text:
GyrusAim is a great tool for supporting change, skills development and employee proficiency.Ollen Broussard, Caterpillar – Louisiana Machinery
How Can We Help?
Manufacturing companies are continually growing, changing and improving their competency management efforts, at the same time keeping up with new regulations and rulemaking. GyrusAim provides on-demand training for professional development needs. Individual development plans (IDP) provide a clear path for development and an easy way to access the right training at the right time. Having an IDP improves productivity by providing up-to-date training and resources to employees. Our Gap Analysis feature takes development to the next level by allowing employees to compare their current skills with skill requirements of other jobs in their career path. The system integrates well with union training, improves safety, and increases morale !
Why Your Training Administrator Will Love It?
GyrusAim Learning Management System (LMS) easily improves safety and regulatory compliance and quickly provides reports to executives and officials. It provides an easy outlet to track and manage employee training initiatives and effectiveness. Feedback and reporting analytics provide for objective, fact-based decision making when it comes to evaluating training efforts. Automation of most training tasks will allow your administrators to shift their work from the transactional to the transformational. Built in assessments provide for randomized question pools, as well as, on the job training assessments. These assessments are also used for on the job training and on the job evaluations! GyrusAim offers a software platform that makes competency management and regulatory compliance easy, effective and within budget. Training administrators can rest assured that regulations set by OSHA and the EPA are tracked and reportable. It is scalable in both IT and budget terms.
Finding Success with GyrusAim
GyrusAim Learning Management System (LMS) improves competitiveness by creating organizational and job development plans for employees to achieve. We streamline efficiency, consistency and information flow by providing employees an easy work flow to achieve their individual development needs. Competencies can be managed by individual, job, organization, or internal certification giving companies the flexibility they need to update, add, and remove skill sets. With the tools we provide for competency and skill management, organizations should be able to realize a reduction in injuries and accidents, reduction in defects, and an increase in regulatory compliance. Manager involvement in the LMS can improve the employee review process, foster teamwork, and aid in union contract management efforts. GyrusAim is Skill-centric in nature and designed specifically for support of ISO 9001 competency management.
Request Demo Today!
Take a closer look at our product. Speak to one of our experienced sales consultants. We will set up a customer specific demo based on our initial discussion and your needs.


text:
All orders ship with a free gift!
These modern salad servers are hand-carved from olive wood, a sustainable tree in East Africa known for its rich grain.
Each server features a round of decorative cow bone that has been sanitized, polished, and hand-dyed. Measures 13"L x 3"W x 0.25"T.
We work with representatives of Kamba artists in Kenya to obtain these hand-carved works of beauty derived from the olive wood tree. The artisans benefit greatly from the sale of olive wood products, with marked improvements being seen for the individual, their families, the community. The olive wood tree is sacred to Kenyans and appreciated worldwide for its beautiful grain patterns and durability.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
M&B Property Maintenance
Browse top kitchen renovators and compare ratings and reviews.
Licenced builder 40 years Currently Registered Qld and NSW Member MBQ & QBBC Small jobs a specialty Renovations Additions Mainte..
No Job to large or to small Heritage reno's a specialty 37 years experience will work for hourly rate anytime.
Find the average cost of kitchen renovation jobs similar to yours
Making those jobs you hate easier
Kitchens are a central location to any home - it's where we cook, clean and can also be a chill zone to have a glass of wine at the end of a long day. Find out more ways to utilise your kitchen space.
Check out what people are saying about kitchen renovators in your area
We moved out of our rental last Saturday and were able to get Jeff around urgently on the Friday to work magic on our very over-grown garden, and wow did he impress! Such great service, communication and attention to detail! He even sent me a picture of our beautiful garden aft..
Ben from Kurtis Ceilings was knowledgable and provided excellent quality work. Nothing was too hard and he went above and beyond to make sure we were happy with the job. We found them highly reliable and professional. They actual care and take pride in their work and we couldn'..
Recent requested kitchen renovator jobs on Oneflare
Young, NSW
What next?
Businesses like to send a quote as soon as possible. You may receive
your first quote within an hour.
Call us on 13 18 18Visit our help centre Back to job form
Keep an eye on your email for quotes that we send you from relevant businesses.
We don't post anything to Facebook. Loading... Something went wrong. Please try again. Or
We will notify you here when quotes come in.
Why do we need this?
Businesses who send you a quote may get in touch to chat about your request.
Looks like you've used Oneflare before. Login to Oneflare to submit your job.
Forgot your password? Reset your password
We have sent an email to
We have re-sent the email. Check your email and follow the link to change your password.
Send again
Be sure to check your spam folder for an email from firstname.lastname@example.com
You are continuing as . We will send all job updates to edit
Only businesses that send you a quote will see your contact details.
This is based on


text:
Kolkata: Holders East Bengal and Churchill Brothers carved out contrasting victories to set up a final clash in the 108th IFA Shield football tournament. East Bengal struck once in each half to prevail over Vasco Sports Club, Goa 2-0, while Churchill Brothers scraped past a fighting Tata Football Academy 3-2 in semi-final outings at the Salt Lake stadium. Ghanaian Suley Musah emerged the hero in East Bengal's victory as he not only netted the first goal, but also played the key role when Jiten Rai doubled the tally in the dying minutes of the exchange in the flood-lit stadium. In the first semi-final, Kasif Jamal, Nigerian Yakubu and substitute Ratan Singh found the target for Churchill, while the Jamshedpur-based Academy struck through Bhola Prasad and Debabrata Roy. (PTI)
Topics : Football
Get the latest Sri Lanka vs India 2017 news, check Sri Lanka vs India 2017 schedule and live score. Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter for more Sri Lanka vs India 2017 updates. You can also download the NDTV Cricket app for Android or iOS
Show Comments


text:
Anniversary Sale
Nike Free Run 2017 Sneaker (Baby, Walker, Toddler & Little Kid)
Sale: $35.90 – $47.90
After Sale: $48.00 – $65.00
ADIDAS Terrex AX2R CP Sneaker
A climaproof membrane adds waterproof protection to a comfortable, secure hiking sneaker featuring a cushioned EVA lining and a grippy TRAXION sole. Color(s): core blue/ black/ unity lime, tactile pink/ black/ green. Brand: ADIDAS. Style Name:Adidas Terrex Ax2R Cp Sneaker (Toddler, Little Kid & Big Kid). Style Number: 5228944. Available ... Learn More
ADIDAS Terrex Tivid Sneaker
A minimalist, sandal-inspired silhouette enhances the everyday comfort and style of an easy-on sneaker grounded by a sturdy TRAXION outsole. Color(s): core blue/ navy/ energy green, easy orange/ pink/ ice purple. Brand: ADIDAS. Style Name:Adidas Terrex Tivid Sneaker (Toddler, Little Kid & Big Kid). Style Number: 5228956. Available in stores. ... Learn More
FILA F-13 Mid Pinstripe Sneaker
A pinstriped lining adds a sporty pop to a mid-top sneaker with shallow perforations at the sides and toe and a hook-and-loop logo strap at the ankle. Color(s): navy/ red, white faux leather. Brand: FILA USA. Style Name:Fila F-13 Mid Pinstripe Sneaker (Big Kid). Style Number: 5239476. Available in stores. ... Learn More
FILA Heritage Sneaker
Sleek and retro-chic, this pieced-leather sneaker is an enduring classic that dates back to the mid 1980s. Its tonal palette extends from the laces to the grippy rubber sole, while perforations at the toe and sides provide ventilated comfort. Color(s): castle rock nubuck leather. Brand: FILA USA. Style Name:Fila Heritage ... Learn More
FILA USA FX-100 High Top Sneaker
Introduced in 1991, this classic high-top sneaker quickly became an iconic favorite with its breathable pierced toe, chunky cupsole and bold ankle strap. Color(s): castle rock, navy/ white, white/ black. Brand: FILA USA. Style Name:Fila Usa Fx-100 High Top Sneaker (Big Kid). Style Number: 5239478. Available in stores. Learn More
MERRELL 'Trail Chaser' Sneaker
This rugged sneaker features a breathable mesh upper and a cushioned footbed for all-day comfort. A hook-and-loop strap with elastic laces makes for easy on and off, and a SelectGrip sole helps him keep his footing everywhere his adventures take him. Color(s): grey/ blue/ citron, multi, navy/ taupe. Brand: Merrell. ... Learn More
NIKE Air Huarache Run Ultra Premium Sneaker
Throw it back to the '90s in this super-lightweight sneaker given a modern update with a one-piece textured mesh upper for breathable comfort. Phylon cushioning pairs with strategically placed rubber pods to provide impact protection, while a sock-like neoprene sleeve ensures a dynamic, custom-molded fit. Color(s): black/ black, black/ blue ... Learn More
NIKE Air Max 90 Premium Leather Sneaker
Smooth leather composition adds modern refinement to a streetwise sneaker featuring a cushioned Max Air unit that traces its origins all the way back to Nike footwear of the 1970s. Color(s): black/ dark grey/ ivory, pale grey/ khaki/ white, provence purple/ purple, sail/ sail/ light bone/ white. Brand: NIKE. Style ... Learn More


text:
Quick Search for NHTI - Concord's Community College
Locate a book, magazine, or movie in the NHTI Library
Multi-database search for articles:
Multi-database search for eBooks:
Locate print and electronic Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers:
Databases Library Catalog Research Guides Movies on DVD
Mon, July 24 through Thurs, July 27 - 8 am to 7 pm; Fri, July 28 - 8 am to 4 pm
Sat, July 29 and Sun, July 30 - CLOSED
Visit the NHTI Library's new Academics and Fitness area with treadmill desks and standing desks -- underwritten by a donation from EBSCO.
Try the NHTI Library's newest resources -- JSTOR Sustainability; EBSCO's Academic Search Ultimate; and, Flipster!
Visit the Library's wireless tablet Instructional Lab. Surface RT tablets are available at the Service Desk for checkout and use by NHTI students, faculty and staff!
Reference Questions!
Need some help?
Stop by the Library's Service Desk!
Reference staff are here:
Mon thru Thurs: 9:00 am - 5:00 pm
Fri: 9:00 am - 4:00 pm
Stop in any time to fill out a Reference Inquiry form. Drop the form off at the Service Desk and we'll get back to you as soon as possible!
The NHTI Film Society returns with the 20th anniversary Manhattan Short Film Festival
Friday through Sunday, Oct 6, 7 and 8, 2017
Sweeney Auditorium - Open to the Public
Admission $10.00 - NHTI students free with valid ID
Wings of Knowledge Lecture Series - in partnership with Southern New Hampshire University
Thanks for a great 2016 - 2017 season! Wings of Knowledge will return Fall 2017 with Anthony Mento, Assoc. AIA, Project Manager with SMP Architecture.
"Architecture that Supports the New Methods of Community Corrections" Tues. Oct 3, 6:00 pm in NHTI Library Living Room - Free & open to the public.
For more info on the Wings series visit nhti.edu/wings
Library Gallery
July 2017
Judy Palfrey Art Exhibit
Aircraft Photography Contest Winners
For hours see right hand column
31 College Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 230-4028
Library Hours
Spring & Fall Semesters
Mon - Thurs
7:30 am - 9 pm
Friday 7:30 am - 4 pm
Saturday CLOSED
Sunday 12 noon - 7 pm
Mon - Thurs
8:00 am - 7 pm
Friday 8:00 am - 4 pm
The library may close for special college functions - such as Commencement and Convocation - and also observes state and federal holidays. A phone call will confirm our hours.


