text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 14, 1999
|Filing date
|Mar 24, 1997
|Priority date
|Apr 30, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|John F. Schipper
|Original Assignee
|Trimble Navigation Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (23), Referenced by (18), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
s(t;mod)=s(t)-χSd (t-b),
s(t;mod)=s(t)-χSd (t-b),
(n0-d0R)+(n1-d1R)b+(n2-d2R)b2 =0,
s(t;mod)=s(t)-χSd (t-b),
s(t;mod)=s(t)-χSd (t-b),
(n0-d0R)+(n1-d1R)b+(n2-d2R)b2 =0,
This application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/640,449, filed Apr. 30, 1996.
This invention relates to identification and removal of multipath signals from corrupted communication signals.
The effects of multipath are well known in communication systems. Multipath is the term used to define the secondary signals that are locally induced reflections of a primary signal that enter the receiver in question a fraction of a second later than the direct path signal, and because of the relatively short time delay between the original signal and the secondary signal, induce a type of destructive interference that results in some type of impairment to the desired signal. In analog FM band automobile receivers, the effects of multipath create an annoying flutter that causes a loss of intelligibility. In television signals, the impairment is called a "ghost" image. A similar impairment occurs in other forms of analog communication. In digital systems, whether for speech or for data transmission for other purposes, multipath basically adds noise to the desired signal, resulting in either outright errors, or at least much noisier data. In spread spectrum receivers, the effects of multipath are generally found in the correlators used to achieve signal timing synchronization. In location determination receivers, which seek to determine location based on triangulation of range distances determined from time delay measurements made from an orbiting constellation of satellites or other original sources, the effect of multipath is to induce comparatively large instantaneous errors in the time of arrival measurements, which translates into large errors in the indicated positions. Removal of these errors is the subject of most of the work done by previous workers in this field. Previous researchers have sought to deal with the effects of multipath by attempting to estimate the magnitude of the error introduced, and to subtract this error or to otherwise compensate for its effects.
The methods employed to acquire and demodulate data from spread spectrum transmissions is well known in the art. See R. E. Ziemer and R. L. Peterson, Digital Communications and Spread Spectrum Systems, Macmillan Publ Co., New York, 1985, pp. 419-447 for a discussion of acquisition and demodulation of spread spectrum signals. A spread spectrum GPS receiver must obtain both code and carrier synchronization in order to demodulate the desired data successfully. Issues associated with tracking and accurately demodulating a spread spectrum signal, once the signal is acquired, are discussed in many references on GPS, such as Alfred Leick, GPS Satellite Surveying, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Second Edition, 1995, and Ziemer and Peterson, op cit.
A GPS signal contains a 50 bit/second navigation message and a unique spreading code (C/A) of length 1,023 kilobits, which is transmitted at a frequency of about 1.023 Mbits/sec. Signal acquisition requires that phase lock first occur with the radio frequency carrier and that the reference or local replica signal be synchronized with the spreading code. In signal synchronization, a local replica of the particular satellite code is synchronized in time with the incoming satellite signal code.
Once the Doppler error in the downlink signal from the satellite is appropriately compensated for and signal synchronization is obtained, the navigation message in the 60 bit/second modulation that forms the composite GPS signal (direct plus multipath) can be demodulated. This navigation message contains data on the satellite ephemerides and time pulses that indicate when the transmission originated from the satellite. By measuring the difference between the local clock time and the indicated satellite time of transmission, the time delay, and thus the instantaneous distance from GPS receiver to satellite, can be obtained by multiplying this time delay by the speed of light in the ambient medium.
Signal synchronization is performed using a signal correlator. The correlator constantly compares the incoming signal with a local replica of the desired signal; a microprocessor adjusts a time shift τ of the local replica signal until satisfactory agreement is obtained. Because the incoming signal and the local replica signal are substantially identical, a measure of the degree of agreement of these two signals is often referred to as an autocorrelation function. A variety of auto correlation functions AC(τ) are shown in various texts, and an example is shown in FIG. 1A. An autocorrelation function AC(τ) is formed according to the prescription ##EQU1## depending upon whether integration or summation of sampled values over a suitable contribution time interval is used to compute the composite signal autocorrelation function. The length T of the contribution time interval used to compute the autocorrelation function in Eq. (1A) or (1B) is often chosen to be N times the chip length Δτchip, where N is a large positive number.
Tracking the composite satellite signal requires maintaining signal synchronization. The peak of the autocorrelation function is rounded, not pointed, due to finite bandwidth effects, so that locating a true peak is difficult. Receiver designers have, therefore, resorted to an "early-minus-late" correlation tracking method, as discussed by W. M. Bowles in "Correlation Tracking," Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, May 1980, by Fenton et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,416, and by Lennen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,402,450 and 5,493,588. In the early-minus-late tracking method, a first correlator measures an equivalent autocorrelation function when the local replica signal is shifted to an "early" time tE relative to the position (τ=tP) of an ideal or punctual replica, and a second correlator measures a second equivalent autocorrelation function when the local replica signal is shifted to a "late" time tL. Early and late replicas of the punctual autocorrelation function AC(τ;P) (FIG. 2) are illustrated in FIG. 3. By subtracting the late autocorrelation function a correlation tracking function or autocorrelation difference function ΔAC(τ) with a zero crossing, corresponding to the autocorrelation function peak can be developed, if the separations of the early and late time shifts from the punctual time shift are chosen to be equal. A representative early-minus-late tracking function ΔAC(τ) is shown in FIG. 5.
If the tracking or time shift variable τ for the autocorrelation difference function ΔAC(τ) lies to the left (to the right) of the zero crossing point, the system uses the presence of positive (negative) values of ΔAC(τ) to increase (decrease) the value of τ and drive the system toward the zero crossing point for ΔAC(τ). The zero-crossing point is thus easily measured and tracked, and the equivalent peak value and peak location for the autocorrelation function is easily determined. At the zero-crossing point on this doublet-like tracking function, maximum correlation occurs between the incoming signal and the local replica signal. The zero-crossing point represents a best estimate of time shift τ for signal synchronization. The internal clock time corresponding to the zero crossing point is a good estimate for time of arrival of an incoming signal at the receiver.
Superposition of an equivalent autocorrelation function for the multipath signal (reduced in magnitude and delayed in time) onto the autocorrelation function AC(τ) for the desired satellite code signal is a useful model for analyzing the effects of presence of multipath signals, as noted in the Fenton et al patents and in the Lennen patent, op. cit. Superposition of any additional signal onto the desired incoming signal, during the time period when signal correlation occurs, will distort the desired autocorrelation function AC(τ;direct) and produce an altered autocorrelation function AC(τ;composite) for the composite signal (direct plus multipath). An autocorrelation function for an uncorrupted or "pure" direct signal is shown along with a representative, attenuated and time delayed, multipath autocorrelation function for positive relative polarity, compared to the direct signal, in FIG. 3. The autocorrelation for the composite, corrupted incoming signal is obtained by summing the two autocorrelation functions, and is compared with the uncorrupted autocorrelation function. Similar graphs are obtained for a multipath signal with negative relative polarity, compared to the direct signal. Any such distortion produces errors in the indicated zero-crossing point on the early-minus-late correlation tracking function. These errors in indicated punctual time shift produce errors in the pseudo-range measurements, and will in turn produce an error in the final computed estimate of location coordinates for the receiver.
Another useful and equivalent model for analyzing the effect of presence of a multipath signal computes the autocorrelation functions AC(τ;x;d) and AC(τ;x;m) (x=E, L) for the pure direct signal (d) and the pure multipath signal (m), forms the early-minus-late difference functions ΔAC(τ;d) and ΔAC(τ;m) and adds these two difference functions to obtain the autocorrelation difference function ΔAC(τ;composite) for the composite signal.
Representative autocorrelation difference functions for a direct incoming signal and a composite incoming signal can be measured for positive relative multipath polarity and negative relative multipath polarity, respectively, compared to the direct signal. The tracking error due to presence of the multipath signal, obtained from the difference in zero crossing points for the direct signal and for the composite signal, is easily identified from a difference signal.
Previous work in the area of multipath amelioration has focused on two approaches: 1) estimating the effects and compensating for multipath-induced errors, and 2) attempting to limit the effects of the estimated multipath errors. In the Lennen patents, op. cit., both approaches are described. The estimation methods seek of model the distortions to the instantaneous autocorrelation function and to create a correction term to subtract from the indicated punctual time. Estimation methods are worthwhile but can never obtain perfection, wherein all multipath effects are removed, because the multipath signals are constantly varying and corrections can only be done after the fact.
A multipath limitation method, such as described in the Lennen Patents op. cit., operates the early-minus-late correlation tracking loop with a shorter delay between the early signal and late signal correlators than previous methods had employed. This limitation method reduces the effects of the presence of multipath substantially. In FIG. 3, the autocorrelation function AC(τ) and the corresponding tracking function ΔAC(τ) are shown for the case where the early-minus-late time delay is approximately 0.3 times the width Δτchip of a digital signal bit or chip.
Several workers have analyzed correlation functions and/or have used pseudo-random signal sequences in attempting to estimate or suppress the effects of the presence of multipath signals. Examples of these are Winters in U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,330, Tomlinson in U.S. Pat. No. 4,168,529, Bowles et al in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,203,070 and 4,203,071, Guigon et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,550,414, Dickey et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,569, Liebowitz in U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,164, Borth et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,829,543, McIntosh in U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,478, Wales in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,918, Fenton et al in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,101,416, 5,390,207, 5,414,729 and 5,495,499, Cai et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,959, Scott et all In U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,228, Meehan in U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,536, Lennen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,402,450 and 5,493,588, Johnson et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,451, Kuhn et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,503, and Fox et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,662.
In many of these references, incoming signals are sampled, autocorrelation functions and difference functions are formed, and these functions are manipulated to produce modified functions in which the effects of presence of multipath signals are removed or suppressed. However, the particular parameters that identify or characterize a multipath signal usually cannot be determined using these approaches. What is needed is a more direct approach that allows identification of some of the parameters that characterize a multipath signal and that allows subsequent removal of multipath-like signals that are characterized by these parameters. Preferably, the method should provide quantitative estimates of the time delay, the gain magnitude and the relative polarity of an extant multipath signal, relative to the desired direct signal that would be manifest in the absence of multipath signals and other signal noise.
These needs are met by the invention, which provides a procedure (1) for obtaining quantitative estimates of parameters that characterize an extant multipath signal, and (2) for removing the effects of a multipath signal having these characteristics from an incoming signal. An incoming signal s(t), in digitized form with a digital period of Δτchip, is mixed together with a selected, time-shifted reference signal Sd (t+τ), and an autocorrelation function AC(τ;P) is formed that is found to have a maximum amplitude at a time shift value τ=tP. Two time-shifted replicas, AC(τ;E) and AC(τ;L), of the function AC(τ;P) are formed at spaced apart time shifts τ=tE and τ=tL, satisfying the constraints tE≦tP≦tL (or tE<tP≦tL) and ΥLE =tL-tE<Δτchip.
The incoming signal s(t) is assumed to be a composite signal including a sum of the direct signal Sd (t), a multipath replica signal Sm (t)=χ Sd (t-b), and unbiased noise, designated as n(t), where the multipath gain χ and the multipath time delay b satisfy-1<χ<1 and b>0. The autocorrelation function AC(τ;x) (x=E, P, L) resulting from mixing the incoming signal and the reference or direct signal Sd (t) is expressible as ##EQU2## where<->indicates an ensemble average or time average of the enclosed quantity, AC(τ;P;d) is the autocorrelation function that would be computed in the absence of multipath and noise (direct signal only), and the noise term e is small and is ignored for now. One task is to determine the parameters χ and b, using the computed autocorrelation function data.
