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Networking social movements through individuals multi-participation
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1 CIES e-working PAPER N 20/2006 Networking social movements through individuals multi-participation INÊS PEREIRA AV. DAS FORÇAS ARMADAS, EDIFÍCIO ISCTE LISBOA, PORTUGAL
2 Inês Pereira é licenciada em Sociologia e mestre em Comunicação, Cultura e Tecnologias da Informação pelo ISCTE. Interessa-se particularmente pelo estudo de movimentos sociais, associativismo, redes socais e identidade(s). Actualmente desenvolve uma tese de Doutoramento em Antropologia Urbana (ISCTE/Universitat Rovira i Virgili), sobre a formação de redes entre diferentes movimentos sociais globais. É uma apaixonada pela utilização da etnografia e pela combinação da perspectiva sociológica e antropológica. Abstract This paper is drawn upon an on-going PhD research in Urban Anthropology, focusing on social movements and particularly on the establishment of networks of relations among them. Classical studies on social movements tend to focus on a specific type of social action, analysing its collective and individual - actors individually. However, empirical data sustain the idea that there are complex sets of interdependency among different social movements, which tend to organize themselves in relation to other collective actors. Individual multiparticipation; convergence events as the so-called social forums; virtual and urban spaces of protest; and partnerships between organizations: all these linkages act as different types of ties between social movements, promoting complex networks of relations. This paper particularly focus on processes of individual participation, that is, simultaneous involvement on distinct contexts of collective action linked to social movements, and its several impacts, probing, through biographical analysis, the processes of identity reconfiguration, and individual multiparticipation on social movements. The impact of this multiparticipation on the organizations where these individuals are involved is also analysed, as, sometimes, a stronger relation between different movements have been constructed this way. The paper is organized around three different parts, each one comprehending one or more stories snapshots of reality collected through individual biographical interviews. As the research design and the proposed theme, the text follows, through its short stories, a somehow circular path, following the multiple social insertions of my interviewees. From the participation at Portuguese ATTAC to BE, a Portuguese left wing party. From BE to catholic institutions of charity and free software. And, finally, from free software to BE again. Key words: Social movements, multiparticipation, networks
3 Resumo Este artigo baseia-se numa pesquisa de doutoramento em Antropologia Urbana que se encontra em curso, centrando-se nos movimentos sociais e particularmente, no estabelecimento de redes de relações entre diferentes movimentos sociais. Os estudos clássicos sobre movimentos sociais tendem a focar-se num tipo específico de acção social, analisando os seus impactos individuais e colectivos individualmente. Contudo, dados empíricos sugerem um complexo conjunto de relações entre os diferentes movimentos sociais, que tendem a organizar-se em relação a outros actores colectivos. Multiparticipação, eventos de convergência, como os fóruns sociais, espaços urbanos e virtuais de protesto, parcerias entre organizações, todos estes mecanismos agem como diferentes tipos de laços entre movimentos sociais, promovendo complexas redes de relações. Este artigo foca particularmente processos de multiparticipação individual; ou seja o envolvimento simultâneo em distintos contextos de acção colectiva ligados a movimentos sociais; explorando, através de entrevistas biográficas, os processos de reconfiguração identitária que lhes estão associados. O impacto desta multiparticipação nas organizações onde estes indivíduos se inserem também será analisado, bem como as eventuais relações entre diferentes movimentos que daí poderão surgir. O artigo organiza-se em três partes, cada uma incorporando uma ou mais histórias snapshots da realidade coligidas através das entrevistas. Tal como o desenho da pesquisa e o próprio tema, o texto segue um percurso circular, de acordo com os múltiplos envolvimentos dos entrevistados. Da participação na ATTAC portuguesa ao Bloco de Esquerda. Do BE, a uma instituição católica de caridade e ao software livre. E, finalmente, do software livre ao BE de novo. Palavras-chave: movimentos sociais, multiparticipação, redes
4 1. Social participation, social networks and networked social movements David s story David was born in the North Interior of Portugal. His family and early friends were not involved in political or social action. Still, he grew up reading Portuguese neorealism authors, many of them associated with resistance to fascism, and when he was fourteen he start visiting annually a well-known event, called Festa do Avante: three days of music, political discourses and social action, promoted by a newspaper related to the communist party. That was a time of great political contestation, and David started to feel a personal interest on social and political participation, also stimulated by his communist friends and especially by a cousin who was deeply involved on politics. David s first political actions took place on high school, where he got himself involved with the students union, integrating an alternative list, usually without any chance of winning. As many young people from his background he went to Lisbon, the capital, in order to take universitarian studies. He entered a public university to study Economics. At the time, there was, in his University, a left wing unitary project that won for several years the leadership of the students assembly. The participation on this project helped to stimulate David s political awareness, and, together with several of his colleagues, David was one of the activists who saw the birth of Portuguese ATTAC. That was his first social action outside students unions. As many of his colleagues, David went abroad for a year to study on a foreign university, funded by Erasmus program. He went to Barcelona, where he got himself involved with the local students movements, and also with Catalonia's ATTAC group. Coming back to Portugal he kept working at ATTAC, being at the time deeply involved with Iraq war contestation, and with the promotion of the first Portuguese Social Forum. Within the same group of friends, he met some persons that were involved in the Portuguese edition of the French newspaper Le Monde Diplomatique, and he started to collaborate in a association called Friends of Le Monde, where he, later on, made part of the direction board. He went then to France, to do his Masters, and, living in Paris, he also got involved in students movements. He came back to Portugal a year ago, and he is currently starting an association (UniPop) that intends to create a so-called popular university, promoting public understanding of science, public debates on social and Philosophical issues and fighting homogenous apprehensions of reality. At the same time he got himself more involved in Bloco de Esquerda (BE - literally Left Block) a recent Portuguese party that resulted from the coalition of different former radical left wing parties. He is not officially a member of this party, but he collaborates on their actions quite often. Now a day he is also linked to the ecologist movements, through episodic participations on an ecologist association and he is also linked to the feminist movement through an international mailing list. As many Portuguese activists he became deeply involved and excited by the idea of a global movement of resistance, a movement of movements and particularly with the social forums, that he considers both as an important network tool, that promoted linkages between different social movements in Portugal (for instances he mentioned how CGTP, a big union confederation linked to the communist party, became involved in the annual gay pride parade, following relations established in the Portuguese Social Forum); but also as a way of strengthening the cohesion of different Portuguese social movements, (he told me about his trip to the European social forum, where, much for his discontent, Portuguese ATTAC activists demonstrate together with others Portuguese movements, instead of going with other national ATTAC s).
