text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 1, 2008
|Filing date
|Jan 5, 2004
|Priority date
|Jan 5, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Rakesh Agrawal, Gerald George Kiernan
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (14), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to encrypting private data such that comparison operations can be directly performed. Specifically, the invention can perform equality and range queries, the aggregation operations of MAX, MIN, and COUNT, as well as GROUPBY and ORDERBY operations, directly on encrypted data without first decrypting the operands.
Encryption is a well established technique for protecting sensitive data, such as confidential and personal financial or medical information, that may be stored in database systems. The data is often encrypted to prevent access by unauthorized persons or an untrusted system administrator, or to increase security of client/server type systems. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,342 and U.S. Patent Application Publications 2002/0104002A1 and 2002/0129260A1. However, once encrypted, the data can no longer be easily queried (aside from exact matches).
In their classic paper [19], Rivest, Adleman, and Dertouzos point out that the limit on manipulating encrypted data arises from the choice of encryption functions used, and there exist encryption functions that permit encrypted data to be operated on directly for many sets of interesting operations. They call these special encryption functions "privacy homomorphisms". The focus of [19] and the subsequent follow-up work [2, 4, 9, 10] has been on designing privacy homomorphisms to enable arithmetic operations on encrypted data. Comparison operations were excluded from this line of research, though; it was observed in [19] that there is no secure privacy homomorphism if both comparison operations and arithmetic operations were included.
Note, cryptography purists may object to this use of the term "encrypted"; they may define the term to mean that absolutely no information about the original data can be derived without decryption. In this application, the term "encrypted" generally refers to the results of mathematical efforts to balance the confidentiality of data while allowing some computations on that data without first requiring decryption (which is typically a computationally expensive alternative). The data is perhaps "cloaked" or "disguised" more than "encrypted" would imply in a strict cryptographic sense.
Hacigumus et al. proposed a clever idea in [13] to index encrypted data in the context of a service-provider model for managing data. Tuples are stored encrypted on the server, which is assumed to be untrusted. For every attribute of a tuple, a bucket id is also stored that represents the partition to which the unencrypted value belongs. This bucket id is used for indexing. Before issuing a selection query to the server, the client transforms the query, using bucket ids in place of query constants. The result of the query is generally the superset of the answer, which is filtered by the client after decrypting the tuples returned by the server. Projection requires fetching complete tuples and then selecting the columns of interest in the client. Aggregation also requires decrypting the values in the client before applying the aggregation operation.
Feigenbaum et al. propose a simple but effective scheme in [11] to encrypt a look-up directory consisting of (key, value) pairs. The goal is to allow the corresponding value to be retrieved if and only if a valid key is provided. The essential idea is to encrypt the tuples as in [13], but associate with every tuple the one-way hash value of its key. Thus, no tuple will be retrieved if an invalid key is presented. Answering range queries was not a goal of this system.
In [21], Song et al. propose novel schemes to support key word searches over an encrypted text repository. The driving application for this work is the efficient retrieval of encrypted email messages. They do not discuss relational queries and it is not clear how their techniques can be adapted for relational databases.
In [3], Bouganim et al. use a smart card with encryption and query processing capabilities to ensure the authorized and secure retrieval of encrypted data stored on untrusted servers. Encryption keys are maintained on the smart card. The smart card can translate exact match queries into equivalent queries over encrypted data. However, the range queries require creating a disjunction for every possible value in the range, which is infeasible for data types such as strings and reals. The smart card implementation could benefit from an encryption scheme wherein range queries could be translated into equivalent queries over encrypted data.
In [23], Vingralek explores the security and tamper resistance of a database stored on a smart card. The author considers snooping attacks for secrecy, and spoofing, splicing, and replay attacks for tamper resistance. Retrieval performance is not the focus of this work and it is not clear how much of the techniques apply to general purpose databases not stored in specialized devices.
Among commercial database products, Oracle 8i allows values in any of the columns of a table to be encrypted [17]. However, the encrypted column can no longer participate in indexing as the encryption is not order-preserving.
Related work also includes research on order-preserving hashing [7, 12]. However, protecting the hash values from cryptanalysis is not the concern of this body of work. Similarly, the construction of original values from the hash values is not required. One-way functions [16, 18] ensure that the original values cannot be recovered from the hash values.
A scheme for performing comparison operations directly on encrypted data without first performing a decryption of the data is therefore needed.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide a system, method, a computer program product, and a data management service for automatically querying encrypted data. The invention partitions plaintext data (e.g. column values) into a number of segments, then encrypts each plaintext into ciphertexts in an order-preserving segmented manner. The invention then performs comparison queries on the numerical values of the ciphertexts, and decrypts the query results. Specifically, the invention can perform equality and range queries, the aggregation operations of MAX, MIN, and COUNT, as well as GROUPBY and ORDERBY operations, directly on encrypted data without first decrypting the operands.
The partitioning can be performed once for a given column for simplicity, or independently for each plaintext for heightened security. The segment sizes are variable, and can be chosen by calling a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator a number of times. The generator uses as a seed a private key concatenated with a string that can include for example the name of the column from which plaintexts are selected. The seed determines the random sequence of positive integers created by successive calls to the generator.
The invention performs the encryption by encoding each segment of each plaintext into a corresponding segment of a corresponding ciphertext with the generator. The invention provides the generator with a particular seed value, using a private key concatenated with a first string and a second string for the seed. The first string is typically the name of the column from which plaintexts are selected and the second string is typically arbitrary.
The ciphertext segments may be expanded in size in comparison to the plaintext segments; an expansion factor of 1.5 has been found to work well. The encoding is based on the summation of the results of a number of calls to the generator. A corresponding decryption methodology is provided.
For the independent partitioning case, the length of the first segment is selected by calling the generator. The lengths of subsequent segments are each chosen by calling the generator again, using as a seed the private key concatenated with the contents of previous segments. The expansion factor is also determined by calling the generator. For additional security, the resulting ciphertext segments may be encoded by calling the generator yet again, using a different generator seed. Multiple ciphertext values may be created for nulls by assigning any one of the random values that is greater than the largest encrypted value of a column.
The foregoing objects are believed to be satisfied by the embodiments of the present invention as described below.
The invention is an encryption scheme that allows any comparison operation to be applied on encrypted data, without decrypting the operands. The invention allows equality and range queries as well as the aggregation operations of MAX, MIN, and COUNT to be applied on encrypted data. The GROUPBY and ORDERBY operations can also be directly applied without prior decryption. The invention may be embodied as a method, a system, a computer program product, and as a data management service.
The invention cannot directly perform arithmetic operations because of the inherent limitation of privacy homomorphisms; e.g. before applying SUM or AVG to a group, the values to be added require decryption. Similarly, a predicate containing an arithmetic expression cannot be directly evaluated by the invention.
Application Environment
The invention was motivated by the challenge posed in [1] to develop indexing techniques for encrypted data to realize the vision of Hippocratic databases. The database server is a trusted entity in this application and the goal of encryption is to protect database files from intruders.
The invention can also be used, albeit with the caveat given below, in a "database as a service" model of data management, described in [4, 13, 14]. The database server is untrusted in this environment and the goal of encryption is to prevent the server from violating the privacy of the data it stores.
Note that the invention provides protection from snooping, but it is not tamper proof. A malicious database system can update a tuple by substituting encrypted values from some other tuples. Similarly, it can delete some tuples and replace them with fake tuples synthesized using encrypted values from other tuples. In general, achieving tamper resistance is difficult, notwithstanding efforts to develop specialized solutions such as those for databases resident on smart cards [23]. For example, the database system can always withhold some random tuples from a query result and inject them into some other result. This is not an issue in a trusted database environment where the goal is to protect database files from intruders. However, the threat model in a server-provider setting requires further elaboration before ascertaining the feasibility of using the invention in this environment. Thus, the present invention is assumed to be employed in the application environment of
A system for querying encrypted data should have certain desirable properties:
Direct Processing of Queries
It should be possible to process queries without first decrypting the data. The need for decryption should arise only for presenting the final results.
The encryption scheme of the present invention has been designed for direct processing of queries containing range and equality predicates, MAX, MIN, and COUNT aggregations, and GROUPBY and ORDERBY clauses. However, SUM and AVG require preliminary decryption. (It is, of course, possible to create two encrypted versions of a database. One version can use techniques from [2, 4, 9, 10, 19] to process SUM and AVG queries; the other version can use the scheme of the present invention for the rest of the queries. However, preliminary decryption will still be required for queries that mix these two types of operations.)
No False Hits or False Drops
Queries over encrypted data should not contain false hits, necessitating filtering in a post-processing step after decryption. This property deems a system that produces a superset of answers as less attractive from a performance point of view. Of course, queries over encrypted data should also not miss any answers.
For queries of interest, the encryption scheme of the present invention produces results that are sound (with no false hits) and complete (with no false drops).
Key-Based System
The encryption system should assume that the encryption algorithm is public. The folly of "security-by-obscurity" has been shown repeatedly since the first enunciation of Kerckhoffs' principle in 1883 [15].
The strength of the encryption scheme of the present invention relies on the choice of a private key known only to the data's owner. This key is used to seed a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator. Public knowledge of the encryption scheme is assumed.
Different levels of attacks against a cryptosystem have been conventionally categorized as follows [20, 22]:
The goal of cryptanalysis is to compute the private key K that was used in the encryption [20, 22]. Discovering the private key of the present encryption system is as hard as discovering the private key from sequences of numbers generated from a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator.
Percentile Exposure
In a Hippocratic database application, it might not be necessary for an attacker to compute the precise decryption P of a ciphertext C. For sensitive numeric data, a privacy breach can occur if C can be estimated within a small interval of the domain of P. In fact, it might be sufficient to estimate the percentile in the domain of P to which C belongs. Let us call it percentile exposure.
Unfortunately, we have the following negative result:
Observation 1: Any order-preserving encryption has percentile exposure against a chosen plaintext or a chosen ciphertext attack.
The following is also true:
Observation 2: Any order-preserving encryption has percentile exposure against a known plaintext attack if a large number of plaintexts, distributed uniformly over the domain of plaintexts, are available to the attacker.
Fortunately, in the application environments of interest, it is adequate to have robustness against the percentile exposure in the presence of ciphertext-only attack. The encryption scheme of the present invention has been designed to withstand these threats.
Integration with Existing Systems
The encryption system should not require large architectural changes for its use in existing database systems. Order-preserving encryption allows standard database indexes [6] to be built over encrypted data, so the integration of the present invention with existing database systems requires only minimal changes. Encryption only doubles the space requirement.
The query results of the present invention are free of any false hits because only the columns of interest are retrieved into the client, as the column values are individually encrypted, rather than the whole tuples. Finally, the client does not need to maintain any metadata beyond the encryption keys.
We begin by giving a basic encryption scheme in section 1 below, which will then be enhanced to make it robust in section 2.
1. Basic Algorithms
1.1 Preliminaries
We refer to a column value in a table that needs to be encrypted as plaintext and its encryption as ciphertext. For ease of exposition, we will assume that the plaintexts are bit strings, all of equal length. Their encryptions will also be bit strings, which will also be of equal length in this section, but not so in the next section. We use lexicographic ordering
The encryption security and indexing efficiency of the invention depend on the scheme used for partitioning domain values. In general, one would want to use fine-grained partitioning to minimize false hits. Experiments reported in [13] show the excessive performance overhead of coarse-grained partitioning. Unfortunately, fine-grained partitioning opens the door to percentile exposure. It also increases the complexity of transformed queries. For example, a simple range query will be transformed into as many disjunctions as the number of buckets that lie in that range. Yet another disadvantage of fine-grained partitioning is that it increases the amount of metadata that needs to be managed by the client, increasing its complexity. In the limiting case where each distinct value gets its own partition, the amount of metadata will be of the same order as the domain size.
Represent by P the plaintext of length |P| and by C its ciphertext of length |C|. Treating the first bit as most significant, we use VP to represent the unsigned numeric value of P, and similarly for C. Clearly, if |P1|=|P2|, then P1
The algorithms of the present invention make use of a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator G. The generator is seeded with a private key K. The key is usually concatenated with another string (which need not be kept secret) for generating different seeds. The seed determines the random sequence of positive integers generated by successive calls to G. If one does not know the seed, it is computationally infeasible to predict the number produced by the next call to G. See [20, 22] for examples of G. One-way functions are used as the building blocks in the cryptographically secure random number generators employed by the invention.
