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NEGOTIATING TRADITION, MODERNITY AND IDENTITY IN CONSUMER SPACE: A STUDY OF A SHOPPING MALL AND REVIVED COFFEEHOUSE. Bilkent University ASLI TOKMAN
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1 NEGOTIATING TRADITION, MODERNITY AND IDENTITY IN CONSUMER SPACE: A STUDY OF A SHOPPING MALL AND REVIVED COFFEEHOUSE The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ASLI TOKMAN In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION in THE DