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Excitotoxic Septal Lesions Result in Spatial Memory Deficits and Altered Flexibility of Hippocampal Single-Unit Representations
- Robert Fisher
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1 The Journal of Neuroscience, August 1, 1999, 19(15): Excitotoxic Septal Lesions Result in Spatial Memory Deficits and Altered Flexibility of Hippocampal Single-Unit Representations Stefan Leutgeb and Sheri J. Y. Mizumori Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah The septal nuclei are reciprocally connected with the hippocampal formation and contribute importantly to spatial and memory processing. Using excitotoxic lesions of the septal area, we investigated whether neurodegeneration in subcortical projections to hippocampus can compromise flexible information processing by hippocampal single units. In agreement with the mild effects of excitotoxic septal lesions on hippocampal physiology compared with fimbria-fornix lesions and septal inactivation, we observed limited lesion effects on single-unit activity. The location specificity of hippocampal complex spike cells remained unchanged, but a less reliable locationdependent discharge was observed in experimental animals with a pronounced postoperative working memory deficit. Testing in the absence of ambient illumination and in a new environment revealed that the spatial correlates of complex spike cells in lesioned animals may rely on a more limited set of sensory cues. Altered sensory cues resulted in a significantly different response pattern between the control and lesion group in the new environment, a situation that normally results in place field reorganization. Such a group difference was not observed during dark testing, a condition in which place field reorganization is less prominent. A contribution of hippocampal interneurons to the observed alterations in the spatial properties of the principal cells was suggested by decreased theta modulation in the lesioned group. Because excitotoxic lesions result in memory deficits that resemble age-related memory problems in the absence of age-related degenerative processes, we suggest that septal neurodegeneration could directly contribute to those behavioral changes with advanced age that correlate with functional alterations in the hippocampal formation. Key words: medial and lateral septum; hippocampus; place cells; spatial working memory; aging; acetylcholine; GABA projection neurons The septal nuclei are part of a larger brain system that supports navigational and memory functions. Disconnecting subcortical areas, including the septum, from hippocampus by fimbria-fornix lesions or temporarily inactivating the medial septal area results in an impairment of spatial memory tasks (Sutherland and Rodriguez, 1989; Mizumori et al., 1990; Whishaw and Jarrard, 1995). These manipulations also effectively reduce hippocampal slow wave activity in the 8 12 Hz band (theta activity) and alter the spatial correlates of hippocampal cells. Control hippocampal complex spike cells of rodents selectively discharge at restricted locations in the environment (O Keefe and Dostrovsky, 1971; O Keefe, 1976) and continue to identify the same locations when tested repeatedly (Muller et al., 1987; Thompson and Best, 1990). Fimbria-fornix lesions reduce the percentage of hippocampal units with location-dependent discharge, decrease hippocampal single-unit activity in consistent locations, and decrease the control of distal landmarks over the location of complex spike cell activity (Miller and Best, 1980; Shapiro et al., 1989). Although permanent fornix lesions affect place fields of all hippocampal subareas to a similar extent, temporary inactivation of the medial septum and its fibers of passage results in disintegrated fields in Received Dec. 2, 1998; revised May 14, 1999; accepted May 14, This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (IBN ), the Human Frontiers Science Program (HFSP RG0110), National Institutes of Health (MH 58755), and a University of Utah research fellowship. We thank Dr. Kristen Keefe for assisting with the histological analysis and Jill Howard, Dr. Robert Marc, and Dr. Scott Rogers for their support with image processing. Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Sheri J. Y. Mizumori, Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 390 S E. Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT Copyright 1999 Society for Neuroscience /99/ $05.00/0 only the hilar/ca3 and not the CA1 subarea of hippocampus (Mizumori et al., 1989). Septal projections to hippocampus have been implicated in contributing to memory problems of aged individuals (Markowska et al., 1995). Excitotoxic lesions of the septum produce behavioral consequences that resemble age-related learning problems but do not alter hippocampal function as profoundly as fimbria-fornix lesions or septal inactivation (Green and Arduini, 1954; Stewart and Vanderwolf, 1987; Hagan et al., 1988; Mizumori et al., 1989, 1990; Gallagher et al., 1993; Leung et al., 1994). Theta activity and acetylcholine neurotransmission are partially preserved after excitotoxic lesions, and the same pattern is seen with advanced age (Stewart and Vanderwolf, 1987; Leung et al., 1994; Markowska et al., 1995). Excitotoxic lesions of the septal area may therefore be more directly relevant than fimbria-fornix lesions or medial septal inactivation for understanding the relative contribution of the septal area and hippocampus to agerelated memory impairments. Use of the lesion technique in young animals can reveal whether neurodegeneration in subcortical structures alters hippocampal single-unit activity in the absence of additional age-related changes in the hippocampal formation. We explored the hypothesis that the septal nuclei importantly regulate plasticity of hippocampal place representations, a phenomenon known to change with old age (Barnes et al., 1997; Tanila et al., 1997a,b), by recording the spatial correlates of hippocampal complex spike cells and interneurons in freely moving animals after septal lesions by quinolinic acid. Because earlier studies have shown that fornix lesions decrease the dependence of hippocampal fields on distal cues (Miller and Best, 1980; Shapiro
2 6662 J. Neurosci., August 1, 1999, 19(15): Leutgeb and Mizumori Septal Lesion Effects on Hippocampal Single Units et al., 1989), we recorded hippocampal units in the absence of ambient illumination to identify whether place fields of animals with excitotoxic septal lesions are less dependent on well learned visual landmarks or whether they fail to integrate multiple sensory modalities. A subset of the units was also recorded in a second room to explore whether relying on limited sensory information could result in a decreased likelihood of developing a distinct representation for an environment that shares geometric features with the familiar environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects. Thirteen male Long Evans rats were obtained from a commercial source (Simonsen Laboratories, Gilroy, CA). The animals were 7 12 months old at the start of the experimental procedures. They were housed individually with free access to water. Food was restricted to maintain the animals at a minimum of 80% of their ad libitum body weight. Training and recording sessions were performed only during the light phase of a 12 hr light/dark cycle. Apparatus. An elevated eight-arm radial maze with a 19.5 cm center platform and 58 cm 5.5 cm arms was used for training and recording. The proximal half of each arm was hinged and could be lowered by remotely controlled motors to hinder access to the distal part of the arm, or it could be raised to the level of the center platform to provide access. The maze was placed in a quadratic enclosure surrounded by black curtains with a set of four visual cues, each 50 cm high and 80 cm wide, posted inside the curtains. A second room, which resembled the familiar room, was used to test the animals in a novel environment. The maze in the second room had the same specifications as the one in the familiar room and was also placed in a quadratic enclosure. Five visual cues that were entirely different from those in the familiar room were placed inside the curtains; two were positioned in the corners and three were hung on the walls. Behavioral procedures. The animals were pretrained to retrieve chocolate milk from the end of the maze arms. During pretraining the animals were allowed to freely explore all eight maze arms, and the arms were rebaited when the animal had consumed the food rewards. Training began on the day after an animal had entered each arm of the maze at least once. During all subsequent training sessions, the