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Conserving large carnivores: dollars and fence
- Abigayle Harrington
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1 Ecology Letters, (2013) doi: /ele LETTER Conserving large carnivores: dollars and fence C. Packer, 1 * A. Loveridge, 2 S. Canney, 3 T. Caro, 4 S.T. Garnett, 5 M. Pfeifer, 6 K.K. Zander, 5 A. Swanson, 1 D. MacNulty, 7 G. Balme, 8,9 H. Bauer, 10 C.M. Begg, 11 K.S. Begg, 11 S. Bhalla, 12 C. Bissett, 13 T. Bodasing, 14 H. Brink, 15 A. Burger, 16 A.C. Burton, 17 B. Clegg, 18 S. Dell, 19 A. Delsink, 20 T. Dickerson, 21 S.M. Dloniak, 22 D. Druce, 14,20 L. Frank, 23 P. Funston, 24 N. Gichohi, 25 R. Groom, 26 C. Hanekom, 14 B. Heath, 27 L. Hunter, 8 H.H. DeIongh, 28,29 C.J. Joubert, 30 S.M. Kasiki, 31 B. Kissui, 32 W. Knocker, 33 B. Leathem, 34 P.A. Lindsey, 8,35 S.D. Maclennan, 10 J.W. McNutt, 36 S.M. Miller, 24 S. Naylor, 21 P. Nel, 19 C. Ng weno, 25 K. Nicholls, 37 J.O. Ogutu, 38 E. Okot-Omoya, 39 B.D. Patterson, 40 A. Plumptre, 39 J. Salerno, 41 K. Skinner, 42 R. Slotow, 20 E.A. Sogbohossou, 43 K.J. Stratford, 44 C. Winterbach, 45 H. Winterbach 45 and S. Polasky 1,46 Abstract Conservationists often advocate for landscape approaches to wildlife management while others argue for physical separation between protected species and human communities, but direct empirical comparisons of these alternatives are scarce. We relate African lion population densities and population trends to contrasting management practices across 42 sites in 11 countries. Lion populations in fenced reserves are significantly closer to their estimated carrying capacities than unfenced populations. Whereas fenced reserves can maintain lions at 80% of their potential densities on annual management budgets of $500 km 2, unfenced populations require budgets in excess of $2000 km 2 to attain half their potential densities. Lions in fenced reserves are primarily limited by density dependence, but lions in unfenced reserves are highly sensitive to human population densities in surrounding communities, and unfenced populations are frequently subjected to density-independent factors. Nearly half the unfenced lion populations may decline to near extinction over the next years. Keywords Carnivores, carrying capacity, density dependence, exponential growth, landscape conservation, spatial separation. Ecology Letters (2013) 1 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55408, USA 2 Recanati-Kaplan Centre/WildCRU, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, OX13 5QL, UK 3 Spatial Ecology & Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK 4 Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA 5 Research Institute for the Environment & Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0909, Australia 6 Department of Ecology & Evolution, Imperial College London, London, UK 7 Department of Wildland Resources & Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA 8 Panthera, New York, NY, 10018, USA 9 Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa 10 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Tubney, OX13 5QL, UK 11 Niassa Carnivore Project, Ratel Trust, Cape Town, South Africa 12 Ewaso Lions Project, P.O. Box 14996, Nairobi, 00800, Kenya 13 Wildlife & Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa 14 Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 15 Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK 16 Welgevonden Game Reserve, Bulge River, South Africa 17 Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada 18 Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, P. Bag 7085, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe 19 NorthWest Parks and Tourism Board, Mafikeng, South Africa 20 School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 21 Phinda Private Game Reserve, Hluhluwe, South Africa 22 Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA 23 Living with Lions, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA 24 Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa 25 Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Nanyuki, Kenya 26 Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa 27 Mara Conservancy, Nairobi, Kenya 28 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, POB 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 29 Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium 30 Sango Ranch, Save Valley Conservancy, Zimbabwe 31 Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box , Nairobi, Kenya 32 African Wildlife Foundation, Arusha, Tanzania
2 2 C. Packer et al. Letter INTRODUCTION Populations of large carnivores are declining around the globe, often with dramatic effects on lower trophic levels (Estes et al. 2011). These species typically range over such wide areas that it can be difficult to maintain viable populations without some individuals coming into close proximity to humans, posing serious threats to human safety and domestic livestock. Conservationists have therefore sought methods to promote human carnivore coexistence outside the confines of national parks and wilderness areas (Woodroffe et al. 2005; Dickman et al. 2011). Given the potential conflicts with humans, however, separation of large carnivores from human communities may ultimately be preferable to a landscape-level conservation approach as has been demonstrated for forestry (Boscolo & Vincent 2003) and agriculture (Phalan et al. 2011). Few species encapsulate these problems more dramatically than the African lion. Lion densities are directly dependent on prey biomass (Van Orsdol et al. 1985; Hayward et al. 2007), and annual range requirements for a single lion pride can exceed 1000 km 2 (Funston 2011). Habitat loss in the past 100 years has reduced the lion s range by 75% (Riggio et al. 2012), and human lion conflicts have intensified because lions kill livestock (Woodroffe & Frank 2005; Kissui 2008) and people (Packer et al. 2005a, 2011a). In addition, poorly regulated sport hunting has resulted in over-harvesting in several countries (Packer et al. 2009, 2011b), the effects of which can extend into unhunted National Parks (Loveridge et al. 2007; Caro 2008; Kiffner et al. 2009). Finally, numerous lion populations are genetically isolated (Slotow & Hunter 2009), and inbreeding has caused measureable reductions in reproductive rates and disease resistance in several small populations (Kissui & Packer 2004; Trinkel et al. 2008, 2011; also see Johnson et al. 2010). Yet, not all lion populations have declined. The Serengeti lions, for example, have steadily increased over the past half-century (Packer et al. 2005b), populations have remained stable in several large South African national parks (Ferreira & Funston 2010; Funston 2011), and numerous private reserves in South Africa and Zimbabwe have successfully restored lions to areas where they had previously been extirpated (Hunter et al. 2007; Lindsey et al. 2009a,b; Slotow & Hunter 2009). However, lions are considered so dangerous in South Africa that they can only be