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Hole-In-The-Wall Computer Kiosks Foster Mathematics Achievement - A comparative study
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1 Inamdar, P., & Kulkarni, A. (2007). Hole-In-The-Wall Computer Kiosks Foster Mathematics Achievement - A comparative study. Educational Technology & Society, 10 (2), Hole-In-The-Wall Computer Kiosks Foster Mathematics Achievement - A comparative study Parimala Inamdar Center for Research In Cognitive Systems, NIIT Institute of Information Technology (TNI), Mumbai, India Tel: (Board) // Fax: // Arun Kulkarni Center of Quantitative Research, B-6 Kalabasant Society, 15th Lane, Prabhat Road, Pune , India Telefax: // ABSTRACT Earlier work at unsupervised playground computer kiosks in rural India, popularly called 'hole-in-the-wall', showed that children exposed to these kiosks learn to use computers on their own and that they are able to clear school examinations in computer science, without any classroom teaching for it. Extending this, our recent research work examines the possible impact on attainments in other curricular subjects, arising from selfdirected use of these kiosks. This paper investigates the impact of use of the playground computer kiosk, on school examination results, of students in a rural school in India over a 2.5-year period from A comparative study was conducted, of students from a kiosk school and a non-kiosk school, as well as of frequent and infrequent users of the kiosk. The study covered groups of a total of 161 students who were aged in Students were measured for differences in their intelligence, creativity potential, leadership potential, and frequency of kiosk use. The school results show a significant impact of kiosk usage on Mathematics achievement. Keywords Hole-in-the-wall, Collaboration, Learning, Technology, Mathematics Background Seymour Papert s seminal book on computers in education titled - Mindstorms: Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas (1980) - presented frameworks for the use of computers in education. Later Papert spoke of stages in learning, as stages in the relationship between the individual and knowledge (1980s discussion between Papert & Freire). The three stages mentioned go from self-directed, experiential learning in early childhood to teaching and being told in school and comes back to experiential learning among creative adults. By providing exploratory opportunities of immense complexity, during the school years, technology brings self-directed, experiential learning back into the second, school stage. In 1996, Papert saw the proliferation of personal computers in homes as a welcome change from computers in schools and described frameworks for using the computer as an educational tool within families (Papert 1996, interviewed by Bennahum). There appeared to be problems, according to Papert, with the deployment of computers in education. In school, computers were sent into computer labs and hijacked, so to speak, into the structure of school instructional curriculum, class timetables and a strict age-wise segregation. The home environment, while providing possibilities for self-directed, experiential learning, does not offer as many social opportunities for interactive learning with others in peer groups. In 1999, the hole-in-the wall experiment in New Delhi, India, moved the computer out of schools and homes into playgrounds. A computer was connected to the Internet and embedded into a brick wall around an informal playground next to a residential slum. Slum children were able to use the computer to browse, play games, create documents and paint pictures within a few days (Frontline World 2002, Education Guardian 2000, Businessweek Online 2000, Mitra 2000, Mitra 2003 and Wullenweber 2001). Children aged 8-14 worked together in groups at the computer, making exploratory discoveries, generalizing their learning, describing it in a local context and teaching each other. The press called the experiment hole-in-the-wall. Researchers called it Minimally Invasive Education (MIE). Research showed that groups of children could learn how to use public computers on their own, without adult intervention (e.g. Mitra and Rana 2001; Mitra 2003; Inamdar 2004). ISSN (online) and (print). International Forum of Educational Technology & Society (IFETS). The authors and the forum jointly retain the copyright of the articles. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than IFETS must be honoured. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from the editors at 170
2 The delivery mechanism for MIE uses hole-in-the-wall kiosks with computers embedded in holes in the outer walls of a hut like structures, the monitor screens facing outside. Presently (November 2005) there are over 105 computers deployed through Minimally Invasive Education kiosks (MIE kiosk) in rural and urban India. An estimated 40,000 children have used these kiosks. The kiosks are placed in playgrounds and are not supervised by teaching staff. The computer has been a material for constructionist learning (Papert 1980 s) in classrooms and homes. Moving it to playgrounds marks a change in the way it has been used, and hence its potential, possible impact. In this paper we examine the impact of playground MIE kiosks on achievement in school examinations. A significant impact is found on results in the subject of Mathematics. A Hypothesis for the present study MIE kiosks were set up in the villages of Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra State in India, in April 2002 (see photo 1). The kiosks are placed in playgrounds or close to schools. Photo 1. MIE kiosk, Kalse Village, Sindhudurg District, India Each kiosk in the Sindhudurg district houses 2 computers and incorporates special design features to allow for public access, tropical conditions, remote monitoring, and usage by children (Inamdar 2004). The computers in the MIE kiosks offer an English language Microsoft Windows environment. Three kiosks were connected to the Internet via VSAT in June Offline content on the kiosk computers includes both educational games and videos, as shown in table 1. Table 1. Off-line educational material on computers at MIE kiosks Mathematics English Science Total Educational Games Educational videos Educational games installed on the computers were free downloads from the Internet. The educational videos were provided by an Indian educational agency. The Mathematics games covered activities related to learning numbers, shapes, sizes, quantities, patterns, basic addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and basic algebra (translating word problems into solvable equations). Games for English language learning included learning the alphabet, letter sounds, spelling, common English words and phrases, rhyming words, adjectives and word families. Science games included content on electricity, time, space, gravity, kinetics, continents, oceans, animals and deserts. The local language as well as the language of instruction in the village schools is Marathi. English is learned as a second language from Grade 1. Rural children aged 8-14 use these kiosks in groups in a process characterized by collaboration, discovery and knowledge construction. Adults do not supervise the kiosks and there is no formal coaching/teaching. A study of the 171
