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Dermatology Dr. Faraidoon Lecture 1 Hair Disorders
- Vernon Waters
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1 Dermatology Dr. Faraidoon Lecture 1 Hair Disorders Hair is a filamentous (threadlike) biomaterial, that grows from follicles found in the dermis. Is composed of protein, notably keratin. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body (apart from areas of glabrous skin: palm, sole and lips), is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. 2 Textures of the hair: 1- Curly hair 2- Straight hair 1- Lanugo hair 2- Vellus hair (intermdiate) 3- Terminal hair: (Androgenic hairs) In utero, shed during the end of pregnancy & the 1 st months postpartum Long, unmedullated Replaced by vellus hair (at 36 to 40 wks of gestation) on children & adult women Short, (less than 2 mm long), fine, light-colored (nonpigmented) H Fs Penetrate only into the papillary dermis is not connected to a sebaceous gland on most of a person's body from his / her childhood on men & develop (during & after puberty) Long, medullated, thick, and dark H Fs Penetrate only into the reticular dermis is connected to a sebaceous gland * On (face, beard area chest, abdomen, leg and arm & foot) * Vellus replaced by terminal During puberty due to in testosterone In inherited baldness terminal is replaced by vellus As a secondary sex characteristic Pubic and Axillary hair will develop on both men and women 2 Types of skin: 1- Glabrous thick (hairless) skin, Thick Strat. corneum: e.g. : Palms & Soles 2- Thin (hairy) skin: the rest of the body Function of the hair: Hair provides 1.Thermal regulation and 2. Camouflage ( ˆþÐüàbØ) (Šb Šüü ) 3 Types of hair: 1- Lanugo hair 2- Vellus hair 3- Terminal hairs: (Androgenic hairs) Hair has 2 distinct structures: Hair Follicle & Hair Shaft 1
2 1. The Hair Follicle (or when pulled from the skin, called the hair bulb: hair bulb contains the cells that produce the hair shaft). Hair follicle: is located in the dermis, maintains stem cells which regrow the : a. hair after it falls out b. skin after a wound It contains melanocytes. Stem cells are principally responsible for the production of hair. Structure of hair follicle 1- The papilla * is a large structure at the base of the hair follicle * is made up mainl of CT and a capillary loop 2- Matrix: is around the papilla 3- The external and internal root sheath 4- The hair fiber is composed of keratin. 5- Structures associated with the hair follicle are: A- Apocrine sweat gland B- Sebaceous gland: lubricates the hair C- Arrector pili muscles, which are responsible for causing hairs to stand up 2. The Shaft It is the hard filamentous part that extends above the skin surface. A cross section of the hair shaft (Strand of hair or Hair fibers) is divided roughly into 3 zones, starting from the outside: A. The cuticle B. The cortex C. The medulla: The diameter of human hair is ( micrometers) Hair growth begins inside the hair follicle. Women predominantly grow the hair on their head long while men cut theirs short. No. of scalp hair follicles is All natural hair colors are the result of 2 types of hair pigment. Both of these pigments are melanin types, produced inside the hair follicle and packed into granules found in the fibers. 2
3 1- Eumelanin: is the dominant pigment in: dark-blonde, brown hair, and black hair 2- Pheomelanin: (pheo: gray) Gray hair occurs when melanin production decreases or stops. is dominant in red hair. Blonde hair is the result of having little pigmentation in the hair strand. Hair-follicle cycling (Human hair growth) Hair grows everywhere on the external body except on - mucous membranes (lips) and - glabrous skin (the back of the ear, the palm of the hand, the sole of the foot, some external genital areas, the navel umbilicus and Scar tissue) The hair grows about 1 cm every 28 days. Shaving has no effect on the hair cycle. 3 hair cycles: All occur simultaneously; one strand of hair may be in the anagen phase, while another is in the telogen phase: 1- Anagen phase 2- Catagen phase 3- The Telogen phase: 1- Anagen phase 2- Catagen phase: 3- Telogen phase: Active growth phase Cessation, Involuting or Regressive phase Resting or quiescent phase 2 3 years which is genetically determined 2 3 weeks 2-3 months At the end it passes into the catagen phase. Converts to a club hair and enters the telogen phase The club hair is the final product of a hair follicle and is a dead, fully keratinized hair % 1% 10 15% Its length determines the length of the hair 3
4 Q: Why the eyebrow hairs have a much shorter length compared to hairs on the head. A: Because the cycle's length varies on different parts of the body; for eyebrows, the cycle is completed in 4 ms; it takes the scalp 2-3 years to finish Phases: Scalp: Eyebrows etc.: Anagen 2 3 years 4 7 months Catagen 2 3 weeks 3 4 weeks Telogen 3 months 9 months 2 main problems of hair: Excessive hair: Hirsutism & Hypertrichosis (Hirsutism: s Hypertrichosis: s & s) and Loss of hair: Alopecia HIRSUTISM OR FRAZONISM Is the excessive hairiness on women in those parts of the body where terminal hair does not normally occur or is minimal e.g. beard or chest hair (male pattern of body hair androgenic hair ); is of cosmetic and psychological concern. is a medical sign rather than a disease and may be a sign of a more serious medical condition, especially if it develops well after puberty. Causes: A- an increased level of androgens, the male hormones B- an oversensitivity of hair follicles to androgens. (Male hormones such as testosterone): A- Stimulate hair growth, increase size and intensify the growth and pigmentation of hair. B- High level of male hormones causes acne, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass. Causes of hirsutism: 1- Polycystic ovary syndrome, (PCOs), (the most common), due to peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen 2- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 3- Cushing's disease 4- Growth hormone excess (Acromegaly) 5- Tumors in the ovaries or adrenal gland (cancer) 6- Medications: Androgen, Danazol & Progesterone 7- Insulin resistance 8- Stromal Hyperthecosis - in postmenopausal women 4
5 9- Obesity: due to peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen 10- Familial 11- Idiopathic Tests in hirsutism: 1* Ovarian ultrasound (high prevalence of PCOS) 2* Blood values: A- The androgens testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate B- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C- Prolactin D- 17-hydroxyprogesterone (because of the possibility of finding non classic 21- hydroxylase deficiency. Treatment of hirsutism: 1- Pharmacological A- Spironolactone (Aldactone): Antialdosterone Antiandrogenic Compound, mg/day for 6 ms B- Metformin: C- Combination oral contraceptives Cyproterone acetate (Diane-35 & Androcure): A progestin that has strong antiandrogenic action. D- Eflornithine: Blocks putrescine that is necessary for the growth of hair follicles. E- Flutamide: (oral 250 mg twice daily for 1 year): Androgen receptor antagonist is the most effective treatment but of higher side effects 2- Other methods A- Epilation B- Waxing C- Shaving D- Laser for massive hirsutism: is the most effective method of long-term E- Electrolysis (electrology) for few hairs HYPERTRICHOSIS (ADAMS SYNDROME) Is a rare abnormal amount or excessive hair growth Affects children and both men and women Generalized or localized Congenital or acquired Causative Drugs are: Corticosteroids, Minoxidil, phenytoin, psoralens and streptomycin 5
6 Management: 1 -Depilation methods: 2- Epilation methods: 3- Permanent hair removal uses A- Chemicals B- Laser hair removal C- Electrolysis Removal of hair: Depilation Is the removal of hair from the surface of the skin. Through Shaving with razor Epilation is the removal of the entire hair strand, including the part of the hair that has not yet left the follicle. Through waxing by using a sticky wax and strip of paper or cloth to pull hair from the root. The hair grows back within hours of shaving; the new growth is called stubble. The hair grows back finer and thinner compared to shaving within (5-9 weeks) ALOPECIA Alopecia: is loss of hair from the head or body Causes and types: 1. Chemicals in hair relaxer & hair straighteners solutions, hot hair irons 2. (AA)Alopecia areata 3. Androgenic alopecia (baldness) 4. Trichotillomania: Compulsive pulling of hair, 5. Traction alopecia due to hairstyling routines, 6. Telogen effluvium 7. Thallium poisoning 8. Underlying medical conditions: 6
7 iron deficiency or (side effects from drugs including chemotherapy, anabolic steroids, and birth control pills) Alopecia mucinosa, Diabetes, Dissecting cellulitis, Hereditary disorders, Hormonal changes, Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, Hypervitaminosis A, Lupus erythematosus (LE), Radiation therapy, Scalp infection: Secondary syphilis, Tufted folliculitis Fungal infections (such as tinea capitis), Pseudopelade of Brocq, Diagnosis of Alopecia: Based on clinical symptoms. If hair loss occurs in a young man with no family history, the physician should question the patient on drug and illicit drug use. 1- The pull test: Gentle traction is exerted on a group of hair (about 40 60) on 3 different areas of the scalp. if more than 10 hairs are obtained, the pull test is considered positive 2- The pluck test: The root of the plucked hair is examined under a microscope to determine the phase of growth 3- Scalp biopsy: 4- Daily hair counts: more than 100/day 5- Trichoscopy: Types of Alopecia: 1- Non-scarring (Noncicatricial) Alopecia Alopecia areata (AA) Androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness) Telogen effluvium (Handful hair loss) Thallium poisoning: Miscellaneous Hair disorders: Traction alopecia, Trichotillomania Alopecia due to structural defects of hair 2- Scarring (Cicatricial) Alopecia: Pseudopelade of Brocq 1- NON-SCARRING (NONCICATRICIAL) ALOPECIA: ALOPECIA AREATA (AA):(SPOT BALDNESS) Šò Šò ) (داء الثعلب) Not contagious, reversible, sudden (abrupt), patchy well circumscribed loss of hair with Exclamation mark hair! Most often affects the scalp and beard area in 1 or more round or oval spots, but may occur on any hair-bearing part of the body. Affects 0.1% 0.2% of the population. Affects both healthy males and females Common in children. Most commonly occurs in the late teenage years, early childhood, or young adulthood, but can happen with people of all ages. O/E: on examination: Typical 1 st symptoms of AA are small bald patches. 7
8 Skin of AA is unscarred and looks superficially normal. Areas of hair loss over a short period of time and regrowth at the same time & may go into remission for a time, or permanently. Regrowth may be with white colored hair May tingle or be painful. Commonly more on 1 side of the scalp than the other. Exclamation point hair! : is characteristic sign (narrower hairs along the length of the strand closer to the base) & is often present. Hair will tend to pull out more easily along the edge of the patch than away from the patch where they are still healthy Nails may have pitting or trachyonychia: (rough accentuated linear ridges (longitudinal striations). Causes of AA The cause is unknown. Heredity may be a factor. Associations: 1. Goiter, myxedema, Hashimoto s thyroiditis 2. Vitiligo, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, pernicious anemia, inflammatory bowel disease, myasthenia gravis, lichen planus or HIV infection 3. Down s syndrome, Turner s syndrome and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome may develop AA 4. Tends to have a slightly higher incidence of the immune system conditions: asthma, allergies, atopy and hypothyroidism. 5. Other autoimmune diseases Types of AA: Diffuse AA: Hair is lost diffusely over the whole scalp AA monolocularis: baldness in 1 spot anywhere on the head AA multilocularis: multiple areas of hair loss. AA barbae: limited only to the beard Ophiasis: severe marginal AA Sisaphio: reverse ophiasis: hair loss limited to the top, center and vertex of the scalp, sparing the margins Alopecia totalis: the patient loses all the hair on the scalp Alopecia universalis: all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost AA totalis and universalis are rare: only in 1 2% of cases Diagnosis of Alopecia areata : diagnosed based on clinical features. Trichoscopy: shows regularly distributed "yellow dots" (hyperkeratotic plugs), microexclamation mark hairs, and "black dots" (destroyed hairs in the hair follicle opening). 8
9 Biopsy is rarely needed in AA. Histologic findings: peribulbar lymphocytic infiltrate (swarm "great number" of bees). Treatment Small AA: observe as often spontaneously the hair may grow back. In severe AA: Corticosteroids: a. Corticosteroids injections b. Steroid cream: Elocom ointment c. Intralesional steroid injections are commonly used in sites where there are small AA of the scalp or eyebrow Minoxidil Irritants (anthralin or topical coal tar) Topical immunotherapy cyclosporine Oral corticosteroids (have serious adverse side effects) Tacrolimus ointments such as Protopic for AA of beard area Wigs are often used in AA totalis AA is of poor prognosis in: Young age at onset Extensive early AA (ophiasis: severe marginal AA) Associated atopy Positive family history Autoimmune disorder Associated nail changes Prognosis of AA The course of AA is 6months 2 years In most cases: AA with small number grows back after a few months to a year. AA with a greater number of patches, AA grow back or progress to AA totalis or universalis. Effects of AA are: Psychological (mainly) The scalp burns more easily in the sun. Patients may also have aberrant (abnormal) nail formation because keratin forms both hair and nails. Episodes of AA before puberty predispose one to chronic recurrence of AA. 9
10 ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA (MALE PATTERN BALDNESS) Is the most common cause of alopecia in men & women "Hippocratic balding": hair is lost & thins above both temples and at the crown of the head (Often a rim of hair around the sides and rear of the head is left and may rarely progress to complete baldness) In women the hair becomes thinner around the whole scalp, and the hairline does not recede. The cause is unknown: Genetic factors apparently play a role It is caused by a genetic sensitivity of hair follicles to DHT (dihydrotestosterone) which causes follicles to shrink or "miniaturize" and hair loss Androgens have functions of regulating hair growth and sex drive in both males and females. Treatment: Many people accept their hair color or shape, 1- Minoxidil solution 5% for males and 2% for Females 2- Finasterides (Propecia) 1mg/day 3- Hair transplantation TELOGEN EFFLUVIUM (TE): (HANDFUL HAIR LOSS) Š Ô Normally there are hair follicles on the scalp. (50-100) club hairs are shed daily from a normal scalp. TE is thinning/shedding of scalp hair resulting from the early entry of 70 % of hairs into the telogen phase and causing a noticeable loss of hair, caused by: Emotional or physiological stressful events, eating disorders, fever, childbirth (pregnancy), chronic illness, major surgery, anemia, crash diets, hypothyroidism, and drugs. Thallium poisoning: Thallium sulfate is a colorless, tasteless and odorless solution used for rat poison, ant killer and is used for suicide, homicide and genocide. Thallium may be detected in body fluids as blood or urine even up to 6 months after the poisoning as a diagnostic tool in clinical poisoning situations or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of suspicious deaths. Causes death or neurological deficit and alopecia in survivors Treatment: Antidote is oral (Prussian blue) 20 g per day; it passes through the digestive system and comes out in the stool. 10
11 Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion At later stage of the treatment additional potassium is used to mobilize thallium from the tissue. Thallium was the poison of choice for Saddam Hussein to use on dissidents, which even allowed for them to emigrate before dying. Muharram Muhamed Amin, where is he? Shakir Fattah, where is he? And others??????????????? Treatment of Alopecia: Minoxidil (Rogaine) liquid or foam: Only used for androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata. Is rubbed into the scalp twice a day. Only 30 40% of patients experience hair growth. Hair regrowth can take 8 to 12 months. if the treatment is stopped, hair loss resumes again. Finasteride (Propecia) tablet: 1 mg/day Is used in male-pattern hair loss is not indicated for women and pregnants. is effective within 6-8 months of treatment. Side effects: decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, gynecomastia, and myopathy. should be continued as long as positive results occur. Once treatment is stopped, hair loss resumes again. Egg Oil: nourishes the scalp Intralesional Corticosteroids injections monthly used to treat AA Anthralin (Dritho-Scalp) cream or ointment applied to the scalp Hormonal modulators: Oral contraceptives or antiandrogens (spironolactone and flutamide used for female-pattern hair loss with hyperandrogenemia. Surgical options: Hair (follicle) transplant, scalp flaps, and alopecia reduction Wigs وكة) :(بار can be used permanently or temporarily to cover the hair loss. MISCELLANEOUS HAIR DISORDERS Traction alopecia: is caused by pulling force applied to the hair. e.g. Afrocaribeans Trichotillomania: Is Hair Pulling Maddness: is (impulse control disorder) More in females and children O/E: an ill-defined patch with twisted and broken hair usually at frontoparietal scalp Treatment: is based on a person's age. before 5 years of age: the condition is typically self-limiting and intervention is not required 11
12 In young adults: behavior modification + chlorpromazine (Anafranil), a tricyclic antidepressant, ALOPECIA DUE TO STRUCTURAL DEFECTS OF HAIR: Trichoptilosis (split ends): hair are split and feathered ò å óøšü طيفة Pili multigemini is a malformation characterized by the presence of bifurcated or multiple divided hair matrices and papillae, giving rise to the formation of multiple hair shafts within the individual follicles. Trichoclasis: Transverse split in hair with retained cuticle Trichoschisis: Smooth Transverse split in hair Trichorrhexis nodosa: Longitudinal splitting of shaft, frayed ends are like 2 paint brush pushed into each other causing nodules along the shaft. Trichonodosis: Knots and loops in shaft. Trichorrhexis invaginata (Bamboo hair): Distal shaft pushed into bulbus receptacle on proximal shaft as in Netherton syndrome Pilus torti: Twisting of hair along its long axis Monilethrix: Shaft has alternate swellings and constrictions (beaded effect) Pseudofolliculitis barbae: in beard area of black men caused by close shaving in curly or kinky hair that may cause the newly emerging hair shaft to grow back into the skin surface causing inflammation. O/E: papulopustules, hyperpigmentation and scarring 2- SCARRING (CICATRICIAL) ALOPECIA: Destroyed hair follicle replaced with scar tissue, and cause permanent hair loss. Causes: 1. Aplasia cutis congenita, EBD, Incontinentia pigmenti, Porokeratosis of Mibelli, Darier s disease & Ichthyosis 2. Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal & Radiodermatitis 3. Tinea capitis, Bacterial folliculitis, folliculitis decalvans Acne keloidalis 4. Pseudopelade of Brocq, Lichen planus, DLE, Lichen sclerosus et atrophicans 5. BCC, SCC, Lymphoma 6. Morphea, Facial hemiatrophy, Dermatomyositis, Necrobiosis lipoidica, Sarcoidosis, Pyoderma gangrenosum, Syphilis, Tb, leishmaniasis, Herpes zoster & Ecthyma Pseudopelade of Brocq: The cause is unknown. due to atrophy of the hair follicles. Reddish skin erosion with a sharp margin, raised borders and large permanent patches of scalp alopecia. Single or multiple, Smooth, Soft, Slightly depressed, Round or oval, Asymptomatic, Not scaly, Hairs easily pulled from the edges if active. Treatment: Surgery. 12
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A Stochastic Model of Oscillatory Blood Testosterone Levels
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A continuous-time, discrete-state stochastic model of testosterone secretion in men is considered. Blood levels of testosterone in men fluctuate periodically with a period of 2–3 h. The deterministic model, on which the stochastic model considered here is based, is well studied and has been shown to have a globally stable fixed point. Thus, no sustained oscillations are possible in the deterministic case. However, the stochastic model does observe periodic, pulsatile behavior. This demonstrates how oscillations can occur due to a switching behavior dependent on the random degradation of testosterone molecules in the system. The Gillespie algorithm is used to simulate the hormone secretion model. Important parameters of the model are discussed and results from the model are compared to experimental observations.
KeywordsTestosterone Endocrine system Hormones Stochastic hormone model Negative feedback
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A conservative super PAC that has begun airing an ad attacking Rep. Jack Kingston (R) in the crowded Republican primary for U.S. Senate in Georgia says its strategy is to help one of his opponents, businessman David Perdue (R), according to a disclosure form that lays out its plans.
In a letter authorizing a media company to handle its ad placements in the race, Citizens for a Working America PAC says such communications with the public "will independently advocate for the election of David Perdue and/or for the defeat of his opponents." The letter, dated April 16, is posted on the Federal Communications Commission's Web site.
The super PAC recently went up with a $500,000 TV ad buy against Kingston that dubs him a "career politician" and hits him for supporting earmarks and voting to raise the debt ceiling. A telephone message left with the group seeking further information about its strategy was not immediately returned.
Citizens for a Working America PAC was formed in 2010, when it devoted six figures to defeating then-Rep. John Spratt (D-S.C.). In 2012, it supported Rep. Michele Bachmann (R-Minn.) in the presidential primary then later backed Mitt Romney.
The group likely received a recent infusion of cash. According to its campaign finance report, it had just $91 on hand at the end of March.
The organization is the second super PAC to hit the airwaves in recent weeks. Ending Spending Action Fund has released ads targeting Rep. Phil Gingrey (R) and Democrat Michelle Nunn. The group isn't publicly backing a candidate. The GOP field also includes Rep. Paul Broun and former secretary of state Karen Handel.
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce recently endorsed Kingston -- a sign it may be preparing to hit the airwaves it support him.
The primary is May 20. Most observers expect the Republican race to head to a runoff, which would be triggered if no candidate get a majority of the vote.


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The woman slowed her horse to a stop behind the Queen's wheelhouse before allowing a young squire to help her dismount. Her knees shook slightly due to the many weeks of riding and she left out a soft groan of discomfort. She had rode horseback almost the entire way from King's Landing in the South to Winterfell in the North, only walking very rarely and only once riding in the large wheelhouse with the Queen and her young children.
She unconsciously pulled the heavy dark yellow cloak tight around her body to protect it against the cold wind of the North. It was trimmed in fur, which tickled slightly against her skin. "Well, this is drearier than I expected." She said quietly to no one in particular, as the others in the company began to dismount from their horses. To the woman, the North just appeared to be a land of grey. Even the green of the summer grass was tainted by the fog that stretched from the ground to the sky covering everything in its bleak hue. Small flakes of white snow floated down from the sky but never making it to the warmer ground. The walls of Winterfell were built from large granite stones and they only added to the dullness of the landscape. But the people within the walls seemed a bit more worthy of note, the girl noticed as she moved her eyes to the group of Northerners lined up orderly in the yard, awaiting the King.
"Then you should find it quite appealing." A quick voice said to her right. She ignored the owner, as she often did, and turned her back on the procession to attend to her horse. Jacqueline Baratheon had already crossed the age of nineteen when she arrived in Winterfell with her king brother and his family. She was shorter than her three older brothers, but they all had the same eyes of blue and black hair, though of course Stannis was starting to lose his. Lady Jacqueline's own hair moved with the wind as it fell down her back. It was pinned back out of her face and her once passionate blue eyes followed her gloved hand as she moved it absentmindedly across the brown horse's fur. Beneath the dark yellow cloak she wore a deep blue grown, which matched her eyes, made of heavy fabric for the Northern cold.
When she felt that her presence was needed, she removed her attention from her horse and back to the crowd gathered. Just as she did, the man who had mocked her, the Kingslayer, walked pass, probably on some earn from his sister, the Queen. Her brother and Ned Stark had disappeared, leaving their two families alone together. Queen Cersei had already introduced herself and Jacqueline forced the apathetic look on her face to be replaced by one of curiosity, for fear someone would take offense to an unpleasant look, as she crossed the short distance to greet the Starks.
She felt a number of eyes follow her, a sensation that had been oddly absent for years in King's Landing. Lady Jacqueline had somehow perfected the seemingly impossible task of being invisible and thus ignored in the capitol. But she was not accustomed to the North or the North to her. Years ago, when people took notice of her, they told her she was beautiful and she hoped that was the cause for the attention now. She hoped here that her beauty would not be tainted by the reason behind her lack of a marriage, at least for a little while. Fueled by the possible false idea that people were looking at her for something good and not bad, she managed a happy and sincere voice when she greeted the Lady of Winterfell.
"Lady Catelyn," Jacqueline said with a hit of familiarity, though she hoped not so much that it would seem forced or fake. There was no sign of recognition on the older woman's face, confirming the younger one's belief that they had never crossed paths before. She barely missed a beat before she added, "I don't think we've ever met. Lady Jacqueline Baratheon."
Catelyn smiled as she recognized the name. "Yes, of course. You look so much like your brothers." The Lady of Winterfell appeared happy to meet someone who was not a Lannister.
Jacqueline too was glad to meet someone who did not have golden hair. Instead, Lady Catelyn had dark auburn hair, a trait she passed on to a number of children. "I do hope I am a bit prettier than them." Jacqueline laughed a real laugh, a rare event. She loved it when people told her she reminded them of her brothers. It gave her a sense of worth. If only for a moment.
That was when one of the Stark children spoke up. "Are you the King's sister?" It was the little brown haired girl. Her words were quick and her voice excited as she bounced next to her older sister. Lady Catelyn looked a bit distraught at her daughter's rudeness but bad manners rarely upset the Baratheon woman. Nothing really upset the Baratheon woman. She was King Robert's sister after all.
"Yes, child." Jacqueline said, enjoying her first impression of the Starks.
When the little Stark spoke again, she spoke all in one breath, stringing each word together without rest. "Is it true you can't have children? Why can't you have children?" Lady Stark took a sharp inhale of breath before reprimanding her youngest daughter. The young girl clearly realized she spoken ill but did not seem to understand how. Her slender face was full of both regret and confusion.
Lady Jacqueline politely silenced the older woman with a small wave of her hand before walking to the outspoken child, where she kneeled to see the girl at eye level. She wore a heavy blue wool cloak, edged in grey fur. Her brown hair was braided and wrapped up in a bun. Unlike her older sister, who stood next to her with a slightly horrified look on her face, she looked nothing like her mother. "What's your name, sweet girl?" Jacqueline said softly.
The girl didn't know where to look so she settled on the ground around her feet. "Arya, my lady."
"And how old are you?"
"Nine, my lady."
"You're smart for your age." The compliment seemed to ease a bit of the tension that had fallen on the Stark side of yard. The immediate Stark family along with Jacqueline had failed to notice that everyone else gathered in the courtyard had begun to move about their business, now that the majority of pleasantries were done with. Jacqueline continued in a stern yet soft voice, as if she was sharing an important secret not met for other ears. "Yes, it is true I cannot bear children. The gods did not honor me with that gift."
The little girl seemed to want to ask more questions but thought better of it. The conversation ended when the King and Ned Stark returned from the crypts.