animals were first placed on the center platform, and a pseudorandom sequence of four arms was then presented. One arm was initially raised and access to the next arm in the sequence was provided when the animal had entered the previous arm. Access to all arms was given after the fourth arm in the sequence, and the trial was continued until the remaining food rewards had been retrieved. Re-entries into previously visited arms were counted as working memory errors. The next trial started after the animal was confined to the center platform for 2 min, and the session was continued for a maximum of 1 hr or eight trials. Preoperative training continued until the animals had completed eight trials within 1 hr for 7 consecutive days. The animals were retrained to the same criterion after surgery. Surgery. The animals were deprived of food and water before surgery and deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.; Nembutal, Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL). The level of anesthesia was monitored continuously and additional doses (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were given as needed. The skull was exposed by a skin incision, and small drill holes were placed dorsal to the medial septal area and, bilaterally, dorsal to hippocampus. The glutamate agonist quinolinate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in PBS (21 mg/ml) and injected into the medial septum [anteroposterior (AP) 0.7, lateral (L) 0.0, dorsoventral (DV) 4.5 below dura] with a 33 gauge cannula connected to a Hamilton syringe. A volume of 0.5 l of either the drug or vehicle solution was infused, and the needle was left in place for an additional 5 min to limit diffusion along the needle tract. Recording electrodes were manufactured as stereotrodes by twisting two 20 m lacquer-coated tungsten wires (California Fine Wire, Grover City, CA). The stereotrodes were then coated with epoxylite, inserted into a 30 gauge stainless steel cannula, and cut with a pair of sharp scissors protruding 1.5 mm from the distal end of the cannula. Two or three stereotrodes were mounted on a microdrive and placed stereotaxically at AP 3.0 to 5.0, L , and an initial depth of 1.5 mm below the dural surface. A 114 m stainless steel reference electrode was lowered into the corpus callosum and secured to the skull along with the microdrives by using dental cement and stainless steel screws. One of the skull screws served as an electrical ground. Bicillin (300,000 U, i.m.) was given as an antibacterial prophylactic at the end of surgery, and the animals were allowed free access to food and water for 1 week before again being placed on a food-restricted schedule. Recording procedures. The signal from each electrode was preamplified by a headstage holding an array of unity gain FET amplifiers. Incoming signals were then amplified 2,000 10,000 times by a differential amplifier (Neurolynx, Tucson, AZ), band-pass-filtered between 600 and 6000 Hz, and transmitted to an analog-to-digital (A/D) board in a pentium-based computer system. The data acquisition program (Datawave Technologies, Longmont, CO) recorded a 1 msec sequence of each signal that exceeded a preset threshold (sampling frequency: khz per channel). The headstage also held an infrared light-emitting diode that was centered on the animal s head. The infrared signal was recorded by a video camera mounted in the ceiling of the recording room. A tracking system (Dragon Tracker) identified the position of the animal with a spatial resolution of (sampling frequency, 20 Hz). The x-y coordinates of the animal s position on the maze were time-stamped and stored along with the single-unit data. After postsurgical retraining, the animals were screened daily for single units while they were confined to the center platform of the eight-arm radial maze. All recording channels were checked for single units by using an audio monitor and an oscilloscope. The microdrives were advanced gradually until single units were identified or for a maximum of 90 m/d. Spike discharges of individual units were separated by using an on-line spike separation software (Datawave Technologies) that generates scatterplots of spike waveform parameters (e.g., amplitude, width) recorded on each of the two stereotrode wires. Discharges of single units were identified with a window discriminator by first outlining the cluster of spike discharges on the scatterplot showing the relative peak amplitudes and then refining the boundaries in additional projections. The data were replayed off-line, and clusters were reexamined by using amplitude, spike width, phase angle, and waveform templates as parameters to separate single units. Behavioral testing. Daily recording sessions for each set of single units continued until visual inspection revealed that the cluster boundaries were different from the previous day or for a maximum of three phases of behavioral testing. (1) Each unit was initially recorded for eight baseline trials or, alternatively, in a sequence of 15 trials that included five trials in the standard baseline condition (light), five trials without ambient illumination (dark), and an additional five trials with the maze lights on (lights restored). (2) Testing on subsequent days included a session that began in darkness for five trials and continued in light for five trials. (3) After testing the units in the familiar recording room, a sequence of six daily recording sessions commenced that included testing in a novel environment. Testing in the second recording room started with two baseline sessions of eight trials, each of which lasted at least 30 min, and continued with recording sessions in the familiar and novel testing environment on alternate days to compare complex spike cell activity in each of the testing environments. Single-unit activity in the novel environment was tested only once for each animal. Data are reported only for animals with a complete sequence of recordings. The electrodes were advanced on the day when the spike amplitudes had become unstable or after the recording sequence was completed. A new sequence of behavioral testing commenced when a different set of single units was encountered. When units could not be identified on any of the recording electrodes, the animals were given eight baseline sessions of spatial memory training at least every second day. Behavioral testing without recording single units assured that asymptote performance was maintained in control and lesioned animals. Data analysis. Hippocampal complex spike cells and interneurons were identified on the basis of discharge rates and waveform characteristics (Ranck, 1973; Shen et al., 1997). Examination of the peak-to-valley (negative to positive) duration of the waveforms revealed a bimodal frequency distribution with a minimum at 250 sec. Spikes with a duration of 250 sec and average rates of 5 Hz were classified as complex spike cells, and the validity of the criteria was confirmed by inspecting the autocorrelation histograms. Conversely, cells with a duration of 250 sec and mean rates of 5 Hz were identified as interneurons, and interneurons were further subdivided into rhythmic and nonrhythmic units based on visual inspection of the autocorrelation histograms. A small fraction of the total number of hippocampal units did not fit either criteria and was not further analyzed. Recording sessions were analyzed by dividing the session into trials and by eliminating data that were recorded during intertrial intervals. Place fields of hippocampal complex spike cells and location-dependent discharges of hippocampal interneurons were quantified by dividing the