1.2 Encryption Algorithm
The encryption algorithm comprises two steps:
1.2.1 Partitioning
The scheme for mapping plaintexts into ciphertexts is determined as follows.
This step is performed only once for a given column, which results in identical partitions for all the plaintexts in a column. All the ciphertexts for a column will also have identical partitions and will be of equal length. G is seeded with the private key K concatenated with the column name to generate different partitioning for different columns.
1.2.2. Encoding Values
Let VPi be the numeric value of the segment Pi. The numeric value of the corresponding ciphertext segment Ci is given by
where Gj represents the jth call to the random number generator G and its value is given by
The seed for the random generator is obtained by concatenating the private key K with the column name and another arbitrary string so that this seed is different from the one obtained in the partitioning step. G is initialized with the same seed for encoding all of the plaintexts in a column. Thus, the same ciphertext is obtained for identical plaintexts.
Making V+1 calls ensures that there is always at least one call to G. By allowing the first call (j=0) to generate a value of 0, we allow the possibility that the value of Ci can be 0. By insisting that subsequent calls generate nonzero values, we are ensured of the following:
Observation 3: Let P1 and P2 represent two plaintexts and let Vi 1 and Vi 2 respectively be the numeric values of their ith segments Pi 1 and Pi 2. The numeric value of Ci 1 will be greater than that of Ci 2 iff Vi 1>Vi 2.
Since the same partitioning scheme is used for encoding all the plaintexts in a column, the following is immediate:
Observation 4: Let P1 and P2 be two plaintexts which are such that their numeric values differ initially in segment i and they have identical values in all segments j, j<i. Let Vi 1 and Vi 2 be the numeric values of the segments Pi 1 and Pi 2 respectively. Then C1
It then follows:
Observation 5: C1
Note that the numeric value of segment Pi can at most be 2|Pi|−1. Therefore, the numeric value of Ci can lie in range [0, 2|Ci|−Pi|−1+(2|Pi|−1)�(2|Ci|−|Pi|)]. Thus, the maximum encoded value of Pi can be 2|Ci|−1 and will not overflow Ci.
1.3 Decryption Algorithm
Decrypting a ciphertext C into the original plaintext P comprises the two following steps:
The encryption scheme of the present invention has two parameters: i) the number of segments N, and ii) the maximum expansion factor Γ. In general, smaller values of N increase the length of the segments. At the time of encoding a segment Pi, its value VPi determines the number of calls made to the random number generator G. Having larger values for Γ increases the length of encrypted segments, and hence the value of |Ci|−|Pi|. Having larger values of Γ increases the range of numbers generated by G. Of course, larger values of Γ also increase the storage overhead.
Rather than fixing N in advance, the invention calls G to generate the length of the next segment from the range [minsize, maxsize]. We suggest using minsize=1 and maxsize=8 for the first segment, and using minsize=2 and maxsize=4 for subsequent segments for strings 16 bits in length or longer. The reason for two different sets of values will become apparent. Also, Γ=1.5 is a good choice. For this choice of Γ, the space overhead with the basic encryption scheme will be within 50%.
1.5 An End Condition
In the strategy just described for selecting segment lengths, the number of bits left in the last segment PN-1 might be less than the length provided by G. If all plaintexts are of equal length, there is an easy solution for this problem. Simply take whatever bits are left as the length of the last segment. At the time of decryption, G will again give a larger length for the last segment. However, this length can easily be adjusted to the right value, since we know the total length of the plaintext and the length of all the previous segments.
If the plaintexts are of different lengths (see Section 2.2), the solution is a bit more involved. As above, the invention takes the remaining bits as the length of the last segment. However, the invention now makes another call to the random number generator to create an additional virtual plaintext segment and populate it with the amount of bit shortage in the last segment. The corresponding encrypted segment in the ciphertext is then used at the time of decryption to apply adjustment to the last true segment of the plaintext. Note that the suggested values of minsize=2 and maxsize=4 for determining |Pi| (where i>0) have been orchestrated to work with this solution. Finally, observe that the encryption still remains order-preserving.
2. Embellishments
The Achilles' heel of the basic encryption scheme is its use of the same partitioning scheme across all plaintexts in a column. We next give two embellishments to remove this vulnerability:
To thwart an attacker seeking to decipher segment boundaries, the invention determines the partitioning of every plaintext independently.
2.1.1. Encryption Algorithm
The embellished algorithm for encrypting a given plaintext P into the ciphertext C is as follows:
Thus, the length of the first segment will be the same for all of the plaintexts in a column. But the lengths of all other segments for a plaintext depend on its contents and hence are likely to be different for distinct plaintexts. Note that two identical plaintexts will still be identically partitioned and hence will have identical ciphertext.
The encryption remains order-preserving due to the following:
Observation 6: Let P1 and P2 represent two plaintexts and let Vi 1 and Vi 2 respectively be the numeric values of their ith segments Pi1 and Pi2. Now:
Note that with nonuniform processing, the ciphertexts of equal-length plaintexts might not be of the same length. Thus, the ciphertexts will become VARCHAR even for fixed length plaintexts. This is a virtue because it makes inferring the percentile of the corresponding plaintext of any ciphertext even harder. It is possible to adapt the encryption algorithm to generate fixed-length segments by appropriately adjusting the length of the last ciphertext segment.
2.1.2. Decryption Algorithm
Decryption proceeds from the most significant to the least significant segment as follows:
We first give a plausible attack that exploits the fact that the first segments in all of the plaintexts of a column are still of the same length. We then describe how this attack can be foiled by encrypting the ciphertexts one more time.
2.2.1 Attack
Let P0 represent the first set of segments of all of the plaintexts in a column and C0 represent the set of their ciphertexts. The basis of this attack is that the segments in P0 are likely to be densely populated. That is, if the database is large and |P0| is not very big, it is reasonable to assume that if someone examined the segments in P0, all of i ∈[0, 2|P0|−1] will be found.
Assuming that the attacker has access to the complete encrypted database, here is an algorithm for guessing |P0|:
Because of the nonuniform lengths for the rest of the segments, the above attack is not effective for discovering subsequent segments. However, the attacker can decipher the percentiles of a ciphertext as follows: assign to Ci the ordinal position of the content of C0 i relative to the other distinct values.
2.2.2. Final Algorithm
We now present a defense against the attack presented above. First note that of the possible 2|C0| distinct strings that the first segment of C may contain, at most 2|P0| can actually be present since the encrypting algorithm is monoalphabetic (i.e. it maps each distinct plaintext to one distinct ciphertext). Because |C0|>|P0|, the segments in C0 will be sparsely populated. So, if we encrypt C again, treating it as a plaintext, but ensure that the first segment this time is bigger than |C0|, we have destroyed the basis of the attack. The price paid is the increase in storage requirement by another γ factor.
Here is the double encryption algorithm, which is believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention:
Note that the double encryption does not prevent an attacker from guessing the length of the first segment of CC. However, this discovery is of little value, since the attacker cannot assign ordinal values to the encrypted strings in CC because the first segment in CC (treated as ciphertext) is no longer dense. CC cannot also be directly decrypted into P because the segment lengths during the second encryption are determined independent of those used during the first encryption.
Since the encryption of P into C is order preserving and so is the encryption of C into CC, it is apparent that:
Observation 7: The encryption of P into CC is order preserving.
Decryption is straightforward. First, CC is decrypted into C, which in turn is decrypted into P. The decryption algorithm described in Section 2.1.2. is used for both the steps.
Note that if we choose the maximum expansion factor Γ to be 1.5, the expected storage overhead even after double encryption will be less than 100%.
2.3 Null Values
When sorting the values of a column, null values can either rank high or low. We consider the case where nulls rank high as in the DB2 database system [5].
The essential idea is to encrypt a plaintext null by assigning any one of the random values which is greater than the largest encrypted value of the column. Care is taken to ensure that the encryption of the largest plaintext value leaves room for the several possible encryptions of a null value. Having multiple ciphertexts for a null value is a safeguard against an attack employing frequency analysis if a column contains several null values. It is also important to choose the starting range of encrypted values of a null just beyond the largest legal value to avoid an attack that tries to detect the boundary between the legal and null values.
Suppose Cmax is the encrypted value of the largest legal value of an attribute A. The test for nullness of A now becomes A>Cmax. Similarly, a predicate of the form A>C is rewritten as A>CΛA≦Cmax to exclude nulls from the result.
We empirically studied the following characteristics of the encryption scheme:
We use a DB2 implementation of the scheme to study the latter.
In this experiment, we study if the scheme succeeds in mangling the distribution of the plaintext values. If an encryption scheme preserves distributions, an attacker can make a good estimate of the true value of a ciphertext simply by examining the distribution of the ciphertext values.
We use two synthetic datasets in this experiment. The first dataset consists of 10,000 32-bit integer values sampled from a Gaussian distribution. The second dataset consists of the same number of integer values, but sampled from a Uniform distribution.
We encrypted each dataset using three different parameter settings. These settings were chosen to generate fixed length encryptions to be able to obtain meaningful numeric values for studying distributions. For every setting, we did 5 encryptions using different private keys. The settings were termed (B), (C), and (D) as follows:
This set of experiments was conducted by integrating the encryption scheme into DB2 Version 7. The algorithms were implemented in Java and experiments were run using version 1.3.0. of the Java VM on a Microsoft Windows 2000 version 5.00.2195 Service Pack 2 workstation with a 1 Ghz Intel processor and 512 MB of memory. We investigated the time overhead of both encryption and decryption through these experiments.
Encryption Overhead
We studied the encryption overhead by measuring the impact of encryption on the insertion of 10,000 tuples in a single-attribute table. Table 1 below shows the results:
Time (in milliseconds) required to insert 10,000 tuples
insert encrypted
encrypt & insert
The first two columns show the settings of the parameters of the encryption scheme.
These results are encouraging as they show that encryption only doubles the insertion time. About 80% of the overhead is due to the time spent in the encryption algorithm.
Decryption Overhead
We studied the decryption overhead by measuring the performance impact on the retrieval of 10,000 tuples from a single-attribute table. Table 2 shows the results:
Time (in milliseconds) required to retrieve 10,000 tuples
insert encrypted
encrypt & insert
These results show a factor of 1.5 to 4 increase in the retrieval time because of the increase in the length of data items being handled, which is reasonable. However, the time to decrypt encrypted values is excessive. A tuned C implementation of the decryption algorithm might reduce this overhead, though that is unlikely to be adequate. Another approach is to investigate hardware assists for overhead reduction. It is worth noting that IBM mainframes have historically provided hardware support for encryption.
A general purpose computer is programmed according to the inventive steps herein. The invention can also be embodied as an article of manufacture—a machine component—that is used by a digital processing apparatus to execute logic to perform the inventive method steps herein. The invention may be embodied by a computer program that is executed by a processor within a computer as a series of computer-executable instructions. These instructions may reside, for example, in RAM of a computer or on a hard drive or optical drive of the computer, or the instructions may be stored on a DASD array, magnetic tape, electronic read-only memory, or other appropriate data storage device. The invention can also be embodied as a data management service.
While the particular SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR FAST QUERYING OF ENCRYPTED DATABASES as herein shown and described in detail is fully capable of attaining the above-described objects of the invention, it is to be understood that it is the presently preferred embodiment of the present invention and is thus representative of the subject matter which is broadly contemplated by the present invention, that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless explicitly so stated, but rather "one or more". All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase "means for".
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|Publication date
|Mar 11, 2002
|Jan 27, 2009
|Arcot Systems, Inc.
|Techniques for searching encrypted files
|May 29, 2008
|Feb 15, 2011
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for fast querying of encrypted databases
|Oct 15, 2008
|Nov 8, 2011
|Penta Security Systems, Inc.
|Query processing system and method for database with encrypted column by query encryption transformation
|Sep 29, 2008
|Oct 2, 2012
|Symantec Operating Corporation
|Protecting against chosen plaintext attacks in untrusted storage environments that support data deduplication
|Jan 30, 2009
|Dec 11, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for order invariant correlated encrypting of data and SQL queries for maintaining data privacy and securely resolving customer defects
|Mar 31, 2009
|Jul 2, 2013
|Symantec Corporation
|Selectively protecting against chosen plaintext attacks in untrusted storage environments that support data deduplication
|Aug 29, 2012
|Oct 28, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for order invariant correlated encrypting of data and SQL queries for maintaining data privacy and securely resolving customer defects
|Mar 11, 2002
|Nov 21, 2002
|Arcot Systems, Inc.
|Techniques for searching encrypted files
|Feb 21, 2006
|Aug 23, 2007
|Microsoft Corporation
|Synchronizing encrypted data without content decryption
|Oct 15, 2008
|Apr 16, 2009
|Duk Soo Kim
|Query processing system and method for database with encrypted column by query encryption transformation
|Dec 7, 2008
|May 28, 2009
|Arcot Systems, Inc.
|Techniques for searching encrypted files
|May 29, 2008
|Dec 31, 2009
|International Business Machines Corp.
|System and method for fast querying of encrypted databases
|Jan 30, 2009
|Aug 5, 2010
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for order invariant correlated encrypting of data and sql queries for maintaining data privacy and securely resolving customer defects
|Aug 29, 2012
|Dec 27, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for order invariant correlated encrypting of data and sql queries for maintaining data privacy and securely resolving customer defects
|U.S. Classification
|713/193, 707/999.003
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 5, 2004
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AGRAWAL, RAKESH;KIERNAN, GERALD GEORGE;REEL/FRAME:014875/0961
Effective date: 20040105
|Oct 26, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 12, 2016
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 1, 2016
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Aug 23, 2016
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20160701


