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WHEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE RESULT IN WOMEN OPTING FOR RETALIATION. Marika Guggisberg The University of Western Australia
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1 WHEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE RESULT IN WOMEN OPTING FOR RETALIATION Marika Guggisberg The University of Western Australia ABSTRACT This article seeks to find an explanation of the apparent recent increase of «violent women» in intimate relationships. It critically examines literature arguing that women s involvement in Intimate Partner Violence may only be partially explained by an assumption of gender symmetry. The paper argues that retaliation must be understood against the background of inadequate police responses. It cites research suggesting police officials behaviours on-site reflect ambivalence towards women seeking help, which often leads to secondary victimisation by professionals due to misconceptions. Because of the critical role the police play in intervening appropriately in cases of such violence, women may feel they are left to negotiate safety and protection by means of retaliation rather than involving the criminal justice system. KEY WORDS: Intimate partner violence, victimisation, criminal justice system, gender, violent women, police. RESUMEN Este estudio pretende buscar una explicación al reciente incremento de la «violencia de las mujeres» en las relaciones de pareja. Examina la literatura que esgrime el argumento de que dicha violencia sólo se puede explicar sobre la asunción de la simetría de género, para sostener que el análisis de esta reacción femenina debe contemplar el papel de la inadecuada respuesta policial en casos de denuncias de mujeres. Se analizan los escritos a partir de los cuales se observa no sólo cierta ambivalencia en la actitud policial en momentos en que las mujeres piden ayuda, sino una auténtica victimización secundaria para con ellas debido a prejuicios. Todo ello hace que las mujeres hayan de negociar y buscar su seguridad por medio de la reacción violenta, antes que por la vía policial y del sistema judicial. PALABRAS CLAVE: violencia machista, victimización, sistema judicial, género, mujeres violentas, policía. WHEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE RESULT CLEPSYDRA, 8; noviembre 2009, pp
2 INTRODUCTION MARIKA GUGGISBERG 130 Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global phenomenon that has persisted despite nearly 40 years of work in this area 1. It is recognised as a serious challenge not only for the criminal justice system but also social welfare and health agencies. Empirical literature demonstrates that IPV occurs in different ethnic and cultural groups in Western societies suggesting the family home is one of the most dangerous places particularly for women and children 2. It is commonly accepted that interpersonal violence occurring in the privacy of a family home has a particularly negative impact on victimised individuals 3, relatives often witnessing the violence, as well as the wider community in general 4. While the past decades have seen a dramatic improvement in responding to IPV victimisation in some countries by the criminal justice system as well as social service and health organisations 5, even there it is observable, that IPV victimisation remains a hidden problem, which is often unnoticed by the public 6. Nevertheless, a positive development has taken place and importantly, IPV has become recognised as a public issue largely due to feminist advocacy. In addition, the recognition that many acts of IPV are now considered a criminal offence has pushed this form of interpersonal violence into the public realm 7. However, it should be recognised that often it may be difficult to adequately respond to victimisation, because generally, violent incidents are less likely to be reported when the perpetrator is known to the victim. For example, the latest national Australian survey on interpersonal violence, the Personal Safety Survey, revealed that nine out of ten women subjected to physical forms of IPV recognised as a criminal offence did not report their victimisation to the police. If sexual violence was involved, none of the incidents came to the attention of the police due to women s reluctance to make an official report 8. An additional difficulty in adequate responses has been noted by some investigators. 1 C. FISHER, L. HUNT, R. ADAMSAM, & W.E. THURSTON, «Health s a difficult beast : The interrelationship between domestic violence, women s health and the health sector, an Australian case study». Social Science and Medicine, vol. 65, núm. 8 (2007), pp M. GUGGISBERG, Intimate Partner Violence: A Significant Risk Factor for Female Suicide». Women against Violence: An Australian feminist journal, vol. 20 (2008), pp FISHER et al, op. cit. 4 Access Economics, The Cost of Domestic Violence to the Australian Economy. Canberra, Office of the Status of Women, Commonwealth of Australia, C. TERRANCE, K. PLUMM, & B. LITTLE, «Maternal blame: Battered women and abused children», Violence against Women, vol. 14, núm.8 (2008), pp GUGGISBERG, op. cit. 7 G. GARCÍA-MORENO, H.A.F.M. JANSEN, M. ELLSBERG, L. HEISE, & C. WATTS, Multi-Country Study on Women s Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women s Responses. Ginebra, World Health Organisation, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2005 Personal Safety Survey. Canberra, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006.
3 IPV is subject to police discretion 9 inevitably making it vulnerable to the subjective beliefs and attitudes of attending police officers at the scene as well as other criminal justice officials in the process of an investigation. Police officers, judges, and other court personnel may regard IPV as a private issue or mistakenly believe its effects are less serious because of the victimised person s relationship to the offender. The private setting of the home appears to pose an important obstacle for appropriate responses. 1. IPV REMAINS A HIDDEN PROBLEM... Clearly, the feminist perspective challenges the notion that IPV is a private matter 10 and dramatic improvements in the ways the criminal justice system responds to IPV victimisation have taken place, largely due to feminist advocacy 11. IPV victimisation remains a hidden crime as the majority of offences are not reported to the police 12 despite many years of awareness raising and public education attempts. Examining the most recent nationally representative survey on interpersonal violence in Australia, the Personal Safety Survey, it becomes evident that women, while most likely to be subjected to violence by a trusted and known individual such as an intimate partner, are generally reluctant to report their victimisation to the police 13. This is problematic as the police are often the first point of contact for women subjected to IPV MAKING THE POLICE A CRITICAL SOURCE OF HELP IPV, by becoming a criminal offence in many countries all over the world, makes the criminal justice system a critical source of help for abused women. Some researchers eloquently argue that the police are to be seen as «the cornerstone of responses to domestic violence in many western countries... [because] the role of the health sector remains underdeveloped» 14. It is important to recognise the crucial role of the police due to a lack of alternative avenues abused women can pursue. In this regard, Gaby Marcus, the Director of the Australian Domestic and Family 9 E. GRACIA, F. GARCÍA, & M. LILA, «Police involvement in cases of intimate partner violence against women». Violence against Women, vol. 14, núm. 6 (2008), pp B.A. MCPHAIL, N.B. BUSH, S. KULKARNI, & G. RICE, «An integrative feminist model: The evolving feminist perspective on intimate partner violence». Violence against Women, vol. 13, núm. 8 (2007), pp TERRANCE et al, op. cit. 12 GUGGISBERG, op. cit. 13 Australian Bureau of Statistics, op. cit. 14 FISHER et al, op. cit., p WHEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE RESULT
