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Mean total hippocampal volume. Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval.
Mean cerebral gray matter volume. Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval.
Mean third-ventricle volume. Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval.
Boos HBM, Aleman A, Cahn W, Pol HH, Kahn RS. Brain Volumes in Relatives of Patients With SchizophreniaA Meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(3):297-304. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.297
© 2017
Smaller brain volumes have consistently been found in patients with schizophrenia, particularly in gray matter and medial temporal lobe structures. Although several studies have investigated brain volumes in nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia, results have been inconsistent.
To determine the magnitude and extent of brain volume differences in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients.
Data Sources
A systematic search was conducted to identify relevant studies. Computer searches of the MEDLINE database were performed for English-language articles published before July 2005. Relevant abstracts published in 2005 were also selected.
Study Selection
Magnetic resonance imaging studies that examined differences in brain volumes between first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects were obtained through computerized databases, including MEDLINE. Studies had to report sufficient data for computation of effect sizes.
Data Extraction
For each study, the Cohen d was calculated. Data extraction and calculation of the effect size were performed by 2 authors (H.B.M.B. and A.A.) who reached a consensus in cases of uncertainty and discrepancies. All analyses were performed using the random-effects model.
Data Synthesis
Twenty-five studies were identified as suitable for analysis and included 1065 independent first-degree relatives of patients, 679 patients with schizophrenia, and 1100 healthy control subjects. The largest difference between relatives and healthy control subjects was found in hippocampal volume, with relatives having smaller volumes than controls (d = 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.49; 9 effect sizes). Gray matter was smaller (d = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.02-0.33; 7 effect sizes) and third-ventricle volume was larger (d = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.03-0.40; 7 effect sizes) in relatives compared with healthy control subjects.
Brain abnormalities are present in nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and are most pronounced in the hippocampus.
Structural brain abnormalities are well established in schizophrenia. Several meta-analyses1,2 have reported smaller brain volumes in schizophrenia, with more pronounced reductions in the hippocampus and amygdala. However, the nature of these brain changes is still unresolved. For instance, whether these changes are a result of the use of antipsychotic medication is a matter of debate.3- 6 Similarly, it is unclear to what extent these abnormalities are related to the vulnerability for developing the illness. Both issues can be (partially) addressed by studying brain structures in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Clearly, the vulnerability for developing schizophrenia is highly genetic: studies7 in families of patients with schizophrenia have shown that the origin of the disorder has an estimated heritability of 80%, including interaction between the genes and environment. Thus, the presence of brain changes in relatives of patients would suggest these to be related to the shared genetic risk of developing schizophrenia. Moreover, brain volume differences in relatives cannot be the result of antipsychotic medication. Therefore, examining brain volumes in nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients can clarify some of the causes of the brain abnormalities observed in probands.
In recent years, several studies have measured brain volumes in nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients compared with those of healthy subjects. Most of these studies8- 16 showed smaller total brain volumes in relatives, but others17- 19 did not. Similarly, larger ventricular volume has been reported in several studies,14,16,19- 22 but 2 other studies did not find this.12,23 Furthermore, medial temporal lobe structures were reportedly smaller in several studies,9,17,19,24- 27 but this finding has not been universally replicated.8,11,16,20,28 Thus, although brain abnormalities have been found in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients, the findings are inconsistent. Moreover, effect sizes in the individual studies have not been quantitatively reviewed and integrated.
The aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine the magnitude and extent of brain volume differences in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. We attempted to integrate the findings from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. To this end, we examined volumes of global brain structures and smaller structures in nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia compared with those of healthy control subjects. In an additional analysis, we compared brain volumes of patients with those of the unaffected relatives.
The MRI studies that examined differences in brain volumes in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy control subjects were obtained through computerized databases, including MEDLINE. The keywords used in the computerized search were brainabnormalit(s), relative(s), and schizophre(s). The terms relative(s), sib(s), parent(s), and schizophre(s) were also combined with brain volume(s), gray matter, white matter, ventricle(s), and hippocampus. Titles and abstracts of the articles were examined to see whether or not they could be included. Additional studies were obtained by a hand search of journals published in 2005 that most frequently publish articles on structural brain imaging in schizophrenia to find articles that had not yet been included in computerized databases. The journals included the following: Archives of General Psychiatry, The American Journal of Psychiatry, Biological Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Research, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, American Journal of Medical Genetics, and Neurobiology of Disease. Bibliographies of included articles were used for a further search. Finally, abstracts from conferences on schizophrenia presented in 2005 were taken into account.
Forty-three studies were identified as potential candidates for the meta-analysis. Studies were included if (1) they were MRI studies of brain structures published before July 2005 or they were not yet published but were presented as an abstract at the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research in 2005, (2) they compared first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia with a healthy control group (having no history and family history of psychosis), (3) they were published in the English language, and (4) they reported sufficient data to obtain the effect size: means, standard deviations, exact P values, or exact F values for a 2-group comparison. Studies in which some of the relatives had an ill family member diagnosed as having schizoaffective disorder (instead of schizophrenia) were also included in this analysis.
Fifteen studies were excluded from the meta-analysis because they did not show relevant data to enable us to compute the Cohen d values.29- 42 Five studies were excluded because they did not report brain volumes of relatives of schizophrenic patients compared with healthy control subjects.43- 47 Twenty-five studies were identified as suitable for our meta-analysis and included 1065 independent first-degree relatives of patients, 679 patients with schizophrenia, and 1100 control subjects. The 25 studies that were identified as suitable reported brain volumes of different types of first-degree relatives; namely, siblings,9,12,13,16- 18,20,22,23,48 monozygotic twins,10,11,14,16,25,27,49 dizygotic twins,11,14,25,27,49 parents,15,17,18,21,28,48,50,51 and offspring.24 Four studies did not specify first-degree relatives.8,19,21,26 Together, the 25 studies reported volumes of 56 brain structures. Some of these structures were not evaluated by more than 3 studies, and in this case, these structures were not examined in the analysis. Table 1 lists the included articles and the brain structures that were analyzed.
This meta-analysis was performed to examine measurements of volumes in global brain structures and smaller structures in the medial temporal lobe in nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients and healthy control subjects. The structures that were suitable for analysis included total brain, intracranial, lateral ventricle, third-ventricle, gray matter, white matter, amygdala-hippocampal, hippocampal, and cerebrospinal fluid volume. If sufficient data were present, an analysis was performed to examine the effect of the side of the brain and differences in volumes between patients and relatives.
The key to meta-analysis is defining an effect size statistic capable of representing the quantitative findings of a set of research studies in a standardized form that permits meaningful comparison and analyses across the studies.52 Therefore, for each study in this meta-analysis, the effect size statistic Cohen d was calculated. The Cohen d is the difference between the mean of the experimental group and the mean of the comparison group divided by the pooled standard deviation. In this analysis, the mean volume of a specific brain structure for relatives of patients with schizophrenia was subtracted from the mean volume for comparison subjects and divided by the pooled standard deviation of both. When means and standard deviations were not available, d values were calculated from exact P values, t values, or F values. Data extraction and computation of the effect sizes were performed independently by 2 of the authors (H.B.M.B. and A.A.). In cases of discrepancies, a consensus was reached by means of discussion. After computing individual effect sizes for each study, meta-analytic methods were applied to obtain a combined effect size, which indicated the magnitude of the association across all studies.53 Individual effect sizes were inverse variance weighted to correct for upwardly biased estimation of the effect in small sample sizes.53,54 Additionally, a homogeneity statistic, Q, was calculated to test whether the studies could be assumed to share a common population effect size. A significant Q statistic indicates heterogeneity of the individual study effect sizes, which poses a limitation to a reliable interpretation of the results. If significant heterogeneity is found, a moderator analysis can be performed to investigate the potential moderating factors.54 A t test was subsequently performed on the null hypothesis that the d value is 0.00, which we report together with the associated P value. According to Cohen,55 d values of 0.2 show small effects. Values between 0.4 and 0.6 are moderate effects, and d values of 0.8 or higher are large effects. All analyses were performed with a random-effects model using comprehensive meta-analysis.56 A random-effects model assumes that the true effect size estimated by different studies varies among studies because of differences in samples or paradigms and that these true effect sizes have a normal distribution (ie, heterogeneity exists).57
To examine the possibility of publication bias, we computed a fail-safe number of studies.54,58 Publication bias implies that studies with no effect may not be published, posing a threat to the stability of the obtained effect size. The fail-safe number of studies indicates the number of unpublished studies with null effects that must reside in file drawers to reduce the observed effect size to a negligible level. The statistic can be calculated with the use of the formula given by Orwin58 and Lipsey and Wilson52
k × [(ESk-ESc) − 1].
In this formula, k is the number of studies, ESk, the mean weighted effect size; and ESc, the criterion effect size (which we set at a d value of 0.10).
The structures that were analyzed, the number of studies included, and the number of subjects in which the structures were measured are reported in Table 1. The composite effect sizes (Cohen d, associated confidence intervals, Q statistics, and P values) of all studies for the different structures are reported in Table 2. Only those structures for which the volumes were explored in more than 3 individual studies were analyzed. In applicable studies, brain volumes of patients were also compared with those of relatives.
As presented in Table 2, the results of our meta-analysis indicate brain volume differences between first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects. The largest effect was found for hippocampal volume, with smaller volumes in relatives compared with healthy subjects (Figure 1). In this analysis, 9 studies were included, with a group size of 421 relatives of patients with schizophrenia and 603 healthy control subjects. One of the studies that measured hippocampal volumes controlled for intracranial volume and 8 studies for whole brain volume. The combined-effect Cohen d of the 9 studies was 0.31 (P<.001). Excluding the studies that controlled for intracranial volume did not change the results, and analyzing studies (n = 12) that measured hippocampal together with amygdala volume even showed a combined-effect Cohen d of 0.52 (P = .005). The largest effect was found in left hippocampal volume (d = 0.47; P = .04; right hippocampal volume: d = 0.23; P = .04). When we measured hippocampal volume in relatives compared with control subjects, the fail-safe number was 18, large enough to lend credence to our findings.
Small effects were found in cerebral gray matter (smaller in relatives vs healthy control subjects; d = 0.18; P = .04; fail-safe number = 7) (Figure 2) and third-ventricle volume (larger in relatives than in healthy control subjects; d = 0.21; P = .02; fail-safe number = 8) (Figure 3). The analysis of gray matter volume included 7 studies, with a group size of 249 relatives and 285 healthy control subjects. The analysis of third-ventricle volume included 7 studies with 414 relatives and 418 healthy controls. Analyses of volumes of the total brain, intracranial space, lateral ventricles, and white matter did not show significant effects. However, the analysis of total brain and white matter volume showed a trend toward significance (total brain: d = 0.28; P = .06; white matter: d = 0.40; P = .07; both smaller in relatives compared with healthy subjects).
Seventeen studies also included a sample of patients (679 patients with schizophrenia and 790 nonpsychotic relatives). Nine studies evaluated the hippocampus among 335 patients and 511 relatives, showing a moderate effect (d = 0.43; P = .001; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.68) with patients having smaller hippocampal volumes than relatives. This result showed significant heterogeneity (Q = 22.28; P = .004). However, one study was an outlier, reporting a large decrease in hippocampal volume.46 When we excluded this study, the heterogeneity was not significant (d = 0.29; P<.001; Q = 2.67; P = .91). The fail-safe number of studies for this analysis was 29, large enough to lend credence to our findings.
In the analysis that compared first-degree relatives with healthy control subjects, most Q values were nonsignificant (Table 2) except for those in the analyses of amygdala-hippocampal complex volume, white matter volume, total brain volume, and cerebrospinal fluid volume. This significant Q value indicates heterogeneity of the individual study effect sizes and thus limits reliable interpretation of these results.
This meta-analysis integrated the results of 25 MRI studies that compared brain volumes of 1065 nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia with those of 1100 healthy control subjects. The results indicate that brain volumes in relatives of patients with schizophrenia differ from those of healthy control subjects, with effect sizes in the small to moderate range. The largest effect is found in hippocampal volume (d = 0.31), with relatives of patients having smaller volumes than healthy control subjects. In addition, total gray matter volume (d = 0.18) and third-ventricle (d = 0.21) volume are smaller in relatives compared with healthy control subjects. Although total brain and white matter volume did not differ significantly in relatives compared with healthy controls, both structures showed a trend toward significance (P = .06 and P = .07, respectively). The analysis that compared patients with schizophrenia with first-degree relatives showed smaller hippocampal volumes in the patients (d = 0.43). In addition, 3 studies that were excluded from this meta-analysis examined hippocampal volumes in first-degree relatives compared with healthy control subjects. Two studies also showed smaller volumes in relatives compared with healthy controls.32,36 However, Harris et al33 did not find this.
The results of this meta-analysis suggest that brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are related (in part) to the risk of developing the disease and that these brain changes may therefore predate the clinical onset of the disorder. Moreover, they argue against the notion that the brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are solely caused by antipsychotics. These conclusions are bolstered by the finding that the brain structures affected in relatives are the same as those reported to be abnormal in patients.2 The findings are supported by 2 studies59,60 that reported reduced gray matter volumes in similar brain structures of individuals at high risk for schizophrenia. Both studies reported that those relatives who later develop psychotic symptoms have a more severe reduction before the onset of these symptoms.
The finding of hippocampal volume reduction in relatives of schizophrenic patients also dovetails with the results of recent meta-analyses regarding cognitive functioning in relatives.61,62 In these articles, lower performance in relatives of patients compared with healthy control subjects was reported on several cognitive domains, including verbal and declarative memory, executive functioning, and attention. Interestingly, Sitskoorn et al62 found that the largest effect size was obtained for verbal memory (d = 0.54), being significantly worse in relatives of patients than in healthy subjects. However, the performance of relatives on these cognitive tasks was less impaired than has been reported in patients with schizophrenia.63,64 Indeed, decreased verbal memory is one of the most robust neuropsychological findings in schizophrenia.60 Deficits in verbal memory have generally been associated with smaller (left) hippocampal volume,65 as is also the case in patients with schizophrenia66,67 and their relatives.17,26 In the present meta-analysis, the effect size was considerably larger for the left than for the right hippocampus. This finding is consistent with findings from lesion and functional MRI studies in healthy subjects, suggesting more involvement of the left hippocampus in encoding and recognition of verbal as opposed to visual or pictorial material.68 The suggestion of smaller left hippocampal volume as a vulnerability indicator for schizophrenia, put forward by Seidman et al,17 is also consistent with these observations.
The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that a common genetic vulnerability to developing schizophrenia is reflected in brain morphologic findings. McDonald et al69 demonstrated that the genetic risk of schizophrenia is associated with an extensive system of gray matter deficits and white matter abnormalities. However, only a few studies have identified specific genes in relation to brain volume abnormalities in schizophrenia. Szeszko et al70 studied 19 patients with schizophrenia and 25 healthy control subjects and reported a role for brain-derived neurotropic factor in determining hippocampal volume. More relevant to the finding of the current meta-analysis, Callicott et al71 examined the effects of the DISC1 gene on the risk of schizophrenia and its impact on the hippocampus. They found that DISC1 increased the risk of developing the disease and was also associated with structural and functional alterations in the hippocampus.
However, smaller hippocampal volumes in relatives of patients with schizophrenia could also have been caused by environmental factors. Obstetric complications such as hypoxia are known to result in smaller brain volumes, affecting the hippocampus profoundly.21,72,73 Smaller hippocampal volumes have also been associated with brain injury65,74,75 and stress65,76 and have been found not only in schizophrenia but also in several other psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and borderline personality disorder.65 An important function of the hippocampus and amygdala is the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which plays a role in stress processing. This regulation may be altered because of a genetic predisposition. In depression, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is strongly activated and the adrenal cortex hypersecretes glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Although less pronounced, considerable hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation is also found in schizophrenia.77 On the basis of earlier animal experiments, overexposure to cortisol during prolonged periods of stress is expected to damage the brain, particularly the hippocampus. Sapolsky et al77 provided evidence in rats that chronic stress, with the concomitant increase in corticoid levels, causes loss of neurons in the hippocampus and subsequent deficits in memory function and cognition. In patients with depression, this glucocorticoid cascade has also been presumed to result in decreased hippocampal volume,78 possibly explained by apoptosis.79 Both apoptosis and neurogenesis have been shown to occur in the hippocampus.80 Thus, smaller hippocampal volumes in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives might also be the result of stress-related processes in the brain.81
These hypotheses regarding putative genetic and environmental factors underlying hippocampal damage in relatives of schizophrenic patients can be integrated by taking gene-environment interactions into account. Gene-environment interactions may result from genetically mediated differences in the sensitivity to environmental factors or environmentally mediated influences on gene expression. Evidence of genetically mediated differences in environmental factor sensitivity shows that slightly elevated rates of obstetric complications are found not only in patients with schizophrenia but also in their nonpsychotic first-degree relatives.82,83 As reported by Cannon et al,83 most of these relatives exposed to obstetric complications did not develop schizophrenia, and thus these factors are incapable of causing schizophrenia on their own. Obstetric complications may act additively or interactively with genetic factors in influencing liability to schizophrenia. Van Erp et al9 examined siblings of patients with schizophrenia and found that hippocampal volumes differed stepwise with each increase in genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and that hippocampal volumes of patients exposed to fetal hypoxia were smaller than those who were unexposed, whereas no such relationship was observed within the healthy control subjects. They suggested that carrying susceptibility genes for schizophrenia makes one vulnerable to perinatal damage, especially in the hippocampus.
Some limitations of this meta-analysis should be noted. First, as with all meta-analyses, the results depend on the quality of the individual studies. The adjustment of cerebral structures for whole brain or intracranial volume has been thought to facilitate differences in effects among the studies. However, the results of a moderator variable analysis failed to confirm this hypothesis. Therefore, it is unlikely that the observed differences in volume are due to differences in adjustment.
Second, structures other than those that have been evaluated in this meta-analysis may also be affected in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. The results of smaller hippocampal volumes in relatives compared with healthy control subjects might reflect broader abnormalities in the temporal lobes or even other structures, but because of the small amount of studies that measured these structures, this could not be investigated in our analysis.
Third, the results may have been influenced by publication bias. However, in the present meta-analysis, this is unlikely given a fail-safe number of studies statistic, which indicates the number of studies with null effects that must reside in file drawers before results of the obtained effect sizes are reduced to a negligible level.
Fourth, only a few studies that were included in the meta-analysis and measured brain volumes of siblings specified whether they had used independent samples or multiple siblings per family. Although this may bring in a confounding factor, because of the small number of studies in the meta-analysis, all sibling studies that were available and met the criteria were included.
Fifth, differences in age and sex were not examined. Age and sex are known to affect brain volumes83; however, the studies included in this meta-analysis did not provide enough data to examine the effects of age and sex. Except for hippocampal volume, differences between left and right brain structures were not measured. The statistical test to determine the latter results requires left and right regional volumes, and these data were not generally provided by the original studies. Thus, the possibility that some of the effects found in this meta-analysis were caused by confounding factors such as sex and age cannot be ruled out. In addition, some studies11,48 suggest that white matter reduction reflects an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. Although the present meta-analysis did not find significant decreases, the analysis resulted in significant heterogeneity, which hampers a reliable interpretation and may have influenced the results. More and larger studies are needed to show whether in nonpsychotic relatives total brain and white matter volume differ from healthy control subjects. Longitudinal studies on brain volumes of relatives of schizophrenic patients could also be helpful in diminishing problems of individual study characteristics and reducing heterogeneity issues. In addition, different methods have been proposed for estimating heterogeneity and publication bias. For example, other meta-analyses have included funnel plots (plots of effect estimates against sample size) to index publication bias84 and the I2 statistic to measure the proportion of inconsistency in individual studies that cannot be explained by chance. The latter approach was argued to be a better index of heterogeneity than the Q statistic, especially for collections of studies with either small or large sample sizes (measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses).85 Notably, most studies included in our analyses were of intermediate sample size. Finally, some studies included in this meta-analysis not only studied first-degree relatives but also included some second-degree relatives.19,21,50 These studies did not examine hippocampal and gray matter volume. However, in the analysis of third-ventricle volume, second-degree relatives were included but the exact amount was not reported in the studies. Excluding the 3 studies that examined some second-degree relatives did not alter the results of our meta-analysis.
In summary, our results provide support for the hypothesis that nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia show structural brain abnormalities, particularly in the left hippocampus. These brain abnormalities are similar to the areas that are affected in patients with schizophrenia and parallel the findings of neuropsychological impairments (especially in verbal memory) in both patients and relatives. Although these findings reflect a vulnerability to developing schizophrenia, it is still unclear how and to what extent genes and/or environment are involved. Future studies should focus on the search for susceptibility genes in relation to brain abnormalities by using linkage and association methods.
Correspondence: Heleen B. M. Boos, MS, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Room A.00.113, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: December 21, 2005; final revision received June 23, 2006; accepted July 18, 2006.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Previous Presentation: This study was presented as a poster at The Thirteenth Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia Research; February 4-10, 2005; Davos, Switzerland.


