text:
|Latvijas Republika
Republic of Latvia
|1942 –
| Motto:
"Tēvzemei un Brīvībai"
("For Fatherland and Freedom")
| Anthem:
Dievs, svētī Latviju!
|Geographical location:
The Republic of Latvia in 1962
|Official language:
|Authoritarian republic
|Head of state:
- 1942 – 1965
- 1965 –
| President
Kārlis Ulmanis
Guntis Ulmanis
|Head of government:
- 1942 – 1950
| Prime Minister
Kārlis Ulmanis
- Independence declared:
- Independence recognized:
- Soviet occupation:
- Liberation:
- Re-established:
- Anti-Comintern Pact:
November 18, 1918
January 26, 1921
June 17, 1940
May 19, 1942
June 22, 1942
November 25, 1942
|Latvian lats
Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika) is a sovereign state in variously defined as being part of Eastern or Northern Europe. It is situated along the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, sharing borders with Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south and Nazi Germany to the east. Latvia is a member of the Anti-Comintern Pact.
Latvia and the Latvian people have a heritage rich in culture and tradition. Originally settled by ancient people known as the Balts, Latvia came under the control of the Vikings in the 9th Century and later in the 12th and 13th Centuries Latvia was Christianized by the German Knights of the Teutonic Order. The city of Riga, which was founded in 1200 has been a hub of trade and commerce throughout the Baltic region for much of its 800 year history.
Because of its central location in the Baltic region, Latvia has long been sought after by its larger neighbors. After German control of Latvia ended in 1562, Poland, Sweden and Russia controlled parts or all of Latvia. During these years of conquest and control, the Latvian people preserved their cultural identity and heritage, and in many instances retained a significant amount of autonomy to manage their internal affairs.
Latvia was under Russian control from 1795 to 1918. Latvia, like much of Europe during this time, was part of a cultural Renaissance that included great advances in the arts and sciences. Although German and Russian were considered the languages of high society until the mid-1800's, the Latvian language which had served as the cornerstone of Latvian culture for centuries began a resurgence of use in literature and society in the late 1880's. In the closing days of World War I, a nationalistic movement began achieving prominence in Latvia by supporting a position of broad autonomy within the Russian federation of states. Nationalism gained additional momentum when the Czars fell to the Bolsheviks in October, 1917 and complete freedom from Russia became a real possibility.
The modern Latvian state was created on November 18, 1918, when Latvia declared their independence from Russia. But with the country virtually overrun by the Soviets, Karlis Ulmanis established a free Latvian government in the port city of Liepaja. At one point, the situation was so bleak that Ulmanis was forced to take refuge on a British warship, and survived only through the protection of the British fleet. Also during this time, a Bolshevik government was declared in Riga by Peteris Stucka, with the support of the Soviet Union. However, on May 22, 1919, a combined force of Latvians, Germans, and White Russian troops advanced on Riga, captured the city, and began a period of true independence that would last until 1940. A freely elected Constituent Assembly was convened on May 1, 1920 and adopted a liberal constitution, the Satversme, in February 1922.
Because of the world economic crisis there was a growing dissatisfaction among the population at the beginning of the 1930s. In Riga on May 15, 1934, Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis, one of the fathers of Latvian independence, took power by a bloodless coup d'état: the activities of the Parliament (the Saeima) and all the political parties were suspended. Rapid economic growth took place in the second half of 1930s, due to which Latvia reached one of the highest living standards in Europe. Because of improving living standards in Latvian society, there was no serious opposition to the authoritarian rule of the Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis and no possibility of it arising.
On June 17, 1940, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Latvia, and was annexed into the Soviet Union on August 5, 1940. The Soviet Union begun a series of deportations of anti-Soviet elements. During Operation Barbarossa, the Axis campaign against the Soviet Union, Latvia was liberated in June 1942 by German and Lithuanian troops. After requests from the Lithuanian, Finnish and Swedish governments, the German Reich granted Latvia and Estonia independence on August 1, 1942, with the same governments in power as before the Soviet occupation.
Under the authoritarian President Kārlis Ulmanis Latvia has experienced rapid economic growth, a very high standard of living, an increased gross national product (GNP) and literacy rates in Latvia at one of the highest levels in Europe. This, however, came at the cost of liberty and civil rights, but since his grand-nephew Guntis Ulmanis took office in 1965, the authoritarian rule has softened somewhat.
Independence: 1918-1940
On January 18, 1919, a Latvian delegation led by Jānis Čakste took part in the Paris Peace Conference led by Georges Clemenceau.
In 1920, elections to the Constitutional Convention were held. After the War, the Latvian people were divided and impoverished. The war had left in its wake ruins and untended fields. Riflemen and refugees returned from Russia, and with them came Bolshevik ideas. Just before the Constitutional Convention elections, Rainis and Aspazija returned to Latvia on April 4, 1920 from exile from Castagnola in Switzerland. Thousands of people turned out to greet the people, who went to the Constitutional Convention elections in a state of great elation; and in good faith elected their first parliament and stated their wish to live as a democratic state. The Constituent Assembly convened for the first time on May 1, 1920, and elected Jānis Čakste as its first Chairman.
On January 26, 1921, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Japan recognised Latvia and Estonia de jure, and on September 22, 1921, the Baltic States were accepted into the League of Nation.
On February 15, 1922, the state's fundamental law, or Constitution (Satversme), was passed, which stipulated that Latvia is an independent democratic state, and its sovereignty belongs to the Latvian people. The power to legislate is vested in the Saeima (Latvian Parliament), which is elected by adult citizens of the Republic of Latvia. The Head of State of the Republic of Latvia is the President, who is elected by the Saeima. The power of the President is limited; he or she performs representational functions. Organising and managing the life of the state was entrusted to the Cabinet of Ministers, which is dependent upon a vote of confidence from the Saeima.
The majority of people in Latvia, with the exception of Communists, and a few remaining groups of the Niedra loyalists, welcomed not only the free state, but also parliamentarianism. The energy of the Latvian people simply effervesced, political life seethed, countless new parties were formed; the new freedom had to be savoured. Governments changed frequently, but that did not prevent the incredibly rapid rebirth of Latvia following the devastating wars. Universities were opened, and there was a courageous and jubilant quest for art.
However, many state enterprises and monopolies, dragging behind them an increasingly large army of civil servants, created enormous losses which had to be met from the state budget. Meanwhile, Neo-liberalism ruled the economy, and commerce was free. Latvia, having briefly dreamed of transit between Russia and the West as te basis of a flourishing economy as an agrarian state with a growing industry. Its main trading partner was the United Kingdom, and English Pounds were used to buy German goods. A stable unit of currency, the Lat, was introduced, and credit is due to the Minister of Finance, Ringolds Kalnings, for its introduction.