text:
View All Holidays
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Holiday Mood Social Media
Do you wish to enjoy low air fare deals for flying to New York? If yes, then here
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Aged Care
Are you are a new customer over the age of 65 years?
Monday - Friday: 8am -8pm
Saturday: 10am - 2pm
p: 1800 200 422
Food services
Our food services provides nutritious meals for older adults who are unable to shop for or prepare their own meals. Whether it's delivered meals through Meals on Wheels or social lunch programs, our food services can be tailored to suit most dietary requirements, are nutritionally balanced and culturally diverse. Click here to learn more about the food services available.
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Our Carers Support service provides assistance for primary carers who live in or care for people who are frail and/or aged. Click here to learn more about the services available and how you can join.
Lawn Mowing Service
To help you take the hassle out of keeping your lawn maintaned, City of Parramatta provides subsidised lawn services for residents in the Local Govenment Area (LGA) who are frail and aged, financially disadvantaged, people with disabilities and carers with no support to assist them. Learn more about the lawn mowing service and how you can apply.
Over 55s Leisure and Learning Service
City of Parramatta's Over 55s Leisure and Learning service provides an extensive range of educational, physical, recreational and social activities throughout the year for people over 55 years of age. From Tai chi to yoga and knitting to painting, there's something for everyone to enjoy whilst making new friends in a fun and lively environment. Find out more about the activities available and how you can get access.
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Our Social Inclusion Program provides support for people who are frail and/or aged, people living with disability and their carers. The program aims to help you feel more included, connected and valued in our community and builds on your existing skills, strengths, interest and networks.