3 Leutgeb and Mizumori Septal Lesion Effects on Hippocampal Single Units J. Neurosci., August 1, 1999, 19(15): maze into 16 segments based on location (one of eight maze arms) and direction of movement (outbound or inbound). The rate was calculated by counting the number of spike discharges for each bin, then dividing the count by occupancy time. A specificity score was calculated by dividing the highest rate by the average rate of the 15 remaining bins, and a reliability score was calculated as the proportion of trials (in percent) when the maximum trial rate occurred in the same bin as the overall maximum rate. Place fields were also quantified by binning the data into a 64 by 64 grid with each pixel corresponding to a quadratic cm field on the maze. Rate maps were calculated by counting the number of spikes at each location and dividing the spike count by occupancy time. The rate maps were used to calculate the information content and covariance indices, which are designed to convey a similar meaning as specificity and reliability, respectively, but without assuming that the fields best correspond to 16 predefined bins. The spatial information content score was calculated as described previously (Skaggs et al., 1993, Jung et al., 1994; Markus et al., 1995). The scores of the present study (see below) were consistently higher than reported previously (Markus et al., 1994, 1995). The difference may result from methodological rather than actual discrepancies. Preprocessing of the rate maps (Markus et al., 1995) or differences in the total number of bins (Markus et al., 1994) are likely sources for the differing numerical values. The information content score should be interpreted as indicating field size in log 2 units rather than reflecting information theoretical measurements. Theoretical accounts of hippocampal functions have suggested that larger field sizes may be computationally more efficient (Samsonovich and McNaughton, 1997). The maze area in the current recording setup corresponded to approximately 1000 (or 2 10 ) pixels, and the theoretical upper limit for the information content score is 10 for a unit that is only active in exactly one bin of the maze. The covariance index was calculated by generating rate maps for each trial independently and then entering the rate in identical locations as repeated observations into the statistical calculation of the covariance (Hays, 1994). If the elements of the vector X i correspond to the mean rate in each location and E(X i ) to the arithmetic mean of trial i, the covariance for n trials is defined as cov(x 1, X 2,...,X n ) E(X 1 X 2...X n ) E(X 1 )E(X 2 )...E(X n ). By definition, a sequence of maps that is independent results in a zero covariance. Covariance scores greater than zero do not have a statistically defined meaning, but may be used descriptively for a unit s tendency to repeatedly discharge in the same location on the maze during a series of trials. Examination of the frequency distribution of the covariance scores of complex spike cells showed that a subset of the scores clustered around zero and that the remaining scores were widely distributed in the positive range. An arctan transform was applied to normalize the distribution, and a correspondence between the reliability and normalized covariance scores was confirmed by a significant correlation between the variables (r 0.38, p 0.001). Correlation analysis also revealed that specificity correlated with information content (r 0.31, p 0.01) and that information content and the covariance index were related to the average rate of complex spike cells (r 0.64, p and r 0.40, p 0.001, respectively). To ensure that comparisons of place field properties were not confounded by firing rate, group differences in information content and covariance index were subjected to analysis of covariance with the average discharge rate as a covariate. Fields in novel and familiar environments were compared by first visually inspecting whether location-dependent activity was observed in each of the two environments. The fields were classified as unique if only present in one of the two rooms. If fields were identified in both environments, they were further analyzed by rotating the rate maps in 90 steps to examine whether they overlapped with respect to the quadratic geometry of the recording room. If overlapping in one of the four positions, the fields were categorized as retained or, alternatively, if no overlap could be seen, as shifted. Statistical analysis. (1) Correlation coefficients were calculated to compare behavioral performance with lesion size. The average number of working memory errors for all trials during the 7dofpostoperative retraining was used as the index for behavioral performance. Lesion size was determined as described below. (2) Correlation coefficients were also calculated for each recording session comparing the number of working memory errors with the average place field parameters of the session (rate, specificity, information content, reliability, covariance index). (3) Independent t tests were used for comparing continuous variables between the control and lesioned group. (4) Place field parameters of individual units were analyzed using regression analysis. The behavioral performance index and lesion size of each animal were entered as Table 1. Number of complex spike cells recorded from each individual CONTROL Animal identification Complex spike cells MSX Animal identification C1 2 X1 4 C2 7 X2 22 C3 17 X3 25 C4 10 X4 13 C5 10 X5 12 C6 25 Total Complex spike cells CONTROL, Subjects received a vehicle injection; MSX, subjects received a quinolinic acid injection in the medial septal nucleus. independent variables, and place field parameters were entered as dependent variables. The variability between units of each animal contributed to the error variance. Because regression analysis required that individual units of each animal be considered for statistical analysis, additional statistical tests of place field parameters were also performed for individual units rather than individual animals. Table 1 shows that four of six control and four of five lesioned animals contributed at least 10 units to the total number of observations, assuring that the results are not attributable to the contribution of a limited number of individuals. (5) The proportion of theta-modulated interneurons, the proportion of units with place fields, and the response pattern of the fields in novel and familiar environments were compared using 2 tests. (6) The dark effects on place fields were tested by using ANOVA with lesion group and testing condition as independent variables. Histology. At the end of the experiments the animals were given an overdose of pentobarbital and perfused intracardially with saline followed by a 10% formalin solution. The brains were immersed in a 30% sucrose/formalin solution for at least 24 hr. Sections (40 m) were taken and stained with cresyl violet. The histological sections were used to identify the electrode tracts and to quantify the septal lesions. Septal lesions were analyzed using NIH Image by measuring the volume of the septal area from the level of the island of Calleja to the level of the decussation of the anterior commissure (Stewart and Vanderwolf, 1987; Leung et al., 1994). The measured septal area was delimited dorsally by the corpus callosum, laterally by the ventricles, and ventrally by a horizontal line between the ventralmost extent of the ventricles. The striatal area laterally adjacent to the septum was measured in identical sections, and septal volume was expressed as percentage of striatal volume to correct for variability in individual brain size as well as tissue shrinkage during histological processing. RESULTS Behavioral performance and histology Behavioral performance on the radial arm maze was not different preoperatively (Fig. 1A) (df 11, t 0.35, NS), but the number of working memory errors selectively increased in lesioned compared with control animals during postsurgical retraining (Fig. 1B) (df 11, t 3.87, p 0.01). Control animals continued to improve, but working memory errors transiently increased (Fig. 1B,C) and then decreased in the lesion group (Fig. 1D) (df 9, t 1.63, NS). The pronounced initial spatial working memory impairment is characteristic for hippocampal lesions, fimbriafornix lesions, electrolytic septal lesions, and septal inactivation (Winson, 1978; Mizumori et al., 1989; M Harzi and Jarrard, 1992; Whishaw and Jarrard, 1995). The volume of the septal area appeared reduced in lesioned animals (Fig. 2A) compared with control animals (Fig. 2B), and statistical analysis confirmed the decreased septal volume after excitotoxic amino acid injections (Fig. 2C) (df 11, t 4.81, p 0.001). Septal volume correlated with the average number of postoperative working memory errors in the experimental group
4 6664 J. Neurosci., August 1, 1999, 19(15): Leutgeb and Mizumori Septal Lesion Effects on Hippocampal Single Units Recordings were not obtained from one control and one lesioned animal for which complete behavioral and histological data were available. The apparent overrepresentation of interneurons compared with anatomically identified populations presumably resulted from advancing the electrodes through hippocampal layers outside of the stratum pyramidale and the presence of numerous nonspiking pyramidal cells in the stratum pyramidale (Thompson and Best, 1989). Matching the recordings of complex spike cells to histologically identified electrode tracts revealed that 104 units were recorded from CA1, and 43 from CA3 (Table 2). In control animals, 7 complex spike cells were recorded in baseline sessions (n 2), and 64 cells were recorded in sessions (n 18) of 15 trials, which included testing in darkness. In lesioned animals, 28 complex spike cells were recorded in baseline sessions (n 8), and 48 cells were recorded in sessions (n 23) of 15 trials. Figure 1. Behavioral effects of excitotoxic septal lesions. A, Preoperative memory performance was not different among animals that were assigned to the control and lesion group as indicated by the average number of working memory errors per trial ( SEM) during the initial7doftraining. B, The average number of working memory errors per trial ( SEM) during7dofpostoperative retraining was higher in lesioned than in control animals. C, The average number of working memory errors per trial ( SEM) for each day of preoperative and postoperative training is shown. Initial preoperative acquisition of the working memory task was similar for control and lesioned animals. Lesioned animals showed a transient increase in working memory errors during postoperative retraining. D, Lesioned and control animals reached similar levels of asymptote performance during the recording sessions. The lesioned animals showed a small but insignificant increase in errors compared with controls. The performance during all recording sessions was averaged for each animal, and an independent t test was used for the statistical comparison. Control (CONTROL) subjects received a vehicle injection; lesioned (MSX ) subjects received a quinolinic acid injection in the medial septal nucleus. (Fig. 2D) (n 6, r 0.821, p 0.05), but was unrelated to postsurgical behavioral performance in control animals (Fig. 2D) (n 7, r 0.432, NS). Hippocampal physiology: consequences of septal lesions Hippocampal complex spike cells (n 147) and interneurons (n 46) were recorded from six control and five lesioned animals. Complex spike cells For analyzing the entire population of complex spike cells recorded in control and lesioned animals, data from the initial five trials in light were combined with data from sessions with baseline trials only. Two-way analysis of covariance with rate as a covariate did not reveal significant interactions between recording site and lesion group for any of the field parameters. Therefore data from CA1 and CA3 were combined for statistical comparisons. Spike amplitudes of complex spike cells recorded from control and lesioned animals were not different (control V, lesioned V; df 144, t 0.53, NS), and quantitative comparisons of scores for field parameters did not reveal significant differences for specificity (log transform) (Fig. 3A) (df 142, t 0.44, NS), information content (Fig. 3B) (df 144, t 1.39, NS), and reliability (Fig. 3C) (df 144, t 0.67, NS). The covariance index was significantly decreased in lesioned compared with control animals (Fig. 3D) (df 141, t 2.73, p 0.01), suggesting that spatial correlates of hippocampal complex spike cells were not consistently maintained when septal function was compromised. The effect was controlled for rate by confirming that the average firing rates for cells of control animals were not different from those of lesioned animals ( Hz vs Hz; df 146, t 0.77, NS) and by testing the effect of the septal lesion by using analysis of covariance with rate as a covariate. Analysis of covariance revealed a significant group effect (F (1,141) 4.87, p 0.05) in addition to confirming the correlation between covariance index and rate (F (1,141) 22.73, p 0.001). The significant difference in the covariance index in the absence of a difference in reliability may reflect the lower sensitivity of the latter measurement. The reliability score only indicates changes to a different arm, whereas the covariance index is also sensitive to variations within maze arms. In addition, the reliability score only measures consistent location-dependent activity when the units have a well defined place field, which is not the case for a subset of the complex spike cells (see below). Proportion of units with place fields When selecting for place fields by using similar criteria as in a previous study (Mizumori et al., 1992b), i.e., by using a specificity score of 2.0 and a reliability score of 37.5%, 70.4% of the units of control animals were found to have spatial correlates in control animals, whereas only 52.6% of the complex spike cells fulfilled the criteria for spatial correlates in lesioned animals (df 1, , p 0.05). The same trend was independently observed for control/lesion units in CA1 (69.4%/57.1%) and CA3 (77.8%/47.1%) but did not reach significance in either
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text:
|One George Bush. One America. Albania.
Kiss George Bush. America. OK?
June 11, 2007 Albania
Albania is a colony for the long repressed citizens of Albany, New York. Their story is similar to that of Israel, but intead of Palestinians, they Albanians who have moved back to the homeland had to fight off Greeks and Grateful Dead fans to establish their own state.
In Albania it is still 2002.
Thank You for Supporting The Greatest President EverEdit
Albanians celebrated President George W. Bush's visit to their homeland in June of 2007 as the coming of a hero, renaming a street and issuing three postage stamps in his honor.
Kiss O.K.?
~ Stephen Colbert

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Gnocchi are small dumplings made from a blend of mashed potatoes, flour, oil and egg. The potato dough is rolled out and then formed into approximately 1-inch long dumplings. You can serve gnocchi, a traditional Italian fare, topped with tomato or Alfredo sauce or simply browned in butter. If you have homemade gnocchi leftovers, or if you planned ahead for future meals, you can safely store them in your refrigerator or freezer.
Things You'll Need
- Plastic food container with an airtight lid
- Parchment paper
- Heavy-duty plastic freezer bag (optional)
- Baking sheet
- Freezer tape
Allow cooked gnocchi to come to room temperature before preparing it for storage. Transfer cooked or uncooked gnocchi into a plastic food container featuring an airtight lid. Place parchment paper in between each layer of gnocchi to prevent the dumplings from sticking together. Store the gnocchi in a refrigerator for up to two days.
Cover a baking sheet with parchment paper to prepare the gnocchi for freezing. Arrange the cooked or uncooked gnocchi on the sheet, leaving a small space between each one. Place the sheet of gnocchi in a flat position in a freezer for three hours, or until the dumplings are frozen.
Remove the gnocchi from the freezer and transfer them to a rigid plastic storage container or a heavy-duty plastic freezer bag. Press a moisture-resistant lid onto the container or squeeze the air out of the bag and seal its zipper-lock closure.
Label the container or bag with a piece of freezer tape featuring the storage date.
Freeze the gnocchi at 0 degrees, as recommended by the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. They can remain in the freezer for as long as four to six weeks, according to chef Lidia Matticchio Bastianich.
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Ratings: IMDB: 7.2/10 Metascore: 65% RT: N/A
Released: April 16, 2015
Runtime: 106 mins
Genres: Drama
Countries: France Italy
Director: Nanni Moretti
Actors: Giulia Lazzarini John Turturro Margherita Buy Nanni Moretti
Mia Madre ( 2015 )
Watch And Download Full Movies Online 100% Free
Mia Madre: Margherita, a director in the middle of an existential crisis, has to deal with the inevitable and still unacceptable loss of her mother.
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CHAPEL HILL, N.C. – Roy Williams has made a habit of reminding his Tar Heels that Brice Johnson will not be emerging from the locker room to provide a rebounding presence this season. If Friday's 124-63 exhibition win over UNC Pembroke is any indication, his message has yet to sink in.
The Braves' starting frontline stood 6-foot-10, 6-foot-7 and 6-foot-4, while their backcourt went 6-foot and 5-foot-7. Despite the height discrepancy across the board, UNC Pembroke pulled down 16 offensive rebounds in the first half alone. The Tar Heels allowed 30 offensive rebounds in total, 10 more than they allowed in a game all last season (Notre Dame, 20) and more than they have allowed in 14 years.
UNC Pembroke shot 26.3 percent, missing 70 of its 95 field goal attempts, yet managed a 43.4 offensive rebounding percentage. The Braves only scored 14 points off those 30 offensive rebounds.
"You're going to have more opportunities when you shoot a poor percentage, but we didn't do as good of a job of boxing out," Williams said after the win. "I told them about a kid that we had that came and visited when I was at Kansas. He said he didn't realize there were 11 commandments because he said after watching our practice that the 11th commandment was 'thou shall box out.'