5 Daily life in society is marked by this kind of social participations in specific groups and movements, perceived as something with a specific unity, a common project and particular social activities. Different kinds of social participation, although often very different from one another, have some common specificities: they tend to gather under a common name: the alter-globalization movement or the ecologist movements, for instance; they have one or more projects for society (from the more reactive to the more revolutionary, from cultural to social intentions), they share a common identity, related to the establishments of particular social codes and cultural productions, as jargons; and they have specific patterns of relationship to the outside world. Social movements are a part of this reality: social actors that construct themselves around specific projects for society, defining its enemies, and organizing actions of protest (Porta e Diani, 1998; Neveu, 1996). It is difficult to define the dynamic of social movements, and even more difficult to identify precisely what is to be part of a specific social movement (as there is no formal membership to social movements but just to specific organizations that are part of the movement) but recent theories suggest that we should consider social movements as networks particularly dense networks of both organizations and individuals, such as David, that join efforts to change society. It is thus possible to identify a relational structure of involved individuals. The concept of network, as a metaphor for life on contemporary societies, has conquered an increasing significant role in social science, and it is, now a day, a favoured metaphor for social scientists. Several researchers on sociology and anthropology have made use of this concept, as a particularly interesting and useful tool to explain dynamics of social structuration, interdependency and social organization (Agier, 1999; Castells, 2000; Fisher, 1982; Granovetter, 1973; Hannerz, 1980; Wasserman e Faust, 1994; Wellman, 1998). Still, although networks have acquired this almost hegemonic status in social sciences, there are deep differences among scholars on the way they use and interpret the concept of network. In this paper, I intend to use the concept of network as a perspective, or point of view, on the way individuals and groups interact with each other (Wellman, 1998). At the same time, social networks allow us to (1) design on a fashionable graphic way social relationships, particularly social relationships that aren t easily inducted nor follow a schematic pattern and to (2) explain how these relations of interdependence and interinfluence take place. Thus, networks may simultaneously be seen as a descriptive and analytical tool.
6 It is important to mention that recent explorations trying to connect sociology of social movements with social network analysis tend to consider social movements as networks of (1) individuals (activists, voluntaries, etc); (2) organizations; (3) events and happenings (specific contexts of interaction and social situations of political struggle, as demonstrations, forums and other events) and (4) spaces (both physical and virtual, that constitute social places where interaction takes place). All these nodes can act as powerful network tools (we should take into account the impact of organizational agendas as well as that of joint actions and events). Still, on this paper, although events and spaces are present, the focus will be on individual participation on organizations 1. Different types of organization can be considered as social movements actors (although one cannot reduce a social movement to one, specific, organization, as social movements are networks of both individual activists and formal organizations). Associations tend to be the most consensual kind of social movement organization, but one can also consider that frequently cooperatives, political parties, public institutions, or companies, act as agents of social movements, sharing the same beliefs and being present on the same happenings 2 (Diani, Mario e D. McAdams (ed.): 2003, Sommier, Isabelle: 2003). Interviewing David allowed me to list some of these nodes, taking, for instances, social forums as a most important event; and finding some important Portuguese organizations, as ATTAC, BE and UniPop, his new project of Popular Universities. But David s story is also a story of networks between different social movements, suggesting that, not only social movements are networks, but also that they interconnect with other social actors, constructing bridges based on partnerships and common events. As an example, we may highlight his story of how CGTP, usually considered a very traditional Union, got involved in the annual Gay Pride parade as a very interesting one, suggesting how convergence events may promote other common events. In the last century, and particularly from the seventies till now, sociology of social movements have aroused as an autonomous disciplinary field, with its own approach, methodology and concerns. A wide range of studies have been developed focusing on different types of social movements. Sometimes in the literature, the 1 The thesis, however, will be organized around different relational loci, including events, spatial contexts and organizations. Thus, multiparticipation is only one of the ways through which social movements networks will be analised. 2 Take, for instances, the role played by free software companies in the free software movement, the role of green parties in the ecologist movement or the role played by left wing parties in the social foruns, the most important convergence event of the antiglobalization movement.