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Install Jelly Bean HellFire Jelly ROM on T-Mobile Galaxy S3
Samsung has pushed out the Android 4.1.1 Jelly Bean update just for the international Samsung Galaxy S3 variant officially and other variants are still waiting but Android development community love to solve your problems, the T-Mobile Galaxy S3 users can also now taste the Jelly Bean via a new custom ROM named HellFire Jelly, thanks to recognized XDA developer member x0xhellx0x.
The HellFire ROM is ported from the CyanogenMod 10 but the developer tweaked the ROM with some extra tweaks and features to get some better experience such as the Beats Audio, new fancy widgets, new boot animations, Rommanager app, crimson cobolt theme, HellPaper, light flow lite and many more. The ROM already includes the titanium backup app, DropBox app, Es File manager app, s suggest app, and Super SU app.
However the HellFire is still being updated by the developer, so you might face some bugs.
Read on how to install HellFire Jelly custom ROM on T-Mobile Galaxy S3, do keep in mind that the ClockworkMod recovery must be installed on your T-Mobile Galaxy S3, you can follow our this guide to install ClockworkMod recovery 6.0 and make a backup of your device data such as SMS, internet setting, contacts music files etc because the below procedure may wipe data, you can sync your contacts with Gmail account and for messages use SMS apps, lastly use file expert app to backup apps.
DISCLAIMER: Please proceed the below guide at your own risk, Android Egis will not be held responsible if your device lost data or gets damaged following this guide.
Step #1: Download the latest version of HellFire Jelly ROM from here.
Step #2: Transfer the downloaded ROM .zip file to SD card of device.
Step #3: Turn the device off.
Step #4: Reboot the device into recovery mode by holding down the volume up, home and power buttons.
Step #5: In recovery mode, create a nandroid backup of your current ROM, it's important because if anything not work out that you expect from this ROM, you'll be able to easily revert back to your current state. To create backup select "Backup and Restore", and then select "Backup" again.
Step #6: Perform full wipe, select the wipe data/factory reset, and confirm on the next screen.
Step #7: Return to main menu by selecting "Go Back".
Step #8: Select "Install Zip from SD Card" then "Choose Zip from SD Card" and locate the downloaded ROM .zip file that you've transferred in above step and confirm installation. Wait till installation complete.
Step #9: Once the installation is completed, select "Go Back" after that select "Reboot System Now."
That's it, the HellFire Jelly ROM is now installed on your T-Mobile Galaxy S3, do comment below for queries and you can also visit the original XDA thread link given in first step.