re-introduced after management authorities erect lion-proof fencing and agree to recapture or destroy any escaping lions (Hunter et al. 2007; Slotow & Hunter 2009). Wildlife-proof fences effectively prevent most potential conflicts between lions and humans in southern Africa (Ferguson & Hanks 2010), yet this strategy runs counter to a long-standing conservation ethic of keeping protected areas unfenced and contrasts with the wildlife policies of many range states (Hayward & Kerley 2009; 33 Silole Sanctuary, PO Box 938, Karen, Kenya 34 Bubye Valley Conservancy, Zimbabwe 35 Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa 36 Botswana Predator Conservation Trust, Maun, Botswana Comeragh Rd, London, W14 9HT, UK 38 Bioinformatics Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany 39 Wildlife Conservation Society, PO Box 7487, Kampala, Uganda 40 Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA 41 Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, Licht et al. 2010; Slotow 2012). Depending on the size of the enclosed population, fencing often also necessitates routine genetic and demographic management of smaller populations via translocations of breeding-aged individuals (Trinkel et al. 2008; Johnson et al. 2010). Thus, many conservationists have instead sought to encourage human wildlife co-existence through conflict-mitigation programmes, compensation schemes, insurance plans or payments for tolerance (e.g. Dickman et al. 2011). However, the costs of managing dangerous wildlife are formidable. For example, effective elephant and tiger conservation has been estimated to cost $ per km 2 per year (Leader-Williams & Albon 1988; Walston et al. 2010), and the overall costs of anti-poaching and compensation will only increase in range states with growing human populations (Wittemyer et al. 2008; Pfeifer et al. 2012), declining purchasing power of external funds (Garnett et al. 2011) or worsening corruption (Garnett et al. 2011). African lions are among the most extensively studied carnivores in the world with population data available from a wide variety of protected areas in nearly a dozen different countries with divergent conservation practices. Several recently developed ecological models can accurately estimate lion carrying capacities across a wide range of ecological conditions (Hayward et al. 2007; Loveridge & Canney 2009), making it possible to estimate the effectiveness of lion conservation in a given reserve by measuring how closely the observed population density matches the expected density. The large number of long-term studies also provides measures of population trends across a wide variety of circumstances. Here, we explicitly test the effectiveness of fencing and management budgets on lion population size and growth rates, while including the impacts of human population density, governance, sport hunting, private management and protected area size. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data come from repeated surveys in 38 sites (median span = 12 years; range: 3 46 years) and single surveys in an additional four sites. Population growth rates were estimated from the exponents of exponential regressions of population size over the most recent 10 years for each time series, using nonlinear models in Program R (R Development Core Team 2011), function nls. Because many long-term study sites were surveyed irregularly, data were sometimes only available up to , and the median time span was 9 years (range: 3 14 years) (Table S1); Figure S1 shows time series as densities (lions/100 km 2 ) except for Mole Park, Ghana, where data were collected as number of contacts per 100 ranger patrols. In an analysis of historical data from 49 undisturbed sites, Loveridge & Canney (2009) found a tight correlation (r 2 = ) between contemporaneous population sizes of lions and large- to 42 Selous Lion Project, PO Box 34514, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 43 Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin 44 Ongava Research Centre, PO Box 58, Okaukeujo, Namibia 45 Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa 46 Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55408, USA *Correspondence:
3 Letter Conserving large carnivores 3 medium-sized ungulates; the resultant equation between lion and prey biomass was Y = x Where ungulate surveys were not available, Loveridge & Canney found a close fit for ungulate biomass by modeling habitats according to NOAA s Africa Data Dissemination Service Rainfall Estimate (ADDS-RFE) and cation exchange capacities taken from the ISRIC-WISE soil profile data set (www.isric.org/data/isric-wise-international-soil-profile-dataset) separated into high-, medium- and low-nutrient levels. In the current analysis, expected lion densities were calculated from known prey biomass where possible (34 sites); otherwise, herbivore densities were predicted from rainfall and soils (8 sites); the method used for estimating lion carrying capacity did not significantly affect any of our results. Each site is classified as managed by public or private agencies, subjected to sport hunting, separated from surrounding communities by wildlife-proof fencing, country/geographical region, and method of estimating carrying capacity (prey biomass vs. rainfall/ soils); we also tested effects of reserve size. Human population data were taken from the AfriPop Project (www.afripop.org) (Linard et al. 2012; measuring human densities within one kilometre of protected area boundaries extracted from the World Database of Protected Areas (IUCN & UNEP 2009)(see Pfeifer et al. 2012). Governance was based on UNDP s six indicators (Voice/Accountability, Political Stability, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law and Control of Corruption) (UNDP 2010). Principal Components Analysis showed that 87% of variation between indicators was captured by a single component ( Governance ) (Table S2). In the statistical analyses, management budgets are US$ per km 2 per year while controlling for purchasing power and likely losses to corruption (Garnett et al. 2011). Budgets could not be partitioned according to anti-poaching, outreach, fence repairs, road maintenance, etc. For 14 of 42 sites, wildlife surveys were restricted to the best-protected portion of each reserve, whereas budgets were only available for the entire reserve. Expenditures per km 2 were based on two alternative measures: first, total budget divided by the size of the overall protected area (a lower bound which assumes that management expenditures are spread evenly over the entire reserve); second, total budget divided by the size of the survey area (an upper bound which assumes that management expenditures are spent exclusively within the survey area). These alternative measures produced virtually identical results; statistical tests are based on the geometric mean of the two extremes. Human population densities, protected area sizes, annual management budgets and the ratios of current-to-expected population size were all lognormal, so