At the Constituent Assembly, the law of the state's land system was passed, which expropriated the manor lands, proclaiming them to be a state asset. The former lords of the manor, who had not fought for the Latvian state, were each left with 100 hectares of land for their own use, with the remainder being divided up between new settlers, in individual lots no greater than 22 hectares. The law fulfilled the dreams of the Latvian servants and peasants to each have a small piece of land to call their own.
The foundations of a successful Latvian foreign policy were laid by Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, who achieved the development of stable and friendly relations with Estonia, Lithuania, Poland and Finland, as well as Germany and the Soviet Union. The Department of Foreign Affairs, which he headed, ensured respect for Latvia and recognition in other countries. Unfortunately the friendship among the Baltic States was not easy; the borders were determined by a court of arbitration, and Latvia lost half of Valka to Estonia and Palanga to Lithuania.
The democracy in Europe had been under threat since the early 20th Century, when the totalitarian ideology and philosophy began to spread. In 1922, totalitarianism in form of Fascism flourished in Italy, in May 1926, totalitarianism was introduced to Poland and half a year later, to Lithuania. The worldwide economic crisis of the early 1930s did not leave Latvia unscathed. The global crisis created political and economic tension in Latvian society. More radically inclined political circles thought that under these circumstances, the constitutionally defined party system was not sufficiently effective. The Latvian Farmers' Union began drafting a bill to amend the Constitution, although the changes received no support from the other political parties.
The Kārlis Ulmanis era: 1939-1940
On May 15, 1934, ostensibly to protect the country from a coup by right-wing extremists from the so-called "Legion" under Lt. Col. Voldemārs Ozols, Kārlis Ulmanis as Prime Minister dissolved the Saeima and established executive non-parliamentary authoritarian rule. Several officers from the Army and units of the national guard (Aizsargi) loyal to Ulmanis moved against key government offices, communications and transportation facilities. Many elected officials were illegally detained, as were any military officers that resisted the coup d'etat.
All political parties, including his own "Farmers' Union", were outlawed. Part of the constitution of the Latvian Republic and civil liberties were suspended. All newspapers owned by political parties or organisations were closed. Some 2,000 Social Democrats were initially detained by the authorities, including most of the Social Democratic members of the disbanded Saeima, as were members of various right-wing radical organisations, such as Pērkonkrusts. In all, 369 Social Democrats, 95 members of Pērkonkrusts, pro-Nazi activists from the Baltic German community, and a handful of politicians from other parties were interned in a prison camp established in the Karosta district of Liepāja. After several Social Democrats, such as Bruno Kalniņš, had been cleared of weapons charges by the courts, most of those imprisoned began to be released over time, and many of the dismissed members were continued to be paid salaries. Those convicted by the courts of treasonous acts, such as Gustavs Celmiņš, remained behind bars for the duration of their sentences, three years in the case of Celmiņš.
The incumbent President Alberts Kviesis served out the rest of his term until 1936, after which Ulmanis merged the office of President and Prime Minister, a move considered unconstitutional. In the absence of Parliament, laws continued to be promulgated by the Cabinet of Ministers.
From May 15 the three basic values of Latvia were Leadership, Unity and Nationalism. Ulmanis implemented the idea of leadership, single-handedly resolving all the issues of the state, standing as the supreme authority in all matters. This was joined by the personality cult of Ulmanis himself: gates of honour, places named in his honour, floral garlands, indescribable flattery. Nevertheless, Ulmanis successfully embodied the image, acceptable to the Latvian mentality, of an understandably firm but fair and orderly Latvian country gentleman. As Ulmanis had neither family nor heirs, and had no mercantile or material interests, and thus could devote his entire life to his country and its prosperity. He spent his considerable salary, the amount of which he had determined himself, lavishly on contributions and gifts to others, supporting schools, cultural life and sporting events.
Ulmanis was a popular leader, especially among the farmers, during whose leadership Latvia recorded major economic achievements. During Ulmanis' rule, education was strongly emphasized and literacy rates in Latvia reached the highest levels in Europe. Due to an application of the economics of comparative advantage, the United Kingdom and Germany became Latvia's major trade partners, while trade with the USSR was reduced. The economy, especially the agriculture and manufacturing sectors, were micromanaged to an extreme degree. Ulmanis nationalised many industries. State interference in the economy was second only to the Soviet Union. This resulted in rapid economic growth, during which Latvia attained a very high standard of living. At a time when most of the world's economy was suffering, Latvia could point to increases in both gross national product (GNP) and in exports of Latvian goods overseas. This, however, came at the cost of liberty and civil rights.
Ulmanis was a Latvian nationalist, who espoused the slogan "Latvia for Latvians" and held that every ethnic community in Latvia should develop its own authentic national culture, instead of assimilating.[vague] The policy of Ulmanis, even before his access to power, was openly directed toward eliminating the minority groups from economic life and of giving Latvians access to all positions in the national economy - sometimes referred to as Lettization. According to some estimates, about 90% of the banks and credit establishments in Latvia were in Latvian hands in 1939, as against 20% in 1933. Birznieks, the Minister of Agriculture, in a speech delivered in Ventspils on January 26, 1936, said:
"Latvian people are the only masters of this country; Latvians will themselves promulgate the laws and judge for themselves what justice is." — Birznieks, the Minister of Agriculture As the result, the economic share of minorities - Germans, Jews, Russians, Lithuanians - declined. However, Ulmanis didn't allow any physical violence or unlawful acts towards minorities and dealt harshly with right- and left- wing extremists, and with both Nazi and Communist sympathisers. Between 1920 and 1938, many Jews, escaping Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany, found refuge in Latvia.
Soviet sphere of influence: 1939-1940
Soviet invasion and occupation: 1940-1942
While world attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union put more pressure on the governments of the Baltic States of Latvia and Estonia. The military intelligence services of Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Germany had followed the increasing Soviet troop movements at their borders with growing concern.
On June 15, 1940, military units of the Soviet Ministry of the Interior attacked the Latvian border posts at Masļenki and two other locations, killing three border guards and one of their wives. 17 civilians were captured and taken across the border to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Vyacheslav Molotov, accused the Baltic states of conspiracy against the Soviet Union, and the following day the Latvian government received an ultimatum from the Soviets, which demanded a response within six hours. It contained two categorical demands in the form of orders: to immediately form a new government, and to immediately permit units of the Soviet Red Army to enter Latvia. The governments of Latvia and Estonia had decided that, in conditions of international isolation and given the overwhelming Soviet force both on the borders and inside the countries, it was in their interests not to actively resist and to avoid bloodshed in an unwinnable war.
Unexpected by the Latvian and the Estonian governments, however, telegrams from Germany and Lithuania reached the Latvian and Estonian governments and urged them to flee their respective countries in order to avoid imprisonment by the Soviets. The people in Latvia and Estonia now knew that a Soviet occupation was inevitable, and news reports about the Soviet's murder and imprisonment of over 100,000 Latvians in the Soviet Union in the period 1937-1938 did not help the situation.
