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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 28, 1995
|Filing date
|Feb 9, 1994
|Priority date
|Feb 10, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Shinjiro Okada, Yutaka Inaba, Kazunori Katakura
|Original Assignee
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (24), Classifications (12), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a method for driving a liquid crystal device usable as a display device included in television receivers, view finders for video cameras, terminal monitors for computers, etc.
A liquid crystal display device of a passive matrix drive scheme using a TN-liquid crystal has been known as one which can be produced at a relatively low cost. However, this type of liquid crystal display device has a limitation in respect of crosstalk or contrast and cannot be considered as being suitable for a display device having high-density display lines, e.g., a liquid crystal television panel.
Clark and Lagerwall have disclosed a bistable ferroelectric liquid crystal device using a surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal in, e.g., Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 11 (Jun. 1, 1980), p.p. 899-901; Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application (JP-A) 56-107216, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,367,924 and 4,563,059. Such a bistable ferroelectric liquid crystal device has been realized by disposing a liquid crystal between a pair of substrates disposed with a spacing small enough to suppress the formation of a helical structure inherent to liquid crystal molecules in chiral smectic C phase (SmC*) or H phase (SmH*) of bulk state and align vertical (smectic) molecular layers each comprising a plurality of liquid crystal molecules in one direction.
Further, as a display device using such a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC), there is known one wherein a pair of transparent substrates respectively having thereon a transparent electrode and subjected to an aligning treatment are disposed to be opposite to each other with a cell gap of about 1-3 μm therebetween so that their transparent electrodes are disposed on the inner sides to form a blank cell, which is then filled with a ferroelectric liquid crystal, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,089; 4,655,561; and 4,681,404.
The above-type of liquid crystal display device using a ferroelectric liquid crystal has two advantages. One is that a ferroelectric liquid crystal has a spontaneous polarization so that a coupling force between the spontaneous polarization and an external electric field can be utilized for switching. Another is that the long axis direction of a ferroelectric liquid crystal molecule corresponds to the direction of the spontaneous polarization in a one-to-one relationship so that the switching is effected by the polarity of the external electric field. More specifically, the ferroelectric liquid crystal in its chiral smectic phase show bistability, i.e., a property of assuming either one of a first and a second optically stable state depending on the polarity of an applied voltage and maintaining the resultant state in the absence of an electric field. Further, the ferroelectric liquid crystal shows a quick response to a change in applied electric field. Accordingly, the device is expected to be widely used in the field of, e.g., high-speed and memory-type display apparatuses.
A ferroelectric liquid crystal generally comprises a chiral smectic liquid crystal (SmC* or SmH*), of which molecular long axes form helixes in the bulk state of the liquid crystal. If the chiral smectic liquid crystal is disposed within a cell having a small gap of about 1-3 μm as described above, the helixes of liquid crystal molecular long axes are unwound (N.A. Clark, et al., MCLC (1983), Vol. 94, p.p. 213-234).
A liquid crystal display apparatus having a display panel constituted by such a ferroelectric liquid crystal device may be driven by a multiplexing drive scheme as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,561, issued to Kanbe et al to form a picture with a large capacity of pixels. The liquid crystal display apparatus may be utilized for constituting a display panel suitable for, e.g., a word processor, a personal computer, a micro-printer, and a television set.
A ferroelectric liquid crystal has been principally used in a binary (bright-dark) display device in which two stable states of the liquid crystal are used as a light-transmitting state and a light-interrupting state but can be used to effect a multi-value display, i.e., a halftone display. In a halftone display method, the areal ratio between bistable states (light transmitting state and light-interrupting state) within a pixel is controlled to realize an intermediate light-transmitting state. The gradational display method of this type (hereinafter referred to as an "areal modulation" method) will now be described in detail.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are graphs schematically representing a relationship between a transmitted light quantity I through a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell and a switching pulse voltage V. More specifically, FIG. 1A shows plots of transmitted light quantities I given by a pixel versus voltages V when the pixel initially placed in a complete light-interrupting (dark) state is supplied with single pulses of various voltages V and one polarity as shown in FIG. 1B. When a pulse voltage V is below threshold Vth (V<Vth), the transmitted light quantity does not change and the pixel state is as shown in FIG. 2B which is not different from the state shown in FIG. 2A before the application of the pulse voltage. If the pulse voltage V exceeds the threshold Vth (Vth<V<Vsat), a portion of the pixel is switched to the other stable state, thus being transitioned to a pixel state as shown in FIG. 2C showing an intermediate transmitted light quantity as a whole. If the pulse voltage V is further increased to exceed a saturation value Vsat (Vsat<V), the entire pixel is switched to a light-transmitting state as shown in FIG. 2D so that the transmitted light quantity reaches a constant value (i.e., is saturated). That is, according to the areal modulation method, the pulse voltage V applied to a pixel is controlled within a range of Vth<V<Vsat to display a halftone corresponding to the pulse voltage.
However, actuality, the voltage (V)--transmitted light quantity (I) relationship shown in FIGS. 1A ad 1B depend on the cell thickness and temperature. Accordingly, if a display panel has an unintended cell thickness distribution or undergoes a temperature distribution, the display panel can display different gradation levels in response to a pulse voltage having a constant voltage.
FIG. 3 is a graph for illustrating the above phenomenon which is a graph showing a relationship between pulse voltage (V) and transmitted light quantity (I) similar to that shown in FIG. 1 but showing two curves including a curve H representing a relationship at a high temperature and a curve L at a low temperature. In a display panel having a large display size, it is rather common that the panel undergoes a temperature distribution. In such a case, however, even if a certain halftone level is intended to be displayed by application of a certain drive voltage Vap, the resultant halftone levels can be fluctuated within the range of I1 to I2 as shown in FIG. 3 within the same panel, thus failing to provide a uniform gradational display state.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, our research and development group has already proposed a drive method (hereinafter referred to as the "four pulse method") in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 681,933, filed Apr. 8, 1991. In the four pulse method, as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, all pixels having mutually different thresholds on a common scanning line in a panel are supplied with plural pulses (corresponding to pulses (A)-(D) in FIG. 4) to show consequently identical transmitted quantities as shown at FIG. 4(D). In FIG. 5, T1, T2 and T3 denote selection periods set in synchronism with the pulses (B), (C) and (D), respectively. Further, Q0, Q0 ', Q1, Q2 and Q3 in FIG. 4 represent gradation levels of a pixel, inclusive of Q0 representing black (0%) and Q0 ' representing white (100%). Each pixel in FIG. 4 is provided with a threshold distribution within the pixel increasing from the leftside toward the right side as represented by a cell thickness increase.
Our research and development group has also proposed a drive method (a so-called "pixel shift method", as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 984,694, filed Dec. 2, 1992 and entitled "LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY APPARATUS"), requiring a shorter writing time than in the four pulse method. In the pixel shift method, plural scanning lines are simultaneously supplied with different scanning signals for selection to provide an electric field intensity distribution spanning the plural scanning lines, thereby effecting a gradational display. According to this method, a variation in threshold due to a temperature variation can be absorbed by shifting a writing region over plural scanning lines.