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India clean sweep series against Zimbabwe by 5-0.India achieve 5-0 whitewash against Zim.India created history by recording their first-ever five-match ODI series whitewash on foreign soil as they beat Zimbabwe by 7 wickets in fifth and final match.Took six wickets distances Legspinner Amit Mishra India to acquit series to a comprehensive one-day peak in Zimbabwe giveaway to beat the hosts by seven wickets in the fifth one-day international in Bulawayo on Saturday.Seen Mishra numbers "of six for 48, threw Zimbabwe out for just 163, and also took tally wickets in the series for 18 – a new record for the five-match series.As seen for many a series of one-sided, India made light work of Zimbabwe goal, knocking off the runs in 34 amounts to their acquittal First record away from home in the competition of five games.Although fast bowler Kyle Jarvis returned to Zimbabwe line-up to claim two wickets in wool first 11 of roles Indian, made Ajinkya Rahane 50 after coming in for his first game on tour and Ravindra Jadeja hit 48 not out to see India to crush another win.
Steady Rahane hits in his 66 – ball knock before he threw to me by a part-timer Malcolm Waller, while Jadeja started slowly before opening up to hit two sixes in the second half of his roles.He was a man of the series Mishra clear star of the show though, and I hit him with the very first delivery and then ran through the system less Zimbabwe with embarrassing ease.And Sean Williams was only batsman to put up resistance to Zimbabwe, to 51 from 63 balls and I made a partial recovery from 45 for four.With the hosts struggling again with the lateral movement on offer to the bowlers in the line of attack, seamers perimeter of the Sharma, Jaydev Unadkat and Shami Ahmed claimed the wickets apiece before he had left arm spinner Jadeja Hamilton Masakadza to play on for 32.
Although Williams won the award for some beating through reasonable amounts East, and continued to lose regularly at intervals partners also withdrew Malcolm Waller Mishra first ball to mid-on.Mishra then trapped Elton Chigumbura underweight at birth has caught the Tinotenda Mutombodzi in the second slip in his sixth over, before getting rid of Williams in his seventh.With the Mushangwe Natsai and Brian Vitori threw a retreat by Mishra googly, legspinner Sri Lanka has improved Ajanta Mendis' record 17 wickets in five matches in the finals of the Asian Cup in 2008.Jadeja ended the competition in style by hitting a six as India reached 167 for three in 34 overs.The aim is too small for victory raging for the Indians, who recorded convincing victories over the home team in all five games.
Keeping youth on the Indian side under Ferrat Cooley, who had come here without a few of the top players, and the domination of the home team and ended a series in a certain style.Also correct this series victory disappointing performance in this country in 2010 when they lost all their matches in two series of three.Decline Captain Cooley Ferrat, one of the commanders of the Indian in this series, himself down and sent Rahane at number three as it was a small target. Ensure his colleagues that there was no need for their captain to go out and bat.
India not long chase although not begin well with Cheteshwar Pujara opener, declined in the fourth ball duck.Playing in his second ODI of his career, he was cleanbowled Pujara By Kyle Jarvis with a good length delivery just outside off, which again led to sneak through the gap between bat and pad before it reaches the top of the trunk East.Pujara was out in a similar way in the previous game, made his debut match, when he was 13.
In the fourth over, Dhawan took 15 runs off Brian Vitori with three or four and hit the same bowler for six and four two amounts in later. But Dhawan dropped in the same over when he was 32 in the penultimate ball before the end of the first half, which was taken after the Indians faced six overs in chasing small.
Indian opener tried to pull the about Vitori short delivery fine leg only to top edge of it. But for the moment the Indian, he survived after a misunderstanding between the fine leg fielder and his captain wickets]-kepeer Brendan Taylor. Fine fielder station, you should go for hunting, leaving Taylor, who dived full length but did not get to it.
Dhawan was, other than a hundred Indian in this series, in the 11th off Jarvis, best bowler for the home team on Saturday. Offered to feature Indian wicketkeeper Taylor while he was trying to push a good length delivery close to the trunk off. Hit Dhawan, who scored 116 in the second game, six four and a six in his 38 – roles ball.Amit Mishra tied the world record for most wickets in the bilateral ODI series after taking a career best haul of six wickets in the fifth and final ODI.


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How The Experts Trade
In the twenty first century, investment is more important than ever before. If you're serious about improving the quality of your life, it's crucial that you find a way to invest effectively. As you may imagine, though, investing can be a real challenge. Achieving results requires a significant amount of time and effort. When it comes down to it, nothing matters more than preparation. If you are patient and focused, you should be able to come up with a sound trading strategy for your situation.
There are dozens of different ways to invest your money. Stocks can work well, but commodities will also be effective. For many people, though, the best choice is to use an exchange traded fund. These are groups of securities that are traded intraday. In some ways, an ETF is like a mutual fund. Regardless of what you choose to trade, it's important to have a plan. Remember that trading can be a real challenge. It will be difficult for you to turn a profit if you are inexperienced. If you have a good trading strategy, earning a good return should be much easier.
Every investor is unique in some sense. Before you craft a trading strategy, think about what it is that you are actually trying to achieve. Get started by looking at timeframe. For some situations, it makes more sense to hold on to a position for less than a minute. At the other side, some positions can be held for months at a time.
Either one of these strategies like Leveraged ETF Trading Strategies has its own particular advantages. It will make more sense for you to be a day trader if you feel like you need an active role in every trade that you have. Obviously, this requires a significant level of commitment. If you are busy, it will probably make more sense for you to hold positions longer. This is safer and easier than day trading, but it will be difficult for you to earn a high return. If you need help in coming up with a good trading strategy, talk to your financial advisor immediately.
Take a moment to think about risk when you are assessing your trade plan. The truth is that investing your money can be very dangerous. You can lose your investment when the market turns. Obviously, some plans are more risky than others. There is a direct correlation between risk and reward. If you're serious about earning a reasonable return, you'll want to take on a good amount of risk. Once you have come up with a good trading plan, you'll be ready to start investing.
After you have crafted a good trading plan, you should think about your trading platform and consider Leveraged ETF Trading Strategy. In the twenty first century, trading is easier than ever before. Try to find a site that lets you trade from your tablet or smartphone. Remember that a good platform will make trading much more convenient.


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|Specific References
|Related Products
|ALK-SMase, MGC50179, ENPP7
|A DNA sequence encoding the human ENPP7 (NP_848638.2) (Met 1-Ser 439) was fused with a C-terminal polyhistidine tag.
|Human Cells
|In general, recombinant proteins are provided as lyophilized powder which are shipped at ambient temperature.
Bulk packages of recombinant proteins are provided as frozen liquid. They are shipped out with blue ice unless customers require otherwise.
|> 95 % as determined by SDS-PAGE
|< 1.0 EU per μg of the protein as determined by the LAL method
|Samples are stable for up to twelve months from date of receipt at -70℃
|Ala 22
|The secreted recombinant human ENPP7 comprises 429 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 49 kDa. As a result of glycosylation, rh ENPP7 migrates as an approximately 55-60 kDa band in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.
|Lyophilized from sterile PBS, pH 7.4
1. Normally 5 % - 8 % trehalose and mannitol are added as protectants before lyophilization. Specific concentrations are included in the hardcopy of COA.
2. Please contact us for any concerns or special requirements.
|Store it under sterile conditions at -20℃ to -80℃. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|A hardcopy of COA with reconstitution instruction is sent along with the products. Please refer to it for detailed information.
Mouse Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase / phosphodiesterase family member 7, also known as Alkaline sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, Intestinal alkaline sphingomyelinase, Alk-Smase, ENPP7 and NPP-7, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the nucleotide pyrophosphatase / phosphodiesterase family. ENPP7 / NPP-7 is expressed in the intestines and human bile. ENPP7 / NPP-7 is localized at the surface of the microvillar membrane in small intestine enterocytes, as well as in endosome-like structures and in Golgi complex. The main function of ENPP7 / NPP-7 is to convert the dietary sphingomyelin into ceramide, the sphingolipid messengers via hydrolyzation. ENPP7 / NPP-7 is also reported to exert a phospholipase C activity toward palmitoyl lyso-phosphocholine. The activity of this enzyme is inhibited in a dose dependent manner by ATP, imidazole, orthovanadate and zinc ion. Further, It has been shown in studies that decreased levels of ENPP7 / NPP-7 may be associated with human colon cancer.
|Product name
|Product name