4 Violence Clearinghouse, observed that «it is critical for police and the wider response system to constantly question their approaches... in order to best serve those affected by violence and address perpetrators abuse» 15. As can be observed, the critical role of the police in regards to IPV has been recognised, which is important as women s decisions to seek help with the police and consequently leave an abusive relationship are dependent on their perception of police responses. While it may be assumed that generally police officers are sympathetic and willing to assist women in need, this is not necessarily the case as will be discussed below. If victimised women (perhaps out of previous experiences) fear the police officer may take the side of the perpetrator, it is clear that they are less likely to report an incident to the police. What may be some explanations of police officers reluctance to intervene in a desired approach that provides re-assurance and enhances victimised women s confidence to reach out to police? 3. THE PRIVATE/PUBLIC PROBLEM MARIKA GUGGISBERG 132 Because IPV commonly takes place behind closed doors, someone, usually the victim, is required to take action. Many women do not feel comfortable to seek help as they perceive IPV as a private matter. Therefore, even victimised women s calls for help appear to reflect this private/public problem. There is much evidence suggesting that incidents involving strangers are much more likely to be reported to the police compared to criminal offences where the perpetrator is an intimate partner 16. The fact that the perpetrator is a known and often trusted person may not only increase abused women s confusion and suffering about the incident, but interfere with police responses. On the one hand, women may be reluctant to seek help due to the close relationship to the perpetrator, but on the other hand, expectancies of assistance and support may not be met, which increase hesitance to seek help. As can be seen, the victim-offender relationship must be recognised when considering IPV, which is one critical factor. However, another, at least equally important issue is the treatment women receive if they decide to report the incident to the police. Police sometimes misinterpret and judge women s behaviours inappropriately. For example, being unwilling to report an incident to the police may not always be an inadequate decision. Women may take this precaution and refrain from reporting or even return to an abusive and or violent partner, which, in their view is absolutely justified and reasonable in order to minimise further and more severe violence. It is argued here that women are best able to assess their level of 15 G. MARCUS, Better Policing, Better Outcomes: Changing Police Culture to Prevent Domestic Violence and Homicide (Issues Paper 18). Sidney, Australian Domestic & Family Violence Clearinghouse, The University of New South Wales, 2009, p GARCÍA-MORENO et al, op. cit.
5 threat to their own or another individual s life. Being seemingly «uncooperative» may have a justification and well be a sensible response to a serious threat. It is generally acknowledged that abused women are at a great risk of homicide by their intimate partners, especially after separation or divorce 17 or maybe even when reaching out to the police. Responding officers may struggle with the challenge of protecting women (and children) from IPV victimisation due to their beliefs in myths about IPV such as suspicion about women s truthfulness, prevalence and negative impact of this crime, and the assumption of gender symmetry. Popular beliefs based on myths rather than empirical evidence may disadvantage women subjected to IPV when in contact with the police or other statutory agencies. 4. PERSISTENT MYTHS Regardless of several decades of awareness raising and public education attempts, it is evident that not only the public, but even professionals working in the areas of civil and criminal justice, welfare and child protection hold beliefs reflecting myths about IPV. These beliefs will inevitably be reflected in their responses and most likely negatively influence intervention when dealing with victimised women (and their children). Feldberg and Behrens listed a number of myths that too many professionals in the legal system appear to continuously accept as facts despite empirical evidence contesting these assumptions. Some of these myths are that a) IPV occurs as an isolated event; b) IPV rarely occurs; c) women generally exaggerate or invent experiences of IPV; d) women are to be blamed for provoking the abusive behaviour; and e) abused women generally have mental health problems 18. Feldberg and Behrens emphasised that much empirical evidence contradicts these beliefs and expressed their frustration about questionable outcomes for women (and their children) resulting from assumptions that are based on myths rather than evidence, including in the legal arena. They observed «the research provides compelling evidence of an overall system failure that results in continuing abuse...women find the system difficult to use and potentially unsympathetic» 19. If statutory services employ individuals holding misconceptions about victimised women, they will be likely to fail supporting these women appropriately. As a result, the women may experience further victimisation, this time by the very system supposedly assisting them (and their children). Unsurprisingly, women may feel as if they are left to negotiate their safety and protection themselves. In this regard, it WHEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE RESULT J.C. CAMPBELL, N. GLASS, P.W. SHARPS, K. LAUGHON, & T. BLOOM, «Intimate partner homicide: Review and implications of research and policy». Trauma, Violence and Abuse, vol. 8, núm.3 (2007), pp B. FEHLBERG & J. BEHRENS, Australian Family Law: The Contemporary Context. Melbourne, Oxford University Press. 19 Ibidem, p. 218.
6 should be noted that women subjected to IPV not always feel helpless. Even if they experience re-victimisation as abusive and violent men s control over them is reinforced by professionals, some women are utilising strategies to resist their victimisation. However, as they may become convinced that they need to act on their (and their children s) behalf as no help can be expected from statutory agencies including the criminal justice system, these women are likely to take things into their own hand. Therefore, it order to understand why victimised women may feel the need to retaliate, it is imperative to scrutinise police responses to their help-seeking behaviours. 5. THE POLICE UNDER SCRUTINY MARIKA GUGGISBERG 134 In the general community, it is assumed that the criminal justice system is a source of help. However, it is firmly established in the literature that often victimised women experience additional victimisation when police and court officials are involved in IPV 20. For example, police have been criticised for inadequate and insensitive intervention producing empirical evidence suggesting that IPV victimisation is often characterised by ignorance or even victim-blaming attitudes with police officers 21. Furthermore, it appears they continue to view IPV as a private rather than a public issue. In this regard, it is important to stress once more that the way police respond to incidents of IPV is critical not only in terms of protecting individuals from an immediate threat but also as a measure of social tolerance reflecting society s attitudes towards certain problems 22, as «the type of police response to incidents of IPV against women... represents the level of social tolerance to and the threshold from which a conduct is considered criminal or not» 23. It is disturbing to observe that recent research found professionals tended to view IPV as less important than crimes perpetrated by strangers and as a private rather than a public matter 24, which influences police responses. Evidence for this was found in a recent European study suggesting that police officers were less likely to intervene in incidents of violence when the perpetrator was an intimate partner compared to stranger violence 25, which illustrates common misperceptions that IPV is less serious than violence victimisation by a stranger. Disturbingly, Gracia and Herrero also found that some police officers per- 20 GRACIA et al, op. cit. 21 I.M. JOHNSON, «Victims Perceptions of Police Responses to Domestic Violence Incidents». Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 35 (2007), pp Ibidem. 23 Ibidem, p A. RUTHERFORD, A.B. ZWI, N.J. GROVE, & A. BUTCHART, «Violence: A priority for Public Health?». Journal of Epidemiological Community Health, vol. 61 (2007), pp GRACIA et al., op. cit.
7 ceived certain amounts of physical violence, perpetrated by a male partner towards a woman, to be acceptable 26. These researchers argued that in some European countries IPV is still socially accepted and victim-blaming attitudes are widespread in the community. Evidence for this was found in a study examining beliefs of 143 police officers about IPV and how these attitudes were reflected in responses to females. Results suggested that generally police officers viewed IPV victimisation as a criminal justice issue warranting high police involvement. The researchers pointed out that this finding was interesting in that it did not seem to be reflected «in the field» 27. In addition, the researchers noted «individual differences in perceived severity and personal responsibility influence police responses» 28. It was concluded that some police officers tend to omit appropriate appraisal of female IPV victimisation as a serious matter due to its private context. A study in Canada found that women experienced disbelief and even rudeness from police officers 29. One participant in this study noted she would «not even bother going to the police because that s a whole additional assault» 30, an experience that was shared with another respondent who sought help after her male partner had sexually assaulted her. The researchers reported one case of a respondent having «flagged down the police car to request help and the police response was to inquire whether she was drunk» 31. Obviously, officers did not take her seriously and failed to provide assistance in this case. The study provided strong evidence that women experienced police responses as inadequate and even as «additional assault» rather than helpful and re-assuring that their human rights have been violated and their dignity had been attacked. Such evidence was corroborated by Jordan who found that when women were raped by their intimate partner, police did not arrest the men 32. Considering police responses to women s help seeking behaviours, it is not surprising that many seem to resort to using violence themselves instead of relying on a system that does not appear to take their victimisation seriously or even sides with the perpetrator. However, engaging in violent behaviour themselves, abused women may come in conflict with the very system that fails to protect them from violence and abuse. 