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book details
books by Norma Gail
Book by Norma Gail
Land of My Dreams - A Home for My Heart
Alone and betrayed, American professor, Bonny Bryant longs for a haven of peace. She accepts a position at a small Christian college in Fort William, Scotland, craving escape from her painful past. The passionate love which develops when she meets fellow professor and sheep farmer, Kieran MacDonell, is something she never anticipated. Kieran harbors a deep anger toward God in the face of his own [...]
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Reviews - Riverside Hotel
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
72% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
If you just want a simple bed and shower for the night no problem.
Room had a smell of dog, not all lights worked and window didn't lock shut. Location is a bit odd at the end of a dirt track through what we thought was an industrial yard. Breakfast was ok but more choice of cereal would have helped, fresh milk rather than UHT needed. One chair meant it was breakfast sitting on the beds. All said we did have a good night sleep!
Read More Less
Great location for a trip to London
Don't let you the approach to the hotel put you off.
Once there rooms are excellent, big for families and have a good selection for a quick breakfast before travelling into London. A 10min walk gets you to the train station with direct routes into paddington. Will definitely stay here again
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Read the Small Print !!
Nice little hotel out of the way, but also 5 mins away from local shops and places to eat, didn't realise it was a continental breakfast but hey you live and learn, it's was still ok for what we paid but read before you dive straight in and book.
Difficult to find as no signs informing about the hotel.
However the area is perfect for country retreat - fishing ponds, rivers and canals with many paths to choose from. Town centre very close, also access to public transport and highways in and out of London. Not very modern decor but clean, packed breakfast included, meals available from Monday to Thursday on site. Would stay there again.
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The Riverside, is a traditional gem to arrive at, hidden away from the town in a tranquil setting.
Very welcoming staff, even though they were in the middle of a 60th Birthday function, ( arr.
around 21.30hrs ). Trout Lane found easily enough, but I think Hotel signage 'en route' would be very advantageous, as the approach is a little unusual as you progress down the lane, and I actually turned back to the town for directions!. Once found, you find a very traditional hotel, with a very friendly welcome, clean and comfortable rooms, and a surprise continental breakfast facility, supplied within the room, with a mini-fridge, to keep milk, juice and yoghurt chilled ( full marks for this). Whilst clean, I think the bathroom floor is perhaps now in need of being replaced to give it a bright uplift. Otherwise bathroom facility good - plenty of hot water, good shower pressure, shampoo and soap also. Arriving at around 21.30hrs, and during a function, and whilst not requiring food, I am unsure of food facilities available. I can say though, that bar prices are very reasonable for a hotel, and so close to central London!!
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excellent accomodation
quiet location - couldn't hear the aircraft even though close to main airport
1 night at Riverside Hotel
Stayed 1 night at Riverside hotel for £78 for a triple from alone due to rooms being fully booked.
The room had a strange scent. Towels were dark salmon colour. Could not access hotel wifi as the connection kept on dropping.
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Cheap and clean
Suited are needs
Riverside Hotel
Very basic contractors stop over.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mauser HSC .380 ACP (9mm Kurz) (PR28858)
Guns International #: 100639590 Seller's Inventory #: PR28858
Category: Mauser Pistols - .380 Pistols
Seller's Information
When emailing or calling sellers direct, please mention that you saw their listing on GunsInternational.com
Seller: Collectors Firearms
Company: Collectors Firearms, Inc
Member Since: 3/6/07
State: Texas
Zip: 77063
Country: United States
Phone: 713-781-1960
Fax: 713-781-6407
Platinum Seller
Number of Active Listings: 3926
Seller: FFL Dealer
Return Policy: 3 day inspection and return policy on used guns.
Payment Types Accepted: M/C, VISA, American Express and Discover
Mauser HSC .380 ACP (9mm Kurz) caliber pistol. Post-war Interarms model with nickel finish in excellent condition.
Price: $599.95


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This ESCAM Plane QE07 Surveillance Camera features POE function, comes with 1/4" progressive scan CMOS to better meet users' requirements. Support dual stream encoding and privacy masking as well as motion detection and 4 areas privacy mask. Comes with 18pcs IR LEDs for IR range 15m.
To prevent clothes from throwing randomly.
Can hold lots of clothes.
Save up as much as space of storage.
Perfectly for at home or traveling, and keep your room tidy.
Convenient to carry.
Ventilated and durable use.
Can be used to store small articles, like socks etc.
|Large Folding Mesh Laundry Bags Clothes Hampers Baskets
|Mesh Laundry Bags
|Nylon & Steel Wire
|Product Weight
|Opening Size
|Approx 32 x 32 x54cm
|Folding Size
|Approx 16 x 16 x 3cm
|Package Weight
|Package Size
|20 x 20 x 5cm
|Package Contents
|1 x Large Folding Mesh Laundry Bag
Use spaces to separate tags. Use single quotes (') for phrases.
You may also be interested in the following product(s).
Zapals.com is an internationally renowned, global shopping website operated by the Zapals Corporation Limited Company.
Our offices are located in Australia, Hong Kong and Mainland China and our aim is to deliver one of the largest, most innovative online department stores in the world.
We've got an extensive range of high quality products at the lowest prices for our customers. Our shopping range is designed by experienced professionals in compliance with international standards, quality control, trends, demands, and policies.
Our ultimate goal is to be an innovative, one-stop, online destination for anything you can find in the home and anything that you'll need in your life!


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Added to Cart
DJI Phantom 3 4K with Integrated UHD 4K Stabilised Camera and FREE 64GB MicroSD
DJI Phantom 3 4K with Integrated UHD 4K Stabilised Camera and FREE 64GB MicroSD
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Capture sharp, breathtaking footage straight out of the box with this professional grade Drone featured an included UHD 4K Camera.
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This Product is offered and supplied by Kogan Australia Pty Ltd pursuant to the Terms and Conditions.


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Organa Massage and Beach Blanket
Supple cotton terry jacquard velour with vibrant style makes this Organa Massage and Beach Blanket great for both indoor and outdoor use. One of our signature patterns, this blanket washes well and comes in a variety of vibrant sherbet colors making it ideal for a picnic, beach blanket, or child's blanket.
Details: 100% Velour Long Fibre Cotton, Pre-washed and Pre-shrunk, eco-friendly, sustainable, 440 gr/m2


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SAP Business One on Demand is a cloud hosted version of the well-accepted SAP Business One ERP system, that has been designed specifically from the ground up to meet the needs of small to medium sized businesses.
The standard traditional modules of SAP Business One such as Financials, Sales, Services etc.. are maintained as well as extra open source modules that have been innovated to compliment the standard functionalities.
An overview video has been put together by our good friend Richard Duffy…
As well as a more detailed video explaining the SAP Business One architecture and how the solution can be delivered in a multi-tenanted model via the cloud.
If you have any questions don't hesitate to contact us.Tweet
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This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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hi is sunbathing topless acceptable at sandos playacar resort ?
hi is sunbathing topless acceptable at sandos playacar resort ?
"Acceptable" is subjective - some people don't care, others will be offended.
I've yet to visit Mexico and not see anyone topless on the beach. The ratio of topless to non seems to vary in direct relation to the number of European guests in attendance. Most ladies are pretty discreet - i.e. just laying down sunbathing. It's pretty rare (IME) to see anyone walking around the beach topless or frolicking in the ocean.
Some resorts specifically post signs that topless sunbathing around the pool is not permitted. I don't know about Sandos specifically but since it is a family resort, it wouldn't surprise be if toplessness around the pool is a no-no.
Yep, us Europeans do tend to get our boobs out!Edited: 3:12 pm, April 22, 2012
more yer a peeins in tulum so more topless goin on
yes i am verey descreet about it and wouldnt dream about walking around and going in to the sea topless i think that is very wrong
wwwhooo and why not lol
We stay just down the street at the Riu Palace Mexico and over the years we've been there I'd say 10 - 20% go topless, some when going into the sea. There's also the occasional one (or two? LOL) around the pools as well. And lots of Americans and Canadians do as well. They just need the encouragement from the Europeans. :-)
Man boobs are a definite no no though! So are banana slings/budge smugglers!Edited: 4:19 pm, April 22, 2012
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This post was determined to be inappropriate by the TripAdvisor community and has been removed.
To review the TripAdvisor Forums Posting Guidelines, please follow this link: http://www.tripadvisor.com/pages/forums_posting_guidelines.html
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This was our first trip to Playa. Saw one topless female in the 12 days we were there.
Previous vacations in the Cancun area it was very common. Not sure what the difference was in Playa.
We've stayed at the Sandos, and the wife was topless daily, as were many, many other women. Very common place.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 8, 2006
|Filing date
|Dec 8, 2000
|Priority date
|Dec 10, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joseph C. Trautman, Michel J. N. Cormier, Kellee Eng, Wei-Qi Lin, Hyunok L. Kim, Sara L. Sendelbeck, Armand P. Neukermans, Bruce P. Edwards, Wai-Loong Lim, Andrew I. Poutiatine, J. Richard Gyory
|Original Assignee
|Alza Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (37), Referenced by (23), Classifications (16), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims benefit under 35 USC �119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Applications 60/172,703 filed Dec. 10, 1999, and 60/216,877 filed Jul. 7, 2000.
