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Optical spectral imaging has the ability to identify differences between benign and malignant tissue in breast tumor margins. The use of this rapid, non-destructive technology could help reduce the need for second operations in women desiring breast conservation therapy (BCT).
Over the past 30 years, mammography has been the primary means for identifying breast malignancies and has proven effective in diagnosing cancer at earlier stages, leading to less aggressive surgical and adjuvant therapy.1 A greater number of patients are being diagnosed with non-invasive neoplasms as well because of improved screening.2 Multiple randomized clinical trials have previously shown that patients who undergo breast conservation therapy (BCT), for either invasive or non-invasive breast cancers, have equivalent long-term survival to those who undergo mastectomy.2–4 However, in a 15 year follow-up from The Early Breast Cancer Trialists meta-analysis, a survival benefit was identified for patients with BCT who did not have a local regional recurrence. For every 4 local regional recurrences avoided in patients treated with BCT, one breast cancer related death was averted.5 Thus for patients eligible for BCT, complete removal of the tumor or negative margins is desired to avoid a local recurrence. In a summary of 34 trials evaluating the risk of local recurrence based on margin status, clinically significant differences in local recurrence rates were identified when patients with positive or close versus negative margins were compared (16% vs. 6%). This adverse effect on local recurrence was seen to increase as time from diagnosis increased.6
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease.7 The heterogeneity of this disease makes it challenging for surgeons to characterize tumors intra-operatively such that they can be completely removed at the initial surgery. Currently there is no widely available intra-operative tool to assure complete removal of a breast tumor during BCT. In experienced hands, frozen section and touch prep analysis of margins provide a good means of reducing the re-excision rate to lower than 20%.8,9 Because institutional resources may not permit pathologists to be readily available for BCT cases and because patients may undergo their procedures in off-site ambulatory locations, these specialized techniques have not become widely available.10 In order to reduce the local recurrence rate, patients are advised to have a re-excision lumpectomy if their margins are found to be positive or close by the pathologist with the definition of "close" varying from 0–3 mm. The quoted rates of second operations vary in the literature and range from 12% to as high as 60%.11–15 In order to more accurately characterize breast tumor margins intra-operatively and thereby reduce the re-excision and local recurrence rate, we have developed a device which utilizes optical spectral imaging to characterize differences in tissue composition of excised breast specimen margins. This device utilizes the primary light-tissue interactions of absorption and scattering in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum to characterize the underlying tissue composition. The sources of intrinsic optical contrast can be broadly classified as morphological (β-carotene, cell density) and physiological (deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin and total hemoglobin content). It is fortuitous that a number of these biomarkers are hallmarks of carcinogenesis.16–17 We sought to determine whether these tissue compositional features could be exploited to rapidly identify malignant cells within the margin (0–2mm) of partial mastectomy specimens in women with invasive and non-invasive breast malignancies.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Duke University in accordance with assurances filed with and approved by the Department of Health and Human Services. Informed consent was obtained from eligible participants (women > 18 years of age) undergoing primary BCT for an invasive or non-invasive breast malignancy. A sub-group recruited to this study had undergone neo-adjuvant endocrine or chemotherapy prior to their surgical procedure. Operations were performed by 5 breast surgical oncologists at the Duke University Ambulatory Surgery Center. Each surgeon performed the lumpectomy according to their standard practice. The tissue was assessed grossly and via specimen mammography. The surgeons removed additional breast tissue based on their assessment of the margins. The surgeons did not perform routine immediate re-excision of each of the 6 margins. Frozen section and touch prep analyses were not performed on these specimens. In this study, demographic data including patient age, tumor size and subtype, margin status and re-excision rate, receptor status, and presence of neoadjuvant endocrine or chemotherapy was recorded for each participant.
The optical spectral imaging device consists of a Xenon lamp coupled to a monochromator, a handheld optical spectral imaging probe interfaced to an adjustable tissue specimen box, an imaging spectrograph, and a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. A photograph of the device and the specimen box are shown in (Fig. 1). The optical spectral images collected with this device are processed using a feature extraction algorithm based on a scalable inverse Monte Carlo model of reflectance to create maps of tissue composition for each margin that is imaged up to a sensing depth of 2 mm. A description of the underlying instrumentation and algorithm is described in previous publications.18–20
Once the surgeon had completed his/her review of the margins, the specimen was placed into the box and interfaced with the imaging probe for assessment of the breast tumor margins (Fig. 1(b)). The engineering team was informed of the margins most likely to contain malignant cells based on the surgeon's assessment. Optical spectral images were obtained from 1–2 margins per specimen. Each placement of the probe covered an area of 3 × 1 cm and multiple placements were made if the margin was larger than the area covered by the probe. The spectral images recorded from each margin were entered into the feature extraction algorithm, which computes at each pixel (picture element), parameters related to light scattering (wavelength averaged reduced scattering coefficient) and light absorption (total hemoglobin, and β-carotene).18 These parameters were combined to create additional parameters, specifically, the ratios of total hemoglobin or β-carotene to the wavelength-averaged reduced scattering coefficient. In summary, two parameter maps were created per margin: a map of (1) the ratio of total hemoglobin and the wavelength-averaged reduced scattering coefficient and (2) the ratio of β-carotene and the wavelength averaged reduced scattering coefficient. Data acquisition and image processing took approximately 25 seconds per placement of the imaging probe. After imaging, specimens were marked with ink at each margin corner and with ink at each of 10 random optically measured sites, and were then fixed in formalin and sectioned according to standard protocols with subsequent routine pathologic review of margin-level pathology. The randomly inked sites were included in the margin sections. They were separately scored by the study pathologist (JG). The surgeons were blinded to the results of the optical data throughout the study.
Two levels of optical-pathology concordance were performed. For the first, referred to as margin-level, the pathologic status of the entire imaged margin (positive, close, or negative) within the four inked corners as well as the type of residual carcinoma found at the margin, if any, was recorded and compared to summary measures derived from the two parameter maps of each imaged margin (as described below). A diagnosis of a margin as either positive (cancer extending to the edge of the inked margin) or close (cancer within 2 mm of the inked margin) were both considered as "positive," since re-excision of the margin is usually performed for either case. The 2 mm distance of the tumor from the nearest margin represents the consensus definition of a "close" margin at the Duke University Medical Center and typically has the same therapeutic implication as a positive margin. Other medical centers have adopted the same definition of a close margin.21 If there was no residual carcinoma within 2 mm of the inked margin, the margin was classified as "negative." For the second, referred to as site-level, the pathology from the randomly inked sites (diagnosed according to the same criteria described above) was used on a qualitative level to interpret the features in the parameter maps of the imaged margins.
From December 2007 to September 2008, 54 patients were enrolled in this study. Optical spectral imaging data from 6 patients were not utilized in this analysis as the pathological outcomes could not be accurately co-registered with the specified margins. From the remaining 48 patients, 55 margins were evaluated with the optical spectral imaging device. Table I contains a summary of the patient and margin characteristics for the participants in this study. Twenty one patients had negative margins, and 15 had a positive margin on the main specimen which was analyzed with the optical probe with additional margin specimens taken by the surgeons at the original surgery to obtain negative margins. Of the 48 patients, 12 had to have a re-excision lumpectomy.
The majority of patients (73%) enrolled had invasive and/or in-situ ductal carcinomas in the lumpectomy specimen. The remaining patients had a variety of histologic subtypes including lobular (invasive and in-situ), tubular, and papillary carcinoma. Three of the patients in this study had a complete pathologic response to their pre-operative chemotherapy. For each patient enrolled in this study, only 1–2 margins were assessed with the optical spectral imaging device. As such, the re-excision rate and device outputs could not be compared to determine what outcome could have occurred had the device results been revealed to the surgeons.
Figure 2 contains representative parameter maps of β-carotene concentration to wavelength-averaged reduced scattering coefficient (β-carotene:scattering) (A,C,E) and corresponding histograms which graphically represent the distribution of values within each image (B,D,F) for a margin negative for residual disease (A,B), a margin positive for ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) (C,D) and a margin positive for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (E,F). β-carotene is a dietary carotenoid known to be stored primarily in adipocytes, and is thus reflective of the amount of fat present in the sensing volume. The wavelength-averaged reduced scattering coefficient is a measure of the amount of light elastically scattered in the tissue, with higher scattering coefficients associated with more dense arrangements of cells and their subcellular scatterers such as organelles and membranes (scatter density) as well as with changes in the distribution of sizes of these scatterers (scatter size).22 Since malignant tissues are expected to have less fat (due to displacement of adipocytes by carcinoma cells) and higher scattering (due to increased cell density and changes in nuclear morphology), β-carotene:scattering is expected to be decreased in cancer tissue relative to normal breast tissue. Color maps in the images of Figure 2 are set such that lower values of β-carotene:scattering appear red, whereas higher values appear blue. As seen in the images, the negative margin (Figure 2A) is characterized by a higher proportion of blue pixels, whereas the positive margins (Figure 2C and 2E) are characterized by increased proportions of red pixels. Site-level histology of these margins indicated that generally, the blue areas were indicative of cancer-free regions of the margin, whereas the orange-red areas indicated regions of the margin containing residual disease.
In order to build predictors for margin-level assessment from the parameter maps, a threshold value for pixel intensity was determined (e.g., 6 μM-cm for β-carotene:scattering) and the percentage of pixels below that threshold was computed (as illustrated in Fig. 2(B,D,F)). A Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was carried out to determine if the percentage of pixels below that threshold was statistically different between positive and negative margins. The optimal threshold was determined by repeating the Wilcoxon tests across the full range of threshold values, the results of which showed that 6 μM-cm for β-carotene:scattering showed the greatest degree of association with pathology (p < 0.002, Fig. 3(A)). A similar process was applied to total hemoglobin:scattering, such that the percentage of pixels below a threshold value of 8 μM-cm resulted in the statistically most significant differences between positive and negative margins for that parameter (p < 0.01 Fig. 3(B)).
Next a multivariate predictive model was developed for classifying a margin as positive or negative based on the predictors shown in Fig. 3(A,B). A tree-based approach was taken to build the two-parameter model, such that a margin was classified as positive if the percentage for the β-carotene:scattering OR total hemoglobin:scattering parameters were above their respective thresholds; otherwise it was classified as negative. The percentages shown on the y-axes in Fig. 3(A) and 3(B) were each varied across the complete set of different threshold values (for example, 98% in Fig. 3(A) and 72% in Fig. 3(B)), and the sensitivity and specificity was then calculated against margin assessment by pathology. The optimal pair of threshold values was determined by a receiver operator characteristic analysis (ROC, Fig. 4) and the Youden index, in order to maximize the sensitivity and specificity in an additive manner. Then, a leave-one-out cross validation scheme was used to obtain an unbiased estimate of the operating characteristics of the predictive model using the same guiding principles as above, and resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 67%, for the two parameter decision tree. 23 The percentage pixel thresholds in the final model for β-carotene: scattering and total hemoglobin: scattering was 98 ± 0.19 % and 72 ± 1.0 %, respectively.
Table II contains the prediction accuracy resulting from the decision-making model described above. Of the 34 path-confirmed positive/close margins in the dataset, the predictive model correctly identified 27 of them as positive, yielding a sensitivity of 79.4%. In addition, of the 21 path-confirmed negative margins, the predictive model correctly identified 14 of them as negative, yielding a specificity of 66.7%. The performance of the model in predicting path-positive/close margins is also shown as a function of type of cancer found at the margin. For margins that were positive for IDC only, the predictive model correctly identified 11 out of 14, or 78.6% of positive margins. For margins that were positive for DCIS only, the predictive model correctly identified 8 out of 9, or 88.9% of positive margins. In the current dataset, in 6 of the positive margins the type of cancer tissue present at the margin was not specified, whereas a further 5 margins were positive for less common malignancies (lobular, mixed DCIS/IDC, and tubular). Of these "other" positive margins, the predictive model correctly identified 8 of 11, or 72.7% of positive margins. The margins were equally weighted with respect to the number of close margins (n = 17) and the number of positive margins (n = 17). The performance of the predictive model was also not biased significantly toward either positive or close margins, with positive margins being correctly predicted only slightly more frequently (14/17 or 82.4% sensitivity) than close margins (13/17 or 76.5% sensitivity).
Although only 7 of 34 positive margins (from 6 patients) were misclassified as falsely negative, it is important to understand why these margins may have been misclassified. Within this patient group were 2 patients who received neoadjuvant therapy; one with endocrine therapy and the other with chemotherapy. Figures 5A/B is imaged from the margin (posterior margin pathologically positive for IDC) of the patient who underwent neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. This patient had a significant decrease in proliferation rate between her pre- and post-therapy biopsies which may have decreased the scattering coefficient, which in turn could have resulted in a more flat histogram, which is typical of negative margins. In the second patient who had received neoadjuvant therapy, the device incorrectly called the posterior margin diagnosed with IDC at 2 mm as negative. The device likely called this margin negative because the residual disease was at a depth that was just at the 2 mm sensing depth of the device.
Of the remaining 5 patients, Figures 5C/D is imaged from a patient with IDC just beneath her nipple where there is greater ductal tissue and less fat. The histogram in this particular case looks like that of a positive margin but was just above the percentage pixel cutoff for margin positivity. This is an example of a near-miss. Another of the false negative cases had DCIS which was misclassified as negative by the optical spectral imaging device. The final pathology showed close margins anterior-inferiorly and anterior-laterally with additional shaved anterior, lateral and inferior margins negative for DCIS. This tumor specimen was large with a volume measuring greater than 1200 cm3. In this case, although the majority of the margin is reflective of normal tissue, there are some relatively small areas of very low β-carotene:scattering values, which are suggestive of the presence of residual disease. However, in the current method of automated image analysis, the contribution of these pixels to the overall pixel distribution was small, due to the very large size of these margins. This resulted in misclassification of the margin, since the percentage of pixels below the threshold was small. This is a weakness of the current paradigm for automated image analysis, in that error may be introduced when the area of suspicious pixels is small compared to the overall margin size.
The majority of women with early stage breast cancer can undergo BCT. As the number of women who are treated neoadjuvantly with endocrine or chemotherapy increases, the eligible population for BCT will continue to grow. Recognizing, however, that anywhere from 16% to 60% of patients with BCT require a second surgery, a rapid, non-invasive, readily available technology is necessary to reduce this inability to detect tumor at the edge of a breast specimen in the operating room.11–15 This study highlights the potential for optical spectral imaging to evaluate the tissue composition of breast lumpectomy specimen margins intra-operatively. In this preliminary patient population, 79% of the pathologically positive margins were accurately identified by the device. This group of correctly identified margins included all the variant pathologies including one lobular cancer, several mixed in-situ and invasive carcinomas including lobular carcinoma in-situ, and a tubular cancer. Prior studies have shown that patients with lobular cancers have a higher likelihood of re-excision and/or mastectomy.12, 24–25 This study continues to accrue patients to improve the optical devices' sensitivity and specificity and will focus in future patient subsets on those with lobular cancers. This device showed an excellent ability to identify DCIS at the margin of a BCT specimen. DCIS has been identified as a tumor characteristic likely to increase the margin positivity and re-excision rate.2 Future studies will also enrich for DCIS patients to ensure that the device can adequately identify DCIS at the margin of a BCT specimen.
In addition to specimens with Lobular carcinoma or DCIS, an intraoperative margin device must also recognize the heterogeneous changes caused by exposure to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or endocrine therapy. Neoadjuvant therapies are increasing in prevalence for the treatment of breast cancer because of improvements in targeted agents. In a retrospective review of 478 breast cancer patients treated in Montreal, Canada, 76 had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In this study there was no difference in re-excision rates (21 versus 18%) between the patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and those treated adjuvantly.26 In our study, of the 8 patients who received neoadjuvant therapy, 2 (25%) required surgical re-excision. However, only 50% of patients had their margins correctly assessed by the optical device (2 false negative, 2 false positive) The optical devices inability to correctly classify the margins in these cases may be due to the mosaic pattern of regression that can be found in some patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy in comparison to a circumferential regression pattern. As the number of these cases increases in our clinical subset, it is likely that additional optical parameters will be added to account for the physiologic and metabolic changes encountered in specimens with complete responses and those that leave microscopic deposits within the tumor bed.