After further (and secret) urges from the Foreign Ministers of Germany and Juozas Urbšys of Lithuania, the Latvian and Estonian governments decided to flee their respective countries. At midnight, President Kārlis Ulmanis and most of the Latvian government left for Vilnius from Rīga Spilve Airport. On June 17, at 5 AM, Soviet troops began to cross the Latvian border, and by 8 AM, the Soviets had crossed the border at 15 places, reaching the capital by early afternoon.
Staged elections were held July 14-15, 1940, whose results were announced in Moscow 12 hours before the polls closed; Soviet documents show the election results were forged. The newly elected "People's Assembly" declared Latvia a Socialist Soviet Republic and applied for admission into the Soviet Union on July 21. Latvia was incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 5, 1940. The overthrown Latvian government continued to function in exile while the republic was under the Soviet control.
In the spring of 1941, the Soviet central government began planning the mass deportation of anti-Soviet elements from the occupied Baltic states. In preparation, General Ivan Serov, Deputy People's Commissar of Public Security of the Soviet Union, signed Order No. 001223, "Regarding the Procedure for Carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia." During the night of June 13-14, 1941, 15,424 inhabitants of Latvia — including 1,771 Jews and 742 ethnic Russians — were deported to camps and special settlements, mostly in Siberia. 85,000 people were deported in the first two years of Soviet occupation of Latvia and Estonia. There were plans to deport several hundred thousand more from the Baltics in June 1942, but the invasion of the Anti-Comintern Pact led by Nazi Germany, launched on May 10, prevented this from taking place.
Liberation: May-July 1942On May 10, 1942, 5.8 million men, supported by over 3,600 tanks and 5,000 aircraft of the Anti-Comintern Pact headed by Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Due to the German army's organisation and tactics, they quickly drove deep into Soviet territory.
The Red Army was ill-prepared for the surprise attack, lacked leadership, training, and readiness. They were fooled by a complete overestimation of its own capabilities, and Soviet tanks, poorly maintained and manned by inexperienced crews, suffered from an appalling rate of breakdowns. The Soviets were hampered further by a majority of the Latvian soldiers serving in the 24th Territorial Corps deserting to the German side, regarding them as liberators rather than invaders.
In contrast, the Axis had a doctrine of mobility and annihilation, excellent communications, and the confidence that comes from repeated low-cost victories. Furthermore, the German and Lithuanian troops serving in Heeresgruppe Nord was among the most combat experienced troops in the world.
As a result of this, the advance into the Soviet Union went quickly. On May 14, Daugavpils was captured by elements of Generaloberst Erich Höpners Panzergruppe 4, followed by Krustpils, Jēkabpils, Jeglava and Liepāja on May 17. By the beginning of June, the whole of Latvia had been liberated.
On May 19, 1942, nine days after the beginning of the campaign, German and Lithuanian troops of Heeresgruppe Nord entered Rīga. Here they were greeted as liberators by the inhabitants of the city, and in the following days they celebrated the Soviet retreat. The Soviet terror of 1940-1942 had so traumatised the Latvian people in space of two years, the 700-year long enmity towards the Germans had disappeared. The news of the German-led invasion was met with relief, and the Latvian people hoped that Latvia would regain its freedom and independence.
Immediately after the arrival of German troops, a process of eliminating the Jewish and Gypsy population began, with many killings taking place in Rumbula. The killings were committed by the Einsatzgruppe A, the Wehrmacht and Marines (in Liepāja), as well as by Latvian collaborators, including the 500-1500 members of the infamous Arajs Commando (which alone killed around 2000 Jews) and the 2000 or more Latvian members of the SD.
In the meantime, there were growing feelings among the Lithuanian, Finnish and Swedish governments, led by President Antanas Smetona, Risto Ryti and Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson respectively, for independence of the former Baltic Republics. In June and July 1942 their governments, often represented by Foreign Ministers Juozas Urbšys, Rolf Witting and Christian Günther, negotiated with Nazi Germany, urging them to grant independence for Latvia and Estonia.
As a result of the cooperative attitude of the Lithuanian, Finnish and Swedish governments in the campaigns against Poland in 1939 and the Soviet Union as well as the Latvian government-in-exile in Lithuania, Nazi Germany granted both Latvia and Estonia full independence. The German officials claimed that they would "respect Latvian sovereignty and territorial integrity." The German authorities were inclined towards lenient terms with Latvia for several reasons:
- They had no particular ideological interests in the country, so they were happy to leave the responsibilities and burdens of administration to the government of Kārlis Ulmanis, who was a popular leader among the Latvian people and who would keep the country united.
- They were willing to keep good relations with both Lithuania and Finland, who both were strategically important countries for the campaign against the Soviet Union.
- Latvia strategically important located for further operations against the Soviet Union, and by granting them independence by goodwill, they would avoid any uprisings or resistance by the Latvians.
- The Latvian surplus agricultural product such as bacon and dairy products, as well as textile manufacturing, would likely be supplied anyway by the Latvians – out of economic necessity. If they could acquire these as well by trade, the Latvians would restrain from resisting the Germans.
- They also hoped to score propaganda points by making Latvia, in Hitler's words, "a model ally", due to the cultural, economical and historical ties between Latvia, Germany and Sweden since the 13th Century. It would show to the world what a future Nazi controlled Europe could be, similar to the situation with Denmark.
In a meeting in Berlin between German Führer Adolf Hitler, the German Minister of Foreign Affairs Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Latvian President and Minister of Foreign Affairs Kārlis Ulmanis and in Berlin on June 22, Ulmanis tried to convince the Germans even further of the Latvian cause. Ulmanis' promise of co-operation with the Germans proved to be vital. After the meeting, Hitler allegedly said that "The Latvians, like the Lithuanians, is a thrust-worthy people, and Ulmanis can prevent a hostile uprising against us in the future."
Independence and the Second World War: 1942-1946
These factors combined convinced the Germans to grant Latvia and Estonia independence. On June 22, 1942, the Germans granted Latvia independence, and allowed the former government (still in exile in Lithuania) to remain intact. They were able to maintain much of their former control over domestic policy. The police and judicial system remained in Latvian hands. The only condition for their independence was that Germany should be allowed to control most of the country's foreign policy.
On June 25, President Kārlis Ulmanis and his cabinet returned to Latvia. When Ulmanis reached Rīga, we was welcomed like a hero; a sign of his popularity for improving Latvia in the 1930s. In the following weeks and months, Ulmanis and his cabinet, with both a large popular and foreign support, worked intensively with re-establishing Latvia to what it was before the Soviet occupation.
As before the Soviet occupation, all political parties were outlawed from the Saeima, and parts of the Constitution of the Latvian Republic and civil liberties were suspended. Some 2,000 Communists were detained by the authorities, and most of these were interned in the same prison camp in the Karosta district of Liepāja which had held Social Democrats and other members of the opposition in 1934. Many of the leading communists were convicted by the courts of treasonous acts, such as Arturs Sproģis, Otomars Oškalns, Eduards Berklavs, Vilis Lācis, Jānis Kalnbērziņš and Imants Sudmalis, were sentenced to several years in prison, in some cases 20 years, life in prison, and a few were given the death penalty.
Vilis Lācis was sentenced to eight weeks (because his reputation as a successful writer, and because he was one of President Ulmanis' favourite writers), Berklavs was sentenced to 20 years, Sproģis and Oškalns was sentenced to life in prison, and Kalnbērziņš and Sudmalis was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad on September 19, 1942.
While the education system, economy and agriculture was rebuilt after two years of Soviet occupation, the Latvian armed forces was recreated as well. Due to Ulmanis' focus on nationalism in the interwar years, many Latvian men were more than willing to fight for their country and beloved president against the Soviet occupiers. By August 20, the Latvians had remarkably mobilized two infantry divisions with supporting artillery batteries and the armoured battalion "Autotanku bataljons 'Kārlis Ulmanis'" (in honour of President Ulmanis), consisting of 20 ČKD LTD light tanks of Czechoslovak design (supplied by the Germans). Equipment and weapons was also taken care off, as they had hidden much of the army's equipment in warehouses and forests in the days before the Soviet invasion.
On August 22 they began serving along with the Lithuanian troops serving in Heeresgruppe Nord under Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, participating in the final phase of the liberation of Estonia and in the offensive against Leningrad.
Cold War: 1946-
Foreign relations
Latvia currently has diplomatic representations in Estonia, Lithuania, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Nazi Germany, Hungary, Argentina, the United States, Brazil, Bulgaria, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, the Vatican, Croatia, Japan, Manchukuo and Thailand.
Latvia has maintained good relations with the Greater German Reich since the Second World War. While having a long enmity towards the Germans lasting for 700 years, relations began to improve slightly in the 1920s to the 1930s. On June 7, 1939, Latvia signed an non-aggression treaty with Germany, which was renewed on June 7, 1944.
During the Campaign against the Soviet Union in 1942, the German Wehrmacht advanced quickly and deep into Soviet territory, liberating Latvia by the end of May. Here they were greeted as liberators by the inhabitants of the city, and in the following days they celebrated the Soviet retreat. The Soviet terror of 1940-1942 had so traumatised the Latvian people in space of two years, the 700-year long enmity towards the Germans had disappeared. The news of the German-led invasion was met with relief, and the Latvian people hoped that Latvia would regain its freedom and independence.
When Latvia regained its independence on with German blessing, they showed their gratitude to the Germans by mobilising its armed forces to participate in Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. On November 25, 1942, Latvia was admitted into the Anti-Comintern Pact along with fellow Baltic neighbour Estonia.
As Germany advocates only to trade with countries within the German sphere of influence, Latvia has become one of the biggest source of imports for bacon and dairy products, along with Denmark. In return Germany exports goods such as machinery, foodstuffs and consumer electronics to Latvia.
While having a mostly good relationship, there has been tensions between them regarding Latvia's racial and policies. While Germany persecutes ethnic minorities such as Jews, Romas and other minorities, Ulmanis' regime did not cultivate national hatred and anti-Semitism and preserved the national cultural autonomy of the minorities and regarded their members as fully-fledged Latvian citizens.
Latvia has maintained good relations with the neighbouring country of Lithuania since the Second World War. In the interwar years , and relied on Lithuania and Estonia for defensive purposes. The historic legacy of Latvia and Lithuania, and the close personal contacts of their people provided with close ties when they gained their independence in 1920. Relations worsened a bit following an authoritarian regime came to power in Lithuania in a coup d'état on 1926, but when relations were improved.
During the Campaign against the Soviet Union in 1942, the German Wehrmacht supported by Lithuanian forces advanced quickly and deep into Soviet territory, liberating Latvia by the end of May. Here they were greeted as liberators by the inhabitants of the city, and in the following days they celebrated the Soviet retreat. Lithuania was the main advocate for re-establishing Latvian independence, and the due to their cooperation in the campaigns against Poland in 1939 and the Soviet Union was one of the factors that influenced Germany to grant both Latvia and Estonia full independence.
As a result of the cooperative attitude of the Lithuanian for the Latvian cause, their relations is among the best. The Lithuanian's role in the re-establishment of Latvia along with their historic and cultural ties provide an environment conducive to intensive co-operation at both a governmental and a non-governmental level, permitting the implementation of cross-border projects and promoting co-operation in culture, education, tourism, and other areas.
- Main article: Military of Latvia
The Latvian National Armed Forces (Latvian: Latvijas Nacionālie bruņotie spēki) numbers about 25,500 personnel, including a 1200 man-strong Frontier Guard. Latvia's defense concept is based on the old pre-war concept, where military cooperation with Estonia and Lithuania is important, as well as with Germany and Finland.
Latvia has a mandatory conscription (one year of training for infantry, 1.5 years for other branches), with a military service age of 21-50, where 21 is active service, 22-39 in the reserve, and 40-50 in the Home Reserve.
The Army consists of four infantry divisions and a technical division.
- 1. Kurzemes kājnieku divīzija
- 2. Vidzemes kājnieku divīzija
- 3. Latgales kājnieku divīzija
- 4. Zemgales kājnieku divīzija
- Tehniskā divīzija "Kārlis Ulmanis"
The 1. divīzija is located in Liepāja, 2. divīzija in Rīga, 3. divīzija in Rēzekne and the 4. divīzija in Daugavpils. Tehniskā divīzija is located in Rīga. The infantry divisions each consist of three infantry regiments and an artillery regiment. The technical division consists of a cavalry regiment, an armoured regiment, an engineer regiment and a signals regiment. The army has been resupplied with more modern German and former Czechoslovak equipment.
The Latvian Air Force has following its independence been recreated and supplied with German military equipment. It consists of one regiment with 65 aircraft, most of them Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters. It also consists of a few Ju 452 Turboprop transports and a small number of Fa 436s (NATO codename "Hog") in transport and light attack mode helicopters.
The Latvian Navy consists of three old submarines - "Ronis", "Spīdola" and "Varonis". Plus 5 destroyers - "Riga", "Kārlis Ulmanis", "Jelgava", "Daugavpils" and "Jūrmala". Three missile boats and two minesweepers are also in service.
The Latvian Armed Forces are subordinate to the Latvian Ministry of War (headed by the Minister of War). The Commander-in-Chief is President Kārlis Ulmanis. Under the Constitution, the Minister of War is accountable to Parliament and the President for all activities carried out by the agencies under his responsibility. This means that the Ministry, as part of the executive branch of government, is responsible for supervising the activity of its subordinate agencies, among other things by carrying out overall supervisory functions.
Because of the effect of the failed neutrality of Latvia during The Second World War, and in gratitude of being liberated from the Soviet Union by the Germans, Latvia joined the Anti Comintern Pact on November 25, 1942.