The present invention relates to transdermal agent delivery and more particularly, to the transdermal delivery of macromolecular agents such as polypeptides, proteins, oligonucleotides and polysaccharides. The present invention relates to devices which have microprotrusions to pierce the outermost layer of a body surface (e.g., the skin) to enhance the transdermal flux of the agents during transdermal delivery.
Interest in the percutaneous or transdermal delivery of peptides, proteins, and other macromolecules, such as oligonucleotides, to the human body continues to grow with the increasing number of medically useful peptides and proteins becoming available in large quantities and pure form. The transdermal delivery of peptides and proteins still faces significant problems. In many instances, the rate of delivery or flux of polypeptides through the skin is insufficient to produce a desired therapeutic effect due to the low transdermal permeability coefficient of macromolecules and the binding of the polypeptides to the skin. In addition, polypeptides and proteins are easily degraded during and after penetration into the skin, prior to reaching target cells. Likewise, the passive transdermal flux of many low molecular weight compounds is too limited to be therapeutically effective.
One method of increasing the transdermal delivery of agents relies on the application of an electric current across the body surface referred to as "electrotransport." "Electrotransport" refers generally to the passage of a beneficial agent, e.g., a drug or drug precursor, through a body surface, such as skin, mucous membranes, nails, and the like. The transport of the agent is induced or enhanced by the application of an electrical potential, which results in the application of electric current, which delivers or enhances delivery of the agent. The electrotransport of agents through a body surface may be attained in various manners. One widely used electrotransport process, iontophoresis involves the electrically induced transport of charged ions. Electroosmosis, another type of electrotransport process, involves the movement of a solvent with the agent through a membrane under the influence of an electric field. Electroporation, still another type of electrotransport, involves the passage of an agent through pores formed by applying a high voltage electrical pulse to a membrane. In many instances, more than one of these processes may be occurring simultaneously to a different extent. Accordingly, the term "electrotransport" is given herein its broadest possible interpretation, to include the electrically induced or enhanced transport of at least one charged or uncharged agent, or mixtures thereof, regardless of the specific mechanism or mechanisms by which the agent is actually being transported. Electrotransport delivery generally increases agent delivery and reduces polypeptide degradation during transdermal delivery.
Another method of increasing the agent flux involves pre-treating the skin with, or co-delivering with the beneficial agent, a skin permeation enhancer. A permeation enhancer substance, when applied to a body surface through which the agent is delivered, enhances its flux therethrough such as by increasing the permselectivity and/or permeability of the body surface, reducing the electrical resistance of the body surface to the passage of the agent and/or creating hydrophilic pathways through the body surface in the case of transdermal electrotransport delivery, and/or reducing the degradation of the agent.
There also have been many attempts to mechanically penetrate or disrupt the skin in order to enhance the transdermal flux. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,814,097 issued to Ganderton, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,544 issued to Gross, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,023 issued to Lee, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,482 issued to Gerstel, et al., Reissue 25,637 issued to Kravitz, et al., and PCT Publication Nos. WO 96/37155, WO 96/37256, WO 96/17648, WO 97103718, WO 98/11937, WO 98/00193, WO 97/48440, WO 97148441, and WO 97/48442. These devices use piercing elements of various shapes and sizes to pierce the outermost layer (i.e., the stratum corneum) of the skin. The piercing elements disclosed in these references generally extend perpendicularly from a thin, flat member, such as a pad or sheet. The piercing elements in some of these devices are extremely small, some having dimensions (i.e., a microblade length and width) of only about 25-400 μm and a microblade thickness of only about 5-50 μm. These tiny piercing/cutting elements are meant to make correspondingly small microslits/microcuts in the stratum corneum for enhanced transdermal agent delivery therethrough.
A limitation on devices having such tiny skin penetrating elements is that the elastic properties of the patient's skin 30 allow the skin to conform around the individual skin penetrating elements 32 significantly before those elements actually breach the skin as shown in FIG. 1. In order to overcome this conforming effect and offsetting the condition in which the patient's skin is slack between the penetrating elements 32 as shown in
The device of the present invention more consistently and reliably penetrates a body surface, e.g., the outermost layer of skin, to enhance agent delivery through 1) greater uniformity of the penetration pattern, 2) deeper penetration with the same size or smaller microprotrusions, and 3) increased size of the resulting pathways. The present invention provides enhanced penetration by controlling the effective mechanical properties of the body surface by reducing the compliance, i.e., extensibility, of the body surface 30. The compliance or extensibility is reduced by applying tension at the application site, i.e., stretching the skin taut, during penetration of the body surface with skin penetrating elements 34 as shown in FIG. 3. Applying tension to the body surface 30 with the device of the present invention reduces the extensibility of the patient's skin, and makes the extensibility more uniform from patient to patient, resulting in reproducibility of penetration from site to site and application to application.
The device of the present invention stretches the patient's skin during penetration by a plurality of microprotrusions. As used herein, the term "microprotrusions" refers to very tiny skin piercing elements, typically having a length of less than 500 μm, a width of less than 400 μm and a thickness of 5 to 100 μm which make correspondingly sized microcuts/microslits in the skin. Upon piercing through the outermost layer (i.e., the stratum corneum) of the skin, the microprotrusions form pathways as shown in
The device of the present invention uses stretching elements which engage the surface of the skin, such as with adhesive, and create opposing forces across the surface of the skin surface so as to create tension at the skin surface between the skin stretching elements. When piercing the skin with very tiny microprotrusions, the degree of tension under which the skin is placed becomes much more critical compared to skin piercing using substantially larger skin piercing elements such as blood drawing lancets. In accordance with the present invention using microprotrusion piercing, the skin is placed under a tension in the range of about 0.01 to about 10 M Pa, and preferably in the range of about 0.05 to about 2 M Pa (M Pa=megapascal=1�106 pascals). Thus, the skin stretching/tensioning devices according to the present invention apply a predetermined amount of tension (i.e., stress) in the range from about 0.01 to about 10 M Pa, and preferably in the range of about 0.05 to about 2 M Pa. The amount of skin strain resulting from a given tension varies between individuals depending upon skin characteristics, such as the age of the patient, the location on the patient's body and the tensioning direction. Therefore, in order to adapt to individual characteristics and improve penetration, the skin tensioning devices according to the present invention preferably are designed to provide a given tension (stress) rather than a given strain. In general, for these stress or tension ranges, the applied skin strain is within about 5 to 60% and most preferably within about 10 to 50%. Strain is the amount of skin stretch per unit length of skin and is defined as the change in length of skin in an extended or stretched state divided by the length of skin in a non-stretched state. The strain can be expressed mathematically by the following equation:
Strain=(I ext −I non-ext)�I non-ext
Iext is the length of a sample of skin in a stretched state; and
Inon-ext is the length of the skin sample in a non-stretched state.
With the skin in tension, the skin is less compliant and less extensible, resulting in the microprotrusions being able to pierce the outermost layer of the skin without the skin conforming around or giving way to the microprotrusions so easily. The stretched skin allows nearly complete penetration by all of the microprotrusions, so as to produce a substantial number of agent pathways and electrical continuity (if electrotransport is used) with the skin for continued and reproducible agent flux through the skin. With the skin at the site of application being held taut by the stretching elements the surface of the skin itself is now exerting more resistance to the applied pressure by the points of the microprotrusions. This allows for more reproducible penetration from patient to patient, or from one site to another on a patient, by making the underlying characteristics of the tissue layers under the stratum corneum less influential on penetration as the surface of the skin is exerting resistance to the applied pressure.
In one aspect of the invention, the apparatus comprises an expandable device with skin engaging portions which in use stretches the patient's skin, and a skin penetrating device having a plurality of microprotrusions adapted to pierce the stratum corneum prior to transdermal agent delivery therethrough. One example of a suitable skin penetrating device includes a relatively thin, flexible sheet, which in use is adapted to be placed in substantially parallel relation with the body surface to be pierced. The sheet has a plurality of microprotrusions extending perpendicularly from a body proximal side of the sheet and at least one opening therethrough, which allows the agent to pass between a reservoir associated with the sheet (and typically positioned on the body distal surface of the sheet) and the holes or pathways pierced in the outermost layer of the body surface by the microprotrusions.
The device of the present invention can be used in connection with agent delivery, and in particular, transdermal drug delivery. Delivery devices for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, electrotransport devices, passive devices, osmotic devices, and pressure-driven devices.
Many objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art when this specification is read in conjunction with the attached drawings, wherein like reference numerals are applied to like elements, and wherein:
As shown in
The present invention involves stretching a body surface (e.g., skin) just prior to and during piercing with the microprotrusions of the aforementioned size to create a plurality of microcuts/microsilits therein. The microcuts/microslits can be formed by any suitable body surface penetrating device as the invention is not limited in this respect except with respect to the size of the microprotrusions. Thus, the present invention can be used with many known skin piercing or skin cutting microprotrusions, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,279,544; 3,964,482; 5,250,023; Reissue 25,637; 5,312,456 and those disclosed in PCT Publication Nos. WO 97/48440, WO 96/37256, WO 97/03718, WO 98/11937, and WO 98/00193, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. One particularly preferred type of microprotrusion device is shown in
A particularly preferred configuration for the microprotrusion device is illustrated in FIG. 24 and comprises a plurality of individual sheet members 36 stacked together to form the device 2. Each thin sheet 36 in use is oriented perpendicular to the patient's body surface 30. The sheets 36 each have a plurality of microprotrusions 34 in the same plane as the sheet 36 and which extend outward from a body proximal edge 38 of the sheet 36 for penetrating the body surface 30. Each of the sheet members 36 has a pair of holes 12, 13 through which bolts 15 are inserted. Spacers (e.g., tubes) 17 are positioned between each adjacent pair of sheet members 36 to form voids 27 therebetween. The spaced sheet members 36 are held together as a unit by passing the bolts 15 through the sheet members and spacers 17 and securing nuts 14 on the ends of the bolts, or using other known fasteners. The voids 27 can be filled with a reservoir matrix material (e.g., a gel) adapted to contain the beneficial agent to be delivered. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that spacers 17 having other than tube-like configurations (e.g., square or rectangular blocks) can also be used to provide voids 27 between the agent reservoir 42 (i.e., the agent reservoir contained in the voids 27) and the skin. Furthermore, more than two sets of bolts 15, or other fastening pins, may be used to secure the sheet members 36 and spacers 17 together.