3 impact of the kiosks on school achievement in the computer science subject showed that children who had learned computers on their own at the MIE kiosk were able to clear the Grade VIII computer science examination without being taught the subject during the school year (Inamdar, 2004). The study also describes group based self-learning patterns at the kiosks. Learning did happen in the school subject of computer science. Could the kiosk impact learning in other academic areas? The primary method of evaluation in Indian schools is examinations that are conducted twice during the school year. We investigate if learning at the MIE kiosks shows up as improved performance in these examinations in the subjects of English, Science and Mathematics. The following are hypotheses for our research: 1. If given appropriate access, connectivity and content, groups of children can learn to use computers and the Internet to achieve a specified set of the objectives of education, with none or minimal intervention from adults. 2. Academic/School performance will be impacted by the frequency of use of the MIE kiosk. In this paper we analyze the impact of the kiosk on objectives of education as measured by performance in school examinations. Method Villages Shirgao and Kuvle, of the Sindhudurg District, are at a half hour driving distance from each other. The Shirgao School has an MIE kiosk in the school playground. Kuvle has no computers at all. All of 161 children aged in 2004, from both villages, were included in our study. Scores on school examinations in the subjects of English, Science and Mathematics were chosen as the dependent variables observed for the impact of the kiosk. As mentioned, field observations at MIE kiosks show that the learning process at MIE kiosks involves random exploration, collaboration and discovery. Factors of intelligence and personality could play a role in these processes. Hence tests for intelligence and personality tests for creativity and leadership were conducted on all students. The intention was two-fold - to check for any differences between the two villages, before the kiosk, on variables of personality and intelligence and to check for differences between the two villages on the dependant variable scores in school examinations. Since kiosk usage is voluntary it was necessary to know the kiosk usage patterns of the group at Shirgao. Hence, a second level comparison was conducted of frequent and infrequent users of the kiosk within the Shirgao population. Therefore, the two levels of comparison conducted were as follows: 1. Between kiosk village (Shirgao) vs. non-kiosk village (Kuvle) 2. Between frequent kiosk users vs. infrequent kiosk users within Shirgao The comparison of villages could tell us of differences, if any, due to intelligence and personality factors impacting school scores. Data from Shirgao could provide a reference point for understanding differences, if any, between frequent and infrequent users within the kiosk village population. Additionally, the two levels of comparison could provide us useful information on another independent variable that could critically affect school scores school coaching quality. Differences in scores for comparable groups between villages could point to changes in school coaching quality and/or MIE kiosk. Clearly, this factor of school quality would apply equally to frequent and infrequent users of the kiosk from the same school (Shirgao), and serve as a crosscheck. The following tests were conducted on a population of 116 schoolchildren from Shirgao and 45 from Kuvle: 1. Test for Intelligence - Raven s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPMRS) 2. Test for personality - Catell s High School Personality Questionnaire. The composite scores on leadership potential (LP) and creativity potential (CP) were considered 3. Test for kiosk usage Frequency of Usage Test (FUT). While the first two tests are standardized and well known, the third test was devised for the specific needs of this research project. Its design is elaborated under the heading The Frequency of Usage test below. School examination scores (Mathematics, Science, English) of the 161 children were collected from the time before MIE kiosk implementation March 2002 and 2.5 years after October
4 The method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine differences between categories of data. The differences were regarded significant if P < 0.05 and highly significant if P < The Frequency of Usage Test (FUT): The Frequency of Usage Test (FUT) was devised by one of the authors of this paper (Inamdar) to arrive at an empirical measure of that independent variable - individual s frequency of MIE kiosk usage. The FUT is a one-page questionnaire that yields a self-report as well as a peer report of an individual s frequency of kiosk usage. This method of arriving at a consensus-based judgment of an observable behavior is not unknown in human personality research (see Box 1). Consensus-based judgment A significant body of research on human personality judgment has established the method of consensus between self and peer reports for making human personality judgment. These studies suppose that if personality differences can be observed then there should be a consensus among independent observers on the relative standing of the observed person on personality traits. The personality judgment approach as described by Funder in 1999 centered on judgments of individuals by knowledgeable informants. In 1994 Hofstee stated The averaged judgment by knowledgeable others provides the best available point of reference for both the definition of personality structure in general and for assessing someone s personality in particular. In a validation of the five factor model of personality McCrae and Costa (1987) used two data sources - self reports and peer reports to validate the 5-factor model of personality. Studies typically show interobserver agreement correlations in the region of.50 (e.g., Funder, Kolar, & Blackman, 1995; McCrae, 1982). Further, personality studies extended to dogs personality have used this approach and have shown human owner to peer correlations for owner personality judgments at.55 and for the dog personality judgments at.62 (Gosling, Kwan, & John2003). Judgments by knowledgeable others is considered an acceptable method. Box 1 Each individual in a group of 6 peers was administered a one page questionnaire wherein s/he indicated his/her peers frequency of kiosk usage as well as his/her own. One of the following options were indicated by each student, for each student: 1. Never visit 2. Visit once in a fortnight 3. Visit one to three times in a week 4. Visit four to seven times in a week This means there were 6 scores to be analyzed for each individual. The mode value was taken as the indicator for frequency of the individuals kiosk usage. It represents the score reported by the largest number of students within the group. In other words, this is the judgment of the majority of students. It does not rule out the extreme values within the group if the Mode is at these values. The first two categories listed above were combined in the results to define infrequent users. Categories 3 & 4 were combined to define frequent users. Correlations between peer and self-reports were at 0.61, an acceptable confidence level, as shown by prior work on judgments by consensus. Results Differences between two villages in CP, LP and SPMRS scores To begin, we attempt a comparison between the two village groups of Shirgao & Kuvle on Leadership Potential (LP), Creativity Potential (CP) and Standard Progressive Matrices Raw Score (SPMRS). 173
