text:
A security researcher has found a serious vulnerability in a Wifi chip that can be found in smartphones of all kinds of manufacturers. At least 1 billion smartphones that are currently in use can be hacked through the vulnerability. The vulnerability has been called Broadpwn.Posted
Russian antivirus vendor Kaspersky has announced a free version of its antivirus software. Kaspersky Free, as the software is called, is available for users in the United States right now, European users have to wait till October.Posted
Microsoft has published a list that describes what the future holds for several features that are currently integrated in Windows 10. Some of them will be removed with the Fall Creators Update, while others will be either deprecated (and removed in future releases), or no longer be in active development.Posted
Two-thirds of Americans with a computer install updates immediately when they are available, according to a report from Adobe for which the company surveyed 2,000 adults. About one-third decides whether to install the update depending on what's the update is for.Posted
Microsoft has extended the support for Windows 10 computers that are powered by an Intel Clover Trail CPU. Earlier we reported that Clover Trail based systems could no longer be upgraded to the Windows 10 Creators Update.Posted
Antivirus company McAfee has discovered a new type of mobile ransomware that doesn't encrypt data, but collects photos and the browsing history and then threatens to share that with the victim's contacts. Victims have to pay a ransom of $50 if they want to prevent that.Posted
The stabilizing average price per Gigabyte of hard disk drives will be a challenge for cloud storage providers, because users will generate more data in the future. according to cloud storage provider Backblaze based on research on the 75,000 HDDs it purchased the last couple of years.Posted
Toshiba today announced development of BiCS FLASH 3D flash memory utilizing Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology with 3-bit-per-cell (triple-level cell, TLC) technology that should increase bandwidth at lower power consumption.Posted
More and more digital pirates use sites and tools to download music and video from streaming services like Spotify and Youtube. The number of users that rips streams is larger than the number of users that use illegal download sites, according to a research report from the Intellectual Property Office en de PSR For MusicPosted
The new design of the mobile version of Skype, which Microsoft introduced last month for iOS and Android, is heavily criticized by users. The idea was to make Skype fresher, younger and trendier but many users are far from happy with the change and post their complaints online.Posted
Microsoft reportedly plans to reorganise its sales activities and would therefore lay off thousands of its employees, according to Bloomberg. The company allegedly wants to focus more on selling cloud software instead of software for desktops and servers.Posted
Toshiba today announced its TR200 SATA solid state drive (SSD) series for the retail market. The drives use Toshiba's latest 3-bit-per-cell TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS 64-layer NAND flash memory and are targeted at gamers and DIY enthusiasts.Posted
Adobe will end the development and distribution of its Flash browser plugin by 2020. The plugin has been under fire for years due to security issues and because it's not available for smartphones.Posted
The American Federal Trace Commission (FTC) is investigating whether Amazon has been misleading customers with discounts. The company is accused of showing higher discounts on its website than actually given, Reuters reports.Posted
Today I am taking a quick look on the Corsair Strafe keyboard, it comes with Cherry MX RED switched, and also it had RED LED's. So lets take a closer look.Posted
More than 22,000 people have agreed on thousands hours of cleaning toilets on festivals and events, hugging stray cats and dogs, removing chewing gum from the streets and many other tasks in exchange for free Wifi.Posted
Android users can now send all kinds of files to others with Whatsapp. The popular messaging app has released an update that make this possible. The iOS version of the app doesn't have the feature yet.Posted
Microsoft has released Seeing AI, an app targeted at visually impaired that is able to provide information about the world around the user. It uses artificial intelligence to describe people, text and objects through the iPhone camera.Posted
The Chinese government is reportedly going to force ISPS to block virtual private networks (VPN) from February 2018. The VPNs are used by Chinese internet users to bypass blocks from the Chinese government. E.g. Facebook, Twitter and Youtube are blocked in the country.Posted
A 90 year-old woman from the Dutch city of Helmond has been accused of being behind the infamous Microsoft scam. The scammers call people on a massive scale and pretend to be Microsoft support employees. They claim there is a computer problem that they can solve.Posted
OneDrive users complain on the internet that they are no longer able to use their OneDrive shares. Microsoft has made a change that requires OneDrive locations to be using the NTFS filesystem.Posted
After the WannaCry ransomware attack, the authorities of India have asked Microsoft to provide a discount for Windows 10 so the more than 50 million Windows users in the country can get a cheap upgrade to the latest Windows version.Posted
Researchers of the University of Milan, Italy, have demonstrated a Windows driver that should detect ransomware attacks and recover encrypted files. The demonstration took place during the Black Hat security conference currently held in Las Vegas.Posted
Facebook has acquired the American startup Source3. With the software of the company it should be easier to track down video pirates on the social network. The acquisition has been announced on the site of Source3.Posted
Patreon, a site that lets fans fund creators such as YouTube publishers has silently introduced payment processing fees that affect all new pledges. For example, a patron that pledges $1 will have to pay $1.35.Posted
HBO works together with anti-piracy partner IP Echelon on lowering the number of illegal downloads. The companies are monitoring several Torrent swarms and sent warnings to illegal downloaders.Posted
Microsoft has started to prevent installing Windows 10 on some computers due to the hardware they contain. Several users and researchers complain they received notifications that their system is no longer supported.Posted
Viking Technology has unveiled SSDs with capacities of 25TB and 50TB targeted at data centers. The 3.5" form factor SSDs connect to the computer using the 6Gb/s SAS interface and contain MLC NAND.Posted
Welcome to Myce's review of the Toshiba N300 6TB SATA High Reliability HDD.Posted
During July's scheduled patch cycle, Adobe has closed 3 vulnerabilities in Flash Player. One of the vulnerabilities allowed an attacker to take full control over the computer. The other two vulnerabilities were information disclosure issues.Posted
Windows 10 computers can from now on be unlocked with the fingerprint sensor of Samsung smartphones. The Korean electronics giant today released an update of its Samsung Flow app that makes it possible.Posted
Samsung plans to invest at least $18 billion in two new chip factories in South Korea. The electronics giant today also announced that the first chips came out of its factory in the city of Pyeongtaek which already costed the company $13.6 billion.Posted
Customers of Amazon, Alibaba and Ebay are the target of an infamous Microsoft scam that this time starts with a cancellation email. The email states that the order has been cancelled and the order number links to a website with all kinds of pornographic images.Posted
Several settings at Myce.com can be changed, they are stored in cookies, which means they will be reset if you clear Myce.com cookies


text: When you sign up for our Superior newsletter, you become a Superior Insider and will be the first to know when we announce new products and have fantastic sales. Our newsletters also focus on education to help you learn more about thread and the important part it plays when sewing. Our Fab Fabrics Newsletter consists of excellent fabric sales and new fabric announcements.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
28817 Cedarama, Marcellus MI, 49067
Sold Price:
4 beds , 2 Full baths
Status: Closed
Last Updated: 7/23/2017 11:41 PM
Description for 28817 Cedarama Marcellus, MI 49067
Come and take a look at this beautiful 4 bedroom 2 bath home overlooking Big Cedar Lake in Marcellus, MI. Home is only ten years old and is sitting on one of the largest lots in Cedar Bluffs. Great starter home or for anyone looking to enjoy views of the lake. Public access is literally one mile down the road. All appliances included with sale, house is also wired for generator hookup. Driveway is paved and home is in a very quiet/private setting. Great fire pit in the back yard for friends and family to enjoy! Home is priced to sell, come and take a look today!
Sold Price:
Sold Date:09/17/2015
Porter Twp
Van Buren
2 Full
Listing Information
Porter Twp
Cable TV, Natural Gas, Telephone
School Information
Room Information
Interior Features
Dishwasher, Dryer, Microwave, Convection Oven, Range, Refrigerator, Washer
Window Air Conditioning, Ceiling Fan(s)
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Basement, Partial
Exterior / Lot Features
Attached Garage, 2 Car Garage
Driving Directions
From Kalamazoo, take I-94 West to exit 60 for Lawton and Paw Paw. Take M-40 South through the town of Lawton. Turn to the east (left) onto Cedarama Drive, home will be approximately one half mile down on the left hand side.
Financial Considerations
Listing Price History
Marcellus Real Estate
Marcellus is located in Michigan. Marcellus, Michigan 49067 has a population of 1,157.
The median household income in Marcellus, Michigan 49067 is $43,080. The median household income for the surrounding county is $45,166 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Marcellus 49067 is 40.1 years.
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Series: Endless Collection Series Volume: 7
By: Takuya Otani and Yasuhiko Kimura
114 pages, 93 col plates, distrib maps
Language: Bilingual in English and Japanese
All known species and almost all subspecies of the genus Ornithoptera are illustrated in full colour and in natural size, and the female of akakeae is shown in colour for the first time.
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text:
(After Masaaki gave Nyamo and Yukari the gifts, another portal appear and one person is coming out of it.)
????: Man, going though portals is awesome, I even went to that on episode The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya that Ryoko trys to kill Kyon. :D
Masaaki: Yuko, how do you think you get though portals.
Yuko: My friend is an-
(Suddenly a girl name Chiya Mihama(Chiyo Mihama's cusin) appear.)
Chiya-Chan: Don't you tell him Yuko!!!
Chiyo-Chan: Chiya-Chan what in the world are you doing here.
Chiya-Chan: Oh boy... Chiyo-Chan, I'm... I'm... an...
Tomo: OH JUST SAY IT ALREADY!!!!!!!!!!!! D:<
Chiya-Chan: An esper.
Chiyo-Chan: Is this true?!? D:
Chiya-Chan: Yes.
Yuko: That's why went though portals
Chiya-Chan: Yuko, you talked to much.
Yuko: Well.
Chiya-Chan: Chiyo-Chan, I hope you're not disapointed.
Chiyo-Chan: I'll be upstairs.
Chiya-Chan: Okay (She's disapointed.)
(Chiyo-Chan walk upstairs)
Osaka: It's okay, Chiya-Chan.
Chiya-Chan: Things are not, Chiyo-Chan and I were good friends, I hope still friends.
Yuko: We're still friends, Chiya-Chan
Chiya-Chan: Cut the crap, Yuko.
Tomo: So you're an esper, Huh?
Chiya-Chan: Yes
(Tomo cracks her fists)
Chiya-Chan: Oh Crap!!!
Tomo: You're Dead!!!!!!!!!D:<
Peach: HOLD IT!!! DON'T YOU DARE PUNCH HER.D:<
Tomo: But she the idiot that stared this!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Chiyo-Chan: Leave her alone, Tomo.
Chiya-Chan: Chan-Chan.
Yotsuba: You're potecting her like she is your sister.
Chiyo-Chan: It's true.
Yomi: Why is that?
Chiyo-Chan: Because her perents were killed when she was 4 years old.
Kagura: That's so sad.
Sakaki: I'm so sorry to hear.
Kaorin: Me too.
Tomo: Like I said, She is th-
Yomi: Can't you be more supported?!?!?
Mallow: Stop fighting with everyone and blaming the esper girl.
Tomo: Fine.
The end for now........


text:
Mecha-Bu (メカブ[1] Mekabu?), or Robot Beetle,[2] is an enemy that appears in Sonic the Hedgehog CD. They are beetle-based Badnik models created by Dr. Eggman.
The Mecha-Bus resemble Japanese rhinoceros beetles. They have a blue body with two yellow, red-capped rear-wheels and two small grey forelimbs which have small black wheels with red caps for hands. On the front they have a black face with two black eyes, a yellow jaw cap and yellow helmet. Attached to their face is a horn with a buzz-saw.
Mecha-Bus can only be found at Metallic Madness in Sonic the Hedgehog CD. In gameplay, they roll slowly along the ground, raising and lowering their buzz-saw horns. However, they are unable to turn around, which makes them vulnerable to attacks on the rear. When attacking, the player has to avoid their buzz-saw.
In the Bad Future or sometimes in the present timeline of the Rounds, Mecha-Bus are one of the few Badniks who do not show decay, thus remaining pristine in appearance. However, such Mecha-Bus still cannot move their buzz-saws. Like every Badnik in the game, they are powered by Little Planet flower seeds which will pop out of them after being defeated.
- In an cinematic ending animation during the game's credits, the Mecha-Bus are seen residing in Wacky Workbench despite not appearing there in gameplay.
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog CD (Sega Mega-CD) Japanese instruction manual pg. 32.
- ↑ The Robot Beetle moves around brandishing its horn with integral circular saw at enemies! - Sonic the Hedgehog CD PC port help file.


text:
On January 22,2002, President George W. Bush autographed into law a legal instrument that protects individuals who must sell their structured ceasefire payments to draw together ad hoc economic desires. H.R.2884
Victims of Terrorism Tax Relief Act of 2001 (Signed by the President January 22,2002))
Under a structured understanding a causa accuser will not have indemnity in one hunk sum but will receives a intermittent stream of payments according to the status of the organized bringing together This official document makes it mandatory for individuals to want tribunal authorization once they sell their structured satellite payments to run into a number of imperative monetary involve.
Sometimes setting in being originate for individuals who are acceptance a organized security colony. Now they are in a configuration to think commerce all or a component of their scheduled payments in rotate for a protuberance sum of lolly upfront. Researching and exploring for the foremost deals accessible will clearly turn out to your advantage to the separate who is commercialism their security ceasefire. Big reflection wise, don't rush, be assured to do your school assignment formerly marketing a structured ceasefire and insight out what the champion footing and options are reachable from a emptor of structured settlements.
Some snatched tips once probing for a settlement buyer:
1. Call in circles and compare data and rates
2. Check your top remedy next to the Better Business Bureau
3. Consult an attorney, economic planner, and/or tax advisor
4. Ask Questions
Since your prox and procedure are at stake, feat necessary scholarship and reports recovered in advance, is a primitive issue of communal awareness.


text:
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With a new comedy block planned for Tuesdays, Fox is serving up weekly helpings of all five television food groups: animation, drama, comedy, reality, and sci-fi.
We'll continue to update this story as more renewals and cancellations announced, so be sure to bookmark this page and check back often for updates.
Set your time machines for 2004: We're taking a closer look at one of TV's most beloved cult series.
Plus: Grimm, Army Wives, Breakout Kings, and Q'Viva! The Chosen.
Plus: The Walking Dead, Amazing Race, and Maya Rudolph on SNL.
Plus: Zooey Deschanel on SNL and the Angry Boys finale.