7 parallelism of different subcultures on distant countries has been aroused (Feixa, 1999) and different contact points between distinct groups have also been brought to light (Magnani, 2002; Simmel, 1955). Still, classical studies on social movements usually keep on focusing on each group per se, and related role models, languages and cultural performances tend to be isolated in the analysis. However, empirical data sustain that there are a complex set of interdependency among different social movements, which tend to organize themselves in relation to other collective actors. That is, social movements are not isolated and stable communities. Furthermore, this topic has been recently intensified, both on literature and public discourse, following recent initiatives around global protest movements, as the alter-globalization movement. David is also aware of that, and he mentioned it when he discussed the alter-globalization movement as a movement of movements, with a specific but difficult to sustain project. This so-called movement of movements have been a recent essay to promote networks of different social projects, more or less interrelated. The alter-globalization movement is not, though, a unique or particularly innovative tool, as different historical episodes have shown how distinct spheres of protest have interconnect with each other in order to promote a more effective mobilization. Furthermore, relations between different social movements are not only based on intentional joint actions they also aroused from non-planed multiparticipations and from the episodic coincidence of different social circuits (Magnani, 2002). They may also come out from multiparticipation of individual actors that, as David, get themselves involved with different organizations and movements. This fact, however, pose many different and challenging questions. How are these networks build up, and how are they enlarged? What kind of mechanisms promotes bigger networks between social movements)? And how are boundaries defined and identities negotiated, when we re speaking about the promotion of linkages between different contexts of social action, each one particularly focusing on a specific social arena of protest? On my PhD thesis I intend to focus, precisely, on this question, taking into account that empirical data often highlight individuals multiparticipation, joint actions and partnerships among different organizations (as associations). Being a PhD on Urban Anthropology, the research also results from studies on urban issues, that tend to present cities as networks of individuals, or even as a network tool that may act promoting public spaces of debate. Thus, I propose the necessity to study the often unsuspected
8 links between social movements, developing a sociology of hybrid spaces between movements. 2. Identities negotiation and metamorphosis Coming back to David, I tried to ask him about how he connects all his social participations and if he could draw a hierarchy of belonging. Asked about these multiparticipations, David explains that this is not such a personal particularity as he saw this multiparticipation as a generic tendency. He also mentioned that, quite often, he sees himself working always with the same people everywhere, with a possible exception for the Friends of the Le Monde association, where people tended to be older. Still, he has a group of friends that followed him from students unions to ATTAC and then to BE, and finally to UniPop, a new project where there are a lot of persons from ATTAC. Confronted with the necessity to choose among his multiple social and political participations, David considers two different dimensions, on one side, he considers he should stand for the smaller initiatives, for instance, if he goes on a demonstration, he joins the smaller group, as he feels he would be more necessary in that context. On the other side, he thinks political parties are the most important agents of change (that is not however a common idea that aroused from the interviews. Many young activists are quite critical of political parties and they tend to think social movements' organizations should take their place as the most important agents for change). Thus, if confronted with a conflict of interest, he would stain for BE, although he is not a very active member in the party. Adding another bit of David s story helps us discussing how individuals deal with the process of identity negotiation required for dealing with simultaneous involvement in several organizations, related to different social movements. The following story, about Gil, will provide us a more in-depth analysis of this issue. Gil s story Gil was born on a high class family, established in Lisbon; His parents were involved on a progressive-catholic movement that fought fascism, during the former regime, having being involved on some important events of struggle. Now a day, they re both members of the Socialist party and they have important positions on the current socialist government. Gil, however, soon left his catholic education, being the first member of the family to be a convict atheist, and he also became progressively interested in radical left wing parties. As David, he become involved with BE from its beginning. Refusing to join the communist party, as many young people from the so-called new left, he thinks BE would be the most important agent promoting true socialism, and fighting what he considers an increasing liberal tendency of the socialist party. Throughout his life, Gil also experienced several social participations. During university he studied on a catholic university usually seen as a very conservative one Gil joined a martial arts group, a very exclusive association that practices a particular art inspired by oriental traditions. The group promotes an oriental inspired philosophy, defending peace, friendship and self-understanding. He also became
9 interested in music: first heavy metal and then jazz, soon joining the more or less underground scene of Lisbon jazz. Particularly concerned with poverty and social exclusion, he joined a group a catholic one called Comunidade Vida e Paz (Peace and Life Community) that helps homeless people in Lisbon, distributing food everyday. During university his days were quite fulfilled with all these activities. That was the time I first met him, and discussed with him his multi-participation on several organizations. Gil was willing to discuss this, and we particularly focused on the apparently difficult reconciliation between his involvement with the catholic organization and his atheistic convictions. He explained that issue by focusing on the importance of the work done there, and he told stories about his other colleagues in the association, some of them also atheists. All of them used to skip the religious stuff, concentrating themselves on social activities. None of them ever left the association, till they got angry to the responsible (a nun), not for religious reasons but for practical ones, After some years working in Lisbon, Gil went abroad to study music, and his participation with different associations in Lisbon started to be episodic although he never left any of them, and he tried to keep up with his participation every time he came back for vacations. In the UK, where he lived for a couple of years, he also participate on some social and political events, namely demonstrations, including the famous demonstration against Iraq war in London, joining an incredible amount of people. On the last years he became increasingly concerned with ecological issues sometimes complaining about BE not being enough involved in this issue. When visiting Portugal he liked to participate on demonstrations, as the one that occurs every year at the 25th of April, celebrating the revolution that instituted democracy in the country. Last time, he went to the demonstration together with a Lisbon fair trade association, where the girl who was his girlfriend at the time was a volunteer, being fair trade an issue he increasingly became interested in, also making advantage of the dissemination of this movement in the UK. His last participation with the fair trade movement happened when the Lisbon fair trade association organized a debate around free software (because some of his members already had connections with free software associations). Gil is also interested in this movement, and recently he started using some free software applications for making music. One of the most important outcomes of social network analysis, and from the use of the network metaphor, is the idea that each individual is involved, simultaneously, on a set of more or less inter-related networks, including family, sociability networks, professional groups and so on. Each individual is, thus, a unique node on a complex set of networks, a node that must interact on several contexts, re-inventing himself on different roles and moving through different fields of significance. This multiplicity of senses of belonging is something quite significant on what identity construction is concerned. Voluntary networks, as participation in social movements and associations, play a most important role on identity construction, precisely because of its voluntary nature. The choice of joining a specific association to be involved with is a reflex of one owns
