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Session 6 The management of these agro-ecosystems
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2 force and with increasing pressure, the amount of moisture increased because of increasing discharge. Conclusion 1) By changing the length of pipe, pressure and time, the designer can choose a suitable moisture pattern for plant age, root system and available pressure, and can control deep percolation. 2) At 2 and 4 meters of water pressure, the moisture pattern is suitable for saplings and with increase in the age of plant, a large number of pipe sections or a high level of pressure would be appropriate because in sandy soil areas roots should go deep to keep plant standing against the wind. 3) The patterns showed that the maximum horizontal development was with 6 meter of water pressure and in half and quarter of pipe length. According to the adsprition low of water (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%), 6 meter of pressure is suitable pressure in this experiment. 4) Soil moisture content was calculated to be a little more than field capacity, and this is the best moisture for plant growth. 5) In this system obstruction of one unit doesn t cause obstruction of the whole of pipe. 6) Because of the texture of the soil used in this experiment, Increasing time doesn t cause horizontal expansion but vertical expanded. Aknowledgement The authors are grateful to Khuzestan water and power authority and research and standard of irrigation and drainage network office for their support. References Akhoonali, A.M Determining moisture pattern for Khuzestan soils with subsurface leaky pipe irrigation. Research No Iran, Ahvaz, Shahid Chamran University. Akhoonali, A.M Evaluation of applying porous pipe with vertical option. Research No Iran, Ahvaz, Shahid Chamran University. Barootzadeh, M Evaluation of the possibility of tillage potato in sandy hills using drip irrigation. M.S. Thesis Khorramian, M. and M. Mirlatifi Evaluation of Tarava porous pipe performance. Soil and Water Sciences Journal. Soil and Water Research Institute No Camp, C.R Subsurface drip irrigation. A review Transaction of the ASAE. vol. 41(5),
3 Fok, Yu. Si and Willardson, L.S Subsurface irrigation system analysis and design. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE. Vol. (97). NO. IR3, Teeluck, M. and B.G. Sutton Discharge characteristics of porous pipe micro irrigation lateral. Agric. Water Management. 38(2), Tollefson, S The Arizona system, Drip irrigation design for cotton. In Proc. Third International Drip, Trickle Irrigation Congress ASAE, Yoder, R.E. and C.R. Mote Porous pipe discharge uniformity. Micro irrigation for a changing world. Conserving resources/preserving the environment. Proceedings of the Fifth International Micro Irrigation Congtress, ASAE, Orlando, Florida. 320
4 The optimal size of farm ponds in N.E. Thailand with respect to farming style and multiple uses of water and under various biophysical and socio-economic conditions Penning de Vries, F.W.T. 1 ; S. Ruaysoongnern 2 and S. Wong Bhumiwatana 3 Keywords: farmer support, farm modeling, multiple uses, farming style, simulation, optimization Abstract Water is a limiting factor on farms in Northeast Thailand because of weather and soils. Variable rainfall leads to high risks in cultivation. Catching and storing rainwater and subsequent use for irrigation reduces risk and increases farm productivity. A practical question posed by farmer organizations is what is the optimal size of a farm pond? In trials, optimum values of around 12% of the farm area have been reported. For individual farms, however, this fraction may be much different due to features of farm soils, landscape and local climate, economic factors (prices of produce and multiple productive uses of water) and the preferred farming style (i.e. the farming household minimizes inter-annual risks, maximizes income, is innovative in trying the latest techniques, or has farming as a secondary source of income). To consider a wide range of variables and choices in a systematic and transferable manner, we developed the farm simulation model BoNam-FS (Farm Simulation). It was used to simulate sets of scenario s (farming styles, soil types, weather patterns, innovations) to determine farm performance over a range of farm pond sizes. Benefits of innovations, such as pond sealing and alternative irrigation methods, can be quantified. The results can be analysed with the spreadsheet BoNam-SA (Scenario Analysis) and summarized in graphs. Results have been presented to farmer organizations to show the options for water management and how to pick a scenario that suits best a specific situation. BoNam-SA is available for further analyses, such as by farm advisors. BoNam-FS is available for in depth analysis of farm water balances in existing or new scenario s. For detailed explorations, specific data from the farm-in-case are needed. Introduction Deforestation and unbalanced farming systems have brought much land and water degradation in N.E. Thailand since the 1960 s, particularly by nutrient mining (Bridges et al., 2001). Several farmer organizations (FOs) emerged in N.E. Thailand in the 1980 s (Chamrusphant, 2001), either spontaneously or promoted by NGO s (Chutikul, 2001, Bepler, 2002). Since the early and mid 1990 s some FOs promoted the adjustment of farming practices to reverse degradation (Ruaysoongnern and Suphanchaimart, 2001). This 1 Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Studies, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing formerly: International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. 2 Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 3 Land Development Department, Bangkok, Thailand often included construction of a farm pond and crop diversification. Investments for pond construction are often arranged through revolving funds, managed by the farmers groups, and entail loans that are repayable within 12 months (Bepler, 2002, Ruaysoongnern and Penning de Vries, 2005). In addition to empowering many individuals and setting common action agenda s, these organizations gained a strong political influence in the government. Significant funds are now available to speed up the expansion of the number of farm ponds. Government spending will be increased further for as a regional drought in 2004/2005 has given water an even higher priority. The Land Development Department (LDD) advises the government on implementation of the pond development scheme. The new Thai constitution strongly promotes participation of the people in the conservation, maintenance and use of natural resources (Hungspreug, 2001), and LDD and FOs search how to make this effective and to design realistic loan schemes for individuals. 321
5 Goto and Koike (1997) report that modern farmers near Khon Kaen often cultivate 2-3 ha of land, divided into 2-3 plots and worked with 4-7 persons. On average, 50% of the area is in rice and 10-15% in vegetables. The authors also report that there are usually 1-2 rice crops per year yielding t ha -1 cleaned rice of which only 10% is consumed domestically. Vegetables, 4-5 crops per year, include beans, cabbage and onions, are generally sold to middle men and yield k Baht ha -1 yr -1. Pond water is used to irrigate vegetables, flowering plants and fruit trees. Some farmers produce and sell fish as well. Farmers may also grow some trees for convenience wood (e.g. teak, Eucalyptus) for sale when cash is needed. An analysis of modern farming systems and a comparison with non-improved systems has been carried out by Tipraqsa (2005). Cassava, a common crop in N.E. Thailand, is never irrigated and therefore not considered in this study. The New Theory for agricultural development by His Majesty King Bhumibol of Thailand (LDD, 2005) underlies the thinking of FOs with respect to farm and livelihood development. It promotes integrated farming to achieve household food security, self-reliance and a reasonable income from agricultural products from a farm with ample biodiversity and a sustainable farming system. Farm ponds are crucial in the New Theory (Figure 1). The optimal size of a pond relative to the size of the farm is important but difficult to establish. It is important because the water surface itself is not productive. It is difficult to establish because it depends on many factors: the crops grown (type and area), on the prices they can fetch on the market, the local weather and soil types, and other factors. Also farmer objectives affect the optimum ratio. The track record of new farms is still short (Tipraqsa, 2005), so that farmers have not yet sufficient experiences to be used as a guideline. Experimentally, LDD found 12% to be an optimum (Khao Hin Sorn, 1999). In the New Theory, a pond as large as 30% of the farm surface is proposed. It would allow full irrigation of all crops year round, but could require water supplies from major reservoirs outside the farm. Irrigation