See also
|Member countries of the Anti-Comintern Pact
Nazi Germany | Japan | Italy | Hungary | Lithuania | Bulgaria | Croatia | Denmark | Estonia | Latvia | Finland | Iraq | Manchukuo | Romania | Spain | Thailand | Turkey | Argentina | Bolivia | Peru | Turan


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So after reading Chapter 403: Erza vs. Kyouka, I began to predict what would happen next in the next chapter. Suddenly I began to think about these strange things said in the previous chapter and now in the current chapter: (I'm going to try URLs because we can't use actual pictures)
Please connect the dots between Picture 1 and Picture 2
Picture 1: http://readms.com/r/fairy_tail/402/2553/15 Please look at the bottem of this page
Picture 2: http://readms.com/r/fairy_tail/403/2564/22 Please look at the next chapter title
My beloved brain thinks of these two moments in the Tartarus arc. Basically Mard Geer said that FACE activating will steal the Dragon's Life Force. Now my issue is that in today's chapter it is revealed that the next chapter's name will be "Chapter 404: 00:00" That means the timer will go off and steal all the magic BUT that also means that the Dragon's Life Force will fade along with it.
Basically Igneel is going to die along with Grandine, Metalicana, and ACNOLOGIA! (maybe even Weisslogia and Skiadrum) I mean I wanted Acnologia gone for awhile now, but not with the extra collat. being the Dragons
I hope I'm wrong but the evidence is far too clear here. Anyways, let's just discuss the matter until someone can prove me utterly wrong.
Lumin out!

subset: commoncrawl


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|Para Bruin
Real Name
Para Bruin
First Appearance
John Dough and the Cherub (1906)
Original Publisher
Reilly & Britton
Created by
L. Frank Baum
Para Bruin is a rubber bear that once lived on the Isle of Mifkets.
He is a large, fat, brown bear. Instead of being furry, his skin is smooth and shiny. He is made entirely of the finest Para rubber, including his teeth and claws, which makes him completely harmless. He can bounce to great heights like a rubber ball, and enjoys performing this feat for an audience, being quite proud of his ability.
He had lived for as long as he could remember on the Isle of Mifkets. At one time, all the creatures feared him, but once the Mifkets discovered his harmlessness they defied him. When Jacquelin and her parents were shipwrecked there, Para Bruin befriended the girl and did his best to protect her.
After the Fairy Beavers helped Jacquelin and her parents escape the island, Para Bruin realized that Mifket Island would be a dreary place without her. He joined John Dough and Chick the Cherub when they left the island, and the three were carried by Flamingo to nearby Pirate Island and then to Hiland and Loland, where he became John Dough's adviser.
John Dough, Chick, and Para Bruin later visited the Emerald City in the Land of Oz as guests of Princess Ozma in honor of her birthday.
Public Domain Appearances
- John Dough and the Cherub
- The Road to Oz
- The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays
While the original character who appeared in Oz books published before 1923 is in public domain, any versions published post-1923 are NOT.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
My son has been ordered to pay $8800.00 in restitution for a misdemeanor driving and causing death. He only makes $800.00 per month. Is there a way to set up a payment plan with the court?
It would be a request of the judge at sentencing. Talk to his attorney.
My answer to you question does not constitute legal advice. Only an in person or telephone consultation will result in an attorney/client relationship. Call me at (313)402-0853 to discuss your matter further.Ask a similar question
Generally the Court will allow someone convicted of a crime to make restitution payments during the time they are on probation. Bring pay stubs and proof that a payment plan would be appropriate for your son to his sentencing. As long as he makes regular payments as directed by the court he should be alright.Ask a similar question
This will be vary case-to-case and court-to-court. Money is often the sticking point in criminal cases so I understand your frustration. The bottom line is that some judges allow payment plans and others don't. I am not familiar with the procedures in Saginaw but I can say in Macomb, where I frequently practice, most of the courts will allow some time to get everything paid down. I do not, however, know the specifics of your case. Sometimes, where an exceptional deal is offered, it will be conditioned on immediate payment of restitution. Perhaps getting a hearing before the judge will help to bring this issue better into focus for you. Good luck.Ask a similar question
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Woman who mistakenly publicly shamed 'creep' taking selfie apologises
A woman who publicly shamed a man she believed to have been taking images of her children has issued a tearful apology.
The unnamed woman has reached out to a publication in her hometown in Australia after posting images of the 'creep' to social media.
She was shopping at Westfield Knox centre when she noticed the father-of-three taking pictures beside a Star Wars poster.
Her post was shared thousands of times and the father was forced to contact police to explain he was only taking a selfie in front of a Darth Vader cut out sign to send to his children.
After the post was shared thousands of times the man contacted police who subsequently contacted the woman. But not before the man was the subject of numerous death threats from people who believed him to be a paedophile.
Speaking to the Knox Leader, the woman says she has now been the subject of two death threats - one in person and one online - over the incident. Her children are set to receive counselling because they are so upset by it, the Herald Sun reports.
"My kids are now suffering because of a stupid mistake I made," she said.
She has been trying to get in touch with the man and wants to apologise in person. She had not heard from him and did not know whether he planned to take legal action against her.
"It was never done with the intention of splashing it all over these social media pages," she said.
"My children are going through an enormous amount of pain and I hate to think what (the man) and his family are going through.
She admitted she was 'stupid' to post the photo and said she had removed it as soon as she realised her mistake.
"One thousand times over I wish I could just take it back. I just don't know how to say sorry enough," she said.
Speaking to the Daily Mail, the anonymous father said the selfie was supposed to be a "good daggy joke."
"I'm a father of three kids and a normal human being... I've never taken a selfie before," he said.
"I was in two minds whether to take the selfie, but I thought it'll be a good daggy dad joke. In real terms it was embarrassing enough to be standing in front of Darth Vader to be honest.
"We're a very strong, community-minded family and we've never had any issue with any form of impropriety and all of a sudden my name is smeared," he said.
"I would like people to understand the perils of social media, especially unreliable and uncorroborated information."


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Katherine Rural Review
- Amberly Dennis
- 2 years ago
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1 Katherine Rural Review Edition 254 January 2004 Produced by Katherine Research Station Mango Supply Chain Study Tour Julie Bird. Horticulture extension officer Ph: At the end of the mango harvest Julie Bird, the Department of Business, Industry and Resource Development s Horticulture Extension Officer at the Katherine Research Station along with eight Territory growers visited the southern produce markets. Five of the growers were from Katherine, two from Darwin and one from Ti Tree. They were looking to gain a greater understanding of how the different components of the supply chain affect their fruit quality and subsequently their profitability. The growers were able to observe territory mangoes at each stage of the supply chain from the unloader at the market through to the consumer. Katherine Rural Review PO Box 1346 KATHERINE NT 0851 Tel: Fax: ISSN Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane markets were all visited along with distribution centres, retail outlets and Horticulture Australia Limited. The growers were able to obtain knowledge first hand from many of the people associated with the supply chain including unloaders, agents, buyers, distributors, and retail store managers. They were also able to talk to consumers in the retail stores about their buying preferences. The growers were all visiting the markets for the first time and were amazed at the sheer volume of product on the floor. Quality becomes more of an issue when there is so much competition out there. They also noticed the weak points in the cool chain and came to realise the importance of removing field heat from the fruit b e f o r e transportation. The linkages between preh a r v e s t practices and the final product were also emphasised. Each of the growers gained knowledge that they will be able to use back in their orchards to improve their fruit quality and profitability. Those growers who have never visited the southern produce markets should think about making the effort to see what happens to their fruit once it leaves the farm gate.