Autocorrelation functions ΔAC(τ)=AC(τ;E)-AC(τ;L) and ΔAC(τ;d)=AC(τE;d)-AC(τL;d) for the incoming signal and for the direct signal are computed, and a double difference autocorrelation function ΔΔAC(τ)=ΔAC(τ)-ΔAC(τ;d)= is formed and integrated or summed from a lower limit τ to each of two selected distinct upper limits τ1 and τ2 . The ratio of these two integrals, when measured and when computed theoretically, yields a quadratic equation for the multipath signal time delay b in which χ does not appear. The gain factor χ is computed as a ratio of two other integrals. This approach directly yields an estimation of the time delay b and the gain factor χ for a multipath signal present in the incoming composite signal s(t).
FIG. 1 illustrates an environment in which the invention can be used.
FIG. 2 is a graphical view of a representative autocorrelation function AC(τ;d;P) for a direct signal (only).
FIG. 3 is a graphical view of two autocorrelation signals AC(τ;d;χ) (X=E,L) for a direct signal and of two autocorrelation signals χAC(τ-b;d;x) for a multipath signal that might accompany a direct signal as part of a composite incoming signal s(t).
FIGS. 4A-4K are graphical views of the components ΔAC(τ;d)=AC(τ;d;E)-AC(τ;d;L) and ΔAC(τ;m)=χAC(τ-b;d;E)-χAC(τ-b;d;L) that would be computed from the signals AC(τ;d;x) and χAC(τ;d;x) shown in FIG. 3, depending upon the magnitude of the time delay b.
FIG. 5 is a graphical view of the known autocorrelation difference function ΔAC(τ;d) for the direct signal only.
FIGS. 6A-6E are graphical views of integrals over the time shift variable τ of the total autocorrelation difference function for five selected integration ranges.
FIG. 1 illustrates a general environment in which the invention can be used. A receiver/computer 11 receives a spread spectrum digital signal transmitted by a transmitter 13. The received signal is a composite signal that includes a direct signal component Sd (t) (the signal actually transmitted by the transmitter 13), a multipath signal component Sm (t;χ;b)) that is an approximate replica of the direct signal component, but reflected from some signal-reflecting surface 15, and a noise component n(t). The multipath signal component Sm (t;χ;b) has a dimensionless gain factor of χ (-1<χ<1) and arrives later than the direct signal component Sd (t), after an as-yet-unknown time delay of b (sec). The multipath signal component is approximated as
Sm (t;c;b)=χSd (t-b), (4)
where χ and b are to be determined.
In an ideal situation, only the direct signal Sd (t) would arrive, with no accompanying multipath signals and no noise. FIG. 2 illustrates a representative autocorrelation function AC(τ;d) formed as indicated in Eq. (1A) or (1B), that would be obtained by mixing the direct signal Sd (t)(as a reference signal) and only the incoming direct signal component. Where the direct signal Sd (t) is a digitized spread spectrum signal, the autocorrelation function AC(τ;d) will increase approximately linearly from a minimum value V(min) to a maximum value V(max) at a well-defined value τ=tP of the time shift variable, and will thereafter decrease approximately linearly to the minimum value V(min). Values of the autocorrelation function AC(τ;d) below V(min) are masked by the presence of multipath and non-multipath noise.
The autocorrelation function AC(τ;d) for the pristine direct signal Sd (t) is assumed to be known here, either from laboratory testing and processing of the direct signal or from careful in situ monitoring of the signal received from the signal transmitter after the transmitter is placed in operation. The autocorrelation function AC(τ;d) is assumed to be representable as ##EQU3## where the slope value "a" is known.
FIG. 3 illustrates two autocorrelation functions AC(t;d) and AC(τ-τLE;d) and another two autocorrelation functions AC(τ;m) and AC(τ-τLE ;m), where the time shift variable τ is translated by a selected positive (or negative) amount Δ1=τLE that has a small magnitude compared to Δ2=Δτchip. For purposes of illustration here, it is preferable that
Δ1≦fΔ2,(2/7≦f≦2/5) (8)
although this requirement can be relaxed. If one forms the two autocorrelation difference functions
ΔAC(τ;d)=AC(τ;d)-AC(τ-τLE ;d), (9)
ΔAC(τ;m)=AC(τ;m)-AC(τ-τLE ;m), (10)
the total autocorrelation difference function ΔAC(τ;χ;b) can be expressed as ##EQU4##
For values of τ satisfying |τ-τEp|>Δτchip, the individual autocorrelation functions AC(τ;d) for τ>Δτchip will have magnitudes less than V(min), and little useful information can be inferred from such measurements. The measurements of AC(τ-b;d) for b>Δτchip are of little interest here. For values of the time delay variable b satisfying 0≦b≦Δτchip, FIGS. 4A-4K illustrate the relationship between ΔAC(t;d) (solid line curve) and ΔAC(τ;m) (broken line curve) for the following ranges of the time shift variable b:
FIG. 4A: 0≦b≦0.5Δ2; (13A)
FIG. 4B: 0.5Δ1<b≦Δ1; (13B)
FIG. 4C: Δ1<b≦Δ2-Δ1; (13C)
FIG. 4D: Δ2-Δ1<b≦Δ2-0.5Δ1; (13D)
FIG. 4E: Δ2-0.5Δ1<b≦Δ2; (13E)
FIG. 4F: Δ2<b≦Δ2+0.5Δ1; (13F)
FIG. 4G: Δ2+0.5Δ1<b≦Δ2+Δ1; (13G)
FIG. 4H: Δ2+Δ1<b≦2Δ2-Δ1; (13H)
FIG. 4I: 2Δ2-Δ1<b≦2Δ2-0.5Δ1;(13I)
FIG. 4J: 2Δ2-0.5Δ1<b≦2Δ2; (13J)
FIG. 4K: 2Δ2<b≦2Δ2+Δ1. (13K)
The direct signal autocorrelation difference function ΔAC(τ;d) is known here, and is given by ##EQU5## and is illustrated in FIG. 5. A double difference autocorrelation function
is now computed from the incoming composite signal measurements, and is integrated from a first selected value τ=τ0, such as τ=τE1 to a second selected value τ=τ . This yields ##EQU6## The integral function F(τ ;χ;b) is proportional to χ (unknown), varies with the integral endpoint τ , and must be defined separately for b in each of the 11 intervals indicated in Eqs. 13A-13K.
For the choices τ =τEp, τ =τ=(τEp+τLp)2, τ =τLp, τ =τE2 and τ =τL2, the integral function F(τ ;χ;b) has the following values, depending upon the interval in which the time delay b lies.
F(τEp;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2-0.5Δ1-b), (18A)
F(τM;χ;b)=χa{Δ1(Δ2-b)+(0.5Δ1-b)2 },(19A)
F(τLp;χ;b)=χa{Δ1(Δ2-b)+b2 -2(0.5Δ1-b)2 }, (20A)
F(τE2;χ;b)=χa{3b2 -bΔ1+Δ12 -2(0.5Δ1-b)2 }, (21A)
F(τL2;χ;b)=χab2 ; (22A)
F(τEp;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2-0.5Δ1-b), (18B)
F(τM;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2-b), (19B)
F(τLp;χ;b)=χa{0.5Δ12 +Δ1Δ2-(Δ1-b)2 }, (20B)
F(τE2;χ;b)=χabΔ1, (21B)
F(τL2;χ;b)=0.5χab2 ; (22B)
F(τEp;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2-0.5Δ1-b), (18C)
F(τM;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2-b), (19C)
F(τLp;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2+0.5Δ1-b), (20C)
F(τE2;χ;b)=χaΔ1(0.5Δ1+b), (21C)
F(τL2;χ;b)=χaΔ1(-0.5Δ1+b); (22C)
F(τEp;χ;b)=0.5χa(Δ2-b)2, (18D)
F(τM;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2-b), (19D)
F(τLp;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2+Δ1-b), (20D)
F(τE2;χ;b)=χa{Δ1(Δ2-0.25Δ1)-(Δ2-0.5.DELTA.1-b)2 }, (21D)
F(τL2;χ;b)=χaΔ1b; (22D)
F(τEp;χ;b)=0.5χa(Δ2-b)2, (18E)
F(τM;χ;b)=χa{1.5(Δ2-b)2 +0.25Δ12 },(19E)
F(τLp;χ;b)=χaΔ1(Δ2+0.5Δ1-b), (20E)
F(τE2;χ;b)=χa{Δ1(Δ2-0.25Δ1)-(b+0.5Δ1-.DELTA.2)2 }, (21E)
F(τL2;χ;b)=χaΔ1(b-0.5Δ1); (22E)
F(τEp;χ;b)=0, (18F)
F(τM;χ;b)=0.5χa(Δ2+0.5Δ1-b)2, (19F)
F(τLp;χ;b)=χa{(2+0.5Δ1-b)2 +0.5Δ1(2Δ2+1.5Δ1-2b)}, (20F)
F(τL2;χ;b)=χa{(Δ1(Δ2-0.25Δ1)-(Δ2+0.5.DELTA.1-b)2 }; (22F)
F(τEp;χ;b)=0, (18G)
F(τM;χ;b)=0, (19G)
F(τLp;χ;b)=0.5χa(Δ1+Δ2-b)2, (20G)
F(τL2;χ;b)=χa{Δ1(Δ2-0.25Δ1)-(b-0.5Δ1-.DELTA.2)2 }; (22G)
F(τEp;χ;b)=0, (18H)
F(τM;χ;b)=0, (19H)
F(τLp;χ;b)=0, (20H)
F(τL2;χ;b)=χa1(2Δ2+0.5Δ1-b); (22H)
F(τEp;χ;b)=0, (181I)
F(τM;χ;b)=0, (19I)
F(τLp;χ;b)=0, (20I)
F(τE2;χ;b)=0.5χa(2Δ2-b)2, (21I)
F(τEp;χ;b)=0, (18J)
F(τM;χ;b)=0, (19J)
F(τLp;χ;b)=0, (20J)
F(τE2;χ;b)=0.5χa(2Δ2-b)2, (21J)
F(τEp;χ;b)=0, (18K)
F(τM;χ;b)=0, (19K)
F(τLp;χ;b)=0, (20K)
F(τE2;χ;b)=0, (21K)
F(τL2;χ;b)=0.5χa(b-2Δ2)2. (22K)
The particular values used here for τ in F(τ ;χ;b) are arbitrary and are chosen for illustration. Any value of τ in the range τE1<τ ≦τL2 can be used here. For any value τ chosen for the integration endpoint here, the quantity F(τ ;χ;b) is a polynomial of degree at most two in the unknown time delay variable b and is proportional to χ.
Recall that, with the exception of division of the difference integral in Eq. (15) by χ, the quantities F(τ ;χ;b) are computed from the integrals of differences of measurements of incoming signals. One now forms the ratio
R(τ1 ;τ2 ;b)=F(τ1 ;χ;b)/F(τ2 ;χ;b) (23)
which eliminates the quantity χ and allows one to compare a measured ratio R(τ1 ;τ2 ;b) with the ratio of a first polynomial, n(b)=n0+n1 b+n2 b2, in the numerator, divided by a second polynomial, d0+d1 b+d2 b2, in the denominator. Here the coefficients nk and dk (k=0, 1, 2) are computable from the equations (18A)-(22K)
or similar relations and from the selected quantities τ1 and τ2 , but are independent of χ and b. Equation (23) can thus be rewritten as quadratic equation in b, viz.