only where and when really needed can reduce the water demand significantly and allows smaller and cheaper ponds. Realizing this complexity and local specificity, FOs asked scientists for help and formulated three pertinent questions (Box 1). Box 1. Three questions to scientists formulated at a meeting of farmer networks in N.E. Thailand, Kalasin, 20 January 2004; text in parenthesis by the authors. (What are the) Land: water resource ratios for best productivity in different ecosystems (at farm scale)? (How is the) Water management for water use efficiency for each crop, both monocrops and integrated farming system? (What are the) Water productivity potentials in different ecosystems for productivity gap analysis of each farm? The method: simulation modelling and scenario analysis The water balance on farms is complex. Farm ponds receive water from rain and runoff from the fields and uncultivated surfaces. A high groundwater table may add to filling, but drainage from ponds is more common, particularly on sandy soils. Some farms pump groundwater for domestic and productive uses, but as a salt layer underlies the groundwater in some areas there is a threat that saline water is extracted (Srisuk et al., 2001). Roof water harvesting for domestic water is common (Bepler, 2002); water supply through pipes by water providers is uncommon. When experience provides no guideline to determine the optimum water/land ratio on farms, trials can be carried out. Such trials should last at least 5-10 years and occur across N.E. Thailand due to the variability of the weather and differences in soils. They are therefore slow to provide conclusions and expensive. The LDD experiment station in Khao Hin Sorn carries out trials in one rainfall zone. An alternative approach, potentially much faster, with a wider range of answers, and cheaper, is through simulation modelling. Optimally, the modelling approach goes together with field research and calibration. 322
6 In a dynamic simulation model the way how crops, soils and ponds respond to management and weather is calculated for short time intervals (here: one week). Calculations are repeated over periods of 1-10 years. Indicators of farm performance are derived from the computed results. With little effort, the simulations can be repeated for many scenarios of farm management to explore the options available to the farmer. Characteristics of weather, soil, landscape, and other factors are kept as close as to the conditions of the end user as feasible. Management is characterized by planting dates and target yields, irrigation methods and mulching. From the values of the indicators in the different scenarios, the farmer can select the outcome that fits his/her farm best. This way of identifying the optimum farm pond size makes full use of scientific knowledge and of local insights. The modelling approach supports nonspecialist with applicable scientific knowledge. Croke et al. (2005) give examples from Australia of the impact of modelling support to local persons and organizations and of the improved water and land management. Several models have been published that address optimization on farms. These include SWB (Annandale et al., 1999), Tradeoff Analysis Model (Antle and Stoorvogel, 2000), Dam Ea$y (Lisson et al., 2003), Planwat (Van Heerden, 2004) and TechnoGIN-3 (Wolf et al., 2004). But they do not provide all features required to answer the request of the FO (Box 1), particularly not with respect to multiples uses of water, farming styles and weather variability. The model BoNam for Thai farms Outline. We developed the simulation model BoNam-FS (bon am is Thai for pond, Farm Simulation) to support farmers across N.E. Thailand to determine the optimum relative pond size for the conditions of any particular farm and for the preferred farming style of its farm manager. The model is built in the language SIMILE (Muetzelfeldt and Massheder, 2003); its outputs can be analysed with MS Excel. Running the model and comparing results for different scenario s is user friendly. This paper presents briefly our approach in modelling to support FOs and some results obtained with BoNam version A copy can be obtained from the first author. The data used to characterize the farms and locations in this paper are from actual observations and from measurements reported in literature. The data, however, may not be representative for a particularly farming situation because we want to demonstrate possible uses in contrasting environments and did not attempt to identify parameters from specific cases. The actual simulation model consists of 15 modules: one for the water balance of each of five farm plots, one for each of the three productive activities (vegetables, rice and fish), one for inputs with respect to strategic decisions on farm layout and one for operational decisions in management, one for time management, two for weather and price data, and two to track simulated farm performance (water balance, income, etc.) and annual totals. A full description of the model is in preparation (Penning de Vries, 2006). (It is technically straight forward to add modules for other water demanding activities such as for sugarcane, fruit trees, feed crops and livestock. However, the number of farm management options for the users grow too large to be helpful, certainly in the early stages of support in decision-making with the model. Hence we opted at first for a small set of contrasting uses of water in BoNam. Further feedback from farmers may indicate that another selection of activities, or indeed a larger range of water use activities, is required). SIMILE provides transparency of the model and easy inspection and modifications. Several checks and double accounting in the model assure consistency in modelling processes and reduce errors. Because the farming season begins in July and may extend well into the next year with a second rice crop, we compute the annual totals from July onwards. To deal with uncertainty, a normal simulation run consists of 9 consecutive years. This allows the user to take into account carry over effects between seasons and to calculate realistic annual averages and estimate uncertainty. The first question about an optimum ratio between land and water (Box 1) can be answered by repeating simulations for a range of pond sizes and varying the size of the irrigated plot. The first approach is needed when a farm pond is (re-) designed, the second when optimizing multiple uses of water from a fixed size pond. In this short paper, we deal with variable sizes. Farm layout: the default farm surface area is 1 hectare; other values can be specified. It consists of five sections: (i) the farmhouse, yard and the unplanted area surrounding the pond, (ii) the pond, (iii) the rice field, (iv) a plot with vegetables and (v) a park with trees (Figure 2). Only the vegetable crop is irrigated, if possible, not the transplanted rice. Recognizing the importance of rice production for the household, any increase in pond area is at the expense of the vegetable 323
7 Style C ( scientist ): the curious, enterprising farmer who tries out new methods for water distribution, new crops, etc. Fraction farm in rice: This style is characterized by the most efficient ways of doing things. Style D ( with other jobs ): the farmer has off-farm income and farm activities demand little work and monitoring. No fish production. Fraction rice on farm: 0.5. Figure 2. Approximate layout of the five plots on a farm. Single arrows show the direction of flow of runoff water. The double arrow suggests that this border between the vegetables plot and the pond can be moved between simulation reruns plot. The water balance connects the plots, if there is excess water on the plots, it runs into the reservoir; if there is too much for it to contain, it runs off from the farm. Runon from nearby roads or field can be important. The dynamics of groundwater is insufficiently known to be simulated. Management. Management of the entire farm is considered rather than that of individual plots. Management is characterized by choice of planting dates and target yields of crops planted, irrigation levels, use of the soil amendments (e.g. bentonite) or mulch, and presence of fish. There are different styles of managing a farm enterprise, and these lead to different results. About 20 parameter values and settings in BoNam are affected by style. E.g., if a farmer goes for a relaxed style of farming, this will be reflected in selected crops and target yield levels, etc. We distinguish four styles: Style A ( conservative ): the solid, slightly conservative farmer who makes sure that his family has always adequate rice and who prefers stability over high income. Fraction of farm in rice cultivation: 0.4. Vegetables 2-3 crops per year. Low levels of inputs. Style B ( income ): the farmer who seeks maximum benefit and does not mind to borrow some money to purchase rice in an unusually dry season. Mostly commercial