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Industrial Biotechnology and Biomass Utilisation. Prospects and Challenges for the Developing World STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE
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1 Industrial Biotechnology and Biomass Utilisation Prospects and Challenges for the Developing World STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE UNITEDNATIONS NATIONS UNITED INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION INDUSTRIAL
3 Industrial Biotechnology and Biomass Utilisation Prospects and Challenges for the Developing World UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, i-
4 This publication has not been formally edited. The views expressed therein, the designations employed as well as the presentation of material in this paper do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Designations such as industrialized, and developing countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by UNIDO. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. -ii-
5 Acknowledgements This report was written by Francis X. Johnson (SEI). Claudia Linke-Heep (UNIDO) provided overall guidance and supervised the compilation of the various components of the report. Valuable inputs and comments were provided by Jan Van Dam (University of Waginengen), Seetharam Annadana (Consultant), and George Tzotzos (UNIDO). The participants in the Expert Group Meeting that was held at UNIDO HQ in December 2005 provided useful ideas and feedback; Elizabeth Abela Hampel and Jade Anne Paterson (UNIDO) provided follow-up summaries and information from that meeting. Gokul Ramamurthy (TERI, India) provided useful information on ecological and environmental impacts. Fiona Zuzarte (SEI) assisted with scientific editing and structuring of the report. Financial and institutional support was provided through UNIDO, with additional support provided by the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). The opinions expressed in the report are strictly those of the author(s) and in no way reflect the views of UNIDO, SEI, or Sida. -iii-
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7 CONTENTS Preface Preface... Part one. Part two. Overview of Issue Addressed 1. Introduction Biomass Resources for Energy and Industry Biomass Conversion Environment sustainability Market Development Trade, Financing, and Investment Conclusion Scientific Papers 1. Co-Products from the Sugarcane Agroindustry by Eng. Antonio Valdes Delgado, Ph.D Opportunities for Bio-Based Products in the Brazilian Sugarcane Industry By Karl Heinz LEIMER Opportunities and Challenges for Industrial Biotechnology in South Africa by J.W. Webster and R.T Challenges and Opportunities for Biofuels Production, Marketing, Economics and Policy Implications in Southern Africa by Francis D. Yamba Certification of Bioenergy from the Forest: Motives and Means by Rolf Björheden Governance of Industrial Biotechnology: Opportunities and Participation of Developing Countries by Victor Konde and Calestous Juma The Forgotten Waste Biomass; Two Billion Tons for Fuel or Feed by Jonathan Gressel and Aviah Zilberstein Global Markets And Technology Transfer for Fuel Ethanol: Historical Development and Future Potential by Frank Rosillo-Calle and Francis X. Johnson Coconut Industrialization Centers by Edmundo T. Lim Philippine vii Part three. Summary of Plenary Sessions Annex. List of Participants v-
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9 Preface UNIDO, as the United Nations specialized agency on industrial development in developing countries, has a particular interest in the impact of industrial biotechnology on its clients. The cleaner industrial processes that biotechnology can support are important in all key industrial sectors, including food, textiles, leather, wood and energy. Cleaner industrial processes through the application of biotechnology also help to reduce negative environmental impacts that might otherwise occur. Through international cooperation and technology transfer, industrial biotechnology has a valuable role in supporting the International Conventions, particularly the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (UNEP-POPs), the U.N. Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). An Expert Group Meeting on Industrial Biotechnology and Biomass Utilisation: Prospects and Challenges for the Developing World was convened at UNIDO s headquarters, Vienna, Austria in December The Meeting included presentations and discussions on potential key focal areas for UNIDO s support to developing country policy makers on industrial biotechnology applications. Its objective was to analyse relevant policy and technology issues and initiate follow up actions intended to fill information gaps and generate awareness at the government and industrial levels. This report is a follow-up to that meeting, with the intention of supporting ideas for the creation and/or deployment of technology platforms and policy frameworks for biomass conversion and industrial development. The report is divided into three parts. Part I provides an overview and background on the emerging bio-economy, with emphasis on the role of agricultural biomass resources for industrial biotechnology and renewable energy in supporting sustainable development and economic competitiveness. Part II provides nine papers that illustrate representative issues related to resource use, conversion options, and the development of new product markets. Part III provides documentation from the workshop, including summaries of presentations and information on the workshop participants. A full review of broad and complex issues such as these is beyond the scope of this brief report; the focus here is on some of the key technology and policy issues related to the choice of feedstocks and technology conversion platforms for bioenergy and industrial biotechnology in developing countries. The examples and case studies used are intended to illustrate the way in which the bio-economy derives its value from a broad array of biomass resources, including various agricultural and industrial residues, municipal waste, forest plantations, natural forests, and agricultural crops. The heterogeneity of biomass along with the many potential conversion paths and market applications has wide-ranging economic and environmental implications. The introduction and expansion of biotechnologies within the different industrial sectors can only be achieved when the institutional setting in a given country includes the appropriate policies, socio-economic frameworks and legal mechanisms. UNIDO s private sector development initiatives including investment, technology acquisition and adaptation programmes aim to ensure that such aspects are considered at local, regional and global levels. In short, industrial biotechnology and bioenergy are at the heart of UNIDO s programmes to promote clean and sustainable industrial development in developing countries. -vii-
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11 PART ONE Overview of Issue Adressed -1-