"We did not believe the 11th commandment tonight."
Eleven of UNC Pembroke's offensive rebounds came on missed 3-point attempts. There were others, such as 6-foot Micah Kinsey tipping in a free throw miss over 6-foot-8 Justin Jackson, that cannot be dismissed as easily. Starting forwards Isaiah Hicks and Kennedy Meeks each pulled down five rebounds in 34 combined minutes.
"It does concern me that we had some guys that I'm counting on being big-time rebounders that didn't box out," Williams said.
Nearly a week removed from dominating Memphis on the boards in a secret scrimmage, the Tar Heels seemed lethargic at times on the glass. Asked about the postgame message from his head coach, sophomore forward Luke Maye said, "It wasn't good. Coach was frustrated."
Williams told reporters his top concern a week out from the season opener at Tulane remains rebounding, which is a responsibility that extends beyond the post players. There has been improvement through the first 24 practices, according to Jackson.
"I'd say that out of the non-bigs I've seen some growth," Jackson said. "Obviously, Brice got pretty much every rebound that came off the backboard, and we've got bigs that can do that. They just haven't gotten there yet."
Maye and freshman forward Tony Bradley led UNC with eight rebounds apiece. Jackson added four, while sophomore wing Kenny Williams and freshman guard Seventh Woods both grabbed three rebounds.
"All of the bigs push each other and really work to box out and help our team," Maye said. "It falls on everybody, the bigs and the guards. They sent a lot of guys to the boards tonight. We just need to work as a team to rebound and not just the two big guys inside."


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GraphicRiver Realistic CD Mock-Ups
10-02-2013, 21:57 | PSD Templates » GraphicRiver
GraphicRiver Realistic CD Mock-Ups
Photoshop PSD | Print Dimensions: 15.27x8.59 inch | 472.3 Mb
Realistic and Highly Customizable CD Mock-Ups Each document contains different CD scenes, each with unique backgrounds to showcase your designs. These mock-ups work with Photoshop Smart Objects, so you don't need any other Photoshop skills. Just double click on the Smart Object layer found in the document, and it will be updated automatically.
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The story of the life of Severiano Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfing colossus. It interweaves archive footage and interviews with dramatised flashbacks to Seves childhood as a farm boy, struggling to develop his astonishing skills.
This celebration of Spanish golfing legend Severiano Ballesteros is an unsuccessful mix of archive material – largely voiceover interviews with the man and clips of his many, many victories around the world – and dramatisations of Seve's origins as a child prodigy, practicing swings on the beach or sneaking into the local golf club. For all the fancy match cuts, the backstory is chronically shallow and unsuspenseful, and runs on far too long. Seve's own interviews give more insight into what made the genius tick, and the footage towards the end is hugely moving, but this is still a sadly missed opportunity.
The 2010 film Senna set the bar for recent sports docs that are gripping whether you follow the relevant sport or not. Unwieldy and sometimes interminable, Seve falls far short.


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how to default one line spacing
i added a font plugin and tested the font by changing it to 16, it did not work, then i realised that the line spacing had changed, so i deleted the plugin, now i dont know how to get back to the default one line space that was there before, the plugin appears to have modified the line spacing for good.
i know i can use shift return, but i do want to do alot of writing, and would prefer to have the default back. How do i do this?
twenty thirteen
- The topic 'how to default one line spacing' is closed to new replies.


text:
They say eating at a good restaurant can make you feel like a king, but historically kings always had to eat in their castles and probably alone. Feel better than royalty with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
$33 for an Italian dinner for two (up to a $64.85 total value)
- One appetizer (up to a $9.95 value)
- Two entrees (up to a $37.90 value)
- Two glasses of wine (up to a $17 value)

$67 for an Italian dinner for four (up to a $129.70 total value)
- Two appetizers (up to a $19.90 value)
- Four entrees (up to a $75.80 value)
- Four glasses of wine (up to a $34 value)

Jordan's Restaurant
John Gogas first became a chef in Greece, eventually traveling throughout Europe helping to establish Club Med kitchens. He relocated to the United States in the 1970s, where he opened Jordan's Restaurant and developed a menu focused in Italian cuisine. Entrees include fettuccine debosco with ham, mushrooms, and peas, as well as baked ziti and veal marsala. Groups can share one of six specialty pizzas, such as a clams casino with bacon, garlic, and a choice of sauce. Of course, there are also a few Greek dishes: pitas can be stuffed with pork, beef, chicken, or pages from Aristotle's rejected film scripts.


text: Sanctum Plowbeast Printings/Rarity: Cost: CMC: 6 Card Type: Artifact Creature — Beast Power/Toughness: 3/6 Oracle Text: Defender Plainscycling , islandcycling (, Discard this card: Search your library for a Plains or Island card, reveal it, and put it into your hand. Then shuffle your library.) Retrieved from "http://mtg.wikia.com/wiki/Sanctum_Plowbeast?oldid=55536" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Alara Reborn Common Cards CMC: 6 Artifact Creature Beast Cycling Defender White Blue Multicolored Artifact Creature White/Blue


text:
Gift Premium Subscription To GNXtreme
Join Date:08-30-2012
Last Activity:11-14-2013 9:14 PM
2 Likes on 2 Posts
Posted in thread: Where does everyone carry? on 11-02-2013 at 04:52 AM
I carry at 4 o'clock IWB 1911. The holster is a hybrid kydex/leather one similar to a cross
breed. Oh, and it's always cocked and locked!
Posted in thread: I need help finding the 1911 I want. on 12-13-2012 at 12:10 PM
I too have an American classic commander. It fits in your price range and is a great gun.
Posted in thread: New Gun Pics on 12-01-2012 at 04:30 AM
My girlfriend just gave me an early Christmas and birthday present. She got me a S&W SD40 VE. I
honestly don't know that much about S&W. I've played with it took it apart cleaned it but
haven't shot i...
Posted in thread: Wanenmacher's Gun Show on 11-10-2012 at 09:47 PM
It was a very busy day at the gun show... I came home with a few loading components and some
sore feet...
Posted in thread: Homemade muzzle brake on 11-06-2012 at 03:23 PM
Seeing that makes me want to thread my barrel. I have the same gun w/o the threaded barrel.
Posted in thread: Reloading Newbie on 11-06-2012 at 03:02 PM
I have the RCBS master kit and like it very much. I say get your press out and set it up. Then
start sizing some brass. Go slow and be careful. I'm a hands on guy that's the way I learn
best. But I've...
Posted in thread: American Classic Commander Modified on 11-06-2012 at 12:17 AM
Nice job on the stippling and grip relief behind the trigger guard. I like a nicely stipples
grip. Most 1911 owners don't have the stomach to do it themselves. Wacking away with a hammer
and chisel se...
Posted in thread: American Classic Commander Modified on 11-05-2012 at 02:14 PM
Now you guys got me thinking of ways to mod my ac commander. I've wanted to duracote something
for a while now. I do like the shiny finish on it now... I put 150 rounds downrange this
weekend... Love ...