An outline of the pixel shift method will now be described below.
A liquid crystal cell (panel) suitably used may be one having a threshold distribution within one pixel. Such a liquid crystal cell may for example have a sectional structure as shown in FIG. 6. The cell shown in FIG. 6 has an FLC layer 55 disposed between a pair of glass substrates 53 including one having thereon transparent stripe electrodes 53 constituting data lines and an alignment film 54 and the other having thereon a ripple-shaped film 52 of, e.g., an insulating resin, providing a saw-tooth shape cross section transparent stripe electrodes 52 constituting scanning lines and an alignment film 54. In the liquid crystal cell, the FLC layer 55 between the electrodes has a gradient in thickness within one pixel so that the switching threshold of FLC is also caused to have a distribution. When such a pixel is supplied with an increasing voltage, the pixel is gradually switched from a smaller thickness portion to a larger thickness portion.
The switching behavior is illustrated with reference to FIG. 7A. Referring to FIG. 7A, a panel in consideration is assumed to have portions having temperatures T1, T2 and T3. The switching threshold voltage of FLC is lowered at a higher temperature. FIG. 7A shows three curves each representing a relationship between applied voltage and resultant transmittance at temperature T1, T2 or T3.
Incidentally, the threshold change can be caused by a factor other than a temperature change, such as a layer thickness fluctuation, but an embodiment of the present invention will be described while referring to a threshold change caused by a temperature change, for convenience of explanation.
As is understood from FIG. 7A, when a pixel at a temperature T1 is supplied with a voltage Vi, a transmittance of X % results at the pixel. If, however, the temperature of the pixel is increased to T2 or T3, a pixel supplied with the same voltage Vi is caused to show a transmittance of 100%, thus failing to perform a normal gradational display. FIG. 7C shows inversion states of pixels after writing. Under such conditions, written gradation data is lost due to a temperature change, so that the panel is applicable to only a limited use of display device.
In contrast thereto, it becomes possible to effect a gradational display stable against a temperature change by display data for one pixel on two scanning lines S1 and S2 as shown in FIG. 7D.
The drive scheme will be described in further detail hereinbelow.
(1) A ferroelectric liquid crystal cell as shown in FIG. 12 having a continuous threshold distribution within each pixel is provided. It is also possible to use a cell structure providing a potential gradient within each pixel as proposed by our research and development group in U.S. Pat. No. 4,815,823 or a cell structure having a capacitance gradient. In any way, by providing a continuous threshold distribution within each cell, it is possible to form a domain corresponding to a bright state and a domain corresponding to a dark state in mixture within one pixel, so that a gradational display becomes possible by controlling the areal ratio between the domains.
The method is applicable to a stepwise transmittance modulation (e.g., at 16 levels) but a continuous transmittance modulation is required for an analog gradational display.
(2) Two scanning lines are selected simultaneously. The operation is described with reference to FIGS 8A and 8B shows an overall transmittance--applied voltage characteristic for combined pixels on two scanning lines. In FIG. 8A, a transmittance of 0-100% is allotted to be displayed by a pixel B on a scanning line 2 and a transmittance of 100-200% is allotted to be displayed by a pixel A on a scanning line 1. More specifically, as one pixel is constituted by one scanning line, a transmittance of 200% is displayed when both the pixels A and B are wholly in a transparent state by scanning two scanning lines simultaneously. Herein, two scanning lines are selected for displaying one gradation data but a region having an area of one pixel is allotted to displaying one gradation data. This is explained with reference to FIG. 8B.
At temperature T1, inputted gradation data is written in a region corresponding to 0% at an applied voltage V0 and in a region corresponding to 100% at V100. As shown in FIG. 8B, at temperature T1, the range (pixel region) is wholly on the scanning line 2 (as denoted by a hatched region in FIG. 8B). When the temperature is raised from T1 to T2, however, the threshold voltage of the liquid crystal is lowered correspondingly, the same amplitude of voltage causes an inversion in a larger region in the pixel than at temperature T1.
For correcting the deviation, a pixel region at temperature T2 is set to span on scanning lines 1 and 2 (a hatched portion at T2 in FIG. 8B).
Then, when the temperature is further raised to temperature T3, a pixel region corresponding to an applied voltage in the range of V0 -V100 is set to be on only the scanning line 1 (a hatched portion at T3 in FIG. 8B).
By shifting the pixel region for a gradational display on two scanning lines depending on the temperature, it becomes possible to retain a normal gradation display in the temperature region of T1 -T3.
(3) Different scanning signals are applied to the two scanning lines selected simultaneously. As described at (2) above, in order to compensate for the change in threshold of liquid crystal inversion due to a temperature range by selecting two scanning lines simultaneously, it is necessary to apply different scanning signals to the two selected scanning lines. This point is explained with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B.
Scanning signals applied to scanning lines 1 and 2 are set so that the threshold of a pixel B on the scanning line 2 and the threshold of a pixel A on the scanning line 1 varies continuously. Referring to FIG. 7B, a transmittance-voltage curve at temperature 1 indicates that a transmittance up to 100% is displayed in a region on the scanning line 2 and a transmittance thereabove and up to 200% is displayed in a region on the scanning line 1. It is necessary to set the transmittance curve so that it is continuous and has an equal slope spanning from the pixel B to the pixel A.
As a result, even if the pixel A on the scanning line 1 and the pixel B on the scanning line 2 are set to have identical cell shapes as shown in FIG. 9B, it becomes possible to effect a display substantially similar to that in the case where the pixel A and the pixel B are provided with a continuous threshold characteristic (cell at the right side of FIG. 7B).
In case of effecting a gradational display according to the above-mentioned pixel shift method, it is desirable to effect a white reset (resetting for providing a maximum transmittance state) and a black reset (resetting for providing a minimum transmittance state) alternately line by line so as to shorten a one-line selection period. Accordingly, a black display state may be formed in two ways, i.e., 1) by resetting into a white state and then writing a black state and 2) by resetting into a black state and then not effecting a white writing.
However, as the response of FLC to an input pulse is very high, a non-negligible light leakage is caused in the case where a black state is written after once resetting into a white state compared with the case where a black state is retained without writing into a white state after resetting into the black state, while the black state is finally displayed in either case.
Now, a change in contrast or gradation level due to a white resetting operation is considered. The contrast ratio obtained by effecting only the black reset is represented by RB =IW /IB where IW denotes a transmittance in the white state and IB denotes a transmittance in the black state.
In case where scanning lines are subjected to a white reset and a black reset alternately line by line, a white reset (erasure) time TW for a white reset line may be represented by: TW =H�f, wherein H denotes a one scanning period and f denotes a frame frequency. Accordingly, a contrast ratio RW in case of the alternate resetting is given as follows:
RW =IW /(IB +H.f.IW)=RB /(1+H.f.RB).
In case of H=100 μs and f=15 Hz, the results show in the following Table 1 are attained.
Table 1 shows that the decrease in contrast ratio due to the white reset is about 10% compared with the case of only the black reset is effected.
