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Oilseeds business opportunities in Ethiopia
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1 Oilseeds business opportunities in Ethiopia
3 Oilseeds business opportunities in Ethiopia Commissioned by Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, the Netherlands Authors J. Wijnands (LEI) J. Biersteker (Consultant for Ethiopian-European business linkages in oilseeds) R. Hiel (Schuttelaar & Partners) The Hague May 2007
5 Foreword Oilseeds are a mainstay of the rural and national economy in Ethiopia. After coffee oilseeds are the second largest export earner for the country and already more than 3 million smallholders are involved in its production. Exports actually consist of sesame and niger seed, for which there is a growing demand in the world market. But also castor, linseed and safflower have good export potential. The growing demand in the world market for these specialty products and the available capacity to expand production could make oilseeds turn into one of the engines of economic growth of Ethiopia. The Netherlands is the largest importer and processor of edible oils in Europe. It markets a broad range of oils products, not only for the food industry, but also for cosmetics and industrial purposes. The edible oils cluster in the Netherlands harnesses a lot of embedded technical, organizational and market knowledge. And in addition to processing, it offers a wide range of supporting services. This leading position makes the Netherlands an interesting partner in realizing further growth and development of the Ethiopian oilseeds sector. The main purpose of this market study is to provide Dutch companies with information on the state of the art of the Ethiopian oilseeds sector and to put forward suggestions for both Dutch and Ethiopian businesses on possible areas for cooperation. The Ethiopian Pulses, Oilseeds and Spices Processors Association and the Netherlands Product Board for Margarine, Fats and Oils (MVO) have been actively involved in carrying out this market study. The study must be considered as a first initiative in assisting Dutch and Ethiopian companies in exploring business opportunities. The next step is the agro-mission to Ethiopia from September 24 to 28, This mission will have a special program on oil(seeds). Moreover Mr. Jaap Biersteker is available as a consultant to assist companies in exploring how to make business options more concrete (contact details in this report). Financial support for this study came from the Department of Trade and Industry and the International Research Programme of the Netherlands ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, and from the Ethiopian Program on Support to Business Organizations and their Access to Markets, supported by the Netherlands, which makes also the services of Mr. Biersteker available. I trust this study will contribute to further develop the oilseeds sector to the benefit of Ethiopia and the Netherlands. Geert Westenbrink Counsellor Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Addis Ababa
7 Table of contents Executive summary 7 1. Introduction 8 2. Country profile of Ethiopia General Agriculture The Ethiopian oilseeds chain Introduction Cultivation of oilseeds Collection and trade Oilseed crushing and oil refining Organisation and structure of the chain Investments in the oilseeds chain Price formation Oilseed markets Introduction Domestic use and import/export Ethiopian opportunities for specialty oilseeds Institutional environment Opportunities for production growth SWOT analysis of the Ethiopian oilseeds business Conclusions and recommendations 23 Acknowledgements 25 Contact 26 References 27 List of companies/organisations/ spots visited on fact finding mission 28 Appendix 1 Costs of the sesame value chain 29 Appendix 2 Additional fact and figures 30 5
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9 Executive summary In this study the business opportunities for Dutch companies in the Ethiopian oilseeds sector are explored. Opportunities for setting up sustainable export chains should mutually benefit Dutch companies as well as the Ethiopian oilseeds sector in particular and the Ethiopian society in general. Ethiopia has an attractive portfolio of high value specialty oilseeds for export markets. It is in the top 5 producing countries for sesame seed, linseed and niger seed. In addition, specialty seeds like safflower seed and castor beans are grown in Ethiopia. Most other oilseeds produced in Ethiopia (soybeans, cotton seed, rapeseed etc.) are commodities. For these commodities it will be difficult for Ethiopia to compete on the world market due to its relatively low volumes, low quality and high handling and transport costs. These oilseeds are important for local consumption. Oilseeds are the second export earner of Ethiopia. Growth and improvement of the oilseed sector can substantially contribute to the economic development at national, regional level and at family level. Oilseeds are considered as high value export products by the Ethiopian government. The government enhances the oilseeds sector by investment incentives (e.g. duty and tax income exemptions from 2 to 8 years for foreign investments). Many smallholders and a limited number of large farms grow oilseeds. Oilseeds are cash crops on subsistence farms. Production is characterised as labour intensive, low-input and rain-fed. The potentials to increase the production are huge. Productivity per ha for most oilseeds can be doubled with higher input levels and improved technologies and seeds. New virgin areas are fertile and offer good opportunities for organic and sustainable oilseeds production. Opportunities for oilseed export are not fully exploited yet because of inefficient marketing, improper cleaning and sometimes poor contract discipline. The attractive portfolio of specialty oilseeds offers business opportunities for both the Netherlands and Ethiopia especially in the following areas: Investments in hulling facilities for sesame seed Sesame seed hulling is aimed at raw materials for the bakery industry. The value added of hulled sesame seed compared to untreated seeds is USD /ton. At the moment no hulling facilities exist in Ethiopia. Organizing local crush and bottling of sesame oil. European crushing of sesame seed is limited. It is likely that the European sesame oil demand will grow, especially for use as wok oil. Volumes are small but highly profitable. Mostly sesame oil is sold in 250g-bottles for households and some in larger packaging to caterers. Transport from Ethiopia can be organized via IBCs for Europe and other destinations Setting up organic chains Due to the low levels of inputs and the use of virgin new areas, oilseed production in Ethiopia is near organic standards. The potential of exporting sesame seed under the organic farming label to Europe is seen as a prospect by many stakeholders in Ethiopia. Thanks to coffee basic knowledge and experience on organic production and certification is available. Some Dutch companies are already active in this field and public private cooperation for organic oilseeds could play a role in accelerating the development of this niche market. Exploration of opportunities for linseed and safflower seed Linseed is mainly used for domestic consumption in Ethiopia. Linseed is of increasing importance for the food industry in highly developed consumer markets due to the specific non-saturated fatty acids. As Ethiopia is the 5th world producer of linseed, export opportunities should be further explored. Safflower can be a dual-purpose crop: seeds as oil crop and the petals for extracting dyes. If high in linoleic (C18:2) setting up a supply chain to European users might be possible. Investments in cleaning facilities for sesame seed Ethiopia has sesame seed varieties that are suitable for a wide range of applications. Highly developed consumer markets in Europe and elsewhere demand high purity levels (>99.5%) for bakery applications. Up-to-date cleaning machines are available in Ethiopia, but still have a very limited capacity. 7
