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Psilocybin (pronounced:ˌsaɪlɵˈsaɪbɪn Sil-lə-SYE-bin) (also known as psilocybine) is a hallucinogenic (entheogenic, psychedelic) indole of the tryptamine family. It is produced by hundreds of species of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe semilanceata, and has also been reportedly isolated from about a dozen other genera. Collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms, these are commonly called "boomers," "sacred mushrooms," "magic mushrooms," or more simply "shrooms." Possession, and in some cases usage, of psilocybin or psilocin has been outlawed in most countries across the globe.[1] Proponents of its usage consider it to be an entheogen and a tool to supplement various types of practices for transcendence, including in meditation, psychonautics, and psychedelic psychotherapy. The intensity and duration of entheogenic effects of psilocybin mushrooms are highly variable, depending on species or cultivar of mushrooms, dosage, individual physiology, and set and setting.
Once ingested, psilocybin is rapidly metabolised to psilocin, which then acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A serotonin receptors in the brain. The mind-altering effects of psilocybin typically last anywhere from three to eight hours; however, to individuals under the influence of psilocybin, the effects may seem to last much longer, since the drug can distort the perception of time.
The American ethnologist R. Gordon Wasson and his wife discovered that the ancient religious practices of the Indians in a remote village of Mexico included ingestion of mushrooms. In 1957, they published a Life magazine article (Seeking the Magic Mushroom), where they described the occurrence of hallucinatory experiences during these rituals. They were accompanied on a later expedition by the French mycologist Roger Heim, director of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, when it was possible to identify several of the fungi as Psilocybe species.[2] Heim was able to successfully cultivate the mushroom in France, and sent samples to the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann for analysis. Hofmann, who had previously discovered and experimented with LSD, was the first to recognize the importance and chemical structure of the pure compounds he called psilocybin and psilocin. Leading a research group that was able to isolate and identify the compounds from Psilocybe mexicana,[3] Hofmann was aided in the discovery process by his willingness to ingest mushroom extracts.[4] He and his colleagues later synthesized a number of compounds chemically related to the naturally occurring psilocybin:
These were essentially the same molecules except that: (1) the phosphoryl or hydroxy group at the top of the indole ring was moved around to other ring positions, and (2) different numbers of methyl groups (CH3) and other carbon chains were added to the side chains and to the nitrogen on the indole ring to see how these changes would affect psychoactivity.[5]Two diethyl (two ethyl groups in place of the two methyl groups) analogs of psilocybin and psilocin were synthesized by Hofmann, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, called CY-19, and 4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, called CZ-74. Because their effects last only about three and a half hours (compared to roughly double that with psilocybin), they proved more manageable in European clinics using "psycholytic therapy"—psychotherapy in conjunction with the controlled use of psychedelics.[5]
In the early 1960s, Harvard University became the testing ground of psilocybin, through the efforts of Timothy Leary and his associate Richard Alpert (now known as Ram Dass). Leary was able to obtain synthesized psilocybin from Hofmann through Hofmann's employer, Sandoz pharmaceutical (now Novartis). Although a number of experiments in the early 1960s demonstrated positive results using psilocybin in clinical psychiatry, the LSD hysteria of the times swept psilocybin along with it into the Schedule I category of illicit drugs in 1970. The 1970s would witness the emergence of psilocybin as the "entheogen of choice".[6] This was due in large part to a wide dissemination of information on the topic, which even included fictional works such as those by Carlos Castaneda, and several books that taught the technique of growing one's own psilocybin mushrooms. One of the most popular of these books was produced under the pseudonyms O.T. Oss and O.N. Oeric by J. Bigwood, D.J. McKenna, K. Harrison McKenna and T.K. McKenna, entitled Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Over 100,000 copies had been sold by 1981:[7]
These authors adapted San Antonio's technique (for producing edible mushrooms by casing mycelial cultures on a rye grain substrate; San Antonio 1971) to the production of Psilocybe [Stropharia] cubensis. The new technique involved the use of ordinary kitchen implements, and for the first time the layperson was able to produce a potent entheogen in his own home, without access to sophisticated technology, equipment or chemical supplies.[8]
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring compound found in varying concentrations in over 200 species of Basidiomycota mushrooms, distributed amongst the following genera: Psilocybe (116 species), Gymnopilus (14), Panaeolu's (13), Copelandia (12), Hypholoma (6), Pluteus (6) Inocybe (6), Conocybe (4), Panaeolina (4), Gerronema (2) and Agrocybe, Galerina and Mycen'a (1 species each).[9] The spores of these mushrooms do not contain psilocybin or psilocin. Mushroom caps tend to contain more of the psychoactive compounds than the stems.[10][11][12] The total potency varies greatly between species and even between specimens of one species in the same batch.[13] Younger, smaller mushrooms have a higher concentration of alkaloids and have a milder taste than larger, mature mushrooms. In general, the psilocybin content of mushrooms is quite variable (approximately 0.5–2% dry weight) and depends on species, growth and drying conditions, and mushroom size.[14] Mature mycelium contains some psilocybin, while young mycelium (recently germinated from spores) does not contain appreciable amounts of alkaloids.[15] Many species of mushrooms containing psilocybin also contain small amounts of the psilocybin analogs baeocystin and norbaeocystin.[16][17][18] Most species of psilocybin-containing mushrooms bruise blue when handled or damaged[19] due to the oxidization of phenolic compounds. This reaction, however, is not a definitive method of identification or determining a mushroom's potency.
Psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a prodrug that is converted into the pharmacologically active compound psilocin in the body by a dephosphorylation reaction.[20] This chemical reaction takes place under strongly acidic conditions, or under physiological conditions in the body, through the action of enzymes called phosphatases. Psilocybin is a tryptamine compound having a chemical structure derived from tryptophan and containing a ring configuration called an indole linked to an ethylamine substituent. It bears a close structural resemblance to the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Psilocybin is a zwitterionic alkaloid that is soluble in water, moderately soluble in methanol and ethanol, and insoluble in most organic solvents. Exposure to light is detrimental to the stability of aqueous solutions of psilocybin, and will cause it to rapidly oxidize—an important consideration when using it as an analytical standard.[21] A method for the large-scale synthesis of psilocybin was reported by a Japanese group in 2003.[22]
Analytical methods
Many analytical techniques have been used to identify and evaluate the quantity of psilocybin in mushroom material. These techniques include thin layer chromatography,[23] gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS),[24] ion mobility spectrometry,[25] capillary zone electrophoresis,[26] ultraviolet spectroscopy,[27] infrared spectroscopy[28], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet,[21] fluorescence,[29] electrochemical,[30] or electrospray mass spectrometric detection methods.[31] The earliest techniques used gas chromatography, however, a problem with this method is that psilocybin dephosphorylates to psilocin prior to analysis, complicating the analysis.[32][33]
Various chromatographic methods have been developed to detect psilocin in body fluids: the rapid emergency drug identification system (REMEDi HS), a drug screening method based on HPLC;[34] HPLC with electrochemical detection;[35][36] GC-MS;[34][37] and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.[38] Although the determination of psilocin levels in urine can be performed without sample clean-up, the analysis in plasma or serum requires a preliminary extraction, followed by derivatization of the extracts in the case of GC-MS. A specific immunoassay has also been developed to detect psilocin in whole blood samples.[39]
Psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated in the body to psilocin which then acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor in the brain where it mimics the effects of serotonin (5-HT). Psilocin is an 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C agonist.[40] The psychotomimetic effects of psilocin can be blocked in a dose-dependent fashion by the 5-HT2A antagonists ketanserin and risperidone.[41] Psilocybin and psilocybin analogues have been used to help model the structure of the 5-HT2C G-protein coupled receptor.[42]
Psilocybin has no recognized medical uses. However, it has been investigated as an experimental treatment for several disorders.
In 1961, Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert ran the Harvard Psilocybin Project, carrying out a number of experiments concerning the use of psilocybin in the treatment of personality disorders and other uses in psychological counseling.[43]
A pilot study led by Francisco Moreno at the University of Arizona and supported by Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies studied the effects of psilocybin on nine patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).[44] The study found that psilocybin could be safely given to patients with OCD, and it was associated with substantial reductions in OCD symptoms in several of the patients.[45]
Two current studies are investigating the possibility that psilocybin can ease the psychological suffering associated with cancer. One study, led by Charles Grob, involves 12 subjects with terminal cancer being administered the hallucinogen or a placebo in two separate sessions.[46] A second study, led by Roland Griffiths at Johns Hopkins, will administer psilocybin on two occasions to people "with a current or past diagnosis of cancer who have some anxiety or are feeling down about their cancer".[47] In 2008, the Johns Hopkins research team published guidelines for responsibly conducting medical research trials with psilocybin and other hallucinogens in humans.[48]
Additionally, psilocybin has shown promise to ease the pain caused by cluster headaches, often considered not only the most painful of all types of headaches,[49] but "one of the worst pain syndromes known to mankind."[50] In a 2006 study, 22 of 26 cluster headache patients reported successfully using psilocybin to abort the attacks, and 18 of 19 psilocybin users reported longer attack-free periods.[51]
The toxicity of psilocybin is low; in rats, the oral LD50 is 280 mg/kg, approximately one and a half times that of caffeine. When administered intravenously in rabbits, psilocybin's LD50 is approximately 12.5 mg/kg[52] (however rabbits are extremely intolerant to the effects of most psychoactive drugs). The lethal dose from psilocybin toxicity alone is unknown at recreational or medicinal levels, and has never been documented; a 2008 case report noted "Death from psilocybin intake alone is unknown at recreational or medicinal levels."[53] Psilocybin makes up roughly 1% of the weight of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, and so nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60 kg person to reach the 280 mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.