production input intensive: irrigation, fertilizer, labour. Year round production with 3-4 crops. Fraction farm in rice cropping: Performance. Simulated results of the farm are expressed in four indicators: annual farm income, number of weeks per year that the pond is dry, quantity of water that runs of the farm, and the volume of water used in irrigation. While it is straight forward to add other indicators to the model (e.g. the length of the drought period in the rainy season), expressing farm performance in these four dimensions provides already a large amount of output. We consider that these four indicators give much insight into options for farm management but adaptations can easily be made if needed. Input data. We use weekly data of evapotranspiration and temperature (averaged over nine years) and rainfall data (from the Mekong River Commission) for the individual years for Korat ( , in SW corner of N.E. Thailand), Khon Kaen ( , in the centre), Ubon Ratchatani ( , S.E.) as well as for Nong Khai ( , N.E.). The average annual rainfall at these sites increases from 1345 via 1522 and 1,673 to 1,984 mm. The pattern of cumulative values of the highest and lowest rainfall sites are shown in Figure 3. The duration of the rainy period at these locations is about equal, the growing season longer in Nong Khai. The potential evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) in Khon Kaen is 1971 mm yr -1 (RID, 1994). Assuming that this value is a fair approximation for all of N.E. Thailand, it shows that the risk of drought is significant in all locations particularly at the beginning and end of the growing season, particularly in the southeast. We do not address the question whether the climate of N.E. Thailand is slowly getting drier and the rainy season occurring later, but the eventual consequences of such changes could be explored through modelling. Data from the soil map of Thailand could not be used for these simulations since the scale is too small. We characterized the rice soil on the farm as clayey and the soil on the vegetables plot as loamy (Penning de Vries et al., 1989). Simulations apply for conditions without runon from outside the farm and water supply by providers. Drainage from the pond is set at a small fraction of its contents per week (0.5%). Soil fertility 324
8 dry weights, and runoff between fields and from the farm, and the water level in the pond. Figure 3. Cumulative average weekly values of precipitation for Korat and Nong Khai, representing the driest and wettest locations in N.E. Thailand, respectively is addressed implicitly in crop growth. The landscape of the farm is characterized by runoff patterns between the plots. For this paper, we did not pursue simulation of farms with sandy soils as their rate of drainage is high and building a pond not economically attractive. Moreover, even within a sandy area, heavier soils are present on parts of many farms. Crop simulated have characteristics of lowland rice and of bean crops in their development and growth parameters (Penning de Vries et al., 1989). Target yields are set by farming style and reflect variety choice and fertilizer level. Fish grow 10% per week if sufficient feed is supplied (related to style ). Common market prices (2004) are used for the produce. Only gross income is computed. Calibration. Since it is impossible to collect sufficient basic data for each case for which the model will be applied, it is good practice to collect data from a number of trials and to compare them with actual observations for the purpose of calibration. Much of this still needs to be done and calibration is so far only done by guestimation ; results should therefore be taken as indicative values only. Outputs SIMILE allows inspection of the values of all model variables at any time interval in output tables or graphs. Export of these variables is possible for further analysis with other programs, such as MS-Excel. The set of macro s for Scenario Analyses is called BoNam-SA. Looking in great detail to individual variables is necessary when the model is build and tested. A comprehensive set of outputs could include weekly or monthly values of the soil relative water contents in the plots 3 and 4, levels of water stress in the crops, crop In the productive stage of modelling, however, one is interested in a few outputs only, such as the indicators of performance. We use four indicators of farm performance: (i) annual farm gross income (Baht yr -1 ) as it results from rice, vegetables and fish; (ii) number of weeks per year that a pond is dry as a measure of risk; (iii) the quantity of irrigation applied (m 3 yr -1 ) that can be used to determine water use efficiency, and (iv) the quantity of runoff from the farm (m 3 yr -1 ) to see the consequences of choices on neighbouring farms. In the next section, we provide examples of the first two indicators. Answering the questions The question about the optimum size of the farm pond (question 1, Box 1) is relevant before a major investment of excavating a pond or constructing a reservoir and for detailing the conditions for a loan for this purpose. It can be answered by running the model for scenarios of relative pond sizes, and by inviting the farmer to select the answer that fits her/ him. For an illustration of the type of results provided, we ran the model for relative pond sizes from 0.0 to 0.3 (m 2 pond surface m -2 farm) and for the four farm styles with otherwise the same input data and all management parameters set at default values. A first round of interactions with the FO Local Wisdom took place in Buriram (2004), and other rounds are planned. The following graphs present three values for the indicator at each pond size. The middle one corresponds with the average level, the upper one with the level attained or exceeded in the best 25% of the years and the lower one with the level attained or not quite in the worst 25% of the years. The spread between the upper and lower values is a measure of the inter-annual variability in weather. Irregular patterns in the graphs are due to non-linear processes, such as failure or a second crop due to drought. Results in Figure 4 for the indicator farm income for the driest site (Korat) indicate that a pond size of 5-10% is optimal for the styles A-C, while no pond is usually best for style D. There is no sharp optimum, and the value tends to be higher for the wetter years. Note also the difference in Y-axes: the styles B and C provide more income than style A and much more than D. The main reason why the income goes down at larger pond sizes is that the size of the vegetables plot, a major income earner, becomes small. 325
9 style B ( income ). It is clear that the chance of the pond running dry for several weeks a year is pretty large. The reason that the risk increase in Korat for large pondsizes is that the catchment area of water becomes too small. In Ubon, 15% of the farm area in pond keeps ample water for irrigation year round. Quite obviously: the best recommendations for sizes and farming practices between these regions differ significantly. To demonstrate the value of the model for exploration of innovations, we reran the model for the same situations as in Figure 5, but reduced drainage from ponds to zero (as could be done with clay on the pond bottom, or with plastic sheets). The results are shown in Figure 6. The difference is not as large as might be expected because evaporation losses from the surface are as large as the (low) rate of drainage in Figure 5. Figure 5 (a, b). The number of weeks that the pond is dry under farming style B in Korat and in Ubon Figure 4 (a-d). The relation between pond size and average farm income in Korat under four farming styles To illustrate the large difference between different parts of N.E. Thailand, we show in Figure 5 the indicator number of dry weeks, and give an indication of risk related to climate. Selected are data from 2 locations (Korat, Ubon) and all for farming Discussion It is important to realize that in any situation the optimum pond size is not the same for each of the four indicators. Moreover, the different styles, farmers give different weights to each of the indicators. As a result, determining the optimum for a particular farmer cannot be done by reading only Figures 4, 5 or 6, and was suggested for brevity in the previous section. A more comprehensive set of graphs needs to 326