10 reflexive identity. On the other hand, participation in a movement and daily sociability with individuals that share the same concerns act as a most important influence, reinforcing the initial convictions, and proposing new topics of discussion and concern. As David, Gil has a biography of social participation marked by several incursions on different organizations and movements, reflecting his concerns but also his networks of sociability. Both men s lives are a good example of the idea of multi-participation as a reality lived by many young activists. Multiparticipation on voluntary association is not an issue commonly discussed on statistical surveys, but, if we take a look only on Portuguese data referring to the participation in associations, we note that 26,2% of associations members participate in more that just one organization, and 18% participate actively on more than two (Cardoso, et. al, 2005). Note this data are only based on formal inscription on associations (and thus leave behind informal participants), and, on the other side, they include all kinds of associations, and not only the ones who are directly related to social movements. Even so, the truth is that this data gives a first look on multiparticipation figures, suggesting that it is a significant trajectory for many participants in voluntary organizations and not a particularity of David and Gil lives. But Gil biography also poses another question, as it shows how multi-participation may occur on very different and even opposite contexts, suggesting a need for identities reconfigurations and negotiations. Instead of the common sense tendency to see the existence of ideological kits organizing personal identities (considering, for instances, that if you re an atheist you don t join a catholic groups), Gil biography suggest the need to reconcile social involvement on quite contradictory contexts, from catholic charity to satanic heavy metal concerts, from left wing radical parties to the peaceful oriental philosophy on the Jet-kon-Do group. On a most inspiring text, Gilberto Velho, Brazilian anthropologist, says: it makes part of normal competencies of social actors, to move themselves across different fields of significance (...) this implies what we might called the metamorphosis potential, unequally distributed across society. By metamorphosis, he designates the capacity of one individual to integrate and disintegrate himself completely on several social contexts. Velho s work provides a most important tool to explore and discuss how individuals negotiate their sense of belonging and how identity is constructed trough a dynamic articulation of several influences. Gil and David are, thus, forced to circulate between different social contexts with distinct languages, role models and core concerns. They must construct their identities
11 as a patchwork that incorporates some characteristics of the networks they re involved while discarding other ones. And, on their daily lives as activists, they must some how prioritise specific events and political positions, through personal choices. These choices, however, are explained by a set of causes, both individual and social and simultaneously political and practical. 3. Multiparticipation as a social movement's network tool, social movement's networks and its impacts on individuals. The free software movement story Free software movement, an informatics movement, defending that all individuals should have access to the source code of software, being thus allowed to freely de-bug, develop and create, (creating an alternative to the common use software produced and developed by big cooperation's as Microsoft, that do not disclose their source code), is a movement difficult to frame on political terms. Some of his defenders tend to sustain that it draws upon right wing principles, as liberalism and entrepreneurship, and they defend free software as it promote individual freedom to create. Others associate free software with equalitarian principles, talking about antimonopolist strategies, poor countries empowerment and anti-capitalism. Still, ANSOL (Associação Nacional para o Software Livre - the national association for free software) decided to search for support in the whole spectrum of Portuguese politics, and its members contacted deputies from all big parties, trying to gain support for their cause, and particularly, to propose the use of free software on the public services. Eventually, after some time of lobbying, they were welcomed by BE, that volunteers to write a proposal about the use of free software on public administration, a proposal that was debated on the Republic Assembly plenary. This fact made even more difficult already difficult relation of free software activists with political parties. Suddenly, all activists started to be quite anxious to defend something proposed by a radical left wing party, one that most of them did not defend. As Pedro, one of the most important activists, leader of a Portuguese free software Operative System, and supporter of a centre/right wing party, said: it is strange, it seems that now I m some kind of communist or something!. On the other hand, for Ricardo, who was already involved with BE, this was the confirmation about his party role as the most important agent leading social protest. Even though, all ANSOL activists, not used to have much public space to defend their ideals, join efforts to support BE s proposal. The relationship between the two organizations was later on reinforced, as BE invited ANSOL to have a stand on their fifth anniversary party, to which they invited many small social movements organizations. The above story shows an approach between two different contexts the free software movement and BE, and follows the way this relationship has been shaped. Different activists looked at this relation on different ways: some of them, already involved in BE, where quite happy about it, while other would have preferred a link
12 with other political force. Multiparticipation act as what we may call an important network tool, connecting social movements not only through a common node (an individual member that is simultaneously involved in two or more organizations), but also implying, at least frequently, other subsequent ties. Plus, multi-participation not only implies identities reconfigurations for individuals but also for movements, that somehow have to re-adjust themselves to these new, and more or less involuntary, links. Sometimes multi-participation may result on a stronger relation between different organizations or even different movements, with distinct concerns. Note also that the fact that this ties are contextually produced imply that approximation between different movements may occur on some countries and not on others. To find and discuss the impact of these network tools is, precisely one of the main objectives of this PhD research, trying to understand how, on concrete cases, networks between social movements are constructed and developed, considering the importance of contextually produced relationships and the impact of pre-existent networks. I would like to conclude by saying that this final story shows that if individual can, somehow, change their organizations and modify the face of the social movements they belong, creating new networks of relation, the opposite situation also occurs, as new directions on social movements imply alterations on their member identities. Now, focusing on the free software movement, we may see that it has been recently transformed by its participation on a BE law-project. It is important to mention that this would not happen, though, if Portuguese most representative free software organization, ANSOL, has not been willing to get involved with all kinds of potential supporters. A similar situation happened, by the way, with ANSOL s participation at the first Portuguese social forum, where many young activists heard, for the first time about free software. Free software movement, that has always been somehow marginal to Portuguese main topics of social and political struggle, was, for the first time, taken as part of Portuguese social contestation field, incorporated as an area of interest. ANSOL members and others free software organizations activists have, at the same time, been, for the first time, involved with other organizations promoting other social issues. That implied some capacity of readjustment (or metamorphosis) as personal political inclination had to been abandoned for a while.
13 4. On conclusion: beyond individual multi-participation, finding other network tools I would like to conclude by saying that, as multiparticipation, there are others different mechanisms that may act as network tools. During the already done research, some of these other network tools have been found, as the common organization and presence on specific events; joint actions, partnerships and bilateral negotiations between social movements organizations and frequency of the same social contexts. On the first case, it is important to mention the significance of the social forum, a unique moment of interaction between different, often difficult to reconcile, social movements. Portuguese Social forum (FSP) is an omnipresent reference among the young activists interviewed discourse, and some of them reported its impact on subsequent action. One can recall here the tie between CGTP and the gay pride parade. It is also significant that FSP act as a space of re-affirmation of social movements. FSP organization is a multi-step process that stage latent struggles between the small, not very developed field of Portuguese associations linked to new social movements, Portuguese parties (mainly the communist party) and the most established social movements as trade unions. Thus, same small organization joins regularly in order to prepare a common front on preparatory assemblies, often controlled by Communist Party and CGTP. Other events that annually occur in Lisbon are demonstrations, namely the regular ones, as on the 25 of April and on the 1 st May. Particularly on the 25 of April, all social movements like to be present on a symbolic parade that is also quite participated by non-organized individuals. Each parade also starts with an informal negotiation: who goes in the front? Which organizations should march together? It is also important to mention the role of specific organizations that act as platforms gathering different organizations, namely the Portuguese NGOs platform, that have an important role on lobbying, advising and activism training. All interviews also include some questions about places where activists usually join, as bars, coffee shops or event squares. Many interviewees referred some bars and public houses where they went regularly; being sure of finding there some people from the same organizations they were involved with. As many of these spaces are a social patrimony for different organization, these spaces may also act as a context to establish new ties. Gathering together individual from different backgrounds on a common purpose from social and political activities to leisure all these network tools present some,
14 often unintentional, collateral dynamics, promoting new and convergent projects, hybrid and syncretic dispositions and identity reconfigurations. Finally it is impossible to forget the role of Internet as a most important network tool that has stretched to its limits interactivity between different social movements. Web-based directories of organizations, mailing lists focusing on different topics and alternative media agencies are some of the most interesting internet-based network tools, but one can also include other specific tools, as websites gathering several online petitions, or other ones that promote meetings between individuals involved on the most diverse topics. Finally, it is important to include a final remark, remembering that these different mechanisms are only analytically distinct, as events, partnerships and multiparticipations tend to be deeply imbricate on each other. 5. References Agier, Michel (1999), L invention de la ville, Banlieus, townships, invasions, et favelas, Éditions des archives contemporaines, Paris Cardoso, Gustavo, António Firmino da Costa, Cristina Palma Conceição e Maria do Carmo Gomes (2004), A sociedade em rede em Portugal, Porto, Campo das letras Castells, Manuel (2000), The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume I - The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford, Blackwell (2 nd edition ) Diani, Mario e D. McAdams (ed.) (2003) Social Movements and Networks, Relational Approaches to Collective Action, Oxford University Press Feixa, C.; Saura, J.R.; Costa, C. (eds.) Movimientos juveniles. De la globalización a la antiglobalización, Barcelona, Ariel Fisher, Claude S. (1982), To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City, Chicago e Londres, The University of Chicago Press. Granovetter, Mark (1973) The strength of weak ties, American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6) pp Magnani, José Guilherme Cantor, (2002) De perto e de dentro: notas para uma etnografia urbana, Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, vol. 17, nº 49, São Paulo <http://www.n-a-u.org/depertoededentro.html>
15 Neveu, Erik, (1996), Sociologie des mouvements sociaux, Editions La Découverte, Paris Pereira, Inês (2003) Construção identitária em rede in Cordeiro, Graça Índias, Luís Vicente Baptista e António Firmino da Costa (orgs.), Etnografias Urbanas, Oeiras, Celta Editora, Pereira, Inês (2004) Os programadores da Liberdade, Projectos, redes e identidades do movimento do software livre, Tese de Mestrado, Lisboa, ISCTE Porta, Donatella della e Mario Diani, (1998), Social Movements: an introduction, Blackwell Publishers Simmel, Georg (1955) The Web of Group Affiliation, in The Conflict- The Web of Group Affiliation, New York, The Free press Sommier, Isabelle (2003) Le renoveau des movements contestataires à l'heure de la mondialisation, Champs Flammarion Touraine, Alain (1978), La voix et le regard, Sociologie des mouvement sociaux, Paris, Édition di Seuil Ugarte, David, (2004) 11 M, Redes para ganar una guerra, Icaria, Barcelona Velho, Gilberto (1994), Projecto e Metamorfose: Antropologia das Sociedades Complexas, Rio de Janeiro, Jorge Zahar Editor. Wasserman, Stanley e Katherine Faust (cords.) (1994) Social network analysis, methods and applications, Cambridge, University Press Wellman, Barry (1998), From Little Boxes to Loosely-Bounded Networks: The Privatization and Domestication of Community, <http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman> (April 2001)
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Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy. The city proper has a population of about 1.35 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in the EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of about 5.2 million. The massive suburban sprawl that followed the post-war boom of the 1950s–60s and the growth of a vast commuter belt, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a metropolitan region of 7 to 9 million people. According to Eurostat the Milan metropolitan region contains a population of 8,071,271 people in 2011.
- WWF 1992 European Rampage Again Tour (Milan) - April 16, 1992.
- RAW - April 16, 2007.
- ECW - April 17, 2007.
- Smackdown - April 20, 2007.
- WWE WrestleMania Revenge Tour 2012 - Milan - April 18, 2012.
External Links
- Milan on Wikipedia


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The Scarpa Crux Lady is environmentally friendly approach shoe for the eco-aware climber. Using a high proportion of recycled materials, the Crux Lady is an awesome performer on the rock and on the trail.
With Pre-Order, you can purchase the latest items added to our store in advance of them arriving with us.
You Pre-Order is prioritised (at no additional charge); meaning that, as soon as the product arrives with us, we can wrap it straight back up and get it sent out to you - it often never even hits the stock room shelves!
With Pre-Launch, the date when we expect to receive the product ourselves is still a little too hazy to be confident in accepting Pre-Orders.
So, instead, you can submit your email address against the item you are interested in and we will email you as soon as stock arrives on the system.
Estimated Delivery Dates are given on Pre-Order and Pre-Launch products. They are for indication purposes only and can change at any time without notice.
The dates we provide are based on indications given by our suppliers. Whenever we get updated information from our suppliers we will endeavour to update the Estimated Delivery Dates provided on product pages.
