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Information Technology Governance
- Hector Morgan
- 2 years ago
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1 New York State Office of the State Comptroller Division of Local Government and School Accountability LOCAL GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT GUIDE Information Technology Governance Thomas P. DiNapoli State Comptroller
2 For additional copies of this report contact: Division of Local Government and School Accountability 110 State Street, 12th floor Albany, New York Tel: (518) Fax: (518) or us: March 2012
3 Table of Contents Responsibility for IT Internal Controls...2 Introduction to IT Security Fundamentals...3 Information Technology Governance: Security Self-Assessment...4 IT Security: Top 12 Areas of Concern...6 Area #1 IT Policy... 6 Area #2 IT Security Training and Awareness... 8 Area #3 Computer Hardware, Software, and Data Inventories...12 Area #4 Contracts for IT Services...14 Area #5 Virus Protection...15 Area #6 Patch Management...16 Area #7 Access Controls...16 Area #8 Online Banking...18 Area #9 Wireless Network Area #10 Firewalls and Intrusion Detection...23 Area #11 Physical Controls Area #12 Service Continuity and Disaster Recovery Additional Resources...27 Security Self-Assessment...28 Central Office Directory...35 Regional Office Directory...36
5 Many local governments and school districts invest a considerable amount of resources in information technology (IT) including computers and related equipment, software, and costs related to Internet access and personnel training. They rely on IT systems for storing important financial and nonfinancial information, accessing the Internet, communicating through , and reporting to State and federal agencies. These systems and the data they hold are valuable and need to be protected from unauthorized, inappropriate, and wasteful use. Protecting IT assets is especially important as the number of instances of people with malicious intent trying to harm computer networks and/or gain unauthorized access to information through the use of viruses, malware, and other types of attacks continues to rise. Although no single practice or policy on its own can adequately safeguard your technology investment, there are a number of controls that, if appropriately implemented and monitored, collectively increase the odds that your systems and data will remain safe. Management, including the governing board, is responsible for ensuring that the right IT controls are in place, and that they are performing as intended. Given the rapid pace of technological innovation, the ever increasing sophistication and number of threats facing computer systems and the fact that IT is only one aspect of management s responsibilities, this can be a formidable task. The following guidance is intended to make the oversight of information technology less daunting by providing a template for understanding and strengthening controls over IT. It includes a Security Self-Assessment, structured around 12 key areas of IT security, that is intended to help you exercise effective oversight of IT operations and serve as a starting point for discussions with personnel who are responsible for the day-to-day management of your computer operations. Since the assessment is geared toward small- to medium-sized computer operations, we limited the number of questions; there are many more questions you could and possibly should ask about your IT internal controls. Although no single practice or policy on its own can adequately safeguard your technology investment, there are a number of controls that, if appropriately implemented and monitored, collectively increase the odds that your systems and data will remain safe. Division of Local Government and School Accountability 1 Office of the State Comptroller
6 Internal controls over IT seek to ensure that computer systems and the data they process, transmit, and store can be trusted, are available when needed, and are adequately protected from unauthorized access and use. Responsibility for IT Internal Controls Internal controls are essential to the effective operation of local governments and school districts. They encompass the policies, procedures, and activities designed to provide reasonable assurance that operations are going according to plan. In general, properly designed and functioning controls reduce the likelihood that significant errors or fraud will occur and remain undetected. Internal controls over IT seek to ensure that computer systems and the data they process, transmit, and store can be trusted, are available when needed, and are adequately protected from unauthorized access and use. The governing board s responsibilities for internal controls primarily involve oversight, authorization, and ethical leadership. Generally, governing boards do not design internal controls or develop the written policies they adopt. The governing board relies upon management, primarily the chief executive officer (CEO), to create the policies needed to ensure that services are provided effectively and assets are safeguarded. The CEO in turn relies upon managers and department heads to recommend and implement procedures. Some local governments and school districts employ an IT vendor for assistance with IT internal controls. An important way that governing boards fulfill their oversight responsibilities is by asking questions related to controls over financial and IT systems. Depending on how IT responsibilities are assigned, those questions might be directed to the CEO, IT manager, department head(s), and/or an IT vendor. Asking the right questions is not only an effective way to exercise oversight, it can be done at little or no cost. On the other hand, not asking the right questions may potentially expose computer systems, software, and data to loss or unauthorized use, which could prove to be very expensive. It is understandable that someone with little or no IT knowledge might be apprehensive about asking questions concerning IT internal controls. However, a governing board has responsibility for the oversight of the entity s IT operations whether or not its members are knowledgeable about computers or feel comfortable discussing IT. As you will note after reviewing the IT Governance Security Self-Assessment included at the end of this document, a background in IT is not necessary to ask questions about key IT internal controls and understand the answers. Extensive IT knowledge is also not necessary to perform certain procedures (e.g., review documents or reports) that can corroborate the answers to the selfassessment questions and help you understand the controls better. Office of the State Comptroller 2 Division of Local Government and School Accountability
7 Introduction to IT Security Fundamentals Prior to examining your entity s IT internal controls, it is important to understand two concepts that are fundamental to how IT professionals approach data, network, and system security: the CIA triad and defensein-depth. These concepts highlight the importance of looking at controls both individually and collectively and will help you place the internal controls in context. CIA Triad The CIA triad refers to an information security model made up of three main components: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Each component represents a fundamental objective of information security. The CIA triad is a well-known model in information security development. It is applied in various situations to identify problems or weaknesses and to establish security solutions. The model is an industry standard with which most information systems professionals should be familiar. Confidentiality is closely linked with privacy and relates to preventing or minimizing unauthorized access to, and disclosure of, data and information. To ensure confidentiality, information must be organized in terms of who ought to have access to it as well as its sensitivity. The CIA triad is a wellknown model in information security development. It is applied in various situations to identify problems or weaknesses and to establish security solutions. Integrity is focused on ensuring that data is not tampered with during or after submission. Having accurate and complete data is essential for good decision-making. What good is the information if it cannot be trusted? Availability means that the information is available when it is needed. Data that cannot be accessed will prove to be of little value. The most available systems are accessible at all times and have safeguards against power outages, natural disasters, hardware failures, systems upgrades, and attempts by individuals with malicious intent to cause disruption. Division of Local Government and School Accountability 3 Office of the State Comptroller