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Lacoste Cotton Embroidered Logo Sweatshirt
Athleisure aptitude. Lacoste's sweatshirt keeps it classic with a laid-back, raglan-sleeve design but look a little closer and you'll discover the modern zipper detail accentuating the neckline. An embroidered logo provides a throwback finish. Crew neckline with asymmetrical zipper at left side Embroidered logo at front Raglan sleeves Hits at hip Cotton Machine washable Imported Web ID: 4451235
70% off saleLacoste polo hoodie - women - Cotton - 36
White cotton polo hoodie from Lacoste.


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I'm happy with my life and how it's progressing - I have a professional career that I love, while having big goals to achieve, so I'm very excited about what the future holds! Hopefully you are too. :)
I love to travel, having visited many places from Berlin to Beijing...I've even lived overseas in a tropical part of the world far, far away...but there are so many other places still left to see! I work hard to keep up my level of fitness, I dress for success, and I have a true passion for financial literacy - although money isn't everything, it does make life a bit more comfortable. :) And if you're like me, then you also believe that family is very important and kindness goes a long way!
One of my suprising talents is that I'm very entrepreneurial, especially in the area of fashion...it's a looooong story, haha! So, like a good writer, I'll end this summary with a little mystery...and hopefully you might be curious to know more. :)
* taking action
* making people laugh
* coming up with great ideas (I'm a bit creative)!
* sightseeing!
It sounds cliche, but it's actually true, so I guess I'm lucky that way.
I like movies that make me think or laugh, or even feel inspired...the Rocky series is definitely my favourite.


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MSU Beef Facilities
- Campus Beef Center - The Spartan Beef Discovery Center operates on 340 acres of land on the south campus of Michigan State University. Labor to operate the Center is largely provided by student employees. Our passion is fulfilling the land-grant mission.
- Lake City Research Center - The Lake City Research Center includes 810 acres of managed land and 180 beef cows in a geographic area suitable for forage-basedlivestock enterprises, potato production andbioenergy crop production.
- Upper Peninsula Research and Education Center - The Upper Peninsula Research and Extension Center (UPREC) was established in 1899 and serves as the hub for integrated crop and livestock research for Michigan's Upper Peninsula.


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Our Pretties
I work as a secretary in the agricultural company. I am modest and attractive. I am a romantic, creative nature. I love to travel, love nature, communication. There is a chihuahua dog that I adore.
I love to sing, take photos, watch good movies, love music, go to the sea, interested in the mysterious, mystical, historical events that happen in our lives. I would like to visit the castles of the past centuries in France etc.
Need partner: 30 - 45 years old
In men I appreciate kindness, attentiveness, perseverance, dedication and ability to love not only yourself. My man must be a gentleman, generous, understanding, successful in his business. Strongly built, height 180 cm


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Flexibility & Strength Training
What to expect
- Learn acrobatic theories and examples to transform your body in a way that's comfortable for you
- Improve flexibility in your arms, back, legs, and everything in between
- Test your posture and placement for more effective stretches
- Build strength that will improve your readiness for aerial conditioning
About this Activity
In this instructional class on strength and flexibility, you'll discover acrobatic theories and examples that will help to guide and transform your body in a way that's comfortable for you. You'll learn proper posture and placement to stretch your muscles to maximize flexibility, moving through the spine and engaging the core. If you're a training aerialist, or just looking to get a good stretch, this is the perfect class to improve your fitness and flexibility. It's time you learn about your individualized body needs, and work your way to a more agile and better feeling body!
Key Highlights
|$20.00 per guest
|Duration / Session
|1 hour
|# Sessions
About the Teacher
As Founder of the Skyhigh Odditorium, Madamn Burnz works actively to transform her teachings into an audio-visual curriculum, the Aireal Alchemy series. Her master degree in Education brings constant reevaluation of her teaching skills within her evolutionary classroom. She is a lifelong student, teacher, and passionista of acrobatics.
Cancellation Policy
Cancellation notice must be provided at least 48 hours in advance in order to receive a 50% refund.


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by Lorimer Wilson, munknee.com:
What's the difference between 1 troy ounce of gold and 1 (regular) ounce? What's the difference between 18 and 10 karat gold? What's the difference between a .75 and a 1.0 carat diamond? Let me explain. Words: 1102
The term "karat" is used to describe the unit of measurement for the proportion of gold (i.e. % purity of the gold content) in a piece of jewellery, coin, ingot or bar.
Gold will often be mixed with "filler metals" such as silver, palladium, platinum, nickel and even copper to combat the softness of pure 24 karat.
- Gold which contains a degree of silver, platinum or palladium is referred to as "white gold" and will classify with a higher amount of karats while the presence of nickel leads to a slightly lower designation of karats.
- Copper is used to give gold durability and give it a golden rosy tone.
Below is a table outlining the karat designations at various gold purity levels plus the extent of "fineness" as is used in some countries such as Italy.
|Gold Content [Purity]
|24 karat
|22 karat/917
|21 karat
|20 karat
|18 karat/750
|15 karat
|14 karat/583
|10 karat/417
|9 karat
|8 karat
|1 karat
In some countries "karat" and "carat" are used almost interchangeably although, strictly speaking, the words' correct meanings are defined as:
- karat: the % purity of precious metal content
- carat: the weight of a gemstone
100% pure gold is defined as having a purity of 24 karats so if something is 24 karat gold then it's made of gold and nothing else – regardless of size…
Gold is a relatively soft metal and high-karat gold tends to be easily damaged and, as such, a 24 karat item is usually reserved for display or ceremonial use as the picture of me with "my" 100kg. Canadian Maple Leaf 99.99999% pure gold coin which is now worth in excess of $3,500,000 USD! (100kg. x 32.1507466 troy oz. x $1,100/ozt. USD)
All jewellery is required by law to be stamped so consumers will know the quality of gold used. Jewellery made in North America is typically marked with the karat grade (10K, 14K, etc.), and jewelry made in Italy is typically marked with the "fineness" such as (417, 583, etc.). Most retail gold items have a karat rating in the range 9 to 18. In the U.S. the minumum karat value for an item to be sold as gold jewelry is 10. In the UK 9 karat is more common.
The number 24 may have originally been chosen to represent pure gold because it divides evenly by 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12. Thus it's easy to talk about a gold item being half pure (12 kt), 2/3 pure (16kt) etc. 9 karat would thus be 3/8 gold, 18 karat would be 6/8 (i.e. 3/4).
Definition of a "Troy" Ounce
A troy ounce (ozt) is a unit of imperial measure most commonly used to gauge the weight and therefore the price of precious metals.
One troy ounce is equivalent to 1.09714 avoirdupois (our conventional every day measurement) ounces i.e. 9.714% greater in weight and 1 kg. consists of 32.1507466 troy oz.
Please keep the distinction between ounces and troy ounces in mind when buying small quantities of gold and/or silver.
Definition of "Carat"
The term "carat' is used to describe the unit of weight of a gemstone, including diamonds, where 1 carat = 200 milligrams or 1/5 of a gram.
Smaller diamonds are often expressed as points, not carats, where 100 points = 1 carat (i.e. each point equals 0.01, or 1/100, of a carat).
Please follow SGT Report on Twitter & help share the message.