Scarpa have designed an exceptional women's approach shoe that is comfortable in the horizontal world, yet performs to a high level when you go vertical too. The Crux is great on easier graded climbs, scrambling, Via ferrata and mountaineering. It is also perfect for Guides and instructors who want versatile and durable mountain footwear for everyday professional use. It uses a high proportion of recycled materials in it construction, making it an environmentally friendly option for the eco-aware climber
The Crux takes technologies that Scarpa have developed in their trekking and their climbing ranges, combining them to give a crossover shoe with the best characteristics required in a top approach shoe. High quality suede in the upper, a rubber toe and heal rand gives protection and the new Vibram Vertical sole with sticky rubber, tough EVA midsole and forefoot cradle system ensures support and confidence.
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Fantastically comfortable shoe. I have bought two pairs as I like them so much. Very grippy on rock.
Very comfortable, stylish shoe.
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Citation Edit
Ting v. AT&T, 319 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2003) (full-text).
Factual Background Edit
Following a new FCC detariffing regulation, defendant AT&T was required to establish contracts with its customers and to allow customers to opt out of contracting if customers so chose. AT&T began implementing its detariffing obligation in the summer of 2000. The contracts AT&T created with its customers included a series of provisions intended to limit customers' rights and remedies in the event of a dispute with AT&T. The provisions limited AT&T's liability for claims other than negligence to the amount of charges for service during the affected period and required binding arbitration on all claims.
Before presenting the CSA to its customers, AT&T conducted extensive market research designed to predict how consumers would react to the CSA, which AT&T planned to mail with a cover letter and a set of frequently asked questions. AT&T's cover letter stated in bold text "[P]lease be assured that your AT&T service or billing will not change under the AT&T Consumer Services Agreement ('CSA'); there's nothing you need to do." AT&T's market study concluded that most customers "would stop reading and discard the letter" after reading this disclaimer. AT&T did not change the substance of the letter as a result of its market research. Indeed, internal AT&T documents indicate that the letter was specifically intended to make customers less alert to the details of the CSA. According to AT&T's research, only 25 percent of its customers were likely to open the separate mailing, approximately 10 percent would not even look at it, and only 30 percent would actually read the entire contract.
Sometime in July 2001, plaintiff Ting received, opened, and read the mailing from AT&T. Like most of AT&T's customers, she was not aware of AT&T's obligation under mandatory detariffing to forge contracts with its residential customers and was not expecting a contract from AT&T. The CSA and letter advised customers that by continuing to use or to pay for AT&T's service, the customer was accepting the terms of the CSA through the so-called "negative option." The second paragraph of the CSA itself provided that, in the event a customer did not wish to be bound by the CSA, the customer could call a toll-free number and cancel his or her AT&T service.
The cover letter advised customers that the CSA described AT&T's "new binding arbitration process, which used an objective third party rather than a jury for resolving any disputes that may arise." The letter never mentioned the word "contract," but instead spoke of "providing information" to customers. Finally, the CSA did not include a provision informing customers that federal law would govern its relationship with AT&T, but instead included an express New York state law choice-of-law provision.
Trial Court Proceedings Edit
Plaintiffs Ting and Consumer Action brought a state-court class action against AT&T for declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging that the Legal Remedies Provisions violate California's consumer protection and contract laws. AT&T claimed that the federal 1934 Communications Act contained a principle against "discriminatory rates" which preempted the state law claim brought against it, relying on the court's decision in Boomer v. AT&T Corp.[1] The district court concluded that the 1934 Communications Act preempted state law in the detariffed environment because Congress removed the filing requirement with the intention of ending the preemptive regime of the filed rate doctrine.[2]
Appellate Court Proceedings Edit
The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's conclusion to apply California law, the application of which is not preempted by the 1934 Communications Act.


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When Will Langford was 16, he knocked back a football scholarship to live in France for three months as an exchange student. When he was 17, he decided to play rugby instead of Australian Rules. By the time he turned 18 he couldn't do very much at all, bound to bed and sleeping 20 hours a day before he was diagnosed with a form of chronic fatigue syndrome. He is the son of one of the Hawthorn greats, who grew up in Sydney and joined his father's club not as a father-son draftee, but as a much more anonymous NSW scholarship player. On Saturday, he'll be playing in an AFL grand final, with one of the biggest jobs to do.
A lot happened to Langford before he got to Hawthorn, but more has gone on in the four seasons since. First, he simply wanted to start training again, having been unwell for so long. Then he needed to find a way off the rookie list. He was taught how to play in defence, what to do in the midfield and how the forward line worked. He snuck into the senior team late last year, then went straight back out.
But that he has played almost every game this year, and become one of his side's hardest, most diligent and high-energy players, has not really surprised anyone. "He had a crack from the day he started. Every time you get a kid in who really likes to train and really wants to have a go, you think they've got a chance regardless of the rest of the package. And he had a go," said teammate Sam Mitchell.
"When the young guys come in, they're either very placid and sit in the background or they have a crack and you're saying to them, 'would you settle down? It's December, can you please stop running into me? He was certainly the latter, and you prefer that. He was running into me trying to hurt me, but even though it was annoying, I remember thinking, 'I really like this one'."
It's what Langford has always liked, too. He knew he was coming from a fair way back when he joined the club, but already liked to throw himself around. He knew he had a lot to learn, but went there looking forward to catching up.
Growing up in Sydney meant he didn't have to deal with the expectation that might have been heaped upon him had he spent more time in Melbourne, given his father's name is Chris and that he captained Hawthorn, reached 303 games, played six grand finals, won four premierships, helped prevent the club from merging with Melbourne and then joined the AFL Commission. But nor did he let the non-traditional part of his background hold him back.
"I wasn't ever going to go out wondering. It's something I've always wanted to do, and I'd like to think I've worked hard and that I'll continue to work hard, as all the boys do," said Langford. "I think that's part of Hawthorn, an inherent part of the culture, guys working hard and striving to improve and to grow together as a group. And I'm just really happy to play whatever role gets me in the side."