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13 1 Introduction to the Industrial Bio-economy With the continued pace of world economic growth, sustainable socio-economic development will depend upon a secure supply of raw material inputs for agriculture, industry, energy, and related sectors. Today s heavy reliance on non-renewable resources especially fossil fuels and various minerals is increasingly constrained by economic, political, and environmental factors. The reliance on non-renewable resources is accompanied by a heavy reliance on chemical and thermo-chemical processes; the role of biological processes in the global economy is small but is growing fast. There are initiatives from both public and private sector interests that support the supply of more of our industrial product and energy needs through biological processes and/or biomass resources. The bio-based economy can be loosely defined as consisting of those sectors that derive a majority of their market value from biological processes and/or products derived from natural materials, as opposed to products and processes associated with non-renewable resources and/or purely chemical processes. The industrial portion of the bio-economy is somewhat distinct from agricultural, forestry and other sectors, in that raw materials are used to make industrial feedstocks or products, or to drive industrial processes. Sustainable feedstock supply is one of the key issues for the transition towards the bio-based economy. Therefore the resource base needs to be identified from the perspective of supply and demand. The exploitable biomass is of highly heterogeneous origins, either derived from specially grown crops or from crop residues of food and feed production, forestry residues and marine crops. Municipal waste, manure and animal products also need to be considered as potential resources for bio-based products and services. The strategic importance of the bio-economy is linked to those areas in which bio-based products and processes can substitute for fossil or mineral-based products and/or chemical processes. Since the overwhelming majority of industrial products and processes are currently based on non-renewable resources and minerals, such substitution has considerable potential to make various industry sectors more sustainable in the long-run, while also reducing environmental impacts in the near-term, especially in reducing GHG emissions and land disposal requirements. Various aspects of the industrial bio-economy are reviewed in this report, including feedstocks, conversion options, products, and market development. The use of bio-based renewable resources holds great potential value for industries in many sectors, including energy, organic chemicals, polymers, fabrics and health-care products. In general, a bio-based economy offers many benefits and opportunities: new areas of economic growth and development for the many regions that have plentiful biomass resources; creation of new innovative business sectors and entrepreneurial skills; improved energy security, by reducing dependence on non-renewable resources; enhance economic and environmental linkages between the agricultural sector and a more prosperous and sustainable industrial sector; reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; improved health by reducing exposure to harmful substances through substitution of natural bio-based materials for chemical and synthetic materials; job creation and rural development. 3
14 At the same time, there are many issues that need to be addressed in order to avoid negative impacts and facilitate a smoother transition to a bio-based economy, such as: how to manage competition of land used as raw material for industry with other land uses, especially in relation to food and animal feed; bioethical issues, where genetically modified crops are used or proposed; potential loss of biodiversity through large-scale and/or contract farming; equitable treatment of farmers in their interaction with bio-based companies; expanded research and development efforts, including potential integration of fossil fuel and bio-based approaches; improving transportation and delivery systems, e.g. for raw materials, delivery to/from processing facilities, and final product distribution and use. The sections below address some key opportunities and challenges for the developing world in the emerging bio-economy, with an emphasis on energy and industry applications; consequently, the discussion includes various resources, feedstocks, and conversion options. Sustainability of the bio-based economy requires attention to key environmental criteria, some of which are outlined below. International policy issues related to climate change, technology transfer, financing, investment and international trade are briefly reviewed in relation to biomass resource development and environmental impacts. Case studies and examples are provided to illustrate both driving forces and constraints. 4
15 2 Biomass Resources for Energy and Industry The availability of biomass for energy production and industrial products depends on a wide range of rather complicated factors that often vary with local conditions, including: suitability of soils and climate for various crops; availability of water and other key resources for sustained growth; competition for other uses of biomass, especially food, feed, and fibre; impacts on local ecology, biodiversity, and other environmental factors; efficiency of agricultural systems in terms of land, water, and energy use; and socio-economic and cultural preferences. A brief overview of the biomass resource base is provided below, with an emphasis on agricultural sources and residues, and especially those crops that are common or suitable for tropical and sub-tropical climates. The key reason for emphasising agricultural residues is that these resources are less likely to compete with other uses, and are sometimes available at the point of processing for existing agro-industries. 2.1 Biomass Potential Biomass that is produced in tropical and sub-tropical climates has an average productivity that is over five times higher than that of biomass grown in the temperate regions of Europe and North America (Bassam 1998). Since developing countries are located predominantly in the warmer climates and lower latitudes, they have a considerable comparative advantage. In terms of today s utilisation of biomass resources, this comparative advantage is best illustrated by the development of sugarcane resources in Brazil, mainly for ethanol but also for some industrial products such as bio-plastics. The example of Brazil is referred to often in this report, since it provides the most commercially successful case of developing a biomass resource for energy and industrial applications. Latin America, along with sub-saharan Africa, has been estimated as having the highest biomass potential after accounting for food production and resource constraints among any of the major world regions (Smeets, 2004). Using four scenarios, the potentials were assessed for various categories of biomass and categories of land use (Figure 4). The high potential results from large areas of suitable cropland, the low productivity of existing agricultural production systems, and the low population density. Such estimates of the long-term bio-energy potential for the various regions can serve as guidelines for development strategies that can harness the biomass resource base in a sustainable manner. Overall, the global potentials range from 30% to over 200% of current total energy consumption. Other sources of biomass that are not included in the potentials above include animal wastes, organic wastes such as MSW, bio-energy from natural growth forests, and water-based biomass such as micro-algae. It is important to note that these are technoeconomic potentials, and there will inevitably be social and cultural issues that would restrict use of some lands for biomass production. Many other characteristics would have to be considered in assessing the potentials. However, the considerable potential does provide some indication as to the vast scale of land resources and the low levels of current utilisation (Johnson and Matsika, 2006). 5
16 As the role of biomass for energy and industry has become more economically competitive, there is increasing concern as to the impact on food security, especially for countries that are net food importers or those that experience droughts and other disruptions in the food supply. However, there is not necessarily a negative correlation between food and fuel, and in fact there are many positive economic linkages that can arise (Moreira, 2003). There exist potential synergies between food and non-food uses, especially as new agro-industrial biotechnology methods are deployed. Where there are potential conflicts, it is crucial that bio-based industrial development is accompanied by investment in greater agricultural productivity and/or due consideration for distributional issues that arise when the agricultural sector and industrial sector compete for the same raw materials. Figure 1: : Global 2050 biomass potential for residues & abandoned agricultural land Exajoules (EJ) North America Oceania East and West Europe C.I.S. and Baltic States sub-saharan Africa Caribbean & Latin America Near East & North Africa East and South Asia Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario/assumptions for Figure Feed conversion efficiency high high high high Animal production system (pastoral, mixed, landless) mixed mixed landless landless Level of technology for crop production very high very high very high Water supply for agriculture Source: Smeets et al (2004) Rain-fed only Rain-fed + irrigation Rain-fed + irrigation super high Rain-fed + irrigation 6
17 2.2 Nature of biomass feedstock Crops can be roughly categorised according to the composition of their (main) economic product as sugar, starch (grains, tubers), oilseed, protein, or fibre crop and crops for speciality products (pharma and cosmetics, dyes, fragrance and flowers). For this purpose the crops have been selected and bred. Beside the main harvested product, all crop processing systems yield more or less secondary products and residues which may find an application depending on demand and possibilities for economical conversion. Biomass residues can be categorised into three main groups: primary biomass residues, available at the farm; secondary biomass residues, released in the agro-food industry; and tertiary biomass, which is remaining after use of products. The characteristics that impact availability and suitability as feedstock include whether the items are of a perishable nature, how much moisture content they have, the density, and the seasonality of supply. Forestry residues are produced in logging industries in large quantities at the site of harvest (bark, branches, leaves) and in saw and ply mills (saw dust, cut off). Only 25% of the biomass is converted into sawn wood. Other under-utilised biomass resources from primary agricultural production, agro-industries, and municipal waste can be available in high quantities. More uniformly available biomass residues such as straws or seed hulls can be harvested and collected at the farm or at (central) processing sites. Others are only available in dispersed / diluted forms and need collection systems to be installed for concentration and preparation of the biomass. Among the key issues is increasing the use of agricultural residues, which is in some respects an old topic that is now finding new applications in the developing world (ESMAP, 2005). Previously agricultural residues were promoted mainly for energy use, often at low efficiency; however, it is now more widely recognised that there are in fact many uses that may provide higher value-added or could serve as complementary products via co-production schemes alongside energy applications. Such cascading of value is a recurring theme in industrial biotechnology development (van Dam et al, 2005). Table 1: : Examples of biomass residues for different crops Crops Primary Residues Secondary Residues Residue ratio a grains (wheat, corn, rice, barley, millet) straw (stover) chaff (hulls, husks), bran, cobs sugar cane leaves and tops bagasse tubers, roots (potato, cassava, beet) foliage, tops peels oil seeds hulls press cake sunflower, olive, foliage, stems cocos, palm oil, husks, fronts shells soy, rape, peanut foliage seed coat, shells vegetables leaves, stems etc. peelings, skin fruits and nuts seeds fruit pulp, peelings Sources: UNDP, 2000; van Dam, 2006, Rosillo-Calle 2007 a Residue ratio refers to ratio of dry matter weight to crop produced 7
18 The emphasis in this discussion is therefore on agricultural sources of biomass. Some examples of primary and secondary residues from agricultural crops are given in Table 1. There is considerable variation in the quantities available; in some cases, residues amount to only about 10-20% of the crop by weight, while in other cases the residues might actually be greater than the original crop. As shown in the table, grain crops tend to have the highest overall residue ratio, amounting to as much as double the crop weight; tubers have lower ratios. For this reason, utilisation of straw from grains should be a much higher priority in biomass utilisation, and one of the papers in this volume addresses this largely untapped reservoir of biomass resources (Gressel and Advani, this report). 2.3 Enhanced Utilisation of Agricultural Crops and Residues A fundamental issue for exploiting agricultural biomass in the future industrial bio-economy is the minimisation of waste. It is common today that only a minor portion of a given crop s total biomass is actually used productively, while much is wasted. Agricultural and plantation residues form a major portion of this un-utilised or under-utilised waste stream. Ultimately, the goal should be whole crop utilization, since the bio-economy will place increasingly higher value over time on acquiring new alternative raw materials. Examples of how to increase utilisation for some tropical and sub-tropical crops are briefly discussed below Palm oil residues Enhancing the sustainability of the palm oil production chain can be achieved by more fully exploiting the abundantly available biomass wastes (shells, fibre, press cake, empty fruit bunches, mill effluent, palm fronts, etc.) as renewable resources in added value products. Currently only part of the waste is used, i.e. as fuel feedstock in palm oil plant operations. The efficiency is, however, still low and more efficient boilers are required. Surplus fibre and shell creates an accumulating problem at the oil production plants and burning practices should be eliminated. In addition to the palm oil extracted from fruits, the residual oil in pressing cakes and free fatty acids could provide a rich source for bio-diesel production. Improved production efficiency (8-9% of oil is left in the cake) and quality control (fresh fruits processing) requires optimised use of rejects (over-ripe fruits with high free fatty acid (FFA), that can be used for conversion into bio-diesel (Elberson, 2005). Malaysia has legislated that biodiesel be exported to the EU and not used locally; however, oil palm biodiesel is best for blending in fuel for the tropics rather than in the EU, based on the EN590 diesel standards. Biomass wastes from palm oil can be converted by digestion (enzymatic, concentrated or diluted acid hydyrolysis) as fermentation feedstock to produce ethanol, bio-gas (methane) and even H2 or other components (ABE, acetone, butane, ethanol) that can be used as green chemicals and bioplastics (e.g. polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoids, etc). Demands on fermentation feedstock composition, conversion efficiency and microbial cocktails, product extraction and residue handling are relevant aspects to assess the feasibility for palm oil fermentation. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) has adopted the principles and criteria for sustainable palm oil production (RSPO, 2007), including the environmental responsibility and conservation of natural resources and biodiversity. This includes the fact that waste should be reduced, recycled, re-used and disposed of in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. 8
19 2.3.2 Coconut husk utilization Biomass in the form of coconut husks is often wasted, due to the lack of market development efforts. Effective and efficient conversion systems for marketable products require an integrated approach. The coconut husk is composed of coir fibre and pith, which for traditional fibre applications in woven carpets, ropes, brushes and matting have to be separated by retting and decortication processes. Novel markets for the resistant coir fibre have been developed for erosion control mats and horticultural products. The residual pith, however, contains a large amount of lignin, which has been demonstrated as a thermosetting binder resin for the coir fibres by using a simple technology of hot-pressing the whole milled husk. A building board product with superior properties can be produced (Van Dam et al, 2002). In addition to financing and investment, implementation of the technology requires, the organisation of the husk collection locally and marketing of the end-product. In many tropical countries, coconut husks are abundantly available but not used economically. In other countries like India and Sri Lanka, the coir industry is well established and provides labour and income in rural communities. In the Philippines, the concept of a fully integrated coconut biorefinery plant has been worked out, combining the processing and marketing of food and nonfood coconut products at local centralized conversion plants Banana fibres The banana plant is highly valued for its fruit, but it also yields vast quantities of bio-mass residues from the trunk and fruit bunch (raquis), which are discarded on the field or in the case of raquis at the site of fruit processing (packing for exports). From these residues, good quality of fibres can be extracted along with numerous other plant components (juice) with bioconversion potential. Demonstration of its utility as a renewable resource for industrial applications would increase the profitability for farmers as well as for new industrial agroindustrial economic activities, generating innovative outlets for sustainable development. In the current production chain, the waste management is not addressed to a large extent. Examples of banana paper use in India are indicative of its potential for making pulp without use of wood Rice straw and rice husk in building applications Applying straw in building elements could be attained by the use of silica ashes derived from rice husk or straw, which can be used as renewable pozzolanic additive in cement paste (Green Building Press, 2007). Building with straw is commonly combined with lattice truss or timberframe building and loam or lime plaster covers. So far, only limited commercial building systems have been developed using these materials on large-scales. Development of standard sized building blocks and prefab elements could help to (re)introduce the straw based building products. Despite the abundant availability and large-scale burning of rice husks, there is no widespread use of this renewable building material. In other countries promoting organic agriculture, this is used in mineral mix for composting Jute based composites Jute fibre production for sacking has seen a dramatic decline due to strong competition with synthetic yarns and bulk transportation of commodities. New venues have been developed for processing of jute fibre in reinforced thermoplastic composite materials for use in automotive parts and consumer goods. With significantly improved mechanical properties, the jute based composites may add up to 50% weight and fossil resources savings (Wageningen UR 2007). 9
20 2.3.6 Sugar cane bagasse The production of sugar from sugarcane yields vast amounts of biomass, especially in the form of molasses, vinasse, and bagasse. Added value-products from bagasse are of interest. Conversion of lignocelluloses residues such as bagasse into furfural is an old established technology that has been employed at many plants. The demand for furfural as a renewable substitute for synthetic resins is increasing and novel methods are promising, such as the use of gravity pressure vessels and dilute acid hydrolysis (patented technology). However, its production could be much improved by using up-to-date know-how of bio-chemical process engineering and pretreatments using biotechnological methods. There are in fact many other uses of bagasse for energy, pulp, paper, and other fibre-based products (Rao, 1998) Sweet sorghum Sweet sorghum for ethanol production systems is promising in dryer tropical and subtropical regions, as it has considerably lower water requirements compared to sugarcane, while high yield can be obtained. This would be the most promising non-food crop for African agriculture and many of the technologies and management practices developed in sugar cane production could be adapted for sweet sorghum. Another advantage is its lower up-front capital cost, as it is an annual crop that does require extensive land preparations. Socio-economic advantages can thereby also be found in that it is more suitable than sugarcane for small-scale growers and possible smaller economies of scale in conversion platforms (Woods, 2001) Other feedstocks Other commodity crops with potential non-food use or as resource for bioenergy production and renewable bio-based products include: Cassava for bio-plastics / ethanol production / extraction of protein; Jatropha for biodiesel; Sisal production residues valorisation, fermentation feedstock; Extraction of carotene from tomato peels; Thermoplastic starch based products produced from potato peels, cassava, etc; Cotton stalks for particle board production. There are numerous other possibilities for residues from agricultural or plantation crops/trees being extended for other uses and products; for example, eucalyptus bark can be used as mulch, geo-textiles, or horticultural substrate. Eucalyptus wood chip production has been expanding considerably in the past few decades; consequently, huge amounts of bark, leaves and branches are accumulating at the site of production. 10
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Listing information
- Beds: 4
- Stories: 2
- Foreclosure: No
- Below Ground Sq. Feet: 806
- Estimated Annual Taxes: $4,215
- Elementary School: Johnsburg
- Style: Colonial
- Baths: 3 (Full: 3 3/4: 0 1/2: 0 Other: 0)
- Parking Type Description: None 0 cars
- Total Square Footage: 2,782 ($78.72 per sq. foot)
- Lot Area: 10.29
- County: Warren
- Body of Water: None
- Year Built: 1990
- Status: Active
- New Construction: No
- Above Ground Sq. Feet: 1,976
- Lot Size: 400x1140
- High School: Johnsburg
- Subdivision: None
Appliances Included Refrigerator, Stove - Electric
Basement Full
Cooling Type None
Dining Features Dining Area, Great Room
Documents Deed, Survey
Exterior Feature Stone Drive
Exterior Finish Clapboard
Farm Improvements Additional Acreage Available, Barns, Fencing, Hay Storage Building, Pasture Land, Run in Barn, Shed
Flooring Hardwood, Tile
Garage No Garage
Heat Distribution H/W Baseboard, Wood Stove
Heat System Fuel Oil
Interior Features 1st Floor Master
Kitchen Features Breakfast Bar
Land Features Fields, Garden Space, Nearly Level, Partially Cleared, Partially Wooded, Road Frontage, Secluded Lot
Other Main Road Frontage - 400.00
Roof Asbestos Shingle, Metal
Sewer Septic Tank/Leach Field
Style Colonial
To Be Built No
Water Well Drilled
Water Heater Electric
Zoning Adirondack Park Agency
Listing Courtesy of Davies-Davies & Associates Real Estate, Llc

subset: commoncrawl


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- Home
- Sports Nutrition
- Quest Nutrition Bar - Cinnamon Roll, Box of 12 Bars
Quest Nutrition Bar - Cinnamon Roll, Box of 12 Bars
Quest Nutrition
Product Description
There's nothing better than a warm cinnamon roll. Now you can get that amazing taste in a high protein (20 grams!) bar with none of the guilt!
Quest Bars are the perfect nutrition bar for anyone looking to get top quality protein while dropping some carbs from their diet. They're as delicious and convenient as a candy bar, while maintaining all of the nutrition of a carefully prepared meal that's packed with fiber to make you feel full and to help with digestion and weight loss.
The only true low carb bar on the market.
Product Reviews
Posted by Opal on 25th Sep 2014
Quite good, low sugar, high taste. It took a while to find these, but I believe we'll keep ordering them now that we have.
Cinnamon bar
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A great midday snack- I heat it in the microwave for just 10 seconds and it helps with softness.
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Quest Nutrition Bar - Coconut Cashew, Box of 12 Bars
Quest Nutrition Bar - Coconut Cashew, (2 pack) 24 Bars


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Search by
Toddler Storytime
This event has already taken place. Click here for the latest events.23-11-2012 12:00:00 23-11-2012 12:00:00 America/New_York Toddler Storytime | 10am Toddlers 18 to 35 months and their parents or adult caregivers may enjoy listening to picture books, singing songs, learning fingerplays, and joining in lively movement games, all while developing vocabulary and social skills. Preregistration is required. http://www.nymetroparents.com/2015neweventinfo.cfm?id=120180 Queens Library - Forest Hills Branch Queens Library - Forest Hills Branch
If you go: Please tell them you saw this event on


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William C. Head Attorney At Law 5 Concourse Parkway, Suite 2340, Atlanta, GA 30328 - 404-567-5515 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com One national attorney rating service, www.AVVO.com, ranks Atlanta litigator William C. Head as one of the top attorneys (rated #1) in America for multiple civil law practice areas among the nearly 1.3 million listings, based on multiple rating criteria, when searched either by "AVVO rating" or by "Client Rating". Examples: LITIGATION PERSONAL INJURY CAR ACCIDENTS MEDICAL MALPRACTICE . Mr. Head is also rated #1 in America for CRIMINAL DEFENSE when either "AVVO Rating" or "CLIENT Rating" is the search criteria. Mr. Head has authored or co-authored twelve books, chapters of other books, and numerous articles on trial practice and trial tactics. Mr. Head and his firm are "av" rated with Martindale-Hubbell [highest possible rating for ethics and for legal ability], and Mr. Head's 11-attorney law firm has been named to its Pre-Eminent List of Law Firms. Mr. Head has been mentioned or quoted in The New York Times, CNN, USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, Lawyers Weekly USA, The National Law Journal, Fox TV, MSNBC, CBS, NBC and other media outlets. Our telephone and e-mails are answered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. His toll free number is 877-892-4323. DISCLAIMER: William C. Head is licensed to practice law in the State of Georgia, which is where his office is located and where he practices law. In states other than Georgia, Mr. Head associates one or more attorneys to facilitate any litigation within that state, and one or more of said attorneys will be a member of that state's Bar Association. Mr. Head will act as co-counsel on any litigation matters that he accepts, but only after assuring that full disclosure is made to any prospective clients through a written agreement. This Internet information is designed to provide legal information and is not intended to be advertising. Mr. Head does not seek to represent any person based solely on a person's visit to his website in a state or other jurisdiction in which this website fails to comply with that jurisdiction's laws, that jurisdiction's required postings or notifications regarding Bar membership and specialization and all ethical rules applicable for that state.
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After completing an undergraduate degree, many students choose to participate in a master program. This type of credential can improve job prospects and provide the knowledge necessary to have a successful career.
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. Switzerland's independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers. Switzerland is a peaceful, prosperous, and stable modern market economy with low unemployment.
Online Master's Degree in Switzerland
At the end of Master (MBA) in International Tourism and Events Management study program, the graduates will combine theory with their work experiance and display a sound knowledge of Tourism and Events industry. [+]
At the end of Master (MBA) in Institutional and Educational management study program the graduates will combine theory with practice and display a sound knowledge in the educational industry. [+]
At the end of Master (MBA) in Product and Category management, the graduates will combine theory with their work experiance and display a sound knowledge of Product and Category Management industry. [+]
At the end of Master (MBA) in Nutrition and Culinary Arts (Food Service Management) study program the graduates will combine theory with their work experiance and display a sound knowledge of the Nutrition and Culinary Arts (Food Service Management). [+]
The Master (MBA) in Media and Communications Management is a study that is ideal for students are looking for more managerial skills for public speaking, communication or even if you want to work in printed advertisment department and understand the Media management theories. [+]
The Master (MBA) in Leadership and Change Management study program is ideal for students who are aspiring to hold senior careers in the management industry, this study programs can help students to gain skills as well as [+]
The Master (MBA) in Information and Communications Technology Management course is designed for students who looking to be leaders in IT industry. [+]
The FBA offers a Professional Master in Football Business which is the first of its kind; it's a hybrid program which takes all the advantages of online and physical courses and combining them into one unique program. [+]
Network protection and exploitation of data is central to the development of a company: master all the challenges of computer security. [+]
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Become a complete manager of marketing and communications, controlling the creative, productive and strategic aspects of all digital media. [+]
The holder of the European Master in Sustainable Development Management participates in the consideration and implementation of the principles of sustainable development in the company's policy and strategy. [+]
Vous apprendrez à adapter une stratégie aux problématiques des marques (forte compétition sur le domaine de la créativité et visibilité sur le net), à répondre aux exigences des marchés et de la société actuelle. [+]
The owner of the master is a professional management and tourism polycompétent, which can occur in the animation territories, the montagede tourist projects, the management of a proposed sale or the creation and / or marketing of tourism products. [+]
The holder of the European Master Environmental Management and Energy integrates functions of responsibility in the private and parastatal organizations of all sizes. [+]


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Two days ago, Focus on the Family's Jared Pingleton condemned Adrian Peterson's abuse of his son but defended corporal punishment. Yesterday I explained that the words Pingleton used to justify "appropriate" corporal punishment are the same words abusers use to justify their abuse. In the comments on that post, a reader pointed out, using quotes, that in the punishment he delivered Peterson was simply following the advice of Focus on the Family founder James Dobson himself. I looked up the qu … [Read more...]
James Dobson and Adrian Peterson
From Humiliation to Cooperation
Yesterday, I wrote about an article in Time Magazine's online parenting section written by Focus on the Family's Jared Pingleton. In that article Pingleton addressed the Adrian Peterson child abuse controversy. My main argument in my own post was that by misunderstanding the dynamics of abuse, Pingleton both erased abusers and reinforced abusers' justifications for their actions.Today I want to address the rest of Pingleton's article---namely, his advice on how to properly apply corporal … [Read more...]
Failing to Understand the Dynamics of Abuse: Focus on the Family on Adrian Peterson and Corporal Punishment
Yesterday, Time Magazine's parenting section featured an article by Focus on the Family's Jared Pingleton. The article, titled "Spanking Can Be an Appropriate Form of Discipline," addresses the controversy surrounding Adrian Peterson's suspension from the Minnesota Vikings on pending child abuse charges after leaving open lacerations on his son. In his article, Pingleton makes a case for corporal punishment while clearly calling Peterson's actions abuse.Pingleton begins his article with this … [Read more...]
Did Adrian Peterson "Spank" His Son?
Yesterday WORLD Magazine weighed in on Adrian Peterson's arrest for child abuse. A grand jury in Texas indicted star Minnesota Vikings running back Adrian Peterson and a warrant for his arrest was issued Friday by the Montgomery County (Texas) Sheriff's Office for "reckless or negligent injury to a child" for the way he spanked his son. Notice that last bit---Peterson was arrested "for the way he spanked his son." Not for abusing his son. Not for leaving his son's body covered with bleeding lac … [Read more...]
Groundbreaking New Spanking Study
I recently came upon an article in the Scientific American discussing a fascinating new study just out in the Journal of Family Psychology. The study is titled "Eavesdropping on the family: A pilot investigation of corporal punishment in the home." As the report explains:We used audio recordings to investigate how parents use corporal punishment (CP). This is a prime topic to study because the extensive literature on the topic relies almost exclusively on self-reports. As the report goes on … [Read more...]
A Picture of Pain
Sean and I and the kids occasionally go for visits to my parents' house. Sally and Bobby love their grandparents, and I enjoy the time with my siblings. My parents live in the country, so weekends at their house can be fun getaways. The last time we were there, though, I was stopped in my tracks.It was a picture displayed prominently on the fridge. It was my mother, standing proudly in a jean jumper, pregnant with one of my many siblings. The picture was taken years ago, and it was the … [Read more...]
The Twisted Evil
I write a lot here on the blog about Debi Pearl's Created To Be His Help Meet and Michael Pearl's To Train Up A Child. I think it's important to remember that there are people who wholeheartedly believe and follow both books. This isn't some abstract thing. For these individuals and families, this is real life. And the things the Pearls say---things that are, I might add, actually quite widespread in fundamentalist Christian circles far beyond the Pearls themselves---shape the directions of p … [Read more...]


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When shopping for iPhone accessories, users often have to buy a few devices to meet all of their needs. Protective iPhone cases, charging devices, syncing cables and whatever else they might need can create a lot of bulk to carry around.
The PowerShadow i4 Battery Case and Charge/Sync Dock for the iPhone 4/4S offers an accessory for users who like convenience and diverse functionality all from one device.
Made by Spyder, the case features a 2000 mAh battery and offers users complete control over whether it delivers power to the iPhone. When used to power the iPhone, the i4 case adds eight extra hours of 3G talking time. Users can access all of the iPhone's features without removing it from the case, as well as charge and sync their phones. The case is also made with a protective polycarbonate frame and finished with rubber, so it'll protect the iPhone from the usual array of falls, bumps and scrapes.
For iPod and iPhone users just looking to extend battery life, Spyder also offers the i4X Battery extender. The 1500 mAH battery offers 15 extra hours of music or four hours of video.


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Fish Communities of the Sacramento River Basin: Implications for Conservation of Native Fishes in the Central Valley, California
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The associations of resident fish communities with environmental variables and stream condition were evaluated at representative sites within the Sacramento River Basin, California between 1996 and 1998 using multivariate ordination techniques and by calculating six fish community metrics. In addition, the results of the current study were compared with recent studies in the San Joaquin River drainage to provide a wider perspective of the condition of resident fish communities in the Central Valley of California as a whole. Within the Sacramento drainage, species distributions were correlated with elevational and substrate size gradients; however, the elevation of a sampling site was correlated with a suite of water-quality and habitat variables that are indicative of land use effects on physio-chemical stream parameters. Four fish community metrics – percentage of native fish, percentage of intolerant fish, number of tolerant species, and percentage of fish with external anomalies – were responsive to environmental quality. Comparisons between the current study and recent studies in the San Joaquin River drainage suggested that differences in water-management practices may have significant effects on native species fish community structure. Additionally, the results of the current study suggest that index of biotic integrity-type indices can be developed for the Sacramento River Basin and possibly the entire Central Valley, California. The protection of native fish communities in the Central Valley and other arid environments continues to be a conflict between human needs for water resources and the requirements of aquatic ecosystems; preservation of these ecosystems will require innovative management strategies.
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ATLANTIC CITY — Dozens of new sport fishing boats and yachts bobbed gently Wednesday at the docks at Farley State Marina, as workers washed and detailed their glistening white exteriors for the Atlantic City In-Water Power Boat Show.
Perhaps no finishing touch is too small for boats whose price tags are more than most cars.
Some — like the Azimut 64 — has a cabin as large as a living room and a list price of nearly $2.7 million. A sign on the yacht asks browsers to take off their shoes.
The boat show takes place from today through Sunday at the Farley State Marina, where organizers say more than 350 boats will be in the water and on land.
That is 100 boats more than last year, and a sign the economy is improving, said Jerry Flaxman, co-producer of the show.
"The economy is getting better and people feel more secure about themselves … and they're getting back to do what they enjoy," he said.
The prices of boats will range from around $20,000 for pontoon boats to high-end yachts in the millions of dollars, he said.
The boating industry took some seriously hard knocks from the economic downturn as sales plummeted from 2007 to 2010 and remained nearly flat in 2011. The industry saw positive signs in 2012
Traditional powerboat sales reached 157,300 boats in 2012, a 10 percent increase from the year before when they reached 312,700, according to the National Marine Manufacturers Association.
Overall unit sales for powerboats are still about half those from 2005, the association says.
The average retail price of a new traditional powerboat last year was $37,140.
"The market we want to see come back is the over 35-feet (boat)," Flaxman said.
Lou Piergross, sales manager for South Jersey Yacht Sales, said the economy somewhat shifted more customers away from bigger boats, which are more expensive and costlier to operate.
Even with a somewhat shaky economy now and high fuel prices, boaters are anxious to get in the water, he said.
"I see it to the point where people are tired of waiting," he said. "Even though the stock market is up, business is difficult, fuel prices are up. I think people are tired of waiting," he said.
"It's very important to invite your customers and let people see your boats and get a chance to see what you have to offer," he said of boat shows.
He said spring is still the prime buying season, when about 75 percent of sales take place, but fall offers times to see the new models and make orders for the spring.
"We do get a lot of boats ordered for spring delivery," he said. "We sell a decent amount at the fall in the shows."
The upcoming boat show is one of a few big shows that take place in Atlantic City throughout the year.
Each February, the Atlantic City Boat Show takes place at the Atlantic City Convention Center.
At the Atlantic City In-Water Power Boat Show, Flaxman expects 15,000 to 18,000 attendants this year and said about 2,000 tickets were already sold online in advance.
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Question about IBM ThinkPad G40 2388 Notebook
My g40 screen works but in half and with not every display. how i get another screen and around how much it cost. does u guys have it. thanks
Posted by irfanshaikh2 on
Offhand, the LCD screen of most laptops is manufactured by a third party. So in effect the LCD screen of an IBM G40 could be manufactured by Philips, Samsung, Toshiba, Panasonic and any other. Additionally, they are readily available from most reputable laptop repair/replacement parts such as here, here or here. A few could also be sourced from eBay. Price would normally be dependent on the supplier.
Hope this be of initial help/idea. Pls post back how things turned up or should you need additional information. Good luck and kind regards. Thank you for using FixYa.
Posted on Nov 15, 2008
IBM G40 screen will cost you about £100. Ebay is a good place to start searching. Auctions like this:
Posted on Nov 15, 2008
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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|My School Play
I started the equivalent of Year 1 in 1980, times were different then a bear had just gone missing on a remote Scottish Island whilst filming a Kleenex advert, CND were setting up their first camp at Greenham Common and Thatcher had been battling striking steel workers all summer. In a North London Suburb five year old me was putting on my school uniform which consisted of a skirt, tie (which had to be properly tied) a skirt and a blue hand-knitted jumper. I didn't want to go to school, I was happy at home but I knew that there was no choice in the matter, no point in making too much of a fuss.
On my first day I was allocated a desk, I sat there and did my work. Occasionally we sat on the mat and listened to classical music. I clearly remember hearing Peter and the Wolf and talking about what the different bits of music represented in the story. It wasn't too long before I was reading and writing at a good level for my age and I discovered books which would keep me amused during high points and low points in my life.
I can't speak for my mum, but I think her role was to guide and support me. to make sure I was well fed and appropriately dressed and to help me deal with the inevitable crisis that result from fall outs with friends and so forth. It was my parents job to go into the school once a year to watch our Christmas performance and make a costume for that. They were also expected to attend parents evening and if they so wished the annual school fete which was not so much about money raising and more about show-casing different things which the children had learnt at school- gymnastic displays, a dressing up parade and such like.
I know I went to a very good primary school, everyone knew it was good. The teaching team were committed and the children were all given a very good level of education as a certain standard was expected of us. If we failed to reach expectations, extra support was provided by the teachers. No homework was set. There were no league tables, it was clear and obvious which were the good schools and which weren't.
Fast forward to 2013, my own son is in Year 1. He wears a polo shirt and sweatshirt. Each day he is given homework to complete, which at six is a battle. I am expected to attend the school once a week to read a book with him in the classroom, an experience which I dread because I have to balance the other children and I cant hear a word I'm saying. This has got so bad that he has no requested I don't attend this. Once a term we are expected to attend an assembly where the class show off their work. When I say 'expected' these things are not compulsory, its just that everyone else does them and of course your child feels neglected if you don't do them.
I suspect its all for the benefit of Ofsted; parental involvement and all a good thing. Of course the majority of Government ministers probably send their kids to public school; but the plebs should be involved on a daily basis in their children's education. The rich can send the nanny. I presume that because a different standard of education in a public school parental involvement is not such a high priority.
On what I would consider a regular basis I am expected to provide some sort of costume for the children for some fund-raising day or the other. I recall my primary school having complete sets of dressing up for different occasions. I am also asked to provide items for the school fete, help run a stall and (given I have more than one child at the school) buy more raffle tickets that someone gets on income support a week. I spend our holiday time and weekends educating the children in the basics of literacy and maths alongside the other topics which I think will make them well rounded individuals.
I think its fair to say that my experience of the UK state education in 2013 has effectively ruined my life. I am not a social person, I cant think of anything worse that being involved in all these things. The stress and aggravation I feel at having to step into the school and read to them or sit at watch a load of kids whilst juggling another couple of kids gives me endless sleepless nights. Continually trying to find money we don't have and provide/ remember costumes etc is also a worry I could do without on a regular basis. There is also the parental guilt of simply no enjoying or wanting any of the fuss.
In 2013 we have computers, we have the Internet, life is not so hard. I thought I would enjoy my children's primary school years, that we could share interests and read books with them without there being a constant struggle and battle of having to enforce homework and make sure they were organised for whatever special 'week' it is. I'm really starting to think that education has gone backwards.
What was wrong with sitting at a desk in school learning your spelling and handwriting? What was wrong with learning your maths by rote? What was wrong with a bit of discipline? What was wrong with expecting the school to educate your child and for your input into the daily business of learning the basics and being physically present in the school to be minimal? How can this all be considered an improvement? Why is all this parental involvement in the school considered appropriate? I for one am not even all that happy about my children having dealings with other parents at this age who I dont know well and who have not been given what I consider appropriate training. I find it very un-nerving when adults who I dont know come up to them with familiarity when we are out and about. Where did it all go so wrong?


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RED Valentino Floral Print Silk Dress
CINQ À SEPT Geneva Print Silk Dress
A bow-tied belt draws in the waistband of a lustrous, medallion-print silk dress styled with a strappy bodice and a playfully flared skirt that swishes pleasantly with every step down the sidewalk. Color(s): ivory multi. Brand: CINQ A SEPT. Style Name:Cinq À Sept Geneva Print Silk Dress. Style Number: 5366999. ... Learn More
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Alluring details, including a plunging neckline and peekaboo hemline, add glamorous edge to this lace midi sheath. Color(s): fuchsia/ green floral. Brand: DRESS THE POPULATION. Style Name:Dress The Population Aurora Floral Crochet Midi Dress (Nordstrom Exclusive). Style Number: 5348735. Available in stores. Learn More
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A new take on Self-Portrait's signature lace dress, this party-ready frock is sewn from intricate floral embroidered cutwork interspersed with stripes of sheer lace for playful flashes of skin. The fitted, bustier-inspired bodice flares out below the waist to create a flattering silhouette.Pre-order this style from the Fall 2017 collection! ... Learn More
SELF-PORTRAIT Floral Grid Cold Shoulder Dress
Shoulder-baring cutouts add to the alluring femininity of a slim-fitting dress made from guipure grid lace. A V-neck lining leaves the sleeves and hem sheer, giving the geometric openwork and three-dimensional floral details even more depth. Color(s): multi. Brand: SELF-PORTRAIT. Style Name:Self-Portrait Floral Grid Cold Shoulder Dress. Style Number: 5391075. ... Learn More


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Appendix to the House and Senate Journals of the ... Session of the ... General Assembly of the State of Missouri, Volume 25
1869 - Missouri
Consists of reports of state officers and departments issued as appendices to the House journals and the Senate journals from 1840 to 1867.
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40 cents Steam Amount April Assembly Assessor Asylum Bonds Broommaker building Caldwell Cape Girardeau cash cents Steam power Chariton Charles Circuit Clerk Clerk St common schools Congenital CONTINGENT EXPENSES county superintendent Date days convict labor Dennis Mooney districts drawn duties el al Express Company feet George George W Governor Grand larceny hundred improvement inch inclusive insane institution interest iooo iooo iron Jackson James John John Ballinger Johnson Joseph Railroad Judge July June Kielman Lackey lands looo Louis Louis St Macon March March 17 Miller Missouri Missouri State Penitentiary months normal schools organized Pacific Railroad patients prison Public Printer public schools pupils RECEIPTS Recorder revenue school fund school houses school law seminary Sept Sheriff Smith Steam power account subdistricts suit clothing teachers Thomas Thompson tion Total township Treasurer U. S. Express United States Express William
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Page 56 - A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, the Legislature shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement.
Page 25 - That sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six in every township of public lands in said State, and where either of said sections, or any part thereof, has been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to said State for the use of schools.
Page 29 - State ; and the General Assembly shall take measures to preserve from waste or damage such lands as have been, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States for the use of schools within each township in this State, and shall apply the funds which may arise from such lands in strict conformity to the object of the grant ; one school or more shall be established in each township, as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis.
Page 8 - First. That section numbered sixteen in every township, and when such section has been sold, or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to the state for the use, of the inhabitants of such township, for the use of schools.
Page 28 - Schools and the means, of education shall forever be encouraged in this State; and the general assembly shall take measures to preserve from waste or damage such lands as have been, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States for the use of schools within each township in this State, and shall apply the funds which may arise from such lands in strict conformity to the Object of the grant...
Page 111 - That very law* which moulds a tear, And bids it trickle from its source, That law preserves the earth a sphere, And guides the planets in their course.
Page 228 - Resolved, that in the opinion of this conference it is the duty of all institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb to provide adequate means for imparting instruction in articulation and lip-reading to such of their pupils as may be able to engage with profit in exercises of this nature.
Page 2 - ... a tabular statement showing separately the whole amount of each appropriation of money made by law, the amount paid under the same, and the balance unexpended; a tabular statement showing the amount of revenue chargeable to each county for the two preceding fiscal years; the aggregate amount of each...
Page 2 - Such plans as he may deem expedient for the support of public credit, for lessening the public expenses, for...
Page 103 - GENERAL : In compliance with your request, I have the honor to submit the...