The change in gradation level is caused by white leakage for 1.5 msec per 1 sec and may correspond to 0.15% if the white state level is assumed to be 1. This is not so large if a transmittance change for 1 gradation level within a total of 256 gradation levels corresponding to 0.39% is considered. However, if the frame frequency f is increased or the one-line scanning period H is increased, the gradation level can be affected.
In a scanning scheme wherein the reset direction is changed alternately line by line and also changed for each frame, the change in contrast ratio RWB may be summarized in the following Table 2.
The contrast change is reduced to within 10%.
However, in case where a temperature change occurs at the timing of writing (or a temperature deviation occurs along one panel) in the pixel shift method, the contrast change due to a white reset cannot be ignored. More specifically, as the temperature increases from T1 to T3 in FIG. 7D, a pixel not expected to be written in "white" after a black reset can be written in white at a high temperature part. FIG. 10 is a schematic view for illustrating how different display states can occur at pixels having different threshold values.
Now, referring to FIG. 10, it is assumed that there are two pixels both showing a half of the maximum transmittance level as shown at R but having different threshold levels. Then, all the pixels including the above-mentioned two pixels on a selected scanning line are supplied with a line-clear signal to be wholly reset into "black" as shown at a1 and a2, by application of a scanning signal regardless of what voltages are applied to respective data lines.
Now, it is assumed that the applied signal is set based on a high threshold pixel. Before writing "black", a voltage signal Vil not causing an inversion of the previously reset black state for a high threshold pixel H is applied as shown in FIG. 11 (showing a relationship between transmittance T--log V (applied voltage) for two types of pixels showing different threshold characteristics H and L. As a result of the application of the voltage Vil, a black state is retained as shown at b1 at a high threshold pixel but a transmittance of 70% results as shown at b1 at a low threshold pixel. This has an effect of causing a lowering in contrast ratio similar to the one due to the above-mentioned "white" reset. As the method is designed to compensate for such a change, in a subsequent step, the low threshold pixel is also written into "black" as shown at c2 similarly as at c1 at the high-threshold pixel by application of a compensation pulse.
If the low-threshold pixel is caused to have a further low threshold characteristic due to a further temperature increase, etc., the state b2 become a completely "white" state (maximum transmittance). In such a case, the b2 "white" state display can also be regarded as a "white" reset for subsequently displaying a c2 state. In the method, a prescribed time interval (standing period) has to be placed between the step b1 (b2) and the step c1 (c2). For example, the standing period amounts to 500 μsec.
If the standing period is denoted by u and the frame frequency is denoted by f, a contrast ratio Ru at a high temperature obtained in a case where the resetting direction is changed for each line and for each frame may be expressed by the following equation in comparison with the case in which only a black reset is effected in the absence of a temperature change:
Ru=IW /(IB +u.f.IW)=RBW /(1+u.f.RBW)
Now, with the values of f=15 Hz and u=500 μsec, the contrast ratio Ru may be calculated to have results shown in the following Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________Ru RBW RB______________________________________35.4 48.2 5054.8 93.0 10067.0 134.8 150______________________________________
Thus, a remarkably low contrast ratio results.
The transmittance level change amounts to 0.0075 (when "white" is regarded as 1). This roughly corresponds to a change for two levels (one level=1/256=0.0039) in a 256-level gradation display.
An object of the present invention is to provide a driving method for a liquid crystal device having solved the above-mentioned problems.
A more specific object of the present invention is to provide a driving method for a liquid crystal device capable of suppressing a contrast change due to a local change or a temperature change in threshold characteristic.
According to the present invention, there is provided a driving method for a liquid crystal device of the type comprising a pair of oppositely disposed electrode plates having thereon a group of scanning lines and a group of data lines, respectively, and a liquid crystal disposed between the pair of electrode plates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning lines and data lines; said driving method comprising:
for displaying a halftone, applying to a data line a halftone signal selected from plural halftone signals determined according to a first relationship between applied voltage and transmittance of a pixel, and
for displaying a minimum or a maximum transmittance, applying to a data line an extreme signal determined according to a second relationship between applied voltage and transmittance of a pixel, said second relationship being different from said first relationship.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a driving method for a liquid crystal device of the type comprising a pair of oppositely disposed electrode plates having thereon a group of scanning lines and a group of data lines, respectively, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the pair of electrode plates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning lines and data lines; wherein:
each pixel is provided with a threshold distribution therein, and
a gradational display is performed by first writing of writing an extreme state formed by application of a reset pulse, and second writing of writing a state formed by application of a signal of a polarity of a writing signal and a halftone state, said first writing and second writing being performed by application of data signals according to mutually discontinuous modulation schemes.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon a consideration of the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are graphs illustrating a relationship between switching pulse voltage and transmitted light quantity contemplated in a conventional areal modulation method.
FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate pixels showing various transmittance levels depending on applied pulse voltages.
FIG. 3 is a graph for describing a deviation in threshold characteristic due to a temperature distribution.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of pixels showing various transmittance levels given in the conventional four-pulse method.
FIG. 5 is a time chart for describing the four-pulse method.
FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal cell applicable to the invention.
FIGS. 7A-7D are views for illustrating a pixel shift method.
FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9A and 9B are other views for illustrating a pixel shift method.
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of sequential display states at pixels for illustrating a driving method for a liquid crystal device.
FIG. 11 is a graph showing relationships between transmittance and applied voltage.
FIG. 12A is a graph showing relationships between transmittance and applied voltage of a liquid crystal device used in the present invention, and FIGS. 12B and 12C show voltage signals applied to the liquid crystal device.
FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a drive circuit applicable to the invention.
FIG. 14 is a time chart for the driving circuit shown in FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 is a time serial waveform diagram showing drive signals used in Example 1 of the invention.
FIG. 16A is a graph showing relationship between transmittance and modulation parameter and FIG. 16B is a waveform diagram showing a set of data signal waveforms used in Example 1.
FIG. 17A shows plots of a relationship between transmittance and modulation parameter, and FIG. 17B is an illustration of voltage signals involved in Example 1.
An embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to FIGS. 12A-12C regarding gradation writing according to a voltage modulation scheme. FIG. 12A is a graph showing a relationship between transmittance (on the ordinate) and applied voltage (on the abscissa in a logarithmic scale) so as to represent a temperature-dependence change of a characteristic curve by a parallel shift of the curve.
In FIG. 12A, a curve (I) represents a characteristic (first relationship) at a low temperature state (higher threshold state) and a curve (II) represents a characteristic (second relationship) at a high temperature state (lower threshold characteristic). A gradational display is performed in a voltage range of V2 -V3 at a low temperature pixel and in a voltage range of V1 -V2 at a high temperature pixel.
According to a related modulation scheme, these pixels may be supplied with voltage signals including a scanning signal and corresponding data signals set as shown in FIG. 12B, wherein the data signals continuously change their voltages from I0 to I100.