That meant doing all he could to shut Travis Boak down in the second half of the preliminary final on Saturday. At other times it has meant winning more of his own ball, dropping into defence, or getting forward and kicking goals, his versatility is something Alastair Clarkson and Langford's other coaches have been able to spend four years developing, with no reason to rush him.
"We decided to play him in the back half when he first arrived at our football club because with so many of the young players who come through the system you need to teach them how to defend, and Will was one of those," said Clarkson.
"It's progressed over the last two years, playing more midfield and he's played a variety of roles, some run-with roles, some just general midfield roles, and he's got a good capacity to go forward like we saw a couple of weeks ago when he kicked a couple of goals. He can also cover for us down back because that's the position he played when he first came here. We've been really pleased with his progress."
Langford is and has been tenacious, in so many ways. He has played inonly 19 games, and has so much more to do. But if he has experienced a turning point - a moment where he believed he had reached the place he had worked so hard and for so long to get to - then Mitchell suspects he saw it.
"I don't know what it was, but something happened to him at three-quarter-time when we played against the Bulldogs earlier this year. I wasn't playing in that game, I watched it on telly, but he came out after three-quarter-time and it was like someone had said to him, 'you can play at this level, so go and do it," Mitchell said.
"If you watch the first three quarters of that game and then watch the last quarter, it's like a different player, and since that time he's just about been our best player, he's been playing so well. All his time before then was probably about finding his feet, but since that game and that quarter, he's been fantastic. People are starting to see it now, they're only just starting to notice him, but I think that's where it started."


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Defensive tackle Tanzel Smart sacked Memphis quarterback Paxton Lynch twice in three downs midway through the third quarter Saturday, running Tulane's tackles for loss to a whopping 10.
One problem. The Green Wave trailed by 17 points at the time and didn't score until late in the fourth quarter of its 38-7 loss.
Rarely has any team been in an opponent's backfield all day and had less to show for it than Tulane at its homecoming game.
Tanner Lee threw three interceptions — two of which were returned for touchdowns — and the offense committed five turnovers, sabotaging an outstanding defensive effort against Memphis.
"We had a great game plan," said safety Darion Monroe, who had seven tackles and one of Tulane's 12 stops behind the line of scrimmage. "They had a few plays here and there, but we played very well."
The numbers bore him out. Tulane outgained Memphis 351-334, and 150 of the Tigers' yards came in the fourth quarter after they already were ahead 31-0.
Quarterback Paxton Lynch, who had completed 65.1 percent of his passes through nine games, was 11 of 22 for 129 yards by the end of the third quarter.
Running back Brandon Hayes, averaging 5.1 yards before facing Tulane, had 13 carries for 39 yards entering the fourth quarter and finished with 47 yards on 17 attempts (a 2.8-yard average).
"(The defense) played outstanding," Johnson said. "Tanzel Smart was absolutely amazing. Our young defensive line is really beginning to play well."
The Wave was particularly effective up front. Smart had three tackles for loss. End Royce LaFrance forced two fumbles and had two tackles for loss. True freshman tackle had four stops, including one when he chased down a Memphis receiver short of a first down on third down.
The Tigers converted only 2 of 14 third downs for the game.
"We all did our job," LaFrance said. "Everybody stood in their rush lanes."
The offense could not take advantage of any of that help. Tulane's first 17 possessions ended in 10 punts, five turnovers and two missed field goals.
Still, the defense kept playing hard.
"We have a lot of faith in our offense," LaFrance said. "We knew if we could keep getting stops and give it back to them, they were going to score. There was no frustration. It's a team sport."
Coming into Saturday's game, Memphis ranked third in the American Athletic Conference in total yards, first in rushing offense and fourth in passing offense. The Tigers left with an easy victory but only 156 rushing yards, their fourth-lowest total of the year, and 178 passing yards, their second-lowest total.
"With their offense, you have to pay attention to your key," Monroe said. "They do a lot of things with motioning wide receivers to the backfield and a lot of draw plays to the running back. They just do a lot of things that are eye-catching, and if you're not on your key, they'll bust a big play. We did a good job playing defense with our eyes."
Each time they got another stop, though, they had to go off the field and watch the offense make mistake after mistake.
No one pointed fingers. With a little help from the offense, LaFrance expects the Wave to finish strong in its final two games against East Carolina and Temple.
"We're more mature," he said. "All the young guys have grown up. They're playing like last year and we haven't missed a step. The frustrating part is, we know how good we are. As a team, we didn't play to our ability today."


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|Reviews for The Crow and the Butterfly
| WitchieKit chapter 14 . 2/6/2012
Awesome cant wait for the next one.
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 14 . 1/18/2012
From what I've heard about giving birth I think at that time everyone's sorry they slept with their baby's father. Lol how inconvenient that it cut her off right when she was about to say who her heart belongs to, but I'm guessing it would've been Claire since she plans on staying with her even though she still has some feelings for Alice, and she named her baby after her. Good thing Claire's iPod didn't turn up a weird band name like Arctic Monkeys or Neon Trees lol.
Can't wait for book 3 and the conclusion to this story :)
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 13 . 1/17/2012
Well Sylar didn't last long. Now I feel sorry for Alice; Elle was a little harsh. Damn I might have to switch teams now, especially since Ellice only broke up because of Jasper rather than because of anything Alice herself did. I know, I'm wishy-washy.
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 12 . 1/16/2012
Well I already know what Mike's power is, so I'm guessing after he sees it Sylar will just leave in disgust. Either way I'm probably going to bust out laughing and get weird looks...again. And now Elle knows Alice still likes her - the plot thickens! Thank goodness Claire's party went off without a hitch. Can't wait for more.