2 Hopping Mad or Just Madly Hopping Megan Connolly. DBIRD Entomology Ph: "Hoppers that make you hopping mad" KRR edition 254 Several species of grasshoppers (Order: Orthoptera, Family: Acrididae) are more abundant now since the beginning of this wet season. Due to the constant feeding habits of these insects it may become difficult to establish green manure or hay crops at this time of the year. This article gives a short description of grasshopper biology and some web site links for further information. Most grasshopper species go through a similar type of life cycle and the time taken to mature depends on the availability of food but will normally take several weeks. Very small grasshoppers hatch from a soil-borne egg and immediately begin to feed as they grow through several wingless nymph or hopper stages. Immature hoppers look similar to the adults but during the final growth stages wings develop fully. Successful breeding seasons are those characterised by good early season rainfall around November, followed by regular showers to encourage continuous plant growth. Prolonged dry spells will increase hopper mortality as grasses die back whilst excess rainfall can drown hoppers and encourage diseases to spread amongst a susceptible population. Yellow wing grasshoppers (Gastrimargus musicus) have the potential to aggregate in large numbers and swarm across a field completely devouring all plant material in their path. When this occurs grasshoppers are called locust plagues. Adult yellow wing grasshoppers are mm in length and brown in colour. A loud clicking sound is characteristic of this species during flight as is the flash of yellow colour made visible when they extend the hind wings. Another common grasshopper found mainly on trees, such as citrus but also found on other crops when populations are dense is the giant grasshopper (Valanga irregularis). Probably the largest grasshopper of its type in Australia the adults can grow to 90 mm long. Adults are light brown whilst nymphs are light green and often with blue or pink colouration on the developing wings. Chemical controls, if used needs to be applied directly on to the feeding insects by aircraft or ground rig. For more information check these DBIRD Agnotes on-line or contact us for a copy. Insects at Crop Establishment, Agnote I6 pests_diseases_plants/575.pdf Yellow Wing Grasshoppers, Agnote I4 pests_diseases_plants/574.pdf This link goes to the Plague Locusts Commission s on-line locust and grasshopper identification guide. Just click on the links under the picture of the booklet. output.cfm?objectid=6cacb b7ad4c0&conttype=outputs For pictures of grasshoppers visit these sites: orthoptera.htm oz_album_intro.htm
3 Mad Cow Disease hits headlines once again Mauricio Perez-Ruiz Ph: With the first reported case of Mad Cow Disease in the United States (even though it has been confirmed to be of Canadian origin) hitting international headlines, this is a timely reminder that, once again, we are looking for more brains. Cow s brains, of course! Australia has updated its surveillance program for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) after the OIE, the World Organisation for Animal Health, has brought in new guidelines. The first change is that eligible cattle have to be now a minimum of 30 months or older, compared to the p r e v i o u s requirement of 24 months. The second important change is that eligible animals have to display progressive behavioural changes (teeth g r i n d i n g, apprehension, frenzy) or neurological signs (incoordination, staggers, recumbency, paralysis) that do not respond to treatment. In case of a disease outbreak, samples from only two animals can be submitted at one time. Animals showing chronic wasting (acceptable until late last year) are no longer eligible for the scheme. Our target surveillance numbers for the NT have not changed, that is, we still have to submit a minimum of 23 bovine brains. Lucky that we do not have sheep in the NT otherwise we would have to submit some of them too! Failure to submit the required target could result not only in compromising Australia s excellent livestock health status but it could also jeopardise exports to several of our markets. A compensation payment of $ is available for producers who have their animal postmortemed. It might not be the lottery but it is certainly better than nothing considering that eligible cases are usually lost c a u s e s, therefore worthless. Also, not only will you be contributing to Australia s livestock health status but, because a full post-mortem is carried out, a conclusive diagnosis is reached in the majority of cases. More information about surveillance for TSEs in Australia is available from the Animal Health Australia website: surveillance/ntsesp/index.htm If you have an eligible case, please contact your local stock inspector or private/government veterinarian. Left is one of DBIRD trial sites 'Lost causes' who fits the 'teeth grinding,frenzy and staggers' category. Puffer as he is affectionately known is waiting to fit the 30 month category. TFAP Susanne Hourigan Animal Health would like to thank all those involved in the Tuberculosis Freedom Assurance Program (TFAP-2) in It is the first year nationally that Tuberculosis was not detected in cattle or buffalo. Sixty-nine thousand two hundred and twenty cattle and buffalo were tested for Tuberculosis in the Northern Territory in 2003 and thousands sent to slaughter, with no cases of TB found. The majority of the surveillance for the Territory has been completed for TFAP-2, with a small amount of testing to be completed in 2004 and If you have any queries relating to TFAP-2 please contact our office. page...3
4 Ammended Stock Disease Act Brian Radunz PH: The amended Stock Diseases Act will come into force during March The major amendments were: Achieve consistent national legislation to respond to emergency animal diseases Ensure that NT legislation is consistent with the national emergency animal disease cost sharing and response agreement. Include lessons learnt during the Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak in the United Kingdom eg, standstill. Penalties have been reviewed with penalties appropriate to the consequences of the action. The Stock Diseases Act can be viewed on the internet Penalties have been converted to penalty units (currently $110 per penalty unit) with four levels of penalties depending on the consequences. For a natural person: 2500-severe eg. moving stock out of a quarantine area 500-high eg. not reporting a notifiable disease 200-medium eg. offence against regulations 100-lesser eg. not provide waybills The penalty for a body corporate is increased by a factor of 5. Early investigation and reporting the presence of a prescribed disease is essential to minimise disease spread and the negative consequences on the industry and the economy. Under the national emergency animal disease cost sharing agreement the parties will withhold funding if the owner or vet or Northern Territory does not report the presence or suspicion of an emergency animal disease within 24 hours. Consequently there is a high penalty for not reporting a disease. In addition compensation may be withheld for animals destroyed during an emergency animal disease response if the owner does not report the disease or acted or ommitted to act to contribute to the spread of the disease and was found guilty of the offence. An example would be; moving animals from a known infected property onto his/her property. A Standstill can be declared if an emergency animal disease is detected in another State. The movement of stock would be banned for a few days while any tracing or local surveillance is done. This will limit the spread of disease if there are any infected and infectious animals in the NT as contact between animals is reduced by this risk reduction measure. Stock enroute would be permitted to return home or to continue the journey depending on the circumstances. There is a new process to declare prescribed diseases by Ministerial Notice. There are now only 17 endemic diseases of stock which must be reported immediately. These are a nationally agreed list of notifiable diseases with two additional diseases which are not known to occur in the Northern Territory (hydatid disease and liver fluke). Owners or his/her staff and vets are obliged to report the specified diseases. There is a penalty of $55,000. Advice will be provided to all commercial producers and to private vets and be available on the internet. Advice on disease control is always available from your local veterinary officer or stock inspector. More importantly there is an obligation to report exotic diseases (diseases not known to occur in Australia). There is a new power to quash the application of legal injunction to stop actions as part of an emergency animal disease control program eg, Foot and Mouth Disease. Compensation for destroyed stock would be paid and the owner may seek damages in the civil courts. However, the disease control action will proceed to minimise disease spread. This power does not apply to endemic diseases.
