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Sensing and Control. A Process Control Primer
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1 Sensing and Control A Process Control Primer
2 Copyright, Notices, and Trademarks Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2000 by Honeywell Revision 1 July 2000 While this information is presented in good faith and believed to be accurate, Honeywell disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose and makes no express warranties except as may be stated in its written agreement with and for its customer. In no event is Honeywell liable to anyone for any indirect, special or consequential damages. The information and specifications in this document are subject to change without notice. Presented by: Dan O Connor Sensing and Control Honeywell 11 West Spring Street Freeport, Illinois UDC is a trademark of Honeywell Accutune is a trademark of Honeywell ii Process Control Primer 7/00
3 About This Publication The automatic control of industrial processes is a broad subject, with roots in a wide range of engineering and scientific fields. There is really no shortcut to an expert understanding of the subject, and any attempt to condense the subject into a single short set of notes, such as is presented in this primer, can at best serve only as an introduction. However, there are many people who do not need to become experts, but do need enough knowledge of the basics to be able to operate and maintain process equipment competently and efficiently. This material may hopefully serve as a stimulus for further reading and study. 7/00 Process Control Primer iii
4 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS CONTROL Overview Control Systems Feedback Control Loop...4 CHAPTER 2 PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS Overview Process Load Process Lags Capacitance Resistance Dead Time Process Reaction Curve...20 CHAPTER 3 MODES OF CONTROL Overview On-Off Control Proportional Control Proportional + Reset (Integral) Control Proportional + Rate (Derivative) Control Proportional + Reset + Rate (3 Mode) Control Controller Selection Guidelines...34 CHAPTER 4 ALGORITHMS Overview On-Off PID-A Algorithm PID-B PD-A + Manual Reset Three Position Step Control Computations Associated With PID Equations...47 CHAPTER 5 CONTROLLER TUNING Overview Manual Tuning Accutune II Accutune II Duplex Tuning Fuzzy Overshoot Suppression...59 CHAPTER 6 ADVANCED CONTROL CONCEPTS Overview System Component Descriptions Simple Feedback Cascade Control Predictive Feedforward Control Dynamic Feedforward Control The Ratio Control Loop Analog Override Control Strategies...85 continued next page iv Process Control Primer 7/00
5 Table of Contents CHAPTER 7 AUXILIARIES Overview Square Root Extractors Multiplier/Dividers Calculation of Scaling and Bias Constants Verification Adder/Subtractor CHAPTER 8 HOW TO APPLY DIGITAL INSTRUMENTATION IN SEVERE ELECTRICAL NOISE ENVIRONMENTS Overview Potential Noise Sources Prevention Methods Recommended Wiring Practices Power Source Considerations Noise Suppression at the Source GLOSSARY INDEX /00 Process Control Primer v
6 Figures and Tables Figure 1-2 Process Heater...4 Figure 1-3 Block diagram of system with operator...5 Figure 1-4 Block Diagram of System with Automatic Controller...6 Figure 1-5 Feedback Control Loop Components...7 Figure 2-1 Capacity versus Capacitance...15 Figure 2-2 Process Heaters...16 Figure 2-3 Mixing Process Illustrating Dead Time...19 Figure 2-4 First Order Lag...20 Figure 2-5 Second Order Lags...21 Figure 2-6 Dead Time...22 Figure 3-1 Process Heater...24 Figure 3-2 On-Off Control Action...25 Figure 3-3 Proportional Control Action...26 Figure 3-4 Proportional Band 20%...27 Figure 3-5 Proportional Band 200%...28 Figure 3-6 Proportional Plus Reset Control Action...29 Figure 3-7 Proportional plus Rate Control Action...31 Figure 3-8 Rate Action Response to a Step Change...32 Figure 3-9 Three Mode Control Action...33 Figure 3-10 Response to Increase in Liquid Flow...33 Figure 4-1 Switching Action of On-Off Control...39 Figure 4-2 Switching Action of Duplex On-Off Control...39 Figure 4-3 Implementation of PID A Equation...40 Figure 4-4 Typical Relay Operation in PID-A Duplex Control...41 Figure 4-5 Implementation of PID-B Equation...43 Figure 4-6 Implementation of PD A with Manual Reset Equation...44 Figure 4-7 Relationship of Duplex On-Off Control and Filter Feedback Signals in Three Position Step Control Algorithm...45 Figure 4-8 Output Characteristics of Three Position Step Control for Constant Error...46 Figure 5-1 Process Reaction Curve...52 Figure 5-2 Ultimate Period...52 Figure 5-3 1/4 Amplitude Decay...53 Figure 5-4 Effect of Reset Adjustment on Recovery from Load Change...54 Figure 5-5 Effect of Rate Adjustment on Recovery from Load Change...55 Figure 5-6 Typical Heat/Cool Application...57 Figure 5-7 Relationship between Heat/Cool Outputs and Tuning...58 Figure 6-1 Simple Loop...63 Figure 6-2 Cascade Control Loop...65 Figure 6-3 Simple Block Diagram...68 Figure 6-4 Cascade Control Loop...69 Figure 6-5 Trial and Error System...72 Figure 6-6 Feedforward Block Diagram...73 Figure 6-7 A Static Feedforward System...74 Figure 6-8 Dynamic Feedforward System...76 Figure 6-10 Ratio Control System with Ratio Relay...79 Figure 6-11 Parallel Ratio System Block Diagram...81 Figure 6-12 Parallel Ratio Control System...81 Figure 6-13 Ratio System with Interlock...83 Figure 6-14 Compressor Application...85 Figure 6-15 Analog Override System...86 Figure 7-1 Record of Rate of Flow...91 Figure 7-2 Typical Loop using a Square Root Extractor and Linear Integrator Figure 7-3 The Effect of Temperature on Pressure...96 Figure 7-4 Change in Volume...97 Figure 7-5 BTU s...98 Figure 7-6 Actual Range of Operation verses Zero Based Range vi Process Control Primer 7/00
7 Figures and Tables, continued Figure 7-7 Graphical Example Figure 7-8 Adder/Subtractor Application Figure 7-9 The Role of the Adder/Subtractor in the Loop Figure 8-1 Transformer for Digital Equipment Figure 8-2 Transient Suppression in Inductive Coils Figure 8-3 Contact Noise Suppression Figure 8-4 DC Load Noise Suppression Table 1-1 Disturbances and their definitions... 3 Table 1-2 Component Definition... 8 Table 2-1 Examples of Load Changes Table 2-2 Dimensional Units for Capacitance Table 2-3 Dimensional Units for Resistance Table 3-1 Application of Control Modes Table 5-1 Reaction Curve Method Table 5-2 Controller Settings Table 5-3 Ultimate Cycling Method Table 7-1 Manual Calculation of Total Flow Table 8-1 External Wiring Table 8-2 MOV Devices Table 8-3 Coil Voltage /00 Process Control Primer vii
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9 1.1 Overview Chapter 1 Introduction to Process Control What s in this chapter This chapter contains the following information: Topic 1.1 Overview Introduction Processes Physical Quantities 1.2 Control Systems Why is control necessary Disturbances 1.3 Feedback Control Loop Overview Process Heater Example System with Operator System with Automatic Control Components of a Feedback Control Loop Closed Loop versus Open Loop See Page Introduction Processes Physical quantities The type of control to be discussed is the kind involved in the so-called Process Industries, such as chemicals, petroleum, metals, paper, textiles, food, and water management. Examples are the refining of crude oil into fuel oils and gasoline; the conversion of wood pulp into paper; the extraction of metals from ores; the heat treating of metals; the production of glass; and the processing of municipal and industrial water supplies. Since the type of equipment we will discuss is the kind used in the measurement and control of industrial processes, identification of these processes will aid our understanding of what this equipment is and what its purposes are. Processes involve the handling of large quantities of raw materials in a continuous or semi-continuous (batch) stream, modifying the raw materials through either chemical or mechanical changes to make a product that has more value than the original materials. The measurement and control of such physical quantities as Pressure, Flow, Temperature, and Liquid Level are subjects with which we will be dealing. The physical quantities we measure and control are known as Process Variables, often abbreviated PV. 7/00 Process Control Primer 1
10 1.2 Control Systems Why is control necessary? Among other things, a process is a system for the transfer of energy. Whenever the distribution of energy is modified or disturbed, the variables in the system will change value. It is usually difficult to measure energy directly, but we can use variables that are more readily measured, such as Temperature, Pressure, and Flow. When these measured variables change in a process, we know that the energy distribution has changed somewhere. Important to us is the fact that the product will also change and may become off-specification. That is, its quality may deteriorate. Automatic control becomes necessary whenever energy changes may be expected that are large enough to push the measured variable outside it allowable tolerance. Figure 1-1 shows a typical process energy flow. Figure 1-1 Process Energy Flow Fuel in PROCESS Product out Raw materials in Losses Product in + Fuel in = Product out + Losses Continued on next page 2 Process Control Primer 7/00
11 1.2 Control Systems, Continued Disturbances These energy variations are called disturbances, upsets, or load changes. We can classify possible disturbances into four categories. Table 1-1 lists these disturbances and their definitions. Table 1-1 Control Disturbances Disturbance Change in Setpoint Change in Supply Change in Demand Environmental Changes Definition The setpoint is the desired value of the measured variable. Its value establishes the level of energy flow in steady state conditions. Any change in its setting will require a completely new energy picture. For instance, a higher temperature for the product out will require the control system to provide a higher rate of fuel flow. This is a variation in any of the energy inputs to the process. A variation in the supply pressure of the fuel, for instance, or a variation in the temperature of the raw materials, would be supply changes. This is a disturbance in the output flow of energy. The most common source of such a disturbance is a change in the production rate itself. If the front office asks for more output and the production rate is increased, the energy would certainly have to be increased. Ambient temperature or atmospheric pressure also affect the energy balance. If the equipment is outdoors, the wind velocity and direction may also play a part in altering these energy requirements. 7/00 Process Control Primer 3
12 1.3 Feedback Control Loop Overview In the process industries, control systems were put to practical use long before the theory of their operation or methods of analyzing their performance were available. Processes and control systems were determined by intuition and accumulated experience. This approach, unscientific as it was, was successful. Tolerance to the intuitive approach is diminishing today, but it is still a valid way to obtain knowledge of the basics of the subject, so we ll start by considering a simple process and the way a human operator might handle its control. Process heater example Suppose there exists a process such as shown in Figure 1-2. Figure 1-2 Process Heater Liquid In Recorder Hot Oil In Liquid Out A source of liquid flows into the tank at a varying flow rate. There is a need to heat this liquid to a certain temperature. To do this, there is hot oil available from another part of the plant that flows through coils in the tank and heats the liquid. By controlling the flow of the hot oil, we can obtain the desired temperature. The temperature in the tank is measured and read out on a recorder mounted within the view of the valve on the hot oil line. The operator has been told to keep the temperature at a desired value (SETPOINT) of 300. He compares the reading on the recorder with this mental target and decides what he must do with the valve to try to bring the temperature of the liquid to the desired value (setpoint). In reading the actual value of the temperature and mentally comparing it with the desired value, the operator is providing FEEDBACK. Continued on next page 4 Process Control Primer 7/00
13 1.3 Feedback Control Loop, Continued Block diagram of system with operator Figure 1-3 is a block diagram of this system, including the operator, and shows the flow of information between components. Figure 1-3 Block diagram of system with operator PROCESS Thermometer Operator Valve Energy This is not a very detailed block diagram, but we can see here an interesting feature of this type of control - information flows in a loop. The operator, to be sure, is a part of the loop, so it is not automatic control, but it is Closed Loop Control. or Feedback control, because the results are measured, compared to the desired results, and the valve is manipulated accordingly. Continued on next page 7/00 Process Control Primer 5
14 1.3 Feedback Control Loop, Continued System with automatic control If we wish to replace the operator with an automatic system, we will need a device that will compare the measured variable with the desired value (setpoint) and initiate control action according to what this comparison shows. Figure 1-4 shows a control loop with such a device. Figure 1-4 Block Diagram of System with Automatic Controller Display PROCESS Process Variable (PV) Controller Setpoint (SP) Energy Final Control Element Continued on next page 6 Process Control Primer 7/00
15 1.3 Feedback Control Loop, Continued Definition of components of a feedback control loop Figure 1-5 Every new technical field starts out with a language barrier of sorts. Words perfectly familiar in one field suddenly take on a new meaning in another. So, it becomes necessary from time to time to establish some definitions. Figure 1-5 shows the components of a feedback control loop. This a more hardware oriented version of Figure 1-4. Table 1-2 defines each of the components. Feedback Control Loop Components 4 Display 2 Primary Element or Sensor 3 Transmitter 5 Error Generator PV SP 1 Process Process Variable e 6 Controller ENERGY (Manipulated Variable) 7 Final Control Element Continued on next page 7/00 Process Control Primer 7
16 1.3 Feedback Control Loop, Continued Definition of components of a feedback control loop, continued Table 1-2 Component Definition Key Component Definition 1 Process The manipulation of raw materials to derive a more valuable product. 2 Primary Element or Sensor 3 Transmitter (Optional) 4 Display (Optional) 5 Error Generator A device that converts the Process Variable (PV) energy into a measurable form. Examples: Thermocouple; Orifice Plate; Bourdon Tube; Float; Filled Thermal System. PV = The variable being measured and controlled Changes the value of the Process Variable into a standard signal for transmitting over distances. Shows the value of PV and Setpoint; or sometimes Setpoint and Deviation. Detects the difference between the SETPOINT and PROCESS VARIABLE. It can be mechanical, pneumatic, or electric. The difference between the Setpoint and Process Variable is called the ERROR or DEVIATION. Note: In the actual hardware, sometimes the error generator is incorporated as part of the controller, and sometimes it is a separate unit. 6 Controller A logic device that changes its output in accordance with the error signal it receives from the Error Generator. The manner in which it changes its output is built into it through a system of logic called Modes of Control. Information that the controller needs from the error generator is: Polarity (sign) of the error Size of the error Rate of change of the error 7 Final Control Element This is the element which directly changes the value of the manipulated variable. Examples: Pneumatic diaphragm valve Motorized valve Contactor Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR) Rheostat Continued on next page 8 Process Control Primer 7/00
17 1.3 Feedback Control Loop, Continued Closed Loop versus Open Loop The notion of FEEDBACK is crucial to automatic control. Unless the results of the control manipulations can be compared against objectives, there is no way to arrive at a logical control strategy. When feedback exists, the system is said to be operating in a CLOSED LOOP fashion. Sometimes, control systems operate on information not directly obtained from the Process Variable. For example: If the liquid level in a tank were to be controlled, it would be feasible to do so just by adjusting the output flow in proportion to the input flow. There is no closed loop with respect to liquid level; just a relationship between a flow and a valve position which indirectly, but not infallibly, establishes a level. When a quantity is being controlled indirectly in this fashion, it is considered to be OPEN LOOP control. 7/00 Process Control Primer 9
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19 2.1 Overview Chapter 2 Process Characteristics What s in this chapter? This chapter contains the following information: Topic 2.1 Overview Introduction The Instrumentation The Process Two Effects for Consideration 2.2 Process Load Definition Effect on the Final Control Element Properties of Load Changes 2.3 Process Lags What are They? Example Causes 2.4 Capacitance Definition Illustrations Principles of Large Capacitance Effects of Large Capacitance Heater Example Dimensional Units for Capacitance 2.5 Resistance Definition When do you see Resistance? High Thermal Vs Low Thermal Resistance Dimensional Units for Resistance 2.6 Dead Time Definition Example of Dead Time How to Eliminate Dead Time 2.7 Process Reaction Curve Introduction First Order Lag Second Order Lags Damping Factor Dead Time See Page Continued on next page 7/00 Process Control Primer 11
20 2.1 Overview, Continued Introduction To an automatic controller, everything surrounding it in the loop looks like the process. This embraces instrumentation external to the controller as well as the components of the process itself. The instrumentation The instrumentation is made up of the primary elements, transmitters, transmission systems and final control elements, etc. The instrumentation will be discussed later. Its effect on the controller is predictable, and in some cases, adjustable. The process The process consists of piping, vessels, reactors, furnaces, distillation columns, etc.: in general, the equipment in which mass, heat, and energy transfer takes place. Each process is highly individualistic in its effect upon its control. The effects from the process are, moreover the dominant ones, and in many cases impractical to change or adjust. Two effects for consideration Every process exhibits two effects which must be taken into consideration when automatic control equipment is being selected. These are: changes in the controlled variable due to altered conditions in the process, generally called load changes, and the delay in the time it takes the process to react to a change in the energy balance, called process lag. Load changes have been noted earlier, just enough to define and categorize them according to their source, but here we will look at them in more detail. In order to discuss the subject further, we must first define just what Process Load is. 12 Process Control Primer 7/00
21 2.2 Process Load Definition Effect on the final control element Properties of load changes PROCESS LOAD is the total amount of control agent (energy) required by a process at any one time to maintain a balanced condition. In a heat exchanger, for example, in which a flowing liquid is continuously heated with steam (the control agent), a certain quantity of steam is required to hold the temperature of the fluid at a given value when the fluid is flowing at a particular rate. This is the Process Load. Process load is directly related to the setting of the final control element. Any change in process load requires a change in the position of the final control element in order to keep the controlled variable at the setpoint. What changes the position of the final control element? The Controller does. The two prime properties of load changes which need to be considered in the application of automatic controllers are: 1 - the size of the load change 2 - the rate of the load change Load changes in a process are not always easy to recognize. Table 2-1 gives some examples of load changes. Table 2-1 Examples of Load Changes Load Change Example Greater or less demand for control agent by the controlled medium Reason In the heat exchanger cited above, a change in the rate of flow of the fluid to be heated, or a change in the temperature of the incoming fluid, contribute load changes because a change in the quantity of steam is needed for either. Similarly, when a carload of bricks is added to a kiln, or when new material is added to a cooking vessel, there is a load change. A change in the quality on the control agent Changes in ambient conditions If a chemical reaction will cause heat to be generated (exothermic) or absorbed (endothermic) If the setpoint were changed If a gas heated process is operating at a certain temperature and the BTU content of the fuel gas changes, then more or less gas must be burned to maintain the same temperature, even though nothing else changes. Changes in steam pressure also result in load changes. These are especially significant in outdoor installations where heat loss from radiation may be large. This is also a load change because the position of the final control element must be adjusted to compensate for this generation or absorption of energy. This would obviously require a change in the amount of energy input to the process. 7/00 Process Control Primer 13
22 2.3 Process Lags What are they? If we could have it our way, any load change or disturbance would be met with an instantaneous response that would completely and immediately bring the process to its new condition of equilibrium. This, however, is difficult, if not impossible to achieve in any physical system. The response may start immediately, but it will require a certain amount of time to complete its effect. The delay is the Lag of the System. Example Suppose we have a valve in a pipe leading to a tank. If we want to raise the level in the tank to a new value, we will open the valve. But, the level does not immediately change to the higher value. It may start immediately, but it will not reach the new value until some time later, a time dependent on the size and shape of the tank and the flow through the valve, among other things. Causes PROCESS LAGS are primarily the result of three PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS: 1. CAPACITANCE 2. RESISTANCE 3. DEAD TIME 14 Process Control Primer 7/00