10 1 Introduction The aim of this study is to explore the business opportunities for Dutch companies in the Ethiopian oilseeds sector. Opportunities for setting up sustainable export chains should benefit Dutch companies as well as the Ethiopian oilseeds sector in particular and the Ethiopian society in general. The findings of an extensive desk research of the Ethiopian oilseeds sector were checked and fine-tuned by field research in Ethiopia in February Important actors in the oilseeds chain, warehouses, seed cleaning facilities and oilseed crushing and refining plants were visited. In addition, stakeholders from the institutional environment were consulted. Furthermore, Dutch companies importing oilseeds from Ethiopia were interviewed by telephone in order to map their experiences and ideas about prospective opportunities for the Ethiopian oilseeds sector. Report structure Chapter 2 provides general background information on Ethiopia. Chapter 3 describes the Ethiopian oilseeds chain from cultivation, collection and trade to oilseed crushing and refining. In addition, organisation and structure of the chain are discussed. Chapter 4 deals with the Ethiopian oilseed markets, growth opportunities for specific oilseeds and the institutional environment. Based on the information of chaper 3 and 4 the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis) of the Ethiopian oilseeds chain are analysed in chapter 5. Conclusions and recommendations for enhancing business opportunities for the Ethiopian oilseeds sector in general and between Ethiopia and The Netherlands specifically are the subject of chapter 6. 8
11 2 Country profile of Ethiopia 2.1 General Key Figures Population: 79.4 million. Growth rate 2.5% (2006). Capital: Addis Ababa, 2.4 million inhabitants Land Area: 113 million ha, 27 times the Netherlands (2006) Agricultural land: 20% of the land is cultivated as agricultural land. GDP: 11.8 USD billion (EVD, 2006) GDP-growth: 9% in 2004/2006 and 5% ( ) Origin GDP: Agriculture 42%, Industry, 11% and services 47%. GDP per head: 112 USD; Sudan 434 USD; Kenya 427 USD; The Netherlands 23,300 USD (2004) Literacy: male 45%, female 35% (2003) Inflation: 12% ( ) Main exports: Coffee, oilseeds, chat, pulses Export destinations: Djibouti (14%), Germany (12%), China (9%) Japan (8%) (2005) Main imports from: Saudi Arabia (27%), US (14%), China (8%); Italy (5%) (2005) Source: CIA, CSA, 2007 and EVD, 2007 Regions of Ethiopia Ethiopia s politics takes place within the framework of a federal parliamentary republic. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The Ethiopian People s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) is the main party in the government. In the election of 2005 the EPRDF got almost 60% of the seats in the parliament, despite the loss of 150 seats to the opposition. Ethiopia has a good main road infrastructure, although with 21 to 31 km per 100,000 ha the road density is quite low considering the African average is 50 km per 100,000 ha. The main roads converge on Addis Ababa. In recent years, telecommunication and information technologies have dramatically improved. Large investments are made to improve further road, rail and ICT infrastructure. The bulk (98%) of international trade is handled by Djibouti. Ethiopia has started negotiations to join WTO. This liberalises the economy and improves the international business climate. Table 2.1 provides some information on doing business in Ethiopia, compared to the neighbouring countries and Egypt. Kenya performs slightly better, but Ethiopia performs better than Sudan and Egypt. Dutch entrepreneurs active in Ethiopia indicate that, although procedures are quite bureaucratic, they do function. In case of problems, higher governmental officials are always willing to assist in solving unforeseen problems. In general the government is very keen on economic growth and welcomes foreign investments. The package for foreign investors is quite attractive (see paragraph 4.4). Furthermore Ethiopia is actively working on further improvement of the business climate. 1 Addis Ababa (city); 2 Afar; 3 Amhara; 4 Benishangul-Gumaz; 5 Dire Dawa (city;) 6 Gambela; 7 Harari; 8 Oromia; 9 Somali; 10 Southern Nations, Nationalities and People s Region and 11 Tigray Table 2.1 Selected business indicators in 2006: Ranking out of 175 countries Indicator Ethiopia Kenya Sudan Egypt Overall ease of business Starting a Business Dealing with licenses Employing workers Registering property Getting credit Protecting investors Paying taxes Trading across borders Enforcing contracts Source: World Bank. Doing Business in
12 2.2 Agriculture Agriculture employs 80% of the labour force and accounts for 42% of the GDP, mainly at smallholdings. The highlands are highly fertile, but are threatened by overpopulation causing deforestation and erosion. Most of the farming is rainfed and droughts might cause famine. Coffee, oilseeds, chat, and pulses are the main export products. The export based flower industry is booming. Good growing conditions, low costs and government investment incentives attract Ethiopian growers as well as those from other countries such as the Netherlands, Israel and India. The Ethiopian government has indicated that the oilseeds sesame seed, niger seed, and safflower seed are high-priority export crops. 10
13 3 The Ethiopian oilseeds chain 3.1 Introduction This chapter describes the Ethiopian oilseeds chain. Figure 3.1 presents the Ethiopian oilseeds chain. Section 3.2 discusses the Ethiopian oilseeds cultivation (types, quantity, geographical dispersion, yields and use of inputs). Section 3.3 deals with collection and trade and role of cooperatives. In section 3.4 the oilseed crushing and refining industry is analysed (quantities, quality, food safety aspects). Section 3.5 describes the organisation and structure of the Ethiopian oilseeds chain. Section 3.6 provides information on investment(plans) in the Ethiopian oilseeds sector. Paragraph 3.7 discusses price formation. Figure 3.1 Oilseeds and oil chain Producers Collecting Middle men Brokers/Wholesalers Retailers Local consumers Oil milers Exporters 3.2 Cultivation of oilseeds Ethiopia has altitudes from below sea level up to more than 4,500m above sea level with very different climates. This enables Ethiopia to grow a wide range of oilseeds, in which it has a long tradition. It ranks among the top 5 world producers of sesame seed and linseed and is an important producer of niger seed. Groundnuts, safflower, rapeseed and many other oilseeds are produced on a limited scale. The production of oilseeds is presented in table 3.1. The production of sesame seed, niger seed (also known as noug or neug) and linseed was much higher in 2004/5 and 2005/6 than in previous years thanks to favourable weather conditions. Table 3.1 Production of oilseeds (1,000 tons) 00/01 1 / 2 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 Linseed Niger seed Sesame Groundnuts Saffflower Rapeseed Total (above) Cottonseed N.A. N.A. Soybeans Source: CSA; Cottonseed and soybeans FAOstat Oilseed production regions The production regions of oilseeds are summarised in table 3.2. The main production regions are Tigray, Amhara and Oromia and Beneshangul Table 3.2 Regional production of oilseeds in 2005/06 (x 1000 tons) Regions Nigerseed Linseed Groundnuts Safflower Sesame Rapeseed Soybeans Tigray Amhara Oromia Beneshangul Others Ethiopia (total) Source: CSA Agricultural Sample Survey,