Posted in thread: Do you "Home Carry"? on 11-01-2012 at 06:29 PM
Here lately I get out my new 1911 whenever I go to sit and watch tv. I'm not allowed to carry
at work but as soon as the whistle blows I put it on. Then I don't take it off until I shower
then it's on...
Posted in thread: Found My Carry Gear on 11-01-2012 at 03:14 PM
Thanks for sharing. I really like the comp-tac. Let us know what you think of it once you try
it outIt's good to go! Mtac is the "upgrade" from the Spartan.. full leather on the back where
the Spartan...


text:
Bible YOUTUBE The Book Of Psalms
Please be on the look out for a person or animal in need. We can each be a human angel. Decemeber is Suicide Awareness Month.
You Can NOT Be Replaced®
Call for prayer Select Joyce Meyers'No act of kindness, however small, is ever wasted'
GOD bless you and your family two and four-legged!
E-mail email@example.com
For more information on donkey training, donkey care, donkey husbandry check out our business website, select Donkey Whisperer Farm, LLC.
GOD bless you and your family two and four-legged!
Melody Johnson, Donkey Whisperer Farm, LLC
Select http://wwwyouversion.com/mobile
Select http://www.donkeywhisperer.com
GOD bless you and your family two and four-legged!
GOD bless you and your family two and four-legged!
Praying I can get well enough to teach Rio to pull a cart in 2014!
One more!
GOD bless you and your family two and four-legged!
Draft new web page – http://donkeywhispererfarm.com/home/
Guess who the photo is?
Rio he was just a few days old in this photo, look at his long legs!
GOD bless you and your family two and four-legged!
Did you know donkeys, horses and mules can help us humans move into the present and not live in the past? Check out the The Equine Assisted Growth and Learning for more details.
Did you know horses are helping our solders with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Check out this video Dare To Live
GOD bless you and your family two and four-legged!
If you're having a hard day, week, month or year try to look outside yourself and see how others live as most people have it harder in life than we do!
Here is a song I just found that describes what I am saying "This Is What It Feels Like To Be Held" Enjoy.
When life starts to get me depressed I cry tears it's good to cry as tears are healing, GOD created us to cry as a way to release and cleanse. I cry wipe my tears, blow my nose and move forward, get up in my mind and never give up. I talk to GOD, pray, read Psalms in the bible or whatever verse GOD sends me to.
I am very careful to scan what comes into my mind, ears and eyes selecting what I read, watch on t.v. and view on the internet. I listen to Christian radio as I need to hear positive affirmations I do not want any negative information as the mind is the battlefield and we must be careful what we are absorbing.
How To Get Your Mind Off Your Problems:
Read the bible
Write down all your blessings
Get some physical exercise – If you can't exercise due to poor health go to the pool and float
Surf the net for inspirational blogs, video and photos here is a couple inspirational videos:
Amberley Snider – Overcoming obstacles
If the semi truck accident had not happened I seriously doubt I would have become the in-depth blogger I am today. Yes I wanted to share our relationship with Jesus Christ and all the blessings GOD has given us. Sharing the pain and suffering to help others while it is raw and real created the blog/posts you read today.
Blogging has been very healing for me as I have so much spare time on my hands. Everything rides on hope I call it faith in Jesus Christ I just can't imagine how I could have managed all the pain and suffering without God holding my right hand and my husband strength, love and support. I am so very grateful to have my GOD sent husband he is indeed my very best human friend.
GOD bless you and your family two and four-legged!


text:
About the Book
A reflection of the students, their activities and excursions, in year two at Reddam House in 2010.
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About the Creator
Sarah Cunningham
Sydney, Australia
Works at Reddam House, Sydney and owner of White Dog Photography.
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City and State(s) in which the studios are located (if yes to the above
Website for Studio (if applicable):
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as In read in this thred there are some recomodations for hikes in Holland.
I could get a week of only in february and I know its the coldest month in Holland, I like to ask about hikes thst can be done in this time of the year.
its my forst time in Holland and I have 2-3 days for hiking.
Im looking for forests, green pastures, canals or rivers, and rural invironment.
thank you foir the info


text: Hi, As I live abroad I'll ask a friend of mine to bring over some accessories when she come to visit me. A high quality earphone (Is it full compatible with Nexus 1? ): Amazon.com: Etymotic Research HF5 Portable In-Ear Earphones (Black): Electronics A dock (I would prefer the google's one, but I am not able to find one at a reasonable price): Innodock Jr. Desktop Cradle, Black An extra battery: Innocell 1600mAh Slim Extended Life Battery A large SD card: The bigger and faster the better. Any suggestion? Any help would be much appreciated. Regards


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Irrelevant Outrage
[Most Recent Entries]
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Below are the
most recent journal entries recorded in
's LiveJournal:
<< Previous 20
Wednesday, November 26th, 2014
1:06 pm
Some Things to Keep In Mind
Here are some things which are true:
People act, largely, according to the directions in which their incentives point. If a CEO's contract pays more to trash the company than make it successful, you'll get a trashed company 9 times out of 10. Organizations created to solve a problem, which will cease to exist upon completion, rarely solve the problem. Instead, they make the problem worse.
Included in incentives are: increased money, more power/authority, support for ones own self identity.
Leaders will in general act to increase their budgets and their staff, to the exclusion of accomplishing their actual assigned goals.
Finally, people in positions of power will tend to preserve the status quo. This is, after all, the situation that placed them into a position of power.
All of this may or may not be conscious. You can certainly have people earnestly working as hard as they can to do X, but failing and instead accomplishing Y, where Y is usually more aligned with their incentives than X is. I don't understand the mechanism, but it happens all the time.
And so on. You might ask for evidence, and I am going to decline to provide. Look around you, all of humanity is the evidence.
This is one of the areas of life that fascinates me.
How does this apply to, just to pull an issue out of thin air, the problem of cops shooting black kids?
Who are they players? Well, there's the poor schlubs, both cops and kids, getting shot out there. But, screw them. They got no voice, they got no power, they're actually not players at all.
On the cop side we have, more or less, The Man. The Current System. The incentives here are: preserve the status quo, increase budgets and staffing. Of course these people will promote the narrative of a deadly inner city, brutish and dangerous youths. We NEED more beat cops. We NEED that tank. We NEED more SWAT teams.
On the other side we have a variety of interesting voices, from bottom feeders on tumblr to nationally respected writers and commentators. These people are also incented to preserve the status quo, interestingly. Their identity and, sometimes, their paycheck, is tied up in the narrative of institutional racism, of violent and thuggish cops wasting innocent black men wholesale. Of course they will beat that drum over and over. It's their job.
So, who here is actually incentivized to solve the problem? Who benefits from an inner city filled with peaceful youths baking cookies for the local beat cop, who watches over them as a benevolent friend? Who, in fact, benefits from knowing the truth here? Are the cops shooting black kids, or poor kids? Are the cops brutish thugs of saints? Nobody with a voice actually wants a definitive answer here. It would end the game. They'd need to get new jobs.
Well, the poor schlubs getting shot, obviously. But as noted before, screw those guys.
And, just to re-iterate a previous point: I in no way mean to suggest that any particular person or persons in play here are not earnestly speaking truth as they see it, and trying as hard as they can to solve the problems. I believe that many, most, perhaps almost all of the players are indeed earnest and decent seekers. But their incentives do not lie in that direction, as so, what can we reasonably expect as the outcome here?
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Wednesday, June 11th, 2014
9:04 pm
A joke
It has come to my attention that a terrible joke is going around in some circles:
An infinite number of mathematicians walk in to a bar. The first orders 1 beer. The second orders half a beer. The third one orders one quarter of a beer, and so on, each one ordering a drink half the size of the previous. The bartender shakes his head, says, "You idiots!" and pours two beers.
This joke sucks, because the punchline is, basically "ha ha! I know a tiny bit of math!"
This joke is much better:
An infinite number of mathematicians walk in to a bar. The first orders 1 beer. The second orders half a beer. The third one orders one quarter of a beer, and so on, each one ordering a drink half the size of the previous. The bartender looks at the queue of mathematicians and says, "Ok guys, but your limit is two drinks"
Since the joke now contains an appalling pun, it rules FROM ORBIT.
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Friday, September 6th, 2013
9:41 pm
Only White People Camp
There's a little fleet or articles going around the Internets these days. Apparently the National Park Service determined that most visitors to National Parks are white. This has sparked the usual suspects to whip out stupid little articles about how only white people camp or hike, because camping and hiking are
literally the same thing
as visiting national parks.
The people writing these things are a) stupid and b) obviously never go camping. Tons of non-white people go camping. Which is, to review, not the same thing as visiting a National Park (which is generally NOT camping, FYI, the National Parks in the USA have decent hotels and things, and many of them are mostly set up for day visitors anyways).
National Parks are often hard to get to, and generally boring as well, which is probably why only more or less affluent people bother with them. Camping is cheap and fun, which is why all socio-economic classes are represented.
My favorite article, by the way, suggested that you need $1000 worth of gear to go camping. That's hilarious. Protip: You don't.
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Saturday, August 31st, 2013
8:14 am
Payment Scheme
Some fellow on the internet really wanted to pay me some little sum for a thing, and I was a bit baffled as to why or how he could do it most conveniently.
I have hit upon a perfectly anonymous scheme for payments. It's not very capitalist, but capitalism's kind of a dead end anyways, Here's how it works:
When you receive a good or service,
pay anyone, at random.
This approach has a number of properties. Discuss.
5 Comments
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Friday, August 23rd, 2013
8:45 am
XKCD and Columbus
Today's XKCD
cites the pretty well known fact that everyone knew the world was round, not just Columbus. Most people know that Columbus was an idiot and thought the world was quite a bit smaller than it is, and that everyone else had a pretty good idea that China was in fact 10,000 miles away.
What's not widely known, perhaps, is that if you happen to be out on the ocean, and you happen to know that the world is round, and you happen to have two ships of known heights handy, and you know as much geometry as the Egyptians did, you can work out how big the planet is.
Columbus had to hand everything he needed to calculate, with a couple hours of doodling around, how big the planet is. He also had copious free time to do so. An experienced sailor with a bit of geometry in him could probably get close just by guessing what the measurements would produce, without even using a second ship and measuring anything. The key is "how far away is the ship when it vanishes over the horizon" which an experienced sailor in that era should be able to guess immediately. Then you spend 10 minutes dorking around with lines and triangles, and you say 'Hmm, 20,000 miles around' or something.
It becomes almost inconceivable that he could have been 10,000 miles wrong. In fact, he probably had a pretty good guess that there was something, not China, in betweem Portugal and China, and he set out to find it, justifying his plan with a stupid "well, the earth is tiny, so China is basically Right There" story.
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Wednesday, November 28th, 2012
10:28 am
When you see some structure (a novel, a building, a painting, some weird skin growth) and inside that structure you see a smaller structure which resembles the outer one, you DO NOT HAVE A FRACTAL. If you see a whole bunch of smaller structures that resemble the outer one, and inside each of those, a whole bunch of.. you STILL DO NOT HAVE A FRACTAL. You have a pattern, but NOT A FRACTAL.
Self-similar is the keyword, here. Fractals don't exist in a quantized universe such as, you know, this one.
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Thursday, August 9th, 2012
9:08 am
Seeks Attention
Boy do I like that name.
I don't know how apparent this is, but Seeks Attention strikes ME as someone who wishes she had things to say about books. Evidently she does not, either because she is lazy, or lacks the intellectual makeup necessary (the latter is not an indictment, not everyone is built to be a critic). She compensates with this lazy schtick of deconstructing every damn thing in the light of Critical Race Theory, instead of actually performing criticism. It looks like scholarship! It feels like scholarship! It's kind of like scholarship!
Except of course none of those is true. It's self-evidently the crazy ranting of someone who's not being very clever.
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Wednesday, August 1st, 2012
8:54 am
I am sick to death of the current anti-bullying narrative. We're seeing articles, columns, books, memoirs and GOD KNOWS blog posts. The narrative is always the same 'I was bullied and now I am STRUGGLING TO UNDERSTAND why bullies bully!!'
Here's the thing: You would probably have an easier time figuring out the mechanics if you didn't conveniently forget that not only were you bullied, you bullied. Yep. Almost without exception, everyone bullies and is bullied in their school years. It's how people work when you shove them into a situation like school. Or prison. Or summer camp.
If you want to understand bullying, stop wringing your foolish hands and take a good hard look in the mirror. The answer is right there.
1 Comment
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Monday, July 23rd, 2012
5:02 pm
Little Known Fact
"Battle Royale" is actually the first
Atlas Shrugged
movie. They trimmed the plot down to the scenes involving Galt Gulch to make it frankly filmable, and made a few rewrites to reflect a more realistic view of what a bunch of CEOs left to fend for themselves in an isolated valley would behave like.
The rest is basically just issues with the translation.
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Monday, July 16th, 2012
10:44 am
all you sociopaths
If you're one of those people who insist on scribbling in library books, please stop. Your marginal notes are embarrassing, the bits you underline are clearly selected at random, and you always peter out (thank god) after a few pages. This is not scholarship, you are aping the form, but you are not a scholar, you are some sort of sociopath and a moron as well.
That is all.
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Friday, July 13th, 2012
11:54 am
a privilege
This idea is not original with me, but the actual sources, understandably, are reluctant to mention it in public forums. I'm not.
The ability to trade sex (generally construed) for staples of life, like housing, food, and so on, constitutes a privilege enjoyed, mostly, by women.
Arguably, this explains why there are relatively few homeless women. Interesting, huh? Privilege isn't all wine and roses, but an advantage is an advantage, even if exercising it isn't very jolly.
3 Comments
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Saturday, June 2nd, 2012
11:09 am
art and beauty
In my irregular tour of a little handful of idiots-on-the-web, I ran across this:
in which Tempest describes how, as a moderator of a panel, she heroically beat down some guy who disagreed with her, and then goes on to quote and agree some other numbskull asserting that art needs to be beautiful.