This study utilized the pathologically confirmed margin diagnosis to identify the tissue compositional parameters most likely to differentiate positive from malignant tissues. The ratio map of β-carotene:scattering showed the most significant difference reflecting a decrease in adipose content and an increase in cell density within malignant margins. Prior work by our group and others has shown that scattering, β-carotene content and total hemoglobin are good parameters with which to differentiate malignant from benign tissues.28–31 Results from the current study are consistent with earlier findings where optical measurements were made from tumor and normal biopsies.
It has been noted earlier that there are several reasons why a margin may be misclassified as false-negative including the fraction of the margin occupied by the tumor (DCIS example) and changes in proliferation rate (tumor treated with endocrine therapy). There are factors that could also contribute to a false positive, for example, the "pancake" phenomenon which has been previously described as a difficulty in margin assessment.32 The "flattening" of the immediately excised specimen for specimen radiograph could alter the tumor to margin ratio, and/or affect the inking leading to a "false positive" pathology read on a margin that was truly negative for residual disease.33 In the future we plan to use the device on the excised specimens prior to intra-operative specimen radiography to attempt to reduce the "pancake" phenomenon on the optical outputs and thereby potentially reduce the false positive readings.
During the past 3 years, over 50 journal articles have been written about the methodology of breast lumpectomy margin assessment or the patient characteristics most likely to result in a positive specimen margin.34–37 Three groups have shown a reduction in their re-excision rate to between 10–20% with the use of frozen section analysis.11,13,38 This reduction is important for those patients who benefited from the availability of these resources. However these intra-operative margin assessment tools of frozen section and touch prep analysis are not widely available and are not routinely utilized even in high volume centers. At Duke University we currently do not use either of these technologies for intra-operative margin assessment because of the need for an onsite pathologist or cytopathologist at an ambulatory surgery center which is not located within the main hospital. As this optical technology is refined, we hope to provide comparable and potentially improved results to frozen section and touch prep analyses for a broader patient population. Future clinical trials will be performed at medical centers that routinely perform intraoperative frozen sections or touch prep cytology for lumpectomy margin assessment, and the performance of our optical imaging device will be directly compared to intraoperative pathologic evaluation.
The routine removal of "shaved margins" has also been proposed to reduce the re-excision rate for patients undergoing breast conservation therapy. In two recent papers, the authors were able to reduce the number of patients going back to the operating room by 50%, yet 18–20% still required either a re-excision or mastectomy based on final pathological review.39–40 It should be noted that these extra excisions are likely at the expense of the patient's cosmetic outcome due to the increase in volume excised. Currently the optical device has a specificity of 67% and thus could significantly reduce re-excision while preserving cosmesis.
Breast conservation therapy remains a mainstay in the treatment of patients with breast cancer. As new minimally invasive technologies such as cryosurgery, radiofrequency ablation and intra-operative radiation become more widely available, an intra-operative tool to assure complete resection of a breast malignancy is necessary. This preliminary subset of patients whose BCT specimens were assessed with optical spectral imaging device validates the early potential of this novel technology. As the number of patients and tumor types increases within this study, the accuracy and applicability of this non-invasive technique is expected to show significant promise for women with breast cancer who are candidates for breast conserving therapies.
This publication was made possible by Grant Number 1UL1 RR024128-01 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NCRR or NIH.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Tacos y Salsa finally opens in downtown Denver
Photo: Hunter Stevens
Just in time for Cinco de Mayo, the family-owned, homegrown Tacos y Salsas chain has opened its most colorful location -- in downtown Denver, in the former home of Cilantro Fusion at 1531 Stout Street.
This Tacos y Salsas offers the same wide array of tacos, as well as a self-serve chips and salsa bar. But it also has a full bar (not all Tacos y Salsas locations have a liquor license), as well as new combination plates: thirteen pre-set combos, and if none of those work, diners can build their own.
That's not the only innovation at this new spot: A plan is in the works to include an "express" burrito bar.
The downtown Tacos y Salsas is open 10 a.m. until 10 p.m. Sunday through Monday, and Friday and Saturday from 10 a.m. until three a.m., hours that should make it popular as the bar-hopping crowd leaves LoDo.
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This monthly update is produced in an effort to keep hazardous materials program personnel up to date in the areas of exercises, training, and planning. If you have a contribution or wish other items posted in this "Update", please contact Mike Hammond at FEMA Region X headquarters at (425) 487 4775 or email at, email@example.com.
This update is for the period of 6-1-99 to 9-1-99.
Quotes of the Month
"I've always thought that underpopulated countries in Africa are vastly underpolluted." (Lawrence Summers, chief economist of the World Bank, explaining why we should export toxic wastes to Third World countries.)
"I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." (Mark Twain)
Web Page Highlight (Your Additions are Welcome)
Federal Resources for Educational Excellence (FREE)
www.ed.gov/free FREE provides teachers with quick access to rich educational resources on a wide range of topics. FREE is another example of the Federal Government's commitment to help teachers and students make the most of technology in their classrooms." Vice President Gore
The Right-To-Know Network
www.ombwatch.org/rtk.net. The Right-To-Know Network Provides free access to numerous databases, text files, and conferences on the environment, housing, and sustainable development. With the information available on RTK NET, you can identify specific factories and their environmental effects; analyze reinvestments by banks in their communities; and assess people and communities affected.
Anyone else have a good or interesting Web Site?
SERC (State Emergency Response Commission)& LEPC (Local Emergency Planning Committee) MEETINGS
Washington 9-23-99, Spokane, in conjunction with WA State Emergency Managers, Assoc. Meeting.
Oregon July 30, 1999, Salem, Quarterly LEPC meeting
IdahoAs Needed, Contact Bill Bishop for more information. (208) 334 3263
Alaska7-20-99, Anchorage, LEPC workshop
7-21-99, Anchorage, SERC Meeting
10-19-99, Anchorage, LEPC workshop
10-20-99, Anchorage, SERC meeting
Training and Exercises
Contact the Provider or Mike Hammond for more information. Course dates and times may change, be sure to check before the class.
Miscellaneous Announcements
Free Publications
Energy and Transportation Network News.
This is a publication of the Urban Energy & Transportation Corporation, a non-profit organization. This newsletter is designed to aid communication and interaction among governmental agencies and other organizations responsible for hazardous materials transportation and emergency management. Network News also provides information about DOE and other federal programs available to local governments and shares information from local programs. TO SUBSCRIBE; write to, Circulation Manager, Urban Energy & Transportation Corp., 406 W. 34th St. STE 710, Kansas City, MO 64111-9708
Does anyone out there have a publication that they feel could be of value to the rest of us in the HazMat field? If so, let me know and I will be happy to include it in this section.
Thoughts. Notes and Ideas From Here & There
- I received no feedback on last month's article on the old CDV radiation instruments, so I am assuming you all must have agreed with what was written.
- EPA ha...


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mass source
I have a chamber, i want to keep the water level constant. I think, input fluid & output fluid should be equal. can i use mass source ( in meshing & geometry tab ) for negative flow rate? how ????
Yes, you can. The M/M source is defined w/ center on the origin, and normal vector facing up. Rotate and translate it so that it is on the floor where you want to withdraw fluid, still with normal vector pointing upward. Set the mass flow rate to a negative number.
The trick is to keep the m/m source always completely submerged at all times. If part of it is above the free surface, then the entire flow rate will not be removed. A uniform velocity is applied across the source, based on the source area and the desired mass flow rate. To have a uniform flow rate, all points on the m/m source must be submerged.
thank you so much dear JBurnham
. but my problem still is not solved. Can I have your email to send my simulation file?