10 appreciate. A benefit of using the BoNam model can therefore be the refinement of the mental models FOs and farmers to in their daily operations with the farm water balance. A model can also help to address consequences of variability and heterogeneity that otherwise can be difficult to judge. We avoided use of averaged rainfall data for simulation as Nonhebel (1994) found that use of such data may lead to overestimation of yields by 50% (unirrigated) to 15% (fully irrigated crops). However, there is still significant uncertainty in other important parameters, so that evaluation and calibration in the future needs more attention. Metselaar (1999) demonstrated clearly the importance of parameter inaccuracy in predictive modelling, and showed that calibration is indispensable before practical results can be obtained. Figure 6 (a, b). The number of weeks that the pond is dry under farming style B but with sealed ponds to stop drainage be considered together in a multi-criteria analysis. How this can be done effectively and interactively for this model with Thai farm advisors has still to be established. This sample of results demonstrates some of the capacities of the BoNam model and present only indicative values. Limited calibration and feedback, however, are still a handicap to the practical value of the results. On-farm observations and interaction sessions are planned for the near future. Shape of the pond was not mentioned so far even though farmers are interested in this feature. The shape of the pond (oval, rectangular, multiple small ones) does not affect much the results of simulations and any particular choice won t affect the results significantly. Practical advice, therefore, is to identify the shape(s) in agreement with landscape (lower parts of the farm and following the landscape). In low parts, upwelling of water from local acquifers could be very important. A factor farmers can influence is shading of the pond. This leads to a reduction of wind and hence of surface evaporation (but an increase of transpiration if trees provide shade) to reduce evaporation. Local runon can be very significant. Yet, we observed on several occasions and different farms that farmers tend to overestimate the importance of rainfall in filling farm ponds and underestimate run-in; the quantities of drainage and upwelling are difficult to While it may be argued that the pond on every farm is customized in size and shape, in practice this cannot be handled at a large scale by the contractors who build them. They provide only the standard size and shape, where farmer can only determine where on the farm and, within limits, the linear. On a 1 hectare farm, the LDD standard volume (fixed value of 1,260 m 3 ) corresponds with a relative pond size of 4% (or about m). Future scenario analysis should consider how to optimize for every growing season the use of the water in a pond of fixed size. Acknowledgements We thank the Farmer Organization Local Wisdom for inspiration and advice, and a reviewer for valuable comments. References Annandale, J.G., Benade, N., Jovanovic N.Z., Steyn J.M. and du Sautoy N Facilitating irrigation scheduling by means of the soil water balance model. WRC Report 753/1/99. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, S. Africa. Antle, J.M. and Stoorvogel J Integrating site-specific biophysical and economic models to assess trade-offs in sustainable land use and soil quality. www. tradeoffs.montana.edu/pdf/integrating.pdf. Bepler, S Consultancy report on Population and Community Development Association (PDA), IWMI-SEA, Bangkok, Thailand. Bridges, M., Hannam I., Oldeman, R., Penning de Vries, F.W.T., Scherr S. and Sombanpanit S. (Eds.) Response to land degradation. Oxford, New Delhi, India and IBSRAM, Bangkok, Thailand. 327
11 Chamrusphant, V The people of the Korat basin and their empowerment in: Natural Resource Management Issues in the Khorat Basin of N.E. Thailand: an overview. Kam, S.P., Hoanh, C.T., Trebuil G. and Hardy B. (Eds.). Limited Proceedings No. 7. IRRI, Philippines. Chutikul, K Roles and activities of institutions in regional development, with emphasis on agricultural development in: Natural Resource Management Issues in the Korat Basin of N.E. Thailand: an overview. Kam, S.P., Hoanh, C.T., Trebuil G. and Hardy B. (Eds.). Limited Proceedings No. 7. IRRI, Philippines. Croke B.F., Ticehursta J.L., Letcher R.A., Newham L.T.H., Norton J.P. and Jakeman A.J Integrated assessment of water resources: Australian Experiences. In: Integrated Assessment of Water Resources and Global Change: a north south analysis. E. Craswell, ed. Global Water System Project, University Bonn, Germany (in prep.). Goto, J. and Koike, M Ten farmer interview case study in Khon Kaen in: JIRCAS publication, Bangkok, Thailand. Heerden, P. van, PLANWAT. Manual for a computer simulation program for on farm water catchment and storage. Working Paper 82 with CD-ROM, IWMI, Sri Lanka. Hungspreug, S., Water management in the Korat Basin, N.E. Thailand: policy, institutional, and management issues from the farm/villages to the region in: Natural Resource Management Issues in the Korat Basin of N.E. Thailand: an overview. Kam, S.P., Hoanh, C.T., Trebuil G. and Hardy B. (Eds.). Limited Proceedings No. 7. IRRI, Philippines. Khao Hin Sorn, Annual Report Land Development Department, Bangkok. Kono, Y Modeling agricultural productivity in N.E. Thailand: background, project outline and prospects in: Natural Resource Management Issues in the Korat Basin of N.E. Thailand: an overview. Kam, S.P., Hoanh, C.T., Trebuil G. and Hardy B. (Eds.). Limited Proceedings No. 7. IRRI, Philippines. LDD, Royal new Theory: Agricultural Land management. Land Development Department, Bangkok, 20page/Ea0400.htm Lisson, S.N., Brennan L.E., Bristow K.L., Keating B.A. and Hughes D.A DAM EA$Y-software for assessing the costs and benefits of on-farm water storage based production systems. Agricultural Systems 76, Limpinutana, V., Physical factors related to agricultural potential and limitations in N.E. Thailand in: Natural Resource Management Issues in the Korat Basin of N.E. Thailand: an overview. Kam, S.P., Hoanh, C.T., Trebuil G. and Hardy B. (Eds.). Limited Proceedings No. 7. IRRI, Philippines. Metselaar, K., Auditing of dynamic simulation models. PhD thesis Wageningen University, Netherlands. Muetzelfeldt, R. and Massheder, J The Simile visual modelling environment. Europ. J. Agronomy, 18, Nonhebel, S The effects of use of average instead of daily weather data in crop growth simulation models. Agricultural Systems, 44, Penning de Vries, F.W.T., The farm level model to simulate multiple uses and multiple sources of water BoNam. Manual. (in prep.) Penning de Vries, F.W.T., Jansen D.M., Ten Berge H.F.M. and Van Laar H.H., Simulation of several annual crops. Simulation Monographs PUDOC, Wageningen, Netherlands. RID, Crop Water Requirements. Royal Irrigation Department, Bangkok, Thailand. Ruaysoongnern, Sawaeng and Penning de Vries F.W.T Development of Learning Alliances for the scaling up of multi-purpose farm ponds in a semi-arid region of the Mekong basin. In: Learning Alliance Conference, IRC, Delft, Netherlands (in prep.). Ruaysoongnern, Sawaeng and Suphanchaimart N Land use patterns and agricultural production systems with emphasis on changes driven by economic forces and market integration in: Natural Resource Management Issues in the Korat Basin of N.E. Thailand: an overview. Kam, S.P., Hoanh, C.T., Trebuil G. and Hardy B. (Eds.). Limited Proceedings No. 7. IRRI, Philippines. Srisuk, K., Sriboonlue V., Buaphan C. and Hovijitra C., The potential of water resources in the Korat basin, N.E. Thailand in: Natural Resource Management Issues in the Korat Basin of N.E. Thailand: an overview. Kam, S.P., Hoanh, C.T., Trebuil G. and Hardy B. (Eds.). Limited Proceedings No. 7. IRRI, Philippines. Tipraqsa, P., Rehabilitation of degraded marginal land by smallholder farmers in N.E. Thailand. Case study of Huai Nong Ian catchments, Waeng Yai and Chonnabot districts, Khon Kaen Province. PhD thesis university Bonn, Germany (in press). Wolf., J., Ponsioen T. and Hengsdijk H TechnoGIN-3: a generic tool for analysing cropping systems: application of the prototype for W. African conditions within the VINVL project. Research Report , Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands. 328
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text: Sorting type: Most visited Most visited Alphabetical | Pages in category "Revelations articles with empty "gallery" sections" " Queen Dido A (クイーン・ディードA Kuīn dīdo A) is an area of the Queen Dido. Bibliography BIOHAZARD... Queen Dido/Queen Dido A " Queen Dido B (クイーン・ディードB Kuīn dīdo B) is an area of the Queen Dido. Bibliography BIOHAZARD... Queen Dido/Queen Dido B Retrieved from "http://residentevil.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Revelations_articles_with_empty_%22gallery%22_sections?oldid=479302" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Articles with empty "gallery" sections Add category Cancel Save


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Home Owner in Chebanse
I am seeking a comprehensive general house cleaning service for my home in Chebanse (January, April, July, October). The April and October dates would include washing all windows. For the rest, services would include all floors, counters, dusting, etc (including microwave cleaning) and include all rooms (approx 1500 Sq ft, 3 bedrooms, 1.5 baths). Also, floors in the 2.5 car attached garage. Please email your response in order to set up a free estimate.