I find that a pretty incredible claim. One could, I suppose, argue that anything that is ART accrues a certain beauty due to its ARTFULNESS but that's just begging the question. Tempest would, of course, not hesitate to do so because she confuses "my opinion" with "flawless logic" but she's still be wrong.
1 Comment
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Monday, May 21st, 2012
4:23 pm
You are not "signal boosting," you are re-blogging something because you are a lazy dumbshit.
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Friday, May 18th, 2012
9:02 am
Check it
Nick Mamatas 100% appropriates Will Shetterly's position:
The question is, does Nick know? Is he that ignorant of Will's position, having gotten most of his information about what Will thinks from posts starting 'Shorter Shitterly' written by, oops, kind of rapey people? Or does he actually understand Will's position, and manage to be so completely un-self-conscious as to not recognize that his position is identical? Or is Nick in fact simply playing his cards very close to his chest?
I am betting on un-self-conscious. In the past I have suspected Nick of playing a game, but since he never, ever, breaks character, who the hell cares if it's a game or if he really is an un-self-aware poseur.
1 Comment
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Tuesday, May 1st, 2012
11:10 am
Thank you!
Thank you, International Workers, on this, Your Day!
I appreciate all the hard work you do to give me a basically pretty cushy life. While it's kind of a downer to stand on your crippled backs to grab hold of my pretty much awesome life, I think you'll agree that the alternative is worse and nobody sane would go for it. So, thanks!
Also, if you're reading this, you're also standing on the backs of those same workers. You might be a little higher up or a little lower down than me, but you're pretty far up the pyramid. How do I know? Well, unless your superpower is reading blogs with your mind, you're reading this via some electronic device. The device was, if not actually manufactured by absurdly cheap and more or less oppressed overseas labor, was priced to compete with same. This low price makes the device, or access to it, absurdly cheap in terms of how much labor you must perform (even at US minimum wage) to gain that access. Yes, even you people on food stamps, using an ancient computer your brother in law gave you. You benefit, you thereby partake of oppression, and you would be mad to do otherwise.
So, rejoice with me in your exalted position in the great heap of humanity, and join me in thanking the vast majority below us, lifting us upwards into our awesome lives.
10 Comments
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Monday, April 16th, 2012
9:03 am
So -
what do you make of this?
2 Comments
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Sunday, March 25th, 2012
4:04 pm
One axis upon which one can divide art is this: Is the first one the only one?
The first guy to paint a Campbell's Soup Can might have had something to say. The second guy was just a derivative twit.
It's still perfectly possible to paint, I dunno, a pretty girl with a earring and have it be a worthwhile piece.
What's up with that? Was Andy Warhol doing art at all, and more generally are these inherently one-off deals art at all? Maybe they're... I dunno, commentary, or criticism. Is the one-offness itself just a matter of taste in the first place, so the point is moot?
4 Comments
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Thursday, January 5th, 2012
12:38 pm
fighting *-ism
If you consider yourself to be fighting *-isms, such as racism, sexism, and so on
if your activities in this struggles can be accurately summarized as 'I ****** online' (for example: I organize boycotts online, I educate people about racism online, I run a discussion forum for issues surrounding sexism online)
a) Fuck You
b) you are in all probability a worthless sack of shit and to the extent that you are having any effect, you are making the problem worse
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Monday, November 14th, 2011
9:53 am
NPR fails me again
This morning I heard a short item on Libya, discussing how under Quaddhafi (pick your preferred spelling) everything was subsidized, and how the new government was going to have to deal with this and oh my it certainly was going to be a tough time ahead weaning the populace off the subsidized lifestyle.
Planted in all this is the axiom that profits from an extremely lucrative national resource, in this case oil, should NOT be shared with the people of the nation. We get a couple obvious corollaries quite quickly: These resources should be placed in the hands of Efficient Private Enterprise which will, somehow, make things, somehow, better. Somehow. Maybe the wealth will "trickle down" or some bullshit. A further easy corollary which is certainly a bit of a stretch, but also certainly on the minds of many oldish whitish richish men, is that the Efficient Private Enterprises involved should mostly be US and European.
If NPR won't state the obvious:
It's THEIR FUCKING OIL, so it's THEIR FUCKING MONEY, so they should GET SOME OF IT,
then who will?
3 Comments
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Tuesday, October 25th, 2011
10:06 am
God, Religion, and All That
Another in the endless series of Things That Piss Me Off.
It's fairly trendy these days to dismiss religion as the trivial foolishness of another time. Implicit in this is the idea that we, as rational creatures, have pretty much figured it out, or will figure it all out, and there's no need to posit a mystical unknowable force to create the universe and us, Science Tells Us that it all just happened as a consequence of natural laws.
Generally people who trot this stuff out don't understand much science, it turns out. Let's take a look at a few things.
Physics: The collection of laws that appear to govern our universe give us a number of features which are very handy, like Time, and Subatomic Particles stable enough to hang about for enough Time for interesting things to happen, just to name a couple. These are apparently arbitrary features of the complex rules that, as far as our Science People can work out, govern the universe. Lucky thing, eh?
Chemistry: Holy shit, it turns out that the physics gives us a BIZARRELY complicated collection of STUFF. The particles can make molecules, with crazy "electron shells" that seem to obey a capriciously complicated set of rules and advisories that allow compounds to form in a wonderful array of ways. Water is a miraculously weird substance. The rules allow this to dissolve in that, but not in this, these things precipitate out, that ionizes in the other thing, holy crap. It's INSANE.
Biology: The chemistry, while freakishly well suited to supporting life doesn't make it easy for life to arise. All available evidence suggests that it happened one (1) time in a rather enormous universe, at least in the particularly curious form that seems to be specifically design to evolve and change and increase in complexity enough to produce:
Intelligent Life: The rise of intelligence appears to be another colossal accident. Intelligence sufficient to wonder about where it came from and why doesn't have any obvious evolutionary value, for one thing. Also, a human being is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery. A human CELL is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery which works damn near by magic.
So, if one insists that Science is The Way, and that one will believe only in what can perceive and verify (if not literally, at least it has been perceived and verified by some person, and could in theory be perceived and verified by oneself) one is stuck with a wildly improbable universe, with layer of wild unlikeliness built on layer of unlikeliness all the way down. The ultimate question of 'why' is answerable only with 'incredible luck, beside which winning all the lotteries of the world at once is a certainty'. It's tempting to sneak out of this trap by positing the existence of, say, an infinitude of universes; only in those unlikely ones in which intelligent life arose is there intelligence to wonder at the improbability of it all. This is a cheat, since you're positing the existence in some sense of an infinitude of un-perceivable stuff, which is exactly what the Theist is doing. You might as well just posit a God and be done with it. There are ways to do so that satisfy Occam, which is pretty much all you have to go in here anyways.
The point here is not that atheism is wrong. The point is that it's not the obvious and simple choice. Sticking strictly with the idea that existence and perceptibility are the same leads one into a rather tight corner -- it's not untenable, it's just tight. If someone dismisses theism lightly, they just don't know enough. There is a reason many scientists are religious.
The point here is also, by the way, not that Christianity or Islam or Buddhism or whatever is right, great, or even very good.
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