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Greetings, My name is Chris I'm a Live Sound Engineer for Walt Disney World. I run audio or lighting on shows just about every day but in my free time I do freelance sound gigs whether it be Mixing, Designing, Installing, Consulting, Room Tuning, recording or problem-solving.
LIVE SOUND: I offer any service that has to do with audio especially live sound. Does your band or venue need a competent mixing engineer? Does you church need help setting up an audio or lighting system? Maybe you own a venue and you have no idea what your sound needs are or what the best choice of gear would be for your specific room. This is where I come in. I will asess each problem then offer you a solution that fits within your budget and more importantly fufills your needs.
RECORDING: As far as recording goes I only offer mixing services because I no longer have my home studio. I can mix music, movies, audio books, podcasts, videos you name it.
Each job is unique therfore my rate will vary depending on the job type. There are a few samples below. If you have any questions at all do not hesitate to ask.
Would love to hear from you. Click the contact button above to get in touch.
Gear highlights
- Behringer x-32
- Protools
- Logic X
Genres I specialize in
Terms of Service
All jobs require half of the final dollar amount upfront on day of gig no exceptions sorry


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Guardian™ - Facts and Figures
15 September 2016
Using Polymer Banknotes
What are polymer banknotes?
- Polymer banknotes use a polymer substrate on which to print the normal offset and intaglio print layers the public sees on any banknote
- Guardian™ accounts for more than 99% of polymer banknotes found in the market today
- There are more than 20 Billion Guardian™ notes currently in circulation
- Nearly 50 Billion Guardian™ notes have been printed since they were first introduced to the market in 1988
- Guardian consists of three major elements: the base film called Clarity™C; the opacified print layers that enable offset and intaglio inks to adhere to the substrate; and security features that are either printed or embedded in the 75µ deep substrate
- Guardian™ notes offer benefits to Central Banks and the public that paper substrate cannot offer
How are polymer notes made?
- The polymer is created using a unique "bubble" process in which a four storey-high chamber, gravity and air are used to create the base film (click on the image below to enlarge)
- This base film is called bi-axially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and is used exclusively for the creation of Guardian™ substrate, which combines the base film with opacification print layers and security features that are both embedded and printed
- Clarity™C — and therefore Guardian™ — can be verified as authentic using a Verus™ detector
The basics of a Guardian™ note in cross-section
Why do Central Banks switch to polymer banknotes?
- Central Banks are extremely well considered before they change the substrate of their national currency
- Many study the use of Guardian™ in other countries and when convinced of the benefits, will start the process by testing the use of Guardian™ on one or two denominations
- The benefits are extremely compelling and include dramatically reducing counterfeits in circulation, saving many millions of dollars in taxpayer funds due to their greater durability, being more hygienic and environmentally friendly, and helping Central Banks make the management of their banknote supply more efficient
How many countries use Guardian™?
- Guardian™ is currently used in 24 countries worldwide including:
- Australia since 1988
- Mexico since 2002
- Canada since 2010
- United Kingdom since 2016
- Read the complete list of all countries that have issued Guardian™ here
How are polymer notes different from paper?
- As a three-dimensional transparent substrate, research worldwide consistently indicates that the public find Guardian™ notes visually engaging due to the clear window and the vibrant and intricate designs that are possible
- Guardian™ notes have a smoother feel than paper - printing works will often use intaglio (ie, raised) print layers to give Guardian™ notes their tactility
Do new notes stick together?
- Yes, when paper or polymer notes are brand new, they can sometimes stick together at first
- As the notes circulate this stops happening
- Before counting a stack of new notes, separate them by fanning, tapping, shuffling or snapping them
Can these notes be used in ATMs?
- Yes - there are many countries around the world that use polymer banknotes in ATMs
- Commercial banks and cash handling organizations report that polymer is much cleaner and easier to work with than paper
- Paper notes shed fibres inside ATMs that builds up and requires regular maintenance
What benefits does polymer offer over paper?
- Guardian™ notes offer the following benefits:
- Durable — by lasting 3 to 5 times longer than paper which means we produce less notes overall.
- Waterproof — Whether it's saltwater, freshwater or in the washing machine, polymer notes remain useable.
- Secure — these notes allow us to stay ahead of counterfeiting through the use of leading edge security features — if we use polymer for higher denominations this will be a major benefit
- Clean and Green — polymer notes are proven to carry less bacteria than paper and are also to proven to be far more environmentally friendly than paper
Do they last longer than paper?
- Yes, polymer notes have been used worldwide for the last 28 years and are proven to last at least 3 to 5 times longer than paper
Can Guardian™ notes be recycled?
- Yes, once the notes become worn or damaged, Banks are able to recycle the notes
Can I clean them off if they get dirty?
- Yes, they are resistant to dirt and oil and can be cleaned with a damp cloth
Can I fold or crease my notes?
- Whether paper or polymer, it is better to keep your notes flat, not folded
- To help them last longer, avoid creasing or crumpling them
- When the user comes across crumpled or creased notes, it is recommended they flatten them by applying pressure or by curling them with one's hand
- Do not staple the notes together, as this may cause them to tear
What should I do if they get a tear?
- While polymer notes are very durable and it is hard to start a tear in them, they can tear quickly if they are nicked
- Torn notes can be mended with tape and used again
Checking Your Polymer Banknotes
Do I need to check my own money?
- Even when a Bank introduces one of the most sophisticated and secure banknote substrate technologies to the market, every individual is still responsible for protecting themselves from professional banknote counterfeiters
Is it easy to check the banknotes myself?
- Guardian™ banknotes include innovative and easy to recognise security features that can be seen from both sides of the banknote
- The notes are specifically designed to be easy to authenticate but extremely difficult to replicate
What impact does Guardian™ have on counterfeiting once introduced to a monetary supply?
- Due to the significant technical hurdle that Guardian™ presents to casual and semi-professional counterfeiters, counterfeiting rates drop by at least 90% when first introduced to a monetary system
- Professional counterfeiting operations remain a threat which requires the collective efforts of Guardian™, law enforcement, printers, suppliers, and the Central Bank
- Educating the public on how to quickly authenticate a genuine banknote is also an important ingredient
- Other key elements of successfully staying ahead of professional counterfeiters include:
- Ensuring the note has adequate security through embedded security features, security inks, and integrated design
- Introducing an upgraded generation of each denomination every 6 to 8 years
- Working with law enforcement to quickly identify the source of counterfeit material in a city
How do rates of counterfeiting compare between paper and Guardian™?
- Across every market in which Guardian™ has replaced paper, the rates of counterfeiting are significantly lower, often in the order of at least 80-90% lower
- The counterfeits that are detected in a monetary system using Guardian™ are usually poor quality and easily identifiable as a fake note
- Design on Guardian™ is focused on enabling the public to quickly authenticate each note as they receive it – which is the best defense against an individual suffering the pain of being caught with a counterfeit, which is worthless and cannot be redeemed
How do Central Banks fight counterfeiting?
- The Banks fight counterfeiting by:
- Researching, developing, and issuing new banknotes with more advanced security features
- Offering free training to people who use cash regularly (like retailers and tellers) so they can identify and report counterfeit banknotes before they enter the cash supply
- Supporting law-enforcement agencies in their efforts to investigate and prosecute this crime
- Ensuring that banknotes in circulation are of good quality