text:
Bus Lorca Murcia » Lublin Lublin Voivodeship
Coach and bus timetable from Lorca to Lublin • 3 bus companies • Voyager, euroTicket and Eurolines Switzerland offer • Cheap online tickets
Find your best option on Lorca - Lublin route at rebrutto.com.
When you go to tickets offer you can verify your fare in booking system, to which you will be redirected after clicking BUY button. Fill the forms as if you would book your ticket. Set the number and type of tickets, look for available discounts and deals. Cancel your booking without consequences whenever you want, as well just before the payment.
Lorca to Lublin coach and bus online tickets
Single tickets for trips from Lorca to Lublin are supported by the following companies: Eurolines Switzerland, euroTicket, Intercars Basque or Voyager.
Lorca to Lublin timetables
Lorca - Lublin route is serviced by Intercars Basque.
At Lorca - Poland page you will find more online tickets from Lorca to cities in Poland. To buy your return ticket, please visit Lublin to Lorca or Lublin to other cities in Spain.
Travel information for Lublin is available at Lublin news and FAQ.
Pick the best offer at rebrutto.com.
Intercars BasqueGo to Intercars Basque Lorca to Lublin tickets
NewsFrom London to Pulawy with Sindbad
Buy online tickets from London to Pulawy. Fares starting from 55 GBP. Discounts! 12/4/2017Cheap online tickets from Oslo to Lublin
Promotional price and discounts! 16/2/2017Cheap online tickets from Oslo to Lublin
Promotional price and discounts! 16/2/2017All Lublin news 13 »


text: This air-conditioned business hotel comprises a total of 210 spacious rooms with contemporary d�cor and furnishings. Many of the hotel rooms offer magnificent views of the bay, making them some of the best in the city. Guests are welcomed in the lobby, which offers a 24-hour reception and a 24-hour check-out service, as well as a hotel safe. Guests can enjoy a drink at the bar, and dine in the restaurant. Business travellers can make use of the conference facilities. Guests can enjoy the convenience of Internet access. They can also take advantage of the room and laundry services. Those arriving by car may leave their vehicles in the hotel car park.Complimentary parking and in-room high-speed Internet access are available to all guests.All rooms are en suite and feature a shower, bath and hairdryer, as well as satellite/cable TV and complimentary high-speed Internet access. Rooms also come equipped with a dual-line telephone, radio, in-room safe and tea and coffee making facilities. Standard in-room amenities include a fridge and a microwave. Furthermore an ironing set, individually regulated air conditioning and central heating are provided in all accommodation units as standard.


text:
Happy days! Current spell of dry and warm weather is set to last until well into the week
Happy days! The current spell of dry and warm weather the country has been enjoying over the weekend is set to last until Thursday, forecasters have predicted.
Temperatures could reach as high as 17 degrees before then.
The warm, pleasant weather is due to an area of high pressure settling over the country for the next few days.
Patches of mist and fog could form in the coming nights, which could become quite cold, however.
"Well, we have an area of high pressure, it's centred in the Irish Sea, and it's really not going to move very far over the next few days, so the good weather is going to stay with us," said Met Éireann meteorologist Deirdre Lowe.
"Daytime temperatures are going to get up well above normal between 13 and 16 or 17 degrees, and very light winds, so in the sunshine feeling pleasant."
Fog clearing to dry calm day.Max 15-18,low teens on coasts with fog patches.Tonite cold/dry/mistfog.Min 0-4.Frost in places. Tmrw drysunny
— Met Éireann (@MetEireann) April 6, 2015
Happy Monday from beautiful Howth in County Dublin everyone! http://t.co/TkbFLYeW7x pic.twitter.com/9YR48BtPCf
— Tourism Ireland (@TInordics) April 6, 2015
Gorgeous bank holiday Monday here in Dublin. We have sailings at 11.30am, 12.30pm, 15.15pm & 16.15pm today! pic.twitter.com/gNV8qW0FXA
— Dublin Discovered (@DublinDiscover) April 6, 2015


text:
Fresh Tuna Salad
Recipe by Penny Stettinius
There is no comparison between canned and fresh tuna salad. The taste of fresh is just so good! This salad can be used as stuffing for tomatoes, avocados, for sandwiches or as an appetizer with crackers. It's very easy to make, too. I don't like my tuna salad to have a lot of mayonnaise so you may want to add more, to taste. You may also want to play around with the spices, sometimes instead of Old Bay I'll use chopped jalapenos or add chopped fresh herbs like dill and chives. *To note, one reviewer questioned the amount of time I suggest boiling the fish and here's my answer to that: "This recipe is not for a Rare Tuna salad, it's more of a tuna salad for sandwiches, more like the diner tuna salad they make out of tinned tuna, only much better. If you are in search of a recipe for seared tuna to use in Salad Nicoise, this is not it".
Top Review by denisehucks_572366
I have been looking for a recipe for tuna salad using fresh tuna. I had a delightful fresh tuna salad sandwich from a little deli on Ocracoke Island, North Carolina when visiting there...This recipe here makes me nervous! To put two tablespoons of Old Bay Seasoning into 1/3 cup of Mayo seems like a typo. I am also afraid to over cook the tuna! Fifteen minutes! Yikes. Somebody help!
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3⁄4 lb fresh tuna steak
- 2 tablespoons crab boil (liquid)
- 2 tablespoons Old Bay Seasoning (more or less, to taste)
- 3 celery ribs, diced
- 1⁄2 vidalia onion, diced
- 1⁄3 cup mayonnaise (Hellman's)
Directions See How It's Made
- Fill a large pot with about 1 quart of water and add the liquid crab boil.
- Bring to a boil.
- Add the tuna and boil, on medium, for about 15 minutes, or until the tuna starts breaking apart easily.
- Remove from the heat, drain, and place the tuna in a large bowl.
- With a fork and small paring knife break apart, or shred the tuna, however you prefer it. We like a combination of shreds and little chunks.
- Then toss in the celery and onion.
- Mix the mayonnaise and the Old Bay and stir into the tuna.
- Taste and adjust seasonings. Sometimes I will add salt, pepper, hot sauce -- you decide how spicy you want it.
- You can serve it at room temperature or chilled.


text:
We had a fun day yesterday walking around downtown Philly for 7 or so hours in the high heat and intense humidity. Better than the day before though, at least there was a breeze today, and it didn't bother us too much cause we are just happy being together. We stopped in a cool bakery with organic goods called Le Pain Quotidien, found Arcadia Boutique, a small shop that sells some eco-fashion brands like Stewart+Brown, Mat & Natt and Curator, bought some coconut water to replenish our electrolytes at Food & Friends market, sat on old church steps, walked down a cute cobblestone alleyway where we found really old charming houses and enjoyed a lovely dinner at Garces Trading Co. where we had this mouthwatering "organic" salmon and fresh greens, and enjoyed their olive oil and balsamic vinegar bar (our favorite was the grassy organic olive oil from California). We accidentally found Old City Hall, The Liberty Bell, Constitution Hall and the Federal Reserve before heading back through Chinatown toward our hotel where we were happy to feel air conditioning again. We spent the rest of the evening downloading, analyzing and laughing at our photos while we painting our toes in bed and ate snacks. Here are some of the photos of our day together.
Have you been to Philly? Any suggestions of what to see, do or really great places to eat (other than cheesesteaks)?


text:
The Leather Tie is an exclusivity by Chez Priape Leather. Show your colours during an event or match it with your favorite shirt. Made of soft leather, this leather tie by Chez Priape is a must for your wardrobe! Available in different colours. Every day will have its own colour. Proudly hand made in our workshop.
- Additional Information
- Reviews (0)
- Questions (0)
Additional Information Reviews (0) Questions (0)


text:
Barnes & Noble at Vanderbilt invites you to join us Saturday, July 22 at 10 am and 2 pm as we kick off our storytime with Lisa & Myles. Lisa joined the Barnes & Noble at Vanderbilt team only a few months ago but has already enhanced our children's department with exciting programs like this. Lisa will be reading various classics and new releases, but she won't be reading alone. Joining Lisa be her best friend Myles, a beautiful, blue-eyed Australian shepherd with the fluffiest fur on the planet.
Come enjoy storytime with Lisa & Myles on the 22nd and invite your friends and family!
Barnes & Noble at Vanderbilt is located on the outer edge of Vanderbilt University's campus. We are proud to be the University bookstore for over 5 years now. Our children's department has had a recent transformation specifically designed with our little shoppers in mind.
For more information on this and all other in-store events, contact John Lasiter - firstname.lastname@example.com
Barnes & Noble at Vanderbilt - 2501 West End Ave. Nashville, TN 37203 - 615-343-2665
AMERICAN MODERNISM AT MID-CENTURY: THE WORK OF MORRIS DAVIDSON is the first comprehensive survey of a little-known yet important twentieth century American artist, presenting new research into the significance of his life's work and using it as a lens to view many iterations of abstraction practiced from the 1930s through the 1970s. The fourth in an annual collaboration with the Department of History of Art and the Vanderbilt University Fine Arts Gallery, this exhibition has been curated by Vanderbilt students who were enrolled in a related class taught by Kevin D. Murphy, Andrew W. Mellon Chair in the Humanities and Chair of the Department of History of Art.
The exhibition will be on view from April 28, 2017 through September 17, 2017. The Fine Arts Gallery is located in Cohen Memorial Hall, 1220 21st Avenue South, on the western edge of the Peabody College campus.
Gallery hours:
April 28 to August 22
Tuesday - Friday 12-4 pm
Saturdays 1-5 pm
closed Sundays and Mondays
August 23 to September 17
Monday - Friday 11am-4 pm
Weekends 1-5 pm
Admission is free and open to the public
The exhibition includes:
- Twenty-three paintings by Morris Davidson
- A wide range of approaches to abstraction, from objective and cubist to non-objective and expressionist
- A catalogue of the same title available for purchase
The exhibition is curated by Aiden Layer '19, Nancy Lin '18, Ryan Logie '17, Cecilia March '18, Kittredge Shamamian '17, Elliot Taillon '17, and Nina Vaswani '17.
Support has been provided by the vice provost for academic and strategic affairs, the College of Arts and Science, the Department of History of Art, the Andrew W. Mellon Chair in the Humanities, the Ewers Gift for Fine Art, and the Rosenfeld/Davidson Family Collection.
Through the exceptional capabilities and caring spirit of its people, Vanderbilt will lead in improving the healthcare of individuals and communities regionally, nationally and internationally. We will combine our transformative learning programs and compelling discoveries to provide distinctive personalized care.
Vanderbilt University is committed to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action. Copyright 2017 © Vanderbilt University Medical Center.


