feb 10, 1987
|Jun 13, 1989
|Data Systems Technology Corp.
|Fast remainder decoding for a Reed-Solomon code
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 3, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Quantum Corporation
|Five-error correction system
|Mar 8, 2000
|Mar 6, 2001
|Quantum Corporation
|System for finding roots of degree three and degree four error locator polynomials over GF(2M)
|Mar 29, 1999
|Jan 29, 2002
|Maxtor Corporation
|Error correction system for five or more errors
|May 1, 2000
|Dec 30, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|On-the-fly algebraic error correction system and method for reducing error location search
|Apr 24, 2001
|Sep 14, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Root solver and associated method for solving finite field polynomial equations
|Mar 30, 2001
|Jan 3, 2006
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Error insertion circuit for SONET forward error correction
|Mar 30, 2001
|Feb 21, 2006
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Galois field multiply accumulator
|Mar 30, 2001
|Oct 17, 2006
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Automatic generation of hardware description language code for complex polynomial functions
|Mar 30, 2001
|Nov 4, 2008
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|BCH forward error correction decoder
|Jan 24, 2007
|Jun 14, 2011
|Supertalent Electronics, Inc.
|Electronic data flash card with bose, ray-chaudhuri, hocquenghem (BCH) error detection/correction
|Sep 8, 2009
|Jun 14, 2011
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Memory device with an ECC system
|Aug 28, 2007
|Aug 16, 2011
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Semiconductor memory device
|May 16, 2013
|May 27, 2014
|Apple Inc.
|Chien search using multiple basis representation
|Nov 27, 2014
|Oct 18, 2016
|Apple Inc.
|Implementation of log and inverse operation in a Galois Field
|Aug 28, 2007
|Apr 3, 2008
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Semiconductor memory device
|May 13, 2008
|Sep 25, 2008
|Wi-Lan, Inc.
|Method and system for adaptively obtaining bandwidth allocation requests
|Sep 8, 2009
|May 6, 2010
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Memory device with an ecc system
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 19, 1996
Owner name: CANADIAN IMPERIAL BANK OF COMMERCE, NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:QUANTUM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008222/0215
Effective date: 19961003
|Aug 14, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 30, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 30, 2001
|Surcharge for late payment
|Feb 19, 2002
Owner name: MAXTOR CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:QUANTUM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:012653/0726
Effective date: 20010724
|Jun 28, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 15, 2009
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:MAXTOR CORPORATION;SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY LLC;SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL;REEL/FRAME:022757/0017
Effective date: 20090507
Owner name: WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATE
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:MAXTOR CORPORATION;SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY LLC;SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL;REEL/FRAME:022757/0017
Effective date: 20090507
|Jul 20, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Jan 19, 2011
Owner name: MAXTOR CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: RELEASE;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT;REEL/FRAME:025662/0001
Effective date: 20110114
Owner name: SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY HDD HOLDINGS, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: RELEASE;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT;REEL/FRAME:025662/0001
Effective date: 20110114
Owner name: SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: RELEASE;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT;REEL/FRAME:025662/0001
Effective date: 20110114
Owner name: SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: RELEASE;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT;REEL/FRAME:025662/0001
Effective date: 20110114
|Mar 24, 2011
Owner name: THE BANK OF NOVA SCOTIA, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT,
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY LLC;REEL/FRAME:026010/0350
Effective date: 20110118
|Jul 19, 2013
Owner name: SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY US HOLDINGS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: TERMINATION AND RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT AND SECOND PRIORITY REPRESENTATIVE;REEL/FRAME:030833/0001
Effective date: 20130312
Owner name: EVAULT INC. (F/K/A I365 INC.), CALIFORNIA
Free format text: TERMINATION AND RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT AND SECOND PRIORITY REPRESENTATIVE;REEL/FRAME:030833/0001
Effective date: 20130312
Owner name: SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, CAYMAN ISLANDS
Free format text: TERMINATION AND RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT AND SECOND PRIORITY REPRESENTATIVE;REEL/FRAME:030833/0001
Effective date: 20130312
Owner name: SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: TERMINATION AND RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT AND SECOND PRIORITY REPRESENTATIVE;REEL/FRAME:030833/0001
Effective date: 20130312