14 Yields In figure 3.2. yields (in tons per ha) are presented for several oilseed crops For most crops yields are below 1 ton /ha, except for soybeans. For linseed, rapeseed and sesame seed an indication of the potential yields according to FAO is given. These higher yields can be achieved with improved farm practices on smallholder level. Improvement means better seeds, fertilisers, crop protection and farm management in general. In the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to end Poverty (PASDEP) the Ethiopian government aims at doubling the oilseed production between 2005 and The growth should be achieved mainly by higher yields per hectare. Until now farmers have practiced a low input, rainfed agriculture. Most of them do not use any fertiliser. The average fertiliser consumption is only 7 kilograms per ha. Also the use of improved seeds is very limited. Due to deforestation in some areas use of manure as fuel is causing soil mining. In the lowland areas in the North West and South West, oilseeds are cultivated on virgin land and there seems to be less need for fertilisers. Due to the low input levels, oilseed production in Ethiopia is near organic standards. This is the case for most smallholders and large commercial farms. Discussions with farmers revealed that the use of fertiliser is hampered by availability, lack of credit facilities, uncertainty about economic returns and risks. In some cases there is also the belief that fertiliser use will damage the soil in the longer term. An extensive programme with on-farm trials, demonstrations and training is required. The farm school programme in which farmers themselves play an active role in testing and demonstration is worthwhile to consider in this respect. Holdings with 2-5 ha cultivate more than 50% of the oilseeds area; Holdings with 1-2 ha almost 30%. Besides smallholders there are a limited number of large commercial farmers (> 100 ha). The share of the latter is less than 2%. About 3 million farmers in Ethiopia are involved in oilseeds cultivation. Total oilseeds production is 500, ,000 tons. Total oilseeds area is estimated at 800,000 ha. Virgin lowland areas in the North West and South West offer opportunities for expanding production. 3.3 Collection and trade On local level small villager traders, cooperatives or agents are involved in collection and trade. On regional and national level, also NGOs and the State are engaged in this process. A market study from 1998 indicated that approximately one third of the grains (including oilseeds) are sold directly to the consumers by the farmers, 60% of the oilseeds are traded by 10% of the largest traders and 80% of the small traders have a share of 20%. The big estates and commercial farmers seldom practice direct marketing to consumers. Their buyers are exporters and/or processors. Cooperatives seem to work well in the coffee sector. Several times that raised the question whether cooperatives might work in the oilseed sector. Cooperative members need a shared strategy, higher benefits than without a cooperative, willingness to share power and the avoidance of opportunism. The latter means that irrespective of the market price, especially in the case of higher prices, all of the products have to be handled by the cooperative. During the fact finding mission we got the impression that opportunism of Figure 3.2 Oilseeds, yield per ha Linseed Oilseeds, nec Rapeseed and Mustardseed Sesameseed Soybeans Pot. low Pot. high Source: FAOstat 12
15 several actors in the chain is hampering cooperatives. The government s involvement in present cooperatives is not seen as favourable. In a 2006 survey by SNV the number of traders and wholesalers in 10 market towns were estimated. The major market for oilseeds is Addis Ababa, with approximately 50 main traders and over 300 wholesalers. This is 3 to 4 times as much as in the other 9 cities. 3.4 Oilseed crushing and oil refining Most of the oilseeds are crushed locally, without any refining. In rural areas crude oil is preferred for cooking purposes. The number of processors of refined oil was estimated by the visited industry at 9. The production of refined oil in Ethiopia is very limited (about 20,000 tons). More than 1,000 small crushers (mostly with Chinese/ Indian machines) are operational on village level. These local crushers, with a very limited capacity, have low hygiene standards and high risks of contamination with mineral oil. The working environment is far from ideal. Safety risks (e.g. slippery floors, no protection on belts etc.) for employees have been observed at most of these establishments during the fact finding mission. Only a few larger crushing or refining companies seem to have adequate safety and hygiene standards compared to European industry standards. One refiner, Addis Modjo, is working on a long term project of continuous improvements. Addis Modjo is HACCP certified and expects to be ISO certified by late 2007 for its refinery plant. This company says its crushing unit in Bahar Dar also meets high standards. The crushing or refinery unit of MULAT was also visited. Given the available equipment good products are manufactured, although mineral oil contamination is possible. This risk can be reduced by investments. The refinery processes semi-refined products for the local markets. The refinery unit was in an acceptable condition. The larger crushing or refinery companies might have potentials for European buyers of oils. The smaller crushing plants do not meet the European standard of refined oil and their technologies need improvements. The implementation of BRC procedures is still a long way off in Ethiopia at present. BRC demands among others: a fully implemented HACCP system a written BRC statement understood by company employees full commitment by the company board regular updates on quality reporting to board specification procedures (raw materials and end products) internal audits (planning and execution) traceability and recall procedures. Some of the visited companies showed a willingness to improve quality standards. However, lack of finance, little demand for high quality in the domestic market and the costs of quality systems hamper developments. 3.5 Organisation and structure of the chain During the fact finding mission interviews were held with sesame seed traders/brokers in the Gondar and Addis Ababa region. From the discussions it became clear that small farmers are generally in a weak position. They only have very small volumes - a few hundred kilos -, are fully dependent on traders and mostly sell immediately after harvesting, which is when the supply is abundant and consequently the prices are relatively low. Many commercial farmers with large areas of land deliver directly to the cleaning or exporting companies, due to their volume. At the start of the season farmers and traders agree on bonuses above the market price. These bonuses depend on the volume, quality and purity of the seeds. However, many smallholders in the Ethiopian oilseeds chain depend on middlemen, due to the small quantities involved. This complicates tracking out the origin of the product and meeting the requirements of highly developed consumer markets. Europe and other highly developed consumer markets increasingly demand more information on production, origin, storage and quality aspects. This requires professionally managed supply chains with tracking and tracing systems. Seed cleaning and information on origin are of great importance for sesame seed production. Farmers and traders blend different seed types, such as Humera, Gondar, and Wellega, with particular qualities. This decreases the overall value of the seeds: tracking the origin of the product and matching the particular qualities of the seeds with the specific requirements of the end users are hampered. Cleaners remove impurities such as straw, dead seeds, soil and pods, resulting in up to 99% or 99.5% purity. Up-to-date cleaning machines capable of 99.5% purity are available (e.g. at Ambasel), but the total capacity is limited and does not meet European demand. We have seen Austrian cleaning machines and understood that some others use Swedish equipment. Machines with lower cleaning results, below 99.0% purity, are often locally made. Transport of oilseeds from the producing region to the port of export, mostly Djibouti, is mainly done by truck. Several of the visited exporting companies have well 13