23 2.4 Capacitance Definition The CAPACITANCE of a process is a measure of its ability to hold energy with respect to a unit quantity of some reference variable. It is related to capacity but is not the same thing two processes with the same capacity might have very different capacitances. Illustrations Some illustrations will serve to explain this concept. First, look at the two tanks in Figure 2-1. Figure 2-1 Capacity versus Capacitance TANK A TANK B 8 Ft 4 Ft Capacity 128 cu. ft. CAPACITANCE = 16 cubic feet/ft. of level Capacity 128 cu. ft. CAPACITANCE = 32 cubic feet/ft. of level Although both tanks have the same liquid volume capacity (128 cu. ft.), they do not have the same capacitance with respect to liquid level. Tank B has twice the liquid volume capacitance with respect to liquid level that tank A has: 32 cubic feet per foot versus 16 cubic feet per foot. On the other hand, if tank A is filled with a liquid requiring 200 BTU to raise its temperature one degree F, and the liquid in tank B needs only 100 BTU, the thermal capacitance per degree F of tank B would be half that of tank A. It is necessary to specify capacitance very precisely: CAPACITANCE may be likened to inertia; in other words, it acts like a flywheel. Continued on next page 7/00 Process Control Primer 15
24 2.4 Capacitance, Continued Principles of large capacitance Two principles emerge relating capacitances to control in the face of load changes: LARGE CAPACITANCE tends to keep the controlled variable constant despite load changes. LARGE CAPACITANCE tends to make it difficult to change the variable to a new value. Effects of large capacitance The overall effect of large capacitance on control is generally favorable, but it does introduce a time lag between control action and result. When a liquid is heated in a vessel, it takes some time for the liquid to reach a higher temperature after the heat supply is increased. How much time it takes depends primarily on the thermal capacitance of the liquid relative to the heat supply. Capacitance does influence the corrective action required of an automatic controller, and so it is a major factor in the analysis of any process and control loop. Heater example Look at the two heaters in Figure 2-2. Figure 2-2 Both these heaters are used to raise the temperature of the liquid coming in. Process Heaters HEATER A Liquid In Liquid In HEATER B Steam In Steam In Liquid Out Steam Out Steam Out Liquid Out Continued on next page 16 Process Control Primer 7/00
25 2.4 Capacitance, Continued Heater example, continued In heater A, heat is applied to a jacketed vessel containing a considerable amount of liquid. The relatively large mass of the liquid exercises a stabilizing influence, and resists changes in temperature which might be caused by variation in the rate of flow, minor variations in heat input, or sudden changes in ambient temperature. Heater B illustrates a high velocity heat exchanger. The rate of flow through this heater may be identical with that of heater A, but a comparatively small volume is flowing in the heater at any one time. Unlike heater A, the mass of liquid is small, so there is less stabilizing influence. The total volume of liquid in the heater is small in comparison to the rate of throughput, the heat transfer area, and the heat supply. Slight variations in the rate of feed or the rate of heat supply will be reflected almost immediately in the temperature of the liquid leaving the heater. On the other hand, if a change in temperature of the liquid output was desired, which heater would give the most rapid change? Heater B would give the most rapid change if the setpoint were changed. Dimensional units for capacitance Table 2-2 lists the dimensional units for capacitance as they relate to control applications. Table 2-2 Dimensional Units for Capacitance Type of Process Dimensional Unit Thermal Volume Weight Electrical BTU/deg. Cu Ft./Ft. Lb/Ft. Coulomb/Volt (or Farad) 7/00 Process Control Primer 17
26 2.5 Resistance Definition The second process characteristic, RESISTANCE, is best defined as opposition to flow. It is measured in units of the potential that is required to produce a unit change in flow. Examples are the differential pressure required to cause a quantity of flow through a pipe or valve, or the BTU/sec required to cause a change in temperature through the wall of a heat exchanger. When do you see resistance Resistance enters the picture whenever energy is transferred from one capacity to another. In the case of a heat exchanger, there is a transfer of heat from the steam line to the fluid line. The transfer is never instantaneous, it is always resisted to some extent by components of the system. High thermal resistance versus low thermal resistance If a material is being heated in a process with high thermal resistance, it will take a large amount of control agent (energy) to change the temperature of the material than in a process with low thermal resistance. Since it is up to the automatic controller to see that this amount of control agent is provided, the thermal resistance of a process will exert a strong influence on the proper selection of the proper controller. Dimensional units for resistance Table 2-3 lists the dimensional units for resistance as they relate to control applications. Table 2-3 Dimensional Units for Resistance Type of Process Dimensional Unit Thermal Fluid Electrical Deg/BTU/Sec. PSI/Cu. Ft./Sec. Volts/Coulombs/Sec. (Ohms) 18 Process Control Primer 7/00
27 2.6 Dead Time Definition A third type of lag, DEAD TIME, is caused when there is time interval between the initiation of some action and the detection of the action. This is also known as TRANSPORT LAG, because often the time delay is present as a result of having to transport material that has been acted upon to a new location where the results of the action can be measured. Mixing processes are often subject to dead time because the mixture takes a while to become homogeneous. Example of dead time Figure 2-3 Suppose, for example, we are concerned with the ph of water from a plant being put into a local stream. Acid or base is added to neutralize the flow as shown in Figure 2-3. Because of the mixing required before a representative measurement of ph can be taken, there is a time delay; control action cannot take place during this delay. The controller is helpless during that time. Figure 2-3 shows a mixing process illustrating dead time. Mixing Process Illustrating Dead Time Neutralizer ph Controller Mix Mix Mix Mix How to eliminate dead time Dead time introduces more difficulties in automatic control than any other lags, and every effort should be made to keep it to a minimum. Sometimes it may be possible to measure closer to the point where the process is in action. For example, a thermometer located 50 feet downstream of the outlet from a heat exchanger may have been placed there out of convenience and could be moved closer. In the mixing example above, it might be necessary to determine what in the incoming flow is causing the need for neutralizer to vary and keying from that with a more complex multi-loop system. 7/00 Process Control Primer 19
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When asked what you do, don't claim, "I'm a voice-over artist," considering that the majority of people do not know exactly what that means, and also the couple of that do will most likely assume it means commercials. As an alternative claim, "I help businesses sound much better, by offering them with terrific movie albums for their voice mail and training video productions so they appear more expert." Tailor this "lift pitch" precisely to your unique staminas.Take care of damaged faucets and also leaking bathrooms as quickly as possible. The former demands very easy DIY task. For lavatory infiltration, you might choose to get in touch with an accredited plumber other than that you are set to investigate the complicated framework of the structure so as to clear up the situation without help. You can save in between 30 and 500 gallons of water daily if you take care of such accurately tiny problems effectively.Never ever throw baby diapers in your commode. This may be a piece of cake, yet you will be shocked just how much solution phone calls are made due to the fact that of a clogged commode. The culprit? A nappy! According to this, do not flush infant wipes, hygienic pads or various other international things.Cleaning drains at minimum when a month prevents sludge from building up close to the within of the water pipes. This could be done either with a factory produced cleaning products or a house produced cleaning method. Sludge creates as an outcome of putting fluids with good sediments that work out all over the pipe reducing the movement or obstructing it absolutely. A solitary can protect a lot of money in plombier dans toute la ville de bagneux prices if they know how to remove their drain technique.The cool in the United States is truly unbearable and also one can not believe of investing this season without correct heating hvac systems in the properties or workplaces. The most awful point is that the continuous operating of the heating systems would enhance your electrical power costs widely. You would certainly not be able to maintain your spending plan if you run these furnace in any way times. This is why an alternate of these costly heating systems are the infrared heaters. These heaters are much much better than the various other kinds of heating units as they are rather efficient as well as consume much less energy as compared with all various other type of heating systems.Septic cleaning is a crucial component of the regular maintenance of septic systems. When they overflow, there's an obvious threat of distributing contaminated materials into the environment near the storage tank. You're also in danger of harming your hvac system. Your septic tank is created to hold a particular quantity of waste and also say goodbye to. Anything above this amount checks the hvac system to its limits as well as this is something you do not desire to do. If your septic hvac system fills as well quckly, it's better to buy a brand-new tank than to attempt to make due with something that simply falls short to perform as needed.Another element in moving into the brand-new residence is buying furniture as well as home appliances for all the spaces. Acquiring furnishings could be a laborious procedure. It is essential to begin by choosing out a design for all the furnishings. It could be enjoyable to mix and also match styles with a total theme to the furniture. Though there are a bunch of actually intriguing kinds of furnishings around, most of all else you intend to make sure that the furniture is functional and long lasting. With home appliances, the look of the device is essential. You do not intend to get black home appliances if they are going to encounter the remainder of the cooking area, but you do not want to trade design for the high quality item.
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Mr. Gary Olsen
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About Mr. Gary Olsen
Diversified technology, business and managerial experience. Expertise in risk management, project management, vendor management, information protection, problem management, systems development/SDLC, computer services, and processing site consolidation. Effective leader, who creates results-oriented teams, uses strong analytical skills to resolve complex problems, demonstrates strong people skills and has successfully reduced cost while improving organization efficiency. Experience in SAS 70, COSO, COBiT, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), US Patriot Act, and Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX).
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James Robertson Justice
- Birthday
- Jun 15, 1907
- Birthplace
- Lewisham, London, England, UK
Like the stalwart medieval castles that still dominate the hillsides of his childhood home in southwestern Scotland, James Robertson-Justice was imposing. His cavernous chest, his resonant voice, his full beard, and his stately bearing all suggested the regality of a mighty king. In fact, in the Sword and the Rose in 1953, Robertson-Justice portrayed… More Bio:
Like the stalwart medieval castles that still dominate the hillsides of his childhood home in southwestern Scotland, James Robertson-Justice was imposing. His cavernous chest, his resonant voice, his full beard, and his stately bearing all suggested the regality of a mighty king. In fact, in the Sword and the Rose in 1953, Robertson-Justice portrayed the most lordly of British kings, Henry VIII, winning critical acclaim. Physically, he was the near mirror image of Henry as depicted in the 1538 portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger. More important, though, Robertson-Justice wore the mantle of Henry's personality, mimicking the king's authoritarian demeanor and legendary appetite for all things worldly. That he was at home in the role of Henry VIII was not surprising. Like the Tudor king,Robertson-Justice loved athletics, dancing, politics, and learning (he held two doctor's degrees: a Ph.D. and a doctorate in law). Moreover, he had mastered the royal sport of falconry, and even taught young Prince Charles the finer points of the ancient pastime. Official biographies say Robertson-Justice was born in the maritime community of Wigtown in the southernmost shire in Scotland. However, the town of Langholm, also in southern Scotland, proudly proclaims that he was actually born there in the Crown Hotel during an emergency stop when his mother was traveling. There is no argument, though, about when he was born: June 15, 1905. His education at Marborough College in England and Bonn University in Germany equipped him with the skills necessary to succeed in a variety of pursuits. Heeding one of Plato's ancient admonitions, he balanced mental activity with physical activity, becoming a netminder for the London Lions in the British Ice Hockey Association. After a skiing injury waylaid him, he refereed matches. Though he had the desire and talent to become an actor, he first pursued a career in Canada as a journalist, then fought in the Spanish Civil War and WWII. In 1944, he made his first film, Fiddlers Three, a fanciful comedy about time travelers in ancient Rome, where Robertson-Justice was a centurion. That stint was the first of many roles in films set in the distant past, including The Black Rose (1950), David and Bathsheba (1951), Captain Horatio Hornblower (1951), Les Misérables (1952), The Story of Robin Hood (1952), Rob Roy (1953), The Sword and the Rose (1953), Land of the Pharaohs (1955), and Moby Dick (1956). However, in spite of his ability to wield swords, wear crowns, and dodge cannonballs, his signature role -- the one that earned him a warm niche in the hearts of Britons everywhere -- was that of Sir Lancelot Spratt, a chief surgeon in the celebrated series of zany Doctor films. The first in the series, Doctor in the House, was Britain's biggest moneymaker in 1954. It was Spratt's job to rule unruly medical students with an appetite for women, money, and fast cars. Remarkably, while making five more Doctor films over the next 16 years, Robertson-Justice had the time and energy to serve as rector of the University of Edinburgh. He died in 1975 at King's Somborne, England.
Seven Thunders (The Beasts of Marseilles) (2013)
- Actor
Father Came Too! (2013)
- Actor
Doctor in Trouble (1970)
- Sir Lancelot Spratt
Spirits of the Dead (1969)
- Countess' Advisor
- 90%
Zeta One (Alien Woman) (The Love Factor) (1969)
- Major Bourdon
- See all 56 films
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News Releases by Year
Realtors® applaud new rules from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau that will help home buyers receive timely, accurate, and easy-to-understand information about their mortgage loan before closing.
Existing-home sales declined for the second consecutive month in October, while constrained inventory means home prices continue to see double-digit year-over-year gains.
Realtors® Demand Immediate Relief for Homeowners Impacted by Unforeseen and Exponential Increases in Flood Insurance Premiums
As the leading advocate for private property rights and housing issues, NAR strongly supports maintaining access to affordable flood insurance.
REALTORS® have demonstrated their all-inclusive support of ensuring fair housing opportunities by adding gender identity to their Code of Ethics.
Steve Brown, a REALTOR® in Dayton, Ohio, was installed today as 2014 president of the National Association of REALTORS®.
Mary Frances Burleson, a REALTOR® from Dallas, Texas, has received the National Association of REALTORS® 2013 Distinguished Service Award.
Marbury Little, a REALTOR® from Metairie, La., has received the National Association of REALTORS® 2013 Distinguished Service Award
REALTORS® can expect market growth in 2014, but should prepare for heavy documentation requirements due to Qualified Mortgage legislation, according to a panel of CEOs and senior executives at the REALTORS® Conference & Expo.
Rising interest and capitalization rates top the list of issues that have future implications for real estate, according to an industry expert at the "Top 10 Issues Affecting Real Estate" session at the 2013 REALTORS® Conference and Expo.
The National Association of Realtors® and its 20,000 veteran members honor the brave men and women who have worn the uniform of our U.S. military by providing housing resources and information to active duty and retired military service members.


text: Adam vs. Raw Pa'i'ai 02:50 View Video Info Adam learns the hard way not to eat uncooked rock-solid Hawaiian pa'i'ai. From: Secret Eats With Adam Richman and The Food Abides Similar Topics: Food and Drink Related Videos Adam Goes Hawaiian 04:28 Adam on Honolulu Pancakes 02:51 Adam Meets the Seoul Dog 01:02 Adam Makes Sexy Coos 01:22 Adam's Favorite Stromboli 02:38 Adam's Rochester Gun Show 01:29 Adam vs. Super-Sized Sundae 02:27 Adam rages against the haters 01:48 More Videos Adam Makes a Steak Stop 02:36 Adam Gets Shaken, Not Stirred 01:43 Adam Q&A: Nacheesmo 02:56 Adam Hits the Gulf Coast 04:17 LOL With Adam in Portsmouth 01:20 Adam is Looney in Louisville 01:33 Adam Tries a Brisket Burger 02:35 Adam Dials the Reuben Hotline 01:15 Adam Q&A: El Gigante Challenge 02:19 Adam Takes on Food Trucks 02:15 Adam Makes His Way in Mobile 03:52 Grimaldi's vs. Spumoni Gardens 02:17 Funny Moments with Adam 01:54 Key West's Half Shell Raw Bar 02:30 Do You Enjoy Eating It Raw? 03:52 Adam's Caught Up a Tree 00:37 We Recommend Best Gay-Friendly Spas 14 Photos 21 Sexiest Beach Bars Best Fireworks Displays 20 Photos Top 10 US Beaches Best US Vacation Spots Halloween Destinations


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Sadiq Khan, London's new Muslim mayor, is on a five-day trip to the United States and Canada, trying to prove that he isn't changing anything and London is still "open for business."
One strategy is courting baseball – Khan wants to bring the game to London. He plans to meet with Major League Baseball chief Rob Manfred to discuss it while he's in the U.S.
The New York Mets gave him the honor of throwing the first pitch at their game Sunday at Citi Field against the Minnesota Twins. Khan put on a Mets jersey for the occasion, and tweeted about it afterwards.
Fantastic to throw the first pitch at today's @Mets game. #PitchingForLondon #LondonIsOpen pic.twitter.com/NlYwP4m3Ux
— Sadiq Khan (@SadiqKhan) September 18, 2016
Khan is not making an attempt to build a relationship with Republican nominee Donald Trump, however. While in Chicago Friday, meeting with Mayor Rahm Emanuel, Khan took a jab at Trump, saying Trump represented the views of extremists by trying to say that mainstream believers in the Muslim religion cannot hold Western values.
"Well there's rumors circulating that one of the reasons why I was keen to come to the USA before January, was because I would not be allowed after January. I've been told that's no longer his policy, but look — we have shown in America, London and elsewhere, it's possible to be a mainstream Muslim and to hold Western liberal values. It's not incompatible to be a Westerner and to be a Muslim," Khan said.
He went further, in a clear slam on Trump, while promoting Hillary Clinton:
"I think it's important for those of us who are foreigners to stay out of the U.S. elections. I hope the best candidate wins and I hope she does win with a stomping majority," Khan said to reporters in Chicago.
Khan is also scheduled to meet with Canadian prime ministers Justin Trudeau during his North American tour.
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Retired Marine Sends Powerful Message to NFL Organization


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Hypocrites Gospel
by Rev. Brian Mathis
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In the opening passages of Galatians; Paul presents something that today I believe we have chosen to forget with the numerous preachers and teachers one can listen to on the radio and TV. If you find yourself listening to someone and you don't agree with what they say about scripture you can turn the station and find someone else that you agree with more. I have to wonder how that is. Paul is very specific that there is only one Gospel and that the Gospel he preached was the truth.
"11 For I would have you know, brothers, that the gospel that was preached by me is not man's gospel. 12 For I did not receive it from any man, nor was I taught it, but I received it through a revelation of Jesus Christ." Galatians 1:11-12 (ESV)
As I was reading those words today I really began to examine my own understanding of what scripture says. I have to think about the influences that have impacted my understanding of scripture from doctrinal ideas and theological writings that I have read. To preachers and teachers that have influenced my thinking over the years. Not that any of these men or woman have been malicious in their ministry. However, I wonder how many preachers today truly are seeking God's face as they prepare their messages for tomorrow morning or are they reading the latest New York Times Best seller about how to be a Christian. I can say that because I am guilty of the same thing. Often my understanding of a theme of Christian life is based off of what someone else has discerned from their time spent with God. I don't read Greek, Hebrew or Latin so I cannot look at the original manuscripts and determine if what my King James, ESV or NIV bible says was really part of the early writings of the church. So like many of you I have been dependent on others to interpret scripture for me. However Paul makes it clear that He did not learn about Jesus from others who had walked with Him. He did not have the luxury of the Bible we have today to compare the four Gospels to determine anything about Christ. We read Paul's testimony,
15 But when he who had set me apart before I was born, and who called me by his grace, 16 was pleased to reveal his Son to me, in order that I might preach him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult with anyone; 17 nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me, but I went away into Arabia, and returned again to Damascus. Galatians 1:15-17 (ESV)
Paul originally sought to destroy the whole idea and movement of The Way. Though once he was converted he sought to meet with those who had been with Jesus they refused him. He only meets with Peter and James for a few days three years after the Damascus Road conversion. His revelation about Christ was the result of time spent alone in the desert seeking to grow and learn about Jesus.
It might seem hypocritical to some that I am writing this blog trying to tell you what scripture says about one thing or another and it would be true. Today though I want to only say that everything you read here or hear on the radio, TV and even from the pulpit on Sunday mornings needs to be tested by the Holy Spirit and against God's word. Individual's throughout the history have taken and twisted scripture for their own personal gain. God has promised us that if we are willing to listen He will reveal to us His understanding about how we are to live our lives. Now He has established that there are people who will guide us in our understanding; however, he also warns us that there will be those who only seek to bring death and destruction.
"23 Then if anyone says to you, 'Look, here is the Christ!' or 'There he is!' do not believe it. 24 For false christs and false prophets will arise and perform great signs and wonders, so as to lead astray, if possible, even the elect." Matthew 24:23-24 (ESV)
As believers we must have discernment in these matters. We must look to God for guidance and be prepared to stand against those things that go against His word and the Holy Spirit. Today seek to know God in a more intimate way spend some time alone with Him listening to what He has to say instead of telling Him what you want. I pray you grow closer to Him as Paul did in your time alone as you walk in the light of God's Word.
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Member Comments
Greetings Brian! You said, "I wonder how many preachers today are seeking God's face as they prepare their messages for tomorrow morning or are they reading the latest New York Times best seller about how to be a Christian" AND "Today though I want to only say that everything you read here or hear on the radio, TV and even from the pulpit on Sunday mornings needs to be tested by the Holy Spirit and against God's word." It really boils down to what the apostle Paul exhorted us to do as found in 1 Thessalonians "Pray without ceasing" and to "prove all things; hold fast that which is good." It has been my experience that very few men who call themselves pastors are men of prayer. Many do not spend enough time reading their Bibles and meditating on the truths of God's precious word so as to feed the sheep. There is so much false doctrine being bandied around the local churches that Satan must be jubilant to see such discord and strife and error being promulgated amongst the professing people of God. Let us examine everything by God's word the Bible to see if it be so and then pray for grace to uphold the sound teachings of what the Spirit has given the church.
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So I saw this post on Facebook a while ago, about the presidents daughter, Malia Obama, smoking weed at Lollapalooza. There was a video of her that went viral. Of course people had to make a big deal out of it and it was on a VIP news website. It's so crazy that their lives are so exposed and so many people care about what is going on in their lives. As for us, we don't really care about who smokes weed. I suppose people think that it's surprising to see the former president's daughter passing weed at a festival event because they think she is innocent. And her mom had to address educating women and that she knows how to raise her daughters. I don't think that she had to explain herself and her daughters for the situation but they blew it out of proportion.
Celebrities lives are so much different. Sometimes I imagine I were a celebrity... then I realize how much I would hate it. Everything you do, people know about.


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Where the plaintiff insurance company, which is engaged in ongoing arbitration with the respondent concerning a series of reinsurance contract disputes, cannot demonstrate that it is likely to succeed on the merits of its claim or that it will suffer irreparable harm in the absence of an injunction, its motion to enjoin the arbitration proceedings, based on the defendant's alleged violation of the arbitration agreement's Umpire Selection Protocol, should be denied.Read More »
Jurisdiction – Personal – Rating agencies
Where (1) both of the defendant rating agencies have benefited from significant systematic and continuous contacts with Massachusetts, all of the plaintiff's witnesses, documents and materials are located in Boston and (3) a sovereign interest exists in the commonwealth's exercise of jurisdiction over the defendants, the defendants' motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction should be denied.
Tagged with: Personal JurisdictionRead More »
Corporate – Derivative action
Where a plaintiff stockholder has brought a derivative action against the defendant members of the corporation's board of directors alleging breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets and unjust enrichment, the complaint must be dismissed because the directors were independent and acted in good faith after a reasonable inquiry when they rejected the plaintiff's litigation demand.Read More »
U.S. Supreme Court ponders: Do forum selection clauses trump federal rules?
Forum selection clauses are commonly used to control where disputes can be adjudicated, particularly those arising from business and consumer contracts. But when a party files suit in a court other than the one specified in such an agreement, how ...Read More »
Employment – Retaliation – Whistleblower – Dodd-Frank
Where a defendant employer has moved for judgment on the pleadings with respect to a terminated plaintiff's whistleblower claim, the complaint adequately pleads a retaliation claim under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
Tagged with: Retaliation WhistleblowerRead More »
Consumer protection – G.L.c. 93A – G.L.c. 176D – Class certification
Where a plaintiff has brought multiple claims against multiple defendants based on his purchase of patio furniture that allegedly rusted and stained his deck, (1) a G.L.c. 93A claim against a defendant retailer must be dismissed because of a defective demand letter, (2) a G.L.c. 176D count against a codefendant, which offered only a $195 refund plus $200, must be dismissed because that codefendant is not in the business of insurance, (3) a motion for judgment on the pleadings filed by the codefendant manufacturer of the furniture must be denied and (4) certification of the plaintiff's proposed class would be inappropriate.
Tagged with: Class certification G.L.c. 176DRead More »
Contract – Non-compete agreement – Good will
Where a plaintiff accounting firm has filed a complaint to enforce a non-competition agreement with the defendant, the non-competition agreement expired in 2002, so it is not binding on the defendant.
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Labor – Fringe benefit contributions
Where a judge awarded a plaintiff fringe benefit contributions that a defendant failed to make for work performed in Massachusetts and Connecticut by members of a union, the judgment must be affirmed despite the defendant's assertion that the judgment was in contravention of a settlement agreement.Read More »
Evidence – Emails – Privilege log – Common interest
Where defendants have moved to compel production of emails, the motion should be allowed, as the plaintiffs' privilege log is deficient and the common interest doctrine is inapplicable.
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Aereo withstands challenge from WCVB
A federal judge has denied a Boston television station's attempt to block Aereo Inc. from doing business in the commonwealth.Read More »


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Jennifer Erickson, MS, NCC
Resident in Counseling
7459 Old Hickory Dr. Ste 105, Mechanicsville, Virginia 23111
I use a solution-focused approach to counseling where we start with 3 goals. These goals are things that might help improve your distress in the best way or shortest amount of time. From there, we dig deeper and figure more things out. I start with a goal first, because sometimes we just need something to change first. But in the end, it is best if we really talk, so we can potentially prevent the same distress from occurring in the future.
Donna Westcott, M.Ed.
Resident in Counseling
5352 Twin Hickory Road, Glen Allen, Virginia 23059
Our emotions may be distressing, but they have meaning which can be deciphered. Emotions in and of themselves are neither good nor bad; it is the meaning behind them that is significant. I help you understand what you are feeling, how those emotions came about, the thoughts that are driving them, and then develop more healthy ways to perceive the world.
Catherine Turner, M.Div., LCSW
Licensed Clinical Social Worker
5700 W Grace St., Suite 108, Richmond, Virginia 23226
Therapy can offer an opportunity to be truly listened to by a nonjudgmental, neutral outsider. By setting certain conditions such as empathy and unconditional positive regard, the therapeutic relationship can foster the change process, enabling you to meet your personal goals. Whether it's your first time seeking help, or you've been to counseling before, each session has the potential to reveal new things about yourself. It's my honor to join you on this journey toward a life well-lived.
Kristin Rosenthal, MA, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor
1707 Belle View Blvd C-1, Alexandria, Virginia 22307
While each of us brings somewhat different training to psychotherapy, we are united in providing respectful, effective, caring and collaborative treatment to our clients. We have varying specialties, but we all help explore people's inner worlds and emotions, relationships, and sense of self. We believe that all people have the capacity to heal and the ability to become more loving to themselves and the people in their lives. Among us, we are trained in Emotionally Focused Therapy, CBT, EMDR, Sand-play, Family Therapy, Child Centered Therapy, Internal Family Systems, and Psycho-dyamic theories.
Athena Staik, Ph.D., LMFT
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
12866 Harbor Drive, Woodbridge, Virginia 22192
My passion is to awaken transformative inner resources that help clients to break free of fear, anxiety, depression, addictions, addictive relating, among other emotion blocking neural patterns, and to live in authentic connection to self, others, life, which frees us in turn to build radiantly healthy marriage and family relationships. I am a relationship expert and consultant, a licensed therapist who integrates neuroscience to help you awaken inner resources, break free of fear, anxiety, addictions, and other emotion blocking neural patterns. My passion is to show you how to heal and create radiantly healthy life and relationships.
Robyn Brickel, M.A., LMFT
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
300 North Washington Street; # 305, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Robyn E. Brickel, M.A., LMFT, LLC works with clients on a range of issues and concerns and has experience with clients of all ages, backgrounds, and belief systems. The foundation of effective therapy is a safe, trusting and collaborative relationship. We will work with you to develop a plan that is tailored to your goals and needs. Robyn's treatment style is active and supportive. Robyn's goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life.
Kimberly Johnson, LMFT,LPC,RPT
Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist
550 Southlake Blvd. , North Chesterfield , Virginia 23236
Christian Counseling Children/Adolescents with their families Family Therapy Pre-Marital Counseling Marital Therapy Group Psychotherapy for Couples and Adult Women Career Counseling Wellness Coaching Corporate Wellness / Training Play Therapy Expressive Arts Based Therapy Solution Focused Counseling E Therapy for Wellness Coaching (webcam) Parent Education & Coaching
Jacqueline Ward-Baker, MA, NCC, LCPC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor
201 Pine Bluff Rd Suite 2, Salisbury, Maryland 21801
Therapy is a process that many people are reluctant to try, but then see the value and improvement in their lives. Being able to talk to someone that can help you discover new ideas and more about yourself and your life goals can be of huge benefit when you can receive feedback to help you make choices. I can help you begin this journey toward a more fulfilling life.
Jack Tawil, MSW, LCSW-C
Licensed Clinical Social Worker
Edgewater, Maryland 21037
Are you ready to take things to a deeper level to heal from emotional pain and to experience lasting change? Sharing our struggles with another person while receiving support and encouragement can be a solid beginning to the healing process. Once greater trust and rapport is established, we can begin to face things at a deep emotional level to see where you have the most trouble and where the core pain lies. Once we can see, we have the choice to face. This takes courage and committment from both of us, but it can be done.
Christian Psychotherapy Services, Ph.D., LCSW, LPC, MD
Psychologists, Professional Counselors, Psychiatrists,
11838 Rock Landing Drive, Newport News, Virginia, Virginia 23606
We integrate psychological, biological, and spiritual issues. This Holistic approach deals with the entire person mind, body and soul. Combining sound psychological principles with Biblical truth helps each client to achieve victory over depression, anxiety, stress, addictions, anger, trauma and many other mental health issues. We can help you find healthy solutions to any problem you are facing