text:
651 The Arabs sign a non-aggression pact ("bakt") with Christian Nubia (kingdom of Mukurra). The last Sassanian emperor of Persia, Yazdagird III, is murdered at Merv; the Arabs subjugate Khorasan conquering Nishapur and defeat on the upper Euphrates Khazars and Alans, called for help by the Byzantines. T'ang Chinese supremacy extends up to the Kirghiz and Khakassian lands on the upper Yenisey. Greater Bulgaria wrests control over Moldavia from the Avars, who are repelled beyond the Carpathian range. The African rebel Gregory passes in Sicily and conquers the island in a short campaign
652 Persia is finally tamed by the Arabs, who also leak into northern Afghanistan where they take the town of Balkh. Despite the Muslim conquest and the spreading of Islam, Zoroastrism will survive stubbornly, though as a minority, throughout the lands between the Caucasus and Central Asia. Khorezm frees itself from Western Gökturk vassalage and strongly opposes Arab encroachments. The Arabs invade Eritrea and spread Islam there. The self-proclaimed Western Roman emperor, Gregory, sets his capital in Syracuse and has the ancient Sicilian town fortified. The new Lombard king Aribert I, Theodolinda's grandson, formally enforces Catholicism over Arianism. The Slavs of Idalska, now unified under their ban/duke Zveroboj, vainly besiege Rome, then ravage the Lombard duchy of Spoleto before withdrawing south again
653 Arab takeover of Byzantine (western) Armenia, ridden with internal squabbling, of Rhodes and the Dodecanese. Belisarius III, angered by the Western church's independence and condemnation of Monothelism (he never really renounced it) sends an army to Ravenna; the Byzantines then march on Rome, but the Western emperor Gregory, with a naval expedition, anticipates them entering Rome and carries Pope Martin I and most prelates to safety in Syracuse. The Pope was in danger of being kidnapped by Belisarius III's men, who thereafter occupy the Urbs Aeterna, where they severely mistreat the remaining Catholic clergy
654 The Anglic kingdom of Bernicia and Deira is renamed Northumbria
654-658 King Oswiu of Northumbria briefly rules Mercia; being Wessex at the same time under Mercian suzerainty, during these four years Oswiu is the de facto ruler of England
655 Basileus Belisarius III is defeated at Phoenix (off the Lycian coast, SW Anatolia) by the Arab fleet
ca. 655 The Christian heresy of Paulicianism (from the name of St. Paul) appears in Anatolia, preached by the Armenian Constantine of Manamali (near Samosata, on the upper Euphrates). Dualist and Manichaean in nature, with a drive for restoration of primitive Christianity, it will gain a wide following between Syria and Armenia; later its Bogomil and Cathar variants will be widely accepted in the Sklaviniai (*OTL Balkans), in France and northern Italy and in Christian North Africa. The Arabs begin constant raids into Byzantine Africa
655-672 The Mayan city-state of Mutul/Tikal is vassal to its rival Calakmul
656 The Anglo-Saxons complete their conquest of the Midlands, then Maurice II's Welshmen repel them on the Severn river. Caliph Uthman is murdered in Medina at the hands of rebel Egyptian Muslims; he is succeeded by Alì, cousin of the Prophet Muhammad and husband to his daughter Fatima, but soon civil war erupts. Alì overcomes his enemies, led by Aysha, Muhammad's last wife, at the Battle of the Camel near Basra
657 The Muslim governor of Syria, Mu'awya, of the Arab Umayyad clan, rebels against Alì; a tense struggle for power, not without attempts to broker accords, ensues. Some of Alì's followers abandon him in favor of di Mu'awya and create the Kharijite sect of Islam (egualitarian and e rigorist, which will gain wide acceptance in Egypt, Libya and parts of Arabia and Syria). The T'ang Chinese, taking advantage of internecine strife, destroy the Western Gökturk empire; they will occupy for some years Sogdiana (Central Asia), turning it thereafter into an increasingly weak protectorate, while the Western Gökturks will reorganize. A branch of the Eastern Gökturks, the Turgesh/T'u-Ch'ueh, splinters in two groups composed by five tribes each. They migrate from the Orkhon valley in Mongolia respectively to the Volga (the Yellow Turgesh, who merge with the Khazars) and to the Talas river in Central Asia (the Black Turgesh, later known as Oghuz/Ouzoi). The exarch of Ravenna, Olympius, has himself hailed emperor by the Byzantine troops in Rome; he subsequently appoints a Pope of his own, John (V) Venantius, while in Syracuse Vitalian succeeds Pope Martin I. Zveroboj's Slavic heathen horde again heads north, then trounces and kills Olympius at Praeneste/Palestrina; thereafter the Slavs horribly sack and put to the torch Rome, slaying its inhabitants and carrying away John (V) as a slave
657-658 Byzantine temporary recapture of Melitene (*OTL Malatya) and (western) Armenia; the Arabs quickly regain both. The news from Rome shock the Byzantines and Carthaginians alike
658 Caliph Alì defeats the Kharijites at Nahrawan. Greater Bulgaria divides into two main hordes, the Black Bulgarians west of the Don river, the White Bulgarians east of it. The kingdom of Sarir (Daghestan), a vassal to the Khazars, converts to Zoroastrism. The Byzantines also retake Rhides from Arab hands. Samo's death is followed by the quick disintegration of his Slavic empire; the Slovenians re-establish their own principality of Koroška/Carantania. The T'ang Chinese vassalize the kingdom of Kucha (eastern Turkestan). Mercia shakes off Bernician/Northumbrian suzerainty, asserting its independence under king Wulfhere, and gains the obedience of Lindsey (Lincolnshire), thus becoming the new power of central England. The Lombards occupy abandoned Rome, reduced to an impressive field of ruins
658-659 Belisarius III kills his brother and co-emperor Theodosius to eliminate a possible rival for the crown for his sons; then, hated by the populace because of this crime, abandons Constantinople to lead a vast campaign against the Slavs in Thrace and Macedonia, vanquishing and deporting thousands of them to Anatolia, and sets his new headquarters in Thessalonica. St. Maximus the Confessor is jailed, tortured, mutilated and exiled to Schemarion (Lazica) for his opposition to Monothelism. Two renewed T'ang Chinese offensives against Koguryo fail
660 After striking an alliance with the southern Korean kingdom of Silla, the T'ang Chinese destroy its neighbour state, Paekche, with a naval expedition. Basileus Belisarius III sails from Thessalonica with a fleet and army and regains control over coastal Dalmatia, where he recruits thousands of Serbs and Croats; with these he crosses the Adriatic Sea and winters in Siponto (northern Puglia). The Khagan of Greater Bulgaria, Kubrat, dies; he is succeeded by his elder son Bat-Boyan, while his second son Kotrag gains independence east of the Don river with his horde. The Arabs take Herat (Afghanistan)
ca. 660 Lazica (NW Georgia) becomes formally independent from Byzantium under king Barnuk I: it nevertheless remains a staunch ally of the Byzantines against the Arabs.
661 A Kharijite assassinates Caliph Alì: Mu'awya, now the new Caliph, transfers the capital from medina to Damascus and founds the Omayyad dynasty. Alì's remaining followers, instead, create the Islamic Shi'a sect, who supports Muhammad's direct descendants, opposed to the majoritary "Sunnis" (followers of the Sunnah and the Hadith of the Prophet, the tradition). The Lombard king Aribert I dies at Pavia: a civil war ensues between his sons Gothefrid (supported by the "barbarian" faction) and Bertharid (a "Romanophile"), with the latter fleeing for safety to the Avar Khaganate
661-662 In a fierce series of campaigns Belisarius III mauls and enslaves the heathen Slavs of Idalska in the south of Italy; their ban/duke Zveroboj is impaled after losing the battle of Drevnja Gora/Mt. Terminio (Campania)
662 Grimoald, son of the former Duke of Friul Gisulf II, an Arian from the "barbarian" faction of the Lombards, usurps the throne at Pavia by eliminating his brother-in-law king Gothefrid. The Arabs stage their first pirate raids on Sicily
662-663 The Japanese are newly ousted from Korea after vainly trying to help Paekche against Silla and China
663 Basileus Belisarius III marches on Rome; Grimoald's Lombards entrench in the ruined city, stubbornly resisting the Byzantine siege and calling for help the new Western Byzantine emperor Maurus Heraclian, Gregory's eldest son. When Maurus lands in Naples and marches north, Belisarius III raises the siege of Rome. The two Byzantine armies clash at Arpino (Lazio): when Belisarius III seemes to be on the winning side, he falls, pierced by a javelin, and his army surenders. Duke Lupus of Friul sacks Grado and carries the Patriarchal treasury in Aquileia. When king Guaram II dies the kingdom of Iberia/Georgia, vassal to the Arab Caliphate, sinks into a very long era of dynastical struggles
663-664 Duke Lupus of Friul tries to usurp the Lombard throne in Pavia taking advantage of Grimoald being stuck in subduing the rebellious Duchy of Spoleto; the Avars and Slovenians then stage a devastating invasion of Friul to support the fugitive Bertharid in a three-sided civil war. Maurus Heraclian, now the sole ruler of Byzantine West, deports by the thousands the vanquished Slavs of Idalska to Sicily and the exarchate of Carthage as a barrier against the Arabs; Ravenna and the Venetic Duchy confirm instead their loyalty to the new basileus in Constantinople, young Constantine IV
663-668 Greater Bulgaria, already threatened by the Khazars, implodes in a succession war between Kubrat's sons
664 St. Cadwallader the Blessed of Gwynedd (Wales) dies, the last Celtic king to claim the title of High King of Britain. Chaos in Lombard Italy, with Bertharid controlling Friul and inner Veneto supported by Avars, Slavs and Eastern Byzantines, Grimoald holding central Italy supported by the Western Byzantines and Lupus keeping most of the north with support from the Franks and the Bavarians
665 The Neustrian Franks enter Italy in support of Lupus - who swore loyalty to the Catholic cause to gain their support, then clash with Bertharid's Avaro-Slavs at the Mincio river: Bertharid is captured and blinded, his allies routed back to Friul. In the meantime Grimoald takes and razes the Eastern Byzantine fortress of Forlimpopoli (Romagna) and occupies Emilia. The Avars newly enforce their rule over the Moravian Slavs, whose power has decayed after Samo's demise. Tabaristan, a mountainous region south of the Caspian Sea whose inhabitants didn't convert to Islam, frees itself from Arab yoke under Bau ibn Qabus, founder of the local Bavandid dynasty, and becomes a troublesome Zoroastrian enclave shielded by its mountains
ca. 665 The Khazars become the paramount rulers between the Caspian and the Black Sea and absorb the remains of Greater Bulgaria; they establish a powerful empire whose influence extends from the middle Volga to the Caucasus range. The southern Onoguro-Bulgarians of the Terek river region, pushed west by Khazar power, settle in future Circassia (NW Caucasus) and in Taurida (*OTL Crimea)
666 Grimoald's army, led by his sons Garibald and Romuald, marches on Luni and Genoa, then suddenly appears in the Frankish rear in Piedmont: Lupus and his son Arnefridus then fall in battle at Pontestura (Montferrat), where the Franks are annihilated; then Grimoald himself ousts the Avars and Slovenians from Friul overcoming them at Opitergium/Oderzo.
667 The Arabs kill the last Sassanian pretender to the throne of Persia, Firuz, and invade Transoxania (Central Asia) beyond the Oxus/Amu Darja river. The Khazars, with Western Gökturk support, defeat on the Volga the Onoguro-Bulgarians ridden by succession struggles. The Arabs conquer the kingdom of Phazania (Fezzan, Libya)
668 The kingdom of Silla, with T'ang Chinese support, crushes its northern rival Koguryo and unifies Korea under king Munmu. King Oswiu of Northumbria repels an invasion led by the southern Picts, pushed ahead by the DalRiada Scots. The Onoguro-Bulgarians defat the Khazars at the Khalka river, near the Don river's mouth, nevertheless they must acknowledge Khazar suzerainty
669 Basileus Constantine IV sails to Sicily with the Eastern Byzantine fleet and puts Syracuse under siege; Pope Vitalianus, with a safe-conduct, is allowed to leave the besieged town for Carthage. The Arabs invade inner Ifrigia (Byzantine Africa, *OTL Tunisia) and massacre the local Christians; in the ensuing chaos many deported Idalskan Slavs desert and convert to Islam, other stay loyal. The Lombard king Grimoald destroys the last Eastern Byzantine strongholds on mainland Veneto, Concordia Sagittaria and Eraclea, whose inhabitants take refuge into the lagoons. The Black Bulgarians west of the Dnieper river secede from the remains of Greater Bulgaria under Asparukh, the third son of Kubrat; the tribes dwelling between Don and Dnieper recognize instead Bat-Boyan as their Khan
670 The Arabs found al-Kayrawan as their outpost in Ifrigia (*OTL Tunisia) and subdue Afghanistan (though leaving in place the existing pre-Islamic rulers). The Tibetans vassalize the entire region of eastern Turkestan. Constantine IV takes Syracuse by famine after a one year long siege: the Western Emperor Maurus Heraclian is tortured and slain. Then Constantine heads to Carthage, where Constantianus, Maurus' son and heir, flees to the Arabs for safety: the Byzantine empire is thus reunified
ca. 670 Bat-Boyan's Onoguro-Bulgarians are finally subdued by the Khazars.
671 Constantine IV overcomes the Arabs at al-Kayrawan, razing the new city. Upon Grimoald's death his sons Garibald and Romuald divide the Lombard kingdom among themselves, establishing the kingdoms and dynasties of Lombard Neustria (centered at Pavia) and Austrasia centered at Zividal tal Friul [*OTL Cividale del Friuli]); the former rules northern Italy up to the Adda river, Tuscany and Rome; the latter Veneto, Friul, Trentino, Tyrol, and has a theoretical suzerainty over the Lombard Duchy of Spoleto
672 The Arab fleet retakes Rhodes (where the remains of the Colossus are sold to a cameleer...) and leaks into the sea of Marmara, where they take the strategic Cyzicum peninsula, whence they blockade Costantinoples itself. When news arrive in Carthage, Constantine IV hurries back to Thessalonica, where he eliminates the rebellious Slav chieftain Perbundus (whose warriors vainly siege the city in revenge); thereafter he reaches his capital by land. A new schism arises when Pope Vitalianus dies in Carthage: some of the exiled Roman prelates, fearing both Byzantine power and renewed Muslim aggression, come back in Rome where Adeodatus II is elected Pope with Lombard agreement (while the city itself is left de facto under Papal authority by king Garibald, eager to avoid any problem with the Catholic church), while in Carthage another faction, supported by Constantine IV, elects Donus
672-678 Constantinople successfully resist the Arab naval blockade; the Byzantine fleet exploits a most ingenious weapon, the "Greek Fire", a forerunner to the flamethrower
672-680 In Visigothic Spain King Wamba persecutes the Jews, accusing them to be in favor of a Berber invasion of Spain
673 After various postponements because of the papal vacancy from Rome, the Synod of Whitby (Northumbria) seals the complete Christianization of the British islands; the Irish church, grown in authority and independence, pays obedience to the Roman Popes
673-676 Childeric II and Chlovis III briefly reunify the Frankish domains under the Austrasian line, then Neustria reasserts independence under Dagobert II
674 The Chalukyas of SW India sack the Pallava capital, Kanchi (near Madras). The Arabs conquer Crete
675 The western Bulgarian horde led by Asparukh arrives on the lower Danube. The Arab general Abu'l Muhajir reinvades Byzantine Ifrigia (*OTL Tunisia), where only Cartage and a handful of coastal fortresses resist the Muslim onslaught; he installs in Sufetula/Sbeitla Constantianus as Amir al-Kafirun (Prince of Infidels), a useful pawn against the Byzantines
675-678 Bernicia/Northumbria momentarily wrest suzarainty over the Anglic kingdom of Lindsey/Lincolnshire from Mercia.
676 With the Peace of Spoleto Byzantium and the Neustrian Lombard king Garibald broker a lasting accord on both religious and military matters, taking advantage of the death of the Roman Pope Adeodatus II. The Carthaginian candidate Donus is installed in Rome as the new sole Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, which also reconciles with the Archbishopric of Ravenna, always loyal to Constantinople in previous disputes (notably the Three Chapters, but also Monothelism); Rome is acknowledged as the Pope's estate, with a joint Byzantine-Lombard garrison "to protect the Holy See". Ravenna, Romagna and the Pentapolis (northern Marche) are recognized as Byzantine possessions, while Perugia and the Rome-Ravenna corridor pass under the Lombard Duchy of Spoleto, whose independence (and Catholicism) is agreed upon by all parts. Lombard Neustria finally accepts Catholicism, while tolerating Arianism (still paramount in Lombard Austrasia). While Byzantium itself is rejecting Monothelism as a useless tool, the Christians of Lebanon accept the Monothelite doctrine and found the Maronite Church (from the name of St. Maron, a monk living two centuries before), whose Patriarch will be recognized by the Marada State of inner Lebanon as their supreme authority
677 The Byzantines gain a decisive victory over the Arab fleet at Syllaeum (Sea of Marmara). Abu'l Muhajir invades Numidia, takes Costantina and Stifa (*OTL Sétif) and defeats prince Kusayla of Tlemsen (*OTL Tlemcen), who converts to Islam to have his life spared
678 The Ultzindur Onoguro-Bulgarians of Taurida (*OTL Crimea), led by Kuber, the fourth son of Kubrat, migrate to Pannonia accepting vassalage to the Avars; Emnetzur, Kuber's leads his own group in a peaceful migration to Italy, where they settle in Byzantine Romagna and Pentapolis, intermingling with local Italians. The Arabs, utterly defeated, raise the blockade of Constantinople
679 Dagobert II of (Frankish) Austrasia is killed and the Frankish kingdom is newly unified by Neustria under Theodoric III
679-680 Asparukh's Bulgarians defeat Constantine IV's Byzantines, cross the Danube and set their new capital at Pliska (Bulgaria); Byzantium accepts defeat and recognizes the new power, that starts recruiting the Slavic tribes already dwelling in the region
679-681 The Eastern Gökturks free themselves from T'ang Chinese yoke and rebuld their empire
679-682 Mutul/Tikal is temporarily subjugated by Dos Pilas during the incessant warfare between the Mayan city-states
680 Austrasian Lombards and Bavarians decisively stem the Carantanians/Slovenians in the battle of the Drava springs (Tyrol). The Arabs subdue the Christian kingdom of Caucasian Albania/Azerbaigian, where a century-long process of conversion to Islam begins. The Omayyad Caliphate accepts a peace with Byzantium, which regains Crete, Rhodes, Cyprus and most of Anatolia and even a gold tribute from the Arabs. Upon Mu'awya's death a brief but violent civil war erupts in the Caliphate between the Shi'ites, led by Husayn, a grandson of Prophet Muhammad, and the Sunni Omayyads; Husayn in the end is murdered at Kerbala (Iraq), while Hijaz with the holy cities of Mecca and Medina secede from Caliphal authority under Abu Khubayb Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, nephew of Khadija, the Prophet's first wife, and grandson of Abu Bakr, the first Caliph, who gains support in Iraq, Arabia and parts of Syria and Egypt. The Turkic-Uygur confederation of the Qarluqs, dwelling to the east of the Aral lake, overthrows Chinese suzerainty. When the Indochinese kingdom of Dvaravati falls under Srivijayan Sumatran suzerainty, the Mon Buddhist kingdom of Haripunjaya arises in the Chiang Mai region of northern Siam, as an offspring from Dvaravati
ca. 680 The Tutul Xiu tribes begin their migration into Yucatàn.
680-681 The Quinisextum Council, held in Costantinople under the auspices of Constantine IV and recognized by all parts involved (save the eastern Jacobite/Nestorian, Monophysite and Coptic Churches) finally rejects Monothelism and reimposes Nicene Catholicism. When things are settled, Constantine IV has his younger brothers Heraclius and Tiberius mutilated of the nose to nsure they'll not defy Constantine's son, Belisarius, for the throne
682 The Arab general Uqba bin Nafe, after refounding al-Kayrawan, reaches the Atlantic Ocean in Mauretania with his Muslim Arabs, sacking and massacring on the way, but on his way back he is surprised by the Judeo-Christian Berber rebellion led by the prince of Tlemsen Kusayla, who renegades his forced conversion to Islam. Kusayla's rebels push Uqba bin Nafe south in the desert, where the Zenetes kill him at Ghardaya. The Western Gökturks rebuild their empire under Kutlugh Ilteres Khagan and wrest from T'ang China suzerainty over the Uygurs of Mongolia and the Khirghizes/Khakassians
682-690 Byzantine repression of the Paulician movement in Anatolia: its leader Constantine of Manamali is stoned to death, but the very officer who had him martyred, Simeon, converts on the spot becoming the new Paulician leader, until he himself is burned at the stake
683 Caliph Yazid I marches on Mecca against Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, but dies while besieging the holy city and his army withdraws. A new civil war skahes the Omayyad Caliphate: rival Arab tribes vie for power. Kusayla of Tlemsen invades Ifrigia, razes al-Kayrawan and Sufetula/Sbeitla and personally beheads the Arabs' puppet, Constantianus
684 The Banu Kalb, supporters of the ruling Omayyad clan, defeat the rebellious Banu Qays at the battle of Marj Rahit. The second Lambakanna dynasty replaces the Moriya rulers in Sri Lanka/Ceylon
684-685 Caliph Marwan I briefly rules for one year, managing to wrest all of Syria and Egypt from Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr's hands before dying
685 Northumbria vassalizes North Reged/Cumberland, then invades southern Scotland liquidating the Celtic kingdom of Goutodin, but in the end the Northumbrians suffer a disastrous rout at the hands of a Pictish-Brython alliance at Nechtansmere, where their king Ecgfrith is killed in battle; the Anglo-Saxons are thus ousted from the Lowlands. In the south of England the Saxons finally take Avalon/Glastonbury. The kingdom of Man vassalizes the Picts of Galloway. Belisarius IV (*OTL Justinian II), a paranoid sociopath, begins his infamous rule on the Byzantine throne by treacherously massacring thousands of Lebanese Mardaites who didn't want to be deported to Anatolia and the Peloponnese (like instead Byzantine-Arab accords imposed)
685-687 At Kufa (Iraq) the Shi'ites stage a great revolt under al-Mukhtar and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, a natural son of Alì: the rebellion is crushed by Omayyad forces
686-688 The Byzantine general Leontius leads a successful campaign in Armenia and Iberia, up to Caucasian Albania; Belisarius IV leads a successful expedition against the Slavs in the Sklaviniai (*OTL Balkans) and resettles them in the thousands in Anatolia as buffers against further Arab encroachments. In the end a new truce between the Arabs and Byzantium "neutralizes" the island of Cyprus, Armenia and Iberia making them "shared" domains whose revenue goes equally to the Arabs and Byzantium
687 Pepin II of Heristal enforces his rule over local lords as Theodoric III's mayor of palace. Danish raiders destroy the abbey of Whitby (Northumbria)
688 The Arabs defeat Kusayla of Tlemsen at the Battle of the Shotts and reconquer Ifrigia (save Carthage and other Byzantine coastal fortresses)
688-698 Kharijite revolts shake Caliphal power in Iraq and Persia
690 The Byzantines lose Soldaia/Sudak (Chersonese/Taurida [*OTL Crimea]) at the hands of the Khazars. The Chinese empress mother Wu Zetian takes power on her own setting apart the legitimate T'ang heirs in favor of her relatives (which bore the new dynastic name of Zhou); she will prove capable, but greedy and cruel. Basileus Belisarius IV resume the war with the Arabs over Armenia. Anglo-Saxon Northumbria fosters the creation of the client kingdom of Dunbar, successor to the overthrown Goutodin. The Anglo-Saxon preacher Willibrord begins his evangelization in Frisia and Germany.
691-697 The renewed Byzantine occupation of Lazica (NW Georgia) ends with the Arab conquest.
692 The Arabs reach the Indus river; at Sebastea (*OTL Sivas), Armenia, they gain a brilliant victory over the Byzantines led by general Leontius, thanks to the desertion of the Byzantine Slavic troops, then Belisarius IV (after arresting Leontius for "his" failure) obtains a peace that abolishes Caliphal tribute to Byzantium and leaves to the Arabs the whole of Cyprus, Armenia and Iberia. Caliph Abd al-Malik defeats and kills Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr in the Hijaz, retaking Mecca and Medina; the revolts in Basra and southern Iraq in favor of Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr are crushed with great bloodhsed by the Omayyad Caliphate. The Frankish mayor of palace Pepin of Heristal defeats the king of the Frisians, Radbod I, and forces him to abandon the royal title to assume that of Duke.
693 Basileus Belisarius IV has the Benedictine abbey of Montecassino rebuilt.
694 The T'ang Chinese defeat Tibetans and Eastern Göktürks; they wrest from Tibet suzerainty over eastern Turkestan, where in the Khotan kingdom the Sinicized Wei Ch'ih dynasty replaces the Vijaya (Buddhist) rulers.
695 Destruction of Barce (Cyrenaica) and fierce sack of Djirva (*OTL Djerba) at the hands of Idalskan Slavic pirates in the service of Byzantium; the Arabs react by conquering most of Iberia/Georgia and putting Carthage under siege. In Constantinople the cruel and unpopular basileus Belisarius IV is overthrown by Leontius, the strategos of the Hellas theme, who after his release from the jail was hailed as emperor by the troops; the new basileus mutilates the deposed one cutting his nose and exiles him at Cherson/Sebastopol in the Taurida (*OTL Crimea). King Jasaw Chan K'awiil I of Mutul/Tikal heavily defeats his rivals of Calakmul, turning them from overlords into vassals.
696 The Khitans, rebelling against Chinese overlordship, found an own independent State in northern Manchuria.
697 The Arabs take and raze Carthage; this most grave news shakes the Byzantine empire. Final unification of the Pictish kingdom, Alba, in the northernmost region of Britain. King Mercury of Mukurra reunifies the whole of Christian Nubia.
698 Basileus Leontius I retakes Carthage and successfully resists the Arab counter-siege; then Kusayla's Numidians attack from the interior and annihilate the Arab army, freeing Ifrigia (*OTL Tunisia) from the Muslim yoke. Ifrigia reverts to Byzantine possession, while Kusayla is granted the second and third names of Constantine and Sarakenoktonos (the Arab-slayer) and the title of Exarch of the Moors as a permanent ally of the empire. The Synod of Pavia finally condemns the Three Chapters once and for all; Patriarch Peter of Aquileia abjures his Tricapitoline stance, so the long schism comes to an end. King Gisulf I of Lombard Austrasia (mainland Veneto and the central-eastern Ladinian lands) officially renounces Arianism and converts to catholicism and brokers an accord by which the nearby Patriarchates of Aquileia and Grado recognize each other and divide their spheres of influence – Aquileia up to Austria and the central Alps, Grado on the Venetic lagoons, Byzantine Histria and Dalmatia. The Black (or eastern) Turgesh/T'u-Chueh, now completely free from Chinese overlordship, establish their Khanate in the Talas-Balkhash area of eastern Kazakhstan. With the support of the Korean-Tungusic Mohe tribe, Tae Ko/Da Zuruong, former general of the Koguryo army, founds in southern Manchuria the kingdom of Bohai/Parhae, a vassal to T'ang China.
7th century In eastern Africa the encounter of Islam brought by Arab and Persian merchants and the local tribal cultures fosters the birth of the Swahili culture.
ca. 700 Irish monks discover the Faer Oer archipelago. The Basques enforce their independence from both Franks and Visigoths; Frankish Aquitaine too gains de facto independence under Duke Eude. The Pallava ruler of SE Deccan, Srimaravarman, converts to Saivism (a branch of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme God) and has 8,000 Jains impaled in a single day in Madura. The Khmer kingdom of Chenla dominates over the middle and lower Mekong valley (SE Asia). After Kusayla-Constantine's death the Kahina, a Jewish prophetess of the Jarawa tribe who already distinguished herself against the Arabs, is hailed as the Queen of North African Berbers; she will lead their successful resistance against the Spanish Visigoths, founding the Judeo-Christian Kahinid Exarchate. The Bulgarians of the Sklaviniai (*OTL Balkans) wrench from the Byzantines the strategic fortress of Durostorum/Drystra/Silistra on the lower Danube; The Bulgarians north of the Danube retain the name of Onogurs, while those south undertake a slow path to Slavicization. Daura, the most ancient city-State of Hausaland (*OTL southern Niger and northern Nigeria), is founded. In the Mississippi plains the Hopewell culture is replaced by the Mississippian or proto-Mandan culture. Tuhun/Tarhun establishes an independent Turkic kingdom in Samarkand. The Norwegian kingdom of Vestfold absorbs its neighbour Solor.
|Earlier in time:
Timeline 600-650 AD
|Later in time:
Timeline 700-750 AD

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Samui is top in Thailand for boutique & beautiful beachfront resorts
Koh Samui is Thailand's boutique-&-beautiful showcase, with more creativity and fine design per metre of sand than any other place in Thailand. And considering just how many outstanding new beach resorts have opened throughout Thailand since year 2000, that is a bold statement and a huge accolade for this little island of style.
From over 270 true beachfront resorts that this website has qualified on Samui, perhaps 20 – 30 can compete head-on with the country's most outstanding, boutique establishments. That's more trendy, carefully designed places than can be found on Phuket or in any other beach destination in Thailand.
The average visitor to Samui does not easily see many of these trendy Samui resorts. Geography plays a big part in concealing many of the finest examples. There is a new trend among creative architects and designers to seek out hidden shores, like rocky coasts with great views, remote beaches and deeply forested corners, in which to craft their new creations.
Here I have chosen 10 distinctly boutique resorts that I believe represent the best of this genre – and unfortunately have had to leave out a number of other good candidates.


text:
by Vertex Usa
Order now to get it by: Saturday August 12 - Monday August 14
Condition: New
Product ID: 618033
Delivery Information |Returns & Exchanges |Payment Methods
This ergonomically designed seat subtly rocks with you as you bend and stretch. The patented curved base reduces strain
on knees & lower back with providing a full range of motion. The height adjustable contoured seat supports up to 200
pounds. Use for Gardening, Crafting, Auto Detailing, or as a general utility seat around the house. Adjustable height,
lightweight and easy to carry. Enhance comfort with the optional GB1208 comfort cushion accessory. Designed,
manufactured, packaged and shipped by American Workers - We appreciate your support!