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Dublin Area Train and Tram Services
Dublin Public Transport Frequent Services
This map shows frequent public transport services operating within Dublin city and environs. It shows;– All suburban rail (DART and Commuter) services
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Dublin Local Area Maps
centre and other centres where a large number of public transport services meet. A destination finder showing all the
destinations served from the area is included with each map.Each map is available for download below.
- Parnell Square
- O'Connell Street
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- Trinity College
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- Heuston
- Connolly
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Cork City Bus Services
This map shows bus services serving the Cork city area, and where to catch your bus in Cork city centre.
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text:
C1 not showing the standard of behaviour or skill that is expected of a person in a skilled job:
Más ejemplos
- She was doing her best to help, but her manner was a bit unprofessional.
- I know she felt annoyed, but that angry outburst was totally unprofessional.
- It's a bit unprofessional to talk about other members of staff like that.
- I hope she didn't think I was being unprofessional.
- It's very unprofessional to let your private life spill over into your working life.
Thesaurus: sinónimos y palabras relacionadas
También encontrarás palabras, frases y sinónimos relacionados con los temas:
adverb uk /ˌʌn.prəˈfeʃ.ən.əl.i/ us /ˌʌn.prəˈfeʃ.ən.əl.i/


text:
eCapitol News
Pension reform debate begins
Shawn Ashley
(eCap) Debate on potential proposals to reform Oklahoma's pension system began Wednesday during a meeting of the Oklahoma State Pension Commission, even though the matter was not officially on the agenda.
Treasurer Ken Miller, who chairs and the commission and was elected to a second term Wednesday, argued he believes it is in the state's best interest to considering moving from a defined benefit plan to a defined contribution system and to discuss consolidating some of the systems' governing boards into one entity. The changes, he said, could help reduce and potentially eliminate the plans' unfunded liabilities and give the state "control of its balance sheet."
State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones contended officials should be cautious about making changes to the systems because they could result in reduced investment returns and increased unfunded liabilities.
"A small change in the return on investments and we could increase the unfunded liabilities, said Jones.
At issue were discussions that took place during this year's legislative session and will continue during the legislative interim and next session concerning possible pension system reforms. Miller said the Legislature ran out of time this session to consider the issue, so a formal proposal was never advanced.
During Sen. Rick Brinkley's legislative update, Miller said he expected a proposal to convert at least the Oklahoma Public Employee Retirement System from a defined benefit plan to a defined contribution plan for new employees to be "a top issue next legislative session."
Miller went on to say, however, he believed it too early for the commission to take a position on the issue since he expected an in-depth discussion during what is expected to be a joint interim study.
Brinkley, R-Owasso, submitted Interim Study Request 2013S-016 to examine improvements to the state's pension systems as a joint study with the House. The request was assigned to the Senate Pension Committee that Brinkley chairs. That means he will decide whether or not the study is held. Rep. Randy McDaniel, R-Edmond and chair of the House's special Pension Oversight Committee, submitted Interim Study Request 2013H-012, an analysis of the state's retirement systems. House Speaker T.W. Shannon, R-Lawton, will decide by July 17 whether McDaniel's study will be heard.
Brinkley and McDaniel each requested that their studies be conducted jointly.
Miller acknowledged he had asked the commission's management consultant, NEPC LLC, for a report on potential savings resulting from some of the ideas discussed this session but never formally put down on paper, including consolidating the systems' governing boards. Jones said that concerned him because it made it appear the commission was taking a position on the proposal. "It's extremely important that when we put out numbers that are perceived as coming from this commission that we discuss that," Jones said. "Otherwise, it could lead the Legislature to make a decision based on a false assumption."
Miller said he disagreed that legislators would have viewed the numbers as coming from the commission or reflecting a position being taken by the panel.
Vice Chair Douglas Lawrence agreed with Jones. "We need to be careful about what we say and who we way it to."
Miller said he always was clear and never said the savings calculated by NEPC represented a commission endorsement of the proposal. "I agree," he said. "We need to be careful and I believe we are."
Jones took his concern a step further, applying it to future proposals to change the systems and the impact it could have on their unfunded liabilities. He noted the systems often are recognized for the quality of their management and their investment returns consistently are in the top 10 percent of public funds.
Miller responded by saying he believed the state could benefit from a volume discount on investment fees that could result from packaging the systems together, even if the same investment strategies were maintained. He also stressed that consolidating the systems' governing boards would give the state control over its balance sheet, rather than leaving it in the hands of systems' boards of directors. That, he said, was one of the biggest limits to efforts to improve the state's credit rating.
"Gov. Fallin couldn't be more on target than she is with her proposal to move from a defined benefit plan to defined contribution plan and to consolidate the governing boards," said Miller, adding, "Once this proposal is vetted, I think it will be a winning issue and a winning policy for the state."
Miller and Jones again debated the issue during discussion of a subcommittee report on how to improve the financial condition of the state pension plans. Commissioner Louis Trost led the panel and said the solution was relatively simple: The state needed to annually fund the pension systems' actuarially required contribution, the minimum amount to be contributed to the funds to meet their obligations. Figured presented by Trost showed the state had failed to fund $3.4 billion of the actuarially required contribution (ARC) from fiscal year 2002 to fiscal year 2010. Fiscal year 2011 was the first year the state fully funded the contribution, Trost said.
"We feel the most important thing the Legislature can do is to revisit the (proposed 2011) ballot measure that required the ARC be funded," said Trost, referring to a joint resolution proposed by McDaniel that called for a vote of the people requiring the annual contribution be funded.
Jones noted that a Pew Research Center report on state pension systems simply said Oklahoma "did not pay our bills" when it came to the retirement systems. "If we would just start paying our bills each year, we would not have this problem," Jones said. He added that transitioning to a defined contribution plan would mean the state "…still has an obligation to pay with (the current) plan."
Miller, again, took issue with Jones' comments, saying state budget writers had to set priorities and chose to fund cores services first, which left insufficient funds to meet the required pension contribution.
"As history shows, Oklahoma doesn't seem to have the funds necessary to dedicate to the (actuarially required contribution)," Miller said.
"That's something I just don't understand," Jones responded. "We are obligated to pay for something we've promised…I have no idea how we can pick and choose what bills we pay and which we don't…I don't think that is a choice the state has. The problem is we haven't paid our bills. We've been deadbeats."
Jones said he believed not only should the state be required to meet the actuarially required contribution but that it should be treated like the Oklahoma's Promise scholarship funding, which automatically is taken off the top of General Revenue Fund collections. Lawrence agreed with that position, noting each pension system received funding differently, rather than from a direct appropriation from the General Revenue Fund by the Legislature.
Lawrence said he believe the pension systems would be "thrilled" to see their money come off the top of the General Revenue Fund, rather than via the "helter skelter" way they are currently funded. Miller said, on one hand, he agreed that would be a better approach, but, he noted, each pension system had played a direct role in setting up the dedicated funding plans. Ultimately, he said, "They have not trust in the Legislature to do it."
Miller noted that the proposal he and Gov. Mary Fallin advocated would continue to provide funding to the existing pension systems "so we don't end up increasing the unfunded liabilities."
He added, "Until we move away from defined benefits, we are still going to have to deal with an unfunded ARC and unfunded liability problems."
Jones moved that the commission again endorse McDaniel's proposal for a constitutional amendment to require that the ARC be funded. The motion passed unanimously.
In his investment performance analysis, Don Stracke, with NEPC, said the composite gains for the state's seven pension systems was 6.6 percent for the three-month period ending May 31, putting it in the top 5 percent of all public plans nationwide. Stracke noted the combined plans typically rank in the top 10 percent of all public plans over various time periods.