Find out what we're sticking with and what we're deleting from our DVRs, then tell us what YOU'RE still watching in the comments.
In the future all TV shows will be made into movies. What are some of the best ones so far?
Plus: Fringe, Austin City Limits, and The Good Wife.
Plus: The Glee Project will live to sing again, The Walking Dead beefs up its episode order, and NBC orders another Western.
It's not at as bad as Allen Gregory was, but we've got one question: Who asked for this?
Plus: Supernatural, Once Upon A Time, and the premiere of Napoleon Dynamite.
With TV schedules shifting all over the place to make room for new midseason series, it's difficult to keep track of when and where your favorite shows will air. That's why we're here.
Also getting premiere dates: Bob's Burgers and some singing show called American Idol.
The best of this week's web to help the afternoon glide smoothly by.
UK channels have already picked up New Girl, Pan Am, Terra Nova and Homeland; now they need to acquire Alcatraz, Awake and Dallas.
Simon Cowell's new talent show will dominate Wednesday and Thursday; the network's new series will be sprinkled throughout the week.
They're here: Full trailers for Terra Nova, Alcatraz, New Girl, Allen Gregory, and more.
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text:
|Sport, 1 pitch, 60'
|YDS: 5.10d French: 6b+ Ewbanks: 21 UIAA: VII+ ZA: 21 British: E3 5b [details]
|Mike Decker
|Page Views:
|Submitted By:
|Bruce Pech on Aug 26, 2006
|Comments on Limestoned
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By Mike Snyder
From: Cody, WY
May 9, 2008
rating: 5.11 6c+ 23 VIII- 23 E4 5c
|A great route that really checks in around .11c. Sandbagging is fun for all grades!!! This too is a Mike Decker route.
By Paully
From: Green River, WY
Jul 20, 2009
rating: 5.11a 6c 22 VII+ 22 E3 5c
|I think the crux is height dependent, I struggled with it for a while until my buddy found the trick to the crux, huge undercling left gets you to the deep pocket below the 6th bolt, which is a 5.10d/5.11a move we thought.
By richard magill
Sep 23, 2009
|superb line - this route could be a little tough for the grade...
By Dylan Demyanek
From: Fort Collins, CO
Jul 3, 2017
rating: 5.11c 6c+ 24 VIII- 24 E4 6a
|I imagine it feels much easier if you are taller than 5'10"


text:
Model Mayhem Admin
Kayy DawnModel Female Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
My Website: FB pageMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/kkdawn
Mayhem # 1697497
About MeWelcome to my MM! My names Kaylynn, or Kayy! Thanks for stopping by and taking a look at my port. I'm available for very limited TFP. I am a Fitness, Glamour,Bikini and Clothing model available for bookings.
I have done years of promotional modeling, go go dancing, calendars, and local advertisement. Have been modeling for 6 years. Also have great knowledge in health care field, and fitness coaching experience & very sports orientated.
Open for travel for workshops--not parties!!
Feel free to message me about any questions you have about me, or booking information. Thank you so much for your time & stopping by !!
Serious inquiries only please: send me a personal message on here!
** Please don't treat this as a dating site, you will get shut down**
* more photo's* , please 'like'
Twitter: kaylynndawnxo
Facebook: Kayy Dawn
Instagram: kayydizzle
Watch me in action!!
Have you worked with Kayy Dawn? Add Credits for Kayy Dawn! >>
Credit NotesVarious Calendar/Promotional/Gogo Dancing videos such as
Steve Aoki - Center of Gravity
Wet Ape, Center of gravity 2011
Smirnoff Ice party video 2011
Playboy Energy Drink Video 2012/2013
Local Advertisement
Posters for events for Level & The Mule Nightclubs
Local clothing model- S.O.B
Miss Co-Ed magazine feature --> http://coed.com/2012/06/27/miss-coed-kaylynn-dawn-hot-sexy-bikini-model-photos/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+coedmagazine+(COED+Magazine)/
MMA- Ring Girl 2009
Sublime Calendar 2012
Hell Raiser Calendar 2009-2010
Ok Dreams Calendar 2011-2014
Swimsuit International Preliminaries 3rd place
Angel's Playpen Magazine/2013
Angel at Angels Playpen- Interview-->http://angelsplaypen.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1165:born-to-be-different-featuring-kayy-dawn-okangan-valley-canada&catid=75:playpen&Itemid=3
Umm Magazine online -->http://umm.ca/babes/profile.php?babe_id=1401
Gamed Up Magazine--> http://gamedupbeauty.blogspot.com/2011/03/gameups-own-ski-bunny.html#more
Nine5four Magazine --> http://www.nine5four.com/mag/featuredmodels/kaylynn-dawn.html
Miss Coed Magazine 2012/2013 Feature : Kayy Dawn
Trend Spike magazine 2012
People's Choice Award 2012
Venus Says Magazine Feature 2012 http://issuu.com/venussays/docs/venussays_volume10_preview
(2 full page spread)
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dancechester.com is now online! :)
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Rallye SA engages in the food and specialized retail business. Its activities are general retailing, sale of sporting goods and...
Casino Guichard-Perrachon SA engages in the operation of food retail outlets. It operates through the following segments: Casino France, Monoprix,...
Arden Group, Inc.