text:
Ultimate Truck - BAK Tonneau Covers in Omaha, NE
Ultimate Truck
13434 Millard Ave
Omaha, NE 68137
Phone: 402-896-0770
Website: http://www.ultimatetruckoffroad.com
Email: email@example.com
Please Call for Availability
Store Location
As an authorized BAK tonneau cover and accessories dealer, Ultimate Truck located in Omaha, NE, is committed to helping you make the best tonneau cover decision for your pick-up truck and your lifestyle. Ultimate Truck has been in business for many years and has a wealth of experience when it comes to all sorts of truck bed covers and accessories. Ultimate Truck are expert tonneau cover installers and will ensure that your truck bed cover is installed professionally and properly. Simply put, Ultimate Truck offers the best choice of soft, roll-up, hard, folding, retractable, and custom fit truck bed covers and accessories. They also sell and install most pickup truck accessories. If you want the best deal on a brand new BAK tonno cover and want it done right, quickly and with no remorse, then head over to Ultimate Truck in Omaha your local BAK Industries dealer, needless to say, all of their work is guaranteed!
BAK Industries Videos
- Dealer
- New
Customer Reviews
Total Reviews (0)
Write the First Review!
You must login to post a review.


text: >> BLOWING THE COVER —While we're waiting for the much-anticipated May 2009 model-filled cover of Vogue, here's some more upcoming cover intelligence for you: Speculation was kickstarted earlier this week when Anna Wintour was spotted with Sienna Miller at The Mysteries of Pittsburgh premiere, and now it's confirmed — she shot the July cover last week in Los Angeles, likely to coincide with the release of G.I. Joe later this year. Wonder if Karolina Kurkova, who also has a role in the movie, will make a cameo in the feature inside? [NY Post]


text:
Title: Moore, Kelly
URL: http://perezweddings.com
Description: Professional wedding photography service by professional photographer Kelly Moore. Avaliable in Dallas, Austin and Forth Worth, Texas, USA.
Date Submitted: 08/11/11
Listed / Last Time Edited: 08/12/11
Main Category: > Photographers by Names > M
Second Category (if any): M
Linkedin (if any): http://perezweddings.com/resources/
Number of visitors we sent to this photo site: 119 time(s).