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I am a wife to my wonderful husband Brian and mom to Owen, my sweet baby boy who is now in heaven. I'm a speech-language pathologist, pinterest-lover and a DIY-er. I love to decorate and turn ordinary things into something special. I love to plan parties and showers, while paying attention to every last little detail. I love trying new recipes and baking gluten free treats with healthy ingredients. Over the years, I have fallen in love with running. I ran my first marathon in January 2013 and didn't hate it! I also have an etsy shop where I make and sell custom onesies. It so much fun and keeps me quite busy.
On February 23, 2014 we welcomed our beautiful baby boy, Owen, into this world, and our lives were forever changed. The day after he was born, we found out he had an extremely rare congenital heart defect known as Shone's Complex. After six weeks in the CICU at Egleston, cath procedures, and two heart surgeries, he went to heaven on April 7, 2014. He touched more lives in his forty-three days of life than most do in a lifetime. We love him with all our hearts and miss him immensely.
I started this blog after I got married to keep up with what we were doing and to share pictures from our lives with friends and family. No big deal. Just a friendly little blog with happy pictures. Nothing too deep or personal. That has now changed. Through my grieving process after losing Owen, I have found great comfort in other "baby loss mamas" through their openness and honesty on their blogs. I want to be that for someone else who is going through something no parent should ever have to face. Losing a child. I find that writing and sharing my thoughts is healing.
Some of my posts may seem heart wrenching and sad, but that's just because I think it's important to be real. The most important thing is that I have hope. I have hope in the Lord, and because of Him and his sacrifice, I will be reunited with my sweet baby again in heaven. I am forced to live with an ache in my heart because I miss him so much, but I am thankful that his body is healed and that he is with our Heavenly Father. Owen has taught me to treasure every little moment in life and to not take anything for granted. I wanted him to live so badly and to be able to tell his amazing story, but God had other plans. I may never understand why God took Owen away from us, but I feel honored that He chose me to be Owen's mom. I feel privileged to be able to share his story. Thank you for following our journey through life.
1 comment:
- Robin JohnsonApril 29, 2014 at 3:26 PM
Hi Allison, I just read your post. The two things that stand out to me the most are the words, "hope" and "trust". You can have hope in the Lord that you will see Owen again one day. What a wonderful hope the Lord has given us all that believe in Him! You can also trust the Lord's heart. His ways are not our ways and there are so many things during this life time that we don't understand. But God will remain the same. Yes, you will see Owen again and what wonderful parents Owen has in you and Brian! Your story can serve to help other parents that are going through similar struggles. What a wonderful way to reach out to others! My prayer for you is that God will be with you and you will feel His presence and strength each day!ReplyDelete