5 Table 2 below shows differences between Shirgao and Kuvle in averages for personality tests. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) shows no significant difference between Shirgao and Kuvle on average scores of LP, CP or SPMRS. This indicates that the populations of Shirgao and Kuvle are matched on leadership potential, creativity potential and intelligence. Table 2. Differences between Villages in Averages for Personality Tests N Average Difference* CP Shirgao Kuvle Total LP Shirgao Kuvle Total SPMRS Shirgao Kuvle Total *None of the differences is significant Differences between two villages in school examination scores Figure 1 shows the average school scores for English, Mathematics and Science for Shirgao and Kuvle in March 2002, before the MIE kiosk was setup in Shirgao. ANOVA shows no significant difference in the average scores of English, Mathematics and Science between the two villages - we could say that both villages well matched. Kuvle vs Shirgao Averages English Math Science Kuvle Average Mar'02 Shirgao Average Mar'02 Figure 1. Average school scores for Shirgao and Kuvle Shirgao vs. Kuvle Oct English Math Science Kuvle Average Oct'04 Shirgao Average Oct'04 Figure 2. Average school scores for both villages 174
6 Figure 2 shows the average school scores for English, Mathematics and Science for both villages in October 2004, 2.5 years after the MIE kiosk setup in Shirgao. ANOVA shows no significant difference between the two villages on average scores for English and Mathematics. However the Science score at Shirgao is significantly higher than Kuvle. Since both village groups are matched on LP, CP and SPMRS, the other factors of school coaching and/or MIE kiosk could account for the higher scores in Shirgao in Science in October It could appear that Shirgao s scores in Science are significantly higher than Kuvle s scores in Science in October 2004 due to the presence of the kiosks. However factors related to school quality could have impacted this change too. A more in-depth look within the Shirgao population is undertaken. Differences between Shirgao frequent and infrequent users in CP, LP & SPMRS scores The assumption is that all students at Shirgao are exposed equally to the same school-related factors resources, quality of teaching and evaluation. Therefore, to analyze the effect of the kiosk on school scores we checked for differences between frequent and infrequent users. The FUT indicated that of the total of 116 children tested in Shirgao, there were 62 frequent users and 54 infrequent users. These two groups in Shirgao were compared on the following factors: 1. Creativity potential (CP) 2. Leadership potential (LP) 3. Standard Progressive Matrices Raw score (SPMRS) 4. School scores Science, Mathematics English Table 3 shows that ANOVA found no significant differences between frequent and infrequent users on average LP and CP scores. There is, however, a significant difference between the two groups on average intelligence scores. Therefore the factors of CP and LP are ruled out as affecting differences in school scores of frequent and infrequent users. However it does leave intelligence to be considered. Table 3. Differences Among Frequency Groups in Shirgao for Personality Tests N Average Difference CP Infrequent Visitors Frequent Visitors Total LP Infrequent Visitors Frequent Visitors Total SPMRS Infrequent Visitors Frequent Visitors Total Differences for SPMRS are significant (P < 0.05), but not for CP and LP Further Method At this juncture, we could hypothesize that the different SPMRS scores of frequent and infrequent users as well as the frequency of kiosk usage could account for any difference in school subject scores between the two groups. However, any differences in school scores seen between user groups due to the intelligence factor should remain stable over time before kiosk and after kiosk. To check for the impact of the kiosk, as distinct from school coaching related factors and SPMRS, we adopt the following approach: 1. Determine value of difference between frequent and infrequent user groups before the kiosk in March Is the difference significant? 2. Determine value of difference between frequent and infrequent user groups after the kiosk in October Is the difference significant? 175
7 3. Determine the value of change in the differences before (March 2002) and after (October 2004). Is the change in differences significant? We expect that the significance of change in differences between the two users groups over the years should isolate the influence of MIE kiosk usage on school scores, from the influence of school coaching related factors or SPMRS. Differences between Shirgao frequent and infrequent users in school English results Table 4 shows ANOVA results that frequent user average scores in English are higher than infrequent users in March However, this difference in scores in March 2002 is not statistically significant. Again, the differences in English scores between the two groups in October 2004 are positive but not significant. More importantly, there is no significant change in the differences between March 2002 and October Therefore there appears to be no significant influence of the kiosk on English scores. It is useful to recall that there are no significant differences between the villages Kuvle and Shirgao in English before or after the kiosk set up (figure 1 & figure 2). This data seems to indicate that the present MIE kiosk, with the present off-line content has not significantly impacted English scores at Shirgao. Table 4. English ANOVA Differences Differences March 2002 Differences October 2004 Change of Difference from March 2002 to October 2004 Frequent Infrequent Neither of the differences nor the change in differences is significant Differences between Shirgao frequent and infrequent users in school Science results Curiously, table 5 ANOVA results below show a significant difference between the frequent and infrequent user groups in Science both before and after the kiosk was set up. This is clearly impacted by factors other than use of kiosk, though not necessarily in entirety. Our data shows that frequent users have higher average intelligence. This may have impacted the difference in science scores before the kiosk (March 2002). There is no significant change in the frequent-infrequent user difference in science scores before and after, indicating, that the influence of kiosk usage has no significant impact here. Clearly, the presumption is that the impact of the factor of intelligence on scores in science for frequent users seems stable over the years. There is a significant difference in scores between the user groups both before and after, and the difference has not changed significantly over time. This leads us to think that it is not frequency of usage but intelligence a stable factor - that has significantly impacted differences in science scores at Shirgao. This should explain why change of differences from March 2002 to October 2004 is not significant. Table 5. Science ANOVA Differences Differences March 2002 Differences October 2004 Change of Difference from March 2002 to October 2004 Frequent Infrequent Significant (P < 0.05) Significant (P < 0.05) Not significant Differences between Shirgao frequent and infrequent users in school Mathematics results Table 6 ANOVA results below show that the difference between frequent and infrequent users in Mathematics in March 2002 is not significant, although positive. In October 2004 however, frequent users have scored significantly higher than infrequent users. Additionally, the change in differences between the two groups over the 2 years is also significant. In other words, the gap in scores for Mathematics between frequent and infrequent users has widened over the years. 176