text:
Rachel Zoe Azur One-Shoulder Maxi Dress
- Jersey with contrast side.
- One-shoulder neckline.
- Bare left side; right long batwing sleeve.
- Loose, dramatic silhouette.
- Modal/spandex.
- Imported.
Similar Products
Rachel Zoe Della Fringe Metallic Mini Dress
A statement-making Rachel Zoe mini dress composed of metallic knit and covered in silky fringe. Spaghetti straps. Crepe lined. Fabric: Loose knit. Shell: 65% rayon/35% metallic. Lining: 100% polyester. Steam clean. Imported, China.
Free Shipping & ReturnsRachel Zoe Monner Ruffled Stretch-crepe Mini Dress - Coral
Rachel Zoe often channels the attitude of '60s icons like Marianne Faithfull in both her celebrity styling and her designs - this 'Monner' mini dress is a perfect example. Cut from vivid orange stretch-crepe, it subtly pulls in at the waist, is adorned with a ruffle and has bell sleeves. Unfasten the hook at the front to open up the neckline a little.
Free ShippingRachel Zoe Della Dress
A flapper-inspired sleeveless dress with animated, metallic fringe. Roundneck. Sleeveless. Layered fringe. Pullover style. Lined. About 38" from shoulder to hem. Rayon/metallic. Spot clean. Imported. Model shown is 5'10" (177cm) wearing US size Small. This item will arrive with a tag attached and instructions for removal. Once tag is removed, this item cannot be returned. .
Free Shipping & ReturnsRachel Zoe Ballina Metallic Fringed Mini Dress - Silver
We can envision Daisy Buchanan wearing Rachel Zoe's 'Ballina' dress to one of Gatsby's parties in the '20s - the tiers of wispy metallic fringe make the most glamorous statement. Fully lined in crepe de chine for coverage, it has a slightly loose cut and wide neckline. Keep your styling simple with a box clutch and minimal jewelry.
Rachel Zoe Deandrea Lace-paneled Ruffled Crepe Mini Dress - Black
Seemingly simple at the front, Rachel Zoe's 'Deandrea' dress turns to reveal a sheer lace back. It's cut from crepe in a flattering slim silhouette and has a pretty ruffled overlay that begins along the high neckline. Wear it with studded sandals.
Free ShippingRachel Zoe Wick Metallic Fringed Tank Top
Shimmering vintage-style metallic tank with allover fringe. Squareneck. Spaghetti straps. Fringed hem. Pullover style. About 25" from shoulder to hem. Rayon/metallic. Dry clean. Imported. Model shown is 5'10" (177cm) wearing US size Small.
Rachel Zoe Long Sleeve Gown
A revealing Rachel Zoe gown styled with a dramatic center slit and open back. Long sleeves balance the formfitting silhouette. A button and hidden zip secure the back. Lined bodice. Fabric: Crepe jersey. 95% polyester/5% spandex. Dry clean. Imported, China. Measurements Length: 60in / 152.5cm, from shoulder Measurements from size 4
Free ShippingRachel Zoe Monner Ruffle-Trimmed Shift Dress
Classic bell-sleeve shift shaped in dynamic crepe and detailed with a ruffled trim. Roundneck. Bell sleeves. Concealed back zipper closure. Front keyhole with hook-and-eye closure. Bust darts. Ruffled trim. About 33.5" from shoulder to hem. Polyester/acetate. Dry clean. Imported. Model shown is 5'10" (177cm) wearing US size 4.
Free ShippingRachel Zoe Ballina Fringe Dress
Shimmering fringe dress lends a modern outlook. Straight neck. Long sleeves. Pullover style. Fringed hem. About 32" from shoulder to hem. Rayon/metallic. Dry clean. Imported. Model shown is 5'10" (177cm) wearing US size 4.
Rachel Zoe Meade Dress
A shoulder-baring Rachel Zoe dress with a vintage-inspired floral print. Smocked elastic neckline and waistband. Long sleeves. Button back keyhole. Lined. Fabric: Silk chiffon. Shell: 100% silk. Lining: 100% polyester. Dry clean. Imported, China. Measurements Length: 34.75in / 88cm, from shoulder Measurements from size 4
Rachel Zoe Carolyn Gown
A high slit brings sultry style to this elegant lace Rachel Zoe gown. Eyelash edges add a graceful finish. Hook-and-eye closure and hidden zip in back. Sheer at hem, yoke, and sleeves. Tonal lining. Fabric: Lace. 35% cotton/34% nylon/31% viscose. Dry clean. Imported, China. Measurements Length: 62.25in / 158cm, from shoulder Measurements from size 4


text:
Kellum gal oyster tin can Weems VA
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Advertising
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Apr 19, 2009
- Channel: Auction House
One Gallon Kellum Brand oyster tin. Distributed by W. Ellery Kellum INC. of Weems, VA. Tin in fair condition with pic of oyster on both sides and compass rose with a K on the side. Stamped in can is VA 15. Some paint missing but still displays well. Can sits flat and with no dents. See pics.


text:
This wallpaper is perfect to add flair to small or large spaces. The Brazilliance banana leaf pattern is a classic at The Greenbrier and can be seen in many of our public areas. Designed by Carleton Varney by the Yard. Sold in double rolls only. 27" wide 35 1/2" repeat. 30 Foot length. Double roll equals 67.5 square foot coverage. Wallpaper price is per double roll. Be certain to order enough to cover the entire area by taking into account the repeat. Allow 2-4 weeks for delivery.
Availability: In stock
Check items to add to the cart or select all
Brazilliance Chemise with Button Front
You have no items in your cart.


text:
New to Five Star Alliance: The Azure Qiantang
The Azure Qiantang is ideally positioned alongside the Qiantang River, The Azure Qiantang overlooks the world's largest tidal bore. This dramatic vista combines with a premier location near the West Lake, offering access to the airport and train station, to ensure an extraordinary stay in Hangzhou.
Book your stay at The Azure Qiantang >>
Shangri-La Hotel Hangzhou
Hangzhou, China
382 spacious guestrooms and suites located in 2 wings and 3 villas, amongst 40 acers of manicured gardens and tree-lined pathways. Non-smoking rooms are available on request. Shangri-La Hotel, Hangzhou is conveniently located... more >>
Banyan Tree Hangzhou
Hangzhou, China
Discover priceless tranquility in Banyan Tree Hangzhou. Let the splendour of nature and centuries old cultural legacy enthrall you. Enveloped in lush greeneries and calm waters, Banyan Tree Hangzhou sits within China's first... more >>
Four Seasons Hotel Hangzhou at West Lake
Hangzhou, China
Welcome to Four Seasons Hotel Hangzhou at West Lake. In China's most picturesque setting, Four Seasons reveals an intimate lakeside village, melding centuries of tradition with chic contemporary style. Convenient to business... more >>
Sofitel Hangzhou Westlake
Hangzhou, China
Sofitel Hangzhou Westlake is located on the banks of the city's famous West Lake, close to the central business district. The hotel features 200 elegantly furnished rooms, 2 restaurants, 1 bar, an indoor swimming pool, spa,... more >>


text:
- Security Fences in Russellville, AL
- Decorative Fences in Russellville, AL
- Free Estimates on Fences in Russellville, AL
Fences in Russellville, AL
You will quickly discover that there are many different types of fences Russellville, AL has to offer, making it extremely important that you review the choices you have carefully before deciding on one of them in particular. It is crucial to get the best fence in Russellville, AL for a number of reasons, including the fact that doing so can increase security around your home. If you do not want just anyone to get onto your property, you will definitely need to start looking for a type of fencing that is highly secure.
Avg Costs for Fences
Min Cost
Max Cost
Avg Cost
$2,127.01 - $2,906.62
Find the Best Quality Fences - Russellville, AL
A good fence company in Russellville, AL will be able to do all of the necessary installation work so you don't have to worry about doing any of it yourself. A Russellville wrought iron fence is a particularly good option because this type of fencing is both stylish as well as secure. If you want to improve the aesthetic in front of your home while keeping it safe from intruders, wrought iron is a great option to look into. The kind of fencing that you choose to have installed should look just how you want it to, because otherwise you are going to regret the decision you make.
Fences Companies
Austin Fencing
6882 River Rd
Muscle Shoals, AL 35661
Double D Pipeline Services Inc
2070 County Farm Rd
Tuscumbia, AL 35674
Burrows Masonry Contractors
Post Office Box 3055
Florence, AL 35631
Shoals Fence
Florence, AL 35630
Superior Fence Systems
281 Military St S
Hamilton, AL 35570
Border Line Fence
118 E Mobile St # 19
Florence, AL 35630


text:
Home » Blankets & Sheets » Horse Blankets » Tough-1 Polar 600 Denier Mini Turnout Blanket
Tough-1 Polar 600 Denier Mini Turnout Blanket
Code: PTM625
Only $54.99
Quantity in Basket: None
Suggested Retail - $73.99
26% Off - only $54.99
Waterproof Polarshield Turnout!From TOUGH-1 - named the number one horse blanket by The Horse Journal - September 2008. Read their complete 2008 blanket review here.
A Medium Weight Waterproof Turnout Rug - Waterproof & Breathable - This blanket has a hydrophobic membrane that repels water droplets while permitting water vapor to pass. Rain and snow are repelled on the outside; perspiration evaporates from the inside. This desirable characteristic also provides excellent wind proofing.
Designed without a back seam to prevent leakage.
Available in these great colors!
Choose from these popular colors (click on images for a better look):
Customers who purchased this, also purchased these products:
only $5.99
only $73.95
only $5.99
only $14.95
only $6.49
only $59.99
only $49.99
only $39.00
Basket Empty
Top Deals
Special Offers & Coupons
Category Bestseller


text:
~ Komen Race for the Cure ~
by: Chorus • 3
All Android applications categories
by: Chorus • 3
Available for:
Komen Charlotte
Komen Miami/Ft. Lauderdale
Komen North Texas
Komen Southeast Wisconsin
Turn your Android device into a mobile fundraising command center with Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure mobile app.
Race for the Cure :
* Gives you high impact, pre-written fundraising messages tailor made for texting, Facebook updates, Twitter updates and emails.
* Links to your phone contacts so you can start fundraising right away without doing an address book upload.
* Lets you fund raise from home, from the train, while walking the dog; in short: any time you have your phone!
from 3 reviews
Download ~ Komen Race for the Cure ~
Free - V2.15 - 1M
Sorry ...
This app is no longer available.
Share this app


text:
"Research shows that women and underrepresented minorities, who by 2050 will comprise more than 50 percent of our population, are disproportionately lost at every transition point in their STEM studies and research careers," she said. "As a nation, we cannot afford to continue hemorrhaging so much talent."
Her bill would require the National Science Foundation (NSF) to collect data on federal research awards and STEM faculty and universities and promote research into the participation of women and minorities in STEM fields. The bill says information gathered from these steps would be used to help policymakers make the grants more inclusive.
It requires the NSF to develop guidance to universities to help them identify "any cultural and institutional barriers" that limit the research careers of women and minorities. The legislation then authorizes the NSF to award grants to universities that adopt policies that help recruit and retain minority students.
It also asks the government to create policies aimed at getting these grants to people with "caregiving responsibilities, including care for a newborn or newly adopted child."
And, it calls for federal guidelines and best practices to reduce the effects of "implicit bias in the review of federal research grants."
The House has passed a few STEM-related bills over the last few months. Late last year, it passed the STEM Jobs Act, which would create a new visa category for non-U.S. citizens with degrees in the STEM fields.
But the Senate never took up that legislation.
In February, the House approved a bill that would create a STEM competition for students, which will be run by the House.


text:
TNPSC Recruitment 2015
Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission has revealed an employment Advt. as TNPSC Recruitment 2015 to fill up the 417 Assistant Agricultural Officer Vacancies. Contenders who want to grasp this job opportunity may apply by filling the online application form on or before the closing date should be reached as stated below.
Important Dates:
|Closing Date To Apply Online
|27th February 2015
|Last Date Of Fee Payment Dates
|02nd March 2015
|Examination Dates
|18th April 2015
Our team of bharatrecruitment.com is providing you to the detailed information about TNPSC Recruitment 2015 such as posts name, essential education etc that is shown below; and you may have to scroll down this page:
Organization Name:
Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
Post & Vacancies:
|Post Name
|Assistant Agricultural Officer
Required Education:
The job fighters should have passed in the 10+2 examination and two years Diploma in Agriculture from the Institutions recognized by the Government of Tamil Nadu or any other institutions under the control of the Commissioner of Agriculture and must have the adequate knowledge in Tamil.
Age Limitations:
- For UN-Reserved aspirants, the Age should be lying in between 18-30 years.
- For the reserved applicants, age relaxation will be provided as per the Govt. norms.
Salary Details;
For the Assistant Agricultural Officer posts, appliers may receive the salary of Rs. 5200 – 20200/- plus gross pay of Rs. 2800/- per month.
Selection Process:
Selection of the aspirants will be depending on the following process namely written examination and Oral Test in the form of an interview.
Get the Preparation Tips Of > written test and Interview
Application Fee:
- For all candidates belonging to General category should pay the Examination fee Rs.150/- (Examination Fee Rs.100/- + Cost of Application Rs.50/-) (Rupees One Hundred and Fifty only).
- The applicants claiming exemption from examination fee should pay Rs.50/- towards Application Cost. (No exemption for cost of application)
- The payment will pay by using the online (Net Banking, Credit card / Debit card or offline (Post Office or Indian Bank) mode.
How to Apply;
|Step 1
|Go to the official website www.tnpsc.gov.in.
|Step 2
|Choose the 'Apply Online' link i.e. available at the right corner of the homepage.
|Step 3
|Select the appropriate job link and press the 'Apply Online' link.
|Step 4
|The applicants must fill the online application form with all the required information.
|Step 5
|Now, upload the digital images of their photograph and signature.
|Step 6
|And finally press the 'submit' button to submission of application form.
|Step 7
|Take the printout of an application form for the future reference.
Tips to fill online application
Note: By using the Official Notification, you may fetch the entire details.
You may also like to Read
|TNPSC Study Material
|TNPSC Coaching Centre
|TNPSC Previous Question Paper
|TNPSC Time Table
|TNPSC Group 4 Application Form
|TNPSC Group 4 Exam Syllabus