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Residents of Longboat Key will have an opportunity to shred all of their unwanted documents for free.
This community document-shredding event will be held from 10 a.m. to noon Aug. 15, in the Town Hall parking lot.
Shredding is an easy, safe and secure way of getting rid of sensitive material. The town has arranged for Quickshred, a document-shredding company, to conduct an on-site shredding at Town Hall for Longboat Key residents, community organizations and business owners.
Contact Caleb Motsinger at [email protected].


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Throughout much of history, the people, weather enfranchised or not, have held the most power in a nation, and despite the many falls and failures of governments and their leaders over the many millennia since civilization, the people have kept a strong hold onto the direction of their nation. When this stronghold waned however, the results could've been disastrous; from Stalin to Hitler to Mao and the hundreds of other dictators that came to power through messages of hope and prosperity, always holding onto power through to most ruthless methods. Today, the legacy of these men are tainted with forethought and progressivism, and it seems that the dictatorship of extremism is beginning to fall apart.
However, could a "dictatorship" rise up in the future? It's always a possibility; Russia fell in 1917 to the vanguard party, Germany in 1933 to the National Socialists, but could a modern democracy fall sometime in the future, a modern democracy such as Australia. It may be a far stretch, but we seen this story told many times in the past; the economic collapse, the rise of a influential politician, the eventual fall of a nation under the shadow of dictatorship.
In this scenario, you will witness the evolution of a modern, democratic Australia into something far more sinister; not far from dictatorship, but far from the system it once was.


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Horns (2013) DUTCH R2 Blu Ray CoverTweet
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- January 1: The Y2K bug happens. The Y2K computer bug has crash many computers and cause malfunctions leading to major catastrophes worldwide, and society has cease to function, except radio and television. About seven hours later, about six hundred million Christians have mysteriously disappeared without a trace.
- January 2: Zhang Yongnian, a mysterious figures from China, somehow calls a successful emergency session at the United Nations headquarters. After several hours, the Secretary-General of the United Nations (UNSG), Kofi Annan steps down and is successfully replaced by Zhang Yongnian.
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Spatial Modeling of Critical Planting Date for Winter Rye Cover Crop to Enhance Nutrient Recovery
- Ali Farsad *a,
- Timothy O. Randhirb,
- Stephen J. Herbertc and
- Masoud Hashemid
- a Dep. of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, Univ. of Massachusetts, Bowditch Hall 107A, 201 Natural Resources Road, Amherst, MA 01003
b Dep. of Environmental Conservation, Univ. of Massachusetts, Holdsworth 320, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003
c Dep. of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, Univ. of Massachusetts, Stockbridge Hall 112, 80 Campus Center Way, Amherst, MA 01003
d Dep. of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, Univ. of Massachusetts, Bowditch Hall 208, 201 Natural Resources Road, Amherst, MA 01003
Time of planting plays a critical role in nutrient recovery from soils by a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop. A delay in planting can significantly decrease cover crop performance. This study evaluated cover crop planting dates for different areas of Massachusetts using a spatial model based on growing degree days. Field studies were conducted during 2004 through 2009 to estimate biomass production and nutrient recovery of rye under various planting dates from mid-August to early October. A spatial model identified the critical planting date (CPD) for all locations in Massachusetts based on field studies combined with long-term weather data collected from 14 weather stations. In eastern areas of Massachusetts (Zone 5), CPD is the third week of September. In this region, there is adequate time for planting winter rye after corn (Zea mays L.) is harvested. Critical planting dates for central parts of the state (Zones 3 and 4) are from the first to second weeks of September. Growers in these regions should consider alternative management strategies including selection of shorter season corn hybrids to meet the suggested cover crop planting dates. The suggested critical planting dates (third–fourth week of August) for northwest regions of Massachusetts (Zones 1 and 2) may not be practical because corn silage is usually not ready for harvest until mid-September. The model can be a powerful decision-making tool for researchers and farmers, not only for winter rye in Massachusetts, but it also can be adapted for use with other cover crop species and for use in other regions where cover crops are grown.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
Copyright © 2011. . Copyright © 2011 by the American Society of Agronomy, Inc.


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aww. I want a dog.
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text: PAIN® Current Issue of PAIN IASP Members: Read PAIN Online IASP members must log in to read PAIN online. Nonmembers may receive a subscription to PAIN as a membership benefit. To join IASP, Apply Online. Submit a manuscript to PAIN: View the Instructions for Authors for complete instructions Contact the Editorial Office: firstname.lastname@example.com Advertise in PAIN: View the online media kit PAIN is IASP's official journal. Published monthly, PAIN presents original research on the nature, mechanisms, and treatment of pain. Available to IASP members as a membership benefit, this peer-reviewed journal provides a forum for the dissemination of multidisciplinary research in the basic and clinical sciences. It is cited in Current Contents and Index Medicus. Francis Keefe is the Editor-in-Chief. Section editors are Jane Ballantyne, Fiona Blyth, Robert Coghill, Anthony Dickenson, Clermont Dionne, Christopher Eccleston, Nanna Finnerup, Rohini Kuner, David A. Seminowicz, and Kathleen Sluka. View the entire Editorial Board of PAIN. View frequently asked questions about PAIN. Download the top 50 most read articles in PAIN in 2016. The PAIN manuscript submission site is www.editorialmanager.com/pain. Please note this URL or update your bookmarks. To log in to the site: If you are an "unconsolidated" user, use your existing user ID and password. If you are a "consolidated" user, use the forgotten password link to retrieve your password and then log in. If you have any questions, please contact the PAIN Editorial Office. PAIN Retains High Ranking Among Journals in Several Fields PAIN continues to be the premier journal in the field of anesthesiology, according to the annual Thomson Reuters study, "Journal Citation Reports," attaining an Impact Factor in 2015 of 5.557 and a five-year mark of 6.244, the top ranking during the recent five-year period. The Impact Factor measures, among other things, how often journal articles are cited during a specific period. PAIN had 31,705 citations in 2014, far outdistancing its nearest competitor and tops in the anesthesiology field. PAIN also was highly ranked in other journal categories. In the field of clinical neurology, PAIN ranked in the top 9 percent of 192 journals, and in the neurosciences category, it finished in the top 14 percent of 256 journals. Congratulations to Editor-in-Chief Francis J. Keefe as well as to PAIN's section and associate editors, and the Editorial Office staff. And thanks to our authors and reviewers-and of course, to our readers. All have contributed to this outstanding achievement. PAIN Offers Authors Metrics to Gauge Interest in Their Articles PAIN is excited to announce the addition of individual article-level metrics to the PAIN website, giving authors new tools to help assess readers' interest in the content of their articles. Simply find an article on the site, and below the Article Tools box you will see "Article Level Metrics." By clicking the circular badge there, you will find such metrics as the number of mentions in social media (Tweets, Facebook posts, etc.), news stories, and more. We hope readers and authors enjoy this new feature, which provides a more immediate view of the impact of an article in the wider community.


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|Putting Weight on a Skinny Horse
|Hot Blood, Warm Blood, Cold Blood in Horses
|Buttercup Toxicity in Horses
|Stabilized Rice Bran–Just the Facts, Please
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|Which Regenerative Therapy Is Best for Equine Injuries?
|Poor Appetite: Look Closer at Your Horse's Digestive Tract
Is there such a thing as too much vitamin E for a horse with a history of EPM?
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Can some forages cause horses to overproduce saliva?
My aged mare has longstanding diarrhea. Can EquiShure help?


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MAYS LANDING — Calling him the type of person Megan's Law was created for, a judge sentenced a Margate man to 13 years in prison Friday for exposing himself to a 10-year-old girl on her way to school in Linwood and pulling down her skirt as she ran.
Paul Campo, 39, pleaded guilty last year to second-degree sexual assault and luring.
The girl — whose name was being withheld due to the nature of the charges — was riding her bike to Seaview Avenue School on April 30, 2010, when Campo parked his car and started following her.
He got her behind a home on Forrest Drive, where he exposed his genitals, fondled himself with both hands and asked, "Have you ever seen one of these before?"