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 11 . 1/14/2012
But if something happened to Jasper, wouldn't that make Naomi sad? He is her mate isn't he? Anyway I'm glad Alice realized that being a jealous, insecure jerk isn't the best way to make Elle love her again. It was nice of her to think of having a baby shower for Elle. Between that and Claire's birthday party it sounds like there'll be lots of opportunities for something 'interesting' to happen, if you're following the Secret Circle formula of having stuff happen at parties/dances/etc.
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 10 . 12/31/2011
Wow Elle is oblivious. I would say I feel bad for Alice being asked to help pick out a gift for her replacement, but I think she and Claire can both hold their own. I guess if I feel bad for anyone it'd be Elle since she doesn't even realize she's being fought over. But it's not like she's really in a bad position, though I can see how things could get bad.
No I haven't been waiting for Bella to appear, but it was kind of neat to see her.
And...I got a book for my birthday. It's a perfectly respectable gift.
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 9 . 11/15/2011
o.O The battle for Elle's heart is ON! And yay for Claire saying she's not going down without a fight; I don't see it as being crazy or possessive, just that she knows what she wants and won't give it up easily. And the same goes for Alice. A little rivalry isn't a bad thing as long as they don't do anything really nasty to each other. Please update soon!
| Healer chapter 8 . 10/27/2011
is alice going to try to er, kiss elle with the bottle excuse?
And is Alice going to meet Meredith?
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 8 . 10/26/2011
No I didn't expect Claire to become a vampire; vampires are venomous, and she's resistant to poison, so it would be weird if she did. Can't wait for the sleepover.
Something I forgot to ask last time: were Victoria and Jamie together in this story? I thought they were since Victoria's out for revenge but I wanted to check anyway.
| Healer chapter 7 . 10/22/2011
Mmmh, well, I don't think it's possible for Claire to be turned into a vampire, however that means that she will have quite a painful time while her system gets rid of the venom right?
At least, that's the logic I'm using myself.
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 7 . 10/22/2011
Yay finally, I was starting to wonder if you'd given up on this story! Glad you haven't.
Interesting take on the Laurent scene, with Alice saving them instead of the pack. So, does this mean there won't be werewolves? I kind of hope not; there doesn't seem to be much point in including them since nothing will ever happen between Elle and Jake. Thank goodness for that.
I like the way Elle and Claire's relationship is progressing, and that Claire doesn't want to rush into things, but I'm wondering, does Elle WANT to rush into a thing with Claire, or does she still miss Alice? Or did she think Alice had moved on with Tanya? Well I guess she can't think that now that Alice gave her the necklace for the second time. Can't wait for more drama as she's forced to choose between Alice and Claire.
Also a humorous touch with Elle being clueless about football. Kind of reminds me of my high school days when I was forced to go to the games to show 'school spirit' and I would sit there not having a clue what was going on.
Update soon.
| Healer chapter 1 . 9/18/2011
Ooh, found the sequel. Let me just catch up and I'll let you know what I think
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 6 . 9/13/2011
Yay update, I love you right now! Poor Elle just can't have an uneventful date, can she? First she gets attacked on her birthday, now Tanya says she grew up in a mental institution.
Speaking of Tanya, I feel a little sorry for her; I mean it is a little harsh to tell someone you don't love them right after sex. Well I can't wait to see how Alice goes about trying to get Elle back. Please write more soon :)
| FionaCoyneTheFourth chapter 5 . 8/30/2011
I'm liking Claire and Elle more than Alice and Elle :D
| RLD Flame-point Callie-co chapter 5 . 8/30/2011
Well I can't picture Alice in scrubs; she's such a fashionista and most of the time they just aren't flattering. Can't wait to see what happens next now the love triangle thing seems to be coming into play, though Alice isn't trying to win Elle back yet.


text: Sorting type: Most visited Most visited Alphabetical | Images from Chapter 12. Media in category "Category:Chapter 12 Images" Cover 12.jpg Posted in: Chapter 12 Exwires looking at Peg Lantern.png Posted in: Chapter 12 Mephisto and Amaimon.png Posted in: Chapter 12 Rin and Shiemi crossing bug swamp.png Posted in: Chapter 12 Ryuji blinded by blue light.png Posted in: Chapter 12 Retrieved from "http://aonoexorcist.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Chapter_12_Images?oldid=31966" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Images by Chapter


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The Bengal captain and son of legendary Sunil Gavaskar, Rohan immediately caught attention in Australia last season with his compact methods but two seasons down the line, he remains the "periphery man" of Indian cricket.
Chosen as the 15th player of Indian squad for the tri-series in Holland and the NatWest Challenge in England, Rohan has been further accommodated in the Champions Trophy in the absence of an injured Sachin Tendulkar but he remains an "extra player" as far as the playing eleven is concerned.
His 10 matches have produced only 138 runs at 19.71 and his solitary wicket has come at an embarrassing average of 74.00 but here is a clear case of figures not telling the entire picture.
He played in six league games in Australia and had a high of 54 in the Adelaide game against the world champions. He was also extremely impressive with his left-arm spin and conceded only 56 against the power-packed bats of the Aussies.
Yet, he was ignored when India toured Pakistan earlier this year and then the rain and the combination of poor luck has dogged his progress on this European tour.
He has batted in only three of the four games he has played on this European tour and has either been hemmed in by an abnormally high asking rate or been out to a freak dismissal in the field.
"When I came in against Pakistan (in Holland), we were chasing an asking rate of eight an over which soon climbed to 10 an over," said Rohan.
"Then against England (in Trent Bridge), I had settled in nicely for my 20 runs before (Paul) Collingwood at point took that astonishing catch."
Rohan again got that little start against England at the Oval before he hit a return catch to Ashley Giles -- again a case of impossibly high climbing rate which overwhelmed his innings.
Since then, he has cooled his heels -- first in the Lord's game and then against Kenya in the Champions Trophy as young wicketkeeper Dinesh Karthik was preferred ahead of him.
Clearly, Rohan has not been able to stake his claims as the seventh batsman of the team nor his left-arm spin is seen as an essential ingredient for the team.


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