5 THE COSTS OF A BORE RUN Trudi Oxley Extension officer Pastoral Production Ph: One of the activities that Troy Sinclair, Derby Office and Francis Bright, Kununurra office are undertaking this year is to develop some decision support information for pastoralists who are looking at investing in new waterpoints. To date some initial discussions with pastoralists in the region have been conducted to find out the costs of waters and what influences their decisions when investing in new waterpoints. All pastoral cattle businesses spend money in maintaining existing waterpoints, but how much do you actually spend? Some people may be surprised at the cost estimate of having a dedicated boreman. If a boreman checks 30 watering points three times a week for a twelve month period what would it cost? The cost is affected by how long a bore run is and the state of the access tracks that will affect the vehicle s cost per kilometre. The calculations are based upon Wages $30,000. Additional wages for major repairs are assumed to be $5,000. Bore run 3 times per week for 52 weeks of the year ie 156 maintenance trips. ANNUAL COSTS OF BORE RUNS Cost per Km km/trip $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $ $66,200 $81,800 $97,400 $11,3000 $12, $74,000 $93,500 $113,000 $13,2500 $15, $81,800 $105,200 $128,600 $15,2000 $17, $89,600 $116,900 $144,200 $17,1500 $19, $97,400 $128,600 $159,800 $19,1000 $222, $105,200 $140,300 $175,400 $210,500 $245, $113,000 $152,000 $191,000 $230,000 $269,000 Low Stress Sock Handling School Tanumbirrini Contact: Maria Townsend Ph Fax th and 14th April 2004 Pricing Stockhandling School $ per person $ nd or 3 rd etc person from the one business attending the school $ Child under 16 years or repeat.(all prices are GST inclusive) TO CONFIRM YOUR POSITON AT THE SCHOOL, REGISTRATION WITH Maria Townsend AND FULL PAYMENT OF FEES IS REQUIRED. Make cheques payable to Low Stress Stockhandling Pty Ltd and forward to Maria Townsend Tanumbrini Stn.NT with your contact details. A Tax Invoice and receipt will be issued at the school. No cheques will be cashed until completion of the school. What to Bring: A fold up chair and your own catering requirements (food etc.) There will be a BBQ available and a BBQ will be held on Wednesday night 14 th. Accommodation: available. Directions: Bring swags. Amenities will be 140 lkms east of High-way Inn on the Stuart Hwy. Start Time: 8.30am sharp and finish time of approximately 5.30pm Full money back guarantee if you are not satisfied with the school. Contact Maria for more information
6 TRADE PAGE working horses for sale For sale: 4 geldings and 8 mares. Aged from 5-12 most about 8yrs. 10 bush bred,(some Percheron blood) and 2 ex-racers adapted to paddock life. View at Singleton Station For more details please contact Greg Vidler (08) Also 4 mares suitable for breeding only- 2xTB,1QH and 1 other. If Undelivered please return to: PO Box 1346 KATHERINE NT 0851 CHOOK CHOOK Orders being taken for unsexed chickens Ex-battery x Leghorn Excellent Layers, Table or Pets $7.50 each Old English Game Bantams for sale Point of lay, show quality $10.00 each KRR Department of Business Industry and Resource Development PO Box 1346 KATHERINE 0851 Tel: (08) Fax: (08) Page...8 Phone Jo on Reproduction of Rural Review Articles The Northern Territory Department of Business, Industry and Resource Development welcomes the reproduction of articles appearing in this newsletter, but requests that the technical information be confirmed with the Editor or Author, prior to publication. The department also requests that acknowledgement be made for any original work sourced from the Katherine Rural Review
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This Men's Chippewa 17in Black Polishable Steel Toe Motorcycle Boot is a stylish but protective boot. This boot features goodyear leather welt construction, vibram nitrile yellow plug outsole, non tarnishable nickle hardware, and 4 iron rubber/6 iron robus combination midsole.
Chippewa products use only premium raw materials and are hand crafted in USA. To this day, our U.S. made boots still carry the "Hand Crafted in USA" labels as homage to the men and women that have built the Chippewa brand.
Copyright © 2017 NRS World


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15 Books to Empower Tween Girls
Learn about good books that will empower young girls, tweens and teens. Shop books for girls on Overstock.com.
Just what I was looking for....
R. Ernest Sosa, M.D., is a leading urologist in New York City who specializes in surgical techniques for kidney stones. He is associate clinical professor of urology at the Weill Cornell University School of Medicine and attending urologist at New York Presbyterian Hospital. He served for 20 years as director of the Brady Stone Center at the Department of Urology at Weil CornellNew York Presbyterian Hospital. He has written and lectured on and taught the diagnosis and treatment of stone disease internationally.
Cynthia Seidman, M.S., R.D., is director of dietary services at the Rockefeller University Hospital in New York City. She coordinates the design and development of all research diets at Rockefeller and has published in a number of professional journals. She is cochair of the Research Committee of the National GCRC Research Dietitians Association and is a member of the American Dietetic Association.
Rory Jones, an award-winning writer and television producer, has done extensive work on health and medical topics. She has developed educational programs as well as interactive multimedia for both adults and children.
|HEALTH & FITNESS / Diseases / Abdominal
|Publisher Date
|2007-04-13 00:00:00.0
|John Wiley & Sons Inc
|Copyright Year
|9.25 in
|6.0 in
|0.75 in
|Unit weight
|0.75 lb
|The Experts Tell You All You Need to Know About Prevention and Treatment
|Edition Detail
|Revised, Expanded
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|Rodman, John S., M.D.
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Serves six to eight
This compote is delicious served with my French almond cake.
600ml (1 pint) rosé wine, or water plus an extra 25g (1oz) sugar
225g (8oz) sugar
2 strips lemon rind
juice of ½ lemon
6 white nectarines or peaches, halved and stoned
175g (6oz) raspberries
Put the wine (or water), sugar, lemon rind and juice in a pan big enough to hold the nectarines, too. Bring gently to the boil, stirring to help the sugar melt. Add the nectarines. Poach gently, turning every so often, until they are just tender. Start checking after eight minutes, then keep checking – they get soft quite suddenly. Remove the fruit and boil the liquid until it is reduced and slightly syrupy. You want to end up with about 250-300ml (9-10fl oz). Set aside; the liquid will thicken more as it cools. Carefully remove the skin from the nectarines – it should just slip off. Pour the cool syrup over the cooked nectarines and chill. Just before serving gently stir in the raspberries; be careful not to break them up.