Now, if the scanning signal S is set to have a voltage value of (V2 +V3)/2 and a data signal of VI0 =-(V3 -V2)/2 is applied in synchronism therewith, a pixel concerned is supplied with a voltage V2 giving a transmittance of 0%. On the other hand, if a data signal of VI100 =-(V3 -V2)/2 is applied, the pixel is supplied with a voltage V3 giving a transmittance of 100%. Accordingly, the data signal can provide a continuous gradational display in the voltage range of VI0 to VI100.
In case of a drive according to the pixel shift method if accompanied with a temperature change, a high temperature pixel written toward "white" by the first writing can be left standing for 500-600 μsec until the second writing, during which light leakage can impair the contrast.
Accordingly, in order to display "black" (T (transmittance)=0%), a voltage of not V2 but V1 is applied to the pixel. In other words, a continuous signal modulation is effected in the range of V2 to V3 and, in addition thereto, a voltage V1 not concerned with the continuous signal modulation is used.
As a result, a pixel for displaying "black" is free from a period of standing at "white" peculiar to the pixel shift method regardless of whether it is at a high-temperature part or a low-temperature part, thus providing an improved contrast.
An example of the driving waveforms according to the above-mentioned drive scheme is shown in FIG. 12C.
Referring to FIG. 12C, the scanning signal is set to have a voltage Vs=(V1 +V3)/2, and the data signal is subjected to a voltage modulation in a voltage range of from 0 to -(V3 -V1)/2. Further, in addition thereto, a voltage of VI00 =(V3 -V1)/2 is applied at the time of displaying "black".
As a result, even at a low threshold pixel which has shown a display state as shown at b2 in FIG. 10 according to the related drive scheme can provide a display state b3 according the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In this way, this embodiment uses a halftone modulation signal determined according to a first relationship between applied voltage and transmittance (V-T characteristic) for a pixel placed in a certain reference state and a "black" signal determined according to a second relationship for the pixel placed in a different state.
Further, in case where a transmittance of, e.g., about 10% as shown at b4 in FIG. 10 is acceptable instead of a minimum transmittance, it is possible to use a voltage V00 as a "black" signal determined according to another V-T characteristic represented by a dot-and-dash line (III) in FIG. 12.
By discontinuously setting the modulation ranges of the data signal, it becomes possible to improve the display quality of a gradational display or writing in case where a temperature change is liable.
By the above-mentioned method, it is possible to reduce the transmitted light quantity through a "black"--displaying pixel to obviate the influence of a temperature change on the "black"--"white" contrast. However, a low-temperature pixel and a high-temperature pixel can also cause a difference due to light leakage during a period between the first writing and the second writing at a respective gradation level at the time of gradational display. This difference however corresponds to merely two gradation levels and do not significantly affect the display quality, if the "black" level is set to a constant transmitted light quantity level regardless of the direction of clearing or resetting. The optical contrast is generally defined by a ratio between a maximum transmitted light quantity and a minimum transmitted quantity and a fluctuation at an intermediate level is not so sensitively noticeable to human eyes if the "black" is kept at a constant level.
Further, if a drive scheme of alternating the clearing direction for each frame, the "black" and "white" display states occur alternately every other frame during the period between the first and second writing even at a high-temperature pixel. Consequently, identical light quantities are obtained at three levels of 0%, 50% and 100% regardless of the temperature, so that the display quality can be remarkably improved if the "black" level is stably displayed.
The gradation modulation signal for gradational display used in the present invention may be a pulse-width modulation signal having a constant voltage in addition to the above-mentioned voltage modulation signal. It is also possible to use a combination of the voltage modulation and the pulse modulation. Further, it is also possible to use phase modulation as a type of the pulse width modulation.
FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a control system for a display apparatus according to the present invention, and FIG. 14 is a time chart for communication of image data therefor. Hereinbelow, the operation of the apparatus will be described with reference to these figures.
A graphic controller 102 supplies scanning line address data for designating a scanning electrode and image data PD0-PD3 for pixels on the scanning line designated by the address data to a display drive circuit constituted by a scanning line drive circuit 104 and a data line drive circuit 105 of a liquid crystal display apparatus 101. In this embodiment, scanning line address data (A0-A15) and display data (D0-D1279) must be differentiated. A signal AH/DL is used for the differentiation. The AH/DL signal at a high (Hi) level represents scanning line address data, and the AH/DL signal at a low (Lo) level represents display data.
The scanning line address data is extracted from the image data PD0-PD3 in a drive control circuit 111 in the liquid crystal display apparatus 101 outputted to the scanning line drive circuit 104 in synchronism with the timing of driving a designated scanning line. The scanning line address data is inputted to a decoder 106 within the scanning line drive circuit 104, and a designated scanning electrode within a display panel is driven by a scanning signal generation circuit 107 via the decoder 106. On the other hand, display data is introduced to a shift register 108 within the data line drive circuit 105 and shifted by four pixels as a unit based on a transfer clock pulse. When the shifting for 1280 pixels on a horizontal one scanning line is completed by the shift register 108, display data for the 1280 pixels are transferred to a line memory 109 disposed in parallel, memorized therein for a period of one horizontal scanning period and outputted to the respective data electrodes from a data signal generation circuit 110.
The data signal generation circuit 110 may include, e.g., a circuit for generating a first data signal modulated according to a V-T characteristic based on display data including gradation display data and generating a second display signal of "black" according to another V-T characteristic. An example of the simplest circuit may include a reference voltage generating circuit for generating plural voltage levels as first data signals and a single reference voltage level as a second data signal and transfer switches for transferring these data signals to the pixels. The reference voltage levels may be determined based on V-T characteristics of the used liquid crystal panel measured in advance.
Further, in this embodiment, the drive of the display panel 103 in the liquid crystal display apparatus 101 and the generation of the scanning line address data and display data in the graphic controller 102 are performed in a non-synchronous manner, so that it is necessary to synchronize the graphic controller 102 and the display apparatus 101 at the time of image data transfer. The synchronization is performed by a signal SYNC which is generated for each one horizontal scanning period by the drive control circuit 111 within the liquid crystal display apparatus 101. The graphic controller 102 always monitors the SYNC signal, so that image data is transferred when the SYNC signal is at a low level and image data transfer is not performed after transfer of image data for one scanning line at a high level. More specifically, referring to FIG. 13, when a low level of the SYNC signal is detected by the graphic controller 102, the AH/DL signal is immediately turned to a high level to start the transfer of image data for one horizontal scanning line. Then, the SYNC signal is turned to a high level by the drive control circuit 111 in the liquid crystal display apparatus 101. After completion of writing in the display panel 103 with lapse of one horizontal scanning period, the drive control circuit 111 again returns the SYNC signal to a low level so as to receive image data for a subsequent scanning line.
As a first embodiment, a liquid crystal cell having a sectional structure as shown in FIG. 6 was prepared. The lower glass substrate 53 was provided with a saw-tooth shape cross section by transferring an original pattern formed on a mold onto a UV-curable resin layer applied thereon to form a cured acrylic resin layer 52.
The thus-formed UV-cured uneven resin layer 2 was then provided with stripe electrodes 51 of ITO film by sputtering and then coated with an about 300 Å-thick alignment film (formed with "LQ-1802", available from Hitachi Kasei K.K.).