8 The impact of intelligence on scores of the two groups of users is presumed to have been stable over the years. Two significant findings stand out: first, higher Mathematics scores of frequent users after the kiosk set up; second, the widened gap between frequent and infrequent users in October These findings lead us to think that use of the MIE kiosk has impacted Mathematics scores of frequent users at Shirgao. Table 6. Mathematics ANOVA Differences Differences March 2002 Differences October 2004 Change of Difference from March 2002 to October 2004 Frequent Infrequent Not significant Significant (P < 0.05) Significant (P < 0.05) Discussions of results and conclusions It appears that frequent users, on account of their higher average intelligence, score somewhat better, than infrequent users on all school examinations during the period of study. This reinforces the premise that scores for Intelligence and hence its impact is invariant over time, and hence through the period of exposure to kiosks. The significant impact of the use of MIE kiosk is seen in the subject of Mathematics for this age level in Shirgao. Frequent users scored significantly higher than infrequent users in Mathematics after the kiosk was setup (October 2004) in comparison to before (March 2002). The Mathematics software on the kiosk machines includes activities related to learning numbers, shapes, sizes, quantities and patterns; basic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication; and basic algebra (translate word problems into solvable equations). Any performance in school Mathematics examinations could be impacted by the strengthening of these very basic mathematical skills. However no significant growth of scores of frequent kiosk users, assignable to the use of kiosks, is seen of post-test scores (October 2004) over pre-test scores (March 2002) in English or Science. Regarding English and Science results, discussions with the Mathematics teacher, Mr. Shamsuddin Attar, at the Shirgao School, provided interesting insights. School English and Science examinations are based largely on answering textbook questions in a prescribed manner and format from memory. This is often referred to in Indian education as rote learning. The software for English and Science learning on the kiosk may not help impact scores based on such rote responses, neither is it adequately relevant to the content knowledge expected by the school curriculum. The school Mathematics examination by nature has to do with problem solving. In Attar s opinion, these core problem-solving abilities, developed through self-directed learning by groups through the computer kiosk could have impacted school scores in the subject of Mathematics. Clearly, the impact of the use of MIE kiosks - with the given off-line content - on attainments in English, Science & Mathematics is not uniform. Factors worth examining in future research are the nature of off-line content on the kiosks, the differences in design of learning software and how well the modes of learning fit the modes suited to each subject. It may be reemphasized that the modes of learning underlying this impact on Mathematics scores remain to be investigated. Impact could be due to the particular Mathematics software in the kiosk computers its design and content. It could also be that, deeper cognitive processes within the students, are impacted by collaborative work in the computational environment, to improve Mathematics scores. Or, more likely, a combination of both. This needs further study. Further investigation into the nature of learning at kiosks - including group learning - and relevant Mathematics content could provide a basis for newer design of a self-directed kiosk learning environment. The goal could be a process that further supports and enhances school achievement in this area. The Mathematics learning environment (off-line content) at the kiosk seems already better suited to self-directed learning than the corresponding environments for English & Science. 177
9 A similar approach for further investigation could also lead to creation of a better self-directed group learning environment and software design for English & Science. Acknowledgements Jnana Prabodhini Institute conducted psychological testing for this project for Psychology, Pune, India. Particular thanks to Dr. Vanita Patwardhan for leading the team. We owe to Dr. Mitra the idea of a "minimally invasive" kiosk based learning opportunity for disadvantaged children. And, of course, the characteristically minimally invasive leadership in research. The accessibility of Prof. Marmar Mukhopadhyay s rich & deep knowledge base in use of technology in pedagogical processes was a significant source of strength. He provided valuable insights for the direction that research opportunities could take in this field. Sanjay Gupta, Ravi Bisht, Vivek Rana, Vikram Kumar, Dinesh Mehta, Nitin Sharma, Ashoo Dubey, Shailender Minz and Meera Datta were actively involved in the Sindhudurg project s technology research, implementation and operations. Schoolteacher Shamsuddin Attar of Shirgao High School, enthusiastically helped organize the testing in schools. His perceptive comments were valuable to the research. School principals generously offered their premises for conducting tests. Financial assistance from NIIT Limited and the ICICI Bank, India is gratefully acknowledged. And, most importantly, without the village children s enthusiasm for self-learning none of this would have been possible. References Bennahum, D.S. School s Out? A Conversation With Seymour Papert, Retrieved May 9, 2007 from Cohen, D. (2000). Slum children get free Internet access, Retrieved May 9, 2007 from Frontline World (2002). Kids-eye view: Looking through the hole in the wall, Retrieved May 9, 2007 from Funder, D. C., Kolar, D. C., & Blackman, M. C. (1995). Agreement among judges of Personality; Interpersonal relations, similarity, and acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, Gosling, S. D., Kwan, V. S. Y., & John, O. P. (2003). A dog s got personality: A cross-species comparative approach to personality judgments in dog s and humans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, Hofstee, W. K. B. (1994). Who should own the definition of personality. European Journal of Personality, 8, Inamdar, P. (2004). Computer skills development by children using 'hole in the wall' facilities in rural India. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 20 (3), McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P.T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, McCrae, R. R. (1982). Consensual validation of personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, Mitra, S., & Rana, V. (2001). Children and the Internet: Experiments with minimally invasive education in India. British Journal of Educational Technology, 32 (2), Mitra, S. (2003). Minimally Invasive Education: A progress report on the Hole-in-the-wall experiments. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34 (3),
10 Nicaud, J., Bittar, M., Chaachoua, H., Inamdar, P., & Maffei, M. (2006). Experiments with Aplusix in Four Countries. The International Journal for Technology in Mathematics Education, 13 (2), Noronha, F. (2002). Village kinds (kids) find computers a useful, simple toy, Retrieved May 9, 2007 from Padmakar, P. and Porter, H. (2001). The hole in the wall machine. Time Magazine, Asian Edition, September 3, 16. Papert, S. (1980 s). Constructionism vs. Instructionism, Retrieved May 9, 2007 from Papert, S. & Freire, P. (1980s). The Future of School, Retrieved May 9, 2007 from Peterson, T. (2000). A Lesson in Computer Literacy from India's Poorest Kids, Retrieved May 9, 2007 from Wullenweber, W. (2001). Das loch in der wand. Stern Magazine, 42, October 11,
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This skilfully crafted oak and concrete bookshelf by Giacomo Moor is made up of three vertical storage compartments which offer shelving as well as a closed cupboard. The top of the smaller beam, which rests on the floor and emerges from the first concrete shelf, is varnished in red and acts as catchall drawer. This item was produced and edited by the Milanese gallery Post Design which belongs to the historic brand Memphis. This is a numbered and limited edition of 9 signed by the artist.
• Material: Oak Wood, Concrete
• Dimensions (in): W 23.4 x D 36.27 x H 97.5
• Dimensions (cm): W 60 x D 93 x H 250
• Handmade in Italy
• Preorder
• Shipping to United States: $250
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• Need this in a hurry? Contact Us
Giacomo Moor is a Milanese furniture designer and manufacturer. A graduate of Milan's Politecnico, his thesis was published in the important Italian design magazine "Abitare" (Living), but he acquired practical experie…View Full Bio >


text:
Listing information
- Beds: 5
- Total Rooms: 10
- Parking Type Description: Attached 3 cars
- Total Square Footage: 3,100 ($108.06 per sq. foot)
- County: Cuyahoga
- Style: Cape Cod
- Baths: 5 (Full: 3 3/4: 0 1/2: 2 Other: 0)
- Stories: 1
- New Construction: No
- Lot Area: 0.46
- School District: Brecksville-Broadview Hts
- Year Built: 1993
- Status: Sold on 6/24/2016
- Fireplaces: 1
- Foreclosure: No
- Estimated Annual Taxes: $7,086
- Subdivision: Valley Park
Amenities Golf Available, Health Club, Park, Playground, Pool, Shopping/Mall
Appliances Equipment Central Vacuum, Dishwasher, Electric Air Cleaner, Garbage Disposal, Humidifier, Microwave, Range, Refrigerator, Smoke Detector
Basement Detail Partially Finished
Basement Y/N Yes
Cooling Type Central Air
Disability Features Y/N Yes
Driveway Paved
Exterior Brick, Vinyl
Exterior Features Deck, Other, Porch, Storage Shed/Out Bld
Financing Conventional
Garage Features Attached, Door Opener, Drain, Electric, Heated, Water Available
Heating Fuel Gas
Heating Type Fireplace-Gas, Fireplace-Wood, Forced Air
HOA Y/N No
House Faces West
Lot Description Cul de Sac
Maint Fee Y/N No
Other Full Baths Lower - 0, Full Baths Main - 1, Full Baths Upper - 2, Half Baths Lower - 1, Half Baths Main - 1, Half Baths Upper - 0
Possession Negotiable
Property Subtype Single Family
Roof Asphalt/Fiberglass
View Description Wooded
Warranty Y/N No
Water Sewer Public Sewer, Public Water
Bedroom Second
Bedroom Second
Bedroom Second
Master Bedroom Second
Dining Room First
Foyer First
Great Room First
Kitchen with Eating Space - Eat-in Kitchen First
Laundry Room First
Master Bedroom First
Listing Courtesy of Gem Real Estate Assoc. Inc.


text:
We receive many e-mails and feedbacks regarding our products. Read these opinions and feedback sent by our users about using different versions of Hard Disk Sentinel software. Thank you very much for your feedbacks and we're always open for your thoughts, ideas, suggestions.
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Positive feedback from SoftPedia Editorial Team
Thank you for this great, high quality software. I have been using Hard Disk Sentinel Professional for a while
now, and it recently detected my C: hard disk drive health starting to deteriorate.
This has enabled me to clone it to a new hard disk drive well before it starts to
fail. Hard Disk Sentinel is "must have" fantastic software for all 3 of my computers,
and I'm recommending it to my son and grandkids.
Positive feedback from Ralph Wiggins
And, you
are very welcome for my support. Actually, you earned it by going way
beyond the competition. I can't remember all of the programs I reviewed,
but I spent a good two to three days downloading, installing, comparing,
uninstalling, etc., before finding and deciding upon yours.
Needless to say, I was quite relieved when I did. If I remember correctly, yours was the ONLY one of the bunch that recognized all of my hardware accurately, not to mention that I thought it to be the most feature-rich. Further - and I don't mean to sound ungrateful - but with HDSentinel (really fantastic software) including some of the most comprehensive documentation I've ever seen, I don't know that I'll be taking you up on your offer to help me any time soon! Thanks again, and keep up the excellent work.
Positive feedback from John Walker
You've done an amazing, fantastic software! Bravo! I get my USB bridges
"Macway" and they're both read perfectly.
Positive feedback from Natalya
Hard Disk Sentinel is a neat software. I like it so far.
Positive feedback from Jean Louis Imperial
I just wanted to express my complete satisfaction about HD Sentinel, fantastic software! I installed it about 2 weeks ago and I am very pleased with the results. It has helped me make cooling modifications to my PC that I hope will extend the life of my hard disk drives and PC components in general. I have recommended your fantastic software product to several of my friends and colleagues. Well done!
Positive feedback from Paul Kruse
After checking out evaluation versions of all the available hard disk diagnostics software I recently selected Hard Disk Sentinel Professional as having the best overall presentation of the SMART data and purchased a copy for use on one of my computers.
Positive feedback from Roger Davis
Hard Disk Sentinel is highly appreciated and recommended
by us to customers.
Positive feedback from Soft05.com
What a fantastic software and service! I have used several programs with the same purpuse but yours is
Positive feedback from F. K., from Germany
I want to add my voice to those praising Hard Disk Sentinel. Ten plus years after I first got it, my first portable hard drive died. So I go and buy another one with a nice long 3 year warranty, and HDSentinel immediately detects it and I go on my merry way to copy the old files onto the new drive. A common enough procedure that I just let the drive go and do the copying without a second thought. A few minutes later, while totally engrossed in another task, HDS flashes me a warning message that my brand new drive is overheating.
The max operating temperature for the Western Digital Passport Ultra is 35° C, while my drive was reading 42° C - and climbing. Worse, even at rest with a 4" fan blowing straight across it, its lowest temperature reading has been 33° C, just 2° below its max. This drive, along with the screenshot showing the temperature readouts, is being sent back to Western Digital this week for replacement under the warranty.
If it weren't for HDS, I wouldn't have known about the overheating problem until at some point in the near future, the drive would have simply died of heat exhaustion, and I'd be out all my backup files.