text:
Flip Flop Template Needed
Lounge By tatorchip Updated 8 Mar 2010 , 4:17am by tatorchip
I would greatly appreciate if any one could help me obtain a template of a flip flop. I have searched google and everywhere I could think of and can't find one. I would be so thankful for one. The strap part of them also TIA
right: http://www.cakecentral.com/cake-photo_53427.html
left: http://www.cakecentral.com/cake-photo_53425.html
(size 11 originally! LOL)
Thank you so much Doug, I never seen it. You wouldn't happen to have the straps, I know I am asking for so much but I really need the straps also. TIA
that I don't have.
but....you could make one from an actual flip flop.
I will have to buy a pair lol thanks again for the help. It was very kind of you
Quote by @%username% on %date%


text:
On any fixed day at MCAS Cherry Point, the entwine is alive with the thunder of jet engines. It is the sound, as arrogantly announced by the air facility welcomed sign, of state. The stories of those who have defended this state are many; Cherry Point boasts a protracted gift of heroes in get-up blues. Yet, fable has it, years earlier the installing itself was commissioned, duty named present for different man. He would be asked to fashion the last human action for its preservation, but it would be his better half who would be remembered the furthermost for it.
Her nickname was Bonnie Sue. As a tender armed forces wife, the parable tells she and her married person shared a matrimonial at what is now the entity of Cherry Point's, Marine Air Control Squadron-2. Her better half was called off to war, going away Bonnie Sue down to wait a instrument that would ne'er come up. It is aforementioned she dog-tired the balance of her go want the arrival of her mislaid love, singular to ultimately die grief-stricken and alone. In destruction she remained as retiring as she had been in life, dug in in a eremitical staid upon the overland where she had tired her life span bereft.
Years later, the Cherry Point air facility would be built around this base camp. The unsmiling remained untouched; a cold, rock testament to the days of a adult female whose go was the respect she gave and shared beside one man alone.
Some say, even in death, Bonnie Sue knows no order. Hushed whispers utter of a numeral in the shadows whose cries are recurrently heard muffled on the crisscross. Stories are told of a inscrutable female caller who still begs of the picket on monies to cognize once her husband, gone for so umteen years, is approaching family. Perhaps these are only the stories of the ages, passed on from one age group to the next, the purest section of Semper Fidelis.
Then again, perchance she walks tonight.


text:
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Lluvia spa is located in Sunset Road Kuta.10 minutes from Seminyak tourism location, 20 minutes from Ngurah Rai Airport adn 15 menutes to location of Kuta rourism, Located in a strategic location is one of our strengths so easily visited.
We would like to announce that we found fake LLuvia Spa website and
email created by unresponsible people.
Those unresponsible pretending to be a part of us.
If you happen to see this website www.lluvia-spa.com..
Galungan is a Balinese holiday that occurs every 210 days and lasts for 10 days. Kuningan is the last day of the holiday. Galungan means "When the Dharma is winning." During this holiday the Balinese gods..
Telp : ( 0361 ) 215 6688 / 847 5903
Fax : (0361) 847 6810


text:
Dove Real Beauty Campaign
This campaign was launched to change society's idea of beauty, and make women more comfortable in their own skin.
Impact on Future Campaigns:
After Dove debuted this campaign, many companies followed in the trend of embracing real beauty.
Pop Culture:
This add connected extremely well with females, as only 2% of women find themselves beautiful. By using "real" women, people were able to connect better with the advertisements. In pop culture, people are extremely obsessed with being thin and beautiful, but this campaign made a strong statement and left an impact.
Innovative Media:
Billboards with different types of women on them allowed drivers to use their mobile devices to vote on whether these women were "fat or fit", "grey or gorgeous", and "wrinkled or wonderful".