The opposite glass substrate 53 was provided with stripe electrodes 51 of ITO film on a flat inner surface and coated with an identical alignment film.
Both substrates (more accurately, the alignment films thereon) were rubbed respectively in one direction and superposed with each other so that their rubbing directions were roughly parallel but the rubbing direction of the lower substrate formed a clockwise angle of about 6 degrees with respect to the rubbing direction of the upper substrate. The cell thickness (spacing) was controlled to be from about 1.0 μm as the smallest thickness to about 1.4 μm as the largest thickness. Further, the lower stripe electrodes 51 were formed along the ridge or ripple (extending in the thickness direction of the drawing) so as to provide one pixel width having one saw tooth span. Thus, rectangular pixels each having a size of 300 μm�200 μm were formed.
Then, the cell was filled with a chiral smectic liquid crystal A showing the following phase transition series and properties.
TABLE 4______________________________________(liquid crystal A)______________________________________ ##STR1##Ps = -5.8 nC/cm2(30� C.)Tilt angle = 14.3 deg.(30� C.)Δε ≈ -0(30� C.)______________________________________
FIG. 15 is a waveform diagram showing a set of driven signal waveforms used in this embodiment including scanning signals applied to scanning lines S1, S2, S3, . . ., data signals applied to a data line I, and a combined voltage signal applied to a pixel S2 --I (i.e., a pixel at the intersection of the scanning line, and the data line I).
In this embodiment, a gradation drive scheme according to the pixel shift method was adopted, so that adjacent two scanning lines were supplied with scanning signals having mutually reverse polarities at corresponding phases.
Referring to FIG. 15, the respective pulses were characterized by parameters of |Ve|=18.0 volts, |Vs|=17.0 volts, |Vi|=5.0 volts, ΔT=40 μsec, δ=26 μsec, t1 =7 μsec and t2 =7 μsec.
The data signal modulation was effected according to a phase modulation scheme, and an outline of the data signal modulation is illustrated in FIG. 16B. FIG. 16B shows data signal voltage waveforms in the range of I (0%) to I (100%) for displaying the states respectively indicated in the parentheses. In the respective data signals, the width of a pulse portion A is variably modulated so as to provide a voltage signal having a width δ with writing data. The modulation of the portion A is set so that the width δ and the marginal width of the ΔT have a ratio of 1/γ: (1-1/γ).
Such a ratio is set so as to make continuous the thresholds of inversion at a pixel which has been supplied with a scanning signal A in the first writing and a scanning signal B in the second writing in FIG. 15. The width δ is 1/γ of the selection period T of the scanning signal A. This condition is also given in order to make the thresholds continuous. Herein, γ denotes a slope ∂T/∂λ on a curve shown on a coordinate system having an ordinate of transmittance (T) and an abscissa of modulation parameter (λ) as shown in FIG. 16A.
Now, the modulation parameter (λ) will be described. FIG. 17 shows a graph showing a relationship between transmittance (T) and modulation parameter (λ). In the case of using a modulation scheme as shown in FIG. 16B. The abscissa is expressed on a logarithmic scale (ln) so as to represent the change in threshold of a liquid crystal by a parallel shift on the graph. In the drive scheme shown in FIG. 15, the voltage applied to a pixel corresponding to a scanning selection pulse A in a scanning signal varies in a range of from a rectangular voltage of V1 =Vth=14 volts (as shown at (b-1) of FIG. 17B) to a rectangular voltage of V3 =Vsat=17 volts (at (b-3) of FIG. 17B).
Then, if a modulation parameter (λ) is defined as a period (pulse width) weighed (e.g., multiplied) by a (varying) voltage, it is possible to obtain a relationship between transmittance (T)--lnλ which is linear and may be shifted in parallel in accordance with a temperature change.
The manner of weighing with a voltage (peak value) is explained based on an example. A pulse having a portion showing a peak value V1 in a pulse length of t1 (in total if two portions having V1 are present) and a portion having a peak value V2 in a pulse length t2 may be determined to have a modulation parameter given by:
λ=(V2 /V1).t1 +t2.
In case of FIG. 17B, t1 +t2 =40 μsec, V1 =14 volts and V2 --20 volts.
If λ is determined in this way under the conditions of FIGS. 15 and 16, the selection voltage waveform varies in the range of from an L-shaped one having a portion of 10 volts--32 μsec and a portion of 22 volts--8 μsec to a rectangular one having a 100%--portion of 22 volts--40 μsec.
The above range is used for gradational display and a pulse of 10 volts--40 μsec is used for display of 0%. The latter corresponds to a voltage waveform given by a data signal I (-0%) in FIG. 16B.
The most characteristic feature of this embodiment is the use of such a data signal I (-0%) in FIG. 16B.
More specifically, referring to FIG. 16B, the pulse portion A in the data signal increases continuously in the range of from I (0%) to I (100%), but the data signal I (-0%) has a shape discontinuous with the other data signals. The effect thereof is explained with reference to FIG. 16A, wherein a line #1 represents a transmittance (T)--modulation parameter (λ) characteristic at a low temperature pixel and a line #2 represents a T-λ characteristic at a high temperature pixel. When a temperature change occurs, the T-λ characteristic line does not change its slope γ but moves in parallel on the lnλ axis. In this instance, in the range of λ=t1 to λ=t2, data signals in the range of I1 (0%) to I (100%) are used to effect a gradational display by compensating for a change due to a temperature change according to the above-described pixel shift method.
However, if a pixel is expected to display "black" (0%), a data signal I (-0%) corresponding to λ=t0 is used. As a result, 0% can be displayed regardless of a temperature change. In this instance, the principle of the above-mentioned pixel shift method is not substantially used. Accordingly, I (0%) means not an absolute 0% level but a gradation level shifted from the absolute 0% level by a minimum gradation step toward the white display side.
The above-description has been made with reference to the case (or line) of "black" clear (reset) followed by "white" write. On the other hand, in the case (or line) of "white" clear (reset) followed by "black" write, a discontinuous display signal is applied for displaying a 100% (maximum) transmittance.
By using a discontinuous or dual-mode data signal modulation scheme, it has become possible to realize a gradational display of a good quality and a high 100%/0% contrast.