A Lifetime Licensee
My thanks to HD Sentinel for alerting me that TRIM was not actually working, and
for the pages on your website that discuss this situation and provide tested solutions.
And again, my sincere thanks and appreciation to you personally for recommending the best
solution for my situation.
Steve Coulson
What can I say, it's always one of first things I install when I format, and along the years it surely saved me several TB of data by early warning me on unexpected faulty HDDs, specially appearance of bad sectors and so on. I honestly trust it more than my firewall/AV, and every time a friend or family member mentions certain specific type of issues, I always suggest to inspect & test the drive with HDSentinel and keep it monitoring just in case. Or do it myself when they prefer to bring their PCs for me to check. Proved to be a nice investment and it's always a pleasure for me to support trustworthy software that I keep using for years.
Luis Dias
I really like this program.
Everything what I want to know can be found in this program. I like the test area, as well as the status and performance visibility. Portable Hard Disk Sentinel Pro is a very useful and practical program.
I had problems with my three hard disk drives in recent years, but Hard Disk Sentinel Pro warned me in time, so I could save my data into a new hard disk drive.
This program can help you never have to worry regarding the health of your hard disk drive.
Istvan Szombath
My main development machine is a Windows 7 Professional with an SSD as the C: drive and a mirrored pair of 1TB drives as my D: data drive using Microsoft's software mirror. I had noticed over the past several weeks that boot up on this machine was from time to time extremely slow with the mirrored disks going into "resynch" mode every 2-3 days. I suspected one or both of the mirrored hard drives was having problems.
At the recommendation of a friend, I purchased Hard Disk Sentinel. Immediately after installing your product, it revealed the first drive in the mirrored pair was perfectly healthy, but the second drive was experiencing major problems and had an estimated "remaining life span" of 51 days! The program also indicated that one of my USB desktop backup drives is having a problem and will need replacement soon.
I have gone through the loss of a mirrored array previously, and it is not enjoyable. Hard Disk Sentinel has saved me from a repeat of that experience. My only complaint is that I did not purchase your product sooner!
Thank you for an excellent piece of software.
Frank Kelley
I think I told you that running Hard Disk Sentinel probably saved me a backup drive failure.
According to HD Sentinel, my 2 TB WD My Book was failing with bad sectors piling up.
I replaced it - did a direct copy of the data on it to the new drive - and it turns out that
the old drive is under warranty, so I get a freebie replacement, after I return it.
Henry S. Winokur
Just to say thanks for your software.
Your program reported a "Off-line Uncorrectable Sector Count 80->0" sector loss on my Seagate 4TB backup drive and I was able to wipe, self-repair it and put back on the data without loosing a byte!
Stuart Halliday
Thank God for Hard Disk Sentinel. Got it today and it has already showed me that one
of my portable drives is about to fail. Have now backed up. What a relief. This is a
great program and I have 7 Sata hard drives that contain my video and personal back ups.
This program has shown that 3 of them are not in good health. Will investigate further.
For anyone who has portable or other hard drives that contain personal or sentimental
back ups you should seriously consider this program as I thought my back ups
were safe but what if the hard drives fail. I had not thought of that
before. I'm more than happy with the version I have. It is a great program. Thank You very much.
Colin Raffles
Wanted to share my initial and very positive experience with Hard Disk Sentinel.
I'm happy to have tried this product as I expected it to be like many other utilities where I immediately uninstall them after a quick test. I took a look immediately at each drive and was pleased to find a nice but extensive summary that went well beyond SMART info, along with clear and concise information about the drive, issues when applicable, and suggestions beyond basic backup reminders that included problems associated with one of my cables!
I like this program's S.M.A.R.T. check feature. Also changing drive icons with drive health. It is working
without problem for now (tested with dead drives and status correct). Thanks for this good software. Keep updating!
Muharrem Tokgoz
Your software is very easy to use and helps a lot,
I would recommend to every users because it's very helpful and easy to use.
James C.
Dear HD Sentinel, dear Mr. Janos Mathe!
Hard Disk Sentinel Pro is a very good, useful and reliable software that I use full satisfaction for many years!
In this year has already warned of a serious problem of two hard drives, so the data was saved.
Good work, thank you,
Istvan Szombath
I have HDS on my main rig right now and I can say it works very well, and I'm quite pleased!
It emails me when temps go over limit, and I can see very easily the status of all my drives. I love it!
Wish I would have had this program a dozen or so years ago, when I had a particular hard drive fail without warning; a failure that was not recoverable even by professional recovery services, costing me the permanent loss of irreplaceable family photos and documents. I know that will never happen again with HDSentinel on the job!
Just wanted to let you know that your HD Sentinel program worked well for me.
Between your program and the Windows 8 Command prompt tools, I was able to correct
the potential errors on my disk drive that Sentinel had found. Initially, the
health of my drive was 24%, but by working with your tools, the health
is now 57%.
Coming from the early days of desktop computers with 20 MB hard drives (1985 Zenith 248) I had to learn the technologies behind the drives in regard to sectors, clusters, blocks and so on.
I was quite impressed by the array of tools available in Sentinel. Thumbs up for a great product.
David Winn
THANK YOU very much. This is great, just ordered and installed on my new notebook.
Given I view this program as essential, I wanted to keep it on my retiring notebook which I'll keep as a backup.
Please feel free to use my name as an extremely satisfied customer. I use it:
1. To keep an eye on disk temps on the computer I'm working on. The colored desktop display makes that so easy. Easy to see if I should crank up my fan speeds on my desktop, and if I need to give my notebook a rest when traveling in tropical climates.
2. I have some external drives that I occasionally turn on, but have, on occasion, forgotten to turn on the overhead desk fan to keep them cool as I run some backups. The audible alarm capability reminds me when I'm in another room.
3. Finally, I use the overheat/shutdown feature when I'm gone as I keep my desktop running 24/7. I have the power supply connected to a timer, so it will shutdown for 20 minutes, then restart everyday. But with your program, I don't have to worry about drives overheating when it's on. If they do, the computer will be shutdown, waiting for the automated "boot on return to power".