The girl told police he then pulled down her skirt and chased after her. She was able to get back on her bike and ride to school, where she reported what happened.
Through his attorney, Eric Lubin, Campo denied he pulled down the girl's skirt or chased her, but Superior Court Judge Kyran Connor likened that to "rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic."
"What you did to that 10-year-old child on that occasion was reprehensible," Connor said.
Campo had three previous convictions in Florida, including one case in which he exposed himself to a 12-year-old girl as he sat in his car. He received only probation for his other crimes.
He was set to go to trial on the Linwood charges in September, when he pleaded guilty.
Under the plea agreement, he was sentenced to seven years on the assault charge, and must serve at least 85 percent of that. A six-year term for the luring has no minimum but must be served consecutively.
He also must turn over his car to the state and repay the cost for flying in witnesses from Florida for the trial that didn't happen.
Chief Assistant Prosecutor Pam D'Arcy pointed out to the judge that the girl was in court Friday.
"The victim herself was brave enough to come here and face her assailant," D'Arcy said.
The girl sat next to her grandmother in the audience and watched silently as her mother spoke of the impact the attack had on the girl and her family. She said if it weren't for her daughter's bravery and ability to "run for her life" from Campo, "Who knows how this could have ended."
"Paul Campo had adult intentions on his mind and exposed them to my daughter," the mother said. "He is no stranger to this behavior, and no amount of time will be enough to guarantee he won't do this to another child."
Contact Lynda Cohen:
Follow Lynda Cohen on Twitter @LyndaCohen


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Bars For Sale in Hopewell VA
Searched the DealStream database for Bars For Sale in Hopewell VA and found no matches. Expanded the search to nearby areas and found the following matches.
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Hi guys,
I have spent quite some time this past month with Sony and Samsung Tv's but not so much the Vizio.
I am looking into buying a VIZIO M801d-A3 80-Inch.
I wanted to know how the 2d to 3d conversion is on this Vizio tv?
I do prefer passive 3d as opposed to active 3d.
In my opinion, the active 3d on all Panasonic plasma's makes the picture even darker. So i have eliminated Panasonic plasmas from my list of "potential buys".
I am also not thrilled with Samsung's active 3d. There is some stuttering, or something annoying my eyes. The samsung 7100 75", is still a potential buy though.
Sony's 3d is the best I have seen. I am considering the 4k 65" from sony, which has the best picture and best 3d I have seen. The 2d to 3d conversion is also AMAZING!!.
The problem is that the Sony XBR 4k is only 65" and we watch TV from 12~14 feet away, so it's a tad small.
So far, I have seen the Vizio M series in Walmart and costco, but have not spent any time with this tv. I do prefer Vizio's image to the Sharp tv's, do you agree?
I have also heard that the remote control on the vizio is a problem.
Could someone please give me some more information...How many depth settings are there on 2d to 3d conversion? Does the vizio do it well? Has any one seen Sony's passive 3d?
AV: Sony DH740
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L/R: Polk Monitor 70 Series 2
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With the Internet of Things Comes Hidden Risks
Posted by Dr. Ashutosh Saxena (View Profile | View All Posts) at 9:07 AM
CyberPatriot Prepares Students to Protect the Internet of Everything [Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1tBJNdZQuc]
Of all the unsettling stories of our Internet age, perhaps none is creepier than computer miscreants hacking into home video cameras or security systems. Whenever I hear an expert or colleague sing about the merits of the Internet of Things (IoT), I remind him or her of their home security systems that could be hacked by creepy outsiders. The story, though unsettling, puts things in perspective. That is, as wonderful as the IoT will be for our personal lives overall, what with all the conveniences involved, we have made a deal that is a formidable one - one in which our privacy and security is forever compromised.
That's why we have to be more vigilant - like it or not. Convenience and the wonders of technology come with a price. Besides, the IoT is already just about everywhere. There are nearly five billion connected things and this number could climb to 25 billion by 2020, according to the folks at Gartner. Now it is true that the IoT promises a smoother life, such as the ability for consumers to keep track of their groceries and energy consumption on their cell phones. We will even receive alerts when milk is running low. Everything, including our homes and our heartbeats (did you see the recent Apple iWatch event?) will be monitored to make our lives more flexible and downright easier.
Then there is the not totally unrelated topic of privacy. Companies convert information to valuable knowledge about our every move. They open personalized advertisements on various smart gadgets similar to the online users on websites in the name of personalizing the shopping experience. Another school of thought goes something like this: Such uses of the IoT are invasions of privacy. Security is an offshoot of privacy. Or maybe more accurately I should be framing my argument as the universal right to privacy and security. Right now, some intruder is getting ready to out-smart TVs, thermostats, home automation hubs, alarm systems and other common domestic devices including fridges, ovens, door and window sensors, motion detectors, video cameras and recording mechanisms. Why? Well, these gadgets are all connected via the cloud to a mobile device or the web. Any web technology is hackable. Cyber intruders can access home video cameras or security systems remotely, without the owner's knowledge.
Some people say that IoT is actually worse than an insecure space as it is typically based on the solutions that links network, application, mobile, and cloud technologies together into a single ecosystem. Hackers love to intrude because of weak passwords, insecure password recovery mechanisms, and poorly protected credentials. Valid user accounts can be identified through feedback received from reset password mechanisms, credential input and sign-up pages. Transport encryption is essential for all communications that travel across the Internet to protect sensitive data. Otherwise it is a cakewalk for the hacker. To help manufacturers, developers, and consumers better understand the security issues associated with the IoT, the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is a project designed to enable users to make better security decisions when building, deploying, or assessing IoT technologies.
As we all prepare for an interconnected future, businesses and governments must come up with new laws and policies. And they must keep up with developments. The European Union, for example, outlined such measures in its report on 'IoT Privacy, Data Protection, Information Security.' One recommendation is to develop privacy-friendly default settings on IoT products and services that would give users more control over what information is shared with others. Furthermore, it suggests that IoT networks give individuals the rights to their own data.
Now if we could only track down the miscreants who hack home video systems!


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We make it really easy for you to move your Blubrry podcast over to Podbean
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Pakistan vs Bangladesh 1st ODI Live: Pakistan will take on Bangladesh in Dhaka for the first international One day will be the match played on Thursday 1 December 2011.Pak team in good performance against Ban in first T20 match on 29 November at Mirpur. this time Pakistan cricket team more excited for 1st One Day D/N match against Bangladesh. all over world cricket fans excited to watch this match stream online and wait for good results and score card. we know Pak more tough from Ban but Bangladesh team couch aim high for a good game and best result in fever of his team. all people excited to watch this live stream moments of full match. So do not miss this match, watch Pakistan vs Bangladesh free live streaming video online watch live on Justin tv, Geo Sports tv geosuper, live streaming on Ustream, live on Fox Sports, ESPN live tv channel, Fox spots in USA, Fox Sports in UK, Australian Tv channel, ESPN Brazil sports tv, live on web tv, live on internet on your own PC.
Misbah-ul-Haq's men, buoyant after a successful series against Sri Lanka in the United Arab Emirates, where they won in all three formats of the game, proved their mettle once again. Pakistan team squad really good for this match and they have some important key players to change match situation at any place. so a good game play again Bangladesh in Pakistan tour to Bangladesh 2011. You can buy tickets from Pakistan against Bangladesh and Mirpur watch the game. Entries in Bangladesh against Pakistan, 1st ODI match will be delivered to the applicant by international mail. You must buy tickets at least one month before Pakistan, Bangladesh kickoff.
Pak vs Ban Live Online 1st ODI 01 December 2011
Pakistan vs Bangladesh 1st ODI Live Cricket Score Match Results Highlights Videos
Pakistan vs Bangladesh 1st ODI Live 2011.
Pakistan tour to Bangladesh 2011.
Date:- Thursday, December 1, 2011 — Time:- 07:00 GMT
Venue:- Dhaka.