text:
Looks like Valley View Senior Villas is no longer available on Rent.com which means this information is likely out of date.
This is a senior living community. A minimum age requirement of 55 or 62 will apply. Not all renters will qualify. Please contact the property for details.
Contact for details
Valley View Senior Villas offers a refreshing and resort-style atmosphere within walking distance of shopping, medical, banking and entertainment. Our Chauffeured Shuttle provides scheduled rides for those important errands and trips. Enjoy an active lifestyle with Activities, Events, Recreation and Socialization all from your cozy and comfortable home designed for the modern senior.
Lease terms are variable. Please inquire with property staff.
Dogs Allowed. Cats Allowed. Pets Accepted. Call for service animal policy.
178 units
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text:
The Funniest Third Thursday of the Month
"The name of the show was born out of our passion for being a bit obnoxious. Plus, who doesn't like alliteration?" says Joel Mandelkorn, who produces the monthly The Super Serious Show with Betsy Koch and Mandee Johnson. Mixing sketch, musical comedy and short character bits in with the standup, Mandelkorn can boast such past performers as Sarah Silverman, Weird Al Yankovic, Daniel Tosh, Demetri Martin, Chris Hardwick, Aisha Tyler, Reggie Watts, Margaret Cho, David Koechner, Marc Maron and Thomas Lennon. "We're into comedians that take chances and own the stage persona. Messing around with the audience is always fun, too," he says. And who are some up-and-comers we should all know about? "Andy Peters, Hampton Yount, Kirk Zipfel, Jerrod Carmichael, Nigel Lawrence, Melissa Villasenor and Drennon Davis" are all names to watch. For this installment, it's Johnny Pemberton and T.J. Miller, Mary Lynn Rajskub, Sean Conroy, Barry Rothbart and more. Fais Do-Do, 5253 Adams Blvd.; Thurs., Jan. 19, 7 p.m.; $20, $13 in advance, includes free beer & wine. superseriousshow.com.
Thu., Jan. 19, 7 p.m., 2012
Related Location
5257 W. Adams Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90016
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text: Sportsbook Blacklist: Largest Directory of Betting Sites to Avoid By SBR Monday, February 22, 2016 Share with: The online sportsbook blacklist is the sports betting industry's largest directory of betting sites to avoid. These sportsbooks are known for poor service, slow payouts, and the worst of the worst — the betting sites which carry an SBR rating of F — have outright confiscated winnings from players or refused payment. Two of the most well-known online sports betting sites included on the blacklist are Oddsmaker (SBR rating F) and Sportsbook.com (also known as Sportsbook.ag, SBR rating D-). Oddsmaker has confiscated more than $250,000 from winning online sports bettors to date. The players were guilty of being "non-recreational" or wise guys; players that the house considered too sharp to accept bets from, so the winnings accumulated were erased and deposits refunded. Sportsbook.ag on the other hand has an industry worst payment time-frame of 6 to 8 weeks: a time-frame the online betting site could not meet during the previous football season. There are countless more examples of lesser known websites that have been blacklisted for poor service and refusing to pay players. SBR suggests bettors stick with the betting sites listed on the best sportsbooks page.


text:
5 Unilab Products My Family Can't Live Without2:20:00 AM
|Alaxan FR
15 comments
Unilab is part of our first aid kit, we always have paracetamol, bioflu and mefenamic acid.ReplyDelete
I always have the Bioflu and Decolgen. =) I'd love to have the other products you've mentioned on hand. =)ReplyDelete
I'm not really a fan of meds, but if it's really needed then well it's better to take them than be sorry. What I do when I'm sick though, like cough and colds, I just drink plenty of water, have some rest if I can and some calamansi juice. And I would feel better eventually. :) Thanks for sharing :)ReplyDelete
Bioflu's a must here too, although for clogged nose, we use Nasatapp and for coughs, Solmux broncho is very effective for our kids. Will read more about Disudrin.ReplyDelete
Unilab has been our trusted company... we have bioflu in our kit most of the time.ReplyDelete
Unilab has always been a trusted brand and for so many years, we also trust Unilab for our medication. :)ReplyDelete
Isa lang ginagamit ko sa list mo gaw, ung Dolfenal lang pag nagkakadysminorrhea ako. haha. Decolgen din pala. But bioflu, biogesic and neozep, those are my trusted brands. I think they're also from Unilab? :DReplyDelete
Good post! To answer your question, I'll be honest that I try to go as natural as possible. But hey, Unilab is a trusted company. If we need medicine we'll keep their products in mind. :)ReplyDelete
I've grown to be more fond of natural remedies now that I have learned more about them and how God provided for us many amazing herbs and food as natural medicine. But Disudrin is one that one of my sons tried when his pedia prescribed it.ReplyDelete
We always have Biogesic at home. We also have their travel kit and bring it whenever we go on our travels.ReplyDelete
I've been using these medicines for years and I must say that these has been part of our household for the longest time.ReplyDelete
We always have decolgen in our first aid kid whenever we travel.ReplyDelete
We don't use these medicines much. We do have paracetamol in the house all the time.ReplyDelete
I'm a user of Decolgen too! We get colds a lot in the family so the medicine cabinet is always stocked-up with this! :)ReplyDelete
Bioflu is a must for us and for my son is tempra :-)ReplyDelete


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Eczema, a possession used by most citizens to mean to Atopic Dermatitis, is an incurable illness which affects the pigskin. Although assured is not a possibility, here are belongings you can do to corner the market the symptoms.
These property are a collection of learned profession focus and at marital support. It is of import for you to see a skin doctor when symptoms original look as treating as azoic as viable helps you to maintain your symptoms to a negligible and recurrently makes the form up fundamental measure much shorter than it would be other.
No business how overmuch you read roughly speaking facial appearance conditions, it is significant that you read between the lines a physician designation is of import for you to concoct the prim trouble for your shape. Many tegument requisites fit respectively other, spell whichever are a great deal painful and aggravating, others are caused by thing other erroneous in your article and can be homicidal when not aerated.Post ads:
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There are likewise a cipher of skin conditions that are curable, dissimilar skin disorder. A dermatologist can analyze your connective tissue prerequisite through miscellaneous tests, allowing him to afford you the appropriate exposure and allowing you to learn the accurate way to exactness for your disease at married.
Your skin doctor will need to know: when the symptoms most primitive appeared in your lifetime; all of the symptoms (itching, pain, blistering, fever, etc); he will likewise condition to know material possession that appear to put together the symptoms worse (such as, whether lavation makes the itchiness worsened); whether you house has any past times of skin texture conditions, hay fever, or asthma; and your own learned profession yesteryear.
When guest the dermatologist, be preconditioned for him to decree a diagnostic assay. This is a average ritual when treatment beside rawhide conditions and does not necessarily penny-pinching that he thinks you have malignant neoplasm. Do not let yourself prosody done this test, especially since hassle tends to turn symptoms. He may besides advise that you have hypersensitivity reaction experiment through.Post ads:
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Possible Treatments:
Treatments are supported on respective factors: what munificent of eczema you have, how bad it is, your age and learned profession history, and results of then treatments. Remember that remedy is a way to bring home the bacon symptoms, not make well the illness. Moisturizing with creams (not most lotions because they can result in even more drying) are in general previously owned next to any behaviour stratagem.
Treatment strategy are besides made to order on an various cause as you and your physician cognise and grasp much around triggering factors in your suit.
First, if the medical specialist finds other condition, such as bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, he will inflict a pills to get rid of the health problem. Antibiotics will be unarbitrary for bacterial infections, medicament are unarbitrary for infective agent infections and antifungals will control fungal contamination.
These may be practical to the skin, taken by mouth, or given in a shot, depending on the variety as firmness of the infection.
Treatment frequently begins near topical medications which may or may not be conjugated next to antihistamines. Topical treatments are applied to the fleece and are ordinarily a pick which comes in a tube.
Most are members of the steroid hormone relatives of tablets. It is impressively important, as near any medication, to stalk your doctor of medicine commands. Too few applications will not give you more blessing and too heaps applications can lead to fine elephant hide. Some of the corticosteroids include:
The up-to-date profile of local medicinal drug is the local Immunomodulators (TIMs). These do not have steroids in them, so they do not have the technical hitches with paper thin tegument that corticosteroids do. Elidel and Protopic are both TIMs.
If local medications do not green groceries fitting results, you may have to conclusion to different point of use. Other phases contain phototherapy, in which you will be burned with UV rays, oriented by either laser or sunlamps.
The UV neutral is firm on the suggestive locality which has had a medicament practical to aid the procedure. Beyond phototherapy, you may have to menachem begin systemic treatments. These are medications which are taken into the body, whether by oral cavity or colourful.
You will also find that you have individual holding you will have need of to do in your being to assistance minimize form ups. Moisturizing, prominence relief, avoiding allergens and avoiding irritants are a few of these holding.


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The Santa Isabel Hotel occupies a famous colonial mansion on one of Havana's oldest and most elegant squares, Plaza de Armes.
The hotel was opened in 1997 after a painstaking renovation and is now one of the most sought after hotels in the city with its delightful open air courtyard. From the rooftop you are rewarded with panoramic views of Old Havana and the port.
The Santa Isabel Hotel, Havana boasts one of the best locations in the historic centre of Havana, located opposite the Palacio de los Captaines Generales, one of the most beautifully restored historic building in the city with rooms decorated to their former glory with antiques and original furnishings.
There are many museums just a stones throw away from the hotel and a number of new restaurants have recently opened in the area. Santa Isabel has a lovely open air central courtyard in addition to an outdoor terrace from where you can watch the world go by on Plaza de Armes.
We are happy to give you a call back to discuss your holiday at a convenient time for you or we welcome you to come to our office in central London to discuss your holiday in detail.
Our destination experts provide a personalised service to tailormake your dream holiday. Within our experienced team we have visited most of the properties we feature and will be able to give you expertise and specialist knowledge from our first hand experience. You will be offered a direct telephone number, so you are able to speak to the same specialist from the time you pick up the phone until your documents are sent out.
No, we tailormake all our holidays and subject to availability you will be able to travel on any date. The itineraries and holidays on our website are for inspiration and are suggestions only, you can change any aspect according to your personal requirements and available spend.
Many customers are under the illusion that booking late secures the best prices. This is often not the case and it is advisable to book early especially if travelling in peak seasons such as Christmas, Easter or school holidays. Many hotels and airlines actually offer special "Early Booking Offers" so you are able to secure the best price early on.
It's always a difficult decision to make before you travel. Call one of our destination experts, who will be happy to advise you on local restaurants and prices you can expect to pay in resort.
There are many excursions, activities and highlights that are not to be missed out on, whilst in the country. Please contact our experts for advise on whether to prebook these before travel.
When booking through Western and Oriental, if your flight is delayed or cancelled due to bad weather or you have a problem in resort it is our responsibility you are taken care of. We offer a 24 hour emergency number to assist with any issues you may have in resort and all of our flight inclusive holidays are financially protected through ATOL bonding for your protection.
Cuba is usually hot throughout the year, with April potentially getting to 35C and December being historically the coolest at 29C on average. Rainfall is usually at its highest between June and October.


text: Last year of the original Stingray body style. Ready for cruising with a 327-300 hp (nom) and a 700r automatic transmission. Click 'Play Video' to see the car running and driving! ------>> Right over there! ----------->>>>> We can convert back to a 4 speed manual transmission for $3,000 additional. Beautiful paint and interior. Our skilled techs can add air cond. And power steering (for a reasonable charge) to make this the ultimate cruiser. You will need to call on this one!


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From: The Sports Point
Seattle Mariners OVER 84
- Seattle acquired a top 5 American League pitcher this off-season in Erik Bedard and are coming off an 88 win season last year without him.
- JJ Putz will be healthy at the beginning of the year which will propel the M's to a good start to the season.
- King Felix is a year more mature and he is expected to sign a contract extension soon which should put the 21 year olds mind at ease, which will only help his performance.
- This team has a nice blend of productive veterans and young emerging stars that feel they blew a golden opportunity last year to make the playoffs. Expect them to come out with a sense of urgency right from the start of the season based upon last years disappointing stretch run.
Cleveland Indians UNDER 90
- The lingering C.C Sabathia contract talks will have an effect on his performance.
- This prediction is more based on the fact that this division will be much better, most notably the Tigers who will be greatly improved with the addition of Miguel Cabrera and Dontrelle Willis.
- This is a relatively young team that blew a 3-1 series lead in the ALCS last season and could still be feeling the effects of that.
- Simply put Eric Wedge is not a big time manager and we find it hard to pick two teams in the same division to win 90 plus games. So you know those 5 games your manager wins or loses for you a year? Yeah, we like Jim Leyland to win more of those games then Wedge.
Kansas City Royals OVER 74
- All of the young players that were thrown into the fire last year, like Alex Gordon are a year older and will be improved.
- Their starting staff is better then people might think. Gil Meche pitched to a bad record last year but posted a very respectable 3.67 ERA. Brian Bannister pitched to a sub 4.00 ERA as well and will be in the rotation from the beginning of the year, after posting a 12-9 mark last season.
- Dayton Moore has gotten ownership in K.C. to open up the wallet a little bit with the Meche signing last season and Jose Guillen acquisition this year. We like the direction this franchise is headed and expect them to take a huge step forward this year.
Tampa Bay Devil Rays UNDER 75.5
- It is to much to ask for a young team to improve by 10 wins from last year in the toughest division in baseball.
- Scott Kazmir and Shields are top 20 in the A.L as far as starting pitchers go, but the rest of their pitching staff does not have one guy we like.
- We do think the Rays will be improved, but that they will win more like 70 games.
- Hats off to their organization for realizing the bigger picture and taking the initiative to get rid of problem children, Delmon Young and Elijah Dukes. These moves will pay off in the long run.
Texas Rangers OVER 75
- The starting pitching is still not very good as always in Arlington, but good enough to navigate the team to 75 wins.
- They were right at 75 wins last season and the additions of Josh Hamilton and Milton Bradley makes their outfield more formidable then last season and adds depth to an already good lineup.
- Breakout Season Alert: Jarrod Saltalamacchia will emerge as a top 5 hitting catcher this season and diminish the loss of Mark Teixeira.
- Players like playing for manager Ron Washington and play hard for him every night which at the end of the season often sways these type of wagers. Not to mention the calming effect he should have on hothead Milton Bradley, who when locked in is a good player.
[o/u numbers from betcris.com ]


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Watch a Star Wars Lightsaber Supercut
Obi-Wan's warrior wisdom gets remixed.
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
This 90-second clip of Star Wars lightsaber battle scenes and quotes mixed up to a glitchy EDM soundtrack, from Eclectic Method, is what Star Wars: The Force Awakens might look like if Disney had hired Skrillex to direct it.
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text: Definition Edit Behavioral effect is "[a]n effect on the behavior of individuals, groups, systems, organizations, and governments."[1] References Edit ↑ Air Force Supplement to the Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, at 32. Retrieved from "http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Behavioral_effect?oldid=190693" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Definition Military Add category Cancel Save


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- Price USD 900
- Duration 2 Day
- Timings Full Time
- Locations Oud Metha
Understand the role of government regulation and social security in compensation globally Understand the 6 components of a compensation system Understand the 8 steps of how to build effective variable pay systems Learn how to build a point plan and a job grading system to create internal equity
If you are looking for a one-stop solution to all the above needs, your search ends here at Asia's leading Training Organization in the area of HR and People Management for the Corporate Sector - Middle Earth HR.
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We support individual and organizational learning initiatives to develop HR competencies as part of our mission - "Building HRM, Building Human Happiness".See all Middle Earth HR courses
Employee Recruitment Related Questions
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Quick and Spicy Chicken Rice Soup Recipe
Arkansas is the top rice-producing state in the country, so this recipe definitely represents our region. I'm a member of the Craighead County Farm Bureau Women's Committee, and one of our main promotions is rice.
- 2 cans (14-1/2 ounces each) chicken broth
- 3 cups cooked rice
- 2 cups cubed cooked chicken
- 1 can (15-1/4 ounces) whole kernel corn, undrained
- 1 can (11-1/2 ounces) V8 juice
- 1 cup salsa
- 1 can (4 ounces) chopped green chilies, drained
- 1/2 cup chopped green onions
- 2 tablespoons minced fresh cilantro
- 1/2 cup shredded Monterey Jack cheese, optional
- 1. In a large saucepan, combine the first nine ingredients. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 15 minutes or until heated through. Sprinkle with cheese if desired. Yield: 8 servings.
Nutritional Facts
1 cup: 210 calories, 3g fat (1g saturated fat), 31mg cholesterol, 697mg sodium, 27g carbohydrate (5g sugars, 3g fiber), 13g protein.
Reviews for Quick and Spicy Chicken Rice Soup
Average Rating
Reviewed Nov. 11, 2012
"I put this together on Sunday and we enjoy it all week for lunch. Delicious semi homemade soup!"
© 2017 RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC


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Brickipedia is currently undergoing a change with the naming of part articles and this article's name may be outdated.
|Design ID: 89752
|Years in production: 2010
|Pick a Brick price: N/A
| Available Colours:
Part 89752 is a piece used for the Wampa's torso and legs. It has two holes on the side of it's head to hold horns,and it has two larger holes on the sides of it's body to hold Part 6562, which hold the Wampa right arm, Part 87564 and the Wampa left arm, Part 87565.
It's LEGO Digital Designer name is known as WAMPA TORSO ASSEMBLED.