statistics on the two response variables (population growth rate and current-to-expected population density) were run on the log-transformed data. We used an informationtheoretic approach (Burnham & Anderson 2002), with Akaike s Information Criterion (AIC) to calculate statistical models, using simple linear models in Program R, function lm. We determined the magnitude and direction of the coefficients for each independent variable using multi-model averaging across all models with ΔAIC less than 4.0 (Grueber et al. 2011). These outputs were examined to determine which predictors were statistically significant and to measure the relative importance of each variable (Tables 1 3). Relative importance refers to the sum of the Akaike weights over all of the models containing the parameter of interest. Given the nested nature of the geographical data, we evaluated a mixed-effects model with nested random intercepts for Region and Country. Log-likelihood ratio tests provided no support for including random effects: the fixed-effects model outperformed all randomeffects models (testing Region only, as well as Country nested within Table 1 Multi-model averages across all reserves for A. ratio of current-to-expected population densities (n = 40) and B. exponential growth rates over the past 10 years (n = 33). See Table S3 for the full list of models with ΔAIC less than 4.0 Variable Estimate SE Adj. SE z value P-value Relative importance A. Multi-model averages for Current vs. Expected in all reserves: (Intercept) *** 1.00 Fence *** 1.00 Management Budget *** 1.00 Namibia + South Africa Human Pop. Density Governance Method Size of PA Hunted State run B. Multi-model averages for exponential growth rates in all reserves: (Intercept) Fence * 0.78 State Run * 0.69 Initial Pop. Size Namibia + South Africa Size of PA Method Governance Human Pop. Density Hunted Management Budget *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
4 4 C. Packer et al. Letter Table 2 Multi-model averages of the fenced reserves for A. ratio of current-to-expected population densities (n = 17) and B. exponential growth rates over the past 10 years (n = 16). See Table S4 for the full list of models with ΔAIC less than 4.0 Variable Estimate SE Adj. SE z value P-value Relative importance A. Multi-model averages for Current vs. Expected in fenced reserves: (Intercept) Size of PA Namibia + South Africa State Run Governance Human Pop. Density Hunted Management Budget Method B. Multi-model averages for exponential growth rates in fenced reserves: (Intercept) ** 1.00 Initial Pop. Size ** 0.83 State Run * 0.37 Size of PA Human Pop. Density Management Budget *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < Table 3 Multi-model averages of the unfenced reserves for A. ratio of current-to-expected population densities (n = 22) and B. exponential growth rates over the past 10 years (n = 17). See Table S4 for the full list of models with ΔAIC less than 4.0 Variable Estimate SE Adj. SE z value P-value Relative importance A. Multi-model averages for Current vs. Expected in unfenced reserves: (Intercept) *** 1.00 Management Budget *** 1.00 Human Pop. Density * 0.93 Hunted Namibia + South Africa Size of PA State Run Method Governance B. Multi-model averages for exponential growth rates in unfenced reserves: (Intercept) Namibia + South Africa *** 1.00 Hunted ** 1.00 Method State Run Initial Pop. Size Governance Size of PA Management Budget *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < Region). However, South Africa and Namibia deviated most strikingly from other countries and geographical configurations, so we ran all AIC models using Namibia + South Africa vs. Other as a fixed effect to minimise the number of coefficients. Note that because many of the fenced reserves were smaller than the overall average, fenced/non-fenced showed a moderate degree of co-linearity with protected area size (Spearman rank-order correlation, r s = 0.516); however, protected area size was not strongly correlated with either of the dependent outcome variables in a univariate analysis, and the effects of fencing remained robust in all AIC models that included protected area size. Finally, we extrapolated population sizes at 5-year intervals for 100 years into the future by combining current population size with the exponential growth rate over the past 10 years. Populations were considered likely to persist if their extrapolated population sizes exceed 10% of their potential carrying capacities at particular time points in the future. RESULTS Table 1 summarises the variables with the strongest effects on lion population status and population growth rates across Africa. Current population densities are highest compared to their expected values in
5 Letter Conserving large carnivores 5 reserves that (1) are fenced and (2) have the highest management budgets per km 2 (Fig. 1, Tables 1a and S3a). Over the past 10 yrs, population growth rates have been highest in (1) fenced reserves (Fig. 2) and (2) privately managed reserves (Tables 1b and S3b). Because fences have such a profound impact on lion management, we performed separate analyses for fenced and unfenced reserves. For fenced reserves, none of the tested variables had a significant effect on current population status (Tables 2a and S4a), whereas recent population growth has been highest in populations that had been farthest below their potential densities 10 years earlier (Fig. 2) with additional positive effects from private management (Tables 2b and S4b). For unfenced populations, current status is highest in reserves with the largest management budgets (Fig. 1) and lowest when surrounded by high human population densities (Tables 3a and S5a); growth rates were highest in Namibia + South Africa and in populations that were not subjected to trophy hunting (Tables 3b and S5b). Given current population sizes and recent trends, all of the fenced populations are expected to remain at or above their full potential for the next 100 years, whereas less than half of the unfenced reserves are likely to persist above 10% of their carrying capacities for the next years (Fig. 3), including unfenced sites in Botswana, Kenya, Cameroon, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda. DISCUSSION Negative conservation impacts of human land use can often be minimised by restricting conflicting activities to separate areas rather than by encouraging their co-existence. For example, concentrating crop production in areas of intensive agriculture and sparing land as nature reserves can improve species conservation and crop production more effectively than land-sharing strategies that integrate conservation and low-intensity agricultural production (Phalan et al. 2011). Establishing separate areas of intensive timber production while maintaining well-defined forest reserves is also preferable to low-intensity harvests over a greater proportion of forest (Boscolo & Vincent 2003). Similarly, physical separation is highly effective for conserving African lions: all of the fenced lion populations were close to their estimated carrying capacities (Fig. 1), growth rates of the fenced populations were density dependent (Fig. 2), and every Current/predicted density 100% 10% R 2 = % $1 $10 $100 $1000 $ Management budget (US$ km 2 year 1 ) Figure 1 Percentage ratio of current population density to predicted carrying capacity of African lions in fenced (black squares) and unfenced (red circles) reserves according to management budget per square kilometre of lion survey area. The red regression line is for unfenced reserves; the effect of management budget in the fenced reserves is not statistically significant. Exponential growth rate % 10% R 2 = Initial population status 100% Figure 2 Effect of population density on population growth rate over the following 10 years for fenced (black) and unfenced (red) reserves. Initial population status refers to the observed population density at the start of each time series compared to the expected density. The black regression line is for fenced reserves. Percentage of populations 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Year Figure 3 Percentage of populations expected to persist at densities > 10% of their potential in the future. Differences between fenced (black squares, n = 16) and unfenced (red circles, n = 21) reserves each year are all significant by Fisher test. fenced population is expected to remain close to its carrying capacity for the next century. Indeed, managers in many of the smaller fenced reserves currently remove excess lions in attempts to stabilise ungulate numbers (see Fig. S1). Fenced lion populations were less sensitive to human densities in adjacent areas than were unfenced populations, presumably because fences reduce poaching, minimise habitat loss, curtail illegal grazing and prevent direct human lion conflict (Kiffner et al. 2012). Such density-independent edge effects likely prevented recovery of numerous unfenced lion populations that had fallen substantially below their respective carrying capacities 10 years earlier. Conservationists have long recognised that large carnivores should be kept apart from humans. However, fencing has so far only been widely employed in a few African countries because of aesthetic objections, financial costs and the impracticality of enclosing largescale migratory ungulate populations. Thus, recent conservation efforts have increasingly promoted human wildlife co-existence, either by initiating conflict-mitigation projects in buffer zones or by providing economic incentives for local people to tolerate the costs
6 6 C. Packer et al. Letter of living with wildlife (Woodroffe et al. 2005; Dickman et al. 2011). However, our analysis suggests that human lion co-existence should only be considered in areas where large-scale megafaunal (and pastoralist) migration precludes any form of fencing. In some cases, human-occupied zones within larger wildlife-dominated ecosystems may even need to be fenced as enclaves (e.g. 30,000 people live in 40 villages inside Mozambique s Niassa National Reserve), as has been recommended for reducing conflicts between wolves and ranchers in livestock-production areas around Yellowstone National Park (Stone et al. 2008). Whether or not more lion populations are eventually fenced, large-scale lion conservation will be expensive. Currently, many of the best-financed reserves are too small to sustain long-term ecosystem processes without frequent and costly management interventions (e.g. Hunter et al. 2007), and a 10- to 100-fold increase in management budget will be required to sustain many of the reserves that are not yet fenced (Fig. 1). Although fenced reserves can typically achieve considerable management success on annual budgets as low as $500 km 2 (Fig. 1), fences cost ca. $3000 per km to install (Vercauteren et al. 2006). Long-term costs of successfully managing unfenced lion populations are even higher: $2000 per km 2 per year is only sufficient to maintain an unfenced lion population at 50% of its potential density (Fig. 1). By comparison, the 2010 management budget in Yellowstone was $4100 per km 2 enough to maintain an average unfenced lion population at about two-thirds of its potential. Under current financial practices in Africa, only a small proportion of tourism revenues are directly available to park managers (Bushell & Eagles 2007) and trophy hunting rarely raises more than $1000 per km 2 (Lindsey et al. 2012). Although our focus on a single species may seem narrow, top predators can only flourish in healthy ecosystems: many components of lower trophic levels must also thrive for lion populations to remain close to their potential limits, thus the price of successful lion management provides an important gauge for the true costs of sustaining intact savannah ecosystems. Finding financial solutions to long-term conservation of Africa s largest remaining intact ecosystems such as Niassa, Okavango, Selous, Serengeti and the W-Arly- Pendjari Complex will present an enormous challenge to African governments and conservationists. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research funded by Adrian Gardiner/Mantis Collection (AL), African Wildlife Foundation (SB,LF), Wendy Arnold (LF), Arthur Blank Family Foundation (LF), Australian Research Council - DP (KZ), Australian Research Council LP (SG), Banovich Wildscapes Foundation (LF), Bateleurs (RS), Boesak Kruger Fund (LF,AL), Born Free (SB,SC), Michael Calvin (LF), Charles Darwin University (STG, KKZ), Cheryl Grunbock & Martin King Foundation (LF), Chicago Board of Trade for Endangered Species (RG), Columbus Zoo (SB, TC,RG,LF), Conservation Force (LF,PF), Dallas Ecological Foundation (LF), Dallas Safari Club (LF), Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity (AL), Paul Davies (SMD), Denver Zoo (LF), Directors of Ongava Game Reserve (KJS), Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund (CMB, KSB,CP,RS), Dominion Oil (EOO, AP), Earthwatch Institute #5123 (SMK,BP), Fairplay Foundation (CMB,KSB), Fauna & Flora International (CMB,KSB), Flora Family Foundation (LF), Frankenberg Foundation (AL), Stephen Gold (LF), Green Trust WWF-SA (RS), GTZ/Pendjari Project (EAS), Hluhluwe Tourism Assoc. (RS), Houston Zoo (CMB,KSB,JWMcN), Idea Wild (HBr), Kenya Wildlife Service (SK), Lakeside Foundation (SMD), Lee & Juliet Folger Foundation (JWMcN), Lillian Jean Kaplan Foundation (AL), Lion Ore (KN), Bruce Ludwig (LF), Malilangwe Trust (BC), Mara Conservancy (BH), MGM Grand Hotel (CP,RS), Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Fund (HHdeI), N. & R. Myhrvold (JWMcN), National Geographic Big Cat Initiative (HHdeI,JWMcN), National Geographic Society (SB,HBr,TC,LF,RG,CP), National Research Foundation (RS), Netherlands Committee for IUCN (HHdeI), Netherlands Support Program for the Garoua Wildlife School (HBa), NSF (LF,JS), NSF DEB (DMacN), NSF DEB (CP), Okavango Wildlife Society (KN), Ol Pejeta Ranch Ltd. (NG,CN), Panthera (GB, CMB,KSB,HBr,LF, LH,BK, PL,AL,CP,EOO,AP,EAS), Panthera Kaplan Awards Program (ACB,LF), PG Allen Family Foundation (JWMcN), Philadelphia Zoological Society (LF,KN,KS), Porini Camp Amboseli (LF), Potrero Nuevo Fund (LF), Predator Conservation Trust (CMB,KSB), Rann Safaris (CW,HW), Rufford Foundation (CMB,KSB,LF,KN), Rufford-Maurice-Laing Foundation (AL), Kathy Ruttenberg (AP), Safari South (C&HW), San Francisco Zoo (LF), SCI Foundation (LF), Seaworld/Busch Gardens Conservation Foundation (SB,LF), Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme, SA (RS), Thandiza Foundation and the Rotterdam Zoo (KN), Tshwane University of Technology Faculty Research Committee (PF), Tshwane University of Technology Postgraduate Scholarship Programme (SMM), Tusk Trust (JWMcN), University of KwaZulu-Natal (RS), US Forest Service (AP), US National Cancer Institute (LF), Van Tienhoven Foundation (HBa), Jonathan Vannini (LF), Vectronic Aerospace (LF), West Midlands Safari Park (KS), Debby Wettlaufer (LF), Wild about Cats (RS), Wild Entrust International (JWMcN), Wildlife Conservation Network (CMB,KSB,LF), Wildlife Conservation Society (CMB,KSB,LF,BK,EOO,AP), Wildlife Conservation Trust KZN (RS), Wildlife Direct (LF), Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission of Ghana (ACB), Woodland Park Zoo (JWMcN) and World Wide Fund for Nature (HHdeI). 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777 Is The Number Of God Because I Am God
Poster Handle
T Ceti H.C. Radnarg
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much love to you also,you have a way of expressing the ways, in more "technical" terms than i,I'm just a dumb old country boy,lol ...my gamma is simple and not always "grammatically" correct,lol..but who are the gamma police anyways?,lol...i could have graduated in the 11th grade but i came back senior year to be with the classmates and i goofed off and brought my A average down to a C,LOL...you wont find me in the 79 graduating class picture as i sorta painted the high school and the principle banned me from the walk across stage,lol...if i could go back in time, i would have showed up anyways and threaten to sue his ass for abusing his authority,and i would have walked across that stage anyways...i still got my diploma though as i told him i went to school to get it anyways...sadly ,not many of us 79ers around,for some reason our class took the biggest hit in casualties..living through the disco years must have been hard for some of them,lol...
T Ceti H.C. Radnarg
Well Ceti, Education itself is not Intelligence, that's only Repetitive Memory Learning. And of course Intelligence is Ever Expanding so its not really limited to school. Its more a matter of how far you want to travel and experience. So that may explain why you are as you are which is just Perfect as you are, I find you quite Brilliant...and Ever Expanding in new Awareness.
79ers must be a facinating group Indeed. And of course I never judge a book by its cover. That's just not my nature.
Everyone is special and has much to offer and I am very delighted to know you.
Thought you might like this one ...
i just cleaned my act up and became a responsible non codependent adult,and stopped goofing off,lol...my 3 daughters and 6 grandchildren under age 6 got me to thinking more of the future instead of just the present and i also let go of all my past demons...my classmates birth year 1961 is the same as above ,as below,just another coincidence,lol...on another note i have watched as those younger and close to me have "checked" out before they were even 40,one just 13...being older i always though i would be the one who went first...it seems I'm living this line> and the first shall be the last and the last shall be the first...i also found out that the color blue in Egyptian gods were the alkaloid symbolism and gold color was acidic symbolism...i was driving my blue and gold truck when the thought hit me after i posted it earlier in another thread... i laughed till i cried because my truck is mostly blue with a gold stripe on its bottom and i have talked about the god diet of having more alkaline/blue than acidic/gold...this after i got the truck,lol...the "flow" is the only way i know to describe it, like I'm not struggling up stream to breed and die but going downstream with the school of fish...my signature even looks like a fish and a ring,lol...and PIPER please dont tell me your a dark haired Asian lady
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It's not all the time that you find yourself in need of a replacement Drive Belt Tensioner & Pulley for your vehicle. Car aficionados know that luxury is built into each Mercedes-Benz, and know that only the best repair C280 parts will suffice when maintenance needs to be done. When your Mercedes-Benz C280 was born, it was destined for a driver who wants European styling in their automobile. The vehicle in your driveway is head and shoulders above the rest compared to all the other vehicles in today's marketplace.
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Cyber Monday Sales Hit $1.25 Billion
Online sales on Cyber Monday rose to a record $1.25 billion as consumers continued to make the Web an integral part of their holiday shopping.
The $1.25 billion is the heaviest online commerce day ever, according to research firm comScore Inc., and represents a 22% rise from last year's Cyber Monday. Cyber Monday last year saw then-record online purchases totalling $1.03 billion.
Meanwhile, for some retailers it is no longer...


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Booker T. was part of the Florida Gators 7on7 tournament last week and finished with just one loss on the night, finishing a close second to Seffner Armwood. The tournament pits skill players against skill players from other schools and certainly Booker T always has its share of skill talent.
Here are five prospects that stood out and we talked to following the tournament.
Callaway is a super quick twitch 2015 receiver that is fast and can make cuts without losing a bit of speed. It took all of one play to see just how athletic he is and why he has a Florida offer for quite a while. He's 5-foot-11, 180 pounds, and a guy that has a thick lower body that defies his quickness. He's fun to watch when matched up man-to man with defensive backs.
On the night Callaway lost count of how many touchdowns he caught, but it was plenty. He will be a huge target for the Tornadoes this year. He says that he gets his athletic ability from working out a lot every single day.
The Gators are the front runners right now.
"Florida is my top school because I like the program a lot," Callaway said. "They like how quick I move, that I am smooth, that I am perfect for the slot."
The Miami Hurricanes are a close second for Callaway who says that junior receiver Herbert Waters is related.
"Florida and Miami are the main two," he said. "Miami is coming hard. Miami is the home town. I like the school and the program."
Other schools are also stepping up and making noise in his recruitment. He says he is in no hurry to make up his mind.