Pakistan and Bangladesh 1st ODI Team Squads:-
Pakistan Squad:
Misbah-ul-Haq (capt), Mohammad Hafeez, Imran Farhat, Shahid Afridi, Younis Khan, Umar Akmal, Shoaib Malik, Sarfraz Ahmed (wk), Saeed Ajmal, Abdul Rehman, Umar Gul, Aizaz Cheema, Junaid Khan, Sohail Tanvir, Abdul Razzaq, Asad Shafiq.
Bangladesh Squad:
Mushfiqur Rahim (capt & wk), Mahmudullah (vice-capt.), Tamim Iqbal, Imrul Kayes, Shakib Al Hasan, Alok Kopali, Naeem Islam, Nasir Hossain, Shafiul Islam, Abdur Razzak, Nazmul Hossain, Rubel Hossain, Elias Sunny, Farhad Reza, Shahriar Nafees.
Pak vs Ban 1st ODI Live Voting Poll (Cast your vote)
Who will be Kabaddi World Cup 2012 Champions ?
- Pakistan (56%, 2,822 Votes)
- India (44%, 2,214 Votes)
Total Voters: 5,011
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Pakistan will face Bangladesh in 1st ODI live cricket match on 01 December 2011 at Dhaka. you can tune live score online results action and stream online highlights free at match time with best resources.so stay here and enjoy full match.


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Polycarbonate, UV stable and anti-aging
Chair's Color
Clear, black, white, grey, smoke, amber, blue, red, green, silver, gold, to order
Cushion\'s Colors
White, ivory, offwhite, brown, burgundy, blue, black, to order
Seat Height
Seat Depth
Seat Width
Overall Height
Net Weight Each (kgs)
Overall Carton Weight(Kgs)
Delivery Time
normally 30-40days, depends on quantity and kind negotiation
Knock-down,Without Cushion
20GP / 1032pcs, 4pcs/ctn, ctn size:93*40*31cm
40FT / 2120pcs, 4pcs/ctn, ctn size:93*40*31cm
40HC / 2400pcs, 4pcs/ctn, ctn size:93*40*31cm
Knock-down,With Cushion
20GP / 860pcs, 4pcs/ctn, ctn size:93*40*36cm
40FT / 1800pcs, 4pcs/ctn, ctn size:93*40*36cm
40HC / 2000pcs, 4pcs/ctn, ctn size:93*40*36cm
Assembled (with and without cushion both ok)
20GP / 392pcs, 8pcs/ctn, ctn size:40*61*233cm
40FT / 824pcs, 8pcs/ctn, ctn size:40*61*233cm
40HC / 936pcs, 9pcs/ctn, ctn size:40*61*263cm
1. Provide high qualiy wood and resin event chairs and tables. Accept customization based on large quantity.
2. Arrange efficient, economical shipment.
3. Provide B/L copy and packing list to help our customer with import clearance
4. After-sales service on directions of how to maintain the chairs.
5. Find target products we do not produce based on our customers requests.
6. Payment Method: best use T/T, or west union. For orders extremely large, we also accept L/C. But negotiation is indispensable before issue.
Q1. How can I start an order?
A: Try to start with an E-mail asking for price of your interested products or any other information about us.
Q2. Can I ask for a sample before I finally place an order?
A: Yes, samples are available if necessary. Yet for consideration of saving postage, we also provide detailed pictures and other documents you require to smooth your concern as an alternative solution.
Q3. If I order a small qantity, will you treat me seriously?
A: Yes, of course. The minute you contact us, you become our precious protential customer. It doesn\'t matter how small or how large your quantity is, we are looking forward to cooperating with you and hopefully we would grow toghter in the future.
Q4. Can I pay a visit to your factory?
A: Yes. You are welcomed to visit our factory at any time. Beside showing you around our factory, we can also help you with booking hotel, picking up at the airport, etc.
Q5. Where do you ship to and what countries have you done business in?
A: Zhongsen Furniture provides quick and efficient shipping to countries all over the world.
We have done business with customers in many countries, such as America, Canada, England, France, Spain, Romania, Greece, Lebanon, Mexico, Panama, Brazil, El Salvador, Angola, Malaysia, etc.


text:
Robots that play music. Robots that compose their own music.
I was one of the founding members of the RobOrchestra project at Carnegie Mellon University. We sought to make mechanical instruments that could compose and play their own music. I'm proud to say that the project has flourished since I left CMU, and has its own legacy.
My involvement with the project focused on the music generation, where I developed algorithms based on Cellular Automata and Markov Chaining. Cellular Automata, known mostly through its connection with Wolfram Automata, are ways of generating random sequences off of binary numbers using a "seed" digit, then a "rule" which produces the next binary digit based on the previous automata's configuration.
While we produced many interesting sounds with the Cellular Automata, we did not achieve much musicality. Next, we moved on to Markov Chaining, a statistical method which takes in an existing model to generate a graph, called a Markov Chain. The Markov Chain can then be randomly walked to generate a new model which would have the same attributes as the original. This works very well for music, as it preserves note relationships such as keys, harmonics, etc.
Find more about this project here


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Educational Venues near Ubu Roi
London > Education > Professional Training
106 Bunhill Row, City, London EC1Y | 6 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
City's Print Journalism course is recognised as the best in London. Although places like Goldsmith's are trendier, City is respected in the industry thanks to... More
London > Education > Professional Training
161 Old Street, Clerkenwell, London EC1V | 7 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
This gorgeous 18th century Grade I listed Hawksmoor church is one of a number of London churches which has, in recent years, been converted into... More
London > Education > Evening Classes
4 Luke Street, Shoreditch, London EC2A | 12 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
National charity for adult learning which also runs an excellent selection of theatre, literature, history and politics evening classes.... More
London > Education > Cookery Courses
Bourne & Hollingsworth Buildings, 42 Northampton Road, EC1R | 14 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Featuring six catering stations, a demonstration bench and a communal dining table, B&H Kitchen , the cookery school from Bourne & Hollingsworth Group, guides... More
London > Education > Career Services
4-6 Staple Inn, Holborn, London WC1V | 15 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Situated in the heart of London, Career Energy – formed in March 2002 - offers comprehensive advice on careers, career change and job searching. They'll... More
London > Education > Evening Classes
Garden Floor, 6 Coldbath Square, Clerkenwell, London EC1R | 15 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
One day workshops, offering a friendly no-nonsense approach to teaching about wine, suitable for everyone from beginners to experts. Courses take place at the following venues: Atlas... More
London > Education > Evening Classes
10 Sunbury Workshops, Swanfield Street, Shoreditch, London E2 | 19 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Learn some crafty manouveurs at Making Space where classes on mask making, glass engraving, pyrography (burning patterns into wood or leather), chainmail knitting, and book... More
London > Education > Universities and Colleges
Conway Hall, 25 Red Lion Square, Holborn, London WC1R | 20 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Learn to act by becoming the person you are portraying. Think yourself into the role... eat what they would eat, weigh what they would weigh,... More
London > Education > Universities and Colleges
1 Sheffield Street, Holborn, London WC2A | 21 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
The award-winning Saw Swee Hock Student Centre, designed by Irish architects O'Donnell + Tuomey and awarded the RIBA London Building of the Year Award in... More
London > Education > Arts and Drama
Somerset House, Covent Garden, London WC2R | 23 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
The Courtauld is one of the most prestigious art schools in the country, affiliated with the Oxbridge system and boasting a huge private location and... More
London > Education > English Language Courses
10 Coptic Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1A | 27 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
English [Out There!] takes a very hands-on approach to learning English. The course places an emphasis on using what you have learned. Students are taken... More
London > Education > Universities and Colleges
24 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, WC2H | 28 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
The London Film School is the oldest-established international school of film technique in the world. The school has contributed significantly... More
London > Education > Professional Training
16-20 Wharfdale Road, N1 | 28 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Whether a beginner, thinking of making it your career or an experienced florist, the London Flower School can help you to... More
London > Education > Universities and Colleges
Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1H | 30 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
The School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) is among the best schools for the studies of foreign cultures and languages in the world. In... More
London > Education > Evening Classes
17 Duke's Road, Bloomsbury, London WC1H | 31 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
London's specialist venue for contemporary dance, The Place plays a role in every aspect of this fast-growing art form. The London Contemporary Dance School offers... More
London > Education > Universities and Colleges