8 Building successive layers of defense mechanisms at strategic points in the IT infrastructure can reduce the risk of a successful attack by someone with malicious intent and is considered a best practice by IT security professionals. Defense-in-depth Defense-in-depth refers to the implementation of multiple layers of security to protect data, networks, and systems. Building successive layers of defense mechanisms at strategic points in the IT infrastructure can reduce the risk of a successful attack by someone with malicious intent and is considered a best practice by IT security professionals. A combination of controls helps ensure that your system does not become overly dependent on any one control or layer of security, and provides added protection in case a layer of security fails to function properly or does not prevent or stop a threat to your data or system. There is no single control that can be used to adequately protect against today s sophisticated threats; only a combination of multiple preventive and detective controls will keep your data and systems safe. Information Technology Governance: Security Self-Assessment The Security Self-Assessment at the end of this document addresses key areas of IT internal controls such as policy, training, access and monitoring. Several of the main questions include follow-up questions that will provide information helpful for evaluating the answers. For example, one of the questions is: Were all computer users provided IT security training? The question is followed by a prompt to record the date(s) of training and who attended, if applicable. If all computer users were provided with IT security training but that training occurred six years ago, the governing board may want to consider arranging for additional training or a refresher in the near future. Likewise, if only a small handful of computer users have received IT security training, the governing board should be aware of that as well. Office of the State Comptroller 4 Division of Local Government and School Accountability
9 Some questions are followed by a suggested step you can take to verify and better understand the answer provided. For example, if an up-to-date list of computer equipment is maintained, you could obtain a copy of the inventory listing and review it for reasonableness (i.e., does the inventory make sense given what you know about the entity and its operations). This would help you assess whether the list is truly up-to-date. For example, if the inventory of computer equipment does not include any laptop computers yet you have observed your municipality or school district staff working on laptop computers, you may want to ask a follow-up question about the apparent omission from the records. Similarly, when completing the access controls section of the assessment, you could review a current list of authorized computer users and their levels of access. If names on the list are unrecognizable or if the list contains individuals no longer employed by the municipality, you could ask appropriate follow-up questions. In addition, questions about access to particular software applications may arise. For example, a member of the governing board may notice that someone with no accounting responsibilities has access to the entity s accounting program. The following guidance will help you to understand each control on the selfassessment and why it is important to the security and oversight of your computer operations. It should be noted that the manner in which the answers to the questions are obtained is up to the governing board. Board members could interview the IT manager and/or IT vendor (if applicable) in person, and ask follow-up questions or obtain additional information for clarification purposes at that time. Alternatively, the governing board could give the self-assessment to the appropriate responsible parties and ask that they complete and return it. In any event, the governing board will probably need to speak with IT personnel to ask additional questions, obtain more details regarding the answers provided and discuss the next steps to be taken. Since computing environments change over the course of time, governing boards should periodically review IT controls. We recommend that this be done at least once a year. Since computing environments change over the course of time, governing boards should periodically review IT controls. We recommend that this be done at least once a year. Division of Local Government and School Accountability 5 Office of the State Comptroller
10 Computer policies define appropriate user behavior, describe the tools and procedures needed to protect data and information systems, and explain the consequences of policy violations. IT Security: Top 12 Areas of Concern Area #1 IT Policy Computer policies define appropriate user behavior, describe the tools and procedures needed to protect data and information systems, and explain the consequences of policy violations. The governing board should provide important oversight and leadership by establishing computer policies that take into account people, processes, and technology; communicating the policies throughout the organization; and ensuring there are procedures in place to monitor compliance with policies. Your unique computing environment should dictate the content and number of policies necessary. A small entity with uncomplicated, modest computing resources may only need a few policies to cover relevant computing issues adequately. Larger entities with complex systems may need several policies to convey management s expectations and ensure effective operation. While computer policies will not guarantee the safety of your computer system, a lack of appropriate policies significantly increases the risk that data, hardware, and software systems may be lost or damaged by inappropriate access and use. Possible types of computer policies include but are not limited to: Breach Notification Policy New York State Technology Law Section 208 requires local governments to establish an information breach notification policy. The policy should detail how officials would notify State residents whose private information was, or is reasonably believed to have been, acquired by a person without a valid authorization. The disclosure should be made in the most expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay, consistent with the legitimate needs of law enforcement and any measures necessary to determine the scope of the breach and restore the reasonable integrity of the data system. If you fail to adopt an information breach notification policy and private information is compromised, officials and employees may not understand or be prepared to fulfill their legal obligation to notify affected individuals. Internet, , and Personal Computer Use This policy should describe what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate use of IT resources, along with your expectations concerning personal use of IT equipment and user privacy (e.g., management reserves the right to examine , personal file directories, web access, and other information stored on local government computers, at any time and without notice). It should also describe the consequences for policy violations (e.g., an employee found to have violated the policy may be subject to disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment). Office of the State Comptroller 6 Division of Local Government and School Accountability