text:
We use cookies to enhance your experience of our website. You can find out more in our cookie policy. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the Travel Editions website.
Travel Editions are fully bonded with the Civil Aviation Authority (ATOL 3525) and a member of ABTA (ABTA V3120).
This website is secured using a Comodo Digital Certificate.
The sixth tour in Mike Hope's planned series of tours to visit all the cathedrals in England, takes us to the East Midlands, an area rich in ecclesiastical history. From our base in the lovely town of Southwell we visit its Minster as well as the cathedrals at Derby, Leicester (where Richard III now lies), Lincoln and Nottingham Cathedrals as well as a host of historic churches, abbeys and a fascinating glimpse into monastic life at Mount St Bernard Abbey.Click here for explanation of the footprint symbols
Click here to open a print-friendly version of this page
Travel Editions is a trading name of Travel Editions Group Ltd
Air holiday packages shown are ATOL protected by the Civil Aviation Authority. Our ATOL number is ATOL 3525.
Please see our booking conditions for more information.


text: One of the largest and oldest clubs in the university, The NUIG Mountaineering Club has been introducing students and staff to mountaineering for over 40 years. We hold weekly hikes to Connemara and the surrounding area during the college semester for all levels of hikers. We also run climbing training sessions every Tuesday and Thursday in the Kingfisher in NUIG as well as peer sessions during the week. We also run several trips during the year around Ireland and abroad. There's always something going on and there's something to be had for everyone!


text:
problems with DSMC in parallel
hi all
I have a case and decide solve with dsmc when I run my case in the parallel or one core of my cpu I face this error:
one thing that I forgot say:
I run this case in a 32 bit linux without any error but when I run in a 64 bit linux I face this error
Hi Hadi,
You haven't provided enough information in order to help you. What were the messages that showed up before that?
Best regards,
this error in the log.dsmcFoam file:
Hi Hadi,
Once it crashes on dsmcInitialise, everything else will not work.
I've made quick tests on the tutorials and for this application, it should output something like this:
Create time
A few possibilities come to mind:
thanks Wyldckat
I check it and put the result here
2 Attachment(s)
I have a case that a flow pass over a cube that creat its mesh with gambit and convert to OpenFoam but the all of molcule of gas not add in the dsmcInitialise
I try some thing but not answer
I appreciate for any help
Hi Hadi,
I re-read the whole thread and this looks like to be the same problem. And unfortunately, it's not enough information yet to figure out what might be wrong.
Therefore, here are a few questions:
1-copy-paste this orders in the OpenFOAMwiki an install OpenFOAM2.1.1 for fedora 17
3-I create my mesh with gambit in the windoes that my case a cube that defined as wall and then put it on a big cube for domain and left face of cube is defined as inlet and right face outlet and the other faces of big cube are outlet2(outlet from besides) then in the my fedora with this order fluent3DMeshtoFoam convert my mesh and befor these I copy supersonic folder and then change name of folder to my case then delete the BlockMes and Boundery in the PolyMesh then copy my .msh file and then copy to my folder and then convert then with the bounderyfile that's creat after the convert of mesh to Edit the 0 folder then select my case and Edit propertis in the costant folder and system folder then delete script that excute the BlockMesh in the Allrun file and save it then I creat my dsmcSigma TcR Max then in the terminal run this order ./Allrun
4-I performed all these steps in my netbook because I have windoes and linux together,first I decide run this case in the my netbook and solve errors of my case when I solve errors of my case after it run in a supercomputer and in the both of them I use OpenFOAM2.1.1
5-when I checkmesh at the end of that say Mesh OK.
I have a question:
1-the unit of gambit is mm and the dimensions of my case is mm,after convert my mesh is necessary change of unit(i.e. convert to meter)?
when I run creat processor 0-3 and in the bounderys condition(i.e. U , T and other )write nonuniform in the inlet and outlet
no body here can help me
Hi Hadi,
Sorry, I've been very busy for the past few weeks and didn't manage to have time to even login on the forum.
OK, I've read the detailed post and the first thing that comes to mind is indeed the problems with the units of the mesh.
You wrote that the mesh made with Gambit is in millimetre, which possibly means that you still need to convert the units. So, if we look at the output from checkMesh, this is shown:
Overall domain bounding box (-10 -10 -10) (22 10 10)
The second thing that comes to mind to ask is: what's the exact command you used to convert the mesh from Gambit format to OpenFOAM format?
Best regards,
hi Mr santos
thanks and I hope you always healthy
somebody say gambit is non-dimensional and when you decide process with fluent(i.e you can select in or mm or m in the Fluent) or OpenFoam you must identify the unit of case
1-this values in millimetre
2-I write this:
Hi Hadi,
OK, then use the following command:
fluent3DMeshToFoam -scale 0.001 cube.msh
Keep in mind that almost all OpenFOAM applications have the option "-help":
fluent3DMeshToFoam -help
thanks so much
It's work with any error
problem was in the scale
I wish you all the best.
:eek: I'm very glad it's finally working! All the best to you too!
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 12:00.


text:
Bachour Bakery's Karen Peco Proves Restaurant Work Isn't All Food Network Glamour
Karen Peco on the line.
Image by Zachary Fagenson
The kitchen can be a magnetic place for your average couch potato or cubicle creature. The heat, the noise, and the instant satisfaction seem a galaxy away from answering emails and suffering through dull meetings. But like everything glamorized for television, the harsh reality is glazed over or, even worse, wholly omitted.
There's been no shortage of celebrity chefs who've pointed out this fact. Anthony Bourdain has weighed in on the matter. Cosmopolitan has opined about it. In 2015, former Jean-Georges chef de partie Christian Lemp offered another sober look at the profession.
Here's one more. Last Thursday during a hectic lunch service at Brickell's Bachour Bakery + Bistro, line cook Karen Peco, 29, saw a sauté pan full of hot oil teetering near the edge of the stove. Thanks to the crowds, the stove's grates are perpetually slicked with a thin film of oil. It's common for hot pans to slide back and forth or twirl in place. As the pan slipped toward the precipice, she pushed it back, sending a hot wave of oil onto her hand, leaving it purple, blistered, and in screaming pain.
Image by Zachary Fagenson
The following day when she showed up, chef Henry Hane tried to send her home, but Peco insisted on staying. Hane and Bachour put out calls to doctors. Meanwhile, Peco wrapped her hand in an Ace bandage, slapped two latex gloves over it, and plowed into the day. "I'm a chef," she said, "I don't stay home; I cook."
Related Location
600 Brickell Ave.
Miami, FL 33131
Get the Food & Drink Newsletter
Our weekly guide to Miami dining includes food news and reviews, as well as dining events and interviews with chefs and restaurant owners.
Recommended for You
Powered by SailThru
Popular Stories
Sponsor Content