Granary Building, 1 Granary Square, Holborn, London N1C | 31 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
One of the premier arts colleges in the world, St Martins accepts only a few talented students each year, and is very well regarded in... More
London > Education > Universities and Colleges
Wates House, 22 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H | 33 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
The Bartlett School of Architecture, on the corner of Huntley Street and Capper Street, is part of The Bartlett: UCL's global faculty of the built... More
London > Education > Universities and Colleges
UCL University, Gower Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E | 34 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Among the best regarded art schools in the world. The Slade is a fairly traditional school with an insistence on certain techniques within each undergraduate... More
London > Education > Professional Training
Elephant & Castle, Elephant and Castle, London SE1 | 34 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
From a clutch of excellent courses in London, this is the best and among the premier specialist media courses in the world. Formerly London College... More
London > Education > Adult Education
121 Roman Road, Tower Hamlets, London E2 | 2 miles from Ubu Roi
For 30 years Four Corners has been training, producing and supporting the full range of film and photographic requirements. Services on offer include filmmaking facilities... More
London > Education > Career Services
27B Dalston Lane, E8 | 2 miles from Ubu Roi
Connexions is a countrywide information and advisory service for 13-19 year olds and people with special learning needs or disabilities under 25. They offer an... More
London > Education > Cookery Courses
15B Little Portland Street, Fitzrovia, London W1W | 2.1 miles from Ubu Roi
Awarded The Best City Cookery School 2013, the Cookery School at Little Portland Street has been teaching people to make simple, honest food for more... More
London > Education > Adult Education
19 Wigmore Street, Marylebone, London W1U | 2.3 miles from Ubu Roi
Whether you're a Nigella or not in the kitchen, the L'atelier des Chefs cookery school can teach you something. Classes are given in the basement... More
London > Education > Cookery Courses
Unit 8 The Islington Studios, 6 Hornsey Road, N7 | 2.3 miles from Ubu Roi
Islington cafe-cum-deli Jenius Social isn't just a place to enjoy fine food and carefully sourced balsamic vinegar, artisan chocolates and cured meats. It's also... More
London > Education > Evening Classes
89/91 Bayham Street, Camden Town, London NW1 | 2.4 miles from Ubu Roi
Unique and innovative workshops teaching flower arranging and floristry with monthly, weekly or daily workshops. This is a really enjoyable art form that allows its... More
London > Education > Cookery Courses
118 Marylebone Lane, Marylebone, London W1U | 2.5 miles from Ubu Roi
The Caldesi family first set up a cooking school in Giancarlo's native Tuscany. His 'Return to Tuscany' was captured by BBC cameras and dished up... More
London > Education > Other Attractions
Hyde Park, Hyde Park, London W2 | 3.2 miles from Ubu Roi
Hidden in a copse of trees in Hyde Park, The LookOut is a tranquil haven in the heart of London. Home to the Isis Education... More
London > Education
Units 1 & 2 119-123 Hackford Road, Brixton, London SW9 | 3.3 miles from Ubu Roi
Chocolate Films is a South London based film production company and social enterprise which runs a wide variety of media courses including stop motion animation,... More
London > Education > Evening Classes
Unit 207, Belgravia Workshop, 157-163 Marlborough Road, N19 | 3.4 miles from Ubu Roi
Only the French could come up with an art form so bizarrely fascinating. Mime is as relaxing as Tai Chi, as healthy as yoga, and... More
London > Education > Evening Classes
165 Queen's Gate, South Kensington, South Kensington, London SW7 | 4 miles from Ubu Roi
There are plenty of initiatives trying to get kids involved in science, but the Dana Centre, an extension of the Science Museum, is the first... More
Hotels Near
Ubu Roi
What's On Today
Near Ubu Roi
The Tempest
Theatre | Until 18th August 2017
This production is directed by RSC Artistic Director Gregory Doran and stars Simon Russell Beale as Prospero, the magician, taking ...More
Into The Unknown: A Journey Through Science Fiction
Exhibitions | Until 1st September 2017
This June, the Barbican Centre presents Into The Unknown: A Journey Through Science Fiction. The genre-defying exploration of art, design, ...More
Niall McDiarmid: Here And Now
Exhibitions | Until 15th October 2017
Museum of London 3 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Photographic portraits of the people of London, taken over six years....More
The City Is Ours
Exhibitions | Until 2nd January 2018
Museum of London 3 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
More than half the world's population live in urban areas and that percentage is even higher in more developed countries. ...More
Lady Lucy: Portraits for Services, Gifts and Favours
Exhibitions | Until 24th September 2017
Museum of London 3 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
A participatory art project, asking members of the public to offer a service, gift or favour to another museum visitor ...More
My Point Forward
Exhibitions | Until 24th September 2017
Museum of London 3 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Blast Theory present a series of newly commissioned short films in this interactive exhibition....More
Richard Hadfield
Concerts | On 25th July 2017
The Localist 6 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Stories From The City: The Bank Of England In Literature
Exhibitions | Until 29th June 2018
Bank of England Museum 8 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Bill Viola: Mary
Exhibitions | Until 31st December 2018
St Paul's Cathedral 9 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
Mary, the second permanent large-scale video installation by Bill Viola for St Paul's Cathedral is inaugurated in the North Quire ...More
Bill Viola
Exhibitions | Until 11th August 2018
St Paul's Cathedral 9 minutes walk from Ubu Roi
The internationally-acclaimed artist displays a second permanent large-scale installation, titled Mary, the first moving-image artworks to be installed in a ...More
New on LondonTown
James Cochran N1
Second restaurant from James Cochran, former chef at the two Michelin starred The Ledbury, this ...More
Sorrento Terrace at Sartoria
Seasonal | From 4th August
In the heart of Mayfair, Sartoria's sunny terrace ...More
Bang Bang Oriental
London's biggest Asian foodhall. Over 20 food kiosks, bubble tea and seating for up to ...More
Percolate Open Air
Clubbing and Nightlife | On 29th July
After hosting parties in some of London's best clubs over the past five years, the ...More
The Coal Shed
The team behind The Coal Shed and The Salt Room in Brighton go from coast ...More
Lucky & Joy
From the co-founder of The Art of Dining, Chinese pop-up Lucky & Joy comes to ...More
The Grand Cork Experiment
Exhibitions | From 28th July
Renowned for their quirky and immersive events, sensory food experts Bompas & Parr have collaborated with the Portuguese Cork Association to present The Grand Cork Experiment. An immersive wine tasting like no other, it will ...More
From the owner of Casse-Croûte across the road comes a French cafe style restaurant full of French bistro classics cooked on the rotisserie....More
Shakespeare's Telling Tales
Kids Events | From 28th July
This week, Shakespeare's Globe hosts a weekend-long festival celebrating the joy of storytelling. Shakespeare's Telling Tales will include everything from talks with leading children's authors to practical workshops ...More
Pitch Stratford
Brand new for summer 2017, Pitch Stratford is an open air space in the heart ...More
Food For Being Looked At
Exhibitions | From 27th July
A new exhibition at The Photographers' Gallery, Food For Being Looked At explores the new ...More
The Great Eight Phantoms - A Rolls-Royce Exhibition
Exhibitions | From 29th July
This summer, renowned auctioneers Bonhams present an exhibition ...More
Coal Rooms
Originally part of Peckham Rye's train station in the 1930s Coal Room is a restaurant ...More
The Art of the Football Shirt
Exhibitions | From 26th July
Curated by fashion historian Neal Heard, The Art of the Football Shirt explores the relationship between football and popular culture. In the exhibition, Heard shares his vast knowledge, ...More
Sporting Events | On 14th September
Reviving the '90s TV show Gladiators comes to Merchant Square for one day only, challenging ...More
Merchant Square
Modern development at the heart of Paddington's waterways. Home to Thomas Heatherwick's Rolling Bridge and ...More
Go Ape - Cockfosters
Go Ape at Cockfosters in Trent Park, in 413 acres of London's Green Belt, has ...More
Go Ape - Alexandra Palace
Join the Go Ape tree top adventure at Alexandra Palace and swing through the trees, ...More
Fantastic Mr Fox
Theatre | From 28th July
A playful re-telling of Roald Dahl's popular tale, Fantastic Mr Fox, by Maria Aberg who ...More
Concerts | On 27th September
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Kidult thrill seekers looking for an adrenaline ...More
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There's no need to leave town when you're in search of sand, feel the ...More
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London's street food scene has really taken ...More
London Hotels
From cheap budget hotels to luxury 5 star suites see our special offers for Barbican Theatre hotels, including Radisson Blu Edwardian Vanderbilt Hotel from 62% off.