11 Use of and Access to Personal, Private, and Sensitive Information This policy should: define personal, private, and sensitive information (PPSI); explain the entity s reasons for collecting PPSI; and describe specific procedures for the use, access to, storage, and disposal of PPSI involved in normal business activities. Password Security This policy should address password complexity, length, age requirements, reuse of old passwords, and the number of failed log-on attempts the system will allow. Wireless Security Policy This policy should specify the conditions that wireless infrastructure devices must satisfy to connect to the entity s network. The policy should also indicate who is covered by the policy (e.g., all employees, contractors, consultants, temporary, and other workers) and describe the consequences of violating the policy. Mobile Computing and Storage Device Policy The purpose of this policy is to control mobile computing and storage devices that contain or access your information resources. It should define the devices covered (e.g., organizationally owned and/or personally owned), procedures for reporting lost or stolen mobile computing and storage devices, the process used for gaining approval before connecting new devices to the system, and other user responsibilities. Online Banking Before an entity begins processing financial transactions electronically, it should have a comprehensive policy that addresses online banking activities. The policy should include the following, consistent with the statutory and other legal responsibilities of the officers and employees involved: What online banking activities will be used What specific transaction types will be allowed Who will authorize transactions Who will record transactions/transfers Who has access to online banking Who will review and reconcile transfers, and how often The procedures that will be followed when responding to potential fraudulent activity. While computer policies will not guarantee the safety of your computer system, a lack of appropriate policies significantly increases the risk that data, hardware, and software systems may be lost or damaged by inappropriate access and use. Division of Local Government and School Accountability 7 Office of the State Comptroller
12 IT security training should explain the proper rules of behavior for using your IT systems and data, and communicate the policies and procedures that need to be followed. Area #2 IT Security Training and Awareness The IT security community often identifies people as the weakest link in the chain to secure data and systems, so it s no surprise that good internal controls should include entity-wide IT security training and awareness efforts that are closely tied to the organization s IT policies. Entities cannot protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their data and computer systems without ensuring that the people who use and manage IT understand organizational IT security policies and procedures and their roles and responsibilities related to IT security. There have been many accounts of users whose actions caused significant harm to computer systems or financial losses. They may have been fooled, via social engineering scams, 1 into providing their passwords, opening harmful attachments, or visiting malicious websites. Even system administrators, who are typically regarded as having advanced IT knowledge, have been tricked into performing actions that threatened or caused harm to their systems. The success of social engineering, coupled with the neverending flow of new and innovative threats, underscores the importance of including all users in IT security training. It is also important to update the training material periodically to address new technologies, threats, and any changes to your computing environment. IT security training should explain the proper rules of behavior for using your IT systems and data, and communicate the policies and procedures that need to be followed. The content of training programs should be directed at the specific audience (e.g., user or system administrator) and include everything related to IT security that attendees need to know in order to perform their jobs. While your IT policies tell users what to do, training provides them with the skills to do it. IT security awareness efforts should reinforce your IT policies and training, and can focus attention on security in general or some narrow aspect of security (e.g., the dangers of opening an unknown or attachment or how to maintain laptop security while traveling). 1 Social engineering is a term that describes a nontechnical kind of intrusion that often involves tricking people into breaking normal security procedures. Social engineers, otherwise known as con artists or confidence men, have become extremely adept at siphoning small bits of information from various sources and putting them together to conduct a very convincing lie. For example, from a municipal website, an attacker may be able to glean the names and some personal information of all the elected officials, board members, and possibly even contractors working for the local government. The name of the web designer or the web design company will also be present. With a little research into the local area, a skilled social engineering can conduct an attack whereby they call a municipal official, pretend to be an employee of the web design firm, use the first names of other officials or workers to sound legitimate, perhaps even add information about a local business or event, and convince the official to give up some sensitive information, such as a password, PIN, or device type and version. If the attacker can make a visit to the local government, his chances of a successful attack could increase. Often, the names and telephone numbers of IT consultants are placed on devices such as printers and fax machines. Other common social engineering schemes include shoulder surfing, tailgating, dumpster diving, and simply asking questions in a nice manner. Office of the State Comptroller 8 Division of Local Government and School Accountability