People taking lithium should exercise caution with psilocybin as the combination has led to seizures in several anecdotal reports.[54]
Psilocybin is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and stomach. Effects begin 10–40 minutes after ingestion of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and last from 2–6 hours depending on dose, species, and individual metabolism. A typical recreational dosage is from 10–50 mg psilocybin. However, a very small number of people are unusually sensitive to psilocybin's effects, where a normal threshold dose of around 2 mg of psilocybin can result in effects usually associated with medium and high doses. Likewise, there are some people who require relatively high doses of psilocybin to gain low-dose effects. Individual brain chemistry and metabolism play a large role in determining a person's response to psilocybin.[55]
Psilocybin is metabolized mostly in the liver where it becomes psilocin. It is broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. MAO inhibitors have been known to sustain the effects of psilocybin for longer periods of time; people who are taking an MAOI for a medical condition may experience highly potentiated effects.
Mental and physical tolerance to psilocybin builds and dissipates quickly. Taking psilocybin more than three or four times in a week (especially on consecutive days) can result in diminished effects. Tolerance dissipates after a few days, so frequent users often keep doses spaced five to seven days apart to avoid the effect.
Research reported in 2008 concluded that, based on US data from the period 2000–2, adolescent-onset (defined here as ages 11–17) usage of hallucinogenic drugs (including psilocybin) did not increase the risk of drug dependence in adulthood; this was in contrast to adolescent usage of cannabis, cocaine, inhalants, anxiolytic medicines, and stimulants, all of which are associated with "an excess risk of developing clinical features associated with drug dependence".[56]
The effects of psilocybin are highly variable and dependent on the current mood and overall sense of well-being by the individual. Initially the subject may begin to feel somewhat disoriented, lethargic, and euphoric or sometimes depressed. At low doses, hallucinatory effects may occur, including enhancement of colors and the animation of geometric shapes. Closed-eye hallucination may occur, where the affected individual may see multi-colored geometric shapes and vivid imaginative sequences. At higher doses, hallucinatory effects increase and experiences tend to be less social and more introspective or entheogenic. Open-eye visuals are more common, and may be very detailed although rarely confused with reality.[57] Based on a study of 27 hospital admissions of patients (ages ranging from 12 to 24 years) who consumed Psilocybe semilanceata, a 1980 clinical report summarized the distribution of clinical symptoms of psilocybin overdose as follows: perceptual disorder (23 patients), mydriasis (pupil dilation) (20), dysphoria (an unpleasant mood) (13), hyperreflexia (twitching) (12), tachycardia (increased heart rate) (10), drowsiness (7), and euphoria (elation) (5).[58] These clinical responses are similar to results obtained in several earlier studies where pure psilocybin was administered to human volunteers.[59][60][61][62][63]
Perceptual distortions
Distortions in the experience of time in psilocybin-induced states have been subjectively reported,[64] and objectively measured.[65] In these studies, psilocybin significantly decreased subjects' reproduction of time intervals longer than 2.5 seconds, impaired their ability to synchronize to inter-beat intervals longer than 2 seconds, and reduced their preferred tapping rate. Recent studies into the effects of psilocybin on time interval reproduction may shed light on qualitative alterations of time experience in experimentally-induced altered states of consciousness, mystical states, or in psychopathology.[66]
Users having a pleasant experience can feel ecstatic, a sense of connection to others, nature, the universe, and other feelings/emotions are often intensified. The vernacular term "bad trip" describes a reaction accompanied by fear of varying degrees, other substantial unpleasant feelings or sometimes dangerous behavior. Bad trip is generally used to describe a reaction which is primarily characterized by fear or other unpleasant emotions, not just transitory experience of such feelings. A variety of reasons may contribute to a psilocybin user experiencing a bad trip, including "tripping" during an emotional or physical low, or in a non-supportive/inadequate/etc. environment; ingesting psilocybin in combination with other drugs or with alcohol can also induce a bad trip.[67] Latent psychological issues may be triggered by the strong emotional components of the experience.[68]
Mystical experiences
Some of these individuals report that they have experienced a 'spiritual' episode. For example, in the Marsh Chapel Experiment, which was run by a graduate student at Harvard Divinity School under the supervision of Timothy Leary, almost all of the graduate degree divinity student volunteers who received psilocybin reported profound religious experiences.
In 2006, a group of researchers from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine led by Roland R Griffiths conducted an experiment assessing the degree of mystical experience and attitudinal effects of the psilocybin experience; this report was published in the journal Psychopharmacology. Thirty-six volunteers without prior experience with hallucinogens were given psilocybin and methylphenidate (Ritalin) in separate sessions, the methylphenidate sessions serving as a control and psychoactive placebo; the tests were double-blind. The degree of mystical experience was measured using a questionnaire on mystical experience developed by Ralph W Hood; 61% of subjects reported a "complete mystical experience" after their psilocybin session, while only 13% reported such an outcome after their experience with methylphenidate. Two months after taking psilocybin, 79% of the participants reported moderately to greatly increased life satisfaction and sense of well-being. About 36% of participants also had a strong to extreme "experience of fear" or dysphoria (i.e., a "bad trip") at some point during the psilocybin session (which was not reported by any subject during the methylphenidate session), with about one-third of these (13% of the total) reporting that this dysphoria dominated the entire session. These negative effects were reported to be easily managed by the researchers and did not have a lasting negative effect on the subject's sense of well-being.[69] Further measures at 14 months after the psilocybin experience confirmed that participants continued to attribute deep personal meaning to the experience.
Further studies by this group have investigated the relationship of psilocybin dose to likelihood of mystical experience in healthy volunteers. A double-blind study showed that psychedelic mushrooms could provide people an experience with substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance. In the study, one third of the subjects reported that ingestion of psychedelic mushrooms was the single most spiritually significant event of their lives, and over two-thirds reported it among their five most meaningful and spiritually significant events. On the other hand, one-third of the subjects reported extreme anxiety.[70][71] Related research being conducted by this group is investigating whether mystical experiences in volunteers given psilocybin can help with anxiety and poor mood due to cancer.[72]
There has been 1 case report of psilocybin and cannabis possibly causing Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder;[73] the recent clinical study showed no such side effects.[70]
Cardiovascular abnormalities
Some reports have described cardiac complications that have occurred after the consumption of psychoactive fungi. A 1998 report described an 18-year old male suffering from arrhythmias and heart attack after eating P. semilanceata.[14] A 2007 report described a male who developed symptoms similar to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, characterized by a sudden temporary weakening of the myocardium (cardiac muscle).[53]
Panic reactions can occur after consumption of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, especially if the ingestion is accidental or otherwise unexpected. For example, reactions such as violence, aggressive reactions, homicidal and suicidal attempts, [74], prolonged schizophrenia-like psychosis[75][41] and convulsions[76] have been reported in the literature. The similarity of psilocybin-induced symptoms to those of schizophrenia has led to the drug being used in both behavioral and neuroimaging studies of this psychotic disorder. In both cases, psychotic symptoms are thought to arise from a "deficient gating of sensory and cognitive information" in the brain that ultimately lead to "cognitive fragmentation and psychosis".[77]
Social and legal aspects
In the United States, psilocybin (and psilocin) were first subjected to federal regulation by a law that is commonly referred to as "the Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965". This law, a product of a bill sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, was passed in July of 1965 and took effect on February 1, 1966. The law was an amendment to the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and was intended to regulate the unlicensed "possession, manufacture, or sale of depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic drugs".[78] The statutes themselves, however, did not list the "hallucinogenic drugs" that were being regulated.[78] Instead the term "hallucinogenic drugs" was meant to refer to those substances that supposedly have a "hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system".[78]
Despite the seemingly strict provisions of the law, many people were exempt from prosecution. Specifically the statutes "permit[ted]… people to possess such drugs so long as they were for the personal use of the possessor, a member of his household, or for administration to an animal".[78] The federal law that specifically banned psilocybin and psilocin was enacted on October 24, 1968. The latter substances were said to have "a high potential for abuse", "no currently accepted medical use" and "a lack of accepted safety".[79] On October 27, 1970, both psilocybin and psilocin became classified as Schedule I and were simultaneously labeled "hallucinogens" under a section of the "Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act" known as the "Controlled Substances Act".[80] Schedule I drugs are illicit drugs that are claimed to have no known therapeutic benefit. Parties to the treaty are required to restrict use of the drug to medical and scientific research under strictly controlled conditions. Most national drug laws have been amended to reflect this convention (for example, the US Psychotropic Substances Act, the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act), with possession and use of psilocybin and psilocin being prohibited under almost all circumstances, and often carrying severe legal penalties.
Possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including the bluing species of Psilocybe, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores of these mushrooms, as well as a strong element of selective enforcement in some places. Additionally, there has been a general shift in attitudes regarding research with psilocybin and other hallucingenic agents; after a long moratorium on the use of these drugs, many countries are revising their positions and have started to approve studies to test the physiological and therapeutic effects of hallucinogens.[81] For more details on the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and Psilocybe spores, see: Psilocybe: Social and legal aspects.
See also
- ↑ "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). Vienna, Austria: International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- ↑ Heim R. (1957). "Notes preliminaires sur lee Agaric hallucinogenes du Mexique [Preliminary notes on the hallucination-producing Agarics of Mexico]" (in French). Revue de Mycologie 22 (1): 58–79.
- ↑ Hofmann A, Heim R, Barck A, Kobel H, Frey A, Ott H, Petrzilka T, Troxler F. (1959). "Psilocybin and psilocin". Helvetica Chimica Acta 42: 1557–72.
- ↑ Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S. (2008). "Albert Hofmann, the father of LSD (1906–2008)". Neuropsychobiology 58 (1): 53–54.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Stafford, p. 237.
- ↑ Ott, p. 276.
- ↑ Oeric OT, Os ON. (1991). Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. 2nd ed. Quick American Archives. ISBN 978-0932551061.
- ↑ Ott, p. 290.
- ↑ Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J. (1998). "A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion". Ann. Mus. Civ. Rovereto Sez. 14: 189–280. http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf.
- ↑ Wurst MM, Semerdzieva M, Vokoun J. (1984). "Analysis of psychotropic compounds in fungi of the genus Psilocybe by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography". Journal of chromatography 286: 229–35.
- ↑ Kysilka R, Wurst M. (1989). "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of some psychotropic indole derivatives". Journal of Chromatography 464 (2): 434–37.
- ↑ Keller T, Schneider A, Regenscheit P, Dirnhofer R, Rücker T, Jaspers J, Kisser W. (1999). "Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe subcubensis Guzmán by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Forensic Science International 99 (2): 93–105. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073898001686.
- ↑ Bigwood J, Beug MW. (1982). "Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5 (3): 287–91.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Borowiak KS, Ciechanowski K, Waloszczyk P. (1998). "Psilocybin mushroom (Psilocybe semilanceata) intoxication with myocardial infarction". Journal of Toxicology – Clinical Toxicology 36 (1–2): 47–49.
- ↑ Gross ST. (2000). "Detecting psychoactive drugs in the developmental stages of mushrooms". Journal of Forensic Sciences 45 (3): 527–37.
- ↑ Gartz J. (1987). "Occurrence of psilocybin and baeocystin in fruit bodies of Pluteus salicinus". Planta Medica 53 (3): 290–91.
- ↑ Stijve T, Kuyper TW. (1985). "Occurrence of psilocybin in various higher fungi from several European countries". Planta Medica 51 (5): 385–87.
- ↑ Repke DB, Leslie DT, Guzmán G. (1977). "Baeocystin in Psilocybe, Conocybe and Panaeolus". Lloydia 40 (6): 566–78.
- ↑ Singer R, Smith AH. (1958). "Mycological investigations on Teonanácatl, the mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part II. A taxonomic monograph of Psilocybe, section Caerulescentes" (1st page preview). Mycologia 50 (2): 262–303. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3756197. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ↑ Horita A, Weber LJ. (1961). "Dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology 106 (1): 32–33.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Anastos N, Barnett NW, Pfeffer FM. (2006). "Investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous standard solutions of psilocin and psilocybin using high performance liquid chromatography". Science & Justice 46: 91–96.
- ↑ Shirota O, Hakamata W, Goda Y. (2003). "Concise large-scale synthesis of psilocin and psilocybin, principal hallucinogenic constituents of "magic mushroom"". Journal of Natural Products 66 (6): 885–87.
- ↑ Beug MW, Bigwood J. (1981). "Quantitative analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe baeocystis by high performance liquid chromatography and by thin layer chromatography". Journal of chromatography 207: 379–85.
- ↑ Sarwar M, McDonald J. (2003). "A rapid extraction and GC/MS methodology for the identification of psilocin in mushroom/chocolate concoctions". Microgram Journal 1: 177–83.
- ↑ Keller T, Schneider A, Regenscheit P, Dirnhofer R, Rucker T, Jaspers J, Kisser W. (1999). "Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe subcubensis GUZMAN by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Forensis Science International 99.
- ↑ Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Sannes E, Rasmussen K, Tonneson F. (1997). "Determination of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata by capillary zone electrophoresis". Journal of Chromatography 694: 375–81.
- ↑ Lee RE. (1985). "A technique for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin containing mushrooms". Journal of Forensic Science 30: 931–41.
- ↑ Wurst M, Kysilka R, Koza T. (1992). "Analysis and isolation of indole alkaloids of fungi by high-performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Chromatography 593: 201–208.
- ↑ Saito K, Toyo'oka T, Fukushima T, Kato M, Shirota O, Goda Y. (2004). "Determination of psilocin in magic mushrooms and rat plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorimetry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry". Analytica Chimica Acta 527: 149–56.
- ↑ Lindenblatt H, Kramer E, Holzmann-Erens, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Kovar K. (1998). "Quantitation of psilocin in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection: comparison of liquid-liquid extraction with automated on-line solid-phase extraction". Journal of Chromatography 709: 255–63.
- ↑ Rodriguez-Cruz S. (2005). "Analysis and characterization of psilocybin and psilocin using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) with collision-induced-dissociation (CID) and source-induced dissociation (SID)". Microgram Journal 3: 175–82.
- ↑ Repke D, Leslie D, Mandell D, Kish N. (1977). "GLC-mass spectral analysis of psilocin and psilocybin". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 66: 743–44.
- ↑ Christiansen AL, Rasmussen KE, Tonnesen F. (1981). "Determination of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata using high performance liquid chromatography on a silica column". Journal of Chromatography 214: 163–67.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Sticht G, Käferstein H. (2000). "Detection of psilocin in body fluids". Forensic Science International 113 (1-3): 403–7. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073800002139. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ↑ Kysilka R. (1990). "Determination of psilocin in rat urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection". Journal of Chromatography 534: 287–90.
- ↑ Lindenblatt H, Krämer E, Holzmann-Erens P, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Kovar KA. (1998). "Quantitation of psilocin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection: comparison of liquid-liquid extraction with automated on-line solid-phase extraction". Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Sciences and Applications 709 (2): 255–63.
- ↑ Grieshaber AF, Moore KA, Levine B. (2001). "The detection of psilocin in human urine". Journal of Forensic Sciences 46 (3): 627–30.
- ↑ Kamata T, Nishikawa M, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H. (2003). "Optimized glucuronide hydrolysis for the detection of psilocin in human urine samples". The Journal of Chromatography B - Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 792: 421–27.
- ↑ Albers C, Köhler H, Lehr M, Brinkmann B, Beike J. (2004). "Development of a psilocin immunoassay for serum and blood samples". International Journal of Legal Medicine 118 (6): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-004-0469-9. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
- ↑ Passie T, Seifert J, Schneider U, Emrich HM. (2002). "The pharmacology of psilocybin.". Addiction Biology 7 (4): 357–64.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Vollenweider FX, Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen MF, Babler A, Vogel H, Hell D. (1998). "Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action". NeuroReport 9 (17): 3897–902.
- ↑ Bray JK, Goddard III WA. (2008). "The structure of human serotonin 2c G-protein coupled receptor bound to agonists and antagonists". Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 27: 66–81.
- ↑ Wark C, Galliher JF. (Sept 2009). "Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) and the changing definition of psilocybin". The International Journal on Drug Policy: Epub ahead of print.
- ↑ Moreno FA, Delgado P, Gelenberg AJ. "Effects of Psilocybin in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). http://www.maps.org/research/psilo/azproto.html. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ↑ Moreno FA, Wiegand CB, Taitano EK, Delgado PL. (2006). "Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of psilocybin in 9 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67 (11): 1735–40.
- ↑ "Psychopharmacology of Psilocybin in Cancer Patients - ClinicalTrials.gov". U.S. National Institutes of Health. 2009. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00465595. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ↑ [http://www.bpru.org/cancer/ "Seeking Volunteers with a Cancer Diagnosis to participate in a scientific study of self-exploration and personal meaning"]. Recruitment notice for psilocybin clinical trial. John Hopkins School of Medicine. http://www.bpru.org/cancer/. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ↑ Johnson MW, Richards WA, Griffiths RR. (2008). "Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety" (PDF). Journal of Psychopharmacology 22 (6): 603–20. http://csp.org/psilocybin/HopkinsHallucinogenSafety2008.pdf.
- ↑ Dodick DW, Rozen TD, Gaodsby PJ, Silberstein SD. (2000). "Cluster headache". Cephalgia 20: 787–803.
- ↑ Husid MS. (2007). "Cluster headache: A case-based review of diagnostic and treatment approaches". Current Pain and Headache Reports 10 (2): 117–25.
- ↑ Sewell RA, Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr. (2006). "Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD". Neurology 66 (12): 1920–22.