In either the
As used herein, the term "stretching" means applying a tension in the range of about 0.01 to about 10 M Pa, and preferably about 0.05 to about 2 M Pa, to the skin at the time of puncturing the skin with the microprotrusions. As used herein, the term "unilateral stretching" means tensioning the skin in one direction. As used herein, the term "bilateral stretching" means tensioning the skin in two directions. As used herein, the term "shear puncturing" means the microprotrusions are moved parallel to the surface of the skin. As used herein, the term "normal puncturing" means the microprotrusions are moved normal to the surface of the skin. As used herein, the term "longitudinal shearing" means shear loading that is oriented parallel to the direction that the skin is stretched. As used herein, the term "transverse shearing" means shear loading that is oriented orthogonal to the direction that the skin is stretched. As used herein, the term "global puncturing" refers to microprotrusions that all move as a single unit rather than relative to one another during insertion. As used herein, the term "local puncturing" refers to microprotrusions which move relative to one another, usually in opposite directions, during insertion.
The device of the present invention is for use in the percutaneous administration of an agent. The terms "substance", "agent", and "drug" can be used interchangeably and broadly include physiologically or pharmacologically active substances for producing a localized or systemic effect or effects in mammals, including humans and primates, avians, valuable domestic household, sport, or farm animals, or for administering to laboratory animals such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, and the like.
The major barrier properties of the skin, such as resistance to agent permeation, reside with the outermost layer of the skin, i.e., stratum corneum. The inner division, i.e., the underlying layers, of the epidermis generally comprise three layers commonly identified as stratum granulosum, stratum malpighii, and stratum germinativum. There is essentially little or no resistance to transport or to absorption of an agent through these layers. Therefore, for enhancing transdermal flux the microprotrusions used to create pathways in the body surface in accordance with the present invention need only penetrate through the stratum corneum in order for the agent to be transdermally delivered with little or no resistance through the skin.
The devices shown in
The expandable device 100 shown in
A second embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
A third embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
The fourth embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
In addition to shear puncturing, device 103 provides bi-directional stretching of the skin. The skin is stretched in one direction prior to cartridge housing 44 being inserted and in an orthogonal direction when the cartridge housing 44 is inserted. As shown in
In some embodiments of the sheet member 36, the microprotrusions 34 are angled or slanted in the same direction. With this configuration, the cartridge housing 44 can be slid along the body surface in the direction of the slanted microprotrusions while pressing down on the cartridge housing to facilitate better penetration against the elastic nature of the skin.
As one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, it is also within the scope of the invention that the cartridge housing 44 could be pressed down normal to the plane of the skin with inclined surfaces and ends as described with respect to devices 100, 101, and 102, which would provide bi-directional stretching. In this way, rather than resulting in global, shear puncture as does device 103, it would result in global, normal puncture.
As an alternative, the portion of device 103 illustrated in
A fifth embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
A sixth embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 21. The device 105 utilizes rotational members 70 for skin stretching. The skin stretching device 105 includes an upper housing 72 having two or more rotational skin stretching members 70 pivotally mounted thereon. A lower housing 74 containing the agent to be delivered is positioned on a lower surface of the upper housing 72. The lower housing 74 is provided with the plurality of microprotrusions 34 for penetrating the skin surface. Although the device 105 has been illustrated with two rotatable stretching members 70 for unidirectional skin stretching, it should be understood that a plurality of such members can be used for multidirectional skin stretching. As the skin stretching device 105 is pressed onto the skin 30 of the patient, an adhesive on curved surfaces 76 of the rotatable stretching members 70 adheres to the skin on opposite sides of the microprotrusions 34 and pulls the skin 30 apart a predetermined distance, thereby stretching the skin (at a tension within the aforementioned tension range) at the site between the stretching members 70, for improved penetration of the skin 30 by the microprotrusions 34. According to one variation of the device 105, asymmetric shaped stretching members 70 may be used to provide lateral movement for shear puncturing. The microprotrusions 34 of this device may be oriented either parallel to or transverse to the direction of skin stretching.
A seventh embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 22. In this embodiment, the device 106 includes a suction member 80 of a rectangular, square, circular, or other shape in plan view connected to a tube 82 for drawing a suction. The suction member 80 has a suction channel 84. For multi-directional stretching, the suction channel 84 may be a continuous or substantially continuous channel having a rectangular, circular, oval, or other shape in plan view. For unidirectional stretching, two opposed suction channels 84 may be provided. An outer edge of the suction member 80 includes a lower surface 86 which grips the skin by having a high friction coefficient with respect to the skin. A lower surface 88 of an inner edge of the channel 84 is preferably provided with a low friction surface which allows the skin to slide over the surface. The non-slip surface 86 may be an adhesive, while the slip surface 88 may be coated with a lubricant. When a suction is applied to the suction tube 82 a low pressure area is provided within the channel 84 which draws the skin 30 into the channel as shown in
An eighth embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 23. The device 107 includes a tubular member 90 having a lower, edge 92 which is pressed into the skin surface 30 causing skin in a center of the tubular member to form a dome shape and become tensioned. The amount of skin stretching or tensioning may be controlled by the amount of pressure applied to the tubular member 90. Manually applied pressure is not recommended in this embodiment since the amount of skin tension achieved through manually applied downward pressure applied to member 90 will be variable and hence difficult to ensure a skin tension in the range of about 0.01 to about 10 M Pa. Thus, with this embodiment a device (not shown) for applying a predetermined downward (i.e., toward the skin) force to the tubular member 90 is recommended. To prevent slipage between the skin and the lower edge 92 of the tubular member 90, a non-slip surface, such as an adhesive may be employed. The array of microprotrusions 34 are then applied to the tensioned skin within the tubular member 90. The device 107 as shown in
In the preferred embodiments, the microprotrusions 34 are microprotrusions as shown in
The preferred configurations for the array of microprotrusions and a connecting medium for delivering agents between the reservoir 42 and the body surface are described in detail in WO 97/48440; WO 97/48441; WO 97/48442; and WO 98/28037 which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The array of microprotrusions 34 in the various embodiments of the present invention may take on different shapes. The present invention can be used with any known delivery device and is not limited to any particular device. It will be appreciated by those working in the field that the present invention can be used in conjunction with a wide variety of electrotransport systems, as the invention is not limited in any way in this regard, see for example electrotransport systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,147,296; 5,080,646; 5,169,382; 5,423,739; 5,385,543; 5,310,404; and 5,169,383; and PCT Publication No. WO 97/48440, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Similarly, any known passive transdermal delivery device can be used with the present invention, as the invention is not limited in this regard, see for example passive systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,379,454; 4,588,580; 4,832,953; 4,698,062; 4,867,982; and 5,268,209; and PCT Publication No. WO 97148440, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. It will be appreciated by those working in the field that the present invention can also be used in conjunction with a wide variety of osmotic and pressure driven systems, as the invention is not limited to a particular device in this regard, for example see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,340,480; 4,655,766; 4,753,651; 5,279,544; 4,655,766; 5,242,406; and 4,753,651; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
To determine the effect of stretching the skin during application of a transdermal delivery device having skin piercing microprotrusions along a skin-contacting surface of the device, the following experiment was performed.
Excised hairless guinea pig skin was pierced, under stretched and unstretched conditions, using a microprotrusion array having a configuration similar to that shown in FIG. 9. The sheet 36 was stainless steel having a thickness of 25 μm. The microprotrusions 34 had a length of 300 μm, a width of 190 μm and were triangularly shaped, with the tip of each microprotrusion having an angle of 35�. The microprotrusion density was 73 microprotrusions/cm2. The stretched samples were manually stretched bi-directionally (
The microcuts on sample 1 were smaller than those on sample 2. When the methylene blue was allowed to diffuse in via the microcuts, more dye was found in the larger microcuts of sample 2. This is qualitative data based only on the relative sizes of the dye spots.