13 The failure to provide IT security training and raise awareness increases the risk that users will not understand their responsibilities, putting the data and computer resources with which they have been entrusted at greater risk for unauthorized access, misuse, or abuse. For example, without training and awareness, officers and employees may not be prepared to fulfill their legal obligation to notify affected individuals when personal, private, or sensitive information is compromised. Local officials sometimes say that they cannot afford the cost of IT security training and awareness. Fortunately there are a number of no-cost or lowcost solutions available from a variety of sources. New York State Office of Cyber Security (NYS OCS) The NYS OCS is dedicated to protecting the State s cybersecurity infrastructure by identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities, deterring and responding to cyber-events, and promoting cybersecurity awareness. Its website contains a wealth of information such as model policies, best practices, alerts and advisories, free training opportunities, and education and awareness materials. The Local Government Resources page, www. dhses.ny.gov/ocs/local-government, includes individual tabs for Government Officials, Technical Staff, Awareness, Training, and Events. Government Officials Provides reference materials designed for elected officials, administrative officials, and business managers. The topics include: Risk Management, Guidelines for Backing Up Information, Internet and Acceptable Use Policy Template, Beginners Guide to Firewalls, and Secure Credit Card Payment Process. Technical Staff Provides links to OCS cybersecurity advisories such as: A CEO s Guide to Cyber Crime, Web 2.0 Security for Businesses and Employees, and Information and Recommendations Regarding Unauthorized Wire Transfers Relating to Compromised Cyber Networks, as well as advisories and headlines from the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC). The failure to provide IT security training and raise awareness increases the risk that users will not understand their responsibilities, putting the data and computer resources with which they have been entrusted at greater risk for unauthorized access, misuse, or abuse. Division of Local Government and School Accountability 9 Office of the State Comptroller
14 The major associations (e.g., New York Conference of Mayors, New York State School Boards Association) offer low-cost training on timely and relevant IT security issues that is delivered by qualified presenters. Awareness Offers links to Monthly Tips Newsletters that local governments and school district officials are encouraged to download, customize with their own official headings and distribute to their employees, and to White Paper Resources and Publications issued by the MS-ISAC. Training Offers links to a variety of training videos such as Cyber Security User Awareness, Cyber Security Training for Business Managers, and Information Classification Training, and to various computer-based training courses such as the SANS Institute s webcasts. There is also a link to a mailbox where local government and school district officials may contact OCS for additional information. Lastly, OCS offers free, five-day training sessions throughout the year on topics such as Cyberterrorism First Responders and Comprehensive Cyberterrorism Defense. Events Links to the free Annual Cyber Security Conference, recorded sessions of past presentations, and live or archived bi-monthly national webcasts. United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US_CERT) Four products in the National Cyber Alert System offer a variety of information for users with varied technical expertise. Those with more technical interest can read the Technical Cyber Security Alerts or the Cyber Security Bulletins. Users looking for more general-interest pieces can read the Cyber Security Alerts and Cyber Security Tips. A free subscription to any or all of the National Cyber Alert System products ensures access to timely information about security topics and threats. Municipal and School District Associations The major associations (e.g., New York Conference of Mayors, New York State School Boards Association) offer low-cost training on timely and relevant IT security issues that is delivered by qualified presenters. Office of the State Comptroller 10 Division of Local Government and School Accountability
15 TEEX Domestic Preparedness Campus This website is a joint effort of the Department of Homeland Security, FEMA, and the Texas A&M University system. It has a free online training program entitled DHS/FEMA Certified Cyber Security Training that is eligible for continuing professional education credits. The program includes 10 courses in three discipline-specific tracks: non-technical for end-users, technical for IT professionals, and business managers and professionals. In-House Training and Awareness Developing and delivering IT security training, and maintaining IT security awareness, does not have to be an elaborate, expensive endeavor. It can be as simple as gathering staff together to review your policies collectively and having a roundtable discussion on security matters applicable to your computing environment. The discussions could center on: emerging trends in information theft and other social engineering reminders; limiting the type of personal, private, and sensitive information collected, accessed, or displayed to that which is essential for the function being performed; malicious software; virus protection; the dangers of downloading files and programs from the Internet; passwords; Wi-Fi security; and/or how to respond if a virus or an information security breach is detected. Awareness efforts could also include disseminating applicable security alerts from the organizations mentioned above and/or sending out periodic security reminders via that address some aspect of your IT security policy. IT security training and awareness is an essential part of protecting computer systems and data. Your personnel should understand their IT responsibilities, be knowledgeable about potential threats, and be prepared to respond appropriately to everyday computing challenges, as well as less frequent events such as the loss of personal information. The growing availability and ease of obtaining free and low-cost training and awareness materials eliminates any excuse for not having a well-informed work force. Your personnel should understand their IT responsibilities, be knowledgeable about potential threats, and be prepared to respond appropriately to everyday computing challenges, as well as less frequent events such as the loss of personal information. Division of Local Government and School Accountability 11 Office of the State Comptroller
16 Since different kinds of information require different levels of protection, the nature of the data has to be evaluated so that appropriate internal controls can be established and monitored. Area #3 Computer Hardware, Software, and Data Inventories Entities should maintain detailed, up-to-date inventory records for all computer hardware, software, and data. The information maintained for each piece of computer equipment should include a description of the item including the make, model, and serial number; the name of the employee to whom the equipment is assigned, if applicable; the physical location of the asset; and relevant purchase or lease information including the acquisition date. Software inventory records should include a description of the item including the version and serial number, a description of the computer(s) on which the software is installed, and any pertinent licensing information. In addition to hardware and software inventories, entities should maintain an inventory of information assets (i.e., data) that classifies the data according to its sensitivity and identifies where the data resides (e.g., servers, workstations, and laptops). Since different kinds of information require different levels of protection, the nature of the data has to be evaluated so that appropriate internal controls can be established and monitored. Data classification is the process of assigning data to a category that will help determine the level of internal controls over that data. In some instances, laws, regulations, or an entity s policies predefine the classification of each data type. Here is an example of a data classification scheme: Public Information that is widely available to the public through publications, pamphlets, web content, and other distribution methods. Internal Use Routine operational information that is not approved for general circulation and where unauthorized access, modifications, or disclosure would be inconvenient but would not result in financial loss or damage to public credibility. Examples include routine correspondence, employee newsletters, internal phone directories, and internal policies and procedures. Confidential Confidential data is information that, in the event of unauthorized access, modifications, or disclosure, could result in significant adverse impacts on an organization s ability to perform critical work or compromise the integrity of the organization, its employees, its customers, or third parties. Examples include data used to produce payroll or vendor payments, preliminary drafts of bid specifications, and employee system passwords. It also includes any information concerning a person that can be used to identify, or assume the identity of, the individual. Examples include Social Security numbers and the combination of name, address, and date of birth. Office of the State Comptroller 12 Division of Local Government and School Accountability