26 E. GRACIA & J. HERRERO, «Acceptability of domestic violence against women in the European Union: A multilevel analysis». Journal of Epidemiological Community Health, vol. 60 (2006), pp GRACIA et al., op. cit. 28 Ibidem, p A. DYLAN, C. REGEHR, & R. ALAGGIA, «Aboriginal victims of sexual violence». Violence against Women, vol. 14, núm. 6 (2008), pp Ibidem, p Ibidem, p C.E. JORDAN, «Intimate partner violence and the justice system: An examination of the interface». Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 19, núm. 12 (2004), pp WHEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE RESULT
8 6. RETALIATING WOMEN... HOW COME? MARIKA GUGGISBERG 136 Anti-feminist scholars have long argued that IPV is not gendered and women are at least equally as violent as men, even going as far as claiming that feminist researchers «promote hatred of and bias against men» 33 and contending that feminist researchers falsely frame IPV victimisation as a women s issue and even accuse them to intentionally distorting evidence and exaggerating the negative consequences abused women suffer 34. Clearly, IPV has become de-gendered in recent years, thus strengthening the assumption of many that it is in fact an equal problem for both men and women. Consequences of this assumption can be seen, for example, in reduced funding of female support agencies as well as changes in public and professional perceptions. Public awareness in Australia about IPV began to increase almost 40 years ago due to feminist activism and has resulted in legislative changes and the establishment of women s refuges 35. Here as elsewhere, an international anti-feminist backlash has been noted 36. This can be seen examining national crime victimisation surveys. For example, in Australia, a national victimisation survey called the «Women s Safety Survey» was conducted in 1995 as a response to an awareness of female IPV victimisation by male partners in the hidden sphere of the home. However, following strong advocacy by men s rights groups in recent years, a global tendency can be observed in a shift of public attitudes on issues such as IPV affecting political decisions such as funding for projects, and even research. Ten years after the Women s Safety Survey was conducted in Australia, the «Personal Safety Survey» collected data, this time not only on women s but also men s experiences in regards to violence by an intimate partner. Analyses of the survey suggested that women continued to be victimised more often and more severely than men 37. While, it cannot be denied that some men are also victimised by their female intimate partners, the nature, form and circumstances in which women are involved in the violence, as well as their motivation to utilise violent behaviours need to be acknowledged 38. Research suggests that the context in which women use violence is different when compared to men s use of violence as women are less likely to use this behaviour 33 J. MANN, «Men s rights and feminist advocacy in Canadian domestic violence policy arenas: Contexts, dynamics, and outcomes of antifeminist backlash». Feminist Criminology, vol. 3, núm. 1 (2008), pp , p M.A. STRAUS, «Future research on gender symmetry in physical assault on partners». Violence against Women, vol. 12 (2006), pp FEHLBERG & J. BEHRENS, op. cit. 36 K.J. LAIDER, and R.M. MANN, «Anti-feminist backlash and gender-relevant crime initiatives in the global context». Feminist Criminology, vol. 3, núm. 2 (2008), pp Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, op. cit. 38 M. GUGGISBERG, Enough is Enough: Why Women Become Engaged in Intimate Partner Violence. Oxford, Interdisciplinary.Net, forthcoming.
9 in order to establish and or maintain power over their male partners 39. Understanding why suddenly women appear to be violent and engage in IPV requires investigation of women s lived experiences, their victimisations by a violent partner as well as a system that continues to fail in providing safety and protection. It may instead even appear to condone the violence and further isolate victimised women. If empirical evidence is considered rather than myths, a clear distinction appears between the use of violence by women and men. The interested reader is referred to an excellent study on this issue by Dobash and Dobash 40. It appears then that female violence is likely to be used for protection or in order to retaliate, maybe out of fear of further and more severe violence by the male perpetrator, rather than to establish power over another individual. In addition, some women may decide to retaliate themselves rather than seek help with the criminal justice system due to warranted concerns of becoming re-victimised by the authorities. These contextual issues regarding female engagement in IPV require recognition and acknowledgement by professionals dealing with victims as well as perpetrators. CONCLUSION The purpose of this paper was to discuss the phenomenon of IPV victimisation as well as often inappropriate professional responses. While the difficulty to provide adequate intervention to IPV, as it is on the interface between the private and the public and often remains hidden, professionals appear to lack empirical knowledge and basic understanding of this issue. IPV has become a public problem requiring attention by statutory agencies as it is recognised as unacceptable behaviour in contemporary society. Nevertheless, relationship violence victimisation, this paper observed, continues to be regarded by some professionals as less serious or a private issue, resulting in different responses to other violent incidents. Current police responses to IPV often depend directly on personal beliefs and attitudes of attending officers who appear to hold misconceptions far too often. From the above evidence it may be understandable why some abused women feel ambivalent about involving the police and instead opt to respond in using violence themselves. It has been argued that when abused women find criminal justice responses unhelpful they will be reluctant to involve the police. Unfortunately, it may be perceived that women appear to be increasingly engaged in IPV, which seemingly corroborates the gender-symmetry assumption of IPV. However, if the causes of women s engagement in violence against their intimate partners are examined, problematic re-victimisation is often observed. It becomes evident that the police and the public continue to hold misconceptions about this form of vio- WHEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE RESULT R.P. DOBASH & R.E. DOBASH, «Women s violence to men in intimate relationships». The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 44, núm. 3 (2004), pp Ibidem.
10 MARIKA GUGGISBERG 138 lence, which may contribute to women s decisions to retaliate rather than seeking help with statutory support agencies. It is imperative for professionals working with women and children subjected to violence and abuse in the home to receive education and training. This will assist them to better understand the nature and motivations of women for using violence and its diverse impacts on the abused, which hopefully will result in less secondary victimisation. Unless a change in attitudes and beliefs towards abused women is achieved, they may rightfully so choose to «take things into their own hands» instead of reaching out for support.
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Crime and Older People, ISBN 0 642 22739 X
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Adolescent Sexual Offenders
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text:
The RETRO FASHIONS video program is specially formatted to create a trendy vintage environment to entertain your customers, clients and staff. The exclusive videos contain an exciting mix of original 1950s-60s B&W fashion newsreels as well as iconic 80s fashion shows. The stylish videos are available immediately and ready to be downloaded to your computer, external storage device, media player or cloud storage.
Length: 1950s-60s B&W newsreels (1 hour, 1980s fashion shows 10 minutes.)
Music/Audio: 1950s-60s YES. 1980s NO.
Video Format: MP4, H.264
Resolution: 640x480
Size: 2.08 GB.
Questions & Answers
Have a Question?
Be the first to ask a question about this.

subset: commoncrawl


text: IoT pioneer DevicePilot announces £600,000 Angel funding round13 May 2016 12:42 PM Tech investors see big future in IoT device management, as DevicePilot looks to develop a scalable IoT device management solutionDevicePilot announced the successful completion of its Angel fund-raising round yesterday (12 May 2016), securing investment of over £600,000 that allows the company to focus on delivering its DevicePilot service for Internet of Things (IoT) device management.DevicePilot continuously monitors and manages connected products over their complete life-cycle as more IoT projects move from pilot stage to deployment at scale, with thousands or millions of devices. DevicePilot (originally called 1248) has come a long way in the past two years, according to CEO Pilgrim Beart. "Since starting the company we've delivered IoT technology with some great partners," said Beart. "For example, our HyperWeave universal IoT gateway for ARM and our leading role in the development of the IoT Hypercat standard."But as we engaged with more and more connected-product companies across many different verticals it became clear to us that they all suffer from the same problem as they scale – managing their devices." DevicePilot is now busy building a universal answer to this critical barrier to IoT expansion and is in alpha stage with a range of customers, both big and small, to help them to manage their growing device estate.DevicePilot Asset Management provides information on what devices have been deployed in the field, who has them, where are they and what software are they running, for example.It will also monitor how many devices are actually working and use a triage process to discover any problems, while the Lifecycle Management functionality pro-actively configures and updates devices from deployment to end-of-life. DevicePilot recently surveyed 50 companies deploying IoT products, which provided evidence that device management is a major barrier to scaling. See http://www.devicepilot.com/news/white-papers/device-management-survey-reveals-risk-to-business-growth.html."We ended-up being significantly over-subscribed for this round, which is testament to the strength of the team, the product focus and the exciting growth of the IoT market," said chairman Rob Dobson. CEO Beart and chairman Dobson have each previously achieved $100m exits from new tech businesses and have a wealth of experience in scaling-up connected devices.James Atkinson EditorLinkedIn |Google + |Email Leave a CommentPlease write code to prove you're humanMore on... IoT GeneralMWC17: Nokia introduces worldwide IoT network grid as a service Libelium adds industrial protocols to its IoT sensor platformInmarsat and Actility team up for global LoRaWAN IoT network More on... Critical CommunicationsFinland and Norway sign cross-border TETRA communication dealCC Europe 2017: Hytera showcasing new base station and handheld radioLatest in IoTAltair Semiconductor introduces narrowband CAT-M1 and NB1 chipsetTelefónica, Huawei and Kamstrup launch in NB-IoT project in Chile oneM2M standard holds third IoT interoperability event


text:
- Description
The Vasque Mantra 2.0 GTX Hiking Shoe for Men in Beluga/Old Gold is a truly rugged, low-cut, hiking machine. Incredibly supportive with maximum stability underfoot, the Mantra 2.0 features a molded polyurethane midsole and a leather Gore-Tex upper providing protection from the sometimes evil inconsistencies of the trail.
- Last: Perpetuum - a fit created for steady, long distance endeavors.
- Formed on a straighter line for people with flatter feet
- Broad toe box
- Tailored instep
- Lower heel volume versus Arc Tempo
- Stable and comfortable for going the distance, perfect for endurance running
- Broad toe box is ideal for endurance activities because it allows the forefoot to expand naturally
- Tailored instep locks the foot securely in place to minimize foot movement, reducing friction
- Originally designed as an endurance running last, it works equally well for being on your feet all day, whether running, hiking or standing
- Weight: 2 lb 5 oz (1054g)
- Outsole: Vibram Nuasi
- Midsole: Molded PU
- Size Chart
There is no size chart available for this product.
- Reviews
- Video
There is no video for this product


text:
Катюша на День Победы
Русский > Контекст > Пропаганда > Катюша > День Победы
День Победы
Here you can see the Ukrainian singer Irina Bilyk with a performance of the song Katyusha at a celebration of Victory Day in 2005, exactly 60 years after the end of the Great Patriotic War, as World War II called in Russia.
On May 7, 1945, at 02:41 in the morning, the German Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl (1890-1946) signed the unconditional surrender of Germany to the Allies. The document stated that all forces under German command would stop the hostilities on May 8, 1945 at 23.01 hours Central European Time.
The only representative of the Soviet Union at that time in Reims was General Ivan Susloparov (1897-1074) who acted as a liaison officer and who was not in direct contact with the Kremlin. Yet he signed the document for the Soviet Union, because no one would wish to create the impression that Germany would surrender without the cooperation of the Soviet Union.
Stalin, however, did not appreciate how things went. He stated that the Soviet Union, and not the Allies, had made the largest contribution to the victory over Germany. Moreover, he found that the agreement should have been signed in Berlin, the center of the Nazi aggression. The protocol of Reims, as he called it, had to be considered as a preliminary agreement.
And so, on May 8, 1945, shortly before midnight, a second ceremony was held in the Berlin headquarters of the commander of the Red Army, Marshal Georgy Zhukov (1896-1974). The German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (1882-1946) signed an identical document. Because of the time difference between Berlin and Moscow, the Russians consider that the Great Patriotic War did not end on May 8, but in the morning of May 9, 1945.
Therefore,Victory Day was, logically, celebrated on the May 9 the Soviet Union since 1946. For the Russians it became only a day off in 1965 though. The day was celebrated with great pomp and splendor, including the famous military parade on Red Square in Moscow.
In the '90s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the mass celebrations were reduced, but that changed again when Vladimir Putin came into power. Since then, the Victory Day is again a day of massive celebrations with a great sense of national self-esteem, on which the popular culture plays a major role. The 60th anniversary in 2005 was the largest ever mass celebration in Russia, including this version of Katyusha by singer Irina Bilyk.


text:
Terlouw, Jan (84 items)
Welcome back! Whilst you were away we added the functionality to view auctions and bid in pounds.
Terlouw, Jan: Information on the Catawiki site about Oorlogswinter, 2008.
At its heart, Catawiki is an online catalogue with images of, and information on, collectibles. Our catalogue is compiled by users in a similar way to Wikipedia.


text:
'Feelin' It' by Mike Scott
"Bru wants to know if Boegie is feeling it."
"Bru wants to know if Boegie is feeling it."
A personal animation project by Gerhard Human.
After receiving nearly 1,400 submissions from across Africa, South African studio Triggerfish chose 8 projects for further development.
Bru decides they need to make some bucks by playing a gig, but Boegie doesn't know how to play the bass.
After sending out a call to African animators for ideas, Triggerfish Story Lab quickly received 1,378 entries from 30 countries.
Disney and Triggerfish are launching an animation development program exclusively for African directors and writers.
Discover the work of Jean de Wet, Cartoon Brew's Artist of the Day!


text:
problems in high speed external flow
Hi everyone I met a problems during solving an external high speed air flow over a body of finned missile. I couldn't solve a flow over 1.5 Mach number. An error message " pressure or temprature limited for .... in .. cells " just before the drag coefficient curve has a constant value with iterations. This error is displayed in the fluent help, and a solution is suggested to redeine the limits of the parameters. I changed the limites to range from allowable minimum value to allowable maximum value and the error is still appears. Where is the mistake I done? Can any one help me?
Re: problems in high speed external flow
if you're using the segregated solver try using the coupled one. This should solve your problem even if it requires a lot ofmemory and time. Luca
Re: problems in high speed external flow
You can plot the pressure and temperature contours and find out the locations where the pressure and tempearture values exeed the limits. Check the aspect ratio & skewness of the grids there ... try to refine the grid at these locations... check the proper boundary conditions also..
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 11:13.


text: Marsh Flats Printings/Rarity: Card Type: Land Oracle Text: , Pay 1 life, Sacrifice Marsh Flats: Search your library for a Plains or Swamp card and put it onto the battlefield. Then shuffle your library. Retrieved from "http://mtg.wikia.com/wiki/Marsh_Flats?oldid=68213" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Zendikar Rare Zendikar Expeditions Mythic Rare Cards Land Nonbasic Land Search Library Cost: Life Cost: Sacrifice


text:
Eagles quarterback Nick Foles played the second half of Sunday's loss to the Redskins at Lincoln Financial Field with a broken right hand.
Eagles Coach Andy Reid announced Monday that an MRI exam revealed that Foles suffered a hairline fracture of his throwing hand late in the first half. The injury was not detected by an initial X-ray, according to Reid.
Foles won't play in this weekend's regular season finale against the New York Giants, Reid said. Michael Vick likely will start the game for the Eagles, he announced.
Foles, a rookie, threw for 345 yards against the Redskins. But he made a low throw for an incompletion in the final seconds when he had wide receiver Jeremy Maclin open in the end zone. The Redskins held on to win, 27-20. Foles said after the game his hand injury did not affect his performance during the game.


text:
STRUGGLE by myartisoriginalWatch
©2012-2017 myartisoriginal
Prt 2 to FREEDOM
awsome, and after al thx. because of this drawing I started drawing 3d, and I love it !!!!
Just Amazing
very good concept!
This is horrible T^T! I looked at this and all I could think was why would you erase them T^T
LOL so funny and original. Insta-fav!
Haha that is so awesome!!
Now I'm going to feel so guilty whenever I erase a doodle XD
Haha, that's pretty good!
I must have murdered so many of my own creations by now
this is awesome!
Wow! I have seen many versions of this, and this is BY FAR the best I have ever seen!
lol! Awesome!
that's messed up.
i would like to feature this in the binder paper group in the masterpiece folder
Haaaaaaaaaaa nooooooo Jjajjajajajajja
Aww, this is so cute! I'll never look at lined paper the same again
I love this! Clever, funny, and so well done, the shadowing is terrific.
Haha, that's awesome!
Run!! Run before you get erased into the infinite space black hole warp space known as the eraser!!! D:
So cute!


text:
- Home >
- Daily Living Aids >
- Table & Kitchenware >
- Miscellaneous Kitchenware >
- Mini Cheese Grater Mini Cheese Grater+-
Mini Cheese Grater
Simple to use rotary grater with easy grip handle that grates cheese, chocolate, nuts, etc. with ease.
- Ideal for use directly at the table over plates and bowls
- Small compartment holds cheese until ready to be used
- Simple to use rotary grater with easy grip handle
- Handle removes for easy cleaning
- Can also be used for grating onions and other vegetables
- Height: 16cm (6")
Related Categories
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text:
Last Month at the Federal Circuit - April 2001
Judges: Clevenger (author), Mayer, and Rader (dissenting)
In In re Jones, No. 00-1414 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 16, 2001) (nonprecedential decision), the Federal Circuit affirmed the Board's decision sustaining a final rejection of certain claims of a patent application by Shedrick Jones concerning a dental implant. The claims had been rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 1, for not meeting the written description requirement.
The Jones patent application shows the implant as roughly cylindrical with a rounded distal end. One attaches an artificial tooth to the proximal end of the implant that is located opposite the distal end. A helical channel runs from the distal end to the proximal end of the implant.
To install the implant, a hole is drilled into the jawbone and some of the removed bone is crushed and placed back into the hole. The implant is screwed into the hole, causing crushed bone particles to travel up the helical channel. The crushed bone encourages bone growth around the implant, causing the implant to be securely held over time.
The rejected independent claims recite a "flat distal end" limitation and a "helical channel having closed ends." Jones had added both limitations in response to prior art rejections.
The Federal Circuit pointed out that neither limitation appears in the written text of the specification, the drawings, or the claims of the originally filed application.
Jones argued, however, that the "flat distal ends" limitation is inherently disclosed in the original application, which should include "reasonable variations" about which one skilled in the art would know. Rejecting this argument, the Court reasoned that considerable speculation is required to find that a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the contested limitations are disclosed.
Regarding the "helical channel having closed ends" limitation, Jones argued that it is inherently disclosed in the application because the application discloses a helical channel and, as a matter of logic, a helical channel must have ends that are either open or closed. The Court disagreed with Jones, agreeing instead with the Examiner that the application teaches away from the "helical channel having closed ends" limitation because the specification suggests that open ends are needed to distribute the crushed bone correctly during insertion of the implant.
Accordingly, the Federal Circuit concluded that substantial evidence supported the Board's finding that claims 6 and 15 are unpatentable because they do not meet the written description requirement of 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 1.
Judge Rader dissented, concluding that the Board had improperly speculated about the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in this art. He would have preferred to see the Board reject the claims as obvious given Jones's concessions.


text:
Tai Hachiro (泰八郎), a well known eyewear craftsman from Japan, is known for making high quality thick framed glasses. He has previously worked with brands such as Number (N)ine and Neighborhood on several collaboration projects. The latest feature on Honeyee takes a look at the recently released Tai Hachiro (泰八郎) x uniform experiment sunglasses. In this feature, uniform experiment's creative director, Hirofumi Kiyonaga, also talks about his thoughts working with Tai Hachiro but unfortunately the interview is only in Japanese.
The glasses are now available for 35,700 Yen.


text:
Mt. St. Helens Climbing Permits Going Fast
Hiking Mt. St. Helens is a very popular activity. In fact, it is so popular climbers are limited to 100 a day between April and October. Climbers must buy a permit if they want to climb during those months and practically the entire summer is already sold out. Luke Whitfield with the Mt. St. Helens Institute says when the tickets go on sale February 1st, they go fast.
"July is completely sold out, August is completely sold out, there are only a few permits left in June and September that are mid-week that are left." says Whitfield. He says there are plenty of permits left for October, if you don't mind the rain.
Of course, plans change, so there is a resale website for permits. On purmit.com you can sell permits you can't use.


text:
NEW ORLEANS -- Both Pants On Fire, the upset winner of the Louisiana Derby at Fair Grounds on Saturday, and Mucho Macho Man, who finished a close third despite losing his right front shoe at the start of the race, were reported in good condition Sunday morning by their trainers.
Pants On Fire and stablemate Nacho Business, who finished eighth, were on a van early Sunday morning, bound for the Palm Meadows training center in Florida.
Their trainer, Kelly Breen, said Pants On Fire, who earned $600,000 in graded stakes money for the victory, would make his next start in the Kentucky Derby on May 7.
Mucho Macho Man was "doing good" Sunday morning, according to his trainer, Kathy Ritvo, who was relieved Mucho Macho Man did not do any apparent damage to his right front hoof, despite losing his shoe at the start of the race and running without it for 1 1/8 miles.
Ritvo theorized that Mucho Macho Man overreached with his right hind foot at the start of the race, tearing off the right front shoe.
"He tore it off good," Ritvo said. "Right from the start."
Mucho Macho Man will remain here for two more days before flying to Florida on Tuesday, Ritvo said.


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Blekk & Toner guide
The Next Generation in Power.Step up to EVGA GeForce GTX gaming with the new GTX 750. Its powerful, ultra-efficient, next-gen architecture makes the GTX 750 the weapon of choice for serious gaming at an incredible value.GTX 750 and GTX 750 Ti cards give you the gaming horsepower to take on today's most demanding titles in full 1080p HD. They deliver 25% more performance than previous-generation cards and up to twice the power efficiency, thanks to the next generation NVIDIA Maxwell architecture. Plus, they come loaded with GeForce GTX gaming technologies like NVIDIA GameStream, G-Sync and GeForce Experience.If you're looking for hyper-realistic gameplay, stunning visuals and exceptional value, this is your graphics card!GAME-CHANGING PERFORMANCE.Gaming on an EVGA GeForce GTX graphics cards means you get an extremely fast, super-smooth, whisper-quiet PC gaming experience. Bring every title to life with breakthrough technologies like NVIDIA GameStream™, G-SYNC™, and GeForce Experience™ for richer, more immersive gaming action.THE NEW WEAPON OF CHOICE.The EVGA GeForce GTX 750 and GTX 750 Ti give you the gaming horsepower to take on any game in full 1080p HD at full settings. Plus, they deliver 25% more performance than previous-generation cards and up to twice the power efficiency thanks to the next-generation NVIDIA® Maxwell™ architecture.PC GAMING THE WAY IT'S MEANT TO BE PLAYED.If you're ready to step up to more hyper-realistic gameplay, stunning visuals, and exceptional value, an EVGA GeForce GTX 750 is your graphics card.


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The PlayStation 4 Pro has just been announced and it's going to bring 4K(ish) gaming and high dynamic range images to the masses.
It's designed to really make the most of an Ultra High Definition screen but oddly the company chose not to support 4K blu-rays. This is despite the fact that Sony was the main supporter of the original blu-ray brand, and will be releasing films on the format.
Sony head fella Andrew House was talking to The Guardian about the perceived issue and had this to say:
"Our feeling is that while physical media continues to be a big part of the games business, we see a trend on video towards streaming. Certainly with our user base, it's the second biggest use case for people's time on the system so we place more emphasis on that area."
Streaming is king according to House, and he certainly has a point as services like Netflix drift towards 4K. It's still an oddly blinkered move, especially considering the histoy of PlayStation as an all-in media hub. The PlayStation 3 in particular sported a blu-ray drive long before they were popular, and likely helped that Sony founded format to win out in the battle against HD DVD.
Perhaps it's a more practical solution, helping to cut the cost of the console by removing a feature which a relatively small amount of the user base will be interested in. There's no doubt that the time of physical media is waning, but it still seems like a strange element to leave out of the package, especially when Microsoft's Xbox One S already supports 4K blu-ray playback.
We'll have to wait and see how the sales go when the console releases in November, 2016.


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powerpoint presentations - 20/06/2017 02:45 EDT
Budget ₹12500-37500 INR
We are launching an online school for which the teachers create PPTs to be used in their classroom sessions. These PPTs need to look good and hence I need a PPT expert who can do the same. This would be an ongoing assignment and I would be paying per PPT. Each PPT is around 10-15 slides.
50 freelance ont fait une offre moyenne de 18450 ₹ pour ce travail
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The five eras of Changeling history can be divided into the Mythic Age, the Sundering, the Shattering, the Interregnum, and the Resurgence.
The Mythic Age lasted from prehistory until circa 1000 BC, when the Iron Age began and mankind realized that they could shape the world through effort and cold hard change. This loss of faith in whim and fancy was the beginning of the end of an age populated by dragons, true fae, and magic throughout the land.
Note: The era that changelings refer to as the Mythic Age is not to be confused with the medieval Mythic Age of Mage: The Ascension, which is analogous to Mythic Europe, the setting of Ars Magica.


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New Year Promotion!
$40 per session – Save up to $100*
New year, new you! Make your new year's resolution a reality. Contact us today to take advantage of this special low rate.
Get started in 2 steps!
- Fill out the form below, email, or call to check if there are openings for new clients. (if there are no openings, you can request to be put on the waitlist)
- Schedule your FREE 1 hour introductory session. Your introductory session is time for you to get a feel for Kip and the gym, to discuss your specific goals, and how you'd like to reach them.


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An update on the project's progress over the last several months.Read more »
Sporadic NAEV Newsletter Vol. 1
http://blog.naev.org –
Deiz 6 years 19 weeks ago – Made popular 6 years 18 weeks ago
Category: End User Tags:
Category: End User Tags:
Eisenstern, Yo Frankie, and Vega Strike eye candy
http://freegamer.blogspot.com –
A Free Gamer update that talks about recent changes in the development of the Eisenstern. Also a video of Yo Frankie! gameplay - the Apricot Project game, as well as Vega Strike eye candy. Also a new acronym - FSFR - is introduced to the world.Read more »
charlesgoodwin 8 years 7 weeks ago – Made popular 8 years 7 weeks ago
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A new study into improving environmental and commercial resourcefulness has laid out the blueprint for creating a 'circular economy' whereby products and materials are restored and regenerated much more widely, with emphasis being placed on leasing, renting and sharing rather than ownership and consumption.
"In a circular economy, products are designed for ease of reuse, disassembly and refurbishment, or recycling, with the understanding that it is the reuse of vast amounts of material reclaimed from end-of-life products, rather than the extraction of resources, that is the foundation of economic growth," the study says.
Environmental groups have campaigned for this shift in consumer attitudes for years; highlighting the need for a radical rethink on how products are sourced, manufactured and advertised.
One area that has been strident with its reproachful stance on waste and unsustainability is the mobile phone recycling industry. Every year millions of unused or unwanted handsets bypass lucrative mobile recycling schemes; which offer cash for phones along with a commitment to prolong the life of our out-dated technology.
Selling a phone to one of the numerous online mobile recyclers ensures that your old handset is remarketed in emergent international economies, providing crucial communication links between rural communities in areas where landlines are not an option.
Mobile recyclers point toward the costly manufacture of virgin mobile handsets in terms of the raw material extraction involved. Underneath the glossy exterior of the modern mobile phone lurks a chemical cocktail which is both extremely hazardous when dumped in landfill and cripplingly expensive to extract.
The study highlights the problem: 'About 65 billion tonnes (U.K.) of raw materials entered the global supply chain in 2010; and, by 2020, that number is expected to rise to about 82 billion tonnes'.
The positive message from the mobile recyclers is we can all pursue our own 'circular economy'; albeit on a much smaller scale than this new report, simply by thinking 'sell my phone', next time you're looking to upgrade your phone. It is important to break the chain of 'take-make-dispose' and explore new ways of extending the brief life-span of current mobile phones.


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Orlando, Florida – (The Hosting News) – December 9, 2008 – Advanced Windows-based shared, virtual private server (VPS), dedicated and enterprise web hosting solutions firm, Server Intellect, has garnered recognition from DedicatedServerDirectory.
Caroline Paine, Sales Manager at Serchen Interactive: DedicatedServerDirectory remarked, "DedicatedServerDirectory is thrilled to recognize Server Intellect as the #1 Award Winner from over 100 independent dedicated server web hosts. Server Intellect has a focused commitment to customer satisfaction and this is clearly demonstrated by the strong votes received in our independent user voting survey."
The #1 Spot in the Dedicated Server Awards category for Server Intellect was independently selected by users of DedicatedServerDirectory for December 2008. The Awards are given after an independent user survey from thousands of visitors from the previous month. Users selected Server Intellect as the Best Dedicated Server Provider from over 100 web hosts who specialize in Dedicated Servers.
Eric Pratt, CEO of Server Intellect noted, "Server Intellect is honored to be recognized by DedicatedServerDirectory and the many happy users of our service. Our commitment to quality and customer service reflects in every aspect of our business, and our entire team is humbled by this prestigious award. In September 2008 Server Intellect announced it had obtained a rare Triple Competency in the Microsoft Gold Certified Partner Program with the Hosting Solutions, Networking Infrastructure Solutions and Information Worker Solutions competencies."
Server Intellect, located in downtown Orlando, Florida, was born in 2003 from Client Intellect, Inc to assist businesses and individuals worldwide to achieve their internet technology goals. By offering enterprise shared server hosting, virtual private servers and dedicated servers coupled with world class customer service, Server Intellect has become a world recognized leader in the global web hosting market. Server Intellect assists companies of all sizes with their hosting needs by offering fully configured server solutions coupled with proactive server management services. ServerIntellect offers Windows Server 2003 Standard, Windows Server 2008 Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Datacenter Edition with Hyper-V and All Editions Microsoft SQL Server2005/ 2008.
For more information about Server Intellect, please visit: www.serverintellect.com.