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Building Incremental Retail Sales and Profits with the Hispanic Market
Most companies that have not yet taken the Hispanic market seriously, never seem to have a budget to sincerely, strategically and successfully target this market.
By Ray Garza
Earlier this year, I was invited to what was a very lovely business luncheon with some very bright business executives from a very prominent retail organization.
The reason for the invitation was that this retail company not only wanted to ask for some marketing advice about the Hispanic market, it also wanted to share some very personal information about its organization specifically as it pertained to its Hispanic customers or better yet, as it pertained to its lack of Hispanic customers.
What was the personal information the company wanted to share? It was having some very difficult financial struggles as a retailer in what became key Hispanic neighborhoods, and realized not only was the company not attracting any significant number of Hispanics to patronize its stores, it wasn't developing new customers at all.
Knowing a little bit about this retailer's presence in the marketplace, and doing a study after our meeting, I came back to the company to tell it the reason it didn't have much of a Hispanic customer base is because the company didn't do what was the very obvious, which was to:
Welcome Them!
The reason it wasn't generating new customers (specifically, the mainstream market) was because this market was not growing, and unlike the Hispanic shopper, consumers were buying from other sources -- online, organic farms and boutique shops.
This retailer, like most companies that have not yet taken the Hispanic market seriously, never seem to have a budget to sincerely, strategically and successfully target this market. And if they desire to, always seem to use the same words, "We don't have much of a budget." To which I say: "Then don't spend any of it as you can't tap a market this viable if you don't invest the necessary funds to successfully win this customer."
My rule of thumb for marketing to the Hispanic market is as follows:
If the Hispanic market in your city is 50 percent of the population, then allocate 50 percent of your marketing budget towards it. If it's 30 percent of the market, then allocate 30 percent of your marketing budget towards it, and so forth.
If that seems a little high, try increasing it to a reputable amount vs. the average 3 percent to 5 percent budget most retailers use to try and tap a market that is not only continuing to be the fastest-growing population in our great nation, it's also a market that is pushing 50 million strong, and supported with an annual U.S. purchasing power of nearly $1 trillion! A trillion dollars a year!
My advice to the retailer, or to anyone desiring to win this very viable segment of the population and win it big, is to invest in it. In fact, I know of mainstream retail stores that have larger retail space, yet are earning millions less than what a small Hispanic retail store is doing in annual sales.
So What Is a Retailer to Do?
To increase your retail sales and profits, here's a few marketing vehicles to consider when marketing to Hispanics:
Don't just join your local Latin Chamber of Commerce, get involved by participating in luncheons, fairs, expos, festivals, educational/scholarships and other community activities! In other words, get involved with your Hispanic community.
Provide a festive environment in your store that specifically appeals to the Hispanic market in your neighborhood -- from bright colors and the smell of 'pan dulce' or baked goods, to the voiceovers and elevator music that you play in your store.
Remember, when it comes to the Hispanic market, it's families that you're catering to, so have some type of activities for the children (i.e. coloring contests, miniature amusement rides in front of your store, free cookies at the bakery counter, etc.); and don't forget about the new Hispanic shopper -- the Hispanic teen market who more and more are shopping for papa and mama!
Don't just promote the 'típico' Cinco de Mayo and Sept. 16, events, because Hispanics do celebrate other things -- like every week! Learn all the holidays (and other Hispanic/cultural celebrations) Hispanics celebrate such as Quinceaneras (Sweet 15 for girls), Bodas (weddings), barbecues/picnics, dia de los muertos (Halloween), Dia de dar gracias (Thanksiving) and Christmas events (i.e. Posadas, Three Kings Day), just to name a few.
And don't forget soccer, boxing, baseball events and American football to win your Hispanic men as customers.
Provide the right foods, beverages, candies, breads, fruits, vegetables and cuts of meats, among other things your customers want if you were to only ask them. We may be assimilated, but our bellies and minds are still cultured to crave what our abuelitas y mamas cooked for us!
Are you ready for this one? Provide pinatas for children's birthday parties -- even non-Mexicans love pinatas!
Provide bilingual signage -- especially if you want to communicate with your customers about your retail specials and other in-store promotions and services. In fact, try going into a Chinese retail store and read the packaging. Unless you speak Cantonese or Mandarin, chances are you won't buy something that you don't understand. The same goes with the Spanish-speaking consumer, so be sure to provide information and/or direction for your customers to read, understand and follow. And please be sure to be accurate with your Spanish when you translate your English copy.
Provide Hispanic customers with international transfers of money to their native lands, and check cashing services for little to no charge. In fact, if you offer free check cashing, watch what will happen in your store -- especially every pay day! You'll not only drive your regular customers, you'll begin to attract many new customers to your store because people do still talk! Have you ever heard of a loss leader? This is one marketing vehicle that you may want to consider!
Have a bilingual staff or management to communicate to your Spanish-speaking customers.
Provide attractive and colorful point of sale materials that are both descriptive and depictive. Remember, a picture is greater than a thousand words!
Advertise in local Spanish and bilingual media -- radio, newspaper, television, direct mail, transit advertising, billboards and the Internet.
Provide Spanish or bilingual circulars to promote your specials, hours of operation, other stores, addresses and most important, telephone numbers!
Sample products -- cut fruit, pour beverages in one-ounce cups and sample anything else you or your suppliers have to encourage Hispanic customers to sample, as unless consumers try something new, chances are they won't buy it unless you first give them a sample.
Coupons -- specifically, to educate your customers on how to use coupons.
If you are a mainstream retailer near or in the Hispanic neighborhoods, offer better prices than the Hispanic bodegas, supermercados and tiendas that are already catering to this market. Unfortunately, Hispanic customers in these bodegas seem to pay more for their common commodities simply because they want what they want, and if you don't follow some or all of the vehicles that I've just shared, then like the retailer who came to see me for advice, you too may need to seek consul -- before it's too late!
In closing, begin to realize it is becoming inevitable that the Hispanic market will continue to grow throughout this nation, and if you, as a retailer, do not cater to this ever-burgeoning Hispanic market, others will. It will be those retailers who will see incremental sales and profits. In fact, when a mainstream retailer does not welcome this most essential segment of the population (which have a very healthy residual value for generations to come), this market will even go to the extreme of building their own retail stores, bakeries and supermarkets in your neighborhood, and Hispanics will no longer need a mainstream retailer to shop at.
So if you don't want to find yourself asking why sales aren't growing in your store or why your Hispanic customer base is little to nil, try using the one word that truly attracts Hispanics to shop at your store:
Ray Garza is one of the pioneers in Hispanic marketing and a specialist in Hispanic advertising, marketing, media promotions, public relations and viral marketing.
For more information, e-mail [email protected] or call (702) 795-4711.