text:
Description Edit
Makes 24 servings.
Ingredients Edit
- 3 cups cooked rice (cooked in beef broth)
- 2 cups (8 ounces) shredded Monterey jack cheese, divided
- 2 eggs, beaten
- 1 pound hot or mild bulk pork sausage
- ½ cup chopped onion
- 1 x 4-ounce can chopped green chilis, undrained
- 1 large tomato, chopped
- 1 cup sour cream
- ⅓ cup sliced ripe olives
Directions Edit
- Combine rice, 1 cup cheese and eggs in medium bowl. Press firmly into 2 greased 9-inch pie pans, spreading evenly. Bake at 450 °F for 15 minutes.
- Meanwhile, cook sausage and onion in large skillet until meat is brown, stirring to crumble. Drain sausage and onion on paper towels, spoon over prepared crust. Sprinkle with remaining 1 cup Cheese and with chiles.
- Return pizza to oven for 5 minutes, or until cheese is melted.
- Sprinkle chopped tomato over top. Cut in 12 wedges each to serve.
- Top each wedge with a dollop of sour cream and sprinkle with before serving.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 9, 1991
|Filing date
|Apr 30, 1990
|Priority date
|Feb 2, 1989
|Fee status
|Publication number
|William A. Hagins, Shuko Yoshikami
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (23), Classifications (9), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a Divisional, application of application Ser. No. 07,305,331, filed Feb. 2, 1989 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,896.
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus useful for determining the heat capacity and heat conductivity of small samples of solids and liquids. In particular, the present invention relates to a microcalorimeter having an improved sensitivity and response speed for milligram samples based on the pyroelectric effect.
Conventional chemical calorimeters have been used to measure temperature changes of more than 20 microdegrees in liquid and solid samples weighing 100 milligrams or more with arrays of thermocouple elements surrounding the sample. To speed the detection of the heat, it is usually conducted as a measured heat flux through arrays of thermoelectric elements whose outputs are integrated and recorded Small samples and small temperature changes are difficult to measure in this way because the thermocouples are brittle semiconductors that are hard to miniaturize.
Thermopiles made of conventional metal wires have been used to study heat changes in nerves and muscles. In these, an array of as many as 100 thermoelectric junctions are pressed against the tissue with thin sheets of mica as electrical and chemical barriers. The thinness of the mica makes the thermopile responses as fast as 10 milliseconds, but the low source impedances and thermoelectric powers of the thermocouples require that the signals be recorded with galvanometers of poor frequency response. Nevertheless, by signal averaging many responses of nerves with such systems, temperature changes of 7-10 microdegrees C. have been seen.
In 1981, I. Tasaki and K. Iwasa (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 101. 172-176 (1981)) described a new and much more sensitive temperature sensor based on pyroelectric charge displacements in the artificial plastic film polymer, poly(vinylidene 1,1-difluoride). This polymer, PVDF, when coated with aluminum or nickel films and then stretched and heated in a strong electrical field becomes a permanently polarized dielectric material with a very high insulation resistance. When subjected to a temperature change of 1 degree K., PVDF films 9-10 micrometers thick show potential changes between their two surfaces of as much as 2 volts. The voltage response develops fully in the 100 microseconds needed for the full thickness of the film to be heated or cooled, and the signal is quite linear for small temperature changes. Applying a PVDF film to a thin polyester film on which the tissue was placed and leading the PVDF electrical response into the summing point of an operational amplifier, they were able to make a device that could detect 10 microdegree changes in 10 milligram tissue samples in 10 milliseconds. The device was so much more sensitive than thermopiles that signal averaging was usually not needed. Despite its great advantages, Tasaki's and Iwasa's PVDF device was limited in several ways.
(1) It was assembled by bonding together polyester, platinum, and PVDF layers with epoxy resins. Their high viscosity makes it difficult to achieve very thin bonding layers and only one or two devices can be made at a time because of the long setting time of the resin. Also, the detectors are too thick, making their unloaded heat capacity too great and their response times too long.
(2) The pyroelectric charge displacement from the PVDF was converted to a voltage signal by an operational amplifier with a junction field-effect transistor input whose feedback element is a resistor of about 10 gigohms. Because the amplifier must work at high impedance levels and because such large resistors have 1-2 picofarads of shunt capacitance, the high-frequency response of the system is limited. Moreover, the thermal noise generated in the feedback resistor contributes appreciably to the system noise. The resistance of such large resistors is moisture-sensitive and they are usually enclosed in bulky sealed glass tubes to improve their stability.
The present invention was designed to overcome many of the disadvantages associated with prior art detector assemblies.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a detector assembly having electrical- and thermo-responses that are easily reproducible, which can be produced economically in sufficient quantities for commercial applications. In this regard, the detectors of the present invention are assembled by use of a low-viscosity cyanoacrylate adhesive, which bonds in seconds to layers less than 0.5 millimeters thick.
The present invention further provides an amplifying system for use in connection with the detectors which produces signal band widths that exploit the full frequency range of the detector elements. In this regard, the amplifying system of the present invention utilizes low-loss capacitors as feedback elements whose behavior is much closer to that of ideal circuit elements having no dissipation and thus no thermal noise Additionally, the amplifying system of the present invention utilizes preamplifiers that operate at much lower impedance levels than prior detector systems, thus yielding signal band widths that exploit the full frequency range of the detector elements.
In addition to the above, the amplifying system provided for in the present invention is capable of handling even fast temperature changes that are less than 100 millidegrees K. in size. In this regard, the amplifying system according to the present invention utilizes preamplifiers that integrate pyroelectric currents which are generated from the detector whose preamplifiers will not overload the input stages even at the fast anticipated temperature changes.
Also provided by the present invention is an electrical circuit that includes an automatic reset means which operates on feedback capacitors to thereby generate reset signals which can be counted electrically to follow large temperature excursions.
Together with the above, the present invention further provides for means to support and tension the detector element whereby mechanical background signals can be eliminated.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the description thereof proceeds.
The pyroelectric detector of the present invention includes a supported pyroelectric film in which a voltage or current is produced as a result of heat conduction from a sample placed on the film.
There is also provided by the present invention a pyroelectric calorimeter which includes means for supporting the detector assembly and electrical circuitry means for receiving a signal generated by the detector and for producing therefrom a useful output signal. The support means of the present invention is particular in that means are provided in the support for properly tensioning the detector film.
There is further provided by the present invention a method for determining the heat capacity and heat conductivity of small liquid or solid samples.
With these and other objects in view, the present invention will be better understood from the description and the claims which follow hereinafter taken with reference to the drawings.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily perceived as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures.
The present invention will now be described with reference to the annexed drawings, which are given by way of non-limiting examples only in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the detector assembly according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the pyroelectric calorimeter of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a detailed view of the pyroelectric calorimeter illustrated in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the preamplifier circuit used in connection with the pyroelectric calorimeter of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of the amplifier circuit used in connection with the pyroelectric calorimeter of the present invention.
FIGS. 6 and 6A illustrate the comparator circuit used in connection with the pyroelectric calorimeter of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an amplifier-detector arrangement.
Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following discussion.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the detector assembly of the present invention includes polyester film 1 (mylar) which is cemented to a circular disk of aluminum foil 2. The polyester film has a thickness between about 2.0-6.0 μm. The circular disk of aluminum foil has a diameter of about 6.3 mm and a thickness of about 18 μm.
In attaching the polyester film to the circular disk of aluminum foil, it is important that the film be tightly stretched. Therefore, prior to attaching the aluminum foil, the polyester film is tightly stretched across the end of an open ring of a stretcher assembly. Next the aluminum foil disk is cemented to the center of the film with about a 0.3 μl drop of 3M cyanoacrylate adhesive type CA-40. The layers are compressed between two flat polytetrafluoroethylene coated bars held in an arbor press under about 10 kg/cm2 pressure for about 30 seconds. After the adhesive has cured, the polyester film is cut free from the stretcher assembly.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a circular piece of pulled metal-coated poly(vinylidene 1,1-difluoride) (KYNAR�, Pennwalt Corporation, King of Persia, Pa.) 3 is cemented to the aluminum foil, on a side opposite to that of the polyester film. The poly(vinylidene 1,1-difluoride) has a diameter of about 6.5 mm and a thickness of about 8-9 μm and is cemented to the aluminum foil with about 0.3 μl of CA-40 adhesive under pressure.
An electrical contact is provided for the upper surface of the poly(vinylidene 1,1-difluoride), by applying a thin strip of silver paint 4, drawn radially outward from the aluminum foil onto the polyester film and allowed to dry. The width of the strip of silver paint is about 1.0 cm.
To the bottom of the poly(vinylidene 1,1-difluoride) is cemented at least one insulating polyester film 5 having through holes aligned with the center of the PVDF film and with the strip of silver paint so that electrical leads 6 and 7 passing through the holes could be in contact with the lower surface of the PVDF film and with the strip of silver paint. In a preferred embodiment a single polyester film of about 2.0 μm thick is stretched in a suitable stretching apparatus and 2 mm holes are formed in the polyester film about 1.0 cm apart by contact with the tip of a small, hot soldering iron. The insulating polyester film is cemented to the detector assembly with a ring of cyanoacrylate adhesive near the outer circumference thereof.
The two electrical leads 6 and 7 are connected to a lower center of the PVDF film and to the strip of silver paint. Preferably, the electrical leads are made of strands of graphite yarn about 3.0 cm long containing 5-10, 6 micrometer diameter fibers and are cemented to the detector with about 0.1-0.2 microliter drops of conductive carbon paint 8. The two leads are in contact with two sides of the PVDF film, the one, 6, on the lower center of the film being in direct contact and the other lead, 7, being in electrical contact through the aluminum disk which is tightly pressed against the metal coating of the PVDF film which comprises either a nickel or an aluminum coating.
The film elements of the detector assembly are supported by a circular polycarbonate disk 9 which has a diameter of about 3.2 cm and which is about 3 mm thick. The film elements extend across a tapered hole in the center of the polycarbonate disk which is about 1.0 cm in diameter. The film elements and the polycarbonate disk make up the detector of the present invention.
A well 10 about 2.0 mm in diameter and about 2 mm deep is defined by the tapered hole in the center of the polycarbonate disk as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. A fine silver wire is brought into the well through a hole in its bottom. The wire is cemented in place with an epoxy resin to form a water-tight seal. A portion of the wire located in the well is chlorinated to form a reversible electrode. Part of the wire extending through the polycarbonate disk is attached to a graphite lead and serves as a reference electrode (FIG. 4).
It has been found that detectors made as above, using a 6.3 micrometer thick polyester film from the aluminum disk support, have a typical capacitance of about 380 pF in series with 400Ω. The capacitance between the aluminum disk and an electrolyte solution above the polyester film is about 75 pF.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show a cross-sectional view of the pyroelectric calorimeter of the present invention. A spool-shaped preamplifier is mounted on a cylindrical aluminum bar with one end facing upward toward the detector assembly. The preamplifier is made by cementing two copper-clad epoxy-fiberglass disks 11 and 12 to a rectangular epoxy-fiberglass piece 13 on which the circuit components are mounted as shown. The disk facing the detector 11 has polytetrafluoroethylene-insulated feedthroughs 14 and 15 to which the two graphite fiber leads 16 and 17 are attached with carbon paint.
Graphite yarn with individual strands of diameter of about less than three microns may be utilized to connect to the polyvinylidine difluoride detector and the insulated feed throughs 14 and 15 described above. This material is preferred because it is commercially available as an inexpensive, easily subdividable bundle of extremely flexible fibers which exhibits good electrical conductivity although preserving a low thermal conductivity.
To facilitate the attachment of the leads, the amplifier is raised with a jack-screw or cooperating threads located at the upper end of the inner or second housing and at the lower end of the outer housing as illustrated in FIG. 2 until the amplifier protrudes from the aluminum outer housing. The detector is then carefully rested on a styrofoam pad 18 which is attached to an upper portion of the spool and the entire assembly is then lowered until the detector's polycarbonate disk contacts a ledge 19 formed in the upper portion of the outer or first housing. A Delrin retaining ring 20 is then screwed in to hold the detector secure. The aluminum bar is then carefully raised with the jack-screw until the polystyrene foam pressure pad presses gently against the detector and dampens out any vibrations. The jack screw assembly comprising said inner and outer housings makes it possible to control the tension on the detector and to adjust the tension so as to minimize mechanical sound pickup.
The space above the detector forms a water-tight and electrically insulated well into which solid and liquid samples can be placed. An aluminum cap closes the top of the well and excludes radiative and conductive heat paths. When needed, light flashes are delivered to the sample on the detector by a fiberoptic light pipe whose end is focused on the detector by a lens installed in the cap (not shown).
The preamplifier circuit as shown in FIG. 4 consists of two FET-input operational amplifiers A1 and A2, Burr-Brown type OPAlllBM, in current-to-voltage mode. The feedback elements, CA and CB are polystyrene capacitors chosen to have leakage resistances>1013 Ω. Because no dissipative elements are used in the feedback network, there is no thermal noise contributed by it. In addition, the capacitors are small, cheap and stable elements easily built into a compact preamplifier instead of costly, bulky high-megohm resistors.
The input current of each amplifier, typically 0.5 pA, causes each output to drift slowly and steadily. When either output reaches 0.8 volt, a reset circuit (FIGS. 5 and 6) turns on the switches composed of Q1 -Q4 for 1 millisecond to discharge the feedback capacitors. When open, the two switches have leakage conductances less than 10 picoSiemens and no detectable leakage current, because all elements of Q1 and Q4 and are near ground potential.
Low-noise amplifiers A3 and A5 provide 10-fold d.c. gain from the two preamplifiers to drive the comparator reset circuit (FIG. 6), the differentiator, amplifiers A4 and A6 (FIG. 5), and direct outputs VA and VAB. The preamplifiers and A3 and A5 are operated from �10 volt supplies to decouple them from the later amplifiers.
The pyroelectric current generated by the PVDF element traverses CA and CB in opposite directions, so that a sum of the outputs of A1 and A2, Vab, formed in A5 is adjusted to be independent of temperature by varying R32. But VAB is still responsive to capacitatively coupled potential changes between the reference junction and the sample on the polyester film just above the Al foil while V4 is proportional to temperature change in the PVDF film.
VA and VAB are measured directly in calibrating the temperature and sample voltage responses of the detector. In addition, the two outputs are differentiated by amplifiers A4 and A6 to yield the amplified rates of change, VA and VAB in temperature and voltage.