(n0-d0R)+(n1-d1R)b+(n2-d2R)b2 =0, (24)
where R=R(τ1 ;τ2 ;b) is measured and computed from the incoming signal values. Equation (24) has two solutions, and at least one of these solutions should fall into one of the b-ranges indicated in Eqs. (13A)-(13J)
The computed quantities F(τ ;χ;b), as a function of b, for τ =τEp, τ =τM, τ =τLp, τ =τE2 and τ =τL2 are shown schematically in FIGS. 6A-6E, respectively. Note that F(τ ;χ;b) is monotonically decreasing for τ =τEp and τ =τM; this is also true for any value τ <τM. However, for τ satisfying τM<τ ≦τL2, the function F(τ ;χ;b) may be double-valued, being monotonically increasing in a first range 0≦b<b and being monotonically, decreasing in a second range b <b <Δ+2Δ2, where b is an intermediate value that depends upon the choice of τ in the range τM<τ ≦τL2. Thus, for some purposes it may be preferable to select τ1 <τ2 ≦tM in Eqs. (23) and (24).
After the value of the time delay variable b is determined, the quantity ##EQU7## is measured and computed and compared with the computed positive quantity ##EQU8## where τ3 and τ4 are a selected pair of values satisfying b≦τ3 <τ4 ≦3Δ1+2Δ2+b. The attenuation or gain factor χ for the multipath signal is then determined by the ratio
c=G(τ3 ;τ4 ;χ;b)/H(τ3 ;τ4 ;b). (27)
Many other approaches can also be used to determine the value of the attenuation or gain factor χ. The computed quantity G in Eq. (25) is proportional to χ, and the algebraic sign of G will determine the algebraic sign of χ, and thus the polarity (�1) of the multipath signal Sm (t;χ;b) relative to the direct signal Sd (t). The identified multipath signal Sm (t;χ;b) can then be subtracted from the composite signal s(t), viz.
s(t)-c Sd (t-b)≈Sd (t) (28)
to provide a more accurate estimate of the incoming direct signal and/or of the time of arrival t(arrival;d) of the desired direct signal Sd (t).
The differences ΔΔAC(τ',c;b) and ΔAC(τ'-b;d) used in computing the quantities G(τ3 ;τ4 ;χ;b)in H(τ3 ;τ4 ;b) in Eqs. (25) in (26) may use the time shift displacement τLE or may use any other time shift displacement value τdispl that satisfies 0<τdispl <Δτchip, as long as the same time shift displacement value is used for G and H.
An improved estimate of the time of arrival t(arrival;d) of the direct signal Sd (t) can be used to estimate more accurately the distance from the signal transmitter to the receiver in a location determination (LD) system, where the location coordinates of the transmitter are known reasonably accurately as a function of time t. For example, in a Satellite Positioning System (SATPS), such as GPS or GLONASS, a plurality of satellite-based transmitters are placed in various orbits and the distances from two or more of these satellite transmitters are determined from the estimated propagation time of a known pseudo-random signal, or a frequency-differentiated signal, from the transmitter/signal source to the signal receiver, using equations set forth in Leick, op cit, pp. 249-253. In a ground-based positioning system, such as LORAN-C, Omega, Tacan, Decca, JTIDS Relnav and Position Location Reporting System (PLRS), the signal transmitters are located at fixed locations with known location coordinates on or near the ground. These location determination (LD) systems are discussed briefly in the following:
A Satellite Positioning System (SATPS) is a system of satellite signal transmitters, with receivers located on the Earth's surface or adjacent to the Earth's surface, that transmits information from which an observer's present location and/or the time of observation can be determined. Two operational systems, each of which qualifies as an SATPS, are the Global Positioning System and the Global Orbiting Navigational System.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is part of a satellite-based navigation system developed by the United States Defense Department under its NAVSTAR satellite program. A fully operational GPS includes up to 24 satellites approximately uniformly dispersed around six circular orbits with four satellites each, the orbits being inclined at an angle of 55 degrees relative to the equator, and being separated from each other by multiples of 60 degrees longitude. The orbits have a radii of 26,560 kilometers and are approximately circular. The orbits are non-geosynchronous, with 0.5 sidereal day (11.967 hours) orbital time intervals, so that the satellites move with time relative to the Earth below. Theoretically, three or more GPS satellites will be visible from most points on the Earth's surface, and visual access to two or more such satellites can be used to determine an observer's position anywhere on the Earth's surface, 24 hours per day. Each satellite carries a cesium or rubidium atomic clock to provide timing information for the signals transmitted by the satellites. Internal clock correction is provided for each satellite clock.
Each GPS satellite transmits two spread spectrum, L-band carrier signals: an L1 signal having a frequency f1=1575.42 MHz and an L2 signal having a frequency f2=1227.6 MHz. These two frequencies are integral multiples f1=154 f0 and f2=120 f0 of a base frequency f0=10.23 MHz. The L1 signal from each satellite is binary phase shift key (BPSK) modulated by two pseudo-random noise (PRN) codes in phase quadrature, designated as the C/A-code and P-code. The L2 signal from each satellite is BPSK-modulated by only the P-code. The nature of these PRN codes is described below.
One motivation for use of two carrier signals L1 and L2 is to allow partial compensation for propagation delay of such a signal through the ionosphere, which delay varies approximately as the inverse square of signal frequency f (delay∝f-2). This phenomenon is discussed by MacDoran in U.S. Pat. No. 4,463,357, which discussion is incorporated by reference herein. When transit time delay through the ionosphere is determined, a phase delay associated with a given carrier signal can be determined.
Use of the PRN codes allows use of a plurality of GPS satellite signals for determining an observer's position and for providing navigation information. A signal transmitted by a particular GPS signal is selected by generating and matching, or correlating, the PRN code for that particular satellite. All PRN codes are known and are generated or stored in GPS satellite signal receivers carried by ground observers. A first PRN code for each GPS satellite, sometimes referred to as a precision code or P-code, is a relatively long, fine-grained code having an associated clock or chip rate of 10 f0=10.23 MHz. A second PRN code for each GPS satellite, sometimes referred to as a clear/acquisition code or C/A-code, is intended to facilitate rapid satellite signal acquisition and hand-over to the P-code, and is a relatively short, coarser-grained code having a clock or chip rate of f0=1.023 MHz. The C/A-code for any GPS satellite has a length of 1023 chips or time increments before this code repeats. The full P-code has a length of 259 days, with each satellite transmitting a unique portion of the full P-code. The portion of P-code used for a given GPS satellite has a length of precisely one week (7.000 days) before this code portion repeats. Accepted methods for generating the C/A-code and P-code are set forth in the document GPS Interface Control Document ICD-GPS-200, published by Rockwell International Corporation, Satellite Systems Division, Revision B-PR, Jul. 3, 1991, which is incorporated by reference herein.
The GPS satellite bit stream includes navigational information on the ephemeris of the transmitting GPS satellite and an almanac for all GPS satellites, with parameters providing corrections for ionospheric signal propagation delays suitable for single frequency receivers and for an offset time between satellite clock time and true GPS time. The navigational information is transmitted at a rate of 50 Baud. A useful discussion of the GPS and techniques for obtaining position information from the satellite signals is found in Tom Logsdon, The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992, pp. 1-90; the information from this material is incorporated by reference herein.
A second configuration for global positioning is the Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), placed in orbit by the former Soviet Union and now maintained by the Russian Republic. GLONASS also uses 24 satellites, distributed approximately uniformly in three orbital planes of eight satellites each. Each orbital plane has a nominal inclination of 64.8 degrees relative to the equator, and the three orbital planes are separated from each other by mulitples of 120 degrees longitude. The GLONASS circular orbits have smaller radii, about 25,510 kilometers, and a satellite period of revolution of 8/17 of a sidereal day (11.26 hours). A GLONASS satellite and a GPS satellite will thus complete 17 and 16 revolutions, respectively, around the Earth every 8 days. The GLONASS system uses two carrier signals L1 and L2 with frequencies of f1=(1.6022+9k/16) GHz and f2=(1.246=7k/16) GHz, where k (=0, 1, 2, . . . 23) is the channel or satellite number. These frequencies lie in two bands at 1.597-1.617 GHz (L1) and 1,240-1,260 GHz (L2). The L1 code is modulated by a C/A-code (chip rate=0.511 MHz) and by a P-code (chip rate=5.11 MHz). The L2 code is presently modulated only by the P-code. The GLONASS satellites also transmit navigational data at a rate of 60 Baud. Because the channel frequencies are distinguishable from each other, the P-code is the same, and the C/A-code is the same, for each satellite. The methods for receiving and analyzing the GLONASS signals are similar to the methods used for the GPS signals.
Reference to a Satellite Positioning System or SATPS herein refers to a Global Positioning System, to a Global Orbiting Navigational System, and to any other compatible satellite-based system that provides information by which an observer's position and the time of observation can be determined, all of which meet the requirements of the present invention.
A Satellite Positioning System (SATPS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) or the Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), uses transmission of coded radio signals, with the structure described above, from a plurality of Earth-orbiting Satellites. A single passive receiver of such signals is capable of determining receiver absolute position in an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate reference system utilized by the SATPS.
A configuration of two or more receivers can be used to accurately determine the relative positions between the receivers or stations. This method, known as differential positioning, is far more accurate than absolute positioning, provided that the distances between these stations are substantially less than the distances from these stations to the satellites, which is the usual case. Differential positioning can be used for survey or construction work in the field, providing location coordinates and distances that are accurate to within a few centimeters.
In differential position determination, many of the errors in the SATPS that comprise the accuracy of absolute position determination are similar in magnitude for stations that are physically close. The effect of these errors on the accuracy of differential position determination is therefore substantially reduced by a process of partial error cancellation.
An SATPS antenna receives SATPS signals from a plurality (preferably two or more) of SATPS satellites and passes these signals to an SATPS signal receiver/processor, which (1) identifies the SATPS satellite source for each SATPS signal, based upon the psuedo-random code incorporated in and/or the frequency used for each SATPS signal, (2) determines the time at which each identified SATPS signal arrives at the antenna, and (3) determines the present location of the SATPS antenna from this information and from information on the ephemerides for each identified SATPS satellite. The SATPS signal antenna and signal receiver/processor are part of the user segment of a particular SATPS, the Global Positioning System, as discussed by Tom Logsdon, op cit.
Alternatively, the SATPS signals may be replaced by LORAN-C signals produced by two or more LORAN-C signal sources positioned at fixed, known locations, for location determination. A ground-based LORAN-C system relies upon a plurality of grand-based signal towers, preferably spaced apart 100-300 km. that transmit distinguishable, time-coded electromagnetic signals that are received and processed by a LORAN signal antenna and LORAN signal receiver/processor. A representative LORAN-C system is discussed in LORAN-C User Handbook, Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant Publication P16562.5, Nov. 18, 1992 (ISBN 0-16-041594-2), and by Magee et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,086, which are incorporated by reference herein. If a time-coded message sequence is received from each of three LORAN transmitters, the relative time delays between these three messages can be used to determine the location of the signal receiver/processor with an estimated inaccuracy of the order of one hundred meters. One disadvantage of use of a LORAN system, vis-a-vis an SATPS location determination system, is that a large number of tall structures, with transmitters mounted thereon, may be needed to cover a given area with a LORAN system; whereas a relatively small number of SATPS satellites suffice for location determination using an SATPS configuration. Using a ground-based location determination system such as LORAN, a LORAN signal antenna and receiver/processor would replace the LDS signal antenna and receiver/processor in FIG. 1, with all other features remaining as before. LORAN-C signals use carrier frequencies of the order of 100 kHz and have maximum reception distances of the order of hundreds of kilometers.