"West Virginia offered, Mississippi State, Florida International, Cincinnati, and Bowling Green," he said. "I am just going to go through the recruiting process. I will probably go to signing day. It will be wherever I feel comfortable at."
Davis is the big physical cornerback that the Gators like. He's 6-foot-2 and 180 pounds, isn't afraid to line up against anyone head to head and works his tail off on every play.
"I am a physical and competitive player," he said. "I started playing football when I was nine, but just started playing corner in my junior year. The college coaches like my size, everyone likes big corners."
Davis likes where his team is headed this off-season.
"With the work we put in, we should be able to repeat last year," he said.
Davis was offered by the Gators shortly after camp concluded after they watched him play on the night. He is not one to really talk about recruiting and who he is interested in at this point. He does know what he is looking for.
"I want to go to a school that I can play early and has good academics," he said. "I want it to feel like home."
CB Dontye Carrier-Williams
The 2016 cornerback already has five offers with Temple being the big one of the group. He's quick and runs very well, plays tight coverage and plays the game very smart. Williams enjoyed the tournament last week.
"There is a lot of competition," he said. "I'm having fun playing with my team. I'm doing pretty good. They have thrown my way a couple of times, but no completions."
Florida secondary coach Travaris Robinson has his eye on Carriere-Williams.
"Florida told me they will be watching me," he said. "They say I'm a baller and make plays on the ball. Hopefully I get an offer from them soon."
He's still got some time with two years until he shows up on a college campus to play.
"I'm going to keep it interesting and enjoy the recruiting process.," he said.
Lack of size is an issue for some college coaches at some positions and others can look past it for real ball players. That is what you get from the 2015 Green. Some big school could get a real gamer for a return man with Green who has his first offer from Marshall already. At 5-foot-7 and 160 pounds he is hard to get a hold of once in the open field.
Green says he and his teammates are all on the same page.
"I am doing well," he said of the tournament that night. "I've scored twice and just building chemistry with the team. We plan on being state champs and national champs again."
As a junior he played receiver, punt return and kick return. He had four touchdowns and 245 yards receiving."
That Marshall offer was huge for him. He likes what they bring to the table as far as fitting his style of play.
"It feels real good, a real weight lifted off of my shoulder," he said of the offer. "Marshall likes my speed, route running, and my physical ability. When I see them they are in the top five in passing and they like short receivers and know what to do with them."
His favorite team as a youngster was Miami and he says them , Appalachian State, and Cincinnati are showing a lot of interest as well.
WR Darius Scott
The 2016 receiver was a total unknown but showed up big last weekend. He scored double digit touchdowns with his quickness and speed. He showed fearless ability going over the middle of the field and in traffic and seemed to always find the end zone when he caught the ball.
He's not the biggest guy (5-foot-9, 164) and not much of a talker. He hasn't drawn a lot of interest from colleges yet, but that should change.
"That is just my game," he said about scoring so much and showing the quickness and speed on the field. "I just put a lot of hard work in with my coaches."
A Hurricane fan as a youth, Scott says his game is all about the speed.
"I am pretty shifty, I am fast, and I catch the ball well," he said.


text: Leadership The cost of devaluing IT Howard Solomon @HowardITWC Published: September 7th, 2012Things haven't been easy for the past decade for CIOs and IT managers. Budgets have been tight — particularly in the past three years — so administrators have had to be creative. In a way, that's great experience for a manager. But in this column Gartner group vice-president Mark McDonald argues there's been a terrible cost: A devaluation of the worth of IT to the organization. RELATED CONTENTEconomic uncertainty continues to plague tech CIOs mull how to innovate and tighten belts On the one hand IT departments can boast they're terrifically productive and efficient. On the other, there's only so many applications that can be put into the cloud, so many responsibilities to be handed to a shrinking number of staff. Eventually, something (or someone) breaks. McDonald argues that it's time organizations thought about leveraging technology to drive growth, a strategy that would value IT departments more. Related Download Sponsor: Cogeco Peer 1 CanadianCIO Census 2016 Mapping Out the Innovation Agenda The CanadianCIO 2016 census will help you answer those questions and more. Based on detailed survey results from more than 100 senior technology leaders, the new report offers insights on issues ranging from stature and spend to challenges and the opportunities ahead. Register Now Leadership data centre management


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Divorce & family law
As leading family and divorce lawyers, we have an outstanding reputation built up over a century of practice in this field.
We can advise you on all aspects of relationship breakdown, including the financial implications and arrangements for your children.
Our clients include City professionals, entrepreneurs, owners of family businesses, landowners, celebrities and the independently wealthy, along with their spouses/partners.
Our family lawyers are supported by in-house experts who are also leaders in other specialist legal areas, such as Wealth Planning, Trust Litigation, Commercial and Employment. The ability to draw on the expertise of over 130 trust and tax lawyers across the firm's nine offices makes us stand out from our competitors. The firm also has a dedicated team of Reputation Management lawyers in order to protect our clients' privacy.
Through our award winning team of family lawyers in our Hong Kong office, we now offer the first and only truly international family law service to clients with interests in both jurisdictions, China and Asia. Our numbers include eleven Fellows of the International Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers; the largest IAML membership of any UK firm.
As well as being involved in some of the most groundbreaking family law cases of recent years, we are at the forefront of changes to the way family justice is carried out, with expertise in all areas of alternative dispute resolution. In addition to being a trainer of mediators and collaborative lawyers, Suzanne Kingston is one of London's first family law arbitrators, to add yet another option for clients keen to explore ADR methods rather than litigate their disputes
'The firm operates a seamless international family practice thanks to its global network of offices' and "is plainly operating at the very top of the profession." '
'They supply a Rolls-Royce service for their clients.'
'Their knowledge is completely in-depth and impeccable'
'The strength and depth is well known and they have some heavy-hitting partners and juniors. They all relay with their private client department, which is exceptional.'
Chambers & Partners 2014 & 2015
'The premier practice… encompasses every facet of family work, handling groundbreaking international cases such as Imerman, high-value pre-nups, and 'leave to remove' applications … receives superb client feedback, with its international reach particularly appreciated.'
'...has long been a top-flight firm, and has great strength in depth. The firm's reach across many jurisdictions, and its strength in related areas such as private client and tax, make it ideal for complex cross-border family matters with complex trust elements.'
'Ten out of ten in every respect and in every detail.'
Legal 500 2012, 2013 & 2014
Reported cases
- BJ v MJ - James Copson and Claire Blakemore act for the husband in a financial claim in which the award made by the Court reflected the fact that the wife had assented to the husband setting up a trust which ultimately benefited their son and future generations.
- Z v Z (No 2) - Gill Doran and Brett Frankle acted for a husband in a case in which the court upheld a French marital agreement restricting the wife to her needs as opposed to an award based on sharing. The case is the first reported decision to apply the principles set out by the Supreme Court in Radmacher v Granatino.
- MK v CK - Lisa Fabian Lustigman acted for the father in the Court of Appeal in successfully overturning the decision of the High Court and, in doing so, preventing the mother from taking the two children to live in Canada. This judgment approved the decision in C v C and is a landmark decision underlining the relevance of shared care arrangements in these types of applications.
- C v C (International Relocation Shared Care Arrangement) 2011 - Michael Gouriet and Sophie Chapman acted for the father in a case involving high-profile parents in which the father successfully resisted the mother's application to move with the children to live in the US. Whilst each case is decided on its own facts, the outcome in this case will lend support to the parent (usually the father) opposing the other parent's application to remove the children from the jurisdiction, particularly where shared care arrangements are in place.
- Tchenguiz-Imerman v Imerman - Diana Parker and Michael Gouriet are acting for the wife. The recent Court of Appeal decision is groundbreaking in that it reverses fifteen years of case law about the circumstances in which the financially weaker party in a divorce is permitted to use documents belonging to the other party.
- S v P - Suzanne Todd was involved in the introduction of a shortcut procedure for the approval of financial settlements on divorce agreed via a collaborative process.
- Marano v Marano - Diana Parker and Claire Blakemore acted for a commercial property developer based in the City, who resisted an appeal by his former wife against an order that she should pay him a lump sum of £5m after the value of his property investments fell during the credit crunch.
- Vaughan v Vaughan - Diana Parker and Katharine Landells acted for a barrister whose first wife was seeking a payment in lieu of continuing maintenance as he approached retirement. The Court of Appeal awarded her a lump sum of £215,000, less than half of the £560,000 she had been seeking.
- Charman v Charman - Katharine Landells acted for John Charman in the landmark case involving the biggest litigated divorce award in English legal history.
- Miller v Miller - Diana Parker and Brett Frankle acted for Melissa Miller in the landmark case before the House of Lords (with the conjoined case of MacFarlane) which remains the leading family law case on financial issues.
- Sorrell v Sorrell - Gill Doran acted for Sir Martin Sorrell in a case which set a precedent for one party's special talents resulting in an unequal division of finances in their favour.
- Pearce v Pearce - James Copson acted for the successful party in the leading case on capitalisation of spousal maintenance (alimony).
- Our Hong Kong Family Law team has written the Hong Kong chapter in the International Comparative Legal Guide to: Family Law 2017.
Recent accolades and awards


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Cooperman's Omega Sells Apple, Buys Facebook
Maybe it will become a "hot" idea among fund managers. Maybe it has already: Sell Apple, buy Facebook.
Leon Cooperman's hedge fund Omega Advisors eliminated its stake in Apple (AAPL) last quarter, while picking up more than 3.2 million Facebook (FB) shares, a regulatory filing shows. The Apple position, valued at $178 million recently, is nowhere to be seen in this glimpse of Omega's portfolio as of Dec. 31. The firm's other new stakes include SandRidge Energy (SD).
Two doesn't make a trend, but we note that American Funds' New Economy Fund (ANEFX) also reduced its Apple stake and bought Facebook during the period.


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Beal Antidote 10.2mm Rope DetailsAntidote 10.2MM promotes easy handling while belaying and high abrasion resistance. Best for rock climbing. Part of Beal's Active Line with ropes designed to cover the largest range of climbing disciplines possible without the use of chemical treatments or dye. Using only Nylon from Bluesign certified sources. With Beal's advanced technologies to provide excellent impact absorption and low impact forces.
|66 g/m
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|7.8 kN
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|Estimated Shipping: This item will ship in 1-2 business days
Reviews For The Beal Antidote 10.2mm Rope
Q & A For The Beal Antidote 10.2mm Rope
Warranty & Returns
Money Back Guarantee
If you are not 100% satisfied with what you have purchased from CampSaver within 60 days of purchase, you can take advantage of our 60 Day No-Hassle Money Back Guarantee. What does that mean to you? We'll exchange your product for free or give you a full refund. You'll never be left regretting your purchase with CampSaver. We've got you covered.
Extended Return Policy
On top of our fantastic policies described above, CampSaver has a very liberal New/Unopened Return Policy. New, unused, and unopened products (excludes items from The Shed) may be returned to us at anytime, no questions asked. Any new/unopened item returned after 60 days will be issued store credit. We do not accept returns on used/opened products after 60 days. We do not accept returns on used weight bearing climbing gear, mounted skis or molded ski boots ever.
Fit Guarantee
All New Men's and Women's apparel and footwear (excludes items in the Shed) comes with what we like to call a Fit Guarantee. If the apparel/footwear you purchased does not fit comfortably and you'd like to exchange it for another size, we will cover not only the cost of the return shipping, but also shipping the replacement size. The Fit Guarantee only applies to shipping within the continental United States. At CampSaver you can buy with confidence that you will like what you buy, risk-free. Please allow 2 weeks for replacement item shipping.
All of the products we carry have a warranty which covers product defects. If you have any questions about the warranty on a given product, give us a call at 1-877-883-6276.