In the circuit shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, VA is related to the pyroelectric current Ip from the PVDF film by the equation ##EQU1## in which s=j2πf, f is frequency in Hz and switches S1 are open. G3 and G4b are the closed-loop gains of amplifiers A3 and A4b. An identical relation applies for VAB. In effect, the circuits are current-to-voltage converters with equivalent resistances of 309 GΩ with S1 and S2 open and 30.2 GΩ with the switches closed. The maximum gains of the differentiators occur at frequencies of 160 and 525 Hz, respectively, with the switches open and closed. When S1 and S2 are closed, trading gain for band width, the differentiators can follow submillisecond transients from the two channels of the detector. The temperature and voltage changes sensed by the detector are recovered by recording VA and VAB digitally and integrating the values numerically.
The PVDF detectors, calibrated with 10 nmK temperature steps in a Cu bar pressed against the polyester films, showed responses at VA of 4.0�0.3 volt K-1. With the PVDF film replaced by a 480 pF fixed capacitor, the equivalent input noise current of channel A of the amplifier from 0.1 to 20 Hz was 4.3 fA r.m.s., a figure equivalent to a thermal noise conductance of 58 pS. With the PVDF film connected and a 10 mg. sample of heat capacity 10 mcal K-1 lying on the detector, the noise current increased to 8.5 fA, mainly due to pickup of mechanical vibrations from the ambient. After 1 sec. of integration, the noise current produced a system output with a standard deviation equivalent to 0.95 μV uncertainty in the potential across the sample after 1 sec. of integration if the polyester film capacitance was 75 pF.
The heat capacity of a typical bare detector when mounted and connected in the holder with the polystyrene pressure pad in place is 1.8 millicalorie K-1 when calibrated with 640 nm. light flashes of known absorbed energy.
The electronic circuits are enclosed in a cast aluminum box with tightly fitting covers that eliminate internal temperature gradients and exclude radio-frequency interference from broadcasting stations. The power input to the amplifier box and all signal outputs are passed through ferrite bead inductors to eliminate external electrical interference.
The circuits in FIGS. 4, 5, 6 and 6A are built on epoxy-fiberglass circuit boards. Each operational amplifier in FIGS. 4 and 5 has its power drawn from the comparator board (FIGS. 6 and 6A) by separate leads decoupled to ground by unmarked 0.1 μf ceramic capacitors shown at the amplifier sockets.
The preamplifier (FIG. 4) and the first-stage amplifiers A3 and A5 are operated from separately regulated �10 V supplies Vc and Vd to isolate the input stages from feedback from the output stages.
The preamplifier board shown in FIG. 4 mounts amplifiers A1 and A2 in polytetrafluoroethylene sockets. The amplifier inputs are connected directly to the detector, the feedback capacitors CA and CB and switch transistors Q1 and Q4 without touching the circuit board so as to minimize electrical leakage to the negative summing points A and B.
Effective performance of the preamplifiers in detecting small thermal signs depends upon setting their voltage gains high enough so that the electrical noise generated in the detector and A1 and A2 are large compared to that produced in subsequent stages and minimizing the first-stage noise. There are two main sources of first-stage noise in the detector and preamplifier: (a) mechanical vibrations from the laboratory environment sensed by the pyroelectric detector because of its piezoelectric responsivity, and (b) electrical noise generated in the detector and the first-stage transistors of the amplifiers.
Sensitivity to mechanical vibrations is minimized by pressing a cushioned polystyrene foam pad against the detector. The pressure of the pad is adjusted by the jackscrew device shown so as to give minimum detector sensitivity to sound and vibration.
The electrical noise power density spectrum of the detector-preamplifier system can be represented as the sum I2 n (f) of four statistically independent fluctuating input currents introduced at the negative input of each preamplifier. These are:
(i) a thermal noise current of power density i2 th (f) at frequency (f) generated by the dissipative component 1/Rf of the total electrical admittance between the amplifier input and its output, ground, or other points with low impedances to ground (such as power supply leads),
(ii) a thermal noise current i2 d (f) due to voltage fluctuations e2 d (f) in Rd, the sum of the electrical resistance of the carbon fibers attaching the detector to the preamplifier and the dielectric loss resistance of the PVDF film and its conductive metal coatings,
(iii) fluctuations i2 b (f) in the preamplifier input bias current, and
(iv) random currents i2 e (f) caused by fluctuations e2 n (f) in the offset voltage of the input stage of the amplifier. These noise sources are shown schematically in FIG. 7.
Because the four noise currents are statistically independent,
I2 n (f)=i2 th (f)+I2 d (f)+i2 b (f)+i2 e (f). (3)
Nyquist's theorem then predicts that
i2 th (f)=4kT/(Rf (1+ω2 τf 2))(4)
in which k is Boltzmann's constant, T is absolute temperature, ω=2πf and τf =Rf Cf. Similarly,
i2 d (f)=4kTRdω 2C 2i /(1+ω2 τ2 i), (5)
similarly where τi =Rd Ci. The noise currents due to the amplifier input stage are:
i2 b (f)=i2 n (f)(1+ωτ2 f)(6)
i2 e (f)=e2 n (f)ω2 C2 i /(1+ωτ2 f), (7)
in which i2 n (f) and e2 n (f) are obtained from empirical measurements on the preamplifiers at various frequencies (f).
Equations 4-7 apply for any amplifier-detector arrangement shown in FIG. 7. However, if the main conductance 1/Rf across the capacitor Cf is eliminated as in the design shown in FIG. 4, the noise current i2 th (f) is eliminated, while
i2 b (f)=i2 n (f) (6')
i2 e (f)=ω2 C2 i e2 n (f)(7')
Table I shows values for the noise components of equation (3) in the preamplifier taken from data sheets supplied by Burr-Brown for type OPAlllIBM operational amplifiers and by Pennwalt for PVDF film.
TABLE I______________________________________Noise current sources inpyroelectric detector-amplifier of FIG. 7.FrequencyHz ie ib id In______________________________________1.0 0.065 0.40 0.003 0.41 0.22 0.40 0.027 0.4510 0.72 0.40 0.27 0.86100 2.6 0.40 2.7 3.81000 17. 0.40 27. 32.104 140. 0.50 250. 290.______________________________________ Noise current spectral density of a 10 GΩ resistor is 1.26 fA/(Hz)1/2. Based on data for BurrBrown type OPA111IBM operational amplifiers in data sheets of the manufacturer, dielectric loss specifications for PVDF "Kynar" film as supplied by Pennwalt Corporation and equations (3-7). Noise current spectral densities in units of femtoamperes/(Hz)1/2.
The total input current noise density In shown in Table I is equivalent to the thermal noise generated in a 80 GΩ resistor across Cf. If the feedback circuit in the preamplifier were to use such a large resistor instead of Cf, the circuit would have a poor high frequency response and would be only marginally stable because of the high electrical capacity of the PVDF film. If a lower value of feedback resistance were used, its noise would degrade the system noise figure and thus its sensitivity to small temperature changes.
Practical realization of the low-noise preamplifiers of FIG. 4 requires that the feedback capacitors CA and CB have the lowest possible electrical leakage. Polystyrene capacitors with insulation resistance exceeding 1013 Ω are used so that the transfer characteristic of each amplifier is that of an ideal integrator. The transistor switches Q1-4 were also chosen to have the lowest leakage possible in commercially available MOSFET devices. When in the open state, their leakage conductance to the preamplifier inputs are less than 5 picoSiemens.
Since the preamplifiers acted as integrators whose outputs slowly drift in response to the input bias currents of A1 and A2, the drift must be compensated and the charge accumulated in CA and CB removed from time to time. This is accomplished by first amplifying the preamplifier outputs tenfold in amplifiers A3 and A5. Their two outputs are fed to comparators shown in FIG. 4, which generate 1 millisecond reset pulses that close the MOSFET switches across CA and CB whenever the output level of either A3 or A5 exceeds �8 volts. In order that no additional noise be introduced by A3 and A5, type OP27A operational amplifiers are used. These have relatively large input bias currents but extremely low voltage noise en. When driven by the low output impedances of the preamplifiers through coupling resistances R1, R34 +R33 and feedback resistances R2 and R22, A3 and A5 yield essentially noiseless gains of 10. To assure that the coupling resistors introduce no significant thermal noise, R1 and R34 +R33 are 2000 ohm metal film resistors or potentiometers. The outputs of the two amplifiers are available at VA and VAB for purposes of calibrating the detector.
VA and VAB are differentiated by amplifiers A4a and A6a through 0.068 μF polyester coupling capacitors C2 and C22. C3 and C23 together with R4 +R12 and R24 +R32 attenuate the high-frequency responses of the differentiators above 1 kHz, the corner frequencies being switchable via MOSFET switch banks S1 and S2, Analog Devices type AD7510. Amplifiers A4b and A6b provide additional adjustable gain and low output impedances to drive long cables to recording devices. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 5, the transistor switches reduce the system gain tenfold and raise the corner frequency 3.2-fold when closed. A4 and A6 are Analog Devices type AD647K dual JFET operational amplifiers. 1% precision metal film or carbon film resistors are used throughout. With S1 switches open, the preamplifier-amplifier combination gives an output response equivalent to that which would be obtained in the pyroelectric current from the detector were passed through a current-to-voltage converter of effective resistance 3.1�1011 Ω. With S1 closed, the effective resistance is tenfold less. Table II gives values of the components used in FIG. 5.
TABLE II______________________________________Components used in the circuits of FIG. 5.All resistors 1/4 watt. m.f.: metal film; c.f.: carbon film.Resistors Capacitors______________________________________1 2.0K m.f. 1,21 270 pF2 20K m.f. 2,22 0.068 μF 100 w.v. Mylar3 1.8K m.f. 3,23 100 pF4,24 10K m.f. 4,24 0.01 μF 50 w.v. ceramic5,25 4.4M c.f. 5,25 1000 pF 50 w.v. ceramic6,26 10M c.f.7,27 4.7M c.f. Semiconductors8,28 10K m.f. A3, A5 OP27A Op. Amp.9,29 10M c.f. A4, A6 AD647K Dual Op. Amp.10 100K m.f. S1, S2 AD7510 Switches11 47K m.f.2,32 4.7K m.f.21 5K m.f.22 50K m.f.23 2K m.f.30 274K c.f.31 130K c.f.33 4.5K m.f.34 2K cermet adj.______________________________________
In order to determine the heat capacity and heat conductivity of small thin samples of liquids and solids, the sample is laid on the upper surface of the detector so as to form a layer of uniform thickness in intimate contact with the polyester layer. A microsecond-duration light flash of known energy is delivered to the sample. If the wavelength of the light is such that no light is absorbed in the sample itself, the light absorbed in the A1 foil of the detector causes a temperature jump qd, of characteristic shape whose amplitude at times less than 1 millisecond is proportional to absorbed light energy. The heat then flows up through the sample and the detector temperature falls rapidly along a curve characteristic of the sample's thermometric conductivity to a final level inversely proportional to the sample's total heat capacity. From this level, the sample cools to the ambient with a time constant that is usually much longer than the spreading time of heat within the sample itself.
Alternatively, a 2 μm thick light-absorbing film of polyester coated by vacuum evaporation with nickel, bismuth or antimony or equivalent material can be laid on the sample and exposed to a microsecond light flash. The temperature rise observed by the detector is a unique and characteristic function of the thickness, thermometric conductivity, and heat capacity of the sample. The latter two quantities can be determined by curve fitting with solutions of the differential equation for heat conductivity if the sample weight and the absorbed light energy are known.
A light-absorbing sample on the detector affects the detector response to a microsecond light flash in two ways: First, it diminishes the amplitude of qd from that of the unshielded detector to a lesser value in proportion to fraction on incident light absorbed in the sample. Second, the sample is directly heated by the photons absorbed within it, causing a temperature change qp, to appear at the pyroelectric PVDF element. Since an overlying polyester film has a much lower heat conductivity than the A1 foil, qp is much slower than qd and can be resolved from it by curve stripping. The exact time course depends upon the spatial distribution of the absorbed light in the sample and upon its heat conductivity and thickness. The size of qp 's contribution to the final temperature rise caused by a flash divided by the reduction in qd 's contribution to measures the efficiency of conversion of light energy to heat. If the sample contains a fluorescent layer, for example, the energy carried away as re-emitted fluorescence will reduce the heating effect of the absorbed light energy.
In addition to measuring the heat capacity and heat conductivity of samples, the detector of the present invention has been particularly developed to measure light-induced metabolic events in living cells and tissues. In this regard, the great sensitivity of the detector permits the measurement of micromolar changes in the levels of high energy phosphate esters in tissue samples of retinas, for example, when stimulated by as few as 100 absorbed photons per photoreceptor cell.
A vertebrate retinal rod responds to photons absorbed in its outer segment (OS) disk membranes by briefly reducing the dark current flowing through the overlying plasma membrane, hyperpolarizing the cell. Since OS contains a light-activated cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEase) and the cationic conductance of outer segment membranes increases rapidly and reversibly on exposure to >5 μM concentrations of cGMP, transduction based on control of the dark current conductance by free cytoplasmic cGMP has been proposed.
The following example compares the heat produced by frog retinas during transduction with that generated when cGMP is split by PDEase. Although cGMP yields 11 kcal/mol of heat on hydrolysis to 5'-GMP, the tiny amounts believed split during light responses would yield heats measurable only by radically improved calorimetry. The present method, based on heat detection by pyroelectric polyvinylidene (1,1-difluoride) (PVDF) films, extends the range of chemical calorimetry to submicrodegree levels and millisecond times.
Having now generally described this invention, the same will be better understood by reference to certain specific examples, which are included herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting of the invention or any embodiment thereof, unless so specified.
Dark-adapted bullfrog (R. catesbiana) retinas, removed under infrared illumination, were stored for 10 min to 1 hr in an oxygenated bath containing (in mM) Na+ : 100, K+ : 2.7, Ca++ : 1.4, Mg++ : 0.5, phosphate: 0.5, HEPES: 10, glucose: 11, EDTA: 0.01, pH 7.1. Cl- was the main anion. Disks 6.3 mm. across were cut from a retina and attached by their vitreal surfaces to 25 μm. thick nylon mesh (Small Parts, Ltd., Miami, Fla.) disks of the same diameter.
Before use, each disk was soaked for 5 min in a medium containing 10 mM glutamate and 5 mM cysteine to suppress electrical responses from all retinal cells except the rods, cones and glial Muller cells. Using an infrared viewer, the disks were placed on the detector with receptor layer down and excess fluid was blotted away. Flowing moist oxygen replaced the atmosphere every 2 m.
6 μs flashes of spectral width 70 nm. centered at 500, 550 or 640 nm. from a Xenon flash tube were attenuated by a circular graded wedge and fed via a light pipe whose end was projected to a 6 mm circle at the retina. A computerized stepping motor turned the wedge so that flashes of varying intensity could be quickly delivered. The light input at the retina was measured with a silicon photovoltaic diode (International Light, Inc., Newburyport, Mass.). Exposures of the OS were calculated for a rod density in the retinal mosaic of 1.76�106 cm-2. Cone and green rod pigments were neglected and rod porphyropsin was lumped with rhodopsin. Assuming the quantum efficiency of rhodopsin photoisomerization to be 0.6 and its molar absorbance at 550 nm to be 2.0�104 M-1 cm-1, its isomerization cross section ZR was 4.6�10-17 cm2.
The weight fraction of rod outer segment cytoplasm in retinas was estimated to be 7% from (a) the measured OS lengths (50�5 μm in 4 retinas), (b) the fraction of the retinal mosaic area composed of OS cross-sections (50% in 2 measurements) and (c) the water fraction in the OS mass (0.7�0.05).
The enthalpy of hydrolysis of cGMP to 5'-GMP by rod PDEase was measured by mixing two parts of a suspension of totally bleached frog rod outer segment membranes harvested from a continuous Metrizamide density gradient (D-1.01-1.11) with one part of 300 μM cGMP in a cytoRinger containing (in mM) K+ :80, Na+ :40, Cl- :80, HOEtSO3 - :40, MOPS:10(pH 7.15), MgSO4 :5, CaCl2 :0.1, EDTA:0.02. The rhodopsin concentration in suspension before bleaching was 12 μm. Heat evolution was measured in an LKB batch calorimeter 15 25� C. ΔH observed was 11.2�0.7 (n=2) kcal mol-1 cGMP hydrolyzed.
When a light flash falls on a detector bearing a retinal disk whose rods have been light adapted by bleaching 1% of their rhodopsin, the detector's thermal response shows two components, qd and qp, with different time courses. For flashes <108 incident photons rod -1 both are proportional to flash energy. qd is due to light reaching the Al layer, where 18�2% is absorbed, converted to heat and spread through the full thickness of the PVDF film within 100 μs. The slower qp is due to photons absorbed in the OS. Since the polyester film has a heat conductivity 1000-fold less than Al, the first 800 μs of the detector response is entirely from qd and can be used to remove its contribution to the composite responses by curve stripping. qp then gives the detector response to a sudden heat burst released in the OS. qd and qp show large initial overshoots because the sources are close to the PVDF film. As the heat then spreads up through the retina in a time TS of 20-30 ms., the PVDF temperature drops to a plateau, then declines to the ambient with a Newton's law time constant TN of about 2 m. TN is much shorter for the bare detector whose heat capacity was equivalent to 1.8 mg of water.
For times <<TN and >>TS the specimen is almost isothermal and adiabatic, so using 650 nm flashes of known energy that heated only the Al layer, the specific heat, Cp, of the sample was estimated from the temperature rise at 2.5 s. Cp for the 13.6 mg. specimen was 0.86�0.04 (n=4). The relative sizes of qd at 640, 500, and 550 nm. produced by equal energy incident flashes express the retina's light transmission. Assuming no OS absorption at 640 nm., the rods absorbed 0.59 and 0.50 photons at 500 and 550 nm., respectively, yielding 0.77�0.04 and 0.80�0.03 (n=2) of the photon energy as heat. These values are near those found by calorimetry on cattle rods.
Light flashes absorbed in the OS of dark-adapted retinas elicit or other heats besides qd and qp. By using a rapid series of flashes of increasing energy these can be resolved into components of two types: heat bursts, q, that raise the sample temperature by microdegrees with apparently first-order kinetics and time constants of 100-300 ms., and slow heat fluxes, r, that cause steady increases (or decreases) in sample temperature for many seconds. Each component saturates in size at a exposure that bleaches far less than 1% of the rhodopsin.
These components are revealed in retinas exposed to eight 550 nm flashes (F1 to F8) at intervals of 5 and then 1.2 s. along with the transretinal (PIII) waveform. Vr recorded together. Changes in transretinal voltage, the raw θ transients uncorrected for qp or qd, and the temperature changed, obtained by integrating the raw θ transients numerically were observed. At Z, the integration restarted with the d.c. offset set to zero, to eliminate the downtrend in θ after F1. F8 produced qp +qd alone. When the F8 transient, scaled down to the incident flash energy of F3-7 and shifted suitable in time, was subtracted from each transient before integration showed extra heat components besides qp +qd was obtained. The heats following F3-F7 recovered in 20-40s., but the small component seen at F1 and the Vr voltage waveform only recovered after dim flashes like F1 and F2.
In all, at least four new light-stimulated heat components: (a) a fast heat burst, ql, during the quickly rising phase of Vr warming the sample by 1-2 μK and completely evoked by F1, (b) a steady cooling rl, of about -5 μKs-1 persisting as long as the dark current is suppressed, (c) a slower heat burst, q3, 20-50 μK in size rising in about 300 ms. after F3-6 and (d) a steady warming, r3, that increases after F6 and F7.
The heats produced by F3-7 were replotted after correcting for rl and qp +qd, thus showing the incremental heat produced by each flash. Curve F3 was fitted to the function
H(t)=A(1-e-Bt)+Ct, (8)
in which A, B, and C have been adjusted. A is the q3 amplitude, B is its rate constant and C measures r3. The summed amplitudes G of the Q3s were plotted against total exposure. The points from two samples are fitted to the equation
G(E)=K(1-e-E/EO), (9)
where K is the total q3 size and E0 is the flash exposure yielding 0.632K. E0 was 5.0 and 6.6�1012 photons incident cm-2 for the two retinas. Equation 9 portrays activation of a set of targets of cross section 1/E0, each releasing a fixed amount of heat when one or more PIs occurs within it.
In retinas incubated in glutamate Ringer containing 100 μV (100-1000 PI/OS) and a ql of 1-2 μK followed by steady cooling lasting for more than 20 s. or until the dark current resumed. A second flash while the dark current was suppressed (as judged by the absence of change in Vr) gave no ql and no change in rl. In 30 experiments, Vr responses, whose amplitudes corresponded to dark currents of 20-50 pA/rod, were accompanied by ql bursts of 0.8 to 2 μK (mean �s.e.e.: 1.09�0.05, n=24) while rl varied from -2 to -5 μKs-1.
ql was unchanged by several agents that suppressed the dark current and changed rl. In this regard, the effects of flashes causing 180 PI/rod on retinal temperature and transretinal voltage were studied with an average of 2-4 trials with 60 s intervals between flashes, during which ql recovered. 30 mM ca++ in the incubation fluid reduced Vr sixfold and changed rl 's sign while ql remained 12.0�0.4 (n=4) μK. Retinas incubated in 50 μM ouabain for 10 m. showed no Vr even though the cells retained 20 mM of cytoplasmic K+ and produced light-sensitive dark current if the external [Ca++ ] was suddenly lowered to 1 μM. Nevertheless, a 180 PI/OS flash produced a ql of 1.6�0.1 (n=3) μK and rl of 4 μK/s.
ql increased to 2.4�0.4 μK (n=3) when 20 mM imidazole, a permeant nontoxic pH buffer, was added to the incubation medium and became the main cytoplasmic buffer for protons produced during cGMP hydrolysis. Its 7 kcal mol -1 ΔH of neutralization adds 3.5 kcal mol-1 to the total heat from cGMP if normal cytoplasm is mainly buffered by phosphates.
500 IBMX suppressed both Vr and ql at 180 PI/rod. Tenfold brighter flashes yielded slow Vr waves and delayed ql heats of 2.1�0.1 (n=6) μK.
The kinetics of normal ql and vr were next compared. If ql is produced in the outer segment layer with the same spatial distribution as qp, the θ curves can be corrected for the overshoot in the detector's qp response by deconvolution. This yields thermal traces that would have been observed if the ql heat had been uniformly released throughout the full thickness of the sample. At low exposures ql preceded Vr. At higher levels ql was unchanged but Vr became faster, so that the two processes became almost simultaneous. ql was never slower than Vr and always accompanied it.
The excitatory cascade suggested for phototransduction in rods consists of five coupled cycles: the rhodopsin cycle R, a G-protein cycle G, a PdEase cycle P, the cGMP cycle C, and the dark current cation cycle D. In darkness, the R, G, and P cycles are each poised with their levels of intermediates determined by pileup behind a single strongly inhibited bottleneck reaction The C cycle is possibly not completely inhibited in the dark. A flash that activates a cycle will cause (a) a transient "activation heat" q as the levels of intermediates change from the dark values to those obtaining when the bottleneck reaction is turned on, and (b) a sustained "cycling heat" r as the intermediates pass through the cycle. r will die away as the bottleneck reaction slows, but in an efficient transduction mechanism the two heats should have widely different time courses. Both q and r can be composites of endo- and exothermic components. Partial activation of a cycle should produce smaller, slower q's and r's.
The activation:flash energy relation for each cycle depends on its coupling to adjacent cycles and on the abundances of molecular types relative to rhodopsin. For the G and P cycles, in which one MetaII molecule, R* can activate MG G-proteins, each then activating one P and splitting a GTP, the activation cross-section Zp will be ZR �MR �MG �NR /NP. And the fraction F(E) of Ps activated by a flash of energy E will be of the form of eq. (9) in which Zp will be equivalent to 1/E0. Estimates predict a Zp of as much as 800,000�ZR for the P cycle in amphibian OS. The above investigation shows cross-sections for q3 of 5600 and 7500 times ZR. If the total q3 s, 58 and 887 μK, arose from GTP hydrolysis in the G cycle yielding 4.8 kcal mol-1, 220 and 330 μM GTP would be consumed in the OS of the two samples. The coupling gains MG are then 290 and 560 GTPs split per PI. Total GTP split by isolated frog OS 20 s. after bleaching 1% of their rhodopsin is larger, possibly because much is used in reactions producing r3.
The cGMP control model and the responses of rod membrane patches to applied cGMP shape expected heat events during dark current shutdown. Membrane patch conductance gm depends on free [cGMP] c according to the relation ##EQU2## where gmax is the maximum cGMP-induced cationic conductance. n ranges from 2 to 3 and the dissociation constant Kc is 10-42 μM in various studies. The cGMP control hypothesis then predicts:
(1) A full size ql should be produced by <1 PI per 10 OS disks.
(2) If the dark current is suppressed by light, more light should yield little more ql heat.
(3) The retinal heating due to cGMP hydrolysis during transduction will be >3.5 μK. This figure follows from eq. (10) if (a) the usual dark current conductance is 1/15 of gmax, (b) Kc is 10 μM, (c) n=3, (d) the outer segment cytoplasm is 7% of the sample mass, (e) cGMP diffuses freely in OS water during the transduction time and ΔH for cGMP hydrolysis is 11.2 kcal mol-1.
(4) Dark current shutdown during a light response should be faster than ql heat evolution, as predicted by eq. (10).
(5) Inhibitors of the cGMP PDEase should increase the dark level of cGMP, slow its hydrolysis in light, and raise the total ql heat.
The properties of ql agree with the predictions (1), (2) and (5) but not (3-4). The slowing effect of IBMX suggests that PDEase activity underlies ql. If ql is not due to cGMP splitting, one must explain the lack of heat expected from prediction (2). Neither the present heat measurements nor the patch clamp results conform to the larger light-induced changes in acid-extractable cGMP seen in rods. The discrepancy could be explained if cGMP's free energy of hydrolysis were conserved in some coupled reaction, or cGMP might be bound and released unchanged.
Raising intracellular [Ca++ ] has long been known to suppress the dark current conductance quickly, reversibly and selectively. But even millimolar levels of divalent cations have only weak and non-selective inhibitory effects on the conductance of isolated rod membrane patches It has been suggested that Ca++ blocks the formation of cGMP. The persistence of a normal ql when the dark current is inhibited by high external CA++ or by ouabain argues that calcium controls the dark current in some other way in dark-adapted rods.
The cooling trend, rl, which is reversed by high Ca++ and other treatments that suppress the dark current, does not seem to be directly connected with transduction but rather with suspension during light responses of exothermic metabolic processes that sustain the dark current. rl 's size suggests that the retina is normally about 1 mK warmer than the ambient. The dark current itself has little heating effect since its flow only mixes two ionic solutions. rl is clearly composite.
The above example illustrates one advantageous use of the pyroelectric calorimeter of the present invention. Because of its high sensitivity, the pyroelectric calorimeter of the present invention can be used in investigating a variety of metabolic events that occur in living cells and tissues.
The invention has been described herein with reference to certain preferred embodiments. However, as obvious variations thereon will become apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not to be considered as limited thereto.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 7, 1966
|Aug 5, 1969
|Barnes Eng Co
|Laser calorimeter with cavitated pyroelectric detector and heat sink
|Mar 20, 1970
|Feb 8, 1972
|Nat Defence Canada
|Pyroelectric joulemeter using a divergent lens
|Aug 25, 1972
|May 7, 1974
|Us Navy
|Polymeric pyroelectric detector
|Jan 2, 1974
|Jan 21, 1975
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Pyroelectric gas dosimeter
|Jan 2, 1974
|Apr 15, 1975
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Pyroelectric temperature compensated sensing apparatus
|Sep 17, 1974
|Jan 27, 1976
|Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Piezoelectric key board switch
|Jun 25, 1974
|Jul 20, 1976
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Polymeric sensor of vibration and dynamic pressure
|Mar 24, 1977
|May 16, 1978
|The Marconi Company Limited
|Imaging device
|May 4, 1977
|Sep 19, 1978
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Solid state readout device for a two dimensional pyroelectric detector array
|Aug 29, 1980
|Jun 1, 1982
|Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania
|Pyroelectric anemometer
|Sep 28, 1982
|Nov 5, 1985
|Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania
|Pyroelectric gas sensor
|Jul 9, 1984
|Jul 1, 1986
|Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|Pyroelectric detector
|Oct 26, 1982
|Aug 19, 1986
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
|Energy measuring process and apparatus
|Dec 3, 1987
|May 9, 1989
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|High power laser beam intensity mapping apparatus
|Mar 11, 1988
|Sep 12, 1989
|Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology, Ministry Of International Trade
|Laser power and energy meter
|Gerlitczy et al., "Solef PVDF Biaxially Oriented Piezo- and Pyro-Electric Films for Transducers", Sensors and Actuators, 12 (1987) 207-223.
|Gerlitczy et al., Solef PVDF Biaxially Oriented Piezo and Pyro Electric Films for Transducers , Sensors and Actuators, 12 (1987) 207 223.
|Hagins et al., "Transduction Heats in Retinal Rods: Tests of the Role of cGMP by Pyroelectric Calorimetry", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 86, pp. 1224-1228, Feb. 1989.
|Hagins et al., Transduction Heats in Retinal Rods: Tests of the Role of cGMP by Pyroelectric Calorimetry , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 86, pp. 1224 1228, Feb. 1989.
|Kynar Piezo Film publication, undated.
|Lines et al., "Principles and Applications of Ferroelectric and Related Materials", Clarendon Press, Oxford (1977), Chapters 1 and 5, and pp. 553-662.
|Lines et al., Principles and Applications of Ferroelectric and Related Materials , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1977), Chapters 1 and 5, and pp. 553 662.
|Marcus, "Ferroelectric Polymers and Their Aplications", Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY 14650, U.S.A., Oct. 1981.
|Marcus, Ferroelectric Polymers and Their Aplications , Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY 14650, U.S.A., Oct. 1981.
|Power et al., "Photopyroelectric Thin-Film Instrumentation and Impulse-Response Detection, Part III: Performance & Signal Recovery Technique ", and Part I: A Theoretical Model, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58(11), Nov. 1987, pp. 2018-2043.
|Power et al., Photopyroelectric Thin Film Instrumentation and Impulse Response Detection, Part III: Performance & Signal Recovery Technique , and Part I: A Theoretical Model, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58(11), Nov. 1987, pp. 2018 2043.
|Tasaki et al., "Temperature Changes Associated with Nerv Excitation: Detection by Using Polyvinylidene Fluoride Film", vol. 101, No. 1, 1981, pp. 172-176, Biochem. & Biophysic. Res. Comm.
|Tasaki et al., Temperature Changes Associated with Nerv Excitation: Detection by Using Polyvinylidene Fluoride Film , vol. 101, No. 1, 1981, pp. 172 176, Biochem. & Biophysic. Res. Comm.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 10, 1992
|Oct 26, 1993
|Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
|Temperature gradient calorimeter
|Jul 29, 1997
|Dec 26, 2000
|Donnelly Corporation
|Pyroelectric intrusion detection in motor vehicles
|Mar 1, 2000
|May 21, 2002
|Donnelly Corporation
|Safety release for a trunk of a vehicle
|Jan 18, 2000
|Nov 12, 2002
|Donnelly Corporation
|Compartment sensing system
|Aug 25, 2000
|Nov 26, 2002
|Donnelly Corporation
|Safety system for a closed compartment of a vehicle
|Sep 18, 2000
|Feb 4, 2003
|Donnelly Corporation
|Pyroelectric intrusion detection in motor vehicles
|Aug 27, 2002
|Sep 16, 2003
|Donnelly Corporation
|Compartment sensing system
|May 13, 2002
|Feb 17, 2004
|Donnelly Corporation
|Safety release for a trunk of a vehicle
|Dec 10, 2002
|Jul 13, 2004
|Donnelly Corp.
|Vehicle compartment occupancy detection system
|Nov 14, 2001
|Jul 27, 2004
|Donnelly Corporation
|Vehicle compartment occupancy detection system
|Nov 21, 2002
|Aug 31, 2004
|Donnelly Corporation
|Safety system for a closed compartment of a vehicle
|Oct 3, 2002
|Dec 21, 2004
|Donnelly Corporation
|Safety system for opening the trunk compartment of a vehicle
|Aug 31, 2004
|Aug 29, 2006
|Donnelly Corporation
|Safety system for a compartment of a vehicle
|Nov 22, 2005
|Sep 4, 2012
|Donnelly Corporation
|Occupant detection system for vehicle
|May 17, 2011
|Mar 22, 2016
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Apparatus and method for phase equilibrium with in-situ sensing
|Nov 10, 2014
|Aug 2, 2016
|Magna Electronics Solutions Gmbh
|Carrier system and method thereof
|Nov 19, 2014
|Aug 2, 2016
|Magna Electronics Solutions Gmbh
|Head-up display and vehicle using the same
|Jul 17, 2002
|Jan 23, 2003
|John Whateley
|Thermocouple device
|Oct 3, 2002
|Feb 20, 2003
|Donnelly Corporation
|Safety system for opening the trunk compartment of a vehicle
|Aug 31, 2004
|Feb 3, 2005
|Donnelly Corporation, A Corporation Of The State Of Michigan
|Safety system for a closed compartment of a vehicle
|Aug 28, 2006
|Dec 28, 2006
|Donnelly Corporation, A Corporation Of The State Of Michigan
|Safety system for a compartment of a vehicle
|May 17, 2011
|Sep 19, 2013
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Apparatus and method for phase equilibrium with in-situ sensing
|Sep 15, 2006
|May 12, 2010
|Stripper positive and reverse laying state detection method
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 30, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 11, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 8, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Services to school districts for data and data collection systems intended to ensure efficiency and accuracy of data submissions. This contract encompasses all areas of TSDS including PEIMS. The enhanced levels of services include additional training, information and consulting assistance with PEIMS and data collection systems.
Services are provided at three levels based on district needs.
Level I
Services include limited information resources and consulting assistance to school districts needing occasional guidance or assistance with issues concerning data collection systems including PEIMS and TSDS.
Level II
Services offered include detailed reviews of data submissions, additional training, additional information, and consulting assistance with data collection submissions and systems. Region 17 also offers OnDataSuite software at discounted pricing to analyze district data on a hosted server.
Level III
Region 17 staff coordinate and process district PEIMS data. The services offered include:


text:
photo (cc) Malte Sörensen @ flickr Sam Puckett is the Costar!! Sam Puckett Carly Shay !! Carly Shay is the Star!! About ICarly!! ICarly is about a girl and her two
friends that make a web show called
ICarly. ICarly= FUNNY!! ICarly By: Madilyn Peters Carly,Sam,and Freddie are good friends,funny,and do crazy things to each other! Freddie Benson works the Camera! Freddie Benson!!
Present Remotely
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article
Do you really want to delete this prezi?
Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again.
Make your likes visible on Facebook?
Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline.
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
ICarly!!By:Madilyn Peters
My Interest Project!!
Madilyn Peterson 20 October 2012
Comments (0)
Please log in to add your comment.


text:
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
(via Business Insider)
The Clearing House, an advocacy group owned by the world's largest commercial banks, is gunning for payment startups.
The body said in a report seen by Business Insider that startups and tech companies playing in the payments space should be regulated like big Wall Street banks.
The report, titled "Ensuring Consistent Consumer Protection for Data Security: Major Banks vs. Alternative Payment Providers," argues that payment startups collects and transmits roughly the same level of personal data and financial information as the banking industry but "avoids the reach of traditional financial regulators." … Continue reading


text:
Articles in NASCAR – Camping World Trucks
Johnny Sauter won Friday evening's season-opening NextEra Energy Resources 250 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race at Daytona International Speedway.
Kyle Busch ran second, followed by Ron Hornaday Jr., Justin Lofton and Jeb Burton.
Ty Dillon, Miguel Paludo, Ryan Blaney, Matt Crafton and Ryan Sieg completed the top 10.
Sauter collected the seventh victory of his NCWTS career under […]
By Jim Pedley | Managing Editor
Despite radio ear buds, balaclava, helmet and mega-decibel V-8 engine noise, John Wes Townley had no problem hearing what was being said about him during his early years in NASCAR. Nasty words have a way of making their way past all sound-deadening obstacles.
But last Saturday afternoon at Daytona International Speedway, […]
By Jim Pedley | Managing Editor
News and notes from the first week of 2013:
Travis Pastrana will make the move to full-time NASCAR racing in 2013, driving Roush Fenway Racing's No. 60 Ford Mustang in all 33 events on the NASCAR Nationwide Series schedule.
"I am extremely excited about making the move into full-time NASCAR competition in […]
NASCAR announced Tuesday several revisions to its Competition personnel structure.
The following changes will take effect in 2013:
– Joe Balash, who has served as the NASCAR Nationwide Series director since 2004, will be assuming a new role as International Competition Liaison. This position will be the NASCAR point of contact for competition-related matters relative to the […]
NASCAR today announced that the Camping World Truck Series will race on dirt next season as it has scheduled an event for Eldora Speedway in Rossburg, Ohio.
The schedule also includes a race in Canada and races on Wednesday nights.
On July 24, the trucks will make their dirt debut at Eldora, the.5-mile track owned by three-time […]
James Buescher won the 2012 Camping World Truck Series championship Friday night with a 13th-place finish in the season-ending race at Homestead-Miami Speedway.
The championship was his first in the series and gave team owner Steve Turner of Turner Motorsports his first title.
Rookie Ty Dillon of Richard Childress was involved in a wreck with Kyle Larson with […]
By Jeff Hood | Senior Writer
HOMESTEAD, Fla. – There was plenty of drama in a packed media center at Homestead-Miami Speedway Friday afternoon as Jeff Gordon and Hendrick Motorsports team owner Rick Hendrick discussed the four-time Sprint Cup champion's retaliation against Clint Bowyer at the conclusion of last week's race in Phoenix.
Gordon, who said he […]
By John Sturbin | Senior Writer
If the skinny surrounding Kevin Harvick's done-deal exit from Richard Childress Racing after the 2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup season is true, RCR's future definitely will be all about family.
Brothers Austin and Ty Dillon – grandsons of team-owner Childress – are in the formative stages of their respective NASCAR careers, and […]
NASCAR today announced the 2013 schedule for the NASCAR Nationwide Series, a lineup that includes a trip to Mid-Ohio road circuit for the first time in series history.
Mid-Ohio, a 2.4-mile, 15-turn road course in Lexington, marks the return of NASCAR national series racing to Ohio, the home state of the series' Columbus-based entitlement sponsor, Nationwide […]
Brian Scott passed Kyle Larson for the lead on a green/white/checkered restart and went on to win Friday night's Lucas Oil 150 Camping World Truck Series race at Phoenix International Raceway.
The victory was Scott's first of the season and second of his career.
Neither Scott nor Larson are in contention for the truck series championship, but […]