Other ground-based radiowave signal systems that are suitable for use as part of an LDS include Omega, Decca, Tacan, JTIDS Relnav (U.S. Air Force Joint Tactical Information Distribution System) and PLRS (U.S. Army Position Location and Reporting System) and are summarized by Logsdon, op cit, pp. 6-7 and 35-40.
The combined use of FM subcarrier signals, as discussed by Kelley et al ini U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,710 (incorporated by reference herein), for location determination inside a building or similar structure plus satelite-based or ground-based LD signals for location determination, outside a building or similar structure, can also provide an LD system in most urban and suburban communities.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 13, 1975
|Feb 8, 1977
|Bunker Ramo Corporation
|Method and apparatus for demodulation of relative phase modulated binary data
|Mar 29, 1978
|Sep 18, 1979
|The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland
|Code synchronizing apparatus
|Aug 8, 1978
|May 13, 1980
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Pseudo-random-number code detection and tracking system
|Aug 8, 1978
|May 13, 1980
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Pseudo-random-number-code-detection and tracking system
|Apr 12, 1983
|Oct 29, 1985
|Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Spread spectrum adaptive code tracker
|Sep 9, 1983
|Aug 26, 1986
|General Electric Company
|Adaptive signal processor for interference cancellation
|Dec 5, 1983
|Apr 21, 1987
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Multiplexed digital correlator
|Dec 4, 1987
|May 9, 1989
|Motorola, Inc.
|Phase-coherent TDMA quadrature receiver for multipath fading channels
|Nov 6, 1987
|Aug 29, 1989
|Gambatte, Inc.
|Spread spectrum communications with resistance to multipath at differential delays both larger and smaller than a chip width
|Sep 18, 1990
|Feb 25, 1992
|Plessey Overseas Limited
|Nov 28, 1990
|Mar 31, 1992
|Novatel Comunications Ltd.
|Multi-channel digital receiver for global positioning system
|Jan 22, 1991
|Nov 17, 1992
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Digital equalization method and apparatus
|Dec 9, 1991
|Jan 25, 1994
|Novatel Communications Ltd.
|Timing and automatic frequency control of digital receiver using the cyclic properties of a non-linear operation
|Mar 17, 1993
|Sep 13, 1994
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Multipath noise reduction for spread spectrum signals
|Mar 24, 1994
|Feb 14, 1995
|Novatel Communications Ltd.
|Pseudorandom noise ranging receiver which compensates for multipath distortion by dynamically adjusting the time delay spacing between early and late correlators
|Jan 22, 1992
|Mar 28, 1995
|Trimble Navigation
|Signal timing synchronizer
|Nov 29, 1993
|May 9, 1995
|Novatel Communications Ltd.
|Pseudorandom noise ranging receiver which compensates for multipath distortion by making use of multiple correlator time delay spacing
|May 13, 1994
|Aug 22, 1995
|Southwest Research Institute
|Passive means for single site radio location
|Dec 12, 1984
|Jan 2, 1996
|Martin Marietta Corporation
|Apparatus for and method of adaptively processing sonar data
|Mar 10, 1994
|Jan 30, 1996
|Motorola, Inc.
|System and method for identifying an arrival time of a communicated signal
|Dec 9, 1994
|Feb 20, 1996
|Trimble Navigation Limited
|Multipath compensation for code phase signals
|Feb 3, 1995
|Feb 27, 1996
|Novatel Communications, Ltd.
|Pseudorandom noise ranging receiver which compensates for multipath distortion by dynamically adjusting the time delay spacing between early and late correlators
|Apr 28, 1995
|Jun 4, 1996
|Nec Corporation
|Interference cancellation using power-inversion adaptive array and LMS adaptive equalizer
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 21, 2001
|Feb 17, 2004
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Geographical navigation using multipath wireless navigation signals
|Feb 21, 2003
|Aug 3, 2004
|Sony Corporation
|GPS receiver and receiving method
|Sep 6, 2002
|Jun 27, 2006
|Sirf Technology, Inc.
|System and method to estimate the location of a receiver
|Sep 30, 2005
|May 8, 2007
|University Of Utah Research Foundation
|Apparatus and method for testing a signal path from an injection point
|Aug 2, 2001
|May 8, 2007
|Thomson Licensing
|Apparatus and method for detecting ripples caused by multipath propagation and controlling receiving antenna and tuner
|Oct 21, 1998
|Sep 22, 2009
|Cambridge Positioning Systems Ltd.
|Positioning system for digital telephone networks
|Jan 19, 2006
|Mar 16, 2010
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Systems and methods for positioning using multipath signals
|Sep 17, 2008
|Jul 5, 2011
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Systems and methods for transparency mapping using multipath signals
|Sep 17, 2008
|Oct 2, 2012
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Systems and methods for transparency mapping using multipath signals
|Aug 15, 2008
|Feb 5, 2013
|Cardiodex, Ltd.
|Systems and methods for puncture closure
|Nov 22, 2011
|Feb 12, 2013
|Cardiodex Ltd.
|Methods and apparatus for hemostasis following arterial catheterization
|Aug 27, 2010
|Mar 12, 2013
|Trimble Navigation Limited
|Systems and methods for computing vertical position
|Nov 21, 2005
|May 7, 2013
|Cardiodex, Ltd.
|Techniques for heat-treating varicose veins
|Feb 21, 2003
|Oct 2, 2003
|Jason Sanmiya
|GPS receiver and receiving method
|Sep 6, 2002
|Sep 9, 2004
|Sirf Technology, Inc.
|System and method to estimate the location of a receiver
|Aug 2, 2001
|Sep 30, 2004
|Muterspaugh Max Ward
|Apparatus and method for detecting ripples caused by multipath propagation and controlling receiving antenna and tuner
|Sep 30, 2005
|Apr 27, 2006
|University Of Utah Research Foundation
|Apparatus and method for testing a signal path from an injection point
|Nov 8, 2013
|Oct 8, 2015
|King Abdullah University Of Science And Technology
|Channel assessment scheme
|U.S. Classification
|342/357.61, 342/453, 375/343, 375/349, 375/347, 342/463, 342/357.77
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 24, 1997
Owner name: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION LIMITED, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SCHIPPER, JOHN F.;REEL/FRAME:008469/0440
Effective date: 19970324
|Jul 31, 2000
Owner name: ABN AMRO BANK N.V., AS AGENT, ILLINOIS
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:TRIMBLE NAVIGATION LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:010996/0643
Effective date: 20000714
|Dec 15, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 10, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20031214


text: We shoot everything digitally, in colors or black and white. We understand time is important to you, this is why projects that do not require retouching services, your hi-res photos are usually available for pickup, download, or delivery within 24 hrs. All photo shoots are by appointment only, and that means whenever or wherever you need us, we'll be there. Our services and products are 100% satisfaction guaranteed. We are constantly improving and will provide support around the clock for life.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ramones - My My Kind Of Girl MP3
My My Kind Of Girl by Ramones.
Loretta Lynn - What Kind Of A Girl (Do You Think I Am) MP3
Written by Loretta Lynn and Teddy Wilburn. Loretta, the coal miner's daughter, is famously from "Butcher Holler", a section of Van Lear, a mining community near ...
My Kind of Girl MP3
Ethan and Grayson explain their dream girls to you! Annnnd Grayson finally meets his kind of girl. Ethan's Social Media Instagram ...
loretta lynn "what kind of a girl" MP3
WHAT KIND OF A GIRL (DO YOU THINK I AM) (Loretta Lynn - Teddy Wilburn) « © '68 Sure-Fire Music, BMI » You want me to prove my love for you I'm surprised ...
My my kind of a girl the ramones (subtitulado en español) MP3
Tinted Windows - Kind Of A Girl MP3
Music video by Tinted Windows performing Kind Of A Girl. (C) 2009 S-Curve Records.
Kind Of A Girl
Tinted WindowsWoah-woah Woah-woah Woah-woah Woah-woah She's the kind of a girl you can't get enough of She's the kind of girl you need to feel the touch of She'[...]
LPS - "A Different Kind of Girl" Music Video MP3
Out with the old and in with the new!
Littlest Pet Shop - A Different Kind of Girl MP3
Song from S03E17, Room Enough. Sung by a new singer on the show, Aj Woodworth! Download: https://www.mediafire.com/?3fr387d894fw2ol Lyrics: ...
Lena Dunham Is Not 'Not That Kind of Girl' MP3
Star of HBO's "Girls" discusses her highly anticipated debut book launching today.
Exclusive: What kind of girl gives Salman a 'Kick' MP3
"Woh jeena bhi kya jeena jismein 'Kick' na ho pagli" - this dialogue of Salman Khan from his upcoming film has already made fans crazy. The excitement around ...
Kill Paris - Girl, You One Of A Kind MP3
TheSoundYouNeed - Music at its finest ll Website : http://www.thesoundyouneed.net ll Facebook : http://on.fb.me/12s8hhw ll Soundcloud : http://bit.ly/Ud6RVg ...
The Ramones- My My Kind Of A Girl (Acoustic Demo) MP3
Lee Fields & The Expressions - You're the Kind of Girl MP3
Official music video for "You're the Kind of Girl" by Lee Fields & The Expressions Buy it on iTunes: http://geni.us/2h7u Subscribe: http://bit.ly/QzHcrb (C) 2012 ...
The Ramones - My-My Kind of a Girl MP3
1983 Subterranean Jungle Album.
New Edition - You're Not My Kind Of Girl MP3
Music video by New Edition performing You're Not My Kind Of Girl. (C) 1988 Geffen Records.
You're Not My Kind Of Girl
New EditionOh girl I know that you're attracted to me And I should feel the same about you There's just something wrong, I don't know what it is That keeps us from becoming a two It's not your looks, you're very pretty It's not your style, the way you dress[...]
Loretta Lynn -- What Kind Of A Girl Do You Think I Am MP3
Kill Paris - Girl, You One Of A Kind MP3
More epicness from Kill Paris! Give Kill Paris your love: http://soundcloud.com/killparis https://www.facebook.com/killparis?ref=search Picture: ...
Rosanne Cash - What Kind a Girl MP3
from Carl Perkins & Friends.
Tinted Windows "Kind Of A Girl" MP3
Tinted Windows official music video for "Kind Of A Girl" iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=308972088&s=143441 ...
Misty Copeland: The cover girl for a new kind of ballet MP3
Anthony Mason visits with Misty Copeland, the breakthrough star of the American Ballet Theatre and currently in "The Nutcracker," who says change is coming ...
Air Supply - What Kind of Girl MP3
Sweet but rare Air Supply song.
This video is a re-upload since the original got deleted from our channel*** FUNG BROS SHIRTS: http://gummymall.com/fungbros LIKE: ...
What Kind Of Girl- Air Supply (lyrics) MP3
Citizens! - My Kind of Girl (Official Video) MP3
Taken from the new album 'European Soul' OUT NOW. Get 'European Soul' on iTunes: http://smarturl.it/EuropeanSoulDLX Get signed LP and CDs of 'European ...