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This place is down a street you would never think of entering, had we been walking, I doubt we would have gone. However we had taken a taxi and we went inside and were shown a table which was close to the bar, there were just 4 people there, all of which I think worked there. They were all smoking and so it wasn't pleasant, we decided to move upstairs. There were no other people in the entire place.
We had to open the windows as due to the open plan, the smoke was quite overpowering.
We felt obliged to order but instead of ordering drinks etc we opted for a starter and decided to go elsewhere for our main course. This was disappointing as it was getting late and we were hungry. To be honest I thought the menu was limited too and we were wanting something other than a burger/ chicken. I don't remember everything else that was on the menu now.
Irrespective of this, we had a starter, and it was really delicious and I could have eaten it again.
So, if like me you don't like to eat in a smokey atmosphere, this may not be for you. But if the starter was a good indication of the food, then I would recommend you go there. The staff were very pleasant and friendly.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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The ''What to do in Montreal'' Thread version 4.0
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Le Tricolore
Boo! BOOOOO!
Join Date: Aug 2005
Location: Montreal
Posts: 34,411
vCash: 265
Originally Posted by
Dirty Danglez
You sound like a spoiled little kid lol. Sport's bars don't get much better than cheap beer, loud sirens, greasy food and gigantic tvs... Station des Sports, Pjs, Le Cage all have this.
Heh, I realize I came off kind of spoiled, you're right.
Basically, what I meant is the places with the good beer (like Champs for example, has a decent selection) will generally cost a lot more than I'd like to spend for a night out watching the game at a bar. If you go to Station des Sports or whatever,the beer will suck, but the price is right and it's fun enough.
Can't have your
cake and eat it
beer and drink it, too!
Brutopia is a fun place to watch a game with a couple of friends. Not a great atmosphere, but if you can sit on the couch downstairs, it's comfy and has some good beers!
Le Tricolore
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Low Carb Garlic Chicken Alfredo Waffle Pizza – Say it with me!!
Yes, you read that correctly. Low Carb Garlic Chicken Alfredo Waffle Pizza … Waffle pizza. I have been doing some fun experimenting with waffles over the last handful of months. If you own my newest cookbook – The Primal Low Carb Kitchen, then you have probably tried the Waffle Breakfast Sandwiches… Black forest ham, sharp cheddar cheese, avocado and an ooey, gooey egg, sandwiched between two low carb and gluten free waffle halves. Yesterday was the first regular season game for my Seahawks. It was a morning game and I wanted to make us some low carb style game day breakfast eats. Pizza has come up A LOT in this house over the last week. Between myself, Jon and the kids, we have probably all mentioned it at least 10 times. I was initially going to make us savory waffles with cheese, bacon and eggs, but then pizza came up again! I already had the batter made, and that is when the idea hit me… Genius! Use the batter to make a waffle pizza crust.. Off to the store for toppings we went. My all time favorite pizza is garlic chicken with bacon and red onions. I used my Garlic Parmesan Cream Sauce Recipe as the base. The end result was utterly delicious. It makes 4 personal sized pizzas, but honestly you could probably serve 8 people with these. They are very rich and filling.
Sign up for updates to receive one week FREE of my low carb and gluten free meal plans:
- 3/4 cup coconut flour (Get it here )
- 1 tsp Italian seasoning (Get it here)
- 1 tsp onion powder
- 1/2 tsp garlic powder
- 1/2 tsp baking powder
- 1/2 tsp sea salt (Get it here)
- 6 large pastured eggs
- 1/4 cup grass fed butter, melted (Get it here)
- 1 1/2 cups almond milk or coconut milk
- 1/2 cup parmesan cheese, shredded
- 3/4 cup heavy cream
- 3/4 cup parmesan cheese, grated
- 3 cloves garlic, minced
- sea salt, to taste
- a generous amount of cracked black pepper
- 1 1/4 cup mozzarella cheese, shredded
- 1 lb chicken, cooked and cubed
- 10 strips thick sliced bacon, cooked and crumbled
- 3 mushrooms, thinly sliced
- a couple slices red onion, thinly sliced
- 2 chives, chopped
- In a large mixing bowl, combine the coconut flour, Italian seasoning, onion powder, garlic powder, baking powder and sea salt. Mix until the ingredients are well combined.
- Crack the eggs Into a separate bowl and whisk together with the melted butter, and coconut milk.
- Slowly pour the egg mixture into the dry ingredients, a little at a time, mixing as you go. Mix until all the ingredients are well incorporated and there are no visible clumps.
- Using a rubber spatula, fold the parmesan cheese into the mixture.
- Ladle the batter into a greased, preheated waffle iron and cook until crisp and golden brown. This batter make take longer to get crispy than your normal waffle batter.
- In a small sauce pan, over medium-high heat, add heavy cream, parmesan cheese, garlic, sea salt and cracked black pepper.
- Bring to a boil and reduce heat to low. Stirring occasionally, let simmer and thicken.
- Preheat oven to 350°
- Top each waffle with Garlic Parmesan Cream Sauce. Cover the sauce with shredded mozzarella cheese.
- Pile on your toppings - chicken, bacon, mushrooms, red onions
- Bake for 17 minutes
- Top with chives before serving
Waffles Only - Entire Batch - Calories - 937 Carbs - 79 grams Fat - 60 grams Protein - 76 grams Fiber - 50 grams Sugar - 20 grams - Net Carbs - 29 grams
Waffles Per Serving - Calories - 234 Carbs - 19.75 grams Fat - 15 grams Protein - 19 grams Fiber - 12.5 grams Sugar - 5 grams - Net Carbs - 7.25 grams
Garlic Parmesan Cream Sauce - Serving Size 1/4 cup - Per Serving - Calories - 143 Carbs - 2.7 grams Fat - 12.6 grams Protein - 4 grams Fiber - 0 grams Sugar - 0 grams (This will vary on the heavy cream used. Some contain zero carbs)
1 Garlic Chicken Alfredo Pizza - Calories - 835 Carbs - 26.25 grams Fat - 51 grams Protein - 71 grams Fiber - 13 grams Sugar - 5 grams Net Carbs - 13.25 grams