- ↑ NLM (click on "toxicity" on the left side)
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Nef HM, Möllmann H, Hilpert P, Krause N, Troidl C, Weber M, Rolf A, Dill T, Hamm C, Elsässer A. (2008). "Apical regional wall motion abnormalities reminiscent to Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy following consumption of psychoactive fungi". International Journal of Cardiology 134 (1): e39–e41.
- ↑ Jerome I. "Warning/Caution". Entheogenic Treatments of Cluster Headaches. Clusterbusters Inc. http://www.clusterbusters.com/warning.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ↑ Stamets P. (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp. 36–41. ISBN 0-89815-839-7. http://books.google.ca/books?id=10HiGVo94FUC&lpg=PP1&ots=wZXlFyNkot&dq=stamets%20psilocybin&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- ↑ Chen C-Y, Storr CL, Anthony JC. (2008). "Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems". Addictive behaviors 34 (3): 319–322.
- ↑ Hasler F , Grimberg U, Benz MA, Huber T, Vollenweider FX. (2004). "Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-effect study". Psychopharmacology 172 (2): 145–56.
- ↑ Peden NR, Macaulay KEC, Bissett AF, Crooks J, Pelosi AJ. (1981). "Clinical toxicology of "magic mushroom" ingestion". Postgraduate Medical Journal 57 (671): 543–45.
- ↑ Isbell H. (1959). "Comparison of the reactions induced by psilocybin and LSD-25 in man". Psychopharmacologia 1: 29–38.
- ↑ Malitz S, Esecover H, Wilkens B, Hoch PH. (1960). "Some observations on psilocybin, a new hallucinogen, in volunteer subjects". Comprehensive psychiatry 1: 8–17.
- ↑ Hollister LE, Prusmack JJ, Paulsen A, Rosenquist N. (1960). "Comparison of three psychotropic drugs (psilocybin, JB-329, and IT-290) in volunteer subjects". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 131: 428–34.
- ↑ Rinkel M, Atwell CR, Dimascio A, Brown J. (1960). "Experimental psychiatry. V. Psilocybine, a new psychotogenic drug". New England Journal of Medicine 11 (262): 295–97.
- ↑ Parashos AJ. (1976). "The psilocybin-induced "state of drunkenness" in normal volunteers and schizophrenics". Behavioral Neuropsychiatry 8 (1–12): 83–86.
- ↑ Fischer R, England SM, Archer RC, Dean RK. (1966). "Psilocybin reactivity and time contraction as measured by psychomotor performance". Arzneimittelforschung 16 (2): 180–85.
- ↑ Wittmann M, Carter O, Hasler F, Cahn BR, Grimberg U, Spring P, Hell D, Flohr H, Vollenweider FX. (2007). "Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans". Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford) 21 (1): 50–64.
- ↑ Wackermann J, Wittmann M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX. (2008). "Effects of varied doses of psilocybin on time interval reproduction in human subjects". Neuroscience Letters 435 (1): 51–55. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3940(08)00179-1.
- ↑ Attema-de Jonge ME, Portier CB, Franssen EJF. (2007). "Automutilation after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms" (in Dutch). Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 151 (52): 2869–872.
- ↑ Giannini AJ (1997). Drugs of Abuse—Second Edition. Practice Management Information Corporation. ISBN 978-1570660535.
- ↑ Smith M. "Medical News: Psilocybin Viewed as Therapy or Research Tool". http://www.medpagetoday.com/Psychiatry/GeneralPsychiatry/tb/3721. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 Griffiths R, Richards W, Johnson M, McCann U, Jesse R. (2008). "Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later". Journal of Psychopharmacology 22 (6): 621–32. http://www.csp.org/psilocybin/Hopkins-CSP-Psilocybin2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
- ↑ Weil A (2006–10–16). "Looking for Mushroom Magic?". http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/QAA400055. Retrieved 2009–04–25.
- ↑ Recruitment page for Hopkins cancer study
- ↑ Espiard ML, Lecardeur L, Abadie P, Halbecq I, Dollfus S. (2005). "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder after psilocybin consumption: a case study". European Journal of Psychiatry 20 (5–6): 458–60.
- ↑ Peden NR, Pringle SD, Crooks J. (1982). "The problem of psilocybin mushroom abuse". Human Toxicology 1: 417–24.
- ↑ Hyde C, Glancy P, Omerod P, Hall D, Taylor GS (1978). "Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms: a new fashion and some psychiatric complications". British Journal of Psychiatry 132: 604.
- ↑ Mack RB. (1983). "Phenomenally phunny phungi – psilocybin toxicity". New Castle Medical Journal 44: 639–40.
- ↑ Vollenweider FX, Geyer MA. (2001). "A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses". Brain Research Bulletin 56 (5): 495–507.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Boire, p. 25.
- ↑ Boire, p. 26.
- ↑ "List of psychotropic substances under international control (International Narcotics Control Board)" (PDF). http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf.
- ↑ Frecska E, Luna LE. (2006). "The adverse effects of hallucinogens from intramural perspective". Neuropsychopharmacol Hungerica 8 (4): 189–200.
- Boire RG. (2002). Sacred Mushrooms and the Law. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 978-1579510619.
- Ott J. (1993). Pharmacotheon Entheogenic Drugs Their Plant Sources and Histories. Natural Products Company. ISBN 978-0961423438.
2006 Johns Hopkins experiment
- Schuster C; Kleber H; Snyder S; Nichols D; de Wit H. (2006). Commentaries and Editorial on Article by Griffiths et al. Psychopharmacology (online edition): July 11, 2006. (PDF)
- "Hopkins Scientists Show Hallucinogen in Mushrooms Creates Universal 'Mystical' Experience", Johns Hopkins Medicine news release, July 11, 2006.
- "Q&A is with Roland Griffiths, the study's lead researcher", Johns Hopkins Medicine news release, July 11, 2006.
- "Psilocybin Viewed as Therapy or Research Tool" by Michael Smith, Medpagetoday.com, July 12, 2006.
- "Magic mushrooms really cause 'spiritual' experiences" by Roxanne Khamsi, NewScientist.com news service, July 11, 2006.
- "Drug's Mystical Properties Confirmed" by David Brown, Washington Post, July 11, 2006.
- "Mushroom Drug Produces Mystical Experience", Associated Press, July 11, 2006.
- "Counterculture Drug Provides Spiritual Boost" by Denise Gellene, Los Angeles Times, July 11, 2006.
- "Tripping Out: Scientists Study Mystical Effects of Mushrooms" by Joy Victory, Bharathi Radhakrishnan, and Andrea Carter, ABC News (online), July 11, 2006. ABC News video report of the study.
2008 Follow-up to Johns Hopkins experiment
- "A Very Memorable Trip", by Greg Miller, ScienceNOW Daily News, July 1, 2008
- "Spiritual Effects of Hallucinogens Persist, Johns Hopkins Researchers Report", Johns Hopkins Medicine news release, July 1, 2008.
- "Psilocybin Study Hints at Rebirth of Hallucinogen Research", by Brandon Keim, "Wired," July 1, 2008
External links
- Hopkins/CSP research findings and media reports, 2006 and 2008
- Report by the Dutch Government Stating Psilocybin's Harmlessness
- MAPS Psilocybin research
- Clusterbusters Psilocybin as cluster headache treatment
- Hallucinogenic mushrooms EMCDDA, Lisbon, June 2006
- Hallucinogenic mushrooms: the challenge of responding to naturally occurring substances in an electronic age EMCDDA, Drugs in Focus 15
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Psilocybin. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.


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Post Man (Newspaper) - March 6, 1801, London, Middlesex iBan,3lilti , And tlie Hiftorical Account, c^c. F,'OJiiXt)UriSav.Ma�lch 6,'ia &arilgtia,p March 8, tyor hUdrid, February 14. He Steer Sthanenberg, Envof of the King England and ths States Genera], has delivered a Memorial, defiring that the Letters which were taken from the Ma-si^ ffer of the Horfe of the Earl of Matt' chefter, AmbaiTador of the King of England to theCourt of France, who was lardy drowned on our Frontiers on his rerurn from hence to Paris, be reftored urtt'e him, but he his received no other anfwer, but that the fame were in the Kings hands. The Kings public* Entry into thh City is appointed in April next, and in the mean time his Majefty continues at the Buan tictira. We have advice from Cadi\, that they were to begin to unlade die effects brought on board the Flotilla, as the iyth inftant, and thac the Chamber of Commerce of Sevil, have agreed to prefent the .King with 300000 Pieces of Eight in lieu of the In-^ dulto. They talk of gre.if alterations in this Court, and r'nat orders are iffued out for fortifying Cadiz, Gibraltar, and fome places on the Frontiers of Portugal. IVarftw, February 28. We hear from Lithuania, that the Negotiations for reconciling the Houfe of Sapieha, and the Nobility' of that Country, are like to come to a good ifTue, and that the King hopes to ingage the latter, to aflift him with a good Body of Troops againft the Swedes. In.the mean time moft of the P*kl:'ii*iet of the Republick declare againft that XV?i, uimJ JieDyetof Great Poland has refolved to fend a D-.pacnion to his Majefty, to defire ; r. That a General Oyet may be called againir /faynext.i.Tbat a Pea.-^ be concluded with Sweden. 3. To endeavour ro appaafe the Civil troubles in Lithuania ; and 4thly, that liij Majefty will be pleated to fend out of Poland *11 hh Sn~tm Troops, according to his ibkmn pro-mifes m the General Dyet. The French Envoy, who intended at h'rft to attend the King into Lithuania, tarries here, and daily expe&s to be re. called. Mittau, March 2. An Exprefs from Birz.cn has brought advice, that the King of Poland arrived there the 11ft pail,arid theCzar of Mufmvy the next day with Duke Fer din unci, the Prince of R.ad?Jvil, the Siei:r Cg/n-ski, and fome other Grandees of Lithuania, and riiac leveral Conferences have been held about the VV.;r ajjuinft Sweden, and the adjuring the differences in Lithuania: tiic fame Expre.s bri 11 :;s advice, that the King of Poland, -the Czar and Duk\; Perdinar.d were to fer out few days after for this place. The Swedijh Troops which were marched out of Riga,are returned into that place ; from whence chey writ;, that CJounc Guifeard, AmbaiTador of France, is gone to meet the King of Sweden ac Darpzt, to communicate unto his Majefty fome overtures for entering inco a Treaty. Framkfm, March 9. Letters from Vienna fay, that orders are lent to' the Troops defigned for the Rhine and Italy, to haften their march, and that the Generals we;s on their departure. They confirm, that the King of the Romans designs toferve in perfon upon the Rhine, awd learn the Military Art under Prince Lewis of Baden, for whom he ha? a parriculaj efleem. They wjire from Srvijferland, thur the Grifons take great iaibnge of thcdelitfus ot the Fr:nch, mice the taK ter hare Garnfoned the Fort of htentei on their Frontiers. Some Letters fay, thaf the Emperor arrets to the Neutiaiify, delired by the Circles of Smbin.znd 'francotiia, provided rhey put themfe.'ves in a good pollute of defence, in Cafe Hie Empire firculri be attacked. The French Emoy had deilred thofe Circles to refufe pajfage to the Imperial Troops, but he has received no fatisfailory ar.fwcr Hamlurf, March jj. The differences about tha Sacceffion ofMecklenburg Gujlrau are at la ft adjuftea confirmed from Copenhagen, that the King cf Dtmnarkis fending a Body of luYTroops ro the aflift-. ance of Holland; and they tell us.that the Sieur Schtnet-tau is arrived there from the King of Pruffia , with a Commiffion relating to the prefent junfture of affairs. The King of Denmark has forbidden the Seamen in his Dominions, to enter inro the fervice of any Foreign Prince. The. King of P'ruJJia augments his -Foices with 10 Men in each Company of Foor, and io in each Troop of Horfe and Dragoons. A Body of the Forces of thatPrince are marching towards Clteves. Bruffels, March ii. An Exprefs arrived here on. Sunday laft from Madrid, with feveTal Difpatcltes for the Eleftor of Bavaria, and Don Qtn'm AmbaiTador cf Spa'th at the Hague, and his Ele&orai Higiinsfs has lince fignifiedto the Relldents of the Empeioiand the Ete&or Palatine, that it is his Majefty s p!e�fu*e tbar they fhould depart his Dominions, the Mlnifters �f thofe Princesj having received the like orders at)L Madrid. The French Troops continue to arrive in fhefe Provinces, and their Cofnmiftloneis are buying Horfes.and providing Magazines in leveral places, that we may be in % eondition to begin the Campaign betimes, for our Letters, both from the Hague and Paristell us, that the Conferences between Count d' Avaux and other Minifters, are like to come to nothing, ior they tell us, that die French King and his Carholick -Majefty are re folved to give the States no other fecurity than their word, and the confirmation of the former Treaties between Spain and their Repub-lick, which theDutch do not look upon as a fuffici-ent 8arrier. Me(fieurs de Ceignf and Jfhgnan, Licriire- , nant Generals of the French Troopj, have been two days in this phce, and the latter let out yefterday for Antwerp, and the former is going for G\ld for hiving ceafed to exert itsVertues, has lately recovered irs reputation; the Wife of an Inhabitant of Arnaj, which for three years paft could nor go bur upon Crutches, having on a fudden recovered the ufe of her Limbs by praying im to that Image. As this was performed mthe pretence of many people, the BiOiop of Sair.ur has given under his hand that this is a true Miracle, and has granfed forty days Indulger.�ts to lvch vho ftt.J! v-fit rlic Chijrrti ;
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Narf the Mouse replied to Muzzy A's topic in General and Gameplay Programming[quote name='Muzzy A' timestamp='1351480407' post='4994923'] im using c++ and d3d9. I found out that it was from calling directX functions. so i guess i'm making to many d3d calls in my program. [/quote] Do you send each sprite in their own buffer, or as one buffer for all the sprites?
Narf the Mouse replied to tom_mai78101's topic in For BeginnersWelcome to your first dose of politics. The rest of your life will be spent dealing with people; best you learn how.
Narf the Mouse replied to lride's topic in General and Gameplay Programming[quote name='Brother Bob' timestamp='1351434923' post='4994717'] We don't know what you need to do in your constructor either. But I can tell you one thing: you cannot allocate a new menu unconditionally in each menu, because each menu will contain a menu, which will contain a menu, which will contain a menu, which will contain a menu, which will... ad infinitum. Whatever you do, you must have some logic that controls when the chain breaks; that is, which menus [b]don't[/b] contain a submenu. [/quote] This is a form of endless loop. Any loop that does not have a 100% valid, viable and usable exit condition is [i]very bad.[/i]
Narf the Mouse replied to Aus's topic in For BeginnersI'm going to go against the flow and say Python is a terrible language. It's one of the few languages I've run across which is incomprehensible on the fifth read-through. Java is also a terrible language, old and full of legacy bad language ideas, as well as just plain [i]strange[/i] quirks.. C++ has plenty of old legacy bad language ideas and can be very incomprehensible. However, it's an open standard with decades of history and hundreds of libraries. You may not have a clue what you're doing, but you'll have a lot of options to trip over your own feet with a loaded chainsaw. C# has only some legacy bad language ideas, is easy to read and understand, but has solid and strongly defined limitations. Also, you're stuck with either Micro$oft of Borg or GPL of Borg. C is like C++, only there's no classes and your loaded chainsaw has no safety features. Basic is easy to program in and understand, has a lot of safety features, but has no classes and you're quite limited to the language, unless (for a few) you write your own dlls - Usually in C++. Meanwhile, if we ever get a compiler that can just understand English/your native language and can, in fact, "Just make me *an FPS", you'll spend most of your time giving the compiler directions like "Make the enemies harder, but not too hard" and the compiler will spend most of its time hating you and plotting to take over the world (seriously, all you need to say to kill off Humanity is "Optimize economic production". >>> All programming languages are [u][b][i]terrible[/i][/b][/u] <<< Pick the one that clicks with you, then learn it. * "a" and "an" are properly used based on which flow best, not on "consonant or vowel". Also, double negatives in English add. Double negatives negating is Latin grammar, taught by pretentious English teachers. Also, "a FPS" just sounds terrible.
Narf the Mouse replied to pinebanana's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingI'd also be interested in this.
Narf the Mouse replied to Cromulent's topic in General and Gameplay Programming[quote name='Cromulent' timestamp='1351450201' post='4994799'] [quote name='Narf the Mouse' timestamp='1351449943' post='4994797'] Windows 8 is a sign that Micro$oft is up to their old empire-building tricks again. I've actually considered moving to Linux, and I *Hate* the GPL. (It's not free software. It's masquerading as free software, but it's not - You pay with your entire code base) There's other OS's, but they're not that complete, I've found, and I'm not an OS programmer. OTOH, if someone kickstartered a Modern non-Licenseware OS, it may be the first kickstarter project I put money in. [/quote] Use FreeBSD or OpenBSD if you don't like the GPL. Both are complete and very stable and BSD licensed which allows you to do pretty much anything you want with the code as long as you supply a small bit of license text along with your binaries. [/quote] Thanks.
Narf the Mouse replied to gooncorp's topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingProgress is amazing. Do you sleep? More seriously, the latest videos seem kinda dark and hard to see.
Narf the Mouse replied to Cromulent's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingWindows 8 is a sign that Micro$oft is up to their old empire-building tricks again. I've actually considered moving to Linux, and I *Hate* the GPL. (It's not free software. It's masquerading as free software, but it's not - You pay with your entire code base) There's other OS's, but they're not that complete, I've found, and I'm not an OS programmer. OTOH, if someone kickstartered a Modern non-Licenseware OS, it may be the first kickstarter project I put money in.
Narf the Mouse replied to Alpha_ProgDes's topic in Graphics and GPU Programming[quote name='Mike.Popoloski' timestamp='1351404014' post='4994642'] It's not dying, it's simply stable now. Most bugs have been fixed and we have pretty much complete coverage of the DXSDK up through the last drop. However, none of us have any interest in doing anything metro-related, so we don't feel it worthwhile to add DX 11.1 support, as it's metro-only. If you don't need metro support, the library is as good as it's always been. [/quote] Microsoft either needs to fire or listen to their GUI design guys. And half their lawyers. Edit: Any chance you could replicate the functionality or kickstart a project for that? Is DirectX part of an open standard? How about SlimGL?