17 Restricted Confidential Information where loss, unauthorized modification, or disclosure is likely to result in the most serious impacts to an organization s ability to fulfill its responsibilities. Examples include the organization s strategy for defending lawsuits, preliminary investigation results, and assessments of security vulnerabilities. Entities cannot properly protect their computer resources, including data, if they do not know what resources they have and where those resources reside. The failure to maintain detailed, up-to-date hardware, software, and information inventory records exposes these valuable assets to an increased risk of loss, theft, or misuse. Without proper identification of all devices on a network, unauthorized devices and software can be easily introduced, putting organizational data at risk. A single compromised device can become a launching point for further network attacks, quickly turning one compromised machine into many. Furthermore, accurate inventory records are essential for effective patch management (see Area #6 Patch Management) and software licensing compliance. 2 Poor records makes it unlikely that software patches necessary to address known security vulnerabilities can be applied on a timely basis, if at all. In addition, insufficient records increase the likelihood that you may inadvertently violate copyright laws by having more software users than licenses for a particular application and incur penalties as a result. The accuracy of inventory records should be verified through periodic physical inventories. The failure to maintain detailed, up-to-date hardware, software, and information inventory records exposes these valuable assets to an increased risk of loss, theft, or misuse. 2 Software typically comes with a license that grants end-users permission to use one or more copies of the product. Entities commonly closely track their license usage to help ensure they don t inadvertently utilize software in a manner that might constitute copyright infringement. The illegal use or distribution of software, also known as software piracy, can result in considerable penalties. Division of Local Government and School Accountability 13 Office of the State Comptroller
18 Developing a good SLA takes some effort, but can help avoid potentially costly misunderstandings and establish an efficient, secure computing environment. Area #4 Contracts for IT Services Entities increasingly rely on third parties to provide a variety of IT-related services. For your protection and to avoid potential misunderstandings, there should be a written agreement between the entity and the computing service provider that states the entity s needs and expectations, and specifies the level of service to be provided by the independent contractor/vendor. In our experience, many of the IT contracts or service level agreements (SLAs) entities enter into are vague in terms of the services contracted for and the expected quality of those services. Such poorly worded agreements can, among other things, contribute to confusion over who has responsibility for various aspects of the IT environment (i.e., the entity or contractor), which ultimately puts the entity s data and computer resources at greater risk for unauthorized access, misuse, or loss. The components of an SLA vary but can include identification of the parties to the contract; definitions of terminology; term/duration of agreement; scope/subject; limitations (what, if anything, is excluded); service level objectives and performance indicators; roles and responsibilities; nonperformance impact; pricing, billing, and terms of payment; security procedures; audit procedures; reporting; review/update; and approvals. Generally speaking, the more specific the SLA, the better; there should be no uncertainty about what the contractor will deliver, when it will be delivered, and how much it s going to cost. A vague agreement can lead to additional costs or cost increases you were not expecting. It is very important for an SLA to establish measurable targets of performance so a common understanding of services can be achieved. For example, if you contract with an IT vendor to administer patch management with the goal of ensuring that patches and updates that are released throughout the year are installed on a timely basis, the SLA should indicate exactly what operating system(s) and application(s) are covered and what timely means (e.g., is the expectation that patches be applied as soon as available, on a weekly basis, or on a quarterly basis?). An SLA with a cloud service provider could, for example, indicate that you will have availability to an application percent of the time, and allow the municipality to reduce its payment by a given percentage if that is not achieved. Many IT service providers have standard SLAs reflecting various levels of service at different prices that can be a good starting point for negotiation. Ideally, SLAs should be reviewed by knowledgeable IT staff and/or legal counsel, and periodically re-reviewed, especially if your IT environment or needs change significantly. Developing a good SLA takes some effort, but can help avoid potentially costly misunderstandings and establish an efficient, secure computing environment. Office of the State Comptroller 14 Division of Local Government and School Accountability
19 Area #5 Virus Protection A key IT control is the implementation and maintenance of adequate virus protection, including the updating of virus definitions. Without current virus definitions, protection is limited and leaves computers at risk of being compromised by new types of threats. Viruses can corrupt data and make computers and networks inoperable. Damage caused by viruses can be expensive to fix and can cause significant losses in productivity until corrected. Antivirus definitions should be updated daily and set to scan for threats throughout the day. Some entities use a mix of purchased and free antivirus software (downloaded from the Internet). While there is nothing inherently wrong with using different kinds of antivirus software, it may make timely, coordinated management of antivirus protection more challenging. The use of free antivirus software should be carefully considered. Due to the nature of the free license agreements, most free antivirus software is for home use only. Some malicious content is written to automatically propagate, or spread itself, across any new system it discovers. Because malware can be embedded onto a wide variety of devices, it is in the best interest of any organization to force scans of any newly discovered devices, such as flash drives and digital cameras, while the autoplay feature for USB devices should be disabled. A key IT control is the implementation and maintenance of adequate virus protection, including the updating of virus definitions. If antivirus is installed on a computer running Microsoft Windows, an icon should be present near the system clock on the taskbar. Right-clicking on the icon will bring up a menu which allows access to the program s registration information, latest update, and version number. If an icon is not present, the antivirus program may be accessed through the Start Menu or the Control Panel. Division of Local Government and School Accountability 15 Office of the State Comptroller