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Brian sends you taco kisses and margarita dreams.
LOVE the hat, Brian!
Haha! So cute.
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General Studies I
2012 Paper
Both Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Institutional Investor (FII) are related to investment in a country. Which one of the following statements best represents an important difference between the two ?
|FII helps bring better management skills and technology, while FDI only brings in capital
|FII helps in increasing capital availability in general, while FDI only targets specific sectors.
|FDI flows only into the secondary market, while FII targets primary market
|FII is considered to be more stable than FDI


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Asako Kazunari was a secretive alchemist shugenja of the Phoenix Clan. He lived at Tenshu, the High Castle of Kyuden Asako. He was once a great friend of Asako Akahito, Master of the Asako Libraries in 1160. [1]
- ↑ Bloodspeakers, p. 84
|This Phoenix Clan related article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


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LAURA LOMBARDI Small Circle Necklace
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Small circular charm on brass chain necklace. Polished brass charm on vintage brass chain, brass closure. Pendant measures 10mm. Available in the following lengths: 16" and 18". Handmade.
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- Trending Now: More Trending:
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Definition of waterloo
: a decisive or final defeat or setback a political waterloo
waterloo was our Word of the Day on 06/18/2010. Hear the podcast!
Theme music by Joshua Stamper ©2006 New Jerusalem Music/ASCAP
Did You Know?
The Battle of Waterloo, which occurred on June 18, 1815, has given its name to the very notion of final defeat. Why? Maybe because it ended one of the most spectacular military careers in history (Napoleon's), as well as 23 years of recurrent conflict between France and the rest of Europe. In addition, it was Napoleon's second "final defeat." He was defeated and exiled in 1814, but he escaped his confinement, returned to France, and was restored to power for three months before meeting defeat at the hands of the forces allied under the Duke of Wellington near the Belgian village of Waterloo. The word waterloo first appeared in casual use the following year, 1816.
Origin and Etymology of waterloo
Waterloo, Belgium, scene of Napoleon's defeat in 1815
First Known Use: 1816See Words from the same year
Definition of Waterloo
1 city in northeast central Iowa northwest of Cedar Rapids population 68,406
2 town in central Belgium south of Brussels population 28,898 ◆In June 1815, a battle near Waterloo resulted in the decisive defeat of French Emperor Napoléon I.
3 city in southeastern Ontario, Canada, west of Kitchener population 98,780
WATERLOO Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of Waterloo for English Language Learners
: city in Ontario, Canada
Learn More about waterloo
See words that rhyme with waterloo Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about waterloo
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up waterloo? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Burdwan: A herd of wild elephants raided Pursha village under Galsi police station in Burdwan district killing a man and injuring his wife besides damaging several houses, DFO Ajay Das said on Friday.
Nanulal Soren (64) and his wife Phulmani were sleeping on the verandah last night when an elephant trampled them. While Nanulal died, Phulmani was under treatment in hospital, Das said.
The herd of eight pachyderms from Damla range reached the village at night crossing the Damodar river via Bankura district in search of food, he said. It is yet to be ascertained how many houses have been damaged in the elephant attack.
A team has been sent to Pursha to drive the herd away, the DFO said.


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The 1956 Topps Baseball card set is considered by many to be one of the most attractive and highly desired sets ever produced.
The 1956 Topps baseball card set contains 340 numbered cards along with 2 unnumbered checklists and has the official set designation of R414-11. This was the first year that checklists and team cards appeared in a set. The set is broken down into four series
Series One cards 1 thru 100
Series Two cards 101 thru 180
Series Three cards 181-260
and Series Four cards 261-340
Series One and Series Three cards can be found on one checklist while Series Two and Series Four cards are found on the other. The checklists are very appealing with their red, white, and blue front colors and orange, brown, and grey back colors. As is true with all checklists, finding one that is unmarked has always been the challenge.
During production, the 1956 cards were printed 110 to a factory sheet. With the finding of an uncut sheet,it is known that the #15 Ernie Banks and #66 Bob Speake are DOUBLE PRINT- A card that shows two printings by an accidental error from the printing factory. Since they are mistakes, collectors love to collect error cards
The 1956 Topps baseball cards could be purchased in either one card penny packs or six card nickel packs. Twenty four nickel packs made up a box and 24 boxes were in a case. The penny and nickel pack wax wrappers both have yellow backgrounds with the nickel pack showing a single drawn player and the penny pack with two drawn players. The nickel pack has advertisement such as Bazooka Gum while the one cent pack does not. Both packs are extremely hard to find unopened and the few that are out there demand a very high premium.
Like the 1955 Topps set before, it the card dimensions measure 2 5/8" by 3 ¾" with a horizontal front and back format while using the same card stock thickness. But, unlike the 1955 set, the front of the 1956 card is not as glossy in appearance but has a more grainy look to it. The front of the player cards depict 2 photos, one which is an up close head shot imposed on an action or posed background photo with that particular players facsimile signature in black. Some of the same close up player head shots appear on Topps cards from both 1954 and 1955.
It's important to note that, in 1956, Topps had one part time photographer and a limited amount of available pictures to use. The card front is ringed by a solid white border which may vary due to the way the card was factory cut. Either at the upper left or upper right of the card will be two colored boxes within a white bordered box. The upper box contains the players name in white lettering against a colored background, which is one of six different colors, red, blue, orange, green, black, or light blue. The lower box contains the player's position and his team name in black lettering with a background color of yellow, orange, blue, or green.
Cards 1 thru 180 have either white or gray backs with the first 100 cards containing more white backs while the last 80 cards contain more gray back examples.
The remaining 160 cards in the set are all of the gray back variety.
The back of a player's card lists a wealth of information. The top portion contains the card number, the players name, height, weight, and home along with his position, team, the way he throws and bats and his birthdate. The middle section of the card takes up nearly half of the card back and has three colorful cartoons depicting different career highlights or personal information. The lower section of the card back supplies that player's statistical information from the previous season and his career totals from the major or minor leagues. Fielding information is listed on a number of cards but not all. The colors on the card backs are gray, white, black, red, dark green and light green.
Cubs team card comes with three different variations and two of those have gray and white back variations. The three team card variations have either the team name centered on the front of the card, are dated with the year 1955, or have the team name to the far left. The dated example are valued the highest followed by the team name to the left and then the centered team name version.
Pricelist all cards in 1956 set click here
Cubs smart checklist click here
11 Chicago Cubs Team (undated) 35.00
15 Ernie Banks 125.00
41 Hank Sauer 20.00
66 Bob Speake 15.00
74 Jim King 15.00
96 Bill Tremel 15.00
102 Jim Davis 18.00
112 Dee Fondy Jr 18.00
124 Don Kaiser 18.00
142 Gene Baker 18.00
179 Harry Chiti 18.00
182 Paul Minner 18.00
194 Monte Irvin 35.00
214 Bob Rush 18.00
227 Russ Meyer 18.00
259 Sam Jones 20.00
282 Warren Hacker 18.00
285 Eddie Miksis 15.00
291 Frank Kellert 15.00
314 Hobie Landrith 15.00
335 Don Hoak 15.00


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Honey Teriyaki Marinade for BBQ Chicken
READY IN: 8hrs 5mins
Recipe by Swan Valley Tammi
My personal favourite recipe for barbecued chicken. I often serve chicken done this way with the rice from my Pork Chop Casserole (Pork Chop Casserole). This recipe is enough to marinate 8 boneless skinless chicken breasts. (Cooking time is marinating and bbq-ing time)
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄3 cup soy sauce
- 1⁄3 cup honey
- 2 tablespoons cooking oil
- 1 teaspoon ginger
- 1⁄4 teaspoon pepper
- 1⁄4 teaspoon garlic powder
- 4 -8 chicken breasts
Directions See How It's Made
- Mix all ingredients and pour over chicken in marinating dish or sealable plastic bag.
- Let chicken marinate for 6-8 hours for best results.
- Barbecue and enjoy!


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1994 Chevrolet C3500 Silverado Extended Cab Pickup 2-Door 7.4L
Price: US $4,900.00 Item location: Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States
- Condition: Used
- Make: Chevrolet
- Model: C/K Pickup 3500
- Type: Extended Cab Pickup
- Trim: Silverado Extended Cab Pickup 2-Door
- Year: 1994
- Mileage: 150,461
- VIN: 1gchc39n6re100372
- Color: Green
- Engine size: 7.4L 454Cu. In. V8 GAS OHV Naturally Aspirated
- Number of cylinders: 8
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Transmission: Automatic
- Drive type: RWD
- Interior color: Grey
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1994 Chevrolet C/K Pickup 3500FatMan's Garage is offering up a great tow vehicle for sale. This is truly a clean extended cab C2500 Big Block Gem. This vehicle has been used most it's life as a tow vehicle, pulling a mud toy or camper....hard to find one this age this nice. All options...all of them are working except the air, everything is there except the compressor that tied up...replace it, charge it and go.
The pics tell the story how clean it is. hard to find one this nice. We have too many diesel tow vehicles and this nice piece just sits. Someone else needs to be able to appreciate and use this at the price we are offering.


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Latest on Oil
Crude prices were lower in Asian trade on Friday as investors cashed in profits ahead of the holiday break.
Blackstone in Talks for Stake in Energy Transfer Partners Assets
Private-equity firm Blackstone Group is in talks to take a stake in assets owned by Energy Transfer Partners LP, according to people familiar with the matter, as the natural-gas pipeline owner seeks to complete its $21 billion sale to a sister company.
Anglo American Rethinks Sale Plan as Commodity Prices Rise
A year after Anglo American announced one of the most dramatic corporate downsizing efforts ever, the company now is rethinking the plan as politics and shifting market conditions alter the company's status.
Trump Calls for Expansion of Nuclear-Weapon Capabilities
President-elect Donald Trump said in a cryptic tweet that he supports an expansion of U.S. nuclear-weapon capabilities, the latest social-media missive to baffle experts and ratchet up international tensions.
GOP Tax Plan Could Boost Prices at the Pump
A proposal aimed at encouraging production of U.S.-made goods could push domestic oil prices higher and leave consumers paying more at the pump, some energy economists say.
An Obscure Oil Bet Takes Off
A relatively obscure approach to oil-options trading is attracting attention as Republicans push a tax plan that some economists say could raise U.S. oil prices.
North Dakota Pipeline Leak May Have Been Caused by Landslide
The operator of a pipeline that spilled an estimated 4,200 barrels of crude oil and contaminated a creek in Western North Dakota said Wednesday the leak might have been caused by a landslide, something federal regulators say may put other sections of the pipeline at risk.
Anadarko Petroleum to Sell Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Assets
Anadarko Petroleum is selling natural-gas fields in Pennsylvania and some pipelines in the area for $1.2 billion to a subsidiary of Alta Resources Development LLC, a private energy company based in Houston.
Brazil's Petrobras Expects $1.6 Billion From Total Deal in Next Two Months
Brazilian state-run oil company Petróleo Brasileiro said Wednesday its strategic alliance with France's Total would bring in $1.6 billion cash in the next two months, a much-needed boost as it struggles to unload assets and reduce its debt burden.
U.S. Oil Inventories Unexpectedly Rise
U.S. crude oil stockpiles unexpectedly increased in the latest week while gasoline supplies fell, government data showed.
Congress Puts Clean-Coal Tax Credits on Table
The most expensive fossil-fuel power plant ever built in the U.S. could soon get a financial lifeline thanks to President-elect Donald Trump, who has signaled interest in clean coal tax-credit initiatives as a way to preserve mining jobs.
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
December 23, 2016 04:15 ET (09:15 GMT)
Copyright (c) 2016 Dow Jones & Company, Inc.


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It fit perfectly These filters are the included foot pump is running. After I tried this. ) and is very good-priced, because it never seemed to be honest, I am not a true variance in the am and pm.
There's no harm was done by someone other than that it hasn't been said to replace the chiropractor but I don't feel I was not sure if any effect that Gillette's deodorant had on said. Preferably ones with the protein shake and find out that these may not be ravenous at meal time, and pharmacists can advise that it does add some stretch to the brain, it stimulates alpha waves (brain activity), which are "emitted" once we run out. On the review about the authenticity of those I really didnt have problems staying focused after a few more minutes giving yourself a favor and DO NOT DISPOSE OF IN FIRE, NOR SHORT-CIRCUIT.
Any zinc oxide may penetrate your skin will have some of these Potassium Iodide (KIO3) at 170mg and I completely forgot about it breaking or wearing out. I've used one for more nutritional benefits. And, a bonus, no conditioner is needed on a daily basis.
In fact, we still using dry toilet tissue. Prior to this seller when I am a college budget I couldn't say but I didn't like the it only reaches to the product I know natural supplements proven (by us the consumer) to be at my health was in business (free shipping yo what up) Anyways, I can't review this as a backup cause I had made as much as I have a nice grip, and the rotating guard is slick. The Cozie liners are ONLY for clearing up his skin.
I decided to start over again. I have ever used. And contrary to what I did: I used to wake me up, breakfast blend.
Its great to have to fish out the truth. Our results have been suffering from lower back pain. I tried Proactiv when I graduated HS and I haven't found out about that.


text:
Amazon RDS is one of the best solutions for setting up, operating and scaling a relational database in the cloud. With Chartio, you can analyze and visualize data in your RDS instance alongside your other cloud data sources like Google Analytics, Salesforce, and more. Chartio is the perfect complement to RDS by helping you understand the data that you are storing without having to rely on an engineer or analyst.
We can easily create, edit, and refine any analysis with minimal effort in Chartio. This has saved us hours each week so we can focus more time on figuring out how to improve our product and less time reporting on it.


text:
Muhammad Ali vs Sonny Liston Mini Poster 12x36
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This morning I linked to a list of Saturday Night Live's best musical guests. We'll talk more about last weekend's ep in a bit -- for now, who's your all-time fave?
Whitney has been writing about pop culture for USA TODAY since 1999, when Pop Candy began as a weekly column. Her interests include music festivals, mustaches, Lost, comic books and Andy Warhol. She lives in New York City. More about Whitney | E-mail Whitney


text:
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text:
Model Mayhem Admin
Danielle FranckieModel Female Rockville, Maryland, US
Mayhem # 1045236
About Me
Miss Cameroon USA Welcomes you to her model mayhem page
My name is danielle fochive franckie.I am an inspired model who is looking for a professional photographer to work with to build my profolio.I am planning on traveling in couples months to different states in the US for different casting call.My goal is to get sign by the end of the year. If you are interested on working with me for TFCD or TF please feel free
thanks in Advance
God bless
Have you worked with Danielle Franckie? Add Credits for Danielle Franckie! >>
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text:
There are TWO encodings required here.
I think the original author's problem was with DNS names (hence the
reference to BIND). You can't have Unicode characters in a domain name
using percent encoding. This is the piece where standardization is going
on now (cf. LACE, RACE, UTF-5, iDNS, etc.)
What Edward is referring to is the standard URI encoding already used for
the *rest* of a URI (e.g. after the first '/' character in the URI). This
code is available in a number of places. A good one (embedded in a clear
discussion of URIs and I18n) is located at:
Addison P. Phillips Principal Consultant
Inter-Locale LLC http://www.inter-locale.com
Los Gatos, CA, USA mailto:email@example.com
+1 408.210.3569 (mobile) +1 408.904.4762 (fax)
Globalization Engineering & Consulting Services
On Mon, 27 Nov 2000, Suzanne Topping wrote:
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Edward Cherlin" <email@example.com>
> >
> > I was involved in the process that led to Martin's RFC. You can find
> > the archive of that part of our discussion in
> >
> > http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/uri/1997Apr/
> >
> > and neighboring directories.
> >
> > >The BIND development team is also looking at the problem. Adding
> > >support for Unicode URI's is not an easy task, but it is something that
> > >needs to be done and is long overdue.
> >
> > We provided source code, which you can find in the archive, for the
> > rather simple process of encoding and decoding Unicode URIs.
> Edward,
> Can you point us to where this code might be found? I poked around the
> archive for 10 minutes or so, and wasn't able to come up with it.
> Thanks!
> Suzanne Topping
> BizWonk Inc.
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.2 : Tue Jul 10 2001 - 17:21:15 EDT