My Kind Of Girl
Citizens!You're my kind, of my kind, of my kind of girl You're my kind, of my kind, of my kind of girl The needle's in the groove She's got "International Feel" on endless repeat in her room Later on the rain she[...]
My Kind of Girl Subtitulado en Español [Dolan Twins][Grayson&Dolan] MP3
MIS LINKS~~~ ❤ http://www.Twitter.com/BreendaVH ❤ http://www.Facebook.com/BreendaVargas ❤ http://BreendaVH.tumblr.com ❤ Snapchat: BreendaVH ...
What Kind of Girl is She - [title of show] MP3
The University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music (CCM) Department of Musical Theatre presents a lab production of Hunter Bell and Jeff Bowen's [title ...
Patty Loveless - I'm That Kind Of Girl MP3
Music video by Patty Loveless performing I'm That Kind Of Girl. (C) 1990 MCA Nashville.
I'm That Kind Of Girl
Patty LovelessThere's a man in a Stetson hat, howlin' like an alley cat Outside my window tonight Sayin', "Baby, put on something hot, meet me in the parking lot About a quarter to nine" I get the f[...]
apb - what kind of girl are you MP3
scotland's greatest funk band!
Loretta Lynn What Kind Of A Girl Do You Think I Am MP3
Collin Raye - My Kind of Girl MP3
Music video by Collin Raye performing My Kind Of Girl. (C) 1994 Sony BMG Music Entertainment.
My Kind Of Girl
Collin RayeWhen I saw you buying Cosmo and a hot rod magazine, I said to myself 'Now there's a girl for me.' And when I asked you to go for a ride, you stole my heart when you said, "If I can drive." I said, "How 'b[...]


text:
Political Risk Analysis Around the North Atlantic (International Political Economy Series)
During the 1970s and the 1980s, political risk analysis was increasingly undertaken by multinational corporations around the world. Recent developments in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, the Gulf, and elsewhere, have highlighted the need for multinational corporations to undertake such analysis and incorporate it into their decision making. It examines the emergence of the corporate political risk assessment function, highlighting its evolution as an integral component of strategic decision-making. Numerous country-specific and company-specific examples of political risk analysis are included.
Please visit Help Page for Questions
regarding ISBN / ISBN-10 / ISBN10, ISBN-13 / ISBN13, EAN / EAN-13, and Amazon
Home | ISBN Directory | Affiliate
Program | Contact
Copyright © 2003-2014 AllDiscountBooks.net All rights reserved.


text:
Relationship Details
Celebrity Biographies
Halston Sage dated James Maslow in the past, but they broke up in December, 2013. Halston Sage dated James Maslow for 2.9 years. Halston Sage is currently available.
Entertainment - Actor
Why Famous: Grace of How to Rock
Age: 24 (b. 5/10/1993)
Music - Musician
Why Famous: Big Time Rush ( band/tv show)
Age: 27 (b. 7/16/1990)
Check out our New "Top 10 Hollywood Seductresses"
Relationship Timeline
|Start Date
|2.9 years
|Broke Up
|2.9 years
Children of this Relationship
No known children for this relationship. Add a child for this couple.
No known Affairs for this Relationship. Add an Affair
Check out our New "Top 10 Newest Celebrity Dads"
Relationship Information, Quotes, and Trivia
Where and/or how did Halston Sage and James Maslow meet?
Why did Halston Sage and James Maslow break up?
Other Relationship Information about Halston Sage and James Maslow:
Add other Relationship Information
Classic Quotes by Halston Sage and James Maslow about their relationship:
Go To Halston Sage's Profile Go To James Maslow's Profile


text:
- Enviar a un amigo
- Imprimir
- Ampliar
· 1 in. (25mm) high frequency compression driver
· 109 dB, 2.83V@1m sensitivity
· Improved moving assembly mechanical coupling for excellent power handling capabilities
· PM-4 polymer diaphragm with higher surface tension energy
· Ultra lightweight edgewound aluminium ribbon voice coil
· Aluminum cover
· Ferrite magnet
No customer comments for the moment.
Only registered users can post a new comment.


text:
Need a cheap blood test in Ridgeland, MS? Simply order online and get a cheap blood test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
What is a Cheap Blood Test?
A Cheap Blood Test is a blood test that checks your health in a low cost way. People in Ridgeland, MS order a Cheap Blood Test for general screening or ongoing tracking.
How much does your Cheap Blood Test cost?
Our Cheap Blood Test prices include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Ridgeland, MS, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current Cheap Blood Test prices, please CLICK HERE.
What does a Cheap Blood Test lab report look like?
For a sample report of a popular Cheap Blood Test panel in Ridgeland, MS, please CLICK HERE.
In a time of rising healthcare costs, we can help people in Ridgeland, MS get a Cheap Blood Test. We are delighted to offer our Cheap Blood Test service in Ridgeland, MS.
Cheap Blood Test in other cities near Ridgeland, MS:Brandon | Canton | Clinton | Flora | Florence | Flowood | Jackson | Madison | Piney Woods | Pocahontas | Sandhill | Sharon | Tougaloo | Whitfield


text:
Gift Premium Subscription To TreyB55
Join Date:05-28-2013
Last Activity:07-14-2013 5:59 PM
11 Likes on 5 Posts
Posted in thread: Magazine Release on 06-27-2013 at 10:32 PM
Where on EARTH can I find a stainless magazine release for my P226? I've done everything else,
I just can't find this one part. 107889
Posted in thread: New Home Defense Gun on 06-25-2013 at 08:04 PM
To me the 229 seems like a perfect carry pistol.
Posted in thread: Wife gun on 06-24-2013 at 11:41 PM
Didn't really have to do much convincing on getting the gun, just keeping with her is what she
didn't want to do.
Posted in thread: New Home Defense Gun on 06-24-2013 at 05:05 AM
Sorry bout the double pic, the app on my phone was acting crazy.107272
Posted in thread: New Home Defense Gun on 06-24-2013 at 05:04 AM
Just wanted to show off my newest addition, and my first Sig. A P226. I polished the barrel,
and have Hogue grips on the way. Put a Streamlight TLR-1s on it. Love it so far.
Posted in thread: Wife gun on 06-24-2013 at 04:47 AM
Finally talked my wife into getting a pistol to keep on her, since we have lur first child
coming next month. What are the suggestions for her? Was thinking like the LCP .380. Anything
else I should t...
Posted in thread: Leupold Mark 4 6.5-20x50 on 06-20-2013 at 07:44 PM
Selling one of my scopes. Only had it about a month. 1100. Paypal accepted.106803
Posted in thread: Word association game on 06-11-2013 at 06:12 PM
Posted in thread: Remington 700 stock on 06-03-2013 at 08:15 PM
My gun had a plastic stock that was extremely light. The stock itself weighs about 4 pounds, so
it added about 2 pounds or so to my already heavy rifle. You can add weight in either the but
stock or t...
Posted in thread: Remington 700 stock on 06-03-2013 at 06:13 PM
I have the Choate Ultimate Varmint on my Remington M700 VTR in .308. Very solid stock and I
love the feel of it. The pistol grip is a little bulky for most, but I really think it gives it
a solid feel...


text:
- Description
Thin stripes pattern fabric in blue, green, and brown color. Slipper chair with wood trim.Includes
1 Accent Chair.Dimensions
31"W x 29"D x 34"H
21" Seat Depth, 19" Seat Height
More from this collection: Accent Chairs
- Additional Information
Additional Information
SKU 12611311 GTIN N/A Collection Accent Chairs Assemble Length 31 Assemble Width 29 Assemble Height 24 Assembly Required Yes Material Fabric Color Brown Styles Casual Shipping Time 1-2 Weeks Free Shipping Yes
- Reviews
Disclaimer: Pictures displayed may include optional products not included in the price. Computer monitors often display color variations. Color swatches are shown if alternative colors are available. Please call us or email us if you have any questions!


text:
About The Mission:
The Mission Restaurant and Lounge serves modern Latin cuisine in a sophisticated yet casual setting.
Reservations are highly recommended
Average tab: $30 per person for dinner, without drinks
Latin American
11am – 11pm
The Mission
3815 N Brown Ave
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
July 19, 2014
"One of our favorite restaurants. Very good food and excellent service. Maybe tight but excellent food and drinks." Ann M.
September 9, 2013
"Food is good atmosphere awful. Noisy cr owned small tables cheek to cheek rear patio has huge industrial fan super noisy. Not a pleasurable eatery" Dell B.
Please be sure to include your first and last name and your email address so we can contact you if we have any questions. We will not share your contact information.
By completing this form you are allowing Arizona PBS and Check, Please! Arizona to contact you via email.
Need help accessing? Contact firstname.lastname@example.com
Arizona PBS is a member-supported service of Arizona State University Copyright Arizona Board of Regents


text:
Meet Courtyard Marriott Chelsea — How Select Service Hotel Brands Won Over Manhattan
By Terry Trucco
Earlier this month I attended the opening party for the new Courtyard Marriott Manhattan/Chelsea, a 273-room "sliver" hotel built from the ground up in New York's once-flourishing Fur District. (If you visit, check out the clever stone reliefs of fox heads on a nearby building.)
As servers passed around wine, savories and mini s'mores, well-dressed guests mingled in the hotel's lively interpretation of Courtyard's new multi-tasking lounge with its communal table, breakfast area, private booths with flatpanel TVs and, for the requisite splash of local color, photographs of Big Apple landmarks snapped by New York artists. (more…)


text:
Introduction: Originally, the constitution of India did not contain any list of fundamental duties. In other words, enjoyment of fundamental rights was not conditional on the performance of fundamental duties. Democratic rights are based on the theory that rights are not created by the state. … [Read more...]
Importance of Preamble In Indian Constitution
Indian constitution has a preamble attached to it. Though the preamble of the Constitution of India does not constitute an operative part of the Indian constitution, yet it serves several important purposes. It explains the ideals and objectives of the constitution. After 42nd amendment in 1976, … [Read more...]
Article on Fundamental Rights Guaranteed by the Indian Constitution
The Constitution of India guarantees certain Fundamental Rights to the Citizens of India. The Indian constitution contains a chapter on fundamental rights. Part III (Art. 12-35) contains fundamental rights of Indian citizens. The fundamental rights are called fundamental because they are basic to … [Read more...]
Right Against Exploitation In Indian Constitution
The Right Against Exploitation in the Constitution of India The Rights against Exploitation is provided under Articles 23 and 24 of the Constitution of India. Right to personal liberty is never real if some people are exposed to exploitation by others. Arts. 23 and 24 of the constitution are … [Read more...]
Right to Life and Personal Liberty in Indian Constitution
Right To Life And Personal Liberty In Indian Constitution Rights to life and personal liberty are the most precious of fundamental rights. Articles 21 and 22 of the constitution of India seek to secure these rights. Art. 21 read "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except … [Read more...]
Fundamental Right to Equality in India
Fundamental Right To Equality In India Foremost among the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution of India is the right to equality. Articles 14-18, state and elaborate the Right to Equality in India. Art 14 states that "The state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or … [Read more...]
Freedom of Press In Indian Constitution – Brief Overview
The Freedom of the Press is nowhere mentioned in the Indian constitution. The Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression is provided in Article 19 of the Indian Constitution. It is believed that Freedom of Speech and Expression in Article 19 of the Indian constitution include freedom of the … [Read more...]
Preventive Detention In The Indian Constitution
Preventive Detention In The Constitution of Indian Preventive Detention is the the most contentious part of the scheme fundamental rights in the Indian constitutions. The Article 22 (3) of the Indian constitution provides that, if a person is arrested or detained under a law providing for … [Read more...]
Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution
Directive Principles of State Policy in The Indian Constitution The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV, Articles 36-51 of the Indian constitution constitute the most interesting and enchanting part of the constitution. The Directive Principles may be said to contain the … [Read more...]
Financial Relation Between Centre And State In India
The Financial relationship between the Centre (Union) and the States is provided in the constitution. The constitution gives a detailed scheme of distribution of financial resources between Union and the States. The Indian constitution makes a broad distinction between the power to levy a tax and … [Read more...]


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Eric Covener <cove...@gmail.com>
|Re: mod_deflate handling of empty initial brigade
|Tue, 01 Jun 2010 14:47:54 GMT
On Tue, Jun 1, 2010 at 10:39 AM, Brian Pane <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > In a filter module I'm writing, it's possible for the first pass > through the output filter to end up calling: > ap_pass_brigade(f->next, an_empty_brigade) > > If mod_deflate's output filter appears later in the output filter > chain, bad things happen: > 1. On the first trip through the output filter chain, mod_deflate just > passes the empty brigade through to the next filter: > /* Do nothing if asked to filter nothing. */ > if (APR_BRIGADE_EMPTY(bb)) { > return ap_pass_brigade(f->next, bb); > } > 2. Control eventually reaches core_output_filter, which sends the > response headers. > 3. On a subsequent trip through the output filter chain, my module calls: > ap_pass_brigade(f->next, a non_empty_brigade) > 4. Upon seeing the non empty brigade, mod_deflate's output filter does > all the initialization that it would normally do at the start of a > response. If the response is compressible, deflate_out_filter adds > "Content-Encoding: gzip" to the output headers. The output headers > have been sent already, though, so the Content-Encoding never gets > sent. > 5. The client receives a compressed response without a Content-Encoding header. > > I can prevent this by not calling ap_pass_brigade in my module until I > have the first non-empty brigade for the rest of the output filter > chain to work with. > > I'm curious, though: which module is doing the wrong thing: > - My module, by sending an empty brigade through the rest of the > output filter chain prior to sending the first non-empty brigade? > - Or mod_deflate, by adding fields to the response header after > calling ap_pass_brigade? Would it do harm if the core output filter did the same check as mod_deflate before committing the headers? Seems like a filter could have just dropped the content of your first brigade anyway. -- Eric Covener email@example.com
|View raw message


text:
If an item has already been processed for shipping, you will not be able to change the address.Purchase: Shipping Changes
You can change the shipping address on your order through the account settings menu. Once you place an order through one of our stores, we try our best to set your items to ship as soon as we can. This means that often, you are not able to change the shipping information for your order because the vendor has already shipped your item. As a rule of thumb, order shipping can typically be updated on the same day as order date, though it may be possible that your item has already shipped.
To update your shipping address:
1. Log into your account
2. Hover your mouse over your name at the top-right corner of the site
3. Click Purchases from the drop-down menu
4. Click on Details next to the purchase
Again, you will only be able to enter your updated shipping address here if your item has not shipped.


text:
Respecting Each Other
- Gwendolyn Jones
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 LESSON AND ACTIVITY EXCERPTED FROM THE TANENBAUM INTERRELIGIOUS UNDERSTANDING GUIDEBOOK Respecting Each Other Lesson Overview: Students will learn why respect is important while developing their own practical definitions of respect and considering how to reflect these ideas in their behavior. Principles for Inclusive Education explored: Preventing Prejudice, Promoting Social Justice, Teaching All Students Time Needed: minutes Materials: Markers, Paper, What Does Respect worksheet, Rules of Respect worksheet, Respecting Each Other Scenarios handout Preparation: Make copies of the worksheets for the class. Skills Addressed: Listening, Organizing Information, Working in Pairs, Critical Thinking, Cooperative learning, Hands-on, Whole Group Instruction BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Respecting Each Other can be a great tool in creating a classroom culture of respect and reducing bullying and negative behavior. Use them throughout the year, adding to them or changing them where necessary. Start out your lessons by reminding students of the agreements. Encourage students whenever you see them behaving respectfully and refer to the agreements when students are behaving outside the agreements. Call on them to follow their own agreements or rules when you observe discourteous behavior.
2 PROCEDURE: Anticipatory Set/Hook/Do-Now: Explain to the students that this week is Respect for All Week. As a class, they are going to look at the best ways to work together in order to promote respect for all members of their classroom and school communities. Discussion Connect to Prior Knowledge Was there a time today when you felt happy and respected? What made you feel that way? Younger students can draw a picture. Older students can write a journal entry. After giving students time to finish their work, debrief with a short discussion. Some suggested discussion questions: Can you define respect? Was there a time today when you were respectful to someone else? o How did that make you feel? o How did it make the other person feel? Activity Defining Respect: What Does It Look Like, Sound Like, Feel Like?: Can you think of some things we might see when someone is respectful? For example, we might see people working together. What else might respect look like? Repeat the process for what respect might sound like or feel like. (Some examples: Respect looks like raised hands, sounds like people saying please, feels like being welcomed.) Help students brainstorm answers to the question of what respect looks/sounds/feels like. Students can share verbally and/or use the attached worksheet to organize their thoughts. Invite students to share their responses with the group and record their answers. These answers may be used as a starting point for writing classroom rules of respect in the following activity. Mini-Lesson Writing Your Own Rules of Respect : Have a copy of the Rules of Respect poster in a place where the whole class can see it. Explain to the children that they are going to create a classroom respect agreement by reviewing these rules and adding their own. After the children have read and discussed the rules on the poster, have the children write some of their own rules. You may need to explain what an open mind and showing consideration are. Concrete examples and visuals may help the children with these abstract ideas. You can refer to responses from the Defining Respect activity to help develop ideas and ground them in practical behaviors. Write down the statements that the children make in their own words. Be specific (for example don t hit is more specific than be nice ). Ask the children:
3 What kinds of rules will help us to remember to act in a respectful way with our classmates? What are some ways we can be respectful to each other? How can we help ourselves follow these rules? Have students sign their names on the poster to indicate that they agree to the rules they ve written. Hang the agreement in a prominent place in the classroom. (You may want to laminate the agreement prior to hanging.) Wrap-Up: Read out the Respecting Each Other scenarios (included at the end of this lesson). Have students identify which of the scenarios are respectful, which aren t, and why. Extension Ideas: Students can create skits demonstrating how they respect each other using either the Respecting Each Other scenarios or a situation from a time in their own lives when they felt respected. Have the children create acrostic poems with RESPECT spelled out vertically. Have them come up with words connected to the concept of respect that start with each letter in the word. For instance: Ready to help Empathy Share with one another Partnership Everybody Listens Caring Trust
4 Name: Date: What does respect. LOOK LIKE? SOUND LIKE? FEEL LIKE?
5 Rules of Respect Pay attention when someone else is speaking. Listen with an open mind. Show consideration for other people s ideas and opinions. Special Agreements for Our Class:
6 Respecting Each Other - Scenarios Are the following scenarios examples of respectful behavior or disrespectful behavior? Why? If the behavior is disrespectful, what are some respectful things you could do in the situation? If the scenario is respectful, what are some other examples of respectful things you could say? Jessica and Alex were shooting baskets on the basketball court after school. Marisol saw them and thought it would be fun to play. She asked them if she could join their game, and Jessica said, No, I don t think so. We just wanted it to be the two of us. Tacari and William were waiting in line for lunch. The line was very long, and everyone was hungry. Joe got to lunch late, but he was very hungry, so he took a spot in front of Tacari and William. Ms. Abiola asked her class What can we do to help our planet? A lot of hands went up, and Susan said, Recycle! Then she said, Oops, I m sorry I didn t raise my hand. One day after school Amina decided she wanted to stop for a snack on the way home. She asked her best friend, Billy, if he wanted to come with her. Billy said, Sure, I ll come, but I don t have any money. When they got to the store, Amina bought him a snack. Billy said, Thanks a lot! The class was playing a baseball game, and Adam was on first base. When Maria hit the ball, Adam ran to second base, but he tripped over his shoelace and was out. When he got back to the dugout, Sam said, Way to go, loser. Next time, tie your shoes. James and Thomas were reading each other s short stories in school. They were asked to give each other comments. James said, I think you describe your setting really well; I can see where it takes place in my mind. Thomas said, The things you have your characters say really keep me interested in your story.
Self-Acceptance. A Frog Thing by E. Drachman (2005) California: Kidwick Books LLC. ISBN 0-9703809-3-3. Grade Level: Third grade
Self-Acceptance A Frog Thing by E. Drachman (2005) California: Kidwick Books LLC. ISBN 0-9703809-3-3 This Book Kit was planned by Lindsay N. Graham Grade Level: Third grade Characteristic Trait: Self AcceptanceMore information
Lesson Plans K-3. Bullying Response Lesson Plan Grades K-3
Lesson Plans K-3 Bullying Response Lesson Plan Grades K-3 Estimated Time of Completion: Two to three classroom periods, or stretched out throughout the school year. Each activity will take between 15-30More information
Role Plays for Teacher Classroom Management
Role Plays for Teacher Classroom Management Collaboration, Workshop 1 After Vignette #4 Making connection with quiet child Practice making a connection with a child who is quiet, shy, or sad. Think aboutMore information
2 Mathematics Curriculum
New York State Common Core 2 Mathematics Curriculum GRADE GRADE 2 MODULE 3 Topic E: Model Numbers Within 1000 with Place Value Disks 2.NBT.A Focus Standard: 2.NBT.A Understand place value. InstructionalMore information
Parable of The Prodigal Son
Parable of The Prodigal Son Teacher Pep Talk: Children need to know that they are loved unconditionally. In fact, we all need to know it! In the Parable of the Prodigal Son, Jesus assures us that God willMore information
What does compassion look like?
Lesson One: What does compassion look like? Learning Objectives: Students will: Demonstrate an understanding of the concept compassion. Identify elements of compassion shown in various images. Begin toMore information
Bullying Awareness Lesson Plan Grades 4-6
Bullying Awareness Lesson Plan Grades 4-6 1 Estimated Time of Completion: Two to three classroom periods, or stretched out throughout the school year. Each activity will take between 15-30 minutes. BullyingMore information
Scarcity and Choices Grade One
Ohio Standards Connection: Economics Benchmark A Explain how the scarcity of resources requires people to make choices to satisfy their wants. Indicator 1 Explain that wants are unlimited and resourcesMore information
Grade 8 Lesson Peer Influence
Grade 8 Lesson Peer Influence Summary This lesson is one in a series of Grade 8 lessons. If you aren t able to teach all the lessons, try pairing this lesson with the Substance and Gambling Information,More information
Related KidsHealth Links
Grades 3 to 5 Health Problems Series KidsHealth.org/classroom Teacher s Guide This guide includes: Standards Related Links Discussion Questions Activities for Students Reproducible Materials StandardsMore information
Lesson 2 Budget to Save: Developing a Budget
Lesson 2 Budget to Save: Developing a Budget Lesson Description In the weeks prior to the start of the unit, students track their expenditures during a two-week period. In class, students create a groupMore information
Public Legal Education and Information Service of New Brunswick. Activity Book
Public Legal Education and Information Service of New Brunswick Activity Book This Activity Book is published by: Public Legal Education and Information Service of New Brunswick P.O. Box 6000 Fredericton,More information
The Ideal Classroom Community Member: Establishing Expectations for Classroom Behavior
The Ideal Classroom Community Member: Establishing Expectations for Classroom Behavior Collaborative rule making promotes mutual respect, cooperation, self discipline and personal responsibility whileMore information
Bag It! A Quick and Remarkably Easy Instructional Design Process.
Bag It! A Quick and Remarkably Easy Instructional Design Process. 1 Bag It! A Quick and Remarkably Easy Instructional Design Process. By: Sharon L. Bowman, M.A. President, Bowperson Publishing & Training,More information
3. Defining Ethical V a l u e s ETHICAL VALUES AND OTHER K INDS OF VALUES PURPOSE To help students begin to understand what ethics means To distinguish ethical values from other kinds of values PREPARATIONMore information
Step 1: Come Together
THE STORY FOR LITTLE ONES: Preschool LESSON GUIDE: Lesson 2 5 ABRAHAM FOLLOWS GOD Bible Basis: Genesis 12:1 9, 17; 21:1 7 Bible Verse: Abram believed the Lord. The Lord accepted Abram because he believed.More information
Connectedness and the Emotional Bank Account
Connectedness and the Emotional Bank Account Directions This is a self-guided activity that can be completed by parents, teens or both. It contains five parts and should take about 45 minutes to complete.More information
Building Healthy Relationships:
Building Healthy Relationships: Conflict Resolution Alberta Education Health & Life Skills Program of Studies Outcomes 8Grade The student will R - 8.5 R - 8.7 Develop strategies for maintaining healthyMore information
Mental Health Role Plays
Mental Health Role Plays Goals: To discuss various mental health issues and mental illnesses. To discuss stigma, support and treatment options surrounding mental health issues and mental illnesses. Requirements:More information
What phrases did you and your partner use to do each of the things below?
Informal and Formal Presentations Take the topic sheet your teacher gives you, prepare what you are going to say and then speak for two or three minutes. Your partner will listen to you and then ask forMore information
Negotiation and Refusal Skills Lesson 6
Negotiation and Refusal Skills Lesson 6 Synopsis Students reflect on their first volunteer project visit. Negotiation and refusal skills are introduced and demonstrated through role plays. Students thenMore information
The big list of discipline classroom language
The big list of discipline classroom language Noise Shh Keep the noise down (please) One point to the person/ team who can do it/ say it most quietly (Everyone) fingers on your lips (and be quiet) WhatMore information
Skills for Adolescence unit 6, Lesson 10
Skills for Adolescence unit 6, Lesson 10 Unit 6, Lesson 10 STANDING UP TO PRESSURE TO USE DRUGS IN THIS LESSON Studies show that drug use jumps significantly between grades six and seven, making it likelyMore information
Decision Making Skills and Goal Setting: Lesson Plans
Decision Making Skills and Goal Setting: Lesson Plans Summary: Activities to be used in a lesson on decision making and goal setting. Main Curriculum Tie: Alaska Student Standards: Healthy Living Skills:More information
Practicing Interventions: Role Playing
Practicing Interventions: Role Playing You cannot simply explain an intervention technique to students and expect them to use it. They need practice these skills using multiple scenarios, before we canMore information
Students will be able to explain the difference between harmless teasing and verbal bullying
LESSON PLAN: I WAS JUST KIDDING! OVERVIEW: Students are asked to consider the difference between good-natured teasing and bullying through discussion of fictional scenarios and reflection on real-lifeMore information
DEBT MANAGEMENT 101: PREVENTING DEBT LESSON OBJECTIVES: 1. Students will discuss the importance of being a smart shopper and know how to prioritize and track their spending. 2. Students will reflect onMore information
Post-Secondary Education and Training
Post-Secondary Education and Training The Big Ideas: Post-secondary education and training Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act Americans with Disabilities Act Reasonable accommodations Two year collegesMore information
Elicit Me too and Me neither by asking students if they have a sister or brother (or dog, cat ) and then responding appropriately.
All about me. Topic: Personal interests, likes and dislikes Aims: To help students focus on fluency when speaking To develop students communication skills To develop students listening skills Level: Pre-intermediateMore information
RESOURCES.RESULTS.RELIEF. Helping Your Anxious Child Make Friends One of childhood's toughest lessons is learning how to be a good friend. However, some anxious children and teens find it tough to faceMore information
What Can Help Improve Social Interaction and Development?
What Can Help Improve Social Interaction and Development? Supporting social interaction is an important piece of the student s educational plan, as increasing social interaction and competency are vitalMore information
Bullying Awareness Lesson Plan Grades K-3
Bullying Awareness Lesson Plan Grades K-3 Estimated Time of Completion: Two to three classroom periods, or stretched out throughout the school year. Each activity will take between 15-30 minutes. BullyingMore information
Active Learning Strategies
Active Learning Strategies Right Brain Reports Let learners work in small groups to create informational reports to present to the large group. Instead of a verbal report on the information, have learnersMore information
Introduction Listed below are project ideas that build understanding of RAK s 12 Kindness Concepts. Each project is designed around a stated objective and RAK s Kindness Paradigm, which focuses on inspiringMore information
Moses. July 11-12, 2015. God has a plan for us. Exodus 2-4; Jeremiah 29:11
rd 3 5 July 11-12, 2015 Moses Exodus 2-4; Jeremiah 29:11 God has a plan for us. th Connect Time (20 minutes): Five minutes after the service begins, split kids into groups and begin their activity. RememberMore information
It s My Life. Five Sites for Kids: Where Fun and Learning Click! 5
It s My Life invites kids to share their feelings about the social, emotional, and physical issues that affect them. Show kids how to get to It s My Life from the Web site of your local PBS station. IfMore information
Child s Communication Book
Written by: Nadia Mia What is a Communication Book? A communication book can mean different things to different people. In some schools, parents and teachers use a communication book to share informationMore information
How To Thrive & Succeed Selling Lots of Pre-Arranged Funerals Even in a Lousy Economy
How To Thrive & Succeed Selling Lots of Pre-Arranged Funerals Even in a Lousy Economy By David W. Dassow 2009 People will always Pre-Plan in good times or bad First, I ll give you my opinion about theMore information
What did I learn from participating in the career fair, and how did my presentation contribute to my classmates knowledge?
Career Fair Reflection 10 CAREERS The BIG Idea What did I learn from participating in the career fair, and how did my presentation contribute to my classmates knowledge? AGENDA Approx. 45 minutes I. WarmMore information
The Victims Code: Young victims of crime: Understanding the support you should get
The Victims Code: Young victims of crime: Understanding the support you should get If you re a victim of crime, support and information is available to help you get through it. The Victims Code is a GovernmentMore information
JESUS IN NAZARETH (C.1.Spring.12)
JESUS IN NAZARETH (C.1.Spring.12) Biblical Reference Luke 4:16-30 Key Verse Luke 4:18-19 Key Concept Jesus says wonderful things, but sometimes the truth isn t always easy to hear. Still, I know that JesusMore information
Assessment of the project
Assessment of the project International Marketing Offensive for Smart Phones in China 1. Assessment of the project itself In November 2014 we started preparing our project which was an international marketingMore information
Grade 2 Lesson 3: Refusing Bullying. Getting Started
Getting Started Lesson Concepts You can refuse to let bullying happen to you or to others. Being assertive is one way to refuse bullying. Key Words Refuse, assertive Objectives Students will be able to:More information
Money, Money, Money. Lesson Plan
208 Lesson Plan Objectives: 1. Participants will be able to create a usable spending plan. 2. Participants will be able to identify resources, other than money, that they have. 3. Participants will beMore information
How to Overcome the Top Ten Objections in Credit Card Processing
How to Overcome the Top Ten Objections in Credit Card Processing Section #1: Handling the Red Flags Just Fax Your Rates Response: I ll be happy to do that, but until we know if this is truly a fit forMore information
Cyber Bullying Prevention Lesson 1
Cyber Bullying Prevention Lesson 1 2010 Committee for Children. All rights reserved. Updated November 2010 800-634-4449 www.cfchildren.org Steps to Respect Cyber Bullying Prevention Module Lesson 1 IntroductionMore information
MATERIALS: Chart paper/markers; pens; Student handouts: A Day in the Life of a Popular Person, Don t Talk to Her, and Mix It Up
LESSON PLAN: ARE YOU PART OF THE IN-CROWD? OVERVIEW: Students think about the impact of group labels and social hierarchies on their sense of identity, self-esteem, and the way they socialize with others.More information
TRADE SCHOOL LA. 2015 End of Year Survey Report
TRADE SCHOOL LA 2015 End of Year Survey Report (17) Geography - class was too far away (1) Didn t want to attend alone (13) Timing - weeknights are not good for me (3) Timing - weekends are not good forMore information
LESSON 2: JESUS, THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD, IS BORN Leader Guide for One Room Classroom: M y Classroom Luke 2:1-20 06/06/2016 Teachers Dig In Dig In to the Bible Read: Luke 2:1-20 In This Passage: Mary andMore information
How To Kit. Picture Bingo
How To Kit Picture Bingo Steps to Organizing a Picture Bingo Community Event 1. Find a space in the community to hold the event. (school, band office, nursing station, library, community hall) 2. AdvertiseMore information
Blessings and Birthrights
Blessings and Birthrights Bible Verse The Lord bless you and keep you. (Numbers 6:24) Did You Know? The birth of Jacob and Esau, twin sons of Isaac and Rebekah, continues the story of the descendants ofMore information
TEACHER S GUIDE: PEER PRESSURE LEARNING OBJECTIVES Students will be able to identify peer pressure as both a positive and negative force. Students will understand how peer pressure impacts everyone. StudentsMore information
The Early Church: Peter s Great Escape
The Early Church: Peter s Great Escape Lesson 5 LESSON OVERVIEW Key Point: I can give thanks because God is always with me. Repeat this phrase throughout the lesson. Bible Story: Acts 12:1-17 ChallengeMore information
physically hungry at the same time. This document contains a lesson plan for the miracle of the
Christian Educators, Loaves & Fishes would like to offer you a way to feed the spiritually hungry and the physically hungry at the same time. This document contains a lesson plan for the miracle of theMore information
Total Time 2 hours over 2-3 meetings plus team-building and get-to-know-you activities
LESSON 5: GETTING G ORGANIZED 5: G Goals/Purpose This lesson provides some concrete steps to structure your group. Its purpose is to establish group norms and to agree on decision-making. Objectives ComeMore information
Isaac and Rebekah. (Genesis 24; 25:19-34; 27:1-40) Spark Resources: Spark Story Bibles. Supplies: None. Spark Resources: Spark Bibles
BIBLE SKILLS & GAMES LEADER GUIDE Isaac and Rebekah (Genesis 24; 25:19-34; 27:1-40) Age-Level Overview Age-Level Overview Open the Bible Activate Faith Lower Elementary Workshop Focus: God s promises comeMore information
3PK. August 24-25, Samuel Listens to God. I Samuel 3. God Speaks to Us
3PK August 24-25, 2013 Samuel Listens to God I Samuel 3 God Speaks to Us SCHEDULE for all sites: First 10 minutes of the service hour: Relationship-building time (kids get to know each other and the volunteers)More information
Dr Bill Rogers was the keynote speaker at the ABN/SSEN conference Positive Ethos, Positive Discipline, Effective Learning held in Edinburgh in March 2004. The copyright is held by Bill Rogers. OUR CLASSMore information
Each Kindness. Themes. Discussion Starters. Key Vocabulary. Aligned to Common Standards
Each Kindness by Jacqueline Woodson and illustrated by E.B. Lewis Themes Encourage Others Pay-It-Forward Kindness Friendship Maya tries to befriend Chloe without success. After Maya moves away, Chloe beginsMore information
MODULE #2: Bullying. Activity #1: Icebreaker: The Importance of Communication (10 min)
MODULE #2: Bullying Objectives: To help students understand the definition of a bully and bullying. To teach students about the negative effects of bullying. To teach students what to do in situationsMore information
objectives Essential Question: How can I make sure my emails are clear and respectful? Learning Overview and Objectives Materials and Preparation
E-RATE TOOLKIT Show Respect Online LESSON PLAN Essential Question: How can I make sure my emails are clear and respectful? Learning Overview and Objectives Overview: Students explore the similarities andMore information
Lesson plans Years 5 6
Lesson plans Years 5 6 These lesson plans have been developed for schools to explore the topic of online bullying with their students. Introduction to the lesson plans Lesson 1: Qualities of respectfulMore information
Field Observation Reflection Paper. Kelli Jordan. Manchester College. EDUC 111: Introduction to Teaching
Jordan 1 Field Observation Reflection Paper Kelli Jordan Manchester College EDUC 111: Introduction to Teaching Jordan 2 The best way for someone to determine if they really would like to go into a certainMore information
PLANNING A BUDGET. Income, needs vs. wants, budgets, simple interest, savings accounts, paying yourself first
Grades 6-8 Lesson 3 PLANNING A BUDGET Key concepts: Income, needs vs. wants, budgets, simple interest, savings accounts, paying yourself first Summary: This lesson reviews trade-offs and priorities inMore information
How we feel About Bullying
How we feel About Bullying Compiled by Mrs. Rex Dear Class, Thank you for taking this writing assignment seriously. Your responses were very moving. I appreciate how open all of you were, whether identifyingMore information
Materials and Preparation Preview the video, Mindful Messaging, and prepare to show it to students.
LESSON PLAN Show Respect Online UNIT 3 Essential Question How can I make sure my emails are clear and respectful? Lesson Overview Students explore the similarities and differences between in-person andMore information
Lesson plan Primary. Why is handwashing. important?
Lesson plan Primary Why is handwashing important? 1 Introduction Each day, 2000 children die as a result of diseases caused by unclean water and poor sanitation in the developing world. The simple actMore information
We're All Winners By Kelly Hashway
Jamal retied his running shoes for the third time. All month he d been talking about his first 5K race and how he was going to come in first in his age group. Several of his friends from school had comeMore information
3PK. Sept 20-21, Samuel Listens to God. I Samuel 3. God wants to talk to us.
3PK Sept 20-21, 2014 Samuel Listens to God I Samuel 3 God wants to talk to us. SCHEDULE for all sites: First 10 minutes of the service hour: Free play and relationship building time Next 25 minutes: LargeMore information
SAME BUT DIFFERENT We are all different from each other. Look around, not one person in your school is exactly like another. Even identical twins have different personalities. And being different is aMore information
Module 6: Recruitment And Organization Building
And Organization Building GOALS By the end of this module, participants should be able to understand: The concept of self-interest and how it is used to recruit and retain volunteers. The Six-Step ProcessMore information
Literature-Math Connection Moira s Birthday
Math Solutions Lesson from the Classroom Literature-Math Connection Moira s Birthday A Lesson for Grades 5 Susan Westfried, Math Coach, PS 19 Queens, New York Featured in Math Solutions Online Newsletter,More information
She Wants Out Part II. Female gang members are second-class citizens. The guys sometimes throw
Carol Adams Huntington Junior College Literary Dictation Material Marked in 20 Word Groups She Wants Out Part II Female gang members are second-class citizens. The guys sometimes throw parties and donMore information
HEALTHY COMMUNICATION SKILLS A Step-by-Step Guide For Educators Excerpted From Curricula Developed By The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) PURPOSE OF SESSION 1. Increase awareness aboutMore information
Kindergarten-2nd. July 11-12, Moses. Exodus 2-4; Jeremiah 29:11. God has a plan for us.
Kindergarten-2nd July 11-12, 2015 Moses Exodus 2-4; Jeremiah 29:11 God has a plan for us. Connect Time (15 minutes): Five minutes after the service begins, split kids into groups and begin their activity.More information
Description. Strategy
Description UDI Product: A Strategy for Organizing Ideas through Color-Coding Developed by James M. Gentile and Donna McCormac-Condon Manchester Community College Manchester, Connecticut This product assistsMore information
A little help from my friends SUPPORT PLANNING CHECKLIST SUPPORT NEEDED SURVIVORS MARK SUPPORTS THEY NEED SUPPORT AVAILABLE FRIENDS & FAMILY MARK WHAT THEY CAN OFFER Details and Conditions Y/N/M SupportMore information
Meeting People and Meeting People Again
Meeting People and Meeting People Again Stand up and go around roleplaying meeting people in the room, imagining it is the first time you have met (even you have had previous contact by email etc.) DoMore information
Stocks and Mutual Funds
LESSON 14 Stocks and Mutual Funds I ntroduction One characteristic of a market economy is private ownership of property. Property is not just land and real estate; it is anything of economic value thatMore information
BOOK 1, PART 3, LESSON 4 THE FORGIVING FATHER THE BIBLE: Luke 15:11-32 THEME: We can discover what Jesus wants us to do and be by hearing the parables Jesus told. PREPARING FOR THE LESSON MAIN IDEA: JesusMore information
A: We really embarrassed ourselves last night at that business function.
Dialog: VIP LESSON 049 - Future of Business A: We really embarrassed ourselves last night at that business function. B: What are you talking about? A: We didn't even have business cards to hand out. WeMore information
Module 1: Communication
Module 1: Communication The use of effective communication skills is an important social competency. This module assists adolescents with distinguishing between aggressive, assertive and nonassertive communication.More information
Authority versus Power by Melissa McDermott
Authority versus Power by Melissa McDermott Lesson Description: This formative lesson focuses on developing an understanding of the concept of authority. Students will identify and role play scenariosMore information
Introduction Purpose...vii Rationale...xiii How to Use this Book...x Process Essentials...xi
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Introduction Purpose...vii Rationale...xiii How to Use this Book...x Process Essentials...xi Lesson 1 What is an Impulse? What is Impulse Control?...1 Reproducible Sheets:More information
By Louis Sachar. NARRATOR 1: We re going to tell you about three of the children in Mrs. Jewls s class, on the thirtieth story of Wayside School.
Three Sideways Stories From Wayside School By Louis Sachar NARRATOR 1: We re going to tell you about three of the children in Mrs. Jewls s class, on the thirtieth story of Wayside School. NARRATOR 4: ButMore information
Pool Party by Kelly Hashway
Here you go, Melanie said, handing Ava an envelope. Thanks, Ava said. But what is it? An invitation to my pool party. It's Saturday at two. Melanie kept talking but Ava wasn t listening. The words poolMore information
God Makes a Promise to Abram Genesis 12:1-7 and Genesis 15:1-6
Fall 2016 ~ Beginners Lesson #9 Learning Objectives God Makes a Promise to Abram Genesis 12:1-7 and Genesis 15:1-6 1. The children will examine God s promise to Abram and verbalize God s promise to usMore information
TR9 Year 5/6 Term One Week Nine
TR9 Year 5/6 Term One Week Nine Hello Everyone, It has been a very busy term for TR9 students and teachers. We have continued to explore new ideas and work diligently on interesting learning activities.More information
Classroom Behavior Management Plan
Haffner 1 Classroom Behavior Management Plan Daniel Haffner November 20, 2009 EDUC 348 Haffner 2 Philosophy of Classroom Management Classroom management is a course taught at every teacher college acrossMore information
Shopping: Week 1 of 2
The Minnesota Literacy Council created this curriculum with funding from the MN Department of Education. We invite you to adapt it for your own classrooms. Beginning Level (CASAS reading scores of 181-200)More information
Group Leader/Therapists Hot Tips for Delivering Incredible Years Small Group Child Dinosaur School Carolyn Webster- Stratton 7/31/14
Group Leader/Therapists Hot Tips for Delivering Incredible Years Small Group Child Dinosaur School Carolyn Webster- Stratton 7/31/14 Overview As an Incredible Years group leader you are an essential elementMore information
HOW TO CREATE A STRONG. CORPORATE CULTURE What's worked for us
HOW TO CREATE A STRONG CORPORATE CULTURE What's worked for us CORPORATE CULTURE INTRO Welcome! As you go through this program, you will become one of us and get involved with the culture of our company.More information
Related KidsHealth Links Articles for Kids:
Grades 3 to 5 Personal Health Series KidsHealth.org/classroom Teacher s Guide This guide includes: Standards Related Links Discussion Questions Activities for Students Reproducible Materials StandardsMore information
Technical problems. Taking notes. Mentioning documents. Answering questions. Problems with the questions. Asking questions.
Tips and language for telephone interviews What tips could you give someone about each stage of telephone interviews written below? Starting the telephone call Technical problems Taking notes MentioningMore information
Overexposed: Sexting and Relationships & Private Today, Public Tomorrow Grades 9-12
Overexposed: Sexting and Relationships & Private Today, Public Tomorrow Grades 9-12 Essential Question: What are the risks and responsibilities when you share online in a relationship? How can you respectMore information
2015 2016 Third Grade Room 6. Ms. Jessica Silver firstname.lastname@example.com
Welcome back! 2015 2016 Third Grade Room 6 Ms. Jessica Silver firstname.lastname@example.com About the Teacher This is my second year at Merryhill School Calvine. I hold a Bachelors degree in Liberal StudiesMore information
Rock-N-Happy Heart: The Devotional By Yancy. by Yancy
Rock-N-Happy Heart: The Devotional By Yancy by Yancy 1 73 Day 1-Dreams Will Come True Once upon a time a long time ago, I was a little girl with a dream. I loved to sing. (My parents have told that meMore information
Preventing bullying: a guide for teaching assistants. SEN and disability: developing effective anti-bullying practice
Preventing bullying: a guide for teaching assistants SEN and disability: developing effective anti-bullying practice Preventing bullying: a guide for teaching assistants 2 Introduction This guide is basedMore information
The T-shirt named zee
The T-shirt named zee By: June St. Clair Atkinson shirt elementary June St. Clair Atkinson, Ed.D., State Superintendent 6301 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-6301 Phone 919.807.3432 Fax 919.807.3445More information
TeachingEnglish Lesson plans
Topic: Talking About the Future - a one-hour revision lesson Aims To help students talk about the future To review 4 ways to talk about the future To help students choose the most appropriate future tenseMore information


text:
Lots of transportation options to get to Honfleur Gallery tomorrow night for the Katherine Mann & Michael Platt "Common Ground" opening! Green line to Anacostia and walk or bus (90) from the metro, bus (lots of options including 90 (toward Anacostia Station)/ 92 (toward Congress Heights Station) to the first stop after you cross the 11th St. Bridge, bike/Bikeshare, drive (street parking), OR Uber! First-time Uber users can use the promo code "ArtEotR" to get a discount on your ride here. Details: uber.com/go/ArtEotR
|Click here to learn more about our advertising philosophy!