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Antigens and Antibodies summaryBY: Shivam Gupta | Category: Biology | Submitted: 2015-10-30 09:09:04
Article Summary: "The basic of Immune system about antigen and Antibodies, antigen and antibody interactions, Polyclonal antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies.."
What is an antigen?
• An antigen is any substance that elicits an immune response and is then capable of binding to the subsequently produced antibodies.
• Antigens are generally proteins or polysaccharides, but other substances such as nucleic acids can also be antigens.
What is antibodies?
• An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target.
• Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell.
• Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell lines.
What is an antibody?
• An immunoglobulin that is capable of combining with specificity to the antigen that elicited its production.
How, Why and Where are Antibodies Produced?
• Produced in Vertebrate Cells in response to a 'non-self' substance termed an antigen.
• The process begins with macrophages roaming the bloodstream. Macrophages engulf 'non-self' molecules and then display portions of the engulfed molecules on their outer plasma membranes.
• After many recognition steps B-cells are stimulated to produce specific antibodies.
• The antibodies then go off and bind to the foreign substance thereby marking the substance for destruction.
What is an Epitope?
• An epitope is the small site on the antigen which is recognized by the antibody.
• Usually between one and six sugars or amino acids on the surface of the antigen.
Antibody Uniqueness:
• B-cells produce somewhere between 1 x 108 and 1 x 1010 IgG antibodies with different binding sites.
Antibody-Antigen Interactions:
Binding of antibody to antigen is dependent on hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions and Van der Waals attractions.
These bonds are weak compared to covalent bonds but the large number of weak bonds result in a stable complex.
Antibody-antigen binding is reversible.
Binding site differences are due to amino acid sequence differences.
The variable region is made up of 110 -130 amino acids.
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens.
Haptens are small molecules that can bind to antibodies but cannot by themselves induce an immune response.
However, the conjugate formed by coupling a hapten to a large carrier protein is immunogenic and elicits production of anti-hapten antibodies when injected into an animal.
Such injections also produce anti-carrier and antihapten/ carrier antibodies as well.
Antibody-Antigen Interactions:
• Binding of antibody to antigen is dependent on hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions and Van der Waals attractions.
• These bonds are weak compared to covalent bonds but the large number of weak bonds result in a stable complex.
• Antibody-antigen binding is reversible.
• Binding site differences are due to amino acid sequence differences.
• The variable region is made up of 110 -130 amino acids.
• Immunogenicity is determined by many factors including foreignness, molecular size, chemical composition, complexity, dose, susceptibility to antigen processing and presentation,
• The genotype of the recipient animal (in particular, its MHC genes), route of administration, and adjuvants.
Adjuvants (from Latin adjuvare, to help) are substances that, when mixed with an antigen and injected with it, enhance the immunogenicity of that antigen. Adjuvants are often used to boost the immune response when an antigen has low immunogenicity or when only small amounts of an antigen are available
1. Antigen persistence is prolonged.
2. Co-stimulatory signals are enhanced.
3. Local inflammation is increased.
4. The nonspecific proliferation of lymphocytes is stimulated.
Polyclonal Antibody
• Most B cells will not respond to a particular antigen.
• Each B cell which is activated by an antigen is selected because its antibody binds an epitope on the antigen.
• There are usually many epitopes on an antigen.
• Each epitope stimulates a different B cell. Thus, there is clonal expansion of several different B cells.
• It is said to be a polyclonal antibody response, and the serum containing the mixture of antibodies is called a polyclonal antiserum.
• Produced by immunizing an animal with the appropriate antigen.
• The immunized animal's serum is collected.
• Antibodies can then be purified from the serum.
• Since one antigen induces the production of many antibodies the result is a 'polyclonal' mixture of antibodies.
• Polyclonal antibodies are much less expensive than monoclonal antibodies.
How does antibody staining work?
• Antibody-antigen reaction is highly specific for a given antibody-antigen pair.
• Immunostaining techniques rely on the extreme specificity of an antibody for its antigen.
Indirect vs Direct Antibody Staining:
What is the difference between direct and indirect immunostaining?
• A single secondary detects many primaries so you only need one labeled antibody to be able to visualize the location of large numbers of primary antibodies.
Why do indirect Immunostaining?
• Also, the signal is stronger.
• Cheaper
Polyclonal Antibody Preparation:
• Because T lymphocytes must also be activated in order to help
• a B lymphocyte response, simple molecules, and molecules
• which do not have a protein component are coupled to protein
• carriers like Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH).
Adjuvant is used to-
• reduce the rate of clearance of the antigen from the body
• keep it fairly localized
• provide a low non-specific stimulus to the immune system to
• improve antigen presentation and B cell activation.
• Common adjuvants use an oil-aqueous emulsion to trap
• antigen for slow release.
Polyclonal Antibodies:
• Produced by immunizing an animal with the appropriate antigen.
• The immunized animal's serum is collected.
• Antibodies can then be purified from the serum.
• Since one antigen induces the production of many antibodies the result is a 'polyclonal' mixture of antibodies.
• Polyclonal antibodies are much less expensive than monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal Antibodies:
• Much more complicated to produce than polyclonal antibodies.
• Process begins by immunizing an animal (most commonly a mouse) with an antigen.
• The animal's spleen is removed.
• B-cells are fused with myeloma cells resulting in hybridomas.
• Hybridomas are screened to find those producing antibodies to the antigen with which they were immunized.
• Each hybridoma cell is derived from one B-cell so the antibodies that a clonal population of hybridoma cells produce are monoclonal antibodies.
• Monoclonal antibodies recognize one epitope only.
About Author / Additional Info:
I am currently pursuing B. Tech in Biotechnology from National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
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text:
Requested by : Jy
SNSD's leader Taeyeon has been promoting her solo debut single "I" in various music programs in the month of October. Her stage ensembles have always been popular requests. One reader was curious about the singer's stage style when she performed on Mnet's M Countdown. For this appearance, Taeyeon wore a Dabsi Embroidered Crepe Dress ($435) from Vanessa Bruno Athe. The bohemian style mini dress features embroidery details and keyhole neckline with tassel details.
( Mnet[1] )


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Austin EWGA Fun Play at River Place Country Club
EWGA - Austin
Sunday, May 5, 2013 from 12:00 PM to 5:00 PM (CDT)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Join the Austin EWGA Chapter on Sunday, May 5th for a round of golf at the beautiful River Place Country Club. Tee times from 12:13pm.
Format will be indiviual stroke play. Scramble teams may be included if there are requests.
Registration Deadline is Friday,May 3rd.
Registration ticket cost is not refunded for cancellations after the registration deadline. Registrants cancelling after the deadline may find a substitute. Cancellations and changes should be communicated to email@example.com.
When & Where
River Place Country Club
4207 River Place Blvd.
Sunday, May 5, 2013 from 12:00 PM to 5:00 PM (CDT)
Add to my calendar
EWGA - Austin
The Executive Women's Golf Association (EWGA) - Austin, TX Chapter is a not-for-profit organization formed in 1991 whose mission is connecting women to learn, play, and enjoy the game of golf for business and for life. Visit us at www.ewga-austin.com for more information.