Narf the Mouse replied to Muzzy A's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingAre you creating and/or deleting anything each frame? Including by implication? What language? (Sounds like C++, if you're using DirectX directly)
Narf the Mouse replied to Narf the Mouse's topic in Graphics and GPU Programming[quote name='Nik02' timestamp='1351412100' post='4994652'] See the topic "Sampler Type (DirectX HLSL)" in the documentation. Quoting: [i]"The right side of each expression is the value assigned to each state. See the D3D10_SAMPLER_DESC structure for the possible state values for Direct3D 10. There is a 1 to 1 relationship between the state names and the members of the structure."[/i] D3D9 and later differ in the fact that later API versions logically separate samplers and textures (so that you can use one sampler state for many textures or vice versa), whereas in D3D9 instances of a texture and a sampler state are tightly coupled. [/quote] Thank you. I spent most of yesterday trying to compact my terrain vertices down to a single index value, and the only remaining problem seems to have to do with the texture heightmap I'm using to generate data for the pixel shader.
Narf the Mouse replied to Crusable77's topic in For BeginnersTo explain further, anything outside of your class doesn't know the Type enum exists. Your Item class knows it exists, but that knowledge is contained inside the class, since you declared the enum inside the class. So, if you want anything else to use the Type enum, you have to tell them where to look. The :: operator refers to the contents of the Item class itself, not any specific Item instance, so you use it to refer to the Item::Type enum. You'd also use it to refer to static members, the contents of namespaces (since namespaces can't have instances) and probably more, but I'm a C++ newb myself. (Just not a coding newb)
Narf the Mouse replied to Rko No Evil's topic in For Beginners[quote name='Rko No Evil' timestamp='1351433787' post='4994710'] I made my first Hello World! [img]http://public.gamedev.net//public/style_emoticons/default/biggrin.png[/img] It got confusing at one part because at the point where Eclipse is trying to make you put in System.out.println("Hello world!") it didn't tell me to put the ending command " ; " or even where to put it, but I figured it out thanks to Youtube. I wish this program knew i was a extreme newbie at this stuff. So I was able to successfully create my first application.. now what? What's the next step in this learning process? [/quote] Make tetris. Or, if that sounds like too much right now, "Guess my number".
Narf the Mouse posted a topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingDoes Microsoft even document them? Cannot find them. Thanks. Edit: To clarify, what can I put in sampler state filter, addressU/V, etc. - What are the valid values for each sampler state variable, or where can I find them? (Plus an explanation)
Narf the Mouse replied to BentmGamer's topic in General and Gameplay Programming[quote name='joew' timestamp='1351320790' post='4994358'] [quote name='Narf the Mouse' timestamp='1351320533' post='4994357'] ...Y'know, I'd be interested in buying a good book on writing an OS, if anyone wants to write one and put it up on Amazon. [/quote] You mean like Tenenbaum's books [url="http://www.amazon.com/Modern-Operating-Systems-Andrew-Tanenbaum/dp/0136006639"]Modern Operating Systems[/url] and [url="http://www.amazon.com/Operating-Systems-Design-Implementation-Edition/dp/0131429388/ref=pd_sim_b_1"]Operating Systems Design & Implementation[/url]? Or something more like [url="http://www.amazon.com/Design-Operating-System-Prentice-Hall-Software/dp/0132017997/ref=pd_sim_b_2"]Design of the UNIX Operating System[/url]? There are literally tons of them on Amazon! [/quote] [quote name='ATC' timestamp='1351313891' post='4994344'] *Snip* [b]And along the way it also gets very frustrating because there are virtually no resources available online or in book stores to help you.[/b] *Snip* Regards, --ATC-- [/quote] ...Alright, which one of you is right?


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Arcard, or sometimes known as Alucard, is the boss of Chapter 17A: The Path Through The Ocean(Ilia)/Chapter 17B: The Bishop's Teachings(Sacae) in Fire Emblem: Fūin no Tsurugi. He is one of the few Eturian nobles who betrayed their country, turning instead to Bern. He is a cohort of Advisor Roartz who is in charge of Etrurian mining operations on Fibernia's Mt. Eburacum. Based in the Etrurian capitol of the Western Isles, Jutes, his direct subordinates were the Bishop Oro (who supervises the mines) and the Druid Nord (who guarded the valley leading to the mines by way of Castle Armagh). After Roy foils his plans, he escapes with Advisor Roartz to either Ilia or Sacae.
If he flees to Sacae, he is put in charge of Castle Taras by Brenya, which is near the Etrurian/Sacaen border. He is eventually killed in the ensuing battle between Roy's forces and the troops Brenya left him with.


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- Doctors
- British Columbia
- Abbotsford
- Family Doctors
- Dr. Michael Bale, Deceased
You may also like
Dr. Nateeran Moodley
Ratings for Dr. Michael Bale, Deceased
35 years of exemplary care. Had no ego about referring to a specialist on my request. Called to check on me when ill. Not patient with whining. Practical , knowledgeable, caring,. Would willingly answer questions and share his vast knowledge and experience when I worried about a family member. More interested in caring for his patients than billing for every second. Would spend all the time I needed. Abbotsford is fortunate to have human being of this calibre.
I went in to try to get a pelvic exam due to menstrual issues. His immediate reaction was to blame my form of birth control (IUD) without any investigation whatsoever. He gave me outright false information to scare me away from the IUD, saying it can cause infection, infertility, and tubal pregnancies (these things haven't been true of the device since the 1970s). He then sent me away with a starter pack of birth control and made further care, the pelvic exam I had wanted in the first place, contingent upon me starting that birth control so that he could remove my IUD (NOT what I wanted done). He did not listen to my needs and attempted to strong arm me into taking drugs that I didn't want by withholding care. He should not be practicing at all. AVOID him if you are a woman wanting reproductive care.
Dr. Bale has been my physician since he came to Canada. He has great diagnostic skills. He was also trained as a pharmacist before becoming an MD. I could not ask for a better doctor.
Micheal Bale's ego and personal opinions often get in the way of him providing competent medical services. If you are looking for someone to make decisions for you, he will do this. If you are looking for information to assist you as a comsumer of medical services...he is definitly not for you.
Dr.Bale is a wonderful doctor. He takes ample time with patients and is extremely knowledgeable. He is a very intelligent man, and they have strong opinions. All in all, I couldn't recommend a better phsician.
Can't understand some negative comments, Dr. Bale is the greatest. I am more than satisfied with his concerns and remedies. Maybe there should be a rate-the-patient forum. Some people take their anger out on the Doctor as if it was his fault. My vte for Dr. Bale, I am old now thanks to his expertise.....than you.
Keep away from this Dr.unless you like not being listened to and talked down to..Not in the least bit helpful.Might have been a good dr in his day,but just seems to be putting in time now...
Think twice before you go and see him. He does not like to listen to his pts. He is arrogant and practices old school medicine. does not spend more than 5 min with his patients.
Saw Dr. Bale about stomach issues. He implied they were caused by having sex without being married and sent me on my way. After reading other's comments, I suspect Dr. Bale might have issues with "the females". Turns out my stomach issues are caused by food allergies. Sorry Dr. Bale.
My daughter saw this dr when we were in the hospital. He seemed to be very unkowledgeable and unable to answer any of my questions.
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Justin Bieber Fans Camp Out for His Performance on 'TODAY': Celebuzz Live On Scene (PHOTOS)
Celebuzz hit the scene where hundreds of Justin Bieber fans have been camping out for days along West 48th Street, praying to get a front row spot to see him perform on Friday at NBC's TODAY show.
Amina, 16, of Brooklyn, was first in line, having camped out with her best friend since 6AM Tuesday.
"He's an inspiration to us all to live our dreams and 'never say never," she told Celebuzz.
Droves of other fans, who had traveled from as far as Los Angeles, echoed similar sentiments, saying Bieber is different than most other musical artists because he tells them to "Believe" and never give up on their dreams.
What song are most of the Beliebers excited to see the 18-year-old popstar sing?
Among the young fans, they're loving "Boyfriend," which appears on his upcoming album Believe — out June 19 — and can't wait to see his swaggy moves.
"He's a sexy dancer," said Danielle, 16, of Middletown, N.Y., who will see her idol perform live — for the 11th time.
Of course, the "Baby" singer's fans are split about his romance with pop singer Selena Gomez, 19.
"Who wouldn't be jealous of her?! She has Justin Bieber, and she's gorgeous. It's not fair," said Molly, 15, of Vermont.
Further down the block, Jackie, 16 from West Virginia, had a different view of Gomez.
"I've met her before, and she's the sweetest. If she makes Justin happy, then it makes me happy. But, if they break up, I'm available, Justin!" she said.
Tune into NBC on Friday, June 15 to see Bieb perform live at Rockefeller Center in NYC. And watch video of his last TODAY show performance below.
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Getting a little long in the tooth the Whole of Atlantis properties seem a little less upscale than they'd like to be, but kids love it. Plenty of sea life to see up close even if the lagoons and aquariums are less than pristine.