Skin Extensibility Evaluation:
Skin extensibility was evaluated in humans using a CUTOMETER SEM 575� (COURAGE+KAHZAKA electronic, GmbH, Koln, Germany) which is conventionally used for measuring skin elasticity in dermatoglogical applications. The CUTOMETER probe (a metal cylinder having a length of about 10 cm, an outside diameter of 3 cm and an inside diameter of 6 mm) was applied on the ventral forearm of four female and four male volunteers ages 26 to 42 years to measure skin extensibility (E). The CUTOMETER applies a negative pressure of 0.5 bar through the inner (6 mm diameter) opening of the probe which is pressed against the skin. The negative pressure causes the skin to be drawn into the probe opening. The CUTOMETER measures the distance the skin is drawn into the probe and provides a skin extensibility (E) measurement in units of distance (mm). Skin extensibility was measured in a normal (i.e., non-stretched) condition as well as under bi-directional (
Penetration of the microprotrusion array is dependent on the skin physical properties. Reduction of the skin extensibility by stretching indicates that stretching of the skin facilitates penetration of the microprotrusion array for a given force. In addition, it was discovered that stretching of the skin made extensibility of the skin more uniform from subject to subject. This indicates that skin stretching will result in a more uniform application/penetration of the microprotrusion array.
Effect of Skin Stretching on Transdermal Lisinopril Flux:
The drug lisinopril does not penetrate the skin significantly without the use of penetration enhancers or physical disruption of the skin barrier. In this experiment, lisinopril was delivered by passive diffusion through pathways in the skin created by an array of microprotrusions. The purpose of the experiment was to show that stretching the skin prior to pretreatment with the microprotrusion array improved flux of the drug through the skin in vivo.
In one group of 12 hairless guinea pigs the skin of one flank was stretched manually bi-directionally (
A second group of 12 hairless guinea pigs were treated in the same way, except that the skin was not stretched. At 12, 24, and 48 hours after application four systems from each group were removed and residual drug was washed from the skin. The amount of drug penetrated during these time intervals was determined by measuring urinary excretion of tritium (previous studies has shown that in hairless guinea pigs 80% of the tritium derived from 3H-lisinopril injected intravenously is excreted in urine). The results shown in
Effect of Skin Stretching on Transdermal Lontophoretic Insulin Flux:
This study examined the effect of skin stretching applied before and maintained during application of a microprotrusion array on the electrically assisted insulin flux in the hairless guinea pig.
Hairless guinea pigs were divided randomly into two groups of four animals. One group of animals received the microprotrusion array delivery system without skin stretching, and the other, received the microprotrusion blade array with skin stretching during application. In the group undergoing skin stretching, the skin of one flank was stretched manually bi-directionally (
A hydrogel containing Humilin R-500 (Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Ind.) supplemented with a final concentration of 25 mM L-histidine (base) and 2% (w/v) hydroxylethyl cellulose, was dispensed into the drug compartment. The remainder of the iontophoretic system was added to this construction. The drug-containing formulation was separated from the cathode electrode by a Nafion ion exchange membrane. A gel containing 0.15 M sodium chloride was placed between the cathode and the ionic exchange membrane. The system also comprised an anode compartment which comprised a skincontacting gel containing a saline hydrogel and an anode electrode. The current was preset to 100 μA/cm2. The system was maintained on the animal skin for 2 hours. Blood samples were also collected at 0.5, 1, 2 , 3, and 4 hours after system removal. Plasma was then prepared from these blood samples and insulin was analyzed by radioimmunoassay.
The results shown in
Effect of Skin Stretching on Microprotrusion Penetration Depth:
This experiment measured the effect of skin stretching on microprotrusion penetration depth using excised hairless guinea pig skin. Two hairless guinea pigs were used in the experiment. Before sacrifice, the skin extensibility (E) of each of the animals was measured using the CUTOMETER described in Example 2. A CUTOMETER probe having an inside diameter of 8 mm was used to measure skin extensibility in this experiment. Six measurements were taken on each side of the animals; three in a natural (i.e., non-stretched) condition and three using manual bi-directional (
Following these measurements, the animals were sacrificed and skinned from the neck through hind leg region using a scalpel blade. Excess fat under the skin was then removed. The skins were then cleaned with isopropyl alcohol swabs and dried with gauze. The excised skins were then placed over a thin silicone sheet (thickness of 0.3 cm) mounted over a thin piece (thickness of 0.3 cm) of cork board. The excised skins were placed over the silicone and stapled along their perimeter to secure the skins thereto. Skin extensibility measurements were taken with the CUTOMETER and the skin stretch was adjusted (i.e., by removing staples and then restapling) in order to match the extensibility measurements of the live animals. Once the mounted skins had extensibility measurements which matched those of the live animal, the skin tension was assumed to be the same as that achieved through bi-directional stretching of the live animal's skin, and experiments were conducted to measure microprotrusion penetration depth. The microprotrusions used in the experiment were in the form of the metal sheet having a thickness of 0.025 mm (1 mil) having a multiplicity of openings (190 openings/cm2), each opening having one trapezoidally shaped microblade bent at an angle of about 90� to the surface of the sheet. The microprotrusion arrays had a skin-contact area of 2 cm2 and had several shapes, materials, and configurations. The microprotrusion arrays were made from both stainless steel and titanium. The arrays included blade widths of 140 microns and 280 microns. The leading angle of the blade tips were 35� and 55�. Blade lengths ranged between 435 and 486 microns. The skin samples were pierced by mounting the microprotrusion arrays on the head of a spring-loaded impactor which drove the microprotrusion arrays into the skin. In spite of the variety of microprotrusion parameters and impact speeds, the experiments were run such that the non-stretched skin samples were tested using the same variety and number of microprotrusion arrays and impact speeds as the stretched skin samples. Thus, any influence in microprotrusion design, blade width, tip angle, microprotrusion materials and impact speed was eliminated from the study results.
After impact penetration by the microprotrusion array, the skin site was rubbed with india ink both horizontally and vertically for about 15 seconds. Thereafter, the site was cleaned with gauze and water until the surface ink was removed. Each treatment site was then labeled and photographed in order to determine the amount of microslits across the impacted site and the number of microslits/cm2.
The skin samples were then wrapped in foil and sealed in a plastic bag and placed in a freezer overnight. Upon removal from the freezer, three 6 mm cryotomed biopsies were taken from each skin site. The slices were placed on a glass slide in order of increasing depth. When the cryotoming was completed, the india ink stains in each slice were counted at each depth and recorded to determine the penetration of the projections at each depth. The photographs taken prior to cryotoming were used to count the number of penetrations at the surface of each of the sites. For each biopsy, the number of projections that penetrated to, but not yet beyond, each slice was calculated. This data was used to determine mean microprotrusion penetration depths, which are as follows:
Non-stretched mean penetration depth: 54 microns.
Stretched mean penetration depth: 85 microns.
Thus, stretching the skin increased the mean microprotrusion penetration by 57%.
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential character thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention as indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalence thereof are intended to be embraced therein.
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|International Classification
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|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 23, 2013
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Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 19, 2014
Owner name: HERCULES TECHNOLOGY GROWTH CAPITAL, INC., CALIFORN
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ZOSANO PHARMA, INC.;REEL/FRAME:033203/0073
Effective date: 20140603
|Dec 10, 2014
Owner name: ALZA CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GYORY, J. RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:034467/0555
Effective date: 20141210


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text: General George McClellan was in command of the Union Army of the Potomac after their defeat at the Battle of Bull Run. His over-cautiousness was the cause for a draw at the Battle of Antietam against General Lee. In 1864, he won the nomination for presidential candidate, but was defeated by Abraham Lincoln.


text: Cheap Jeans Rule in Japan Lower-priced and Western lines are taking a larger share of the market. By Kelly Wetherille on November 1, 2012 TOKYO — Luxury and premium denim brands from around the world have long looked to Japan for production of top-quality jeans in the most novel and technologically advanced finishes, but the country also represents a denim market that, while gradually decreasing in size, remains robust. Japan's jeans market was valued at 598.7 billion yen, or $7.48 billion at current exchange rates, in 2011, according to Euromonitor International. In 2008, the market was valued at 699.6 billion yen, or $8.74 billion. WWD logo To Read the Full Article SUBSCRIBE NOW Already a Subscriber? Log in. Tap into our Global Network Of Industry Leaders and Designers load comments blog comments powered by Disqus


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Where the Sky Began: Land of the Tallgrass Prairie
Since its publication in 1982, Where the Sky Began has become a landmark in environmental literature. Much of today's interest in the preservation of native grasslands was sparked by this classic work. In it author John Madson celebrates the tallgrass prairies that built some of the world's richest soils. He evokes brilliantly "this light-filled wilderness of sky and grass, " the flowers that bloom head-high, the large and small creatures living in and on the grass, and the "great weathers." Today, wild prairie is the rarest of all original landscapes - and one of the most beautiful. In this revised edition, John Madson has expanded his account of "People Pastures" to include studies of prairie restorations. "Be patient, " he advises, "have faith, and don't mind the dirt under your fingernails." New appendixes give sources for prairie seeds, plants, and restoration expertise. They also list existing and projected tallgrass prairies.
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News Archive
This section only displays news articles that have been moved to the archive. Original links still work but comments are disabled.
November 1st, 2012
SMWC students host leadership summit
Conflict resolution, group dynamics and networking tactics are just a few of the topics covered at the annual student leadership summit at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College. Sponsored by the student senate, the summit aims to engage students around one common purpose: "Leaders Bound Together: Building Relationships That Nurture Leadership."
November 1st, 2012
Learn more about MLD during info sessions on Nov. 28
Learn more about SMWC's one-year, online hybrid Master of Leadership Development (MLD) program during an open information session on Nov. 28, 2012, from 11:30 a.m. – 1:30 p.m. at Clabber Girl or from 4 - 7 p.m. at the Vigo County Public Library.
October 25th, 2012
International scientist to speak at The Woods
Drawn to the mysteries of tropical rain forests and dedicated to a life of scientific expeditions in the treetops, Margaret Lowman, Ph.D., pioneered the science of canopy ecology. She will share her experiences at the Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College Four Star Series on November 2, 2012, in Cecilian Auditorium at 7 p.m. The presentation is free and open to the public.
October 25th, 2012
Woods senior interns with president of Kosovo
A 24-hour trip around the world is a lot of time for reflection. After spending the summer as an intern for the president of Kosovo, Leonora "Nora" Dalipi, a human resource management senior at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College (SMWC), had a lot to reflect on.
October 23rd, 2012
Save time and money earning both bachelor's and master's degrees in only 4 years at SMWC
Set to launch in fall 2013, SMWC's new 3+1 Leadership Development program creates more marketable graduates through a new in a 4-year accelerated business-based bachelor's and master's program.
October 17th, 2012
Learn about science, technology, engineering and math at The Woods
Girls in sixth through eighth grades are invited to explore science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) during the fifth annual Expanding Your Horizons conference at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College (SMWC) on November 3, 2012, from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
October 11th, 2012
The Woods launches $11M campaign
Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College embarks on an $11M campaign aimed at enriching the total college experience and increasing recruitment efforts by building a sports and recreation center, according to President Dottie L. King, Ph.D. The College kicks off the campaign on Friday, October 12, 2012, with a gala fundraiser for donors and friends that highlights opportunities for supporters to become involved. The College has raised $6.5 million of the funds needed to build the facility during the quiet phase of the campaign.
October 9th, 2012
A SMART way to learn: SMWC upgrades student success – both campus and distance – with new technology
Guided by the director of SMWC's learning resource center, Kimberly LaComba, tutors can access a distance student's computer and help them solve an equation, edit an essay or practice for a test – all in real time. With the help of a grant from the Clara Fairbanks Foundation, SMWC upgraded the LRC's technology to include a SMART board.
October 2nd, 2012
Town Mountain performs at The Woods
Thanks to their relatable, unforgettable lyrics and their impressive stage presence and swagger, Town Mountain manages to rise above many of bluegrass bands touring today. Town Mountain will perform their distinctive sound at the Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College Four-Star Series on October 23, 2012, at 7:30 p.m., in the Cecilian Auditorium. The performance is free and open to the public.
September 25th, 2012
SMWC's emphasis on STEM skills is a key ingredient to student success
Of the 20 fastest growing industries, 15 have a basis in a science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) field. From the bank to the doctor, bridges to mobile phones, STEM-related decisions profoundly impact life on every level. That's why SMWC provides students with access to incredible opportunities that can unleash their potential in STEM.
September 20th, 2012
Woods named "Military Friendly School"
When military personnel return home, or even while they are still serving overseas, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College (SMWC) is ready to help them earn a high-quality education. Victory Media, the premier media entity for military personnel transitioning into civilian life, has named SMWC to the coveted Military Friendly Schools ® list for the fourth consecutive year.
September 19th, 2012
A summer of science - three SMWC students conduct research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Three SMWC students spent the summer examining bionic limbs, super computers, fusion reactors, vertically-aligned carbon nanofibers and cyber security tools as interns at the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Browse by Date
- In her own words: SMWC senior shares "life-changing" internship experience at the statehouse
- Spring concerts at SMWC to celebrate earth, renewal
- Camps promoting hands-on learning coming to SMWC this summer
- SMWC students learn of love, history, resilience on New Orleans trip
- SMWC students help with Wabashiki cleanup
- 95th Ring Day
- SMWC named among most affordable accredited online Christian colleges and universities
- "Best Bang for the Buck:" SMWC ranks 13th in college guide rating for quality and affordability
- Love, relationships the subjects of spring musical at SMWC
- SMWC grad student receives award for strong leadership
- Saint Joseph's College students are welcome at The Woods
- SMWC students help local daycares write applications for United Way grant
- Nursing pins presented to graduates at special ceremony
- Newly-released CD highlights SMWC musical talents
- SMWC 180th Commencement: "It's a memory that we'll share together."
- First-generation college student at SMWC celebrated for hardwork, commitment
- Woods Online student overcomes obstacles to complete education
- SMWC brings new Christmas parade to downtown Terre Haute
- MHA director Natalia Rekhter travels to Russia for Fulbright project
- SMWC faculty member receives state award for volunteerism
- The first "A Woods Christmas" coming to SMWC
- SMWC Equine student wins in national barrel racing competition
- SMWC Named to Victory Media's 2017 Military Friendly® Schools List
- Students, staff spend fall break helping residents of Appalachian region
- Pomeroys Gear Up for Nationals
- Alumna to be honored for contributions to Terre Haute healthcare
- Randolph receives 12 Under 40 award
- SMWC earns nursing accreditation
- SMWC receives national honor for fundraising efforts
- SMWC senior spends summer as Indianapolis firefighter
- SMWC receives state grant to help prepare Hispanics for healthcare sector
- Comedy to bring laughter to SMWC stage
- Speedbumps in concert at The Woods
- SMWC to host first Foundation Day of Service
- SMWC students draw inspiration, strength from institution's foundress
- New Professor, New Book
- SMWC Workshops Targets Girls for Math and Science Exploration
- Homecoming: Where your story began
- Woods students benefit from top-notch research opportunities
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College to celebrate 179th commencement
- Faculty awarded for service, scholarship and teaching
- SMWC senior awarded Second Runner-Up at Hoosier Horse Fair Queen Competition
- SMWC announces recipients of top scholarship
- Staff awarded for outstanding service and excellence
- SMWC Chorale and Madrigals to perform with notable musicians
- No Horsin' Around
- Rep. Susan Brooks encourages women to enter politics
- Woods students gain much while giving in the Dominican Republic
- Acclaimed artists bring world-class performance to The Woods
- Woods students celebrate "Family" on Ring Day
- International author and equine professor brings expertise to SMWC equine students
- Husband and wife to experience Ring Day together
- Duke Energy leader to deliver commencement address
- Summer Camp at The Woods
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College competes in National Academic Ethics Bowl
- Affordability of a private education
- SMWC Ethics Bowl team advances to nationals
- Community leader receives Aspire Higher Award
- 2015 Winter Commencement
- Pinning ceremony honors nursing graduates
- SMWC music therapy professor and student work with special needs children
- SMWC Leadership Summit empowers students to break barriers
- MLD grad becomes university president
- SMWC's inaugural WoodsGivingDay huge success
- SMWC adds intensive English program and international student office
- The Woods launches Master of Healthcare Administration
- "Tech or Tweet" – Not as spooky as it sounds!
- SMWC offers Musician of Promise scholarship
- IRS awards SMWC $20,000 grant
- Continuing the Legacy: Alums Share Their Stories
- SMWC honors Anne Coveney at dedication ceremony
- Award-winning folk group to perform at SMWC
- SMWC hosts STEM conference for middle school girls
- SMWC President Receives Torchbearer Award
- Off the track and into a new home
- SMWC Music and Theatre Department presents "The View from Here"
- There's No Place Like SMWC
- SMWC wins national fundraising award
- Leadership program accepting applications
- U.S. News ranks SMWC, again
- Pomeroy Wellness Program honored at Annual Chamber Meeting
- SMWC launches strategic plan
- Cover Girl
- New class of Pomeroys enters the front gate on Move-In Day
- Military couples "Re-Unite, Re-Connect and Re-Build" at The Woods
- This Sets Me Apart
- SMWC and Sisters of Providence honor Sister Wendy Workman at dedication ceremony
- Finding inspiration at The Woods: Indiana art teachers gather at SMWC for retreat
- SMWC hires experienced staff to fill needs
- High school students take first step toward nursing career at SMWC summer camp
- SMWC makes coed decision
- SMWC Launches Nursing
- A New Chapter
- SMWC announces Dr. Theresa L. Gioannini Endowment for Women in Science, awards student Gioannini Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship
- 177th Commencement -- over 90 students receive degrees from SMWC
- SMWC prepares local juniors for life after high school
- Helping Wabash Valley voices be heard -- one letter at a time
- Woods Online paralegal program fills need in job market
- Faculty Recognized for Excellence
- Bike Share Program Kicks Off
- SMWC Honors Distinguished Alums
- SMWC Celebrates 177th Commencement
- Summer Camp at The Woods
- Money Smart Day at SMWC
- Operation: Wabashiki - SMWC students committed to sustainability
- SMWC awards high school seniors top scholarship
- Ring Day 2015 - Providence unites Pomeroys across generations
- Woods Online RN to BSN program ranked top
- Great Scott!