20 The first step in implementing adequate access controls is determining what level and type of protection is appropriate for various resources (e.g., data) and who needs access to these resources. Area #6 Patch Management A patch is software that is used to correct a problem, such as a security vulnerability, that exists within an application or an operating system. Security vulnerabilities in software can be exploited to infect a computer with a virus, spyware, or other malicious agents, or to gain access privileges illicitly. When security vulnerabilities in software are discovered, the software vendor typically issues a patch (fix) to correct the problem. The patch should be applied as soon as possible to reduce the likelihood that someone with malicious intent could successfully exploit the vulnerability. You should adopt patch management policies and procedures that ensure that all patches and updates are rolled out on a regular basis. Area #7 Access Controls The first step in implementing adequate access controls is determining what level and type of protection is appropriate for various resources (e.g., data) and who needs access to these resources. The objectives of limiting access are to ensure that: outsiders (e.g., attackers) cannot gain unauthorized access to your systems or data, access to sensitive resources such as operating systems and security software programs are limited to very few individuals who have a valid business need for such access, and employees and contractors are restricted from performing incompatible functions or functions beyond their responsibilities. There should be written procedures in place for granting, changing, and terminating access rights to the overall networked computer system and to specific software applications. These procedures should establish who has the authority to grant or change access (e.g., department manager approval) and allow users to access only what is necessary to complete their job duties. Access rights should be updated as necessary; inactive, retired, or terminated accounts should be disabled or removed from the network in a timely manner. You should periodically compare the employee master list (as maintained by the personnel or payroll department) to the list of network user accounts to determine if user accounts belong to current employees. A review of all system accounts should be periodically conducted and any account that cannot be associated with an authorized user or application should be disabled. Furthermore, you should establish and follow a process for revoking system access by disabling accounts immediately upon termination of an employee or vendor. After an account is disabled, any files associated with that account should be moved to a secure file server for analysis by IT or management personnel. Where possible, system administrators should monitor attempts to access disabled accounts through audit logging. Office of the State Comptroller 16 Division of Local Government and School Accountability
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text:
2015 · Recap
Thanks to our fans whose unwavering support this season has meant the world to us.
The US GP was one of the wettest race weekends in the history of F1. But that didn't stop Jenson "The Rain Master" Button from scoring points!
7:11pm - 24 Oct
The Russian GP was Fernando's 250th race in F1, and also saw Jenson score more points!
8:10am - 9 Oct
We returned to Suzuka for our home race! The fans were immense, and it was a very special occasion racing in front of our home crowd.
5:36am - 27 Sep
Bringing you the latest track facts and race information, the Power Units loved your support throughout the season.
9:29am - 1 Oct
The Hungarian GP was one of the most action-packed races of the season, and we had a double-points finish!
2:57pm - 26 Jul
June saw us head to the British GP for JB's home race, and Fernando scored his first point of the season!
2:54pm - 5 Jul
The Monaco GP brought our first points of the season as Jenson Button drove terrifically to finish P8.
3:04pm - 24 May
In May we debuted the MP4-30's new livery at Fernando's home race, the Spanish GP.
11:57am - 10 May
We made our return to F1 at the Australian GP, the setting of team McLaren-Honda's last race together in 1992.
5:33am - 14 Mar
One of the most successful F1 partnerships returns, and in January we gave you a glimpse of the MP4-30.
3:40pm - 29 Jan

subset: commoncrawl


text: Idaho is a state of the United States of America. Contents[show] GeographyEdit CitiesEdit Buhl Burley Fairfield Pocatello AppearancesEdit The X-Files "Deep Throat" "Fearful Symmetry" "Drive" "Patience" External linksEdit Idaho on Wikipedia Retrieved from "http://x-files.wikia.com/wiki/Idaho?oldid=65659" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: States Add category Cancel Save


text:
Blog Directory
Browse the Blog Directory
Browse blogs from wide range of categorized blogs on our blog directory. Whether you are looking for niche blogs, personal blogs, Reference blogs, Education blogs you can find them all in our blog directory.
Submit your Blog
Or, Submit your blog and be included on our search engine friendly blog directory.
EducationBrowsing Reference Blogs » Education Blogs
Search the latest blog sites about education and reference at BlogsDB. Add Education blogs and advertise on our hottest blog directory on the Internet.
Search within these results:
Macmillan Dictionary Blog - an established site that shares exhilarating information relating to Macmillan dictionaries, English language, English as used around the world, education, dictionaries and reference altogether.
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Digital Campus is a weblog that discusses the most recent posts involving education and or reference altogether. Check out the exciting news and resources at Digital Campus.
Urban Dictionary - a reference blog site that shares captivating information mentioning user-submitted definitions, dictionary, word of the day, education, dictionaries plus reference altogether.
Britannica Blog, a famous reference blog site that offers more captivating weblogs relating to Encyclopaedia Britannica and its entries for learning, understanding and knowledge about Arts, Entertainment, History, Society, Science and Technology, Tra
HowStuffWorks - a blog site that offers the hippest blogs associated to knowledge management, education and or reference altogether. Discover the featured stuff at HowStuffWorks.
As Part of Harvard Business Publishing, Harvard Business Review Blog Network is an online resource with dedication to improving the practice of management.
Dropout Nation, a web and blog site that covers the latest stuff linked to education and or reference collectively. Go over the latest resources at Dropout Nation.
Blog that contains news and reflections of Indian education sector.


text:
The snack shack frequented by locals of every stripe seeking good cheap outdoor food on rt 9 in Haydenville serves a wonderful lobster roll despite its landlocked locale. It is pretty much just lobster on a hot dog roll as is traditional and a steal ( last year 6.95 with chips). There are also po boys, clam chowder, pulled pork, sweet potato fries, and very decent fish and chips, and much more sold out of a miniscule shack by the road. And right next door is the best soft ice cream in the area. YUM. Long lines, which move fast, attest to the popularity of this local haunt.