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to realize a gradational display of a high contrast ratio and good quality even in case of a temperature change.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 8, 1980
|Jan 11, 1983
|Clark Noel A
|Chiral smectic C or H liquid crystal electro-optical device
|Jul 7, 1983
|Jan 7, 1986
|Clark Noel A
|Surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal devices
|Jan 14, 1985
|Jan 27, 1987
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal device
|Apr 10, 1984
|Apr 7, 1987
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method of driving optical modulation device using ferroelectric liquid crystal
|Sep 24, 1985
|Jul 21, 1987
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal device and driving method therefor
|Aug 1, 1986
|Apr 19, 1988
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for liquid crystal device
|Apr 15, 1986
|Oct 18, 1988
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method and apparatus for driving optical modulation device
|Dec 24, 1985
|Jan 24, 1989
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for liquid crystal device
|Feb 10, 1987
|May 16, 1989
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|A driving signal generating unit having first and second voltage generators for selectively outputting a first voltage signal and a second voltage signal
|Dec 17, 1986
|Jun 6, 1989
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for optical modulation device
|May 22, 1986
|Jul 4, 1989
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method and apparatus for driving ferroelectric liquid crystal device
|May 15, 1989
|Feb 20, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Ferroelectric liquid crystal optical device having temperature compensation
|Nov 16, 1988
|Apr 17, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for liquid crystal cell and liquid crystal apparatus
|Dec 21, 1988
|May 8, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Drive apparatus having a temperature detector
|Sep 6, 1989
|May 15, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method and apparatus for driving optical modulation device
|Jun 27, 1989
|Jun 5, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Scanning driver circuit for ferroelectric liquid crystal device
|Dec 23, 1986
|Jun 12, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for optical modulation device
|Jul 6, 1988
|Sep 25, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image forming apparatus
|Feb 13, 1989
|Sep 25, 1990
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal apparatus having light quantity of the backlight in synchronism with writing signals
|Feb 21, 1989
|Nov 27, 1990
|Shinjiro Okada
|Active matrix display panel having plural stripe-shaped counter electrodes and method of driving the same
|Jan 22, 1990
|Jun 25, 1991
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal device, alignment control method therefor and driving method therefor
|Nov 28, 1989
|Jul 23, 1991
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving apparatus
|Nov 2, 1988
|Jul 21, 1992
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Ferroelectric liquid crystal optical modulation device and driving method therefor to apply an erasing voltage in the first time period of the scanning selection period
|Dec 14, 1989
|Aug 4, 1992
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Ferroelectric liquid crystal apparatus having separate display areas and driving method therefor
|Mar 8, 1991
|Oct 5, 1993
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Half tone liquid crystal display circuit with an A.C. voltage divider for drivers
|Dec 30, 1991
|Nov 30, 1993
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal apparatus
|Title not available
|Applied Physics Letters, Noel A. Clark et al., vol. 36, pp. 899 901, Jun. 1, 1980, Submicrosecond Bistable Electro optic Switching in Liquid Crystals.
|Applied Physics Letters, Noel A. Clark et al., vol. 36, pp. 899-901, Jun. 1, 1980, "Submicrosecond Bistable Electro-optic Switching in Liquid Crystals."
|Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, M. Takeda et al., vol. 94, pp. 213 233, 1983, Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Electro Optics Using the Surface Stabilized Structure.
|Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, M. Takeda et al., vol. 94, pp. 213-233, 1983, "Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Electro-Optics Using the Surface Stabilized Structure."
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 22, 1997
|Mar 31, 1998
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal display apparatus
|Apr 24, 1996
|Jul 7, 1998
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Electrode substrate, making the same, liquid crystal device provided therewith, and making the same
|Sep 26, 1995
|Sep 15, 1998
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for display device and display apparatus
|Apr 9, 1996
|Dec 22, 1998
|Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
|Color liquid crystal display device
|Sep 8, 1995
|Mar 23, 1999
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for liquid crystal device
|May 17, 1996
|Aug 3, 1999
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Chiral smectic liquid crystal apparatus and driving method therefor
|Jun 18, 1997
|Oct 5, 1999
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for display device and display apparatus
|Jun 9, 1997
|Feb 22, 2000
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for liquid crystal devices
|May 29, 1996
|May 9, 2000
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid-crystal display apparatus
|Jun 19, 1996
|May 9, 2000
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal display apparatus and method of driving same
|Feb 26, 1996
|Jun 13, 2000
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Drive voltages switched depending upon temperature detection of chiral smectic liquid crystal displays
|Mar 4, 1997
|Jan 23, 2001
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Passive-matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus and drive circuit thereof with single analog switch/adjusted scanning voltage based operation
|Aug 28, 1998
|Jan 23, 2001
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Optical modulation device with pixels each having series connected electrode structure
|Sep 4, 1997
|Apr 17, 2001
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Liquid crystal display apparatus and method for driving the same
|Jul 21, 1998
|Apr 24, 2001
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal apparatus
|Apr 28, 1999
|Nov 27, 2001
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for liquid crystal device
|Apr 10, 1998
|Sep 17, 2002
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Driving method for liquid crystal device and liquid crystal apparatus
|Jun 15, 1999
|Apr 1, 2003
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal device and driving method therefor
|Jan 14, 2003
|Feb 17, 2004
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Liquid crystal device and driving method therefor
|Feb 7, 2002
|May 19, 2009
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Liquid crystal display device, and method of driving the same
|Mar 30, 2007
|Nov 10, 2009
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Organic EL display apparatus and driving method therefor
|Feb 7, 2002
|Aug 15, 2002
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co.,Ltd.
|Liquid crystal display device, and method of driving the same
|Mar 30, 2007
|Oct 4, 2007
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Organic el display apparatus and driving method therefor
|May 8, 2014
|Jun 4, 2015
|Xiamen Tianma Micro-Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Method of adjusting display device driving voltage and display device
|U.S. Classification
|345/89, 345/101
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 1, 1994
Owner name: CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OKADA, SHINJIRO;INABA, YUTAKA;KATAKURA, KAZUNORI;REEL/FRAME:006953/0505
Effective date: 19940325
|Jun 4, 1996
|Certificate of correction
|Mar 30, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 6, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 7, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 28, 2007
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 15, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20071128


text:
When the firestorm over Sgt. James Crowley's arrest of Louis Gates first broke and I heard the arresting officer being interviewed on Fox News, I wanted to cheer.
Crowley was every honest person's personification of a righteous man.
When Gates went public with ugly racist and "rogue cop" accusations about Crowley's actions, he didn't count on the fact that Crowley's by-the-book conduct had been backed up—not only by eyewitness accounts from his partner (who happened to be black) as well as from a passer-by—but by a tape recording that contradicted Gates' slanted version of what had transpired.
Crowley was exonerated by hard evidence. Not to mention by his sterling professional reputation and his unimpeachable 5-year record of training fellow policemen in the matter of racial profiling. (He'd been singled out by a black police lieutenant for the job.)
Nonetheless he was defamed by Gate's buddy, President Barack Obama, who—admitting he didn't have all the facts—berated Crowley for acting "stupidly."
Obama then went on to use the Crowley-Gates incident as a platform for, in columnist David Limbaugh's words ". . . a mini-diatribe about the 'long history' of racial profiling by American cops." ("A Teachable Moment Indeed," Town Hall, July 28, 2009)
Buoyed by this shoot-from-the-hip presidential support, Gates threatened to sue. He demanded an apology.
But Crowley wasn't about to cave to pressure from on high. No apology would be forthcoming, I heard him tell a reporter, and Crowley went on to explain why. The reporter, at first politely curious, sounded increasingly sympathetic as he tuned into Crowley's calm, resolute sense of injustice.