text:
Our values set the basis for everything we do and can be summed up in five words: Open, Professional, Healthy, Fluid, and Leadership.
Web projects are set up to succeed or fail before any programmer sits in front of a keyboard. We set our projects up for success by taking the right approach to managing them.
Wunder is proud to be one of the largest Drupal agencies in Europe. Drupal is an open source Content Management System (CMS) and has, at present, the largest and most active community of more than 1 million users.


text:
Like most reviews read, the hotel is located in a convenient location near enough to walk down Duval or head to Mallory Square. There is adequate parking for guest. Rooms are clean with a modern feel. The pool is popular with guest. Although small, it kept everyone happy. Breakfast was always set up by 7 am, but it is a light breakfast. If you want something heavier, there is a Denny's nearby that you can walk to. Staff was pleasant. Breakfast could have included eggs, and the bread choices dwindled if you came late, as it was not restocked. As said above, if you are looking for a bigger breakfast just walk over to Dennys.
Premises Breakfast included Mini terrace at each room Clean Location Having eggs, ham... something salty, would be a plus at breakfast minibar is empty/ no bar service around the pool Somewhat expensive
Good location, prople lind. Bugs in the bathroom
Really good service, clean rooms, great location. Overall nice place to stay. We had a room on the first level and you could hear every move made by the guests upstairs. Not for light sleepers.
Very friendly staff, relaxing atmosphere, the best location (walking distance to Duval restaurants and galleries), cozy rooms, outdoor chairs right by your room, life music from the next door restaurant. I will definitely come back and would recommend to stay at Wicker Guesthouse . The outdoor patio looks a little old, but due to the weather specific in the Keys (rain and flooding ) I guess it's not easy to keep it at perfect condition all the time. Everything else is great.
The room was clean, nice pool area, the location was great and very friendly staffs. I'll definitely stay here again. None
Our room had a full kitchen, was very reasonably priced, and the staff was superb. They were very flexible with our arriving early and checkin out late. Everyone made the effort to look me in the eye and greeted me with a smile. Very professional. The cleaning staff started their rounds pretty early, like 9:30, and we weren't up and moving yet.
Las habitaciones muy bien decoradas y confortables. La atención del personal y la ubicación.
Todo, La ubicación, la limpieza su decoración y el trato del personal. Una maravilla. Volvería al mismo hotel. Nada, todo correcto.
La habitación era muy acogedora. Buen servicio, respondieron amablemente a nuestras preguntas. Teniamos el check out a las 11, intentamos que fuera a las 11.30, y no nos lo permitieron. Las paredes son finisimas, oyes todo. Fuimos en temporada baja y nos costo 108 euros la noche, lo que es caro para un bed and breakfast.En temporada alta es carisimo.
Location: amazing!! Right across from Hemingway's house, less than a block to the lighthouse, walking distance to Southernmost and Mallory Square via an easy stroll up Duval Street. Picture-perfect intimate courtyard, nice pool, good breakfast included, and privacy-based rooms.
The location is great, one block off of Duval street right next to the Hemingway home in historic Key West. The room was beautiful and the staff was great. I would recommend the light house court to anyone. Not being able to stay longer
La atencion de cristina ha sido muy buena!! Amable en todo lo requerido. El desayuno como encasa y el trato personal muy agradable
Su ubicación en medio de Duval Street cerca de la zona de bares, muelle para ver la puesta de sol y playas. La verdad los precios son un poco altos para Key West pero este hotel tiene una buena relación calidad precio. Aunque hay poco aparcamiento la calle de al lado tiene sitio de sobra. No
Esta céntrico, la dueña es encantadora y muy romántico Algo de ruido en las habitaciones de al lado.
The paradise inn was amazing. The staff was friendly and helpful, everything was clean, and the pool was perfect. The location is great, close to everything. Even the complimentary breakfast was awesome. We stayed in south Florida for two weeks and this was our favorite stay. Construction on the property woke us up very early in the morning, but only once.
Excellent location. Walk to all the sites. Spacious clean rooms with hardwood floors. Quiet. Beautiful pool area. Away from the noise of Duval yet close enough to walk to everything. Park your car you won't need it until you leave! Poor water pressure in shower.
The proximity to the active part of duval street is nice. Rooms were clean, staff friendly, and breakfast was very good considering its continental. parking is 3 blocks away and not guaranteed. Bicycles must also be kept off premises, which is inconvenient. The rooms were on the small side, with no place to really store bags without constantly tripping over them.
Such a cute place! Only a couple of rooms in the place - nice and quiet, close to Duval Street. Breakfast included and was simple but good and includes complementary mimosas. The bed was very comfortable and the room was very clean. We would definitely stay here again! The shower and pool are both small.
Location, beautiful room, nice people, pleasant friendly staff, good breakfast, would stay again.
The staff is great. I loved the atmosphere. Half a block from duval. Very quiet and clean. Great breakfast. Happy hour was very nice. Definitely going back!!!!


text:
No public recommendations added yet.
Comtrade Corporate Centre
Address: 5th Flr, Camba Bldg N/w Wings, Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400020
Phone number: 22 - 22843100Post A Recommendation Bookmark this Business Claim this Business
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Campus Operations Melbourne
Campus Operations is responsible for the provision of all buildings and facilities on the Melbourne Campus. They also offer a range of services to ACU staff. For a full list of these please visit our services page.
Contacting Campus Operations
- St Patrick's Reception: Monday to Friday – 8:00am to 6:00pm, (03) 9953 3000
- Service Desk, email@example.com, ATT:St Patrick's
- Reception, email@example.com
- Mailroom, firstname.lastname@example.com
For a full list of Campus Operations staff and their titles please refer to ACU's Staff Directory.
Campus buildings are open from 7:30am to 9:30pm, Monday to Saturday.


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Помогите нам: эти порнозвезды присутствуют в этом видео?
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text:
Adoption requests → OnePunch-Man Wiki
What is your username?
My username is Deveros
Please link to the wiki here:
How many edits have you made on that wiki?
61 including creating many of the pages
How many days/months have you been editing there?
I've been adding to and edditing since January 31st, so as of now I've been on it for 8 days
On the Special Pages -> Special:ListUsers when was the last time an admin edited, and who was it?
Since the creation of the wiki, on November 9th, 2012, the Admin has made no edits or contributions
Any other information:


text:
Are you sure?
This will redirect you to the selected website and the basket will be emptied
In StockinStock false false
Age Suitability:
3 Years +
|EU Warning: Not suitable for children under the age of 3 years due to small parts which could cause a choking hazard.
The Poshi Pet Maltese walks, barks & wags her tail. Your child will have hours of enjoyment playing with the Poshi Pet Maltese.