Williamsburg Snack Bar
93 Main St, Williamsburg, MA 01096


text:
Restaurants & Bars
- The Cassava Terrace Restaurant - Open air dining serving an array of fresh tropical fruits and juices, cereals, pastries, delicious hot dishes and made-to-order items for breakfast and a buffet of salads, local and international hot and cold dishes, pastries and cakes for lunch.
- Beach Grill Restaurant - Casual fare and snacks
- Heliconia - Mediterranean restaurant with a selection of grilled specialities and delicious pasta dishes and a delicious dessert buffet
- Lychee - Guests can experience Asian fusion whilst observing experienced chefs prepare their favourite dishes with the restaurant's open kitchen floor plan
- Otaheite Restaurant - Jamaican and Caribbean fare
- Piano Bar - Sample a variety of hot hors d'oeuvres
- In Suite dining - For guests staying in Garden or Beachfront Suites special in -room dining menu is offered. Dinner must be ordered one day in advance
Facilities & Services
- Swimming pool
- 2 whirlpools
- 4 tennis courts(2 floodlit)
- Fitness centre
- Games room
- Watersports - Snorkelling, Glass bottom boat, Water skiing and scuba diving which includes professional instruction, Pool volleyball Sunset catamaran cruise
- Land sports - Half basketball court, beach volley ball, unlimited golf including green fees and transfers, table tennis and billiards
- Nightly Entertainment including Cabaret Artist, Piano Bar and Resident band for dancing
- Boutique - additional charge
- Spa Services - Complimentary half hour massage for honeymoon, repeat and wedding guests; all other spa treatments are chargeable
- Gift shop - additional charge
- Beauty salon - additional charge
- Excursions - additional charge
- Free Weddings - Complimentary Wedding Ceremony (Pre Arranged) however there is an administration processing, Government License and Marriage Certificate fee which is additional.
Talk to a specialist
Call 020 7644 1755 to speak with our award-winning travel consultants.
Opening hours 09:00 - 17:00 GMT


text:
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text:
A. Heard Home
Description: Photograph of a single-story home in Danevang, Texas, belonging to Enor (Billy) Hermansen, previously owned by A. Heard. The house has a white exterior and intersecting dark-colored shingled gable roofs. A tall wire antenna is seen on the front lawn as well as several species of small bushes and plants. Across a walkway in front of the home, there is a parked trailer that blocks what appears to be a second structure on the rightmost side of the image. Two stamps have been placed on the back of the photograph of the same leaping fox logo and the accompanying text that reads, "Fox Photo This paper manufactured by Kodak. Jul 85 - HOU."
Date: July 1985
Item Type: Refine your search to only Photograph
Partner: Danish Heritage Preservation Society


text:
|General Information
| Batgirl
Death Wish
|Issue Number:
|First Published:
|November 2001
|Previous Issue:
|Batgirl #19
|Next Issue:
|Batgirl #21
Batgirl attempts to intervene in a situation in which a handful of thugs attempt to rob a man, Island Jimmy, carrying a duffel bag filled with money. Inside the bag, she finds a note. Unable to read it, she brings it to Spoiler, who informs her it is a ransom note; however, neither are sure if it is the money being taken back to the kidnappers, or if it being taken to them. The two head to the meeting place, a train station, where the kidnapee's brother attempts to explain the missing money. When the brother is attacked and taken to the kidnappers' hideout, the two split up, each one heading back to the kidnapper's hideout by different routes. Spoiler and Batgirl discover that Miguel's brother, Falco, 'kidnapped' himself in order to get the ransom money. When Falco discovers a friend of his was killed during the transportation of the money, Spoiler and Batgirl intervene. Afterwards, Spoiler offers to teach Cassandra to read in exchange for tips and tricks.


text:
Sam Kinison
November 14, 2010 by Post Team
Sam Kinison, one of the most beloved comedians of the past 20 years, was known for his raunchiness and unusual appearance. Tragically, Kinison died a few days after their wedding when the car she was driving was beaten by a drunk driver in adolescence.
Years after his death, Kinison is finally seeing the realization that his life was lost through a tribute documentary entitled "Back from Hell: A Tribute to Sam Kinison." The show has been broadcast on several TV channels cable and includes Chris Rock, Kathy Griffin, Denis Leary and Jay Leno.
Kinison was well known for his practical jokes and even vile was the son of a preacher, was often subject to control by the clergy and faithful alike. He died on April 10, 1992.
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Michael Fields Agricultural Institute
Saturday, April 28, 2012 from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM (CDT)
Event Details
April 28th
Inspired by Rudolf Steiner, hands-on activities include preparation-making, applications to compost and fields, plant observations, and learning how to use planetary calendars.
Saturday, April 28, 2012 from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM (CDT)
Add to my calendar
Michael Fields Agricultural Institute
We are a non-profit organization with the mission to cultivate the ecological, social, economic, and spiritual vitality of food and farming systems through education, research, policy and market development.
We envision an ever-creative cultural process in which farmers and consumers create agricultural landscapes with healthy regional systems of land use, food production and distribution.
Since our founding in 1984, we have worked to realize this vision.
Please inquire if special arrangements may be needed.


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Yeah, so I'm just going to drop this here, and walk away:
Just eight days before three people were killed and more than 260 people were injured in the Boston Marathon bombing, a Ukrainian student was arrested in New Jersey carrying two homemade devices.
Rutgers student Mykyta Panasenko, 27, was arrested in Hoboken on April 7 aboard a NJ Transit train bound for Suffern, New York. He was carrying two improvised explosive devices, according to police.