It wasn't until the police union rightly complained about the potential damage done to law enforcement nationwide, until the Cambridge P.D who knew and worked with Crowley rose as one to his defense, and until thousands of supportive and outraged cops from around the country weighed into the brouhaha that Obama and his advisors decided he had better hold a press conference to defuse a situation that was sticking to him like flypaper,
Time to apologize to the innocent policeman he had defamed? To lay the blame at the feet of the guilty party, Louis Gates? To admit that the President of the United States had no business interjecting himself into local matters about which he lacks the necessary expertise, let alone the facts?
Not possible on all counts. Barack Obama cannot step out of character.
As David Limbaugh wrote:
"[Obama] held a news conference, not to apologize, but to justify himself.
* * * [He used] pure weasel words when a simple, heartfelt apology would have sufficed * * * Next he offered his patronizing assessment that both men probably overreacted and that cooler heads should have prevailed. * * * [W]hy would [Obama] continue . . . to comment on the facts? Obviously because he wanted to exploit this incident as a 'teachable moment' on race relations, whether or not the facts fit the template."
Obama's gambit didn't end with the press conference. Either the President phoned Crowley—according to an AP report today out of Washington—and "invited both men over for a beer, to be served at a picnic table near the Oval Office" (weather permitting), or Crowley invited himself to the White House for a beer-fest (yesterday's AP version about who initiated what).
Either way, as of this writing, it looks as if James Crowley clinked beer glasses with the President and his crony, Louis Gates, with the only disagreement at the picnic table being the merits of Blue Moon over Red Stripe or Bud Lite.
So what does this Washington adventure tell us about Sgt. James Crowley, the wronged party who never received an apology? The righteous victim in this charade who traveled from Cambridge to Washington for a beer with his two nemeses?
It tells us that either Sgt. Crowley never read Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, or, if he did, that he never understood the meaning of a cardinal moral/political principle that Rand superbly dramatized through one of her major characters.
That principle is called "the sanction of the victim."
"There comes a point in the defeat of any man of virtue," Rand wrote through the voice of the novel's protagonist hero, John Galt, "when his own consent is needed for evil to win—and that no manner of injury done to him by others can succeed if he chooses to withhold his consent."
Rand's heroic character who, for much of the novel, struggles with the weight of self-accepted victimhood, Hank Rearden, is liberated only when he identifies that principle and acts on it—as James Crowley should have, by boycotting Obama's little getogether.
Pick up Atlas Shrugged, Sgt. Crowley. It will not only enlighten. It will liberate you.
Thursday, July 30, 2009
What Sgt. James Crowley Could Learn From "Atlas Shrugged's" Hank Rearden
Posted by Erika Holzer at 10:20 PM


text:
Very nice and well maintained campground. Since it was off season, we couldn't avail ourselves of amenities such as the pool but the grounds are meticulously maintained. The store was a bit under stocked but again probably due to the off season. The bathrooms and showers were incredibly clean - maybe the best I've ever seen at a campground. The cable had a decent selection and the wi-fi signal was very strong.
The location is ok if you are interested in historic Fredericksburg. Maybe 25 minutes away.
Trash pick up every morning, which is always a nice service.
We would stay again.


text:
Principal: Wendy Porter
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1000 E. State Rte. 140
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Berlin Heights is located in Erie County.
The local school system is Edison Local Schools, as Berlin Township and Milan Township merged their separate school systems in the 1960s. The local high school is Edison High School, and the athletic teams are known as the Edison Chargers.


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Peer Counseling
Monday through Friday, 6pm to 9pm. Confidential and free.
John J. Wilcox, Jr. Library Hours
Monday - Friday, 12pm to 9pm; Saturday and Sunday, 12pm to 5pm
A social/educational group for GBT men 50 and over with occasional outings, speakers and events. Light refreshments served.
February 21Tai Chi Classes
February 22Rainbow Reading Book Club


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Science fiction thriller movie "Inkokkadu" received mixed reviews
Science fiction thriller movie "Inkokkadu" received mixed reviews
The movie "Inkokkadu" which is a Science Fiction Thriller directed by Anand Shankar starring Vikram, Nayantara and Nithya Menen in the lead produced under the banner of NKR Films is originally a Tamil Film "Iru Mugan". The theartical rights for Telugu version were acquired by Producer Neelam Krishna Reddy.
About the Movie
This is basically a story about an ex-cop who is an undercover RAW agent who is presently on assignment with the Indian Embassy which was killed by rogues. Unfortunately, his better half (character played by Nayantara) is killed by Love. Akilan Anand later fights with Love, and that makes the remainder of the fictitious movie.
Lead Performance
The star lead actor Vikram who plays the dual role for Akilan Anand, ex-cop and also Love is getting praises for excellent performance for the action packed sequence in the science fiction thriller movie "Inkokkadu". Everyone is all praises for the actor Vikram who plays the lead role in the movie. The remainder lead actors Nayantara and Nithya Menen have certainly justified each of their roles, the viewers have to say.
First Half or Second Half?
Many viewers have something similar to say about the first half was interesting and did catch their interest for quite a while. Coming to the second half of the movie, again the many viewers have a lot similar to say that it gets a little slower and can be compared to average. The viewers say that technically this movie had done great as this science fiction thriller had a lot of action packed sequences, praises were all up for the choreography of the action sequences and RD Rajasekhar's cinematography.
Overall Review
Overall, there were certainly mixed reviews from the audience as some liked the entire movie and some did not even like a part of the movie. Latest quotes state that it looks like a remake of GI Joe action packed series made live. While many state that the first part of the movie was not too bad and found it quite interesting, the second half of the movie did get a little boring and the narration was dragged a bit.


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Coming up: Editorial Spotlight on Tappan Zee Bridge
Larry Schwartz, Gov. Cuomo's top aide, New York State Thruway Authority Executive Director Tom Madison and other Cuomo administration officials will join the Editorial Board at 11 a.m. Wednesday to discuss the Tappan Zee Bridge project. To watch the LIVE session, go to www.lohud.com/editorialspotlight. To ask a question of the… Read More →


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"I'm committed to Michigan State," he reported, "I talked to Coach Barnett, my defensive backs coach and he was excited. He was the most excited out of everybody. I talked to Coach Dantonio too."
Lewis, who had 130 tackles and three interceptions as a junior, had scholarship offers from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota and several others. He had recently narrowed his list to MSU and Kentucky.
"Michigan State is a great program and I want to study engineering and they have a great program for that. They are a good football team and I connected with the coaches."
The 5'11, 185-lb Lewis could play almost anywhere in the secondary, but he says the Spartans plan to play him at safety, where he is rated as a four-star prospect.
The commitment comes just prior to the start of fall practice for him and thus, allows him to concentrate just on his senior season.
"It is a lot of pressure off me and I'm really excited and ready for the season."
The MSU coaches along with Lewis' friends and family are also excited.
"They see me as a Spartan now."


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RdRand Java Utility provides a java.util.Random extension for Linux and Mac OS X wrapping Intel's Digital Random Number Generator (DRNG), known as Intel Secure Key, a name for its RDRAND instruction accessible via its free library librdrand, using JNI.
|Java rng Cryptography Random number generation
|Apache 2.0
|Operating Systems
|Mac OS X Linux
|Java JNI C rdrand
Release Notes: This is the first Freecode release.
A Fluent OpenStack client API for Java.
A TWiki appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.


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Kindle Fire gets AOSP Jelly Bean ROM
Google may have introduced the Nexus 7 at a low $199 price point, but Amazon brought the Kindle Fire to the masses last year at the same price point. Although it was running a forked version of Android, it could be rooted and hacked to run custom ROMs. Now some enterprising hackers on xda-developers have ported the latest version of Android, Jelly Bean, across to Amazon's cheap tablet.


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This scene from Cazzo Club really had my cock tenting in my shorts. I love bald men and I find German men pretty hot. As if that isn't enough, the punk in the leather jacket in this scene is one nasty looking fucker, in the right gear he could be a dirty skinhead. He's playing with a redhead executive in his suit. And I love the opposition of leather punk versus suited up businessman. Who's in control here? Who is going to get on their knees? It's a hot fucking scene!
Tags: European (111), men in suits (175), video clip (742), German (12), redhead (87), Cazzo Club (27),


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Steve Pitman recalls when his family went off the rails.
It was the mid-'60s and his then-19-year-old brother, John, began acting strangely. The straight-A student and model teen who wanted to be an astronaut became moody, sometimes manic and almost violently combative with his parents and five siblings.
The family was turned inside out. A psychiatrist told his parents that John's behavior was a result of his "dysfunctional family." As the family's situation got worse, Steve said, his parents considered sending their children away to be raised by relatives.
"My brother had schizoaffective disorder," Steve said. "The family was blamed for his symptoms. Eventually, the family withdrew."
John Pitman moved out, settled in Orange County and spent a troubled adulthood in and out of jails and hospitals.
"He was probably 5150'd a hundred times," Steve said, referring to the police code number for involuntary commitment.
Steve, who was away at college during much of the original turmoil, eventually reconnected with his brother and became his caregiver during the last 15 years of John's life. John died in January of last year, still estranged from the rest of his family.
"How many people live to 70 years old and die alone?" Steve said. "That's what mental illness can do. … A lot of people with mental illness have no family around, because the family has just burned out."
Steve is now the president of the Orange County chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness. The group runs classes and support groups for mentally ill people and their families.
John's mental illness was a particularly devastating kind. Others can be less severe, but they can still disrupt and put a strain on family life. Millions of families across the country are living with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, ADHD, bipolar disorder and other conditions that affect behavior and interactions within families.
Lois Nightingale, a licensed clinical psychologist practicing in Yorba Linda, said mental illness creates some of the same stresses in a family as a chronic or severe physical illness.
"Siblings of kids with physical illnesses can have a hard time," Nightingale said. "They can feel jealous of the attention going to the other child, then feel guilty, then get overprotective."
Mental illness can generate the same sort of responses, she said: "Siblings can be angry. They see the mentally ill child as getting special attention, more slack, more resources.
"But what complicates it is that it's unpredictable; the symptoms ebb and flow. One day they can't function at all, the next day they're out socializing. Family members think it's controllable."
A mentally ill person, Nightingale added, "will be fairly OK when no expectations are placed on them. Then with the stress of a holiday or other special event, they break down. This can cause resentment."
Ruth Wimsatt, a licensed clinical psychologist in Irvine, said she sometimes sees a different dynamic, as well.
"Sometimes, the kid that's not affected takes on the role of 'family hero' – pushing to get straight A's, always working hard – and they can become exhausted," Wimsatt said. "Or they can become a perfectionist, and that follows them into adulthood and into marriage. It makes trouble."
When a parent is affected with mental illness, that can have a profound effect on children.
"Kids might feel embarrassed or not want friends to come around," Wimsatt said. "They could feel a stigma.
Coping strategies for dealing with mental illness in the family can also be similar to those for physical illness, the therapists say: loving support, close monitoring of care, patience and understanding of the affected person's limitations.
"You have to talk with kids and explain to them that it's another way of being," Wimsatt said


text: Eighty years ago, on Aug. 7, 1930, Lawrence Beitler took what would become the most iconic photograph of lynching in America. Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith were lynched in the town center of Marion, Ind., for allegedly murdering a white factory worker, Claude Deeter, and raping his companion, Mary Ball. But the case was never solved. Lawrence Beitler/Bettmann/Corbis hide caption toggle caption Lawrence Beitler/Bettmann/Corbis Strange Fruit: Anniversary Of A Lynching August 6, 2010 On Aug. 7, 1930, two young African-American men were lynched by a mob in Marion, Ind. The night before they had been charged with murdering a white factory worker and raping his companion. The case was never solved, but a photograph of the lynching became iconic. And a third man narrowly survived: Who was James Cameron? Strange Fruit: Anniversary Of A Lynching Listen · 12:59 12:59 Toggle more options Download Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/129025516/129034322" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"> Transcript


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The research comes following renewed controversy over the unusual action of Sri Lankan off-spinner Muralitharan.
But Richardson insisted the sole aim was to help gather information for the ICC which would then decide whether changes were needed to current regulations.
"We're not out here on a witch-hunt," former South Africa wicketkeeper Richardson said at Edgbaston.
"Murali's is a very complicated case. It's not right that we should make laws that are specifically designed for him."
The research will start on Friday during the second Test between England and West Indies at Edgbaston and continue throughout September's Champions Trophy One-day tournament in England, featuring all the world's leading sides.
Results will be submitted to the ICC who could, in November at the earliest, announce changes to regulations as a result.
Murali, now the world's leading Test wicket-taker, alongside Australia leg-spinner Shane Warne with 527 dismissals, has twice been no-balled for 'throwing' during his career.
He missed the recent tour of Australia, following comments from Australian Prime Minister John Howard that he was a chucker.
Muralitharan came under fresh scrutiny because of the 'doosra', a delivery which spins away from right-handers instead of coming into them a like normal off-break.
He was warned he could be banned from international cricket for a year if he persisted with the delivery in its original form.
Although the Laws of Cricket allow no straightening of the arm at the moment of delivery, the ICC has said that is physically impossible.
Instead it has set tolerance limits that currently stand at five degrees for spinners, 7.5 for medium-pacers and 10 for pacemen.
Cameras filming at 250 frames per second will be installed at grounds during the Champions Trophy in a bid to create three-dimensional computer images of bowlers' actions.
Richardson added ICC were not looking at faster bowlers because they were happy with the current tolerance levels.
In a separate development, Richardson confirmed umpires during the Champions Trophy would wear ear-pieces allowing them to hear the stump microphone.
The aim is to assist decision making with catches close to the wicket.
He added that during the Champions Trophy no balls would be called by the third umpire who would then communicate a decision to his on-field colleagues.
"We want umpires to concentrate on the business (batsman's) end decisions," said Richardson of a scheme already trialed in his native South Africa.
Matches played in the August One-day tri-series tournament between Australia, India and Pakistan in Holland will be used to test the process.