- Woods Online psychology program ranked top
- SMWC juniors count down to 93rd annual Ring Day
- Sweet Briar College Students - Aspire Higher at The Woods
- Reflecting on the life of former SMWC trustee, Michael S. Ariens
- Indiana high school students present STEM research at SMWC
- SMWC alums "Planting New Seeds" through Week of Service
- King Joins Board of the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities
- SMWC professor receives GRAMMY award
- 6th Annual Mane Event
- SMWC Music and Theatre Department presents "The Taming of the Shrew"
- Women in Music
- Free City-Wide Tax Day
- Woods graduate interns at Indiana State Senate
- Realizing the Dream scholarship awarded to SMWC student
- Winter Commencement at The Woods
- SMWC Earns Indiana Board of Nursing Approval
- Ribbon cutting celebration officially opens SMWC's sports and recreation center
- SMWC Dean of Students receives Midwest Advisor of the Year award
- Student Activities Committee nominated at regional conference
- SMWC music therapy graduate designs one-of-a-kind drum table
- The Woods Celebrates Winter Commencement
- Graduate art therapy program to offer counseling licensure
- SMWC Chorale and Madrigals present Christmas concert
- SMWC Art Gallery features Faculty Exhibition
- SMWC Among Best Online Accounting Degrees
- Pathways event educates students on philanthropy
- Pomeroy candidate for Orr Entrepreneurial Fellowship
- SMWC honors students rank top at Ethics Bowl
- SMWC student places in top 10 at National Leadership Conference
- SMWC encourages prospective students to apply for top scholarship
- SMWC brings foundress to 21st century
- SMWC shares College Knowledge with West Vigo Middle School
- SMWC students, alums to perform Music and Memories at Homecoming
- SMWC junior conducts research in Amazon rainforest
- Community collaboration launches Wabash Valley Leadership Institute
- SMWC music therapy professor presents at Dine with a Doc
- SMWC hosts Mari Hulman George Thoroughbred Adoption
- Perfect Melody
- SMWC moves up in rankings, again
- Terre Haute Chamber of Commerce names Leslie as Athena Award winner
- Aspiring To The Next Level
- SMWC welcomes a new class of Pomeroys
- Opening Day Liturgy 2014
- It's Never Too Late To Aspire Higher
- SMWC students attend National Leadership Conference
- An emerging trend in alternative therapy helps veterans deal with trauma, find hope
- New wellness and sports marketing coordinator at The Woods
- SMWC grad inspires future teachers
- King Selects Chief External Relations Officer
- SMWC - leading college in human resource management
- It's Lemonade Day
- Junior High Girls Aspire Higher at SMWC Summer Camps
- SMWC alum awarded Volunteer of the Year
- College Success Workshops At The Woods
- SMWC President's contract extended
- 175th Commencement at The Woods
- 1978 Graduate of the Woods receives Distinguished Alumna Award
- Woods Online accounting program ranked top 20
- SMWC senior develops first of its kind - interactive drum table for therapeutic settings
- Making horses dance
- Celebrating Faculty Excellence
- SMWC International Ring Day - a reminder of time spent abroad
- SMWC Chorale and Madrigals spring concert
- Saint Mother Theodore Guerin Scholarship recipients announced
- Summer Camps at The Woods
- SMWC Celebrates 175th Commencement
- SMWC Western Team is Region's Best
- Award-winning author/singer-songwriter speaks at The Woods
- SMWC alum writes children's book
- Pomeroys give back in NYC
- Indie folk group comes to SMWC
- New director of facilities named at SMWC
- SMWC education majors celebrate Read Across America
- SMWC launches Health and Wellness
- SMWC Volunteers Clean Up Wabashiki
- SMWC President speaks about leadership
- SMWC joins Rural Health Innovation Collaborative
- SMWC students place in State Leadership Conference
- Artist Elizabeth DeMoss at SMWC Art Gallery
- Pomeroys participate in Ring Day ceremony
- Ring Day - an emotional event for Woods Students
- Pomeroys anticipate 92nd annual Ring Day
- Women, Leadership and Women's College
- SMWC demonstrates Art Therapy at Terre Haute Veterans Expo
- Artist Sharon Boehl at SMWC Art Gallery
- Woods Online student tackles educational challenge
- The Woods adds environmental science
- Equine Opportunities Straight from the Horse's Mouth
- Gardner named USCAA Player of the Week
- Woods Students join global campaign for justice
- The Woods Celebrates Winter Commencement
- The Woods launches RN to BSN completion program
- Military Tuition Discount
- Lilly Endowment Awards $1 Million to SMWC for Nursing Degree Program
- SMWC Celebrates 174th Commencement
- President King encourages women to "Lean In"
- SMWC breaks ground on new sports and recreation center
- Better Health Wabash Valley Receives Funding for Pomeroy Wellness Program
- SMWC Professor Kathryn Myers Becomes Author
- SMWC receives $100,000 from Charles E. Schell Foundation
- SMWC ranks among best colleges for veterans
- SMWC campus ministry makes a difference
- SMWC Volunteers Make Clay Bowls for Fundraiser
- SMWC sponsors the "Give-a-Book" program
- SMWC sponsors Lt. Governor's Leadership Luncheon to benefit the Girl Scouts of Central Indiana
- SMWC Student Receives Realizing the Dream Scholarship
- Something to Sing About
- SMWC rally to honor the fallen
- Students bring awareness by turning trash into art
- Faculty Recognized for Excellence
- North Soccer Standouts Sign With The Woods
- SMWC Celebrates 173rd Commencement
- SMWC unveils new opportunities in criminology and healthcare administration
- Sr. Connie Kramer - A Woman of Influence
- A Passion for Music
- SMWC's Operation Wabashiki returns for third year
- Woods Online student aims for hunting success in new TV show
- 91st Ring Day
- New STEM program for girls at The Woods
- SMWC Equestrian Western Team Heads to National Semi-Finals
- SMWC receives advertising award
- Kent State University Chorale to present at The Woods
- Ring Day 2013
- Saint Mother Theodore Guerin Scholarship winners awarded
- It's Lemonade Day, Again
- Math conference opens eyes of SMWC students
- Local Senior Receives Prestigious Guerin Scholarship
- SMWC helps discover the next generation's top researchers
- Dressed for Success at SMWC's Job Boutique
- Sustainability Club Talks Trash
- Equine career fair help students prepare for workforce
- The Woods Sign Agreement with Illinois Eastern Community Colleges
- SMWC Presents "The Tempest"
- Students join global campaign to stop violence
- SMWC Professor Reinvents an Indiana Classic
- SMWC supports National Girls and Women in Sport Day
- SMWC students provide free tax assistance
- National Catholic Schools Week
- SMWC Senior Shows Off Artwork
- Pomeroys participate in national soccer convention
- Four-Star Presents Inheriting the Trade
- Shaner breaks all-time scoring record
- Six Appeal comes to SMWC
- The Woods presents National Players in "Animal Farm"
- The Woods' first winter commencement
- Kim LaComba recognized by INADE for outstanding service to students
- Woods Online among top 10 largest Indiana online programs
- Equine holiday ride at The Woods
- SMWC senior wins USCAA cross country championship again
- "Leaders Bound Together" – A recap of the SMWC student senate's leadership summit
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College holds first winter commencement
- SMWC theatre professor wins lifetime achievement award
- Celebrate the season
- SMWC students help produce play for Dixie Bee Elementary
- To bee or not to bee – SMWC freshman has a sweet hobby
- SMWC Remembrance Day recounted on the Tribune Star front page
- SMWC celebrates 40 years of distance education with yearlong celebrations in 2013
- SMWC music professor receives 15th award from ASCAP
- Nelson signs letter of intent with the Pomeroys
- SMWC honors the fallen
- SMWC launches new financial leadership master's program in February 2013
- Pomeroys head to nationals
- SMWC students host leadership summit
- Learn more about MLD during info sessions on Nov. 28
- International scientist to speak at The Woods
- Woods senior interns with president of Kosovo
- Save time and money earning both bachelor's and master's degrees in only 4 years at SMWC
- Learn about science, technology, engineering and math at The Woods
- The Woods launches $11M campaign
- A SMART way to learn: SMWC upgrades student success – both campus and distance – with new technology
- Town Mountain performs at The Woods
- SMWC's emphasis on STEM skills is a key ingredient to student success
- Woods named "Military Friendly School"
- A summer of science - three SMWC students conduct research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- International malaria and anthrax biochemist joins Woods faculty
- The Woods presents "The Art of Dining"
- SMWC honors troops during 9/11 Day of Service
- SMWC commemorates Constitution Day
- SMWC MLD alums profitable for local nonprofits
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College ranks among the nation's best, again
- SMWC students break cultural boundaries to explore music therapy in a distant land
- SMWC's Tuition Promise bucks the college tuition hike trend for the second year
- 2012 Pomeroy soccer season preview
- Four-Star Series 2012-2013
- Terre Haute Chamber of Commerce names King as ATHENA Award recipient
- Welcome Class of 2016
- SMWC partners with the Higher Learning Commission and Lumina Foundation to pave the way for changes in higher education
- Independent Music Awards winner, The Speedbumps, plays free, public concert at SMWC
- Pomeroys strengthen basketball team with new recruits
- Explore Your Future recap
- Pomeroys impress during national leadership conference in Texas
- SMWC featured in Terre Haute Living magazine
- Dulce Chavez signs letter of intent with Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College
- Indiana Private College Week proclaimed by the governor's office
- Pomeroy crowned Putnam County Fair queen
- Discover the value of a Woods education (and its $29.4 million economic impact) during Indiana Private College Week
- Local children get a college start with "Camp at The Woods"
- A new twist on leadership creates fresh perspectives in Indianapolis businesses
- Pioneering a source for awareness, preventing violence