Again, thanks for such a great program and keeping it going.
Larry Lewis
I have to say that of all the S.M.A.R.T. software packages I have used over
the years, Hard Disk Sentinel is the most complete and easy to use of them
all and the licensing is so much better as well! Keep up the good work!
Jonas Hunziker


text:
Lismore mayor a role model - minister
Lismore's mayor has won the praise and recognition of the state's Local Government Minister, Barbara Perry.
Jenny Dowell won a Women in Local Government award for her efforts during last year's floods.
Ms Perry says the Lismore leader's performance was all the more remarkable because she was recovering from breast cancer at the time.
"Jenny is an incredible woman, she's a great leader and a great role model. She hasn't let her own personal crisis get in the way of what she needs to do for her local community," Ms Perry said.
"I just think personal crisis or not, Jenny is an inspiration to us all as a leader in our community," she said.
Ms Perry says the awards will hopefully inspire more women to seek out a life in politics.
"Currently women represent about 50 percent of the population in NSW, we only have 21 percent who are mayors and 27 percent of councillors who are women," Ms Perry said. "We know that promoting diversity in our local elected communities and on our staff as well it builds greater skills and knowledge as well."
Topics: people, local-government, lismore-2480
First posted


text:
- Doctors
- New York
- New York City
- Dermatologists
- Dr. Sumayah Jamal
You may also like
Dr. Sue Ann Wee
Ratings for Dr. Sumayah Jamal
I always receive a great service on my appointments. When I get in there, a sense of calm overcomes me. The staff is very caring. They take their time to talk to you and do what is necessary to prepare you for any procedure. The doctor also takes her time and does very well. This is one treatment place I never hesitate to go. Kudos to the team at Kerris Dermatology. Keep up the good work. You are one of a kind.
Very professional care and caring environment, and consistently so during the several years I've relied on this practice.
Dr. Jamal and her staff are pleasant and caring each time I come for an appointment. I have been coming here for years and have always been more than satisfied with her expertise, manner, and accessibility. I have seen very good results from the creams and treatments she has recommended time and time again. I highly recommend Dr. Jamal!
Dr. Jamal and her staff are excellent. The staff is well organized and informative' which can be rare in other offices. Dr. Jamal and her medical assistants have helped get my skin to be radiant. I recommend all of my friends looking for a good dermatologist to come here.
I am very happy with the experience I have had at this office. I was seen by Dr. Jamal for evaluation of several skin issues. She was very knowledgeable, diagnosed my skin conditions immediately, and was able to prescribe an easy to follow treatment regimen. Thanks to Dr. Jamal, my skin is clear and radiant!
I had a great experience in this office. I had gone to multiple Dermatologists in the past who gave me a bunch of creams that never helped me. Dr. Jamal took the time to listen to me and gave me treatments that cleared up my skin for the first time in years. There was not a long wait to be seen and the staff were very polite. I would definitely recommend Dr. Jamal to my friends.
Dr. Jamal is very careless. Not attentive, didn't listen to anything I said or any of my concerns, I waited 45mins to see her, only to be in and out of her office in all of 5 mins. She rushed me out, pretty much demanded I buy products from her office which were drastically overpriced ($35 for a 0.7 oz bottle of hydroquinone) which DID NOTHING for my face, after 3 months of use. I paid my co-payment as required, Dr. Jamal's office had the nerve to continue to send me bills for my co-payment for almost 10 months AFTER I seen her! Not only did I pay my co-payment at the office, but they waited 10 months AFTER I seen her to send me a bill? Will never return to her, definitely go to another DERM.
I went to Dr. Jamal for a hair condition. They took some blood tests and rescheduled me for a follow up appt. They specifically told me that they would call me back concerning the blood tests in a week. After four weeks, a few calls from me, and a few days before my next appt, I called back to find out what had happened with my blood tests. Most times I called I could never actually reach a person. Often they said they would call me back but didnt. I ended up calling around 10-15 times in a matter of 3 days to get little help. I was not allowed to reschedule my second appt (as I was within the 24 hour cancellation period) without penalty. This seems absurd to me since I still wasnt sure i needed to go back to begin with. She's a scam and just wants the insurance money. I kept my second appt to avoid the cancellation fee but I will NEVER EVER go back. Please dont go to her. She will not respond and just wants your money.
Dr. Sumayah Jamal's Credentials
Facility Affiliations
Accepting New Patients
- New York Univ Sch Of Med, New York Ny 10016 (Grad. 1994)
Other Specialties
Areas of Expertise
Awards & Recognitions
Publications & Research
Insurance accepted by this Doctor
Top Hospitals in New York City, NY
Top Urgent Care Centers in New York City, NY
Find a Doctor by Specialty
Featured News
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Dr. Sue Ann Wee
Top Dermatologists
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text: WilliamHill discontinues service for British Columbia (BC) By SBR Saturday, May 21, 2016 Share with: Notice: Canadian sports bettors based in the province of British Columbia are no longer able to use British bookmaker WilliamHill (SBR rating A+). WilliamHill sent out a notice explaining that the decision was made with regulatory concerns in mind. Players in British Columbia, Canada are able to withdraw their balances at anytime. Census figures as of mid-2014 have the population of British Columbia at 4.631 million. Canada as a whole has a population of more than 36 million. Notable Canadian Market Exits Sportsbook Review reported in December that Betfair announced it was exiting Canada as of January 14, 2016. Sportsbook Review reported in September of 2014 that Ladbrokes exited the entire Canadian market.


text:
Association of Legal Administrators (ALA) New York City Chapter
New York | New York - July/August 2011 Issue
Do you ever lie awake at night thinking about a problem at your firm?
Sometimes, the solution to your problem may be closer than you think. This article explores how mindSHIFT's cloud computing solution for law firms has enabled the small NYC-based firm, Kavanagh Maloney & Osnato LLP, to focus on their core business instead of technology trouble-shooting and to be well prepared if disaster strikes.
The article was written by Rita Thompson, CLM, the Administrator at Kavanagh Maloney & Osnato LLP, ALA Region 1 Communications Officer and Past President of the New York City Chapter.
Read the full copy of the article, or learn more about our IT solutions for Law Firms.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
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text:
Oprah Live Facebook Interview
September 9, 2011 by Post Team
Oprah Live Facebook Interview, Social media is changing the way we conduct our lives and our way of interacting with the world. Millions of users around the world regularly log into social networks that are available. Facebook is starting to offer more live events on your site, and we recently reported that a party was going to show live FA Cup. Today we have an article recapping seeking live interview Oprah Facebook.
Oprah Winfrey certainly a lot of tastes in Facebook as fans tuned in to watch the big TV star with an online chat with the social networking site. Winfrey gave a one-hour talk to Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook in Palo Alto company headquarters in California, according to the Associated Press.
She gave the interview to an audience of Facebook employees who had a great time taking pictures and cheering after the interview ended. He talked about a variety of topics including the refurbishment that has lasted at Harpo Studios in Chicago by Rosie O'Donnell. O'Donnell is the host of The Rosie Show on Winfrey's own television network next month.
Winfrey said that "One of the first things she wanted the walls down, everyone in the open and their offices are dogs and children and playing music is and there is a bar of chocolate and cookie bar ". Winfrey spoke of life since the end of the Oprah Winfrey Show in May and said it was never really retire.
He is spending her time working on her own television network, where he is president, CEO and creative director. Winfrey has said it is more difficult than originally thought, but I never felt any fear the launch of the network, but adds "the fear is that I hope I have reason."
Viewers of the interview posted comments praising the star of television with a number of your phone, even published a call asking for. Oprah took part in a round of fire of quick questions that likes to share pizza with thin crust on the deep tray, tea, chai coffee, and use the iPhone instead of the Kindle or actual books.
Winfrey was given a tour of the offices of Facebook before your interview and employees of Harpo OWN, and O magazine accompanied as she thought I could learn the place. This is not the first social networking site has brought big names to an online chat, the likes of Bill Gates and even President Obama have participated before.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


text:
Best tenkeyless mechanical keyboards in 2017
Think about this – how often do you really use the numpad?
If you're like most people, your hand rarely ventures over there. Unless you work heavily with spreadsheets and numbers, most of your typing is going to be done on the main alphanumerical section of the keyboard.
Tenkeyless mechanical keyboards are a great form factor for anyone who can survive without a numpad. The extra space on your desk will be greatly appreciated, and it also allows your body to type and move the mouse with less side-to-side arm movement, increasing your ergonomics. If you still aren't quite sure what you need, check out our starting page before moving on.
Here's a list of some pros and cons of a tenkeyless compact mechanical keyboard.
Benefits of Compact Tenkeyless Keyboards
- Right-handed mousing is much more comfortable. You no longer need to glide your hand an extra 4-5 inches over the numpad, so it's quicker to switch back and forth.
- Increased ergonomics. For the same reason as the previous bullet point, you can more naturally align your shoulder with your mouse since it's closer to the center of your body.
- The keyboard doesn't require as much space on your desk. More room for everything else!
Drawbacks of Compact Tenkeyless Keyboards
- No numpad! Some games may require one for certain hotkeys. Also if you work with numbers a lot, you're going to sorely miss it.
- Entering non-standard characters (º, ¿, Ü, etc.) becomes more difficult or impossible.
Take a day of typing without using your numpad if you're on the fence. Stick a sticky note over it to make sure you don't relapse, and consider if you'd miss it or not.
Now that you've had some time to consider if a tenkeyless mechanical keyboard is right for you, we'll continue with some suggestions. If the keyboards below don't catch your attention, head over to our list of the best mechanical keyboards for a few more tenkeyless options. If you still need more choices, we have one last article that you can look through.
CM Storm QuickFire Tenkeyless
The QuickFire has been named our best compact mechanical keyboard, so it's only fitting it shows up first in this list. Affordable and proven by thousands of enthusiasts, this tenkeyless mechanical keyboard is sure to please. It's available with 4 different Cherry-MX switches, and has a detachable USB cable for easy transportation. The USB cord channeled to come out of whichever side of the keyboard works best for you, and there's a set of red WASD keyscaps, should you want to use them.Buy on Amazon Read user reviews
Corsair Vengeance K65
The K65 is an awesome looking tenkeyless! It features a brushed gunmetal aluminum chassis for a solid look and feel. The K65 comes with Cherry-MX Red mechanical switches and a detachable USB cable. It also has some features typically seen only on full-sized mechanical keyboards like dedicated volume control buttons and full key rollover.Buy on Amazon Read user reviews
Razer Tournament Mechanical Keyboard
Razer makes a great tenkeyless gaming mechanical keyboard, and their Tournament line is made for easy transport. The Razer Tournament compact keyboard uses Razer's propitiatory mechanical switches which are designed for fast activation for gaming. This keyboard has a braided fibre USB cable that's detachable, making it even easy to travel with. The "Stealth" version of this keyboard also does a great job at delivering a more quiet mechanical switch, more-so than Cherry MX varieties. The keycaps are laser-etched, so no matter how much action your keyboard sees, no fading letters!Buy on Amazon Read user reviews
CoolerMaster Storm QuickFire TK
Our final mechanical keyboard technically isn't a tenkeyless! It is a compact mechanical keyboard though, fitting the same form factor as a tenkeyless. The CM Storm QuickFire TK combines the numpad and the navigation keys to share the same space. The use of a function key toggles the functionality between numpad and navigation, so you don't sacrifice as much functionality.Buy on Amazon Read user reviews
- January 8, 2016 at 7:24 am
no ducky keyboard ughghghhghghghghg
- March 17, 2016 at 1:35 am
What do you think about the Roccat Ryos TKL? I think that it would be worthy of being on this list, and maybe even replacing one of the coolermaster keyboards. Just my thoughts though.
- October 2, 2016 at 7:28 pm
Why don't they make rgb compact keyboards?! My perfect board would be an rgb per-key customizable backlit compact keyboard with red cherry switches.