Investor Relations
2020 South Central Avenue
Compton , CA 90220-5302
United States
SIC Code: 5411


text: Recreation No room at the top Staff Oct. 3, 1994 From the print edition Print Share Subscribe Donate Now Cartoon of people crowded on Fourteener Diane Sylvain Climbing one of Colorado's 14,000-foot peaks used to be a solitary joy. These days 50,000 people top the state's famous "fourteeners' each year, and in one weekend on Mt. Harvard near Buena Vista, 133 signatures filled the summit register. Marketed in myriad guidebooks, the climbing craze is shattering solitude and trashing ecosystems, reports the American Mountain Foundation, based in Colorado Springs. The group says peak-baggers carve the hills with braided trails, and thrill-seekers run down alpine slopes "skiing the scree," causing slides of fragile talus rock. "There are those who are not in it for the wilderness experience," says Dave Duffy, an intern with the foundation. Duffy and five other interns studied 46 of 54 peaks this summer in cooperation with the Forest Service and three other outdoor groups. The participants, including the Colorado Mountain Club, Colorado Outward Bound School, and Volunteers for Outdoor Colorado, will recommend action to save mountains from too many people. Mary Beth Hennessy, outdoor recreation planner for the Forest Service in Leadville, says most of the crisscrossing "social trails' take off above treeline, where authorized trails become less distinct. For more information, contact the Colorado Fourteeners Initiative, American Mountain Foundation, 1520 Alamo Ave., Colorado Springs, CO 80907 (719/471-7736). Republish Share Like Tweet +1 LinkedIn Email Recreation Books Comments


text:
ATTORNEY GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 33 CAPITOL STREET CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE March 20, 2015
- Horace Wilcox
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 ATTORNEY GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 33 CAPITOL STREET CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE JOSEPH A. FOSTER ATTORNEY GENERAL ANN M. RICE DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL March 20, 2015 To the People of New Hampshire: I am proud to issue this updated Memorandum on New Hampshire s Right-to-Know law, RSA Chapter 91-A. This Memorandum describes the statute and the judicial decisions that further define and explain the peoples right to know. The public s right to know what its government is doing is a fundamental part of New Hampshire s democracy. New Hampshire s Constitution and the Right-to-Know law ensure that the public has reasonable access to meetings of public bodies and to governmental records. When New Hampshire s Constitution was adopted on June 2, 1784, accountability of public servants to the people was established in Part 1, article 8, which reads: All power residing originally in, and being derived from, the people, all the magistrates and officers of government are their substitutes and agents, and at all times accountable to them. In 1976, the people of New Hampshire amended Part 1, article 8 of our Constitution, reinforcing the existence of a right of access to public meetings and records, by adding the following two sentences: Government, therefore, should be open, accessible, accountable, and responsive. To that end, the public s right of access to governmental proceedings and records shall not be unreasonably restricted. An integral part of the constitutional right of access to government is the protection of the freedom of speech and press guaranteed by Part 1, article 22 of the New Hampshire Constitution: Free speech and liberty of the press are essential to the security of freedom in a state: They ought, therefore, to be inviolably preserved. Telephone FAX TDD Access: Relay NH
2 Right-to-Know Law To the People of New Hampshire March 20, 2015 Page 2 of 3 These provisions of our Constitution and RSA Chapter 91-A are intended to provide the utmost information to the people about what their government is doing, while preserving individuals rights to privacy. The New Hampshire Supreme Court has recognized that the Right-to-Know law helps to carry out the Constitution s requirement that access to governmental proceedings and records not be unreasonably restricted. Since the Department last issued its Memorandum, the New Hampshire Legislature has amended the Right-to-Know law in several ways. The law now allows consideration of confidential, commercial, or financial information in nonpublic session. The master jury list is now exempt from the Right-to-Know law. Officers, employees and other officials of a public body or public agency are now subject to a civil penalty of not less than $250 and not more than $2,000 if they are found to have violated the Right-to-Know law in bad faith. Such individuals may now also be required to undergo remedial training at their own expense. This Memorandum has been updated to reflect these amendments to the law and recent court decisions. In an effort to enhance the usefulness of this Memorandum, the appendix includes sample motions for use by public bodies when the members want to go into non-public session, seal non-public minutes, or adjourn to consult with legal counsel. It also includes a sample index for use when a person has requested documents that are exempt from disclosure or contain confidential information. The index can be used to inform the requester of which documents have been withheld and the reason for their non-disclosure. For those interested in municipal government records, the statute that establishes the retention period for municipal records is provided. Finally, the appendix includes a list of statutes, rules, and court cases the designate certain information as confidential or privileged. I strongly recommend that all public officials learn their responsibilities under the Rightto-Know law. It is important for those public officials who use or who maintain government records in electronic form to carefully study the 2008 and 2009 changes to the law relating to electronic records. This Memorandum should be kept easily accessible and be referred to when you are faced with questions on the application of the law. When you are uncertain about the application of the law to a specific circumstance, state officials should consult with my Office, county officials should consult with their County Attorney, and municipal and schools officials should consult with their legal counsel. I am making this Memorandum widely available to the public, the press, New Hampshire s schools, and State and local officials. It will also be posted on the Department s website. Sincerely, # Joseph A. Foster Attorney General
3 ATTORNEY GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 33 CAPITOL STREET CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE JOSEPH A. FOSTER ATTORNEY GENERAL ANN M. RICE DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL March 20, 2015 ATTORNEY GENERAL S MEMORANDUM ON NEW HAMPSHIRE S RIGHT- TO- KNOW LAW, RSA CHAPTER 91-A Telephone FAX TDD Access: Relay NH
4 i TABLE OF CONTENTS I. DEFINITIONS... 1 II. BODIES AND AGENCIES SUBJECT TO THE RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAW... 3 A. State Entities Public Bodies... 3 B. State Entities Public Agencies... 4 C. County And Municipal Governments Public Bodies... 4 D. County And Municipal Government Public Agencies... 5 III. ENTITIES NOT SUBJECT TO THE RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAW... 6 IV. MEETINGS... 7 A. What Constitutes a Meeting of a Public Body?... 7 B. Not a Meeting... 8 C. Notice RSA 91-A: Regular Notice Emergency Notice Procedure Notice of Legislative Meetings Broader Access Effect of Failure to Observe Notice Requirements D. Meeting Procedures Member Participation and Attendance at Meetings Basic Meeting Requirements Emergency Meetings Characteristics of Non-Public Sessions V. GOVERNMENTAL RECORDS A. What is a Governmental Record? B. Examples of Governmental Records Required to be Disclosed C. Examples of Electronic Governmental Records Required to be Disclosed D. A Public Body s Duty to Maintain Electronic Records E. Settlements of Lawsuits by Municipalities F. Exemptions From Disclosure G. Other Exceptions to Disclosure H. Law Enforcement Investigative Files I. Guidance In Producing Law Enforcement Investigative Records Interference with Law Enforcement Proceedings Accused s Right to a Fair Trial Unwarranted Invasion of Privacy Confidential Source Investigative Techniques and Procedures Endangering Life or Physical Safety of Any Person... 35
5 ii J. Burden of Proof for Not Disclosing a Governmental Record K. Public Inspection of Governmental Records RSA 91-A:4, IV L. Other Considerations of Public Inspection of Governmental Records M. FOIA- The Federal Freedom of Information Act VI. REMEDIES A. Injunctive Relief RSA 91-A: B. Attorney s Fees and Costs RSA 91-A: C. Invalidation of Agency Action D. Sanctions E. Destruction of Records VII. COURT RECORDS A. The Right-To-Know Law Does Not Apply to Court Records B. Sealed Court Records INDEX TABLE OF AUTHORITIES APPENDIX A RSA Chapter 91-A APPENDIX B - Model Non-Public Session/Legal Consultation Procedures/Motions APPENDIX C - Right-to-Know Request Index of Fully Redacted Pages APPENDIX D - RSA Chapter 33-A Disposition Of Municipal Records APPENDIX E Model State RFP Public Disclosure Language APPENDIX F New Hampshire Statute, Court Decisions, and Court Rules Making Information Confidential or Non-public... 96
6 This Memorandum cites to both New Hampshire Supreme Court opinions and Superior Court orders. Unlike New Hampshire Supreme Court opinions, Superior Court orders and decisions are not binding precedent. Instead, such decisions and orders may be persuasive authority for courts when analyzing RSA 91-A issues. At the least, these cases provide guidance to state and municipal agencies, public bodies and employees. iii
7 RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAW MEMORANDUM Openness in the conduct of public business is essential to a democratic society. The purpose of this chapter is to ensure both the greatest possible public access to the actions, discussions and records of all public bodies, and their accountability to the people. RSA 91-A:1. The Supreme Court resolve[s] questions regarding the [Right-to-Know] law with a view to providing the utmost information in order to best effectuate the statutory and constitutional objective of facilitating access to all public documents. WMUR v. N.H. Dept. of Fish and Game, 154 N.H. 46 (2006) (quoting Goode v. N.H. Legislative Budget Assistant, 148 N.H. 551, 553 (2002)). The public s right of access to governmental proceedings... is not absolute.... It must yield to reasonable restrictions. Hughes v. Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, 152 N.H. 276, 290 (2005) (citing Petition of Union Leader, 147 N.H. 603, (2002); N.H. Const. Pt. I, art. 8). I. DEFINITIONS The following definitions apply to the Right-to-Know law: Advisory committee means any committee, council, commission, or other like body whose primary purpose is to consider an issue or issues designated by the appointing authority so as to provide such authority with advice or recommendations concerning the formulation of any public policy or legislation that may be promoted, modified, or opposed by such authority. RSA 91-A:1-a (I). Governmental proceedings means the transaction of any functions affecting any or all citizens of the state by a public body. RSA 91-A:1-a (II). Governmental records means any information created, accepted, or obtained by, or on behalf of, any public body, or a quorum or majority thereof, or any public agency in furtherance of its official function. Without limiting the foregoing, the term governmental records includes any written communication or other information, whether in paper, electronic, or other physical form, received by a quorum or majority of a public body in furtherance of its official function, whether at a meeting or outside a meeting of the body. The term governmental records shall also include the term public records. RSA 91-A:1-a (III). Information means knowledge, opinions, facts, or data of any kind and in whatever physical form kept or maintained, including, but not limited to, written, aural, visual, electronic, or other physical form. RSA 91-A:1-a (IV). Public agency means any agency, authority, department, or office of the state or of any county, town, municipal corporation, school district, school administrative unit, charter school, or other political subdivision. RSA 91-A:1-a (V). Other political subdivisions include entities like village districts and water precincts, which are public agencies under the Right-to-Know law. 1
8 Public body means any of the following: (a) The general court, including executive sessions of committees, and including any advisory committee established by the general court. (b) The executive council and the governor with the executive council, including any advisory committee established by the governor by executive order or by the executive council. (c) Any board or commission of any state agency or authority, including the board of trustees of the university system of New Hampshire and any committee, advisory or otherwise, established by such entities. (d) Any legislative body, governing body, board, commission, committee, agency, or authority, of any county, town, municipal corporation, school district, school administrative unit, charter school, or other political subdivision, or any committee, subcommittee, or subordinate body thereof, or advisory committee thereto. (e) Any corporation that has as its sole member the State of New Hampshire, any county, town, municipal corporation, school district, school administrative unit, village district, or other political subdivision, and that is determined by the Internal Revenue Service to be a tax exempt organization pursuant to section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. RSA 91-A:1-a (VI). 2
9 II. BODIES AND AGENCIES SUBJECT TO THE RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAW The Right-to-Know law establishes a person s right of access to meetings of public bodies and to the records of public bodies and public agencies. The Right-to-Know law applies to all boards, commissions, agencies, authorities, committees, subcommittees, subordinate bodies or advisory committees of all political subdivisions of the State, including, but not limited to, counties, towns, municipal corporations, village districts, school districts, school administrative units, and charter schools. RSA 91-A:l-a, VI(d); see Selkowe v. Bean, 109 N.H. 247 (1968) (pertaining to meetings of the Keene Municipal Finance Committee). In determining what access is available, the initial inquiry must be whether the body or agency involved is subject to the Right-to-Know law. The Right-to-Know law applies to the following public bodies: A. State Entities Public Bodies 1. The New Hampshire Senate and House of Representatives, including executive sessions of committees. (Note: In Hughes v. Speaker of the House, 152 N.H. 276 (2005), the Supreme Court held that a question of whether the Legislature complied with the Right-to-Know law during the legislative process was a political question not subject to the Court s review). 2. Any advisory committee established by the General Court, the Senate or the House. RSA 91-A:l-a, VI(a). 3. The Executive Council and the Governor with the Executive Council, including any advisory committee established by the Governor by executive order 1 or by the Executive Council. RSA 91-A:l-a, VI(b). 4. The Board of Trustees of the University System of New Hampshire, including any advisory committee established by the Board of Trustees. RSA 91-A:l-a, VI(c). 5. Any board or commission of any state agency or authority, including any advisory committee established by any board or commission of any state agency or authority. RSA 91-A:l-a, VI(c). 1 RSA 21-G:11 establishes the procedure a Commissioner should follow in establishing an advisory committee, which requires approval of the Governor and filing with the Secretary of State. Approval by the Governor, unless provided by formal executive order, would not make an advisory committee a public body under this provision. Generally, advisory committees created by public agency officials are not public bodies and are not themselves subject to the Right-to-Know law meeting requirements. However, any information an advisory committee provides to the agency will be subject to the governmental records requirements. In contrast, see RSA 91-A:l-a, VI(c) and 5 above, advisory committees established by a board or commission of a state agency or authority are public bodies subject to the Right-to-Know law meeting and record requirements. 3
10 6. Certain bodies corporate and politic created by statute that have a distinct legal existence and are not a department of the executive branch of state government. E.g., RSA 162-A:3 (Business Finance Authority); RSA chapter 204-C (Housing Finance Authority); 2 RSA chapter 35-A (Municipal Bond Bank); and RSA chapter 12-G (Pease Development Authority). Some of the statutes creating these entities expressly state whether the Right-to Know law applies, but others are silent on this point. Without express statutory language, applicability of the Right-to-Know law will depend on the nature and extent of the governmental functions the entity performs. See generally Professional Firefighters of N.H. v. Healthtrust, Inc., 151 N.H. 501 (2004); Northern New Hampshire Lumber Co. v. New Hampshire Water Resources Board, 56 F. Supp. 177, 180 (D.N.H. 1944). B. State Entities Public Agencies 1. All State executive branch departments and agencies. RSA 91-A:6; Lodge v. Knowlton, 118 N.H. 574 (1978). 2. Several of the bodies corporate and politic created by statute operate through executive directors and bureaucratic structures, which for Right-to-Know law purposes should be treated as a public agency. Consider the example of the Pease Development Authority. While the Board of Directors of the Pease Development Authority is a public body, the Authority itself is a public agency. Likewise, the Division of Ports and Harbors operated by the Pease Development Authority is a public agency. C. County And Municipal 3 Governments Public Bodies 1. The county delegation, the county commissioners, and any committee, subcommittee, or subordinate body or any advisory committee thereto. 2. The board of selectmen, city council, school board, commissioners of a village district, the planning board, conservation commission, zoning board of adjustment, police commission, fire commission, board of fire engineers, budget committee, and any other board, commission, committee or authority including subcommittees, advisory committees, or other subordinate body. 2 The New Hampshire Housing Finance Authority is subject to the Right-to-Know law. While the Authority is a body politic and corporate having a distinct legal existence separate from the executive branch of the State and not constituting a department of the executive branch of state government and many of its day-to-day operations function independently of the State, the Authority performs the essential government function of providing safe and affordable housing to the elderly and low income residents of the State. Union Leader Corp. v. New Hampshire Hous. Fin. Auth., 142 N.H. 540 (1997). 3 In this Memorandum, the term municipal is used in its broadest sense and, except where otherwise indicated, is meant to include towns, cities, school districts, village districts, water and fire precincts, and any other unit of government established pursuant to state law. 4
11 3. Regional planning commissions, joint governing boards or commissions established through intermunicipal agreements, and other similar bodies established pursuant to statute from two or more municipalities. D. County And Municipal Government Public Agencies 1. The county department of corrections, office of the sheriff, county home, human services department and any other agency, authority, department, or office of the county. 2. The police, fire, highway, welfare, water, sewer, recreation, zoning enforcement, and planning departments, the office of the town clerk, tax collector, treasurer, and town/city manager of a town, city, or village district and any other agency, authority, department or office of a town, city, or village district. 4 4 Members of the former Right-to-Know Commission have publicly commented that the inclusion of agency in the definition of a municipal public body was unintended. The Right-to-Know law otherwise distinguishes a public agency from a public body. Generally, public bodies are subject to the open meeting requirements and public agencies are not. Such municipal agencies and authorities are subject to the governmental records requirements of the Right-to-Know law because they fall within the definition of a public agency. The courts have not yet had occasion to interpret whether the existing paragraph imposes public meeting requirements on a municipal agency. Applying public meeting requirements to an agency would be impractical and it is expected a court would find application of the public meeting requirement on a municipal public agency an absurd construction of the statute. Legislation introduced in 2009, House Bill 53, would have removed the words agency and authority from the definition of a municipal public body. House Bill 53 was retained in the House Judiciary Committee and vetoed after passage in the 2010 legislative session. 5
12 III. ENTITIES NOT SUBJECT TO THE RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAW The Right-to-Know law does not apply to the Courts or the judicial branch of government. The Courts are subject to a constitutional requirement of openness that is similar to, but not identical to the Right-to-Know law. Court rules and Supreme Court decisions define the public s constitutional right of access to most court hearings and to certain information held by the courts. See section VII, (Court Records), in this Memorandum. The Right-to-Know law does not apply to most charitable non-profit corporations. However, most charitable organizations are required to file certain information with the State. These filings are public and can be accessed through the Charitable Trusts Unit of the Attorney General s Office. Charitable non-profit corporations that have a government entity as their sole member or non-profit corporations that are composed of units of government and carry out the work of government with public funds are subject to the Right-to-Know law. RSA 91-A:1-a, VI (e); see also Professional Firefighters of N.H. v. Healthtrust, Inc., 151 N.H. 501, 505 (2004) (Court, in determining that the Healthtrust was subject to the Right-to-Know law, considered whether the entity was a public instrumentality, whether it used public funding, whether it performed public and essential governmental functions, enjoyed the tax-exempt status of a public entity or solely benefited governmental entities). 6
13 IV. MEETINGS Public bodies subject to the Right-to-Know law are required to follow certain procedures with respect to the notice and conduct of meetings. RSA 91-A:2; RSA 91-A:3. In most cases, meeting provisions under the Right-to-Know law do not apply to public agencies. Although the meeting provisions do not apply to most of the work an agency does, there may be occasions when an agency is required by statute, rule, ordinance or charter provision to hold a hearing, which may be subject to public notice and meeting requirements. A. What Constitutes a Meeting of a Public Body? 1. A public body holds a meeting when: a. A quorum of the membership of the public body 5 is convened in person so that all members may communicate contemporaneously; and b. The purpose of convening a quorum or a majority of the membership is to discuss or act upon a matter or matters over which the public body has supervision, control, jurisdiction or advisory power. RSA 91-A:2; see also Herron v. Northwood, 111 N.H. 324, (1971) (town budget committee s function of preparing and submitting a budget is subject to the Right-to-Know law and meetings must be held in a manner open to the public). The attendance by a quorum of a municipal board of selectmen or planning board at public informational meetings of the Department of Transportation for the purpose of advising the Department concerning a highway project can constitute a meeting under RSA 91-A:2, I, requiring appropriate notice. Attorney General s Opinion Generally, attendance by a quorum of a public body at a meeting being held by a different public body to discuss or act upon a matter within the first body s jurisdiction should be treated as a meeting for Right-to-Know law purposes by both public bodies. Both bodies should provide notice of the meeting and both bodies should keep minutes, which may be the same document, separately adopted as minutes by both. 2. When members of a public body constituting a quorum find themselves together either coincidently or when gathering for a purpose other than discussing or acting upon a matter or matters over which the public body has supervision, control, jurisdiction or advisory power, communications between the members shall not be used to circumvent the spirit and purpose of the Right-to-Know law. RSA 91-A:2-a, II. The convening of a quorum of a public body that does not have a purpose to discuss or act on business, could easily constitute a meeting. 5 In the absence of specific language to the contrary, a quorum is defined as a majority of the membership of the public body. See RSA 21:15. Some statutes specifically define a quorum, in which case the specific statutory quorum requirement will control. 7
14 Therefore, it is very important to limit any conversation or other communication about the business of the public body. It is explicitly improper to deliberate or act on any business of the public body. RSA 91-A:2-a, II. 3. use should be carefully limited to avoid an inadvertent meeting, albeit one where there is a failure to have a physical quorum at a noticed meeting place. Simultaneous s sent to a quorum of a public body by a member discussing, proposing action on, or announcing how one will vote on a matter within the jurisdiction of the body would constitute an improper meeting. Sequential communications among members of a public body similarly should not be used to circumvent the public meeting requirement. For example, among a quorum of members of a public body in a manner that does not constitute contemporaneous discussion or deliberation and does not involve matters over which the body has supervision, control, jurisdiction, or advisory power does not technically constitute a meeting under the Right-to-Know law. discussions of a quorum concerning matters over which the public body has supervision, control, jurisdiction, or advisory power would run counter to its spirit and purpose. 4. Unless exempted from the definition of meeting under RSA 91-A:2, I, or by another statute, public bodies shall deliberate on matters over which they have supervision, control, jurisdiction, or advisory power only in meetings held pursuant to and in compliance with, the provisions of RSA 91-A:2-a, I. See e.g., RSA 363:17-c (making Public Utility Commission deliberations exempt from the Right-to-Know law). B. Not a Meeting 1. Chance or social meetings, neither planned nor intended for the purpose of discussing matters relating to official business, and at which no deliberations are conducted and no decisions are made, are specifically exempt from the open meeting requirement. The Right-to-Know law does not apply to isolated conversations among less than a quorum of individual members outside of public meetings, unless the conversations were planned or intended for the purpose of discussing matters relating to official business and the public entity made decisions during the isolated conversation. Webster v. Town of Candia, 146 N.H. 430 (2001). Such meetings may not be used to circumvent the spirit of the Rightto-Know law. Therefore, if official deliberations occur or if decisions are made at such gatherings or if the gatherings occur on a regular basis, a court may determine that they constitute improper meetings under the Right-to-Know law. RSA 91-A:2, I(a). 2. Strategy or negotiations with respect to collective bargaining, a caucus of officeholders elected on a partisan basis at a state or municipal general election, and consultation with legal counsel are not meetings. RSA 91-A:2, I(b-d). These statutory exclusions are reinforced by the holdings of Appeal of Town of Exeter, 8
15 126 N.H. 685 (1985) (collective bargaining), Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests v. WSPCC, 115 N.H. 192 (1975) (consultation with legal counsel) and Talbot v. Concord Union School Dist., 114 N.H. 532, (1974) (negotiations between school board and union committee not subject to public Right-to-Know statute although approved agreements are subject to the statute). 3. Consultation with legal counsel is neither a meeting under RSA chapter 91-A, nor does it fall within the non-public meeting provisions. 6 If a public body is meeting in public session and wants to consult with legal counsel, it should vote on the record to adjourn the meeting. See Appendix B for a model motion to adjourn for the purpose of consulting with legal counsel. Please note, however, if members of the public are not present during an open, public meeting, the public body does not need to move into non-meeting with counsel to preserve the privilege. See Prof. Fire Fighters of N.H. v. N.H. Local Gov t Ctr., 163 N.H. 613, 615 (2012) (holding meeting minutes containing attorney-client privileged communication may be redacted as [t]he fact that the meeting occurs in a public place does not destroy the privilege, if no one hears the conversation. ). If the public body intends to reconvene the public meeting, it should vote to temporarily adjourn the meeting for the purpose of consulting with legal counsel, giving notice to those present that the meeting will be reconvening. Everyone except the members of the public body should be excluded from the room when any consultation with legal counsel occurs. Minutes are not required or appropriate for consultation with legal counsel. Consultation with legal counsel should be limited to discussion of legal issues. Deliberation about the matter on which advice is sought may not occur during consultation with legal counsel. The public body must reconvene and, unless a statutory exemption allowing deliberation in non-public session exists, conduct deliberation in public session. To constitute consultation with counsel, there must be a contemporaneous exchange of words and ideas between the public body and its attorney (e.g., physically present, telephonically, video-conference, etc.). A public body may not (a) move into non-meeting merely to discuss the contents of legal documents or advice previously provided by counsel or (b) close a meeting whenever its discussion turns to advice received from its attorney. Ettinger v. Town of Madison Planning Bd., 162 N.H. 785, (2011). However, discussion of legal advice in public session may constitute an inadvertent waiver of the attorney-client privilege if members of the public are present during the discussion. Public bodies are encouraged to consult with legal counsel prior to making a decision regarding waiver of the privilege. 6 Note however that RSA 91-A:3,II(e) allows consideration or negotiation of pending claims or litigation in certain circumstances. 9
16 C. Notice RSA 91-A:2 7 When a public body intends to convene a meeting, notice must be given as follows: 1. Regular Notice a. Either of the two following forms of notice is proper under the Right-to- Know law: (1) Notice of the time and place of any meeting (including non-public sessions) shall be posted in two appropriate places 24 hours prior to the meeting, excluding Sundays and legal holidays. RSA 91-A:2, Notices should be posted where people are likely to see them, such as on the public body s website 8, the location where the checklist or town warrant is posted, the agency s office lobby or front door, and the State House or Town Hall bulletin board; or (2) Notice of the time and place of the meeting shall be printed in a newspaper of general circulation in the city or town at least 24 hours prior to the meeting, excluding Sundays and legal holidays. b. If the body decides to go into non-public session during an open meeting, the notice for the open meeting will suffice. If both public and non-public sessions are planned in advance, the notice should so state. c. The Right-to-Know law explicitly requires that a notice of the meeting of a public body include the time and place of the meeting. While not required under the Right-to-Know law, it is generally appropriate that the notice include or be accompanied with a brief list of the planned agenda items and a general notice that other matters within the public body s jurisdiction may be considered. Other law may impose requirements that notices of certain hearings and meetings where particular actions may be taken include specific additional information. Members of a public body should maintain familiarity with these additional notice requirements and consult with legal counsel as to the proper form of a meeting notice when uncertainty exists. d. Individual notice may not be necessary where particular individuals are affected so long as notice is proper as described above. See Brown v. Bedford School Bd., 122 N.H. 627, 631 (1982) (under the Right-to-Know law probationary teachers not entitled to individual notice of public meeting at which teachers terminations were on the agenda where public notice was otherwise proper). 7 Effective December 1, 2012, the General Court repealed RSA 91-A:2-b Meetings of the Economic Strategic Commission to Study the Relationship Between New Hampshire Businesses and State Government by Open Blogging Permit. 8 Note that only one of the two required postings can be on the internet. 10
17 e. Additional notice may not be necessary for continuation of public meetings. See Town of Nottingham v. Harvey, 120 N.H. 889, (1980) (recess of a public zoning meeting until a later date without notice of the second date did not violate Right-to-Know law). When practical, posting notice of meetings that are to be reconvened supports the spirit and objectives of the Right-to- Know law. 2. Emergency Meeting Notice Procedure a. This method of notice may be utilized if the chairperson or presiding officer of the public body decides that an emergency exists and that immediate action is imperative. RSA 91-A:2, II. See Section D, 3 below. b. Notice shall be made by whatever means are available to inform the public about the meeting. RSA 91-A:2, II. For example, notice may be given over the radio, the body may post notice, and/or may notify by telephone people known to be interested in the subject matter of the meeting. The nature of the emergency will dictate the type of notice which can be given. In any event, a diligent effort must be made to provide some sort of notice and those efforts should be documented. c. In the event an emergency meeting is required in an adjudicative proceeding (see RSA 541-A:I, I), notice must be provided to all parties unless the body possesses authority to issue an ex parte 9 order in the case at hand. d. The minutes of the meeting must clearly spell out the need for the emergency meeting. RSA 91-A:2, II. 3. Notice of Legislative Meetings Notice of legislative committee meetings shall be made in accordance with the Rules of the House of Representatives and the Rules of the Senate, as appropriate. See Hughes v. Speaker of the N.H. House of Representatives, 152 N.H. 276, 278 (2005) (issue of whether Speaker of the House violated Right-to- Know law by excluding a Representative from meetings of conferees was a nonjusticiable (not appropriate or proper for judicial consideration or resolution) political question); see also Baines v. NH Senate President, 152 N.H. 124, 130 (2005) (authority to adopt procedural rules for passing legislation is demonstrably committed to the legislative branch by Part II, articles 22 and 37 of the New Hampshire Constitution). 4. Broader Access 9 An order issued on behalf of one party without hearing from other parties. 11
18 A municipal charter, ordinance, or rule or guideline adopted by a public body may require broader public access to meetings than what the Right-to-Know law requires. If such charter provisions, guidelines, or rules of order have been adopted and they are more broad (strict), their provisions shall take precedence over the provisions of the Right-to-Know law. RSA 91-A:2. The Right-to-Know law establishes minimum requirements; public bodies must comply with more stringent requirements established by other law. 5. Effect of Failure to Observe Notice Requirements Failure to give proper public notice subjects the public body to possible judicial sanctions, including an order declaring the meeting invalid, an order enjoining the public body s actions or practices, and/or an order assessing legal costs and fees. RSA 91-A:7 and 8; see also Section V (Remedies) of this Memorandum. D. Meeting Procedures Meetings of public bodies subject to the Right-to-Know law are open to the public unless the body is authorized to hold a non-public session. RSA 91-A:2. Any person may attend an open meeting. The public s right to attend a meeting established by the Right-to-Know law does not convey a right to speak or participate. Other laws may require that the public be afforded some opportunity to speak at public hearings or certain other meetings of public bodies. Many public bodies voluntarily establish appropriate regulated public comment periods at some meetings; however, this is not required by the Right-to-Know law. 1. Member Participation and Attendance at Meetings a. Except in an emergency, a quorum of the public body shall be physically present at the location specified in the meeting notice. RSA 91-A:2, III(b). b. A member of the public body may participate in a meeting other than by attending in person at the location of the meeting only when attending in person is not reasonably practical. RSA 91-A:3(a). The reason for participation from some place other than the location of the meeting shall be stated in the minutes of the meeting. RSA 91-A:2, III(a). c. Each member participating remotely, whether by phone, electronically, or otherwise, must be able to simultaneously hear each other member and speak to each other member during the meeting. The member participating remotely must also be audible or otherwise discernible to the public in attendance at the meeting s location. RSA 91-A:2, III(c). One practical solution is participating by telephone, provided there is a speaker phone used in the meeting room that can be heard by the public. 12
19 d. Any member participating remotely must identify all other persons present at the place from which the member is participating. RSA 91-A:2, III(c). e. A member participating in a meeting remotely is deemed to be present at the meeting for purposes of voting. f. All votes taken during a meeting in which any member participates remotely shall be by roll call vote. RSA 91-A:2, III(e). The Right-to-Know law does not explicitly require that every roll call vote be recorded member by member in the minutes. However, compliance with the roll call requirement should be documented. 2. Basic Meeting Requirements a. No meeting shall be conducted by electronic mail or any other form of communication that does not permit the public to hear, read, or otherwise discern the meeting discussion contemporaneously at the meeting location specified in the meeting notice. RSA 91-A:2, III(c). b. RSA 91-A:2, III(c) explicitly requires that when a member is participating remotely each part of a meeting required to be open to the public shall be as audible or otherwise discernible to the public as it would be if all members were participating in person. Generally, a public body should plan to hold meetings in a space that is accessible to persons with disabilities and that will accommodate any reasonably anticipated public attendance. If necessary, the body should make provisions for amplifying the discussions between members and parties presenting to the public body. While outside the scope of this Memorandum, public bodies should consult with legal counsel to ensure the body is prepared to meet the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act should any person require accommodation. If extraordinary unanticipated public attendance results in some members of the public being effectively denied the opportunity to attend the public meeting, it may be necessary to reconvene the meeting in a more suitable space. For example, if a crowd in excess of the fire code limit for the meeting room shows up and others wishing to attend are limited to hallways or other rooms where they can neither hear nor see, the right of public access is put in question. If practical, move the meeting to a sufficiently large nearby space. Ensure those arriving at the location shown on the meeting notice are informed of the new meeting location. If moving is impractical, consult with legal counsel before proceeding with a meeting where members of the public are present who are being denied the opportunity to attend due to space limitations. 13
20 c. Any person shall be permitted to use recording devices including, but not limited to, tape recorders, cameras, and videotape equipment at public meetings. RSA 91-A:2, II; see WMUR v. N.H. Dept. of Fish and Game, 154 N.H. 46 (2006) (prohibiting television cameras at a hearing on issuance of a hunting and fishing license because the presence of cameras would impair the applicant s ability to present his case violated the Right-to-Know law where the applicant had not established that he had a due process right to a hearing without cameras present). 10 It is recommended that public bodies whose public meetings are regularly recorded by members of the public establish uniform procedures that allow for a reasonable opportunity to record while not interfering with or disrupting the conduct of the meeting. d. No vote in a public meeting may be taken by secret ballot except for: (1) Town meetings and elections; (2) School district meetings and school district elections; or (3) Village district meetings and elections. e. Meeting minutes must be kept and must include: (1) The names of the members present; (2) The names of persons appearing before the body; (3) A brief description of each subject discussed; and (4) A description of all final decisions made, including all decisions to meet in non-public session. Final decisions include actions on all motions made, even if the motion fails. A clear description of the motion, the person making the motion, and the person seconding the motion should also be included. f. Minutes are not required to include stenographic or verbatim transcripts. DiPietro v. City of Nashua, 109 N.H. 174 (1968). However, there may be other statutes which require a verbatim record for certain types of public proceedings. E.g., adjudicative hearings conducted under RSA 541-A:31, VII. g. Minutes are a permanent part of the body s records and must be written and open to public inspection not more than five business days after the meeting. 11 RSA 91-A:2, II. There are no exceptions to this requirement for 10 The Court did not reach the question of whether the right to due process, if it had been established by the person seeking a license, would outweigh the right to use television cameras at a public hearing. Television cameras should generally be allowed at public meetings and hearings. 11 RSA 641:7 reflects the importance of keeping minutes which accurately record the proceedings before the public body. This statute imposes a misdemeanor penalty upon persons who tamper with public records or information. A person is guilty of this crime if he or she: 14
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text:
There are various critical factors to categorize once defining the regular payment for your nanny. Net is not interdependent on the obligation of the individual, instead on the utility theyability furnish and is besides supported on their quondam go through and characteristic of their tough grind. The starting earnings for a live-inability woman as defined by the US Nation state Division is $13,905 whereas in the UK it is less, single £40-55 per hour. The remuneration earned should be supported on incontestable celebration and present-day worth. Also activity belief may convert supported on the customary financial provisions.
It seems thatability here is no "average" earnings once it comes to hiring a keeper. A nanny's regular payment depends on so heaps variables and so it is undoable to equip averages. Some of the variables are how many a family she will nurture for and the ages of the children, her edifying qualifications, whether he/she is a US citizen or not and before i go where in the land you subsist and consequently, the necessity supply situation of Nannies there. Bill of people for the woman also determinesability the pay she asks for and is therefore, difficult in the metros than in folksy areas.
Here is a illustration of how a pay work out should be worn up. Hiring a nursemaid near standard infant seated submit yourself to or one who requires research makes all the disparity in pay rolls. If the nursemaid has smaller amount than cardinal age of submit yourself to of eternal denotative state as a tiddler exactness provider, consequently she is at the dawn of her youngster fastidiousness career and should not as usual acquire a period of time salary preceding $200 per time period on a live-inability ground.Post ads:
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The regular payment you mitt over to your keeper as well depends on whether or not she is a swarming incident or a chunk event nanny, and whether or not you assign her beside food and laminate new utility-grade costs. Generally speaking, nearby are 3 assorted classificationsability for a adult female in record European countries: Au Pair, Au Double act Plus and Mother's Help, all next to varied pay dependingability generally on the valid hours.
Do you necessitate her to travelling near you on vacationsability and how various life can you perchance present her a day off? Bear in mind thatability the sum of structure in furthermost star metropolitan areas ranges from $13,200 to $20,400 forward per year, so if you have a live-inability nanny, take-home pay may count room, diet and other utilities and hence, the pay surge in monetary status may end supported on these factors.
It is besides copernican to see the varied charges thatability get intercalary to your instrument once you charter a keeper through with an administrative body. The over all cost can be in short summarized as those of an government agency program fee, federal agency application fee, and domesticated fare cost, tuition fee, time period adult female salary, inclusive period of time damage and of education a weekly amount. Paid the Keeper and an administrative unit incurs new taxes.Post ads:
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The Henry Teen Art Collective is a team of creative and enthusiastic youth in grades 9-12 dedicated to building a community around contemporary art. The Collective pulls back the curtain on the art community and goes behind the scenes at the museum, meets arts professionals, and explores contemporary art ideas with peers and visiting artists.
Each year, the group selects a project to collaboratively focus on such as zines, digital content, event production, or other types of arts programming. As a member of the Collective, you have opportunities to identify your favorite roles in the creative world and meet lots of like-minded teens. The 2017 Teen Art Collective is comprised of 14 students from schools across Seattle.
Don't forget: students are always free at the Henry and it's easy to get here by public transit. We encourage teens to check out our community partner TeenTix and engage with the arts!