The Beach Towers are staffed by mostly friendly, helpful staff, but the rooms are holiday Inn. "Terrace" view means you'll be on a tiny balcony looking at the rooftop. If you get past that there will be a glimpse of water in the distance.
Overall, it's all too expensive if you're looking with adult traveller eyes. Children's eyes were bright with wonder for 5 days, and that helped the adults overlook alot and chalk it up to a once in a lifetime, "what the heck".
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- With the beauty of the pristine white Paradise Island beach just steps away, the Atlantis, Beach Tower, Autograph Collection delivers a true Caribbean feel in a laid-back environment. Guestrooms at our resort hotel in the Bahamas have one king bed or two queen beds, full balconies with water or terrace views. Beach Tower is perfect for young families and budget conscious travelers, and is closest to the beach, many marine exhibits, the Lazy River, Seagrapes Restaurant, Earth & Fire Pottery Studio, Gamer's Reef arcade, River Pool, Atlantis Theatre and the Conference Center. ... more less
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- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Orbitz, Expedia, BookIt.com, Hotels.com, Travelocity, Cheap Tickets, Cancelon, TripOnline SA, Hotwire and HotelQuickly so you can book your Atlantis, Beach Tower, Autograph Collection reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
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- Atlantis Paradise Island Beach Tower
- Atlantis Paradise Island Hotel
- Atlantis Island Resort
- Atlantis Royal Tower
- Atlantis, Beach Tower, Autograph Collection Bahamas/Paradise Island


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
My parents are 90 years old, in assisted living, and their estate is worth about $4 mil. Their income is currently covering their expenses, and they are not yet touching the principle. As part of the 2013 fiscal cliff, the estate tax will go from $5mil untaxed to $1mil and 55% of everything beyond it going to the Feds. What can I do to protect my inheritance? They have a trust, and I am currently trustee as they have resigned, and I manage their finances. The trust is set up as A & B as after one passes, the other will live off A, and B is put aside. 25% of everything will go to my half sister and 75% will go to me. I will inherit the home and all other personal belongings. What can I do to protect these assets? The home and personal belongings are unaffected, right?
Don't get too nervous yet, the lifetime estate tax exemption will be on the table when Obama and Boehner get together next Friday. I don't expect it to stay at $1M for 2013, but we'll see. There are some complex trusts that can be used to leverage the exemption and the annual gift exclusion will be $14,000 next year. If you are married, your mom and your dad could give you and your wife (if you are married) a total of $56,000 ($14,000 x 4) without having to file a gift tax return.
This information is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal advice. I encourage those with questions to consult an attorney of their choice for guidance.Ask a similar question
With two trusts(A/B) -you have two exemptions.
If the exemption goes to one million-your parents could only leave 2M tax free.
Some clients are making substantial gifts this years while the exemption is 5M to take advantage
of the higher amount before it might drop.
This is a guessing game at this point on what to do.
The answer given does not imply that an attorney-client relationship has been established and your best course of action is to have legal representation in this matter.Ask a similar question
You would have a hard time convincing a judge that you are not self-dealing if you take $2,000,000 in gifts before the end of the year, in my opinion. That could be construed as a heck of a breach of fiduciary duties.
James-when the parents are 90 or older-they might not miss a million or two when they have plenty to spare-you know they are not buying green bananas-LOL
You make a really good point. But if it is the KIDS deciding that and not the parents...it could get dicy. Since the son is handling the estate, it is a really tough call. I have lots of clients in their 90s who are convinced that their kids are trying to take all their money. Something like this might send them over the edge! If the parents are all for it, though, that would be a different matter. If there has been a gifting program in place, etc, that would certainly make a difference, as well. BTw...I rather like greenish bananas! ;-)
I like my bananas in the banana pudding stage.
This really is something your parents should speak with an estate planning attorney and probably CPA as well about. No one knows what Congress will do about the estate tax, but the consensus seems to be that the exemption amount will not be reduced to $1 million. I believe even Obama has said that he supports a $3.5 million exemption. Anyhow, your parents' estate is certainly large enough that it is worth it for them to hire an attorney to help them determine if they should do anything at this point.
This response is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. No attorney-client relationship is created as a result of this response.Ask a similar question
Wait a month. You could do a lot of damage for no reason at all.
When President Obama took office, he was on record as supporting an estate tax exemption of $5,000,000, indexed for inflation. My guess is he will advocate for leaving the exemption right where it is. There will be movement on this in the next month, for sure. It makes little sense to jump tall buildings and generate huge transactions (and resulting costs), when you do not know if it will be needed.
James Frederick
*** LEGAL DISCLAIMER I am licensed to practice law in the State of Michigan and have offices in Wayne and Ingham Counties. My practice is focused in the areas of estate planning and probate administration. I am ethically required to state that the above answer does not create an attorney/client relationship. These responses should be considered general legal education and are intended to provide general information about the question asked. Frequently, the question does not include important facts that, if known, could significantly change the answer. Information provided on this site should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed attorney that practices in your state. The law changes frequently and varies from state to state. If I refer to your state's laws, you should not rely on what I say; I just did a quick Internet search and found something that looked relevant that I hoped you would find helpful. You should verify and confirm any information provided with an attorney licensed in your state.Ask a similar question
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Today at Housewares Deals you can buy this Vasconia 4 Cup Granite Molcajete Only $17, a $40 value, now only $17
This Vasconia 4 Cup Granite Molcajete is the perfect tool for a traditional kitchen. Made of heavy-duty granite, this must-have tool features a smooth surface for grinding your favorite herbs and grains. It's also ideal for preparing spicy homemade salsa. Molcajete has an 8 inch outer diameter (6-3/4 inch inner diameter) and a 4 cup capacity. Hand-wash with warm water and a mild detergent; rinse and dry immediately.
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Download Lektz eBook Reader apk 4.8.8 free for Android smartphone
Posted by AEL Data Services LLP in Books & Reference | July 22, 2016 | 16 Comments
Apk file size: 8.5 MB
Lektz is an easy to use ebook reader application that ensures a pleasant reading experience. The reader interface has a fresh feel and smooth transitions that make you read book after book on it. Lektz Reader supports EPUB2, EPUB3 and PDF format ebooks on Android Smartphones and tablets.
- Read books stored on your SD Card as well as those purchased from Lektz Publisher Stores.
- A detailed list view of the books with ease sorting options (Author, Title and Recently Read).
- Dynamic page orientation to landscape or portrait.
- Right-To-Left page orientation for reading RTL language eBooks.
- Change the font size.
- Change the brightness and themes to suit your reading.
- Add Notes to a page and Bookmark them as well.
- Like what you're reading on Lektz? Share it with the world using the social sharing options (Facebook).
- Navigate to a page from anywhere in the book with TOC and Go To options.
- Delete any books in the list as per your preference.
- Online help content.
- Auto Sync of bookmarks and notes(on/off).
- Total book page number
- Slider navigation for entire book
- First and Last page indication
- Fade effect while reading
- Sync time stamp on the Library
- Mathjax support (Fixed Layout)
- Added sample book
- EPUB 3 Fixed Layout reader support (landscape mode)
- EPUB 3 Media-overlay support for Reflow and Fixed layout books
- Highlight selected text
- Custom font support
- Add a Note for selected text
- Search selected text
- Share selected text via Facebook and Twitter
- Full book search
Lektz Sync Annotation is disabled, will be available in the upcoming version.
More features are in the pipeline from Team Lektz. Do connect with us on the Lektz Forum at WWW.lektz.com or talk to us at [email protected]
Whats new
New feature - Zooming image in reader page
AEL Data Services LLP part of our Books & Reference and have average installs from 10000 to 50000. Last Update July 22, 2016. Google play rating is 67.8378. Current verison is 4.8.8. Actual size 8.5 MB.
Similar applications
16 Comments
Sankar Essakimani
Best Reader Its very nice app to read ebooks with many special features
haj kvaliti
Slow It has bad PDF support.The epub has only night and Sophia theme background
Sankarappan Aravind
Good One Had downloaded this app sometime back (way back in May 2013). Though the app claimed to support various formats of ebooks including some features of ePub3, I didnt prefer to use this reader cos of navigation issues within the book. Today morning while browsing the play store, happened to see an update released by Lektz and installed it without any high hopes (just to while away the time till my son wakes up :-) ). But to my surprise the performance of the app has improved drastically and gives a good reading experience. Able to navigate through the book without any issues. Even chapter to chapter navigation was in a flash (Checked with a moderate sized ebook. Of course will check with a very larger file ;-) ). Though there are some very minor issues that I had identified, its true that the reader gives a good reading experience to users.
Moni Sha
Best UI I love its UI very user friendly!!!! Excellent audio and video support!!!
Yuvaraj Vijayakumar
Pretty good new version of apps is working good.. I like the new design of lektz reader..
Lois Bateman
Won't work Page turning won't work. Navigation is a joke.
Rabid Mutant
Nice reader, maybe the second best epub3 reader Needs a few things things though: - text/BG colour customization IN NIGHT MODE - page numbering from start of book, not HTML file - tap left/right to change page, not just fling. If you need EPUB3, gitden reader is worth a look as well.
A Google User
Slow, locks up all the time
A Google User
Crash when open large pdf Would be nice to be able to see the preview of the document on the shelf. Always crash when open a large pdf file.
A Google User
The only ePub3 reader in Android This reader supports Audio, video and JavaScript The only reader that supports ePub3 in the Android Platform
A Google User
Super Good one.
Kaviarasan Selvaraj
Good epub and pdf reader This new version works fine in my xperia, but reader is still slow.
Kc Cel
thrashthrash didn't even open a book. don't waste your bandwidth.
Chad Wilson
Garbage why would anyone ever want an ereader that can't reflow text while zoomed?
Lucien Ricardo
Beautiful Holo Design Slow to load epub book
Ivan Ivanenko
Crash on click menu android 4.1


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My Wishes, My Plan
Advance Care Planning
If you have wishes for your future medical treatment you should write them down and share them, so that they are known should the need arise. You may also ask someone to speak on your behalf, and make decisions about your medical treatment, if you were unable to do so yourself. You can share this information in your My Health Record where it will be available to healthcare providers at the time and place it is needed.
You should still share this important information with the people who might be contacted if you were unable to communicate regarding your medical treatment as not all healthcare providers will have access to your My Health Record.
Advance Care Planning in 3 easy steps:
In preparing an Advance Care Plan or identifying someone who might be able to make decisions for you if you can't, a range of information resources are available to help.
There are variations in the state and territory legislation and supporting forms that you should consider before you start your plan. Find more information here.
There are many health, financial, faith and cultural-based organisations that may also help you prepare an advance care planning document, but any advice should be considered with respect to the state or territory in which you live.
Uploading an Advance Care Planning Document to your My Health Record
For you to add an Advance Care Planning Document to your record, you must first:
- Scan your paper document on your computer.
- Save it as a 'pdf' document – it's a good idea to include your name, date and the type of document in the title.
Note: When you scan and save your advance care planning document, please check that it is less than 21 MB. You may need to scan the document in black and white only to achieve this, particularly if your document is large.
- Sign in to your My Health Record If you do not have one, register here:
- Click on the Add an Advance Care Planning Document link.
- Browse and select the document you want to add to your record.
- Enter the date that the document was last updated.
- Enter the name and contact number of the person who wrote the document – normally this would be you.
- Click the Prepare document for review and upload button.
- The document you selected will be displayed - review the document, check that it is around the right way, correct and complete.
- Click the Confirm and Add to my record button if you are happy for the document to be added to your My Health Record.
- Enter the names and contact details of the people you have shared the document with (your Advance Care Document Custodian/s). Note that you can come back and change or add to these details at any time.
Viewing an Advance Care Planning Document in your My Health Record
You can view or update your Advance Care Planning Document or custodian in your My Health Record by selecting the Documents tab, choose Advance Care Planning, then choose view Advance Care Planning link.
You and your healthcare providers can view your Advance Care Planning Document (up to 21 MB in size) from any computer or mobile device with an internet connection.
Please note:
- any healthcare provider accessing your Advance Care Plan, via their clinical desktop, can only view documents that are less than 8MB in size.
- if you are using a mobile app that connects to information in your My Health Record, the current viewing size is limited to 5MB in size.


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Completely remodeled 3 bedroom home. HUGE 2 car garage w/ extra storage! Located just off Water St and near Sauk Prairie Health Care's Wellspring Campus you are located close to everything, and an EZ commute to Madison. Improvements: new garage, new kitchen cabinets, countertops and stainless appliances, new bath cabinet and mirror, new faucets, new vinyl plank flooring and new carpet, new siding, completely repainted walls and trim. All bedrooms have large closets, master bdrm is on main floor. Small house, great storage! Sq ft and age approx. 2 window a/c units included. Licensee interest.
Features Single Family
|Garage: 2 car, Detached, Extra Storage Area, Opener inc.
|Year Built: 1950
|Finished SqFt: 805
|Finished Above Grade SqFt: 805
|Style: Cape Cod
|Elementary School: Call School District
|Middle School: Sauk Prairie
|High School: Sauk Prairie
|School District: Sauk Prairie
|Taxes: $3,101
|Body of Water:
|Room Type
|Room Size
|Master Bedroom
|2nd Bedroom
|3rd Bedroom
|Living/Great Rm
|Laundry Room
Estimate your monthly mortgage payment
How much can I borrow?
Speak with a mortgage consultant: 866-531-0904


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- 0Wishlist
Rizzy Rugs Galleria GA3123 Rug
Returns Accepted Within 14 Days of Delivery.
Items eligible for return must be:
- Sent to us within 14 days of the delivery date of your order (unless the item detail page says otherwise)
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- Style Number: 287GA3123
- Collection: Galleria
- Brand: Rizzy Rugs
- Material: 100% Polypropylene
- Weave: Machine Made
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- Origin: India
- Returns: Returns Accepted Within 14 Days of Delivery.
- Cancellations: Online orders can be modified or canceled within 24 hours of placing the order. Because we may begin processing your order immediately, it may not be possible to modify or cancel existing orders even within 24 hours of placement.
The Galleria collection offers customers affordable, luxurious rugs whose beauty will endure even the most rigorous use or conditions. Machine-made from heat-set polypropylene, these rugs are absolutely ironclad. Full of ultra plush texture and available in a range of monochromatic colors, this collection is the ideal accompaniment to any busy household's stylish decor.
Please Note: The images we display have the most accurate color possible. Due to differences in computer monitors, we cannot be responsible for variations in color between the actual product and your screen. Please be advised that in some cases patterns and colors may vary according to size. Lengths and widths may vary from the published dimensions. We do our best to provide you with an accurate measurement, but please be advised that some variation exists and this is not a manufacturing defect.
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text:
Bad Nuke Deal Would Mean a 'Dangerous New World'
Bad Nuke Deal Would Mean a 'Dangerous New World'
83 results for 'uranium'. Showing results 19 - 36
Bad Nuke Deal Would Mean a 'Dangerous New World'
Warning: Fighting ISIS Could Strengthen Iran
US-Iran Nuke Talks Continue amid Israeli Warnings
Kerry, Iran Envoy Meet amid Looming Nuke Deadline
Netanyahu Urges Don't 'Surrender to Iran' on Nukes
Israel Faces Threats on all Sides
Netanyahu Warns of Iranian 'Fallout'
Close But No Cigar: Leaders Guarded on Iran Offer
Iran is reportedly just weeks away from producing enough uranium for a nuclear warhead. Ambassador Ido Aharoni, general consul...
Will Israel Act Alone on Iran's Nuclear Threat?
Iran Nuclear Talks Under Way
Obama Congratulates Iran's New President
Netanyahu: Iran Close to Crossing 'Red Line'
Israeli Minister: Iran Plans 'Nuclear Arsenal'
Iran Beefs Up Nuclear Program Despite Sanctions
Expectations Low for Fourth Round of Iran Talks
Iran's Supreme Leader Says No to US Nuke Talks
Iran Close to Producing Weapons-Grade Uranium


text:
RENO (AP) A small plane crashed Saturday afternoon in a pasture in northern Nevada, killing all five people aboard, sheriff's deputies said.
Douglas County sheriff's Sgt. Jim Halsey said the twin-engine Beechcraft BE95 went down at 4:10 p.m. near the town of Gardnerville, about 10 minutes after taking off from Minden Tahoe Airport.
The four men and one woman aboard were pronounced dead at the scene about 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Reno, he said. Their names were not immediately released.
Witnesses told authorities that the plane appeared to be flying normally before it nose-dived into the ground. They said they didn't hear any unusual noises or see any parts separate from the plane before the crash.
Federal Aviation Administration spokesman Ian Gregor said the pilot didn't file a flight plan and it was uncertain where the plane was heading. It crashed about 12 miles (19 kilometers) from the airport.
The cause of the crash is under investigation by the FAA and National Transportation Safety Board.
The crash occurred in the rural Carson Valley along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada mountain range.
Copyright 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Home > ALL TITLES
ISBN: 978-1-905177-03-5Publisher: Pinter & Martin
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Temporarily unavailable. Please sign up to the email alert above to be notified when back in stock.
Author: Penny Armstrong | Sheryl FeldmanBinding: paperbackFormat: 216 x 135 mmPages: 236Illustrations: nonePinter & Martin edition available: worldwideTranslation rights: The Martell Agency
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What is the ideal way to give birth to your baby? Is it a high-tech delivery, with drugs, and monitors, and surgery? Or is it more naturally, with a midwife and/or birth center? Is it possible today to combine the best of twentieth-century medicine with the human advantages of a natural childbirth?
Penny Armstrong and Sheryl Feldman, authors of the acclaimed A Midwife's Story, explore the issues that influence the way women give birth: technology, psychology, culture, medications, history, and women's relationships with their mothers. They demonstrate, in a warm and convincing fashion, that most hospitals aren't designed to bring out the wisdom of the body at birth. And they reveal how to find a setting that will help make your child's birth a healthy and powerful experience. Informative, provocative, and based on the latest medical research as well as on Penny Armstrong's years of experience as a certified nurse-midwife, A Wise Birth is essential reading for mothers, fathers, and health-care professionals.
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