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Quick FYI for those unfamiliar with blog carnivals and who wonder about this terminology, the term refers to collections of related blog posts. Check out blogcarnival.com for more information.
I'm now on Twitter as Abyss2hope so if you Twitter please follow me and then let me know you arrived from this blog through the @ reply or DM.
Thank you to everyone who nominated a post or who wrote a post against sexual violence whether it was nominated/selected or not. Nominations that came in after the nomination deadline will be considered for the next edition of the carnival.
If you support the purpose of the carnival, you can help get the word out about it and all of the posts included in the carnival.
Here are the selections for this edition of the carnival against sexual violence:
In He walks the wooded trail, she walks the well-lit road posted at Stop Street Harassment!, we get a discussion about how often gender-based violence negatively influences the choices of women who haven't been personally victimized.
In Sexuality and Gender Law Clinic Supports "No-Condoms-as-Evidence-of–Prostitution" Bill posted at Gender & Sexuality Law Blog, we get a discussion about the often conflicting goals of wanting to collect DNA evidence and wanting to reduce sexually transmitted diseases.
In U.S. Sailor Acquitted of Rape, Despite Admission of Physical Force posted at The Curvature, we get a discussion about how bigoted attitudes trump evidence.
In Judge Advocate?: Court Of Appeals Of Ohio Finds Judge Didn't Abuse Discretion By Asking 89 Questions To Witness In Domestic Violence Trial posted at EvidenceProf Blog, we get a discussion of a case where the defense attorney wanted a conviction overturned because of the number of questions the judge asked the victim in the case.
In NJ Parole Board Finds Sex Offender Polygraph Testing Effective posted at Sex Crimes, we get a discussion of post-conviction testing.
In Should Lawyers Be Banned From Having Sex With Their Clients? posted at Above the Law, we get a discussion about the balance between wanting to ensure ethical behavior and confidentiality issues.
media watch
In Rape Kit Backlog and Systemic Problems In Rape Investigations posted at abyss2hope: A rape survivor's zigzag journey into the open, I discuss the CBS news report about the current state of rape investigations in the US.
In Hey You "Pussies" Pretend To Hit "B*tches" And Become A "Gangsta" While You Learn About Violence Against Women posted at Feminist Peace Network, we get a discussion of a Danish awareness campaign which encourages virtual violence against a woman in an effort to discourage violence against women as being cool.
In Dispatch Series on Domestic Violence is Excellent posted at The Madrigal Maniac, we get a discussion of reporting on the fear, pain, and obstacles to justice that victims of domestic violence face.
personal stories
In I am Strong but Fragile - What Rape Does to Your Life posted at A Place to Talk about Rape, we get a discussion about how feeling unsafe as a child, being molested and raped and raped again as a teen, can lead to issues as an adult.
In Gun To My Temple posted at Always Musing, we get a survivor's recounting of how her sister's boyfriend exploited her fear in various ways prior to rape.
In Edge of Destruction posted at rmott62, we get a discussion of how an external victory can be followed by internal turmoil.
raising awareness
In Stats about sexual violence in college against women posted at Tufts University Survivors of Rape, we get important information for those in college and for those who will being going to college.
In RCASA Friday Facts: Sexual Harassment? A Guide for Teens posted at Rappahannock Council Against Sexual Assault Blog, we get a discussion about the difference between flirting and sexual harassment and what teens can do if they are being harassed.
In Fundamental Conflict Between Rape As Crime Second Only To Murder And Proceeding When Other Person's Willingness Not Certain posted at abyss2hope: A rape survivor's zigzag journey into the open, I discuss how disclaimers are meaningless when people tolerate actions which are not genuinely consensual.
In Violence Unsilenced: Trauma and Bearing Witness posted at Dr. Kathleen Young: Treating Trauma in Chicago, we get a discussion of a site which allows survivors to gain connections and find ways to break their silence.
In Homelessness and Sexual Assault posted at abyss2hope: A rape survivor's zigzag journey into the open, I discuss Australian research on how sexual violence prior to or during homelessness require a trauma-informed approach to services for the homeless.
In Meet The Predators: But Which Ones? posted at The Curvature, we get a discussion of how the surveys asking men about their sexual violence misses some men who have been sexually violent because of the limited scope of the actions measured.
In Predator Redux posted at Yes Means Yes Blog, we get a detailed discussion of research on sexually violent men done by professor David Lisak.
That concludes this edition of the carnival against sexual violence. Thank you for taking the time to visit this carnival and thank you to the authors of all the posts included in this edition.
To nominate a post (your own or someone else's) to the next edition of carnival against sexual violence, use the carnival submission form. If you have any problem with the form, please let me know so your submission can be considered for the next edition.
Links to everything related to the carnival can be found on the blog dedicated to this carnival, http://carnivalagainstsexualviolence.blogspot.com/
Marcella Chester
Technorati tags: carnival against sexual violence blog carnival rape crime politics sexual assault feminism sex
Labels: carnival


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World Cafe Live Philadelphia Presents
Highway 41: Celebrating the Music of the Allman Brothers Band
New Road Band
World Cafe Live Philadelphia - Upstairs
3025 Walnut Street
Philadelphia, PA, 19104
Doors 8:00 PM / Show 9:00 PM
This event is all ages
Watch & Listen
Highway 41: Celebrating the Music of the Allman Brothers Band
Highway 41 celebrates the legendary concert experience of an original Allman Brothers Band show. Since 2008, the 7-piece New Jersey band's shows have focused primarily on the Allman Brothers' vintage 1969-1973 material and may include performance of the entire Live at the Fillmore East or Eat a Peach records. Gaining new fans at every show, the band's powerful performances and easy audience rapport are creating a buzz amongst Delaware Valley musicians and listeners. Combining the country rock, blues, instrumental jazz, and symphonic acid rock of one of America's greatest band of the past 40 years, Highway 41 gets the crowd shouting, shuffling, dancing!
Join Highway 41 for a special pre-Cinco de Mayo dance bash featuring some new surprise numbers. Sombreros suggested but not required.
$10 + Processing Fees
All Upstairs tickets are General Admission. Dining is available at World Cafe Live. Reservations are accepted for Upstairs Live, our full service restaurant; we recommend scheduling a reservation time 1½ to 2 hours before show time. For more information and to see menus, please read the Restaurant Info and Dining FAQ.
WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE SEATS are located on all seated levels of this theatre. For more information, please contact us at email@example.com or call 215-222-1400.
Upcoming Events
World Cafe Live Philadelphia - Upstairs
Thu, July 27
SoundGirls.Org Live Sound Camp for Girls
Fri, July 28
SoundGirls.Org Live Sound Camp for Girls
Fri, July 28
The Bushwick Hotel
Sat, July 29
Don McAvoy & The Great Whatever / Germany Hill
Mon, July 31
beta hi-fi Emerging Music Festival 2017