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neolestat Photographer
pheonix bModel Female
My Website: deviant art containing my full portfolioMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/pheonixblood
Mayhem # 572150
About Me
I am ever so slightly different, I'm excitable, im creative and I will take any opportunity to try something a little bit different!
i am also looking to work with make up artists to really get all creative.
Name - Hollie
Model Alias - Pheonix blood
Location - south england and south wales
Age -20
Height - 5Ft 7"
Weight - 130lbs
Dress Size 10 -12
Measurements (Bust, waist, hips) - 34 26 35
Shoe Size - 8
Hair Colour - varying shades of red
Hair Style - +shoulder length, straight layered.
Eye Colour - muddy green
Body Modifications if any - ears pierced - tapered.
Willing to travel? - defiantly. London is VERY easy and cheep for me to get to.
Payment - for the majority really happy to work tfp
Hobbies and Interests - I'm a hardcore video gamer and I worship games, the culture and consoles. I'm also a big anime and manga fan and can often be found reading Japaneses comic books or studying Japanese culture. I am also a cosplayer, the art of dressing up like comic book/video game characters, in my spare time. to top it all off I'm really into music and take my ipod everywhere and i used to do alot of snowboarding.
Goals - to be really really creative. i live inside my own imagination and will jump and every opportunity to create something different and exciting. please feel free to contact me offering TFP if you have some really creative ideas brewing.
Past Experience-
have working with the following photographers:
neolestat - fetish x 2
neolestat - cosplay x3
Adam Robertson - Mayhem #183295 x2
hatter arts
KaD2 photography - Mayhem #381091
R J carroll
cosplay snap
genki gear t shirts
sharks and static jewelry
bubble gum slut fanzine
sancuatry rock bar
Henchard John Burton - Mayhem #294708 - www.imat.co.uk
Midda Parka - John parker - Mayhem #37422
Burldoir (designer)
Wear Able Art for Durable People fashion show @ EGG
Tom Hole x 2
Photography Joe
Have you worked with pheonix b? Add Credits for pheonix b! >>
neolestat Photographer
Adam Robertson Photographer
stripeydani Model
MeaganMarie Model
AT Glamour London Photographer
rjcarroll Photographer
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After my journey with toxic mold, I realized just how important it was to share what I had learned throughout the process. There are so many of us out there, struggling to make sense of what to do and how to do it. This page is a resource page. It includes the following categories (click on the category name to jump to that content):
Mold Testing & Detection
Air Filters and Purifiers
Toxic Mold Related Products
Informative Articles
Helpful Books
Informative Websites
If you suspect you have mold issues in your home, it is important to conduct the right tests to get to the root of the issue so that you can decide where to go from there.
Moisture Testing
Go out and get yourself a moisture meter like this one or this one. Test EVERYTHING! Test your floors. Test every wall in your home. Test base boards. Test under windows. Test around doors. Literally test every wall in your home.
Each meter will come with a guide. If any of your walls or floor spaces show elevated levels of moisture, you can bet you have the right conditions for toxic mold to grow in.
Thermo Imaging
If your moisture levels come back high, you probably want to get a sense of just how extensive the affected area is. Thermo Imaging is a great way to see inside walls and floors without tearing into them and releasing millions of mold spores. You don't absolutely need to take this step just yet. But eventually, you will need to see just how much of your home is affected.
If you want to take a look yourself, there is a really cool thermos imaging phone app. You can learn more about it here. The other option is a handheld thermos imaging device like this one. You can also hire people to come do this for you.
The ERMI or HERTSMI Test
I cannot stress this enough. You MUST run an ERMI or a HERTSMI test. These tests will tell you exactly what species of mold are present and at what level. You will receive a breakdown of the individual spores and spore counts as well an overall ERMI or HERTSMI score. The higher the score, the more quickly you need to get out of your home.
I used Mycometrics for our initial ERMI tests. They are the gold-standard when it comes to the ERMI test. If you would like a less expensive option that is still really solid, give EMSL Analytical a shot. I used them to test our shed and was pleased. They are not as detailed but that's ok. You still get all the main mold categories covered. momsAWARE is actually offering a subsidized test kit so if you are on a budget, I'd order through them for sure.
The Mycotoxin Test
While mold can wreak havoc on your health, the mycotoxins they produce are the real killers. I used Real Time Labs to test for Mycotoxins.
Mold Test Plates
Not everyone can afford the more expensive testing options. You might also not be 100% sure that you have a mold problem. If you are looking for a simple, inexpensive test that helps you determine your next course of action, there are two options that are very solid. I wrote an entire post discussing my experience with these test kits so please visit An Affordable Mold Test to get the full scoop.
We literally have all of these filters and air purification products. While price might be an issue, you really do get what you paid for. I have listed the filters in order of quality.
Products We Used To Keep Ourselves Safe When Cleaning Out Our Home
Products We Purchased To Help Keep Our New Living Environment Mold Free
(You MUST have a high quality HEPA vacuum with a sealed system)
Surviving Mold (This is Dr. Shoemaker's site and really is the best site out there. Spend a lot of time here and if you feel compelled, grab the one month membership and gain access to all of his documents.)
Dr. Jack Thrasher's site (he is the toxicologist that we worked with. His site is a little old-school but there is a TON of information there! In some ways, I like it better than the Surviving Mold site. You just have to patiently wade though the site design flaws.)
Environmental Illness Resource


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Some are funny, others, well;
This team is a lost cause.Last Post By: Zero 07-24-2017, 04:54 PM
Cardinals president of baseball operations John Mozeliak recently met with starting pitcher Lance Lynn to discuss Lynns future with the team, which isLast Post By: Zero 07-24-2017, 04:52 PM
along with FO Brass. He'll never work his way out of his hitting problems sitting on the bench while Camargo, Rodriquez and others provide a better optionLast Post By: salmagundy 07-24-2017, 09:48 AM
WWE News: SmackDown star caught speeding & Hogan/Nicole Smith
Submitted by Stu Starrs on Wednesday, January 10, 2007 at 11:56 AM EST
Last Post By:
Minnesota Vikings RB Latavius Murray ...
Click here for the entire article, bitches
Minnesota Vikings QB Sam Bradford ...
Click here for the entire article, bitches
I love it. Lock these young guys
We need a thread, like Manny the Moron Radio Show, where can post thoughts and comments about other stuff(not politics though)...
1 members and 121 guests
Most users ever online was 4,050, 11-14-2015 at 03:12 PM.


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Free Items
Download these lessons for FREE after a FREE REGISTRATION has been completed.
Should you enjoy these lessons, JOIN TODAY or UPGRADE (Via My Account Page / Subscriptions Tab) and get access to over 300 FULL Tutorials.
Once you have registered, either return to the video page & click the download button or go to the Online Store & download.


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College Workshop - Parent University: "Paperwork...Get on It!" - Briarcliff Manor Public Library
Hours: 6:30-8pm
Ages: TE,AD
1 Library Road - 914.941.4148
Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510
Description: Workshop discussion includes The College Essay, Resume, Admissions, and Application Process. Discussion topics: How to Write a College Essay that Stands Out and Enhances the Application; How to Create a Knock-out Resume of Interests, Awards, Skills, Work Experience, and Community Service; The Application: Who Does What?: Parents, Students, Teachers, and the Counselor; How to Get a "Head-start" and Greater Comfort Level with Admissions and Applications. Register online at eduscapeassociates.com. For more information call Gayle Marchica at 914-941-4148.


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