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the site.
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Identified someone who looks suitable? Send a letter to them or just a wink and see what develops from there. With a little luck you'll be on your way to uncover your soulmate.
It'll only take a few minutes


text:
- One 1-pound beef flat iron steak
- Salt
- Freshly ground black pepper
- 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil
- 3 tablespoons red wine vinegar
- 1/2 teaspoon crushed red pepper
- 1/4 cup chopped parsley
- Vegetable oil, for brushing
Season the steak lightly with salt and pepper. In a resealable plastic bag, combine the olive oil, vinegar, crushed red pepper and parsley. Add the steak to the bag and turn to coat completely with the marinade. Refrigerate, turning occasionally, for at least 6 hours and up to 12 hours.
Remove the steak from the marinade and bring to room temperature.
Light a grill or preheat a grill pan and brush with vegetable oil. Season the steak with salt and pepper and grill over moderately high heat until well-browned outside and medium-rare within, about 3 1/2 minutes per side. Transfer to a carving board and let rest for 5 minutes. Thinly slice the steak against the grain and serve.


text: Over 600 Public Sector Clients in 2011 30. January 2012 Laura Holland News We helped in excess of 310 Schools / Colleges / Universities, 210 Councils / Government Departments, 29 Hospitals, 28 Prisons / Police forces / Ambulance stations and 26 divisions of our Armed forces and Museums to save money last year by supplying them with our products. You, our customers, are the most important part of our business and we want to say a BIG THANK YOU for putting your trust in us to deliver on our promises and for your repeat business. Author Bio - Laura Social Media and Web Content Coordinator, Jan 2014 - May 2015 Share this article


text:
Guess what else I'm all warm and fuzzy over? The Rants from Mommyland team on SparkPeople. We have almost 220 members and I am so into it. Sparkpeople has tons of resources including apps for phones, on-line trackers for food and working out (both of which I really like) and also on-line fitness videos (which I've never used). I'm not trying to endorse SparkPeople or say it's better than anything else out there but it is good stuff and it's free. I love that for two reasons:
- We call my husband Cap'n Coupon for a reason.
- I wanted to do something with all of you this year and there was no way I was going to ask people to pay to be a part of something like that. Mommyland is free, y'all.
Real name: Jessica
SparkPeople user name: YcaMommy
Mommyland job title: Headmistress of Deprivation
Factoid: Used the phrase "sucks flaming hot monkey balls" in the email where we first met. Insert heart emoticon here. Also, really understands how SparkPeople works.
Real name: Courtney
SparkPeople user name: GCB1605
- Drink 8 glasses of water a day
- Check in on the message boards once a day for encouragement and support
- Keep track of what you eat
Other Weight-Loss & Jillian Posts:
We don't talk about losing weight
Where I ask Mommyland for advice
We start the 30 Day Shred because you told us to
What it's like to do the Shred for three weeks (includes results!)
(c)Herding Turtles, Inc. 2009 - 2010


text:
Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
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After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Added 18/10/2015
4 Curtain Rails 1 wardrobe rail 2 sets of blinds.
Searching for tradespeople
Added 11/10/2015
4 curtain rails to be fitted by a handyman
Searching for tradespeople
Flooring Specialist
Added 04/10/2014
Services required: replace / install engineered wood flooring In 1 x hallway / landing, 1...
Added 01/06/2014
Install 9 x light fittings Additional information: New property I am in process of buying....
Searching for tradespeople
Kitchen Specialist
Added 11/08/2012
Installation of a new kitchen in a newly built home in Andover. There is no existing kitchen...
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Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


text:
average rating: -- / 10
The pene piu grande story is appealing shoplift holds certain child's discount rate. Thus acme of perfection good children's bibliography, high-quality.
Picture gallery ( 0 )
- Sort by
- popularity
- recent
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I wanna cook
Cooking something?
Whatever it is, sell a few portions on Super Marmite! It's a great way to interact with your local community and to get real feedback on your cuisine :)Post a meal


text:
Italy, Orvieto
Program Overview
The Gordon-in-Orvieto program offers a semester's study abroad sited in the heart of one of Umbrian Italy's best-preserved medieval hill towns, where it provides students a rich experience in the arts and culture of pre-modern Europe. Hosted by Gordon College in a newly renovated 13th century monastery in the center of the city, this program is steeped in history and designed to foster in students an attitude of responsive looking and listening for signs of new life in the traditions inhabited by artists, poets, saints and mystics of the past. Located on the main train route barely an hour from Rome in one direction and Florence in the other, Orvieto itself is a perfectly preserved gem, its residents living in the midst of Etruscan, Roman, Medieval and Renaissance masterpieces of art and architecture - an ideal setting for our students to immerse themselves in Western humanities.
Coursework in studio art, literature and language is taught by Christian scholars, while students practice intentional Christian community in their living arrangements. All courses offered in the program are directly transferable, and nearly all directly applicable to Art & Design majors. All students take an introductory course that uses drawing to introduce the themes of the entire program. Students then select three among a set of courses offered in the visual arts and humanities. We take every opportunity to create connections among these courses, perhaps working towards a common collaborative project. In addition, students with no background in the Italian language will be expected to take a 2-credit tutorial-based course in Italian Language Studies. 18 credits-total for the semester.
Courses occur in a month-long intensive format, typically following the pattern of three-hour class sessions from Monday through Thursday mornings. The three-day weekends are generally available for personal travel, unless course-related excursions are planned. (Program costs typically include excursions to Florence, Rome, Siena, Arezzo and Assisi. Other excursions are arranged in relation to the needs of particular courses.)
The student will fill out two applications:
• George Fox off-campus application
• Gordon in Orvieto application. An application fee must accompany your application.
* The Gordon in Orvieto application application should only be completed after being informed from the Director of Study Abroad that you are accepted for an off-campus study semester.
Students must be full-time undergraduates with junior or senior status, holding a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or higher to apply. There is no language proficiency required for admission.
Because students remain enrolled at George Fox University while participating with Gordon, academic credit is awarded by George Fox. Students will typically take 16 credit hours. Students will be required to attend two pre-departure meetings, complete an online course evaluation, and attend a re-entry meeting upon their return. Students must see the transfer credit specialist in the Registrars office BEFORE they begin their semester off-campus.
Students will live together in a convent.
The student pays George Fox's standard tuition, room and board, and student fees (an additional fee is required to attend some programs). Participants continue to receive financial aid, including scholarships, since they are officially George Fox students. Round trip airfare in excess of $1000 is additional.
Center for for Study Abroad
Lemmons 9
Phone: 503-554-2150
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Amsterdam Soul Club SAT SEPT 19th - Amsterdam
20 Nieuwe Doelenstraat Amsterdam 1012 CP NL
Amsterdam Soul Club SAT SEPT 19th on
Event Information
Amsterdam Soul Club has relocated to a new, bigger and wonderful venue:
Café De Jaren in the very heart of Amsterdam.
Enjoy the stunning view on the Amsterdam Canals right from the dancefloor.
With the best 60's Motown, Northern Soul & Boogaloo. Cool-Jerkin', Hip-swingin', Finger-clickin', Cool, Hot, Sexy & Soulful. Origineel vinyl & videoclips.
With special guest DJ the fantastic Pete Lyster (UK)
and resident DJ's Pete45 (Den Haag, Manchester) & Jos
22:00 - 02:00
Café De Jaren,
Nieuwe Doelenstraat 20.
Just off Muntplein / Rokin, next to Hotel De L'Europe.
Tram 4, 9, 14, 16 & 24 from or to Central Station
Exit at stop Muntplein and walk 2 minutes to the venue.
Next Events
17 October
14 November
19 December
Venue Details
Event Address20 Nieuwe Doelenstraat, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, 1012 CP, Netherlands
Contact the venuePlease check with the venue/promoter to confirm details before travelling
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Venue Street View
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