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Area students named to the dean's list for the fall semester at Shippensburg University include:
Jim Thorpe: Beniamino Mazzella, Samantha Rimbey, Nathaniel Schmidt, Kayla Strohl
Slatington: Stephanie Pryor
Brodheadsville: Erin Dougherty
Kunkletown: Danielle Goldberg, Kelly Moriarty
Saylorsburg: Diane Klapatch, Kellie Wasco
Reeders: Jordan Krom
Walnutport: Michael Hock, Jill Petruccelli, Stephanie Reynolds
Mahanoy City: Ciara Mateyak, Molly Yanchuck
The following local residents earned dean's honors standing for the fall semester of the 2013-2014 school year at Moravian College in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Ÿ Francesca Caruso, class of 2017, Albrightsville
Ÿ Brianna Walck, class of 2015, Bowmanstown
Ÿ Hilary Reis, class of 2014, Jim Thorpe
Ÿ Kayla Poole, class of 2014, Lansford
Ÿ Peter Petrack, class of 2016, Lehighton (18235).
Ÿ Michelle Rickert, class of 2016, Lehighton
Ÿ Logan Stano, class of 2014, Nesquehoning
Ÿ Natalie Herb, class of 2016, New Tripoli
Shannon Phillips, daughter of Karen Phillips of Lansford and Todd Phillips of Weatherly, has been named to the dean's list for the fall semester at Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
Shannon is a 2012 graduate of Panther Valley High School. She is a sophomore majoring in criminology. Her GPA for the fall semester was a 3.61.
She is the granddaughter of Dave and Roberta Spence of Lansford and the late Christine Phillips of Summit Hill.
Damian Francis Richards of Jim Thorpe was recently named to the dean's list at Bloomsburg University for the fall 2013 semester after completing the term with a 3.9 GPA.
The United States Achievement Academy has announced that Gregory Venuto of Lehighton has been recognized for academic achievement as a United States National Honor Student Award winner.
Gregory, who attends Lehighton Area Middle School, will appear in the achievement academy's official yearbook, which is published annually.
Army Pvt. Justin Fox has graduated from basic infantry training at Fort Benning, Columbus, Ga.
During the nine weeks of training, the soldier received training in drill and ceremonies, weapons, map reading, tactics, military courtesy, military justice, physical fitness, first aid, and Army history, core values and traditions.
Additional training included development of basic combat skills and battlefield operations and tactics, and experiencing use of various weapons and weapons defenses available to the infantry crewman.
Fox is the son of Jean White of Lehighton.
Two Summit Hill sisters have been named to the dean's list for the fall semester at the respective colleges they attend.
Katelyn Collevechio has been named to the dean's list at LaSalle University in Philadelphia, where she is a junior majoring in speech language hearing pathology.
She is a 2011 graduate of Marian Catholic High School, Hometown.
Nicole Collevechio has been named to the dean's list at Neumann University in Aston, where she is a freshman majoring in business administration.
She is a 2013 graduate of Marian Catholic.
Lieutenant Commanders Joseph Mitzen and Chad Trubilla were recently chosen by the Naval Surface Warfare Community's Command-at-Sea Board of Selection for future command at sea of a naval warship.
The Command-at-Sea Qualification is a rigorous process comprised of career milestones and examinations both written and before a selection board, assessing the tactical, seamanship, and command management acumen of eligible officers.
Morgan Steigerwalt of Jim Thorpe, received academic honors from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Arizona State University by making the University's dean's list for the fall 2013 semester.
Undergraduate students who earn 12 or more graded semester hours during a semester in residence at ASU with a GPA of 3.50 or higher are eligible for the dean's list.
Allison Collevechio Fredericks, a 2002 graduate of Panther Valley High School, has been named Middle School Teacher of the Year for the Martin County School District in Florida. The presentation was made at a recent awards dinner held at the Port St. Lucie Civic Center in Port St. Lucie, Fla.
The daughter of Gwyneth and Kevin Collevechio, both of Lansford, Fredericks began teaching at Martin County's Anderson Middle School after graduating from Kutztown University in 2006 with a bachelor's degree in elementary education with a concentration in mathematics.


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— Daisy, Twisted Evil
"Sigh, you never learn, do you? You're world's done for!"
For the non-evil version of Daisy, go here
Daisy is the main antonagist of Twisted Evil. She has control over the Shy guy Army.
She seems to have plans throughout the story to rid the world of Non-humans to turn the world into a version of Earth. However, It seems she has lied to her recruits, as all of the Bosses say she had a different "master plan" (based on them. Ex: Wario said her plan was to mine for Gold)
Despite attacking all non-humans, her troops have taken Onett
Theme and Fight
Strangly, when she is fought, she goes around in a very childish-looking vehicle. The theme is this.
Master Romper
Daisy's Master Vehicle, It strangly seems to be built out of Children's Toys. Daisy fights back and claims the General Guy gave it to her


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This Russian TV host was attacked by a bear while she presented a show about how dangerous wild animals could be. How ironic.
The bear seems happy enough taking treats off her handler but when the TV anchor walks up and wants to stroke her, she slashes out.
I'm not sure why anyone would want to stroke a bear, though.
Bonya is led away by her handler, who tells the woman: "I warned you; do not approach the bear." Good advice.
The woman doesn't seem to be injured and says, 'I am sorry' as she gets to her feet.
Wild animals are dangerous and don't you go preach without learning first.
Watch the video here:


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'There are three stages to any coalition,' House of Cards creator
Michael Dobbs told me at Tuesday's annual Macmillan Lords vs Commons tug-of-war in the grounds of Westminster School. 'First there is the seduction, tearing
off each other's bodices over five days of negotiations. Then came the
consummation in the Rose Garden, followed later by a period of sober reflection.'
And which stage are we in now? I asked the Tory peer 'The "sod off" stage.'
Subscribe to The Spectator today for a quality of argument not found in any other publication. Get more Spectator for less – just £12 for 12 issues.


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Since that match-up with Mesquite Horn he has evolved in to one of the most heavily recruited players in the Lone Star State.
He pared his heavy list of offers steadily down before coming up with a top three of Arkansas, Stanford and UCLA.
But he ended the recruiting process when he announced for Stanford during his televised press conference at the high school.
"Next year I will be playing college football and graduating from… Stanford University," Thomas said with a smile as he pulled out 'The Tree' and slipped on his #NerdNation glasses.
"What drew me to Stanford is just the players and people there. They all have the same mindset. They are trying to get better as people, not just players. It is just like a high school team. They all love each other. They just don't do it for themselves they do it for the team and I love the coaches out there.
As a senior Thomas recorded 78 tackles, 12.5 sacks, 28 quarterback pressures, and 26 tackles for loss. He is ranked No. 20 prospect in the Scout100 and No. 3 nationally at defensive end.
He was a 2014 U.S. Army All-American Bowl selection, a second team All-State selection and the 5-5A District MVP. He was invited to and participated at The Opening by Nike.
Scout Eval - He is tough against the run, but also has the ability to get after the quarterback and wreak some havoc in the backfield. He has the frame to possibly grow out of the defensive end position after a few years in a college strength and conditioning program, but has the athleticism to stick as a strongside end with a great burst and change of direction. He uses his hands well to manipulate offensive linemen and make plays against the run.