- SMWC team competes at national conference
- SMWC uses grant to help local museum educate kids about bees
- SMWC launches new minor in equine therapy
- Let the Image Speak: The Master of Art Therapy Art Thesis Exhibition
- King joins Indiana Girls Collaborative Project
- SMWC scoops up finalist spot for national tech award
- Price signs letter of intent
- Robinson signs letter of intent
- Reunion Weekend 2012
- The Woods secures strong recruits
- Cross country adds recruits
- SMWC recognizes outstanding staff
- SMWC Pomeroys head to USCAA softball championship
- Nyers signs letter of intent
- "KnowHow2Go" college success seminar at The Woods
- The Woods celebrates 171st Commencement
- Kylee White signs letter of intent with SMWC
- Tribute to retiring faculty
- The Woods recognizes outstanding faculty
- Pomeroy Words of Wisdom
- Former SMWC president honored during inaugural Wabash Valley Woman of Influence
- Ambrose recognized as Distinguished Alumna
- Summer Camp at The Woods
- Woods junior elected state president of Indiana chapter of Phi Beta Lambda
- Woods Online CIS student snags specialized IT certifications
- The Woods focuses on money management
- Achieving her Dreams: How one distance graduate used academics and internships to turn her talent into her trade
- Myra Daniels named Commencement speaker
- One distance student's unconventional path led her 6,000 miles to The Woods
- 2012 International Student Ring Ceremony
- World premiere of "La Providence" during spring concert at The Woods
- Hoosier educator of the year demonstrates effective teaching techniques at The Woods
- Woods Online -- Business as Usual
- SMWC equestrian students advance to nationals
- LaComba and Hendrix honored for outstanding service
- The tradition continues -- SMWC Ring Day
- Considering Woods Online
- Alejandra Tellez signs letter of intent with The Woods
- SMWC to lead environmental cleanup
- The Woods showing documentary "Sound of Mumbai: The Musical"
- O'Rourke-Dyer named VP of Advancement at The Woods
- Jabali Afrika to perform at The Woods
- A vacation that changes lives: Woods students help children during spring break
- Trading vacation for volunteering: SMWC group dives into the tornado cleanup effort for spring break
- Rachel Leslie named advancement director
- $10,000 Pittcon grant expands technology access in SMWC science labs
- Four-Star Series presents Vera Bradley
- New technology transforms students from beginners to Beethovens
- Future Teachers of America share love of reading
- Students earn scholarships by exploring computers at an Indiana conference
- Gresham named Outstanding Career Development Professional
- SMWC ranked 7th in the nation for Facebook engagement
- SMWC equine career fair helps students prepare for the workforce
- Kniola signs letter of intent with Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College
- Nationally renowned bee expert makes his mark on the Wabash Valley as a new SMWC professor
- SMWC presents "The Sound of Music"
- SMWC's Computer Information Systems major prepares leaders for uncharted careers
- Rebecca Latta signs letter of intent with SMWC
- SMWC crowned Western Equestrian Champions
- SMWC partners with State Department to increase STEM students
- SMWC professor elected President of the Great Lakes region of the American Music Therapy Association
- The Presidential Corps: Campus ambassadors
- International program strengthens student experiences at The Woods
- SMWC's exceptional personal attention forms a connection from the start
- Equine Holiday Ride At The Woods
- SMWC Student Motivates Fans During NBA Lockout
- SMWC Partners with National Center for Women & Information Technology
- From theory to reality: SMWC students explore diverse teaching methods during the Urban Education Field Experience
- Sounds of the Season at The Woods
- SMWC junior takes first place at USCAA national championship, team places third overall
- SMWC Cross Country team races to nationals for the third year in a row
- SMWC's Art Therapy program receives national recognition
- The Woods participates in Veterans Day remembrance
- SMWC graduate stands up for patients' rights
- SMWC inaugurates 16th President
- SMWC's Four-Star Series presents "Of Mice and Men"
- SMWC enhances distance program online
- GMA producer Mellen O'Keefe examines modern media by reliving her life in the world of broadcast journalism
- An evening with Mellen O'Keefe
- Explore science, technology, engineering and math at The Woods
- Distance graduate overcomes obstacles to earn her master's degree
- Shantytown Opens Students' Eyes to Homelessness
- Haunting good time at The Woods
- SMWC's students promote Wabash Valley not-for-profits on social media
- R.S.V.P. Luncheon Series presents Good Morning America producer Mellen O'Keefe
- Woods student photo slide show and sneak peek of the Woods Student Center
- Woods Online Academic Honors July 2011
- Louisa May Alcott: The woman behind "Little Women"
- SMWC receives grant to enhance outdoor classroom
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College promotes academic success among military service members and veterans
- Public radio interview with President King
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College locks in tuition for four years
- SMWC Alumni Association presents esteemed awards
- SMWC Junior Rides Into Third Place at the IHSA National Show
- SMWC professor studies the universal language of learning in South Africa
- Myers Presents at Educator Conference
- Discover the environment as a classroom at The Woods
- Commencement 2011
- TOEFL offered at The Woods
- Collegiate arts community exhibits
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College announces 2011 Distinguished Alumna
- SMWC student wins scholarship to fund international service project
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College and Catholic Charities form educational partnership
- The Woods celebrates 170th commencement
- "KnowHow2Go" college success seminar at The Woods
- Tuition promise makes headlines
- Celebrate National Poetry Month with Primavera
- R.S.V.P. Luncheon: Quest for Equity and Opportunity
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College names Dottie King as 16th President
- Physician, healer, author speaks at The Woods
- UPDATE: Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College refocuses academic core
- Coach inducted into the Indiana Soccer Hall of Fame
- SMWC theatre performs Shakespeare classic
- Focus The Woods: Global food and land use issues
- A choral Christmas concert
- Basketball Team takes 2nd place in Tournament
- Pomeroy Basketball competes in Marian University Tournament
- SMWC Professor Receives 13th Music Award
- SMWC music therapy program receives community service award
- Hunt Seat Equestrian Team takes First Place at Foxton Farm
- SMWC Soccer Team Competes in USCAA Tournament
- SMWC Cross Country Champs
- SMWC Sophomore Recognized for "Realizing the Dream"
- Governor Daniels Names SMWC Professor A Distinguished Hoosier
- Groundbreaking for Cell Tower
- SMWC Western Equestrian Team Claims High Point Award
- SMWC To Host Panel Discussion On Technology's Effect on Business and Education
- SMWC Soccer and Cross Country Teams Head to Tournaments
- Spooky Sprint Halloween Fun Run
- SMWC Equestrian Team Earns Reserve High Point Team
- Pomeroy Cross Country Takes 2nd Place in St. Louis
- Pomeroy Soccer Team Completes First Winning Season of Program, Seniors Honored
- SMWC Equestrian Team Wins at Regionals
- Pomeroys Host the Oaks, Match Ends in Draw
- SMWC Hosts Ghostly Tours and Haunted House
- Money Smart Week is October 16-23
- SMWC Presents The House of Bernarda Alba
- Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College Senior Named Player of the Week
- Ensemble Brings A Taste of Chinese Culture To Wabash Valley
- Pomeroy Golf Concludes Fall Season
- Pomeroys Host Berea College Mountaineers
- Money Smart 2010
- Pomeroys Take the Lead at Trine University
- Pomeroys Compete in the Otterbein Cross Country Invitational
- Pomeroys Host Blue Angels
- Music Students Share Talents
- Pomeroys Compete in National Catholic Cross Country Invitational
- Pomeroys Put Forth Excellent Effort in Soccer Match
- SMWC presents Beauty and Melody
- Pomeroys Host Bearcats
- SMWC Receives Arts Illiana Grant
- Pomeroys Host Patriots
- SMWC Conference For Girls To Explore Science, Technology, Engineering And Math
- Pomeroys Defeat Grizzlies
- FIRE UPDATE (9/2): Classroom Relocations
- Campus Academic Honors - January 2010
- WED Academic Honors - January 2010
- WED Academic Honors - July 2010
- Focus the Woods - Water, Water, Everywhere?
- Maureen Behrs excited about traveling with SMWC group in Ireland
- "Urinetown, the Musical", February 18 - 21
- Music and Theatre Auditions to be held February 15
- Retired Lieutenant General Martin R. Berndt speaks at SMWC


text:
Lilyfire made a winning start at Ascot last month but both placed horses have let the form down since. Hunters Creek won a maiden on the Polytrack three weeks ago and that looks stronger form than The Alamo's victory at Windsor. SMART SALUTE had a subsequent winner behind when scoring over 6f at Redcar and with this extra furlong expected to suit, Ed Walker's colt gets the vote to follow-up. Gown never figured at Chester last time but Ryan Moore's presence suggests she may well turn out best of the remainder.
Lilyfire (USA) 8-1 (9-0) Chased leaders, effort well over 1f out, stayed on to lead well inside final furlong, ridden out, won at Ascot 7f 2yo stks (4) gd in Jul beating Psychometry (9-0) by 1/2l, 18 ran.
Smart Salute Evensfav (9-5) Held up towards rear, headway over 2f out, stayed on to lead well inside final furlong, won at Redcar 6f 2yo mdn (5) gd in Jul beating Dutch Breeze (9-5) by 1/2l, 11 ran.
Hunters Creek (IRE) 4-6fav (9-5) Made all, clear over 1f out, in command inside final furlong, ridden out in closing stages, won at Lingfield 1m 2yo mdn stks (5) pol beating Art Wave (9-5) by 1/2l, 8 ran.
The Alamo (IRE) 2-1fav (9-5) Soon led, steadied tempo 5f out, quickened 3f out, driven over 1f out, stayed on well, unchallenged, won at Windsor 1m 2yo mdn (5) gf beating Calrissian (9-0) by 3/4l, 8 ran.
Officer Drivel (IRE) 10-1 (8-11) Keen raced wide in touch, progress to track leaders over 3f out, ridden 2f out, stayed on to press winner near finish, 2nd of 10, 1/2l behind Tea Leaf (8-10) at Lingfield 6f 2yo mdn auc stks (6) pol.
Gown (IRE) 10-1 (8-6) Mid-division on outside, headway over 2f out, wide entering straight, ridden over 1f out, kept on same pace, no impression, 6th of 10, 6l behind Master Of Finance (9-1) at Chester 7f 2yo mdn aut (4) gd.
Miaplacidus (IRE) 8-1 (9-0) Unseated rider on way to post, took keen hold chasing leaders, went 2nd 4f out until 2f out, soon ridden, kept on same pace in 3rd, 3rd of 10, 4 1/2l behind Chesturo (9-0) at Thirsk 7f 2yo stks (4) gf in Jul.
Needless Shouting (IRE) 8-1 (8-9) Tracked leaders, ridden and effort over 1f out, kept on same pace, no impression with front pair inside final furlong, 3rd of 12, 3 1/2l behind What About Carlo (8-13) at Goodwood 1m 2yo mdn aut (5) gd.


text:
President has now achieved its full Participating Interest in the Pirity Concession pursuant to its farm-in, resulting in the Company now having a 59% beneficial Participating Interest.
All three wells in the 2014 drilling programme are targeting prospects located within the Pirity Concession.
Operational Progress
The drilling rig has now arrived at the Jacaranda well site, being the location for the first exploration well of the 2014 programme.
President Energy
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PCAT Study Books
PCAT Study Books for Science Sections
The PCAT is an important milestone in the life of a pharmacy aspirant. It is mandatory to go through this test in order to enroll in any pharmacy college across the country. There are seven main areas that are tested in PCAT: Writing, Reading, Mathematics and more sections in Science. The test basically evaluates these skills in the candidates so that they can be placed in an appropriate manner into the ideal pharmacy course. Each candidate has a different weak area; for some it happens to be the Science section of this test. This article discusses some of the best study books available in the market for the Science section. Most of these books can be purchased online.
The Popular PCAT Science Study Books
(I) Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions PCAT Science Review Notes (By Kaplan)
This is, undoubtedly one of the best PCAT books for Science preparation. The book can be purchased at a price of 35$ from the internet. The book contains detailed descriptions of various topics. All important concepts of Science have been elaborated in detail in this book so that you can easily grasp the concepts without any extra help or efforts.
(II) PCAT Flashcard Book Premium Edition (By Editors of REA)
This book is available for only 8.86$ online at amazon.com. This is one the most useful study books of PCAT that helps you check how ready you are before the exam. There is an interactive CD that comes with this flashcard book for Science.
The flashcards are organized and clubbed together. These allow you to make your notes and make some additions to them as well. There is a question-answer format followed for these flashcards. As per it, one side contains a question and the other side contains the answer. So you can test yourself many times using these flashcards.
Additionally, it also provides some colorful diagrams and charts that have been illustrated with important concepts. The book can be purchased online using the link: http://www.amazon.com/Pharmacy-College-Admission-Flashcard-Preparation/dp/0738607967/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1362663701&sr=8-1&keywords=PCAT+Science
(III) Comprehensive Biochemistry Review
The price of this book is just 9.99$ online at amazon.com. It is over 280 pages in length and is specifically designed to cater to the needs of those candidates who are weak in Science.
This is one of those study books of PCAT that list the content in the format of questions and answers. It is not specific to the PCAT and is useful for other exams such as DAT and MCAT. There are many flashcards provided in this study book. One thing to note is that this book specifically covers the concepts of Biochemistry such as: metabolism, Glycolysis and a lot more.
You can purchase this book online at http://www.amazon.com/COMPREHENSIVE-BIOCHEMISTRY-REVIEW-FINAL-ebook/dp/B009G3J2EM/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&qid=1362663701&sr=8-9&keywords=PCAT+Science
(IV) 2013 PCAT Audio Learn - A Complete Science Review for PCAT on 5CDs (By Shahrad Yazdani)
This is one of the best PCAT preparation materials available in the market. It costs 89.99$ and can be purchased from a book store or on the internet. This book covers the concepts in Biology, Chemistry and Organic Chemistry.
There are more than three hours of videos, practice tests and much more material contained in this book. The CDs have been narrated from a well-researched manuscript. Most of the theories, formulae and concepts that are important are present on the CDs. This is one of the best study materials available, apart from the books mentioned above, because of the CDs that are present apart from the book. The method of audio-learning, which is very effective, has been used to the full benefit.
You can purchase the set online at http://www.amazon.com/2013-PCAT-AudioLearn-complete-Admission/dp/1592620272/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1362659367&sr=1-4&keywords=PCAT+science.
In the end, it can be concluded that the final decision of buying any one of these study books lies with you. You need to figure out the areas in which you are weak and then take the book that you find appropriate for your preparation. However, you must remember that no book is enough if you do not analyze yourself and find the loopholes in your preparation and correct them before it is too late.


text:
VideoHive Close up Rush Typha 1 4221283
Stock Footage \ Nature
Quicktime \ Purchase \ Please \ Project \ Reproduction \ WldCane \ Plants \ Nature
Stock Footage - Close up Rush Typha 1 4221283 by UglyduckBG @ VideoHive
Stock Footage \ Nature
Cane and reed growing in the river close shot on a sunny spring day when dispersed seeds in small fine pads.
– Full HD 1920×1080 – 29,97 fps – Quicktime MOV H.264 –
Please rate the project after your purchase if you like. Thank you!
Alpha Channel: No; Looped Video: No; Frame Rate: 29.97; Resolution: 1920x1080; Video Encoding: H.264; File Size: 120mb; Total Clip(s) Length: 0:10.
Dog Breed Jack Russell Terrier 3; Horses 5; Plowing the Fields with a Tractor; Horse 10; Horse 9; Horse 8; Horse 6.
Keywords: background, breeding, ecology, environment, fluff, natural, nature, plants, reed, reproduction, river, soft, water, wind, wld.


text:
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), urinary tract infections account for more than 30% of infections reported by acute care hospitals. With the increasing bacterial resistance against antibiotics and drug adverse effects, probiotics, such as lactobacilli, have become a special interest to healthcare professionals and sufferers.
Types of UTI
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are generally considered "lower" or "upper," according to where they occur along the tract. Upper UTIs include infections of the bladder (cystitis), prostate (prostatitis), epididyimis (epididymitis), and of the urethra (urethritis). Upper-tract disease is called pyelonephritis, or infection of the kidney.
Causes of UTI
More than 85% of urinary tract infections are the result of a bacterial infection, mostly E. coli. Other possible causes are: viruses, fungi, and parasitic worms. Lactobacilli do not normally cause disease. When they are involved in UTI development, it is usually because the patient has an underlying disease, a weakened immune system, or an abnormal urinary tract.
Types of Lactobacilli
In the genito-urinary tract, some of the most common members of the lactobacilli species are: L. crispatus, L. jensenii, and L. iners. Though rare, some lactobacilli that have been involved in UTI development are L. gasseri and L. delbrueckii.
Normal Actions
Lactobacilli produce lactic acid, and are the dominant bacteria of the vaginal flora of healthy women. They are generally considered "good" bacteria because they have antimicrobial properties that control the growth of disease-causing micro-organisms. When urinary tract infections are not properly treated or recur, the normal balance between organisms in the vagina changes, decreasing the number of protective lactobacilli. As a result, the affected person becomes even more vulnerable to infection.
Growth-Altering Factors
Factors that negatively affect the growth of lactobacilli include: antibiotic therapy, oral contraceptives, a previous history of UTI, and menstrual cycle. During a period, the number of lactobacilli is reduced because the blood flow increases the pH of the vagina (i.e., it makes it less acidic).
The detection of lactobacilli in the urine is often the result of contamination during the diagnosis process. Therefore, true urinary infection from a lactobacillus usually needs to be confirmed by obtaining and analyzing urine samples through a different method. Two specific procedures for the collection of uncontaminated bladder urine are: urethral catheterization and supra-pubic aspiration.
Related Searches
- "Probiotics for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women;" Matthew E. Falagas; Drugs; Volume 66, Number 9; 2006
- "Use of Lactobacillus Probiotics for Bacterial Genitourinary Infections in Women: A Review;" Robert Barrons, PharmD. and Dan Tassone, PharmD.; Clinical Therapeutics; Volume 30, Number 3; 2008
- "Common Errors in Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection;" Martina Franz and Walter Horl; Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation; Volume 14; 1999
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There are several different bacteria that can cause urinary tract infection, some are almost exclusively opportunistic bacteria (causing illness in people who...
How to Treat Rashes from the Side Effects of Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus is referred to as the "good" bacteria inside of our bodies. It's produced naturally in the intestinal tract and in the...
How to Stop the Burning of a Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infections cause pain and burning upon urination. If you have a urinary tract infection, your burning may be slight or...
Types of Bacteria Found in Urine
Urine is normally a sterile body fluid but, while leaving the body, it can become infected by bacteria. A common way for...
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Treatment
Coagulase-negative staphylococcus covers a family of staphylococcus bacteria responsible for several types of infections. Most staphylococcus infections are a result of weakened...