16 maintained or new IVECO trucks. The distance between the production regions and Djibouti is about 1,000km: for instance, the distance from Bahir Dar in the Amhara region is just above 1,000km and from Addis Ababa between 910 and 950km. Although road density is very low in Ethiopia, most of the main roads are in good condition. Transport costs to Djibouti port are indicated as USD35 per ton. During the discussions in Ethiopia several times levels of USD20 per ton for transport were mentioned. Refining capacities are heavily under-utilised, mostly only 30 to 40% of the full capacity. The oil refining industry is confronted with competitive imports of refined oils: palm oil from Malaysia and soybean oil, often donated as food aid. 3.6 Investments in the oilseeds chain During the mission investment possibilities for hulling, organic and better cleaning facilities for sesame were mentioned. Some smaller crushers are considering to improve or even build new facilities. One Ethiopian company wants to invest in a new crushing and refinery facility. They have approached banks with a business plan and are now in process of obtaining land. Potential European customers mentioned the lack of good cleaning facilities (although a few units of excellent standards exist). Hulling is another issue, as this cannot be done in Ethiopia at present. Clearly both improved and enlarged cleaning and hulling facilities (for European investors as well as Ethiopian entrepreneurs ) should be considered, and a few are already looking into this in more depth as an opportunity. Investment in chain organisation is inevitable to gain higher prices for the oilseeds. Almost all buyers of the high income countries demand tracking and tracing systems. Some stakeholders are developing a certified chain in organic sesame seed. This demands a system to guarantee the organic production method. 3.7 Price formation Little on the marketing costs was mentioned during the fact finding mission. Transaction costs in the Ethiopian oilseeds chain are generally high due to: The large number of suppliers and buyers. Producers (farmers) sell to a local collector, this collector in general sells to another larger broker and this process is repeated a few times Finding information on quantities and prices. Negotiating on contractual agreements (price, purity, quantity, delivery time). For export products world market prices are in general leading. Ethiopia has to compete on the world market with a number of other suppliers (see chapter 4). The world market prices are therefore the starting point in price formation. Each link in the chain has costs and will lower the return for the previous link in the chain. The price of oilseeds at farm gate will be the end result. Low world market prices will result in very low farm prices. In appendix 1 an estimate of the cost structure of the sesame seed chain can be found, adopted from Seifu in Until now market orientation in Ethiopia is weakly developed. Market studies on the Ethiopian oilseeds sector are scarce. A better knowledge of applications by buyers and end-users would benefit the chain. Selected seed varieties can be grown, answering specific demands for selected purposes. Characteristics such as colour, oil content, fatty acid composition, taste and so on, are hardly known. Too often, oilseeds are still handled as a commodity. The chain organisation can definitely be improved. Traceability, sufficient high quality seed cleaning capacity, hulling facilities and quality-certified processing and refinery plants are important in this respect. 14
17 4 Oilseed markets 4.1 Introduction In this chapter the Ethiopian oilseed market will be discussed. Growth opportunities for specific oilseeds are dealt with extensively in paragraph 4.2. The institutional environment is discussed in paragraph 4.3. Information on opportunities for production growth is given in paragraph Domestic use and import and export Oilseeds are the second Ethiopian export product. Sesame seed is the main oilseed export product. Niger seed, as second, is exported mainly to the US as bird seed. All other oilseed crops (soybeans, groundnuts, cottonseed etc.) grown in Ethiopia are almost entirely used domestically. Reliable figures of domestic use are not available. The oilseed crushing and refining industry produces for the domestic market. Most of the oil is consumed as crude oil. Ethiopia is a net importer of refined oil, mainly refined soybean and palm oil. Table 4.1 provides detailed information. Refined oil is mainly used in the urban regions. Palm oil is mainly imported from Malaysia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. Italy is the major supplier (75%) of soybean oil, followed by Turkey (10%). The peak in 2003 is the result of food aid. Table 4.1 Import (tons) of edible oil by Ethiopia Soya bean oil,refined ,050 6, ,507 74,240 Groundnut oil,refined * * * * 40 * * Virgin olive oil 2 7 * Other olive oil,fractions * Oil from olives , Sun-,safflower oil,refined * 360 1,410 1, Maize oil, refined,fract 55 * Rape,colza etc.oil,crude * * * * * * 1 Rape,colza oil,refined * 421 * * Sesame oil, fractions * * * * Linseed oil,refined.frct 1,542 3,928 6,088 4,885 6, ,906 Palm oil, crude * * * * * Palm oil,refined,fractns 1,126 * 1,162 4,776 4,644 5,610 26,937 Coconut oil, refined 1, Palm kernel oil, crude * * * 76 * * 36 Palm kernel oil,refnd, * * * * 28 Castor oil, fractions * * * 4 * 7 4 Fixed veg.fats,oils, other ,507 5,285 2,297 Total 4,147 4,954 40,337 18,984 25,263 15, ,005 Source: ITC/WTO 15
18 Figure 4.1 Major exporting countries of sesame seeds (in tons) 300, , , , ,000 50,000 0 India Sudan Ethiopia Nigeria China Myanmar Tanzania, United Republic of Source: ITC/WTO database Figure 4.1 shows that Ethiopia is an important sesame seed exporter on the world market. In 2005 and 2006 Ethiopian exports further increased, whereby China came up as a new market. Export of sesame seed has grown in double digits each year from 1998 to 2006: 50,000 tons in 1998 and more than 100,000 tons in In the second half of 2006 the main export markets for Ethiopian sesame seed were China, Israel and other countries in the Middle East and Turkey. The EU had a market share of 8%. Figure 4.2. Ethiopian exports (quantity) of sesame seed in the second half of 2006 USA 6% Middle East 20% EU 8% Others 8% Turkey 12% China 26% Israel 20% Since recently China does not produce enough sesame seeds to meet its own demand. This has led to a strong increase in Ethiopian sesame seed exports to this country in the past 2 years. Ethiopia is the main supplier of sesame seeds to Israel with with a market share of around two thirds. On the Turkish market the Ethiopian share is around 20%. In the past years Ethiopia gained market share in the Middle East (especially Yemen) at the cost of Sudan. In the Middle East sesame seeds are used for topping on breads and baked goods and in ethnic dishes as well, such as tahini paste, halvah and oil. They mainly use mixed coloured sesame seed which they clean and put in mixed form on their bakery products or for the production of oil. The major importers of Ethiopian sesame seed in the EU are Greece, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. In Europe several trading houses purchase sesame seeds and resell the seeds to buyers all over the world. When the trading houses doubt the quality, they first transport the seeds to Europe, clean them and often sort them by colour. Japan is the biggest world importer of sesame seed. Sesame oil, particularly from roasted seed, is an important component of Japanese cooking and traditionally this is the principal use of the seed. Japanese are very critical of quality. Many traders in Japan have their own cleaning installations where they also separate the sesame seed by colour. Because of quality problems in the past, Ethiopia is not an important exporter for Japan. However, it seems that via China the volume of Ethiopian oilseeds exported to Japan is increasing. 16
19 4.3 Ethiopian opportunities for specialty oilseeds Most oilseed crops - soybeans, cotton seed, rapeseed etc. - grown in Ethiopia are also grown in many other countries in large volumes, where they are called commodities. For these commodities, it will be very difficult for Ethiopia to compete on the world market due to its relatively low volumes and high handling and transport costs. The Ethiopian production for these crops is mostly less than 0.1% of the world production. To achieve a beneficial market position on the world market huge efforts are required, which will be out of scope for Ethiopia in the near future. These crops, however, can be of high importance for the domestic market, as food crop. The focus of this paragraph is on the potential of specialty oilseeds for export markets. Most potential for the Ethiopian oilseeds sector concerns the following specialty oilseeds: sesame seed, safflower seed, linseed, niger seed and castor beans. These crops will be discussed below. As sesame seed is by far the most important Ethiopian export oilseed crop, it will be discussed most extensively. The market value of these different crops is primarily determined by their applications, which will be discussed in detail. Sesame seed Sesame is used in a wide range of applications. The most important are: 1. Edible oil. The oil is almost odourless with a distinctive nutty sweet flavour. Roasted sesame oil resists rancidity due to the antioxidants formed during seed roasting. Sesame oil is especially important in the Far Eastern cuisine, mainly Japan and China. 2. Confectionary, biscuit and bakery industry. Mostly hulled clear white sesame is required for bakery products. Hulled sesame sticks to the bread or roll, while maintaining the white colour after baking. Roasted sesame has a nutty taste. 3. Tahini industry. Tahini, a traditional Middle Eastern paste, is made from hulled sesame seed and is rich in protein. 4. Halva industry. Halva is a sweet made of 50% tahini, boiled sugar and some other ingredients. 5. Sesame flour and sesame seed sprouts. 6. Pharmaceutical ingredients. The main Ethiopian sesame seed production regions are situated in the North West and South West. The North West regions have the highest yields per ha. More than 600,000 farmers with an average acreage of 0,3 ha are involved in sesame seed production. This results in many collectors gathering quantities suitable for trading. Table 4.2 Ethiopian production regions of sesame seed (2005/2006) Farms (number) Area Production Yield (kg/ha) ha ton % ton % Tigray 104,680 60, , Amhara 210,344 62, , Oromia 210,010 57, , Beneshangul 66, , Others 9,749 1, Ethiopia 601, , , Source: CSA Agricultural Sample Survey,
20 Characteristics Ethiopian sesame seeds In Ethiopia a large number of sesame seed varieties exists. Three varieties are well known: Humera, Gondor and Wellega. The characteristics of the three main export varieties are mentioned in table 4.3. The Humera variety is appreciated world wide for its aroma and sweet taste. The Humera type has good uniform white seeds, which are quite large. This makes it very suitable for bakery products. The Gondor type is also suitable for the bakery market. For this market a high level of seed purity is demanded, which has sometimes proven to be problematic for Ethiopia. The major competitive advantage of the Wellega type is its high oil content. Type and quality are very important. White seeds, with a white to golden colour, are mainly used in raw form because of their aesthetic value and are mostly priced higher than mixed seeds (yellow to dark brown) which are generally crushed into oil. The oil content in sesame seed varies between 40-52%. The buying price of sesame for export is largely determined by the evenness of colour, taste, dryness and purity. These are important purchasing criteria for traders. Hulled seeds and bleached hulled seeds have a higher market value than untreated seeds. The purity of the sesame seed is specified in terms such as The 99 in the figure means that in each 100 grams of sesame seed, no more than 1% contains impurities such as dirt, branches, stones etc. The 1 indicates that no more than 1% are black seeds. Growth opportunities for export to Europe Europe is a large user of sesame seed for bakery applications. If Ethiopian farmers and traders manage to prevent blending of different types with the mentioned distinct Humera, Gondar or Wellega qualities and provide adequate seed cleaning up to %, sales to Europe could significantly increase. As mentioned in the previous chapter, up-to-date cleaning machines are available in Ethiopia, but still have a very limited capacity. Sesame seed hulling is aimed at raw materials for the bakery industry. During the fact finding mission several stakeholders mentioned investment plans in hulling (see also previous chapter). In this case it is important that high food safety standards are assured. The value added of hulled sesame seed compared to untreated seeds is USD /ton. Europe imports sesame seed mainly from India thanks to attractive pricing, better cleaning facilities, hulling and better general trading terms. With better basic quality seeds Ethiopia has strong possibilities in entering this market. If Ethiopia wants to be a major player in Europe further investments in more advanced cleaning facilities and hulling operations will be required. European crushing of sesame seed is limited. It is likely that the European sesame oil demand will grow, especially for use as wok oil. Volumes are small but highly profitable. Mostly sesame oil is sold in 250g-bottles for households and some in larger packaging to caterers. It is understood that one processor in Ethiopia, Addis Modjo, might be able to deliver products suitable for European customers. A local crusher in Bahar Dar might offer opportunities as well. Exports could be considered in 1 ton packaging for redistribution in Europe. Due to the low levels of inputs and the use of virgin new areas, oilseed production in Ethiopia is near organic standards. The potential of exporting sesame seed under the organic farming label to Europe is seen as a prospect by many stakeholders in Ethiopia. As far as the mission knows there is now only one exporter of certified organic sesame seed. The higher prices at several markets are indeed challenging. Thanks to coffee basic knowledge and experience on organic production and certification is available. Further growth of organic chains might have prospects. Some Dutch companies are already active in this field and public private cooperation could play a role in accelerating the development of this niche market. Next to this it is worthwhile to explore possibilities of demand driven certified chains production for other niche markets, e.g. ingredient markets for bakeries. Linseed Linseed is mainly used for domestic consumption in Ethiopia. Linseed is of increasing importance for the food industry in highly developed consumer markets due to the specific non-saturated fatty acids. Table 4.3 Main export types of Ethiopian sesame seeds Varieties Local name Market name Characteristics Main applications t-85 Hair hair Humera Whitish larger seed Bakery Sweet taste, sweet aroma Tahini % oil content Confectionary High productivity High possibility of shattering losses kelafo-74 Delello Gondor White, good uniformity of seed Bakery Mehado 80 Wollega Wellega Small seed High oil content 49-56% Not so sweet Oil 18
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Assume a given cost of equity, how will this typically compare to the cost of dept?
Cost of equity is higher
Cost of equity is dropping
Cost of debt is higher
The lower the beta of a company, the higher its cost of equity?
Under what condition is the leverage effect useful to increase the return of equity of a projekt?
Cost of debt < ROI
Cost of debt > ROI
Stable ROI
When the WACC of a company goes up, what happens to its NPV?
Going down
Going up
It depents
Increasing the share of equity in a company's capital structure will typically have what effect on its WACC?
WACC goes up
WACC goes down
When defining the FCFs for a DCF analysis, which of the following should best reflect reality in order to provide meaningful information?
Terminal value
Year 1
Year 4+5
When a company enjoys growth in its terminal value, how does that compare to no-growth scenario?
Higher terminal value
Lower terminal value
Same terminal value
The NPV of a given projects is EUR = 234M, what is the useful economic prive for investing into this project?
Receiving EUR 234
Which of the following reasons does not characterise the difference between static and dynamic investment analysis?
Aveanging time periodes
Time value of money
How does the currently historically low interest rate impact industrial companies?
Increase enterprise value
Reduce enterprise value
Industry not affected...
When the market return is 15% p.a. and a company has a beta of 1,4 what ROE would you expect for this company?
> 15%
< 15%

subset: commoncrawl


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Improv-comedy shows, unlike criminal-court proceedings and open-heart surgeries, encourage people in the room to shout out suggestions. Explore the extemporaneous with this GrouponLive deal to see the Anti-Cooperation League at the Sacramento Comedy Spot. This deal is valid for any Saturday show before, and including, the February 16 show. The show begins at 9 p.m., and doors open at 8:50 p.m. Choose between the following options:
- For $12, you get two general-admission tickets (a $24 value).
- For $24, you get four general-admission tickets (a $48 value).
The comedians at Sacramento Comedy Spot, named one of the best places to take a date by Sacramento News & Review readers in 2008, split sides with weekly lineups of improv, sketch comedy, and standup routines. Their flagship show, the Anti-Cooperation League, is among the longest running improv shows in Sacramento, giving comedy fans an unscripted Saturday night alternative to Saturday Night Live. Each week, the laugh masters of the League interview a special guest, such as a local business owner or movie director, and then devise seamlessly woven improv scenes based on the information gathered. Past guests have included The Grey director Joe Carnahan and local muralist Skinner, who were both tickled by the troupe's impeccable comic reflexes. Upcoming guests (subject to change) include Good Day Sacramento's Amy Carabba (December 1) and amphibian conservationist Michael Starkey from Save the Frogs (December 8).


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Mirrored Door
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When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
Made this cake for a baby girls shower. simple wilton baby buggy pan. chocolate cake with chocolate chips/icing is pastry pride and letters are made out of fondant.
Safari Theme Baby Shower Cake
Bridal Shower Cake
Fondant 3 Tiered Wedding Cake


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|2,024 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 - 7 nights
Fairways 206 is a true Sandestin Golf and Beach Resort hidden gem.
Enjoy being tucked away on the serene Lagoon Lake just five minutes from the Gulf of Mexico and yet in the center of all that Sandestin Golf and Beach Resort has to offer. The property is just minutes away from several acclaimed onsite golf courses, shopping, restaurants, activities, nightlife and the Village of Baytowne Wharf.
This home has been beautifully and professionally updated with new floors and furnishings. It's a perfect place to rest and relax in Sandestin after a long day of fun in the sun. This wonderful home features three bedrooms, three baths and a lovely lower private deck overlooking the lake, an upper deck and a screened in porch which provides additional seating.
Enjoy a lovely master with king size bedding, flat screen TV, and private access to a bathroom. The second bedroom room is equipped with a king size bed, soft bedding, flat screen TV and access to a connecting bathroom. The third bedroom offers king bedding and flat screen TV. The guest bathroom has a shower tub combination.
The spacious living room offers a sleeper sofa, two occasional chairs, a large flat screen TV and access to the beautiful screened in porch. On the large deck you will experience comfortable patio furnishings, a private gas grill and a beautiful view of the lake.
The kitchen is equipped with everything you need to prepare those home cooked meals. The dining area offers ample seating for family gatherings.
The laundry room is equipped with extra storage and a washer dryer combo.
Make Fairways 206 your vacation getaway today.
Rates are subject to change until confirmed.
Quotes do not include reservation fee
20% required to confirm balance due 30 days prior to arrival
Cannot rent to singles under 25
4 night minimum required over Memorial Day and 7 night over July 4th
Offers last minute, military and midweek discounts
Call or email for best available rate


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Other affiliations
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Twitter Updates
- RT @NatureEcoEvo: Capellini: recent paper 'Fast life history traits promote invasion success in amphibians and reptiles' https://t.co/w2O92… 47 minutes ago
- RT @ColauttiLab: Great posters here at #BESmas. This one by Noelie Maurel et al: Sophisticated analysis presented with elegant simplicity a… 49 minutes ago
- RT @y_buckley: Capellini: Diffs between life history traits correl. with invasion success & spread - supports rapid pop growth & fast life… 2 hours ago
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Tag Archives: biosecurity
Weed or feed? New pasture plants intensify invasive species risk
To meet increasing demands for livestock production, agribusinesses around the world are breeding new varieties of pasture plants. Unfortunately, many of the plant characteristics promoted for use in pasture – higher growth rates, greater resistance to disease, higher tolerance of environmental … Continue reading


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Embryonic Life and Human Life
Shea, M.C.
Bibliographic Citation
Journal of Medical Ethics. 1985 Dec; 11(4): 205-209.
Shea presents arguments for determining the beginning of human life as that time when fetal organs and systems begin to function as an organized whole, directed by the brain. She defines the zygote and embryo as transitional stages, periods of differentiation and multiplication at the cellular level. After an embryo reaches a certain degree of complexity, development can continue only if its parts begin to function together at a holistic level, laying the foundation for more advanced activities of synthesis and thought. Shea concludes with a brief discussion of the ethical implications that this definition of life has for in vitro fertilization (IVF), experimentation with "spare" IVF embryos, and abortion. (KIE abstract)
MetadataShow full item record
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"Negotiating life": the regulation of human cloning and embryonic stem cell research in Israel Prainsack, Barbara (2006-04)
Emerging biotechnologies, the defense of embryonic human life, and altered nuclear transfer Berg, Thomas V.; Condic, Maureen L. (2008-11)


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Home > Product Categories > Computer & Networking > Ethernet Routers & Switches > LGB4005A
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This nimble little switch sets up a small Gigabit network in no time. Just plug and go-the switch does the work for you and figures out the speed, duplex, and wiring of attached devices.
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text: Cow in grassland -Royalty Free Image License: Standard LicenseStandard Royalty Free License Cow standing and looking at somewhere on the lawn 261 views Ray Woo An experience stock photographer based in China. The main topics of my works... [more] info Author Page Portfolio: 3124 images. Updates / RSS Network Image updated—August 4, 2013 Keywords agricultural, agriculture, alert, black, blue, butter, cattle, cheese, countryside, cow, farm, farming, farmland, field, grass, grassland, graze, grazing, green, herd, herding, lawn, pasture, rural, sky, vigilant, wakeful, watchful, white Image Categories Animals Image #876 Size Type File Info Price ( US Dollars $ )50% off Bloggeejpg6.94" × 4.63" @ 72 dpi500 × 333px2.001.00 Smalljpg13.89" × 9.26" @ 72 dpi1000 × 667px4.002.00 Mediumjpg8.33" × 5.56" @ 300 dpi2500 × 1667px8.004.00 Largejpg8.8" × 5.87" @ 300 dpi2640 × 1760px12.006.00 End User License Agreement View Cart (0.00) Symbiostock Community Symbiostock CommunityNetwork with illustrators, photographers, and designers. Symbiostock on TwitterSymbiostock news. Symbiostock on FacebookCommunity maintained Facebook hub. Symbiostock.infoSearch images on the Symbiostock network. Symbiostock SearchSearch Symbiostock images and network. Symbioguides.comSymbiostock knowledge base. Symbiostock.comSell your images and network with fellow microstock professionals. ClipArtof.comHigh Resolution Stock Illustrations & Clip Art ClipArtIllustration.comFirst Symbiostock Site, and home of the Orange Man Microstockgroup.comA meeting place for microstock professionals.


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Upgrades in retirement benefits granted to Mississippi's public sector workers a decade ago could get rolled back as the state, its cities, counties and school districts struggle to stay financially afloat.
Citing an "unsustainable" burden on Mississippi taxpayers inching toward $1 billion annually, Gov. Haley Barbour wants a close look taken at altering the retirement benefits awarded current and future public employees in the state.
To that end, he has created a study commission to determine options open to the state, its counties, cities and school districts that cover about 248,000 employees in the Public Employment Retirement System of Mississippi, or PERS.


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Helping people try to lose weight is big business. Americans spend close to $60 billion a year on weight loss products, according to the Bharat Book Bureau, a business data firm. That includes everything from diet soda to special meal plans.
While obesity statistics show that a lot of us really need to shed some pounds, there's a growing belief in diet circles that it's not so much what you eat, but how you eat it.
"You can eat anything you want, as long as you do it mindfully," said Lynn Rossy, a health psychologist for the Total Rewards Program at the University of Missouri system.
The key word there is "mindfully." Mindfulness, which has its roots in Buddhist teachings, is a philosophy that has taken hold in many areas of life, so it isn't surprising that it's being harnessed to help people lose or control weight.
Mindfulness is based on living in the moment, being totally aware of your experience. It is being used to help people reduce stress and and focus on what they are doing, to make them happier and more productive. So, how does that translate to eating?
"Mindful eating means choosing food that will satisfy you and nourish your body as well as being aware of physical hunger and satiety cues," Rossy said. "Food should be pleasurable to your taste buds and to your body."
It's an abrupt departure from restricting calories by eating foods you might not particularly like but that are low in calories. Rossy says the mindfulness-based eating solution teaches people how to use their own internal signals to guide how, when, what, and why they eat. More importantly, she says you should eat food you like, just not as much of it.
Key elements
That's easier to do, she says, when you are slowly savoring each bite and enjoying it. As a result, she says people are more satisfied and less likely to overeat. Here are the key elements:
- Do a breathing exercise and decide if you are really hungry
- Assess your food and decide if you really want to eat it
- Eat slowly and be aware of signals your body might send suggesting you are full
- Chew thoroughly
- Savor what you are eating
"Diets do not work in the long term because they do not help people access their own internal wisdom about how to eat," Rossy said. "Taking a mindful approach to eating also helps people discover desires that can be ignored through eating for emotional reasons—desires for creativity, movement, connection, meaningful work and spirituality."
It may be no coincidence that Fortune Magazine reports the diet industry is losing ground, even as the obesity rate rises. It conducted a survey last year that found many more consumers say they are trying to eat healthier than say they are on a diet.


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« First Newsletter Continued - Part 3 | Main | On the Donkey page: Colors in the Donkey »
September 21, 2007
First Newsletter Continued - Part 4
An article on how to choose a mammoth donkey, for first time owner/buyers, or as a refresher for the rest of us. Submitted by Nelda Auge of Los Lunos, New Mexico.
How Do I Choose A Mammoth Donkey?
A few things to consider
First time donkey owners, who are looking for a mammoth sized donkey, are sometimes confused about what they should be looking for when choosing their new long eared companion. Here are a few suggestions that might be some food for thought.
First, of course, determine if you can care for a donkey properly. They require at least the basics of adequate shelter for your location, safe area for exercise, proper feed and water, farrier, dental, and veterinary care, as well as companionship. Donkeys are social creatures and really appreciate being with others of their own kind if possible, but they also need to be able to bond with their human too. Be sure you are willing and able to provide them with their basic needs. Get yourself a good book, such as the Definitive Donkey, available from the Hee Haw Book Service to learn about donkeys. http://www.geocities.com/heehawbookcat/
And remember, donkeys bray – sometimes loudly…. consider your neighborhood and if that will become a major problem.
Once you have determined that you can properly care for your donkey, decide WHY you want a mammoth. Be honest with yourself on your needs and wishes.
Do you want your mammoth donkey to be a pasture pet or for a companion animal to another equine, or do you just want to rescue one to love? If so, you may be willing to settle for an older donkey, one with less than perfect conformation, or even one with special needs. Size may not be an issue. These types of donkeys are often out there looking for good homes with people who are willing to give them some extra TLC. These donkeys may be found in your local newspapers or auctions. They sometimes go through equine rescue organizations. Putting out the word that you are looking for one will often bring you a donkey that needs you. These donkeys are often reasonably priced or even free. You should know that you might be looking at extra costs in the long run if they need special feed or vet or farrier care but helping such an animal in need can be a wonderful fulfilling experience.
Do you want to breed or show your donkey? Then you will want to be looking for a donkey with good conformation, health and disposition…. one that will pass on the best possible genetics to their offspring. Though there is no such thing as a "Perfect" donkey in all ways, a responsible breeder should be breeding only the best. Educate yourself as to what is considered good and bad traits and only breed your donkey if you have a market for good homes or are willing to keep the foal yourself. There are too many unwanted animals to breed irresponsibly or "just for fun". The ADMS and the AMJR registries put out good information for breeders and for those who wish to show. Show animals are judged on their conformation and for their ability to perform so keep those things in mind as you look for a donkey to fit those qualifications. Size will matter more for these purposes so be ready to know how to accurately measure your choice. Color may factor in to your preference.
Or do you intend to trail ride, pack, or drive your new donkey? You will want to find a donkey with good enough conformation and soundness to hold up to the kind of activities and terrain that you will have them in. A riding or pack donkey needs to be large enough to carry their rider or pack well, with strong backs, legs and feet. They need to be old enough to be mature if you intend to ride more than just a little, in good health and be conditioned if the trails are to be long or difficult. If you want to drive your donkey, they need to be mature enough, sound enough and large enough to pull the weight of the person and vehicle well. Driving animals need to be calm and dependable to be safe. Riding and driving animals that are willing to be forward moving may be easier to train and work with. Disposition is also important when choosing an animal for these activities.
Whether to choose a jennet or a gelding is an individual preference. Intact jacks should only be handled by those who are very experienced and who have facilities that can safely accommodate them - they can be unpredictable and dangerous. Most people should not keep intact jacks. Jacks can be successfully gelded when older by experienced veterinarians and go on to live happy, useful lives.
If you choose a foal or young donkey, you will have those "baby" stages to deal with, and you will have to wait until it is mature enough to do the things you want to do. Youngsters are fun, but can be challenging. You will also need to be willing to train it. An older, mature donkey may be more suitable if you want to ride or drive right away. Finding a well-trained donkey isn't easy and may take time… most people who have them, keep them.
And of course, keep in mind that it's best to have a Veterinary exam on your intended donkey so that you know the conditions of their health and possible long-term care before you buy or bring your new donkey home. Know what you may be getting into and the possible costs of time, money and dedication that you may be taking on.
All this said about choosing your mammoth donkey, you may find that your donkey chooses you. Many of us have had ideas about what we wanted in a donkey, only to find that when we went to look, a certain donkey chose us and ended up coming home with us, regardless of our best intentions. And those may become our very favorite donkeys of all. Donkeys are special creatures. I hope you find one to be your special companion and friend.
Submitted by Nelda Auge
Posted by Tanya Tourjee at September 21, 2007 02:12 PM


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Tube Crucifix Charm in 10K White Gold
Item# 18305441
A beautifully simple, beautifully elegant expression of your faith, this 10K white gold crucifix is modestly designed and polished to a brilliant finish. It's a thoughtful and meaningful addition to a favorite chain or charm bracelet (sold separately).
Typographic errors are subject to correction. Merchandise enlarged to show detail and may not always be exactly as pictured. Promotions, prices, styles and availability may vary by store and online.


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Your logo will be at home anywhere with this house shaped promotional magnet.
Illuminate your promotions with this logo magnet.
Give your logo a fresh start with this promotional magnet.
Our house shaped real estate promotional items are perfect for real estate companies and agents, land survey companies, mortages and closing attorney and title services. They can be imprinted with your company name or logo, and come in a variety of different products so you are sure to find the one that is right for you. We have items such as keychains, magnets, pens, and more. Your clients are sure to feel at home with one of these imprinted real estate items, so get yours today!


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Subscribe to Channel: http://goo.gl/1ehTK1
Best Ketogenic Diet – A Simple Solution To Low-Carb Diets – A ketogenic diet regime is based on on having ingredients that have a very high fat content and less carbs and proteins. It's stated to have proved to be highly effectual with regard to maintaining illnesses for example epilepsy and also cancers. It's a valuable process getting rid of unwanted fats within the body whilst delivering energy and helping it to generally be healthy even while you generally are not consuming food. The principle is to generate the body system into a state of "ketosis" where it makes use of fats for energy rather than carbohydrates. This particular technique is utilized to control convulsions in epileptic adults and youngsters.
It happens to be applied around the globe and is composed of seventy-five per cent of fat and a quarter of a mix of healthy proteins and carbohydrates. Fats don't have any sort of effect on blood sugar levels, yet, proteins actually do if taken in vast amounts. 56% of excessive proteins are converted into glucose and the rest into insulin. This stops the body system from burning excessive fats and entering into ketosis. High-content carbohydrate food for example potatoes are not authorized in this diet regimen.
It will take some getting used to this diet, but isn't as expensive as people imagine. In fact, it may be cheaper than some ordinary diets. It uses every single drop of water within the body so it's much better to keep your body hydrated with water.
Typically the bad thing is that it doesn't contain fresh fruit and also vitamin supplements, which some people believe are helpful for disease prevention. Many medical experts have small amount of information regarding how the body reacts for this diet program and advise that consuming excessive amounts of excessive fat may lead to conditions like high blood pressure, since fat isn't digestible and obstructs blood vessels. But, when fat is ingested with lower energy food items, it is actually used as the leading energy source for your whole body. Some weight aware individuals may avoid this diet because of weight gain risks.
Video Marketing –
Best Ketogenic Diet – A Simple Solution To Low-Carb Diets


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- American Red Cross Blood Services Northern Cal. Region10.Dec 2015
- Employee
Support from Management
Support from management is the same as anywhere, just depends on the person in position. Unfortunately, managers (of all levels) come and go too often. Any minor-to-major decisions, changes, etc. are kept a big secret from the workers.
Overall Compensation for your work
Not for profit org. So the pay is not great but the benefits are!
Job security
There is no such thing as job security...anywhere!


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ray ban nose pads in weeks, so if these go the same way, who cares? I love these glasses! they do exactly what it says on the tin, cut out the glare from the sun.. I bought them to go on holiday and wanted something that Barcelona kiteboarding best nonopro plain. They fit well and look good. These are super cool! They are so different and unique, and not something I would have ever been brave enough to wear. But ordered them because they were cheap and thought they woulToronto sunglasses men official .
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My daughter loves sunglasses but keeps breaking the tines. These are perfect because she can't destroy them plus the band is very comfortable and doesn't pull her hair. And these are adjustable. I think she will lose them before she destroys them.
These are great little sunglasses, but I wish there had been pictures of them modeled. They are really much lar ray ban 3320 ime to read this review.
These sun glasses look nice. I like the fact that there is no logo on them.They are quite big, but this is what I wanted to protect my eyes from the sun. Great for driving. For the price, this was a great purchase. As any other sunglasses I have had, these left marks on my face, even though they didn't feel heavy. I consider to buy another pair from this brand.
These sunglasses look great and LianSan is a great product and beautifully packaged.
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The hotel, built in traditional Cycladic style, on the top of a small hill, gives guests the chance to admire magnificent views of the Aegean Sea and the world-famous Greek sunset. Fully air-conditioned, it caters for all types of guests but is especially ideal for families and guests who appreciate luxurious accommodation and services. The hotel offers large garden surroundings and a spacious parking area (fees apply. The lobby features 24-hour reception service, whilst the hotel also includes shop, bar, restaurant and Internet access (fees apply). Room and laundry services are provided for a fee.
This hotel is located on the east coast of the island of Paros. The centre of Paroikia is some 7 km away, whilst the beach at Agia Eirini is just 800 m from the hotel.
The hotel comprises 30 luxurious guest rooms which are comfortably furnished in a modern Cycladic style. The hotel also provides modern safety equipment (fire extinguishers and alarms and emergency lighting). The double superior room type has a small living room with cooking facilities and minibar. It has a large terrace and is also equipped with air conditioning, a safety deposit box, satellite LCD TV, direct dial telephone, shower cabinet, a hairdryer and Internet access.
The hotel has its own outdoor 500 m� swimming pool and children's swimming area. There is a poolside snack bar, whilst guests can make use of the sauna and gym for an additional fee.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Internet access
Mini fridge
King size bed
Individual airconditioned
Wheelchair accessible
Disabled bathroom