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To download the header files, libraries, and documentation for EAX 2.0, go to:
The I3DL2 standard was created by the Interactive Audio Special Interest Group (IA-SIG). For more information go to:
To utilize the SDK for 3-D audio by Sensaura, which offers some property set-based features in addition to EAX 2.0, go to:
Creative Labs and Sensaura are not the only companies to provide property-set access to their hardware. NVidea, C-Media, Yamaha, Philips, Crystal Semiconductors, and no doubt others have also enabled property sets covering EAX, I3DL2 or other voice-management functions for their sound cards.
In this chapter, we described a sample that demonstrates the EAX 2.0 environmental sound settings. The sample demonstrated how to use a property set interface to set one of the predefined environments, and individual settings for obstruction and occlusion . Driving the hardware directly with property sets can create convincing atmosphere and sound effects with very little performance cost.
Coding property sets is fairly easy and, given the high-quality results, is the recommended way to get great environmental sound effects.
Chapter 8: Building an Application with the Concertina Framework
The Concertina framework is a header file that combines the functionality of the audio samples that you have seen, and presents it all in an SDK format. So if you accept the design decisions that we have made in designing this framework, you need do no more than include the headers and sources in your project, amend the tables of wave files to match those that you require, and you re ready to go. Of course, you will probably want to tailor the code to suit your particular application, but as a framework that wraps all the complexity of DirectSound and presents the programmer with a powerful, flexible, and obvious set of calls, it s not bad.
The purpose of the Concertina framework is to provide the kind of layer that simply involves calls to methods whose names and functions match the movement of objects around a 3-D world, or the playing of background music or ambient sounds.
The Concertina.exe program is a small sample showing how to call into the framework (see Figure 8.1). It only has Play Game, Stop Game and Exit buttons , with text telling you what is going on in our mock 3-D world. Run this program now, which is located in the AVBook\bin directory.
Figure 8.1: Concertina framework test dialog box.
This chapter describes the design philosophy behind the framework, how to initialize it for your own project, and finally, all the methods that it implements.
Design Philosophy
The main assumption in the design is that you have created a 3-D world, with objects moving around within that world. These objects make a variety of noises: there are environmental effects, there is atmospheric music, and there are some ambient and random sounds. With this scenario, you do not know exactly how many times any one sound will need to be played, and in particular, how many buffers of the same sound that might need to be played at once.
For this reason, the Concertina framework operates using a table of best guesses at how many buffers you need for each sound, but includes an overflow set of buffers that can be used when your guess is wrong. It also prints out a report at the end of the program letting you know the actual requirement for sound buffers. The idea is that you can improve your best guesses with the testing of your game, but that you need never get it exactly right as the overflow area will take care of most of the excesses as they occur.
Another design decision is that there are a small number of streaming buffers to handle the music that may be required. We have not enabled applying 3-D or special effects processing to the streaming buffers, although you could amend the code to do this.
Of course another design decision is that you want the full range of 3-D and special effects that have been demonstrated in the Cacophony, Rumpus and Circular Streams samples.
To include the Concertina framework in your own project, go through the following steps.


text:
Upward Basketball
Upward Sports, the world's largest Christian sports program for children, was created with a vision to provide the best sports experience possible for every child. Anyone – children and volunteers of any faith or no faith – can participate in Upward Sports. Specifically designed for children in K5-sixth grade, Upward Sports aim is to bring out "the winner" in every child – regardless of the game's score. When your child plays, he/she will be able to: practice and play a game every week, get equal playing time, learn techniques to improve his/her basketball skills, receive special recognition awards after every game, and develop new friendships.
Registration for the 2017 Season Opens:
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questions, comments or concerns.
For His Glory,
Contact email: email@example.com


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Pure Life Volcanic Clay Soap
Pure Life
Enjoy Pure Life Volcanic Clay Soap - 4.4 oz every day at these amazing prices!
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Disclaimer These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
(Please note: Description is informational only. Always read the product label before use and check with your health professional before using this product)


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|« Date » · « Thread »
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|"Michael McCandless (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Commented: (LUCENE-914) Scorer.skipTo(current) remains on current for some scorers
|Tue, 09 Sep 2008 09:49:44 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-914?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=12629432#action_12629432 ] Michael McCandless commented on LUCENE-914: ------------------------------------------- I really don't have a strong opinion on how to resolve this. Except, I've now changed my previous weak opinion in favor of keeping the spec ambiguous (since it maximizes back compat flexibility) to making the spec unambiguous (always advance) and fixing all impls to match the spec, to prevent and/or ferret out any bugs that would otherwise sneak in. > Scorer.skipTo(current) remains on current for some scorers > ---------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: LUCENE-914 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-914 > Project: Lucene - Java > Issue Type: Bug > Components: Search > Reporter: Doron Cohen > Priority: Minor > Attachments: lucene-914.patch > > > Background in http://www.nabble.com/scorer.skipTo%28%29-contr-tf3880986.html > It appears that several scorers do not strictly follow the spec of Scorer.skipTo(n), and skip to current location remain in current location whereas the spec says: "beyond current". > We should (probably) either relax the spec or fix the implementations. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
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This is the last time I buy Israeli nerve gas or cluster bombs
In God's name, why? When all 27 EU Foreign Ministers recently condemned Israel's demolition of Palestinian homes, its continued expansion of the illegal settlements and the impunity with which the "settler" terrorists attack - and frequently murder - Palestinian residents (violence which has grown by 150% over the past year); when Israel is no nearer to complying with international law than at any time during the 45-year illegal occupation; and when it already abuses EU tax breaks by passing off Palestinian goods as "Israeli" to defraud the EU of tax revenue? The EU is going to reward all this with more opportunities for tax fraud, and more bunches of flowers for the nice murderers? WTF?
Up to now I've taken the view that an out and out boycott of Israeli goods was probably over the top, concentrating my fire on the stuff from the Occupied Territories being fraudulently passed off as "Israeli". But if the EU's money men continue to ignore not only the reality of the world's biggest serial human rights abuser, but the clear foreign policy of the organisation they work for, then maybe the time has come for ordinary people to take action.
So from here onwards I shall be looking even more carefully at the labels in the supermarket. As British supermarkets don't sell rifles, machine guns, or computer malware (among Israel's principal exports), I don't expect to find too much to boycott, but you never know.
Beyond supermarkets, here is a list of companies supposedly "supporting" Israel, though what that involves I'm not sure. There are maybe half a dozen on the list that I patronise, and I shall be checking them out.