text:
Eau Duelle - Eau de Parfum 2.5oz
To further enhance the beauty of its surprising accords, inspired by nature or travel, diptyque has decided to concentrate more on its symbolic Eaux de Parfum. A familiar yet reinvented interpretation, with accentuated, enhanced major notes... the Eau de Parfum expresses itself with even more personality, audacity, intensity and tenacity.
Inspired by a voyage along the spice route, the promise of dreams and exotic horizons, diptyque honors the adventurous soul of the Vanilla.
Influenced by aromas found in legendary cities such as, Babylon and Goa, Venice and Carthage, Constantinople and Baghdad, vanilla experiences a unique olfactory journey. Refined between shadow and light, brightened up by a vibrant top note of cold spices, then made sensual by black frankincense, its powers of seduction are devilishly engaging.
- TOP NOTES: Cardamom, pepper, saffron, juniper, cypress, elemi
- MIDDLE NOTES: White musk, hedione, vanilla
- BASE NOTES: Vetiver, vanilla, oiliban
- OLFACTIVE GROUP: Woody / Gourmand
- PERFUMER: Fabrice Pellegrin


text:
Last week I wrote about the random login weirdness that plagued users trying to login to our Netware/Windows/SLES eDirectory network. It seems that uninstalling/reboot/reinstalling NICI on the affected workstations sequence did not fix the problem for all users.
Today I found that if I go into the Novell Client 4.91 SP2 properties, select the advanced tab, and set NMAS authentication to off, I can login after rebooting, without uninstalling/reinstalling NICI. We don't use NMAS right now anyway, so this isn't too inconvenient, but I'd like to get to the bottom of this issue sooner or later.


text:
The Rangers open a three-game series Friday night in Anaheim against the Los Angeles Angels with right-hander Matt Garza on the mound facing former Rangers lefty C.J. Wilson. First pitch is at 9:05 p.m. on TXA21 and ESPN Dallas 103.3 FM and Deportes 1540 AM.
Garza (9-3, 3.55): Garza is 3-2 with a 4.04 ERA in eight starts since coming to the Rangers in a trade from the Cubs. ... As a Ranger, Garza has struck out 53 and walked 13 over 55 2/3 innings while allowing nine home runs. ... He's 0-0 with a 2.73 ERA in two starts against the Angels this season, including one as a Ranger. ... On July 29 against the Angels, Garza allowed three runs and five hits over seven innings and got a no-decision in a 4-3 Rangers win. He struck out six, walked three and gave up one home run. ... For his career against the Angels, Garza is 0-1 with a 5.45 ERA in six starts. ... Garza got a no-decision in his last start, allowing just one run over seven innings in a 2-1 Rangers loss to Minnesota. He struck out nine and walked three.
Wilson (14-6, 3.35): Wilson is 0-2 with an 8.63 ERA in two career starts against the Rangers. ... In his only start against the Rangers this season, Wilson gave up six runs and 11 hits over four innings in a 14-11 loss. ... Wilson owns a six-game winning streak and a 10-game unbeaten streak. Over his past 10 starts he is 6-0 with a 3.09 ERA, 55 strikeouts and 23 walks. ... In his last start, Wilson allowed three runs (two earned) and three hits over six innings, getting the win in a 5-3 Angels victory at Milwaukee.
Hitters: Howie Kendrick is batting .667 against Garza, going 6-for-9 with a home run and a double. ... Former Ranger Josh Hamilton is just 4-for-21 with a double against Garza. ... Erick Aybar is batting just .200 versus Garza, but he has a triple and three RBIs. ... Rangers second baseman Ian Kinsler is batting .462 (6-for-13) against Wilson with one double, one triple, one home run and three RBIs. ... Adrian Beltre is batting .367 (11-for-30) against Wilson with one home run, four doubles and five RBIs. ... Elvis Andrus is batting .357 (5-for-14) with two doubles and a triple, while Alex Rios owns a .353 career average (6-for-17) with one home run and one double.


text:
Starting right tackle Tyler Polumbus was back on the practice field Thursday, a day after he missed more time with symptoms from the concussion he suffered two weeks ago against Cleveland. Backup wide receiver Dezmon Briscoe also returned to action a day after missed practice after missing a flight back to the Washington area.
It wasn't clear how much of a workload Polumbus would be able to handle, but he went through individual and positional drills during the portion of practice that was open to reporters. Polumbus missed last Thursday's practice because of the concussion, but practiced Wednesday and Friday of last week before he was ruled out of last Sunday's game at Philadelphia.
Briscoe went home for Christmas but missed his flight back Wednesday morning. Coach Mike Shanahan said Wednesday, "That will cost him a little cash."
Safety DeJon Gomes (knee) and linebacker London Fletcher (ankle) also were going through the early portions of practice Thursday morning.