Jersey City Police Deputy Chief Peter Nalbach said Thursday that authorities also found material at Panasenko's home 'that may have been used to make an explosive device.'
According to a criminal complaint, Panasenko is charged with having 'two destructive devices, specifically improvised explosive devices (IEDs) constructed from a cylinder containing Pyrodex (black powder)' on April 5, the criminal complaint says.
He is also charged with 'recklessly creating widespread risk of injury or damage to a building which normally contains 25 or more persons by constructing the explosive devices,' reports the Jersey Journal.


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I had a new genuine Viscous Fan Coupling fitted when Groombridges changed the cam belt 35,000miles ago, the old one was totaly shot and was liable to part company from the fan pulley and send the fan through the radiator! I noticed the other day that the coupling is loose again and I can wobble the fan when it is warm- I would have expected the coupling to last longer! It cost me £52 for a genuine one, I can get one cheaper on ebay but I wonder how long a pattern one (ie. S*^T PART) will last?!
Can anyone recommend a good quality, cheaper replacment that will last?
Or should I just bite the bullet and order one from Landrover?


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Rubber O Cement -Solid City State MP3
At the LAB San Francisco 5-26-10.
Rubber (O) Cement 17Aug07 MP3
Rubber (O) Cement at the Silo, on Aug 17 2007.
Rubber (() Cement pt2 in SF 2013 MP3
Coalescing in yr. 1994, Rubber (() Cement was put together as a direct idea for a super science future that will happen. The next technological breakthroughs ...
RUBBER O CEMENT at Churchill's Pub MP3
Spilt Milk Projects + Gramps + AdHoc.fm (NYC) present two nights of underground music and art during Art Basel, featuring something radically different from ...
Rubber O Cement @ The Empty Bottle, Chicago Illinois. MP3
Here is a bit of video of Rubber O Cement in Chicago on February 23, 2008. I had to use the night vision on my video camera because there was not much stage ...
Rubber-O-Cement 2012/10/23 SuperDeluxe Japan MP3
Rubber-O-Cement 2012/10/23 SuperDeluxe Japan.
Rubber O Cement Live @ Human Resource MP3
Rubber O Cement MP3
Rubber (O) Cement MP3
Rubber O Cement @ The Knockout 10/27/07 MP3
rubber o cement LIVE at Blick Art san francisco MP3
Rubber-O-Cement MP3
rubber O cement MP3
rubber-o-cement 2000 euro tour with wolf eyes, the smartlaps and nautical almanac.
Rubber (O) Cement 2 MP3
Rubber "O" Cement @ Anti Art Becomes Art - December 3rd, 2013 - Miami MP3
RUBBER O CEMENT Javelin Report into the Eyes of the Spying Gods MP3
isn't the title enough?
Rubber O Cement live @ the Rebar MP3
rubber-o-cement と c.c.c.c. MP3
10/23 スーパーデラックス.
Rubber O Cement @ Noisepollination 07 Los Angeles Il Corral MP3
Rubber O Cement, 06.08.97, SF, Ca. MP3
Rubber-O-Cement live @ YJs KCMO MP3
Rubber-O-Cement live @ YJs Kansas City, MO date unknown, probably '98-'99.
Rubber(o)Cement, Clud Teuffel, circa 19997, pt. 2 MP3
Rubber(o)Cement, Clud Teuffel, circa 19997, pt. 1 MP3
Rubber O Cement LIVE at Evocal gallery, Costa Mesa MP3
Basel churchills rubber o cement 2013 MP3
Rubber o cement churchills 2013 MP3
Rubber O Cement (part 2) MP3
May 16 2006 at the Lab SF camera by Soretooth.


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Isn't It Time for Google to Declare Google+ a Bust and Move On?
How often do you visit Google+? I'll give you a second to think about it. So, if you are anything like me or essentially the rest of society, the answer is: not often. That's because, despite Google's determination to get you to use Plus, it's just not that good and, if we are being completely honest, Facebook is simply better. In short, Facebook won and it's time for Google to let it go.
I don't think anyone would really care if it weren't for the fact that it has become so invasive. Every Gmail account is now attached to Plus. Every app Google has asks you to share your information on Plus. If you are signed in and you do a search, it shows you what people in your circles have posted on a particular subject. Find something on a map? Hey, why not post on Plus about it? ENOUGH!
Just over a year ago, if you had any kind of Google account, you were forcibly added to Plus. There was no opting out. If you didn't want to be on Plus, you had to quit Google altogether. That means if all you wanted was a simple Gmail account, you were required to be on Google Plus as well.
Then there are all sorts of name requirements that some have speculated are directly related to Plus. Google does not allow Gmail names shorter than six characters. They say this is to prevent spam because they have found shorter names often indicate spam e-mail or are targeted more often by spammers. There is even some indication that if you had a Gmail account with a short name prior to this change, you are simply suspended when they find out. Nice.
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It is clear that the reason Plus has become such a central focus for Google is the same reason Facebook has stepped up its search function. The more people signed up and sharing, the more data Google can collect and the better their targeting of advertisements. Thing is, Google could do that without forcing everyone onto Plus, but it would be tougher.
Now, those who don't use Google for anything can search the site and use maps without logging in. They can track that usage and even pinpoint your general location, but they don't know who you are, specifically. If you are logged in, they can more easily track your habits, dramatically increasing the detail in their data collection, and advertisers pay big bucks for that.
At some point, if Plus becomes a barren ghost town of a social media network, Google may just have to throw in the towel out of embarrassment. For now, they muddle along and force us all to come with them.
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