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Window Washing
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Dogs, buzzards, and coyotes not only talk, they also sing! You will enjoy the musical talents of Hank, a grumpy Wallace, the raucous duo of Rip and Snort, Slim the cowboy and Drover! Banjo, fiddle, marimba, synthesizers, and guitar are just some of the instruments you will hear on these nine songs.
Hot dog: Don't miss out on any of Hank the Cowdog's adventures.
©2007 John R. Erickson; (P)2007 John R. Erickson
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Jeff's Amazing Voyage to Italy (chapter 1)…
Why did Jeff travel to Italy? Stay tuned and you'll find out: we have BIG NEWS that we will be announcing mid-January…
In the meantime, here are some images from his recent trip to Alto Adige (AHL-toh AH-dee-jay, otherwise known as South Tyrol, German-speaking Italy).
Photos by Linda Ryan.
Geographically speaking, South Tyrol is essentially an ancient river bed in the Alps, a truly unique and literally awesome natural phenomenon. Sunshine on the valley floor in spring and late fall raises temperatures high enough for the cultivation of fine wine grapes. But the extreme altitude makes for cool summer evenings — ideal for the production of awesome wines.
It's also one of the most breathtakingly beautiful landscapes in all of Europe.
Spaetzle or spätzle, the classic noodles of German-speaking countries. Note the gorgeous yellow color of the pasta.
Canederli (in Italian), Knödel in German, bread balls stuffed with Speck (smoked prosciutto), the classic cured pork of South Tyrol.
Speck is both salt-cured and smoked, giving it a slight smoky and spicy flavor. Served here with sautéed wild mushrooms foraged in the Alps.
Stay tuned for the next installment! "Jeff visits epic winemaker Alois Lageder."


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The women gathered in a corner of Brooklyn known as "Little Odessa" have much in common.
They are Jews who, in the former Soviet Union, lived in fear. They are mothers who once worried that their children would have no future. They are former refugees who believe that Ronald Reagan paved their way out of Russia.
"The name 'Reagan' for us was like a ticket to freedom," says Rita Kagan, 51, who came to the USA in 1991 with her parents and son. "Reagan for us wasn't just a president. He was a man who changed our lives."
The five women and their families have now been in the USA for more than a decade. They are social workers at a community center in Brighton Beach.
They help many who, like themselves, were able to leave the former Soviet Union after Reagan's presidency because of improved relations between the USA and Russia.
The women remember Reagan's visit to Moscow's Red Square in 1988. They recall his speeches and how they were moved by his presence and passion, though they understood little English.
"He knew how to deal with Russia," says Raya Khaimchayev, 65, who was denied permission to leave the Soviet Union for 18 years before finally coming to the USA in 1991. "We are very grateful for what he did."
Bella Bykov, 56, and her husband tried to emigrate in 1985, fearful that their son, then 17, might have to join the Red Army in Afghanistan. "We didn't think he'd have the future he'd have here because he was a Jewish boy," she says.
Two years later, the family unexpectedly got permission to come to the USA. "Now we understand it was because of Reagan," she says.
Reagan holds a sacred place in the heart of Lyuba Tarnorutskaya. "When I go to synagogue, I can compare him only with Moses," says Tarnorutskaya, 57, who came to the USA in 1990. "Now," she says, beginning to cry, "I feel so sorry that I could not express my gratitude when he was alive."
12 points of view on Reagan's presidency—For Russian immigrants, Reagan meant 'freedom' | Inner cities struggling to rebound | A resurgence of military pride | Fired air-traffic controller still feels sting | Touched by renewed attention to Alzheimer's | AIDS activist points to years of inaction | Restauranteur hails economic tornaround of 1980s | Father fears son's sacrifice in Beirut will be forgotten | Cuban-American praises influence on both Cuba, America | Teacher grades impact as 'negative' | Southern Democrats won over | Young Republican discovers his idol


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Iash is a name associated with the Oasis of Iash which is shown on ancient maps of ancient Djarat in the Desert of Skulls.[1]
Iash could well be the Djaratian name of a god that we now know by another name. However, alternatively it could be the name of an ancient king or hero. The answer is as yet unknown.
See AlsoEdit
- ↑ Curse of the Mummy - ???


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text: Participating on this call today are Peter Pfeiffer, President and Chief Executive Officer of AptarGroup; Steve Hagge, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer; and Bob Kuhn, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.I would now like to turn the conference over to Peter. Peter Pfeiffer Good morning, everyone. Before beginning our usual discussion regarding our operational results and outlook, I would like to take a moment to discuss the announcements in the press release regarding the increase of both our cash dividend rate and our share repurchase authorization as well as my decision to retire at the end of this year. First turning to the increases, the Board approved a 22% increase in the annual dividend rate from $0.72 per share to $0.88 per share, and the Board also approved a 4 million increase in our share repurchase authorization. Our cash generating ability and strong balance sheet allowed us to improve shareholder value with these actions. And at the same time, we remain well-positioned to take advantage of strategic opportunities in the future. On a personal note, my decision to retire at the end of the year was announced, as well as effective upon my retirement the appointment of Steve Hagge to succeed me as President and CEO. After more than 40 meaningful years of working for the company, I have decided to retire at the end of this year. I would like to point out that I am in good health and retiring now will allow me to spend more time with my family and to pursue other interests. I plan to continue my present role in the day-to-day management of the company through the end of the year and assist with the smooth transition. I plan on continuing to be associated to the company by serving as a Director.


text:
Adjacent to the hotel is a shopping centre with shops and restaurants.
Hotel is located in the distict of Mossach in immediate vicinity of the S-Bahn line to Munich Airport (25 min.) and right next to the U3 underground line to the city centre (15 min.), only a few minutes by car from the A9, A8 and A96 motorways.
This is a modern building.
This accommodation has a small lobby.


text:
Nina C. Smith
Teaching Consultant
M.Ed, ABD
Hi there! I am a teacher and mentor, schooled and trained in Finland, and am currently living in the U.S. where I mentor and coach teachers to thrive in their profession.
Choosing how you teach is easy to do and it can really help you make a difference in your professional life and with your students. Even if your school or district are not buying into student centered learning there are many things in my Notes you can do in your classroom to improve learning.
Check my blog for more ideas. Or email me and find out how you can thrive in your teaching profession!
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Copyright 2010 - 2016 Nina C. Smith


text:
We help you locate a Rochford conducting teacher. Conducting tuition are the perfect method to start a stimulating new hobby, pick up a new talent and attain confidence in conducting. Use our site to search for Rochford conducting tutors and determine which best matches your requirements so you can start your conducting lessons in Rochford today!
First Tutors: Music is the best place to contact Rochford conducting teachers in the UK, helping you discover Rochford conducting lessons in your area and Rochford teachers to assist with any instrument, for example, piano, violin or guitar. We can help you find Rochford conducting tuition or a one-to-one Rochford conducting teacher to prepare for conducting exams and improve your conducting skills! We order Rochford conducting teachers local to you by their lesson charges and proximity to you.
If you are a conducting tutor and would like to offer conducting lessons in Rochford or throughout the UK, please register with First Tutors: Music or find out more about us here. Becoming a Rochford conducting teacher is a wonderful way to improve your own knowledge through giving conducting lessons while helping someone else, all in your local Rochford area!


text:
Situated in a small village in SECTEUR MONTREAL (15 minutes from TGV at Montbard) a beautifully renovated 18th century presbytere with living space of 200m2 and enclosed mature gardens of 850m2 plus outbuildings for renovation
Entrance into fully equipped kitchen with parquet and Bourgogne stone flooring, exposed beams and stonework, laundry area, windows and glazed doorway onto garden and balcony.
Large living room of 35m2 with stone flooring, exposed beams, fireplace, oak cupboard, 2 windows looking over the courtyard, 2 large glazed doors onto terrace and garden.
Large bedroom with pine flooring, black marble fireplace and window looking over the courtyard.
Bathroom (bath and shower) window.
Oak staircase.
Landing area with small mezzanine, with pine flooring, exposed beams and window.
Bedroom with parquet style flooring, exposed beams, roof window with electric blind.
Large living/TV room, library with parquet style flooring, exposed beams and 2 windows.
Bathroom accessible via living room and bedroom with tiled flooring and roof window.
Large bedroom with parquet style flooring and 2 roof windows.
Small guest house to finish restoring with tomettes, exposed beams, stone fireplace and bread oven, attic above and new roof.
Vaulted cellar.
Boiler room (boiler recent) with oil tank and hot water tank.
Swimming pool (9m x 4,5m).
Oil central heating.
Septic tank.
Mostly double glazed.
New electrics.


text:
Country Music's Dearth of Females Extends Well Beyond the Artists
By Phyllis Stark, Nashville
Lately, much ado has been made in the consumer press about country music's female troubles. While format insiders know this is an issue that pops up -- to varying degrees -- about every five years or so, critics have been wound up over the fact that country radio is so light on women right now, and particularly female solo acts. But the lack of females goes well beyond artist rosters.
In this week's top 10 on Billboard's Country Airplay chart, a woman doesn't even make an appearance until No. 10, where Miranda Lambert shows up as a guest duet partner on Keith Urban's current single, "We Were Us." The top nine singles are all by solo males. The top 20 yields just three more women: Taylor Swift at No. 11, Lambert with a solo single at No. 17, and the female-led the Band Perry at No. 20.
The trouble was also evident in this year's CMA Award nominations, where CMA voters couldn't even fill the category of five female vocalist nominees without including Kacey Musgraves, a promising newcomer who has had just one top 10 hit so far, and Kelly Clarkson, a powerhouse performer and Nashville resident who had had several previous successes in the country genre, but who is still widely viewed as a pop star.
It has become an accepted truism that it's harder to break a female artist than a male, and people in all pockets of the industry have their own theories about why that is so, including the artists themselves. In a recent Entertainment Weekly interview, Luke Bryan expressed his concerns about the issue, but also floated the truly strange notion that new female artists have a harder time because it takes them longer to get ready in the morning.
"It's just a tough time for girls to pull off those early days and radio tours, too," Bryan said. "In my opinion, the girls that make it, man, they can wake up early at 5 a.m., throw a hat on [and] roll into a radio station . . . They kind of have to be able to hang with the guys but also be feminine and pretty, and it's just a tough dynamic . . . Some girls on radio tours, it will take them two hours to get all dolled up to do three songs for a radio guy. They do two hours worth of glam."
Addressing the larger issue, Bryan said, "It's disappointing that it's so tough for a female artist to break. I don't know really the demographics of why that is and what makes that so tough on women . . . I do think it sucks, but I don't know what I can do. I mean, it's a weird phenomenon. What's funny is that the majority of listeners are females, but then you'd feel like they would want to hear women too . . . I don't know what can be done to solve it. I think historically it's always been that way a little bit. It feels like now is the toughest time ever for women, but I would imagine it's always been pretty damn crummy."
Sheryl Crow, who recently released her first country album, has also taken note of the issue. In an interview with the Hollywood Reporter, Crow said, "I'd just like to see more than three women get played at radio. And that's not just because I'm a woman. I just feel like, gosh, a huge population of record buyers are women. Why aren't there women getting played at radio? Why aren't there more female program directors? There's, like, two! I don't understand it."
Crow might have nailed the real issue. While in reality there are slightly more than two female programmers at country reporting stations, her point is valid. Women PDs represent just a tiny fraction of the whole. And the leadership issue extends well beyond radio: Women comprise just 15% of the CMA board of directors and 19% of the Academy of Country Music board. Only slightly better is the Country Radio Seminar board of directors, whose seven female members represent 21% of the overall board.
In next week's column, we'll hear what country radio programmers have to say on this topic.


text:
Hearing set on East Providence Pet Store Ban
NewsRadio 920 WHJJ and the Associated Press
EAST PROVIDENCE, R.I. (AP) — Lawyers for an East Providence pet shop are taking the city to court over an ordinance passed last week that bans stores from selling dogs or cats.
Perfect Pets, which sells puppies, obtained a temporary injunction barring the city from enforcing its pet store ban until Monday afternoon's hearing in Superior Court.
The Providence Journal reports the ordinance passed unanimously last Tuesday after several people testified about problems with the health and origins of animals sold at pet stores.
Perfect Pets owner Scott Bergantino says the ban is unconstitutional. He also says his dogs come only from breeders he knows, not puppy mills, and that purebred dogs would disappear if breeders were put out of business.
Shutterstock Africa Studio


text:
(The Hosting News) – With fast connectivity being the most highly rated priority for local businesses and visitors in the Digital town, C4L have this week begun installing a high capacity fibre network across Bournemouth to serve its valued customers with business-grade connectivity.
With the town recently being named the fastest growing Digital economy in the UK, and home to over 400 Digital businesses, many of these corporations seek higher internet speeds to make business critical tasks such as email, file sharing, design, video rendering and website orders much more efficient. This week C4L began meeting these requirements by providing superfast fibre to the centre of Bournemouth from their Westbourne Data centre, customers on the fibre network will be able to enjoy internet speeds of up to 10Gb/s, a significant improvement on the current 3mbps average.


text:
Lexi Belle Poses Naked in Front of Mirror
August 9, 2016 | Penthouse Pets, Lexi Belle | Post A Comment
Sexy and curvaceous Penthouse Pet Lexi Belle is feeling hot and spicy as she admires her naked body in the mirror. At first, she only has a pink t-shirt on, but soon, she's completely naked. Staring at herself in the mirror, this naked hottie gets all turned on. She loves to spread her legs so she can admire how wet and juicy her pussy is getting.
One of Lexi Belle's favorite things is to masturbate in front of the mirror, watching her own face as she makes herself cum. This horny babe might be busy finger fucking her tight little pussy all afternoon, and that's the way she likes it!
Enjoy more of Lexi Belle baring her boobs
Sabrina Maree is Real Temptress in Lingerie
August 4, 2016 | Penthouse Pets, Sabrina Maree | Post A Comment
Looks like the frisky Penthouse Pet Sabrina Maree is up for a little fun this evening. She's climbed into bed in some seriously hot lingerie – ready to tempt and tease! Her white and black lace corset huge her body and push those tits up, making them look incredible! It's hard to keep your eyes off of those big ol melons!
This sexy brunette is aching for your attention, wanting your eyes on her and the naughty things she does. Pushing her top down, she lets her big tits out so she can caress them. With a tit in each hand, she pushes them up and sticks her tongue out to give her nipples a lick. Wouldn't it be awesome if that was you getting to lick and please this sassy babe?
Check out Sabrina Maree as she loses her clothes
Presley Hart Gets Naked Outdoors
July 9, 2016 | Penthouse Pets, Presley Hart | Post A Comment
Presley Hart is brunette, beautiful, and loves to be naked. This lovely lady recently earned the title of Penthouse Pet March 2013 and when you see her in action, you know that the title suits her very well. She struts her naked stuff in the great outdoors and every sleek line of her body tantalizes the senses. The sexy vixen is feeling pretty tantalized herself.
Almost immediately, she's getting in position for sex and slipping her long fingers into her sweet pussy. She loves the feel of her velvety softness and knowing she's outside where someone could catch her makes it that much more naughty and delicious! Presley Hart really loves to enjoy her bad girl side, and her fans just love watching her give into it!
Watch Presley Hart give in to more naked masturbation pleasures!
Skin Diamond Dips Fingers in Ebony Pussy
March 9, 2015 | Penthouse Pets, Skin Diamond | Post A Comment
Stunning and beautiful Penthouse Pet Skin Diamond is one tasty vixen in black lingerie. Her lacy garment clings to her small titties and succulent ass, as she playfully lowers it to expose her boobs, you notice how hard her nipples are. Those small jewels are like a magnet for your tongue and your mouth waters with desire to lick and nibble their sweetness.
Once Skin Diamond removes all her lingerie, she spreads her legs, exposing her perfect pussy. The Penthouse Pet gets so horny as she strips, and she slides a long finger deep into her cunt. Her juicy hole is hot and ready to be filled, and as she slips her finger in and out, Skin fantasizes about your big cock pleasuring her in all the right ways!
Check out more of Skin Diamond as she models black leather lingerie
Ariana Marie Plays Dress-Up in White Wig and Sexy Lingerie
February 2, 2015 | Penthouse Pets, Ariana Marie | Post A Comment
With her hair covered with an old-fashioned powder-style wig, Ariana Marie is looking good in black lingerie, her long legs bare and beautiful. Sitting down with legs spread, the Penthouse Pet invites you to feast your eyes on her tight little slit. When she stands up, you can see how smooth and shapely her long legs are, and her ass cheeks are firm and well-rounded.
Your hands long to caress that glorious ass and when Ariana Marie spreads her cheeks apart to show off her delightful pussy, you know you would love to dip a finger deep into that wet slit. This Penthouse Pet really loves to play dress-up, role playing and imagining a whole seductive scenario with you. Ariana Marie wants to seduce you in every way she can!
Check out more of Ariana Marie and watch her fuck herself
Aspen Rae Strips Naked to Finger Pussy in Pool
January 28, 2015 | Penthouse Pets, Aspen Rae | Post A Comment
Lovely and scrumptious Penthouse Pet Aspen Rae is absolutely dazzling in her sexy sheer black top and tiny black panties. Her dark brown hair tumbles around her beautiful face and shoulders as she raises her arms in the air, and those long legs are enough to drive you mad with desire. Kneeling in the water, she closes her eyes with bliss as she lifts her shirt.
Watching Aspen Rae strip puts you in your own state of bliss. This Penthouse Pet is utterly desirable, her naked flesh so intoxicating and inviting. You can't resist the urge to come closer and stare at every inch of her slender and shapely form. She relaxes in the water with legs spread, fingering her tight hole. Come on in – the water's fine!
Enjoy more of Aspen Rae as she fingers her wet pussy
Celeste Star in Lingerie and Stockings Fingers Tight Cunt
January 16, 2015 | Penthouse Pets, Celeste Star | Post A Comment
Horny brunette Celeste Star has this way of wearing lingerie that just makes your pecker pop. Tight fitting play clothes and thigh high stockings caress every slender curve, making her feel horny and ready to take things further.
This juicy Penthouse Pet is aching to make herself cum while you watch her every move. She slips her clothing off, baring beautiful titties and her hot, succulent ass. Kneeling, she shakes her tushy and slit in your direction, getting into a doggy-style position while fantasizing about your thick dick stuffing deep into her hole. This gorgeous and horny vixen then lays back with legs spread, sliding her fingers up and down her hungry slit. Penthouse Pet Celeste Star is ripe and ready to cum hard for you!
Check out more of Celeste Star and her hot hungry twat
Nevaeh Lifts Nightie and Flashes Her Pussy
June 25, 2014 | Penthouse Pets, Nevaeh | Post A Comment
Luscious Penthouse Pet Nevaeh is looking juicy and delicious in black babydoll lingerie and thigh high stockings. Her lush bottom and long legs are alluring and beautiful and when she slips her panties off to give you the tantalizing view of her bare pussy, it is pure erotic bliss. She lays back, tiny breasts bare and the perfect size for your mouth. She fantasizes that you are in the room, watching every move she makes.
Nevaeh gets impossibly horny as she strips for you and when she spreads her ass cheeks, she can almost feel you slip your cock inside her. Her pussy gets so we that she slides her long finger inside. This Penthouse Pet is seriously horny and ready to cum for you!
Enjoy more of Nevaeh as she slides a toy deep in her cunt
Dani Daniels Strips From Black Lingerie For Hot Pussy Rubbing
November 15, 2013 | Penthouse Pets, Dani Daniels | Post A Comment
Stunning Dani Daniels is looking totally tantalizing in black lingerie. This seductive little Penthouse Pet really knows how to show off her body in the best possible ways! She slips off the sheer nightie and her bra and panty set barely covers her titties and cunt, and that's just the way she likes it. Even then, this lusty siren is ready to show you more. Wasting no time in baring her titties, Dani beams a teasing smile into the camera as she kneels on the bed.
She's in the mood to play and she wants you to watch. She slips her hand down into her panties before slipping them off completely. Her juicy cunt is ready for action. Dani Daniels lays back and masturbates and her wet pussy is ablaze!
Enjoy more of Dani Daniels as she lays back for a deep thrusting
Sabrina Maree Loves to Get Wet in Her Fancy Dress
October 27, 2013 | Penthouse Pets, Sabrina Maree | 1 Comment
Sabrina Maree is a deliciously hot auburn-haired Penthouse Pet and even when she's all dressed up in a very sexy dress, this babe occasionally just wants to get wet. She slips in the shower and the thin material of her garment clings to her skin as soon as the spray from the shower hits it. It makes her skin tingle so deliciously that she can't resist lifting her skirt up to allow the spray to tease her sensitive pussy. It turns her on so much that soon, Sabrina Maree has to slip her fingers down between her cunt lips and feel her own silken moisture and hardened clit.
This beautiful Penthouse Pet is ready for a whole lot more fun in the shower. It's time to watch her make herself cum!
Enjoy more of Sabrina Maree pleasuring herself
Ryan Keely is One Sexy Stripper
August 30, 2013 | Penthouse Pets, Ryan Keely | Post A Comment
Dressed up in fringe and fathers like a Las Vegas showgirl, Ryan Keely plays on a stripper pole. She playfully licks it, then smiles and flashes you a view of her sexy titties. This Penthouse Pet is sexy as much for her personality as for her hot and curvacious body. She turns around and lets you feast your eyes on her fleshy and succulent ass. She loves to move, shake, and jiggle for you, teasing you with her decedent sensuality.
Slipping her panties down, she bares her pussy and bends over, knowing that you can't get enough of seeing her pretty pink slit and hot ass. Ryan Keely loves to show off her hot Penthouse Pet curves and she would love to hear, in great detail, all of your many fantasies about her!
Watch as Ryan Keely shows you how dirty she can get
Whitney Westgate Strips Naked From Purple Lingerie
April 17, 2013 | Penthouse Pets, Whitney Westgate | Post A Comment
Deliciously gorgeous Whitney Westgate is one super sexy Penthouse Pet. The stunning brunette is kneeling on the bed in purple lingerie, her sweet titties threatening to burst out from the thin fabric. She slides her panties down to show off her hot ass, then sits back with legs spread to finger her own hungry cunt, making it juicy for you. She loves to slide her fingers inside so she can feel the velvety warmth.
Laying back, the Penthouse Pet really sets out to enjoy herself, touching her tender places in exactly all the ways she enjoys best. Whitney Westgate would like to invite you to join her – if you can find your way! This hot babe has all kinds of tricks up her sleeve to share with you if she gets the chance!
Enjoy more of Whitney Westgate as she continues to strip down


text:
BELTON — After a rough weekend at the Round Rock Westwood tournament, Belton head coach Stacy Meyers wanted to see her young team make some improvements against a veteran Gatesville squad.
The Lady Tigers took some steps in the right direction but the Lady Hornets' experience and play at the net gave them the edge in a 25-19, 25-17, 25-22 sweep on Tuesday night at Tiger Gym.
"We knew they were going to be tough," Meyers said. "We've kind of set goals per game. We're working on fixing some things that we're learning. We did a lot better in some areas tonight. There were positives for sure tonight."
Belton (4-7) had its best chances when it could keep games a back-and-forth affair, but miscues by the Lady Tigers and the dominant hitting of Gatesville (9-2) seniors Kayla McGiboney, Lexi Hall and Brianna Poe helped the Lady Hornets build some separation on the way to wins.
It wasn't until the third game that Belton showed some fight and didn't fall apart in the final points.
Gatesville opened up a 12-6 lead but several missed attacks by the Lady Hornets helped the Lady Tigers stay in the chase. Belton trailed 19-15 before back-to-back kills by Abbey Morgan and Brey York cut it to 19-17 and forced Lady Hornets head coach Rickey Phillips to call a timeout.
A four-hit error coming out of the break made it 19-18 but Gatesville regrouped behind a pair of kills by Michaela King, the second of which made it 24-22. McGiboney closed it out with her match-high 13th kill.
"Any time you can come in here and beat a good program like Belton, you've done something," Phillips said. "Coach Meyers' teams, they're so well-coached, they're so fundamental, they pass the ball so well — I told the kids, we've won nine games now and I'm more proud of this one than any of the other ones so far because this is a tough place to win and it always has been for us."
The Lady Tigers played back-and-forth early on in the first game before kills by McKinzee Robinson and York helped Belton stake out a 12-10 advantage.
Gatesville came back to take a 15-12 lead but back-to-back blocks by Marissa Heffley and Allison Waits capped a brief Lady Tigers rally that tied it at 15.
The Lady Hornets then scored six straight to pull ahead 21-15 and survived a four-point push by Belton to win 25-19.
The Lady Tigers again started strong in the second game, grabbing a 10-9 advantage when a Gatesville attack sailed out.
A kill by Hall tied it after a Lady Hornets timeout and Belton failed to get the ball over the net in the next rally, giving Gatesville the lead for good.
The Lady Tigers were still within three when a Lady Hornets net violation made it 20-17, but Gatesville closed it out with five straight points.
"They run a real quick offense," Meyers said. "That's one of the things that we really struggled with is we haven't played an offense that fast, so we struggled with that a little bit tonight."
York finished with six kills and eight assists while Robinson had seven blocks and eight digs. Anna Becker had 13 digs.
Hall had 12 kills for the Lady Hornets and Poe followed with 11.


text: Posted September 27, 2006 Anyone been in on this route into the BWCA. How is the fishing, campsites, etc. Friend of mine has a moose permit for this area and I volunteered to help him haul one out of here if he is so fortunate. I plan on fishing or perhaps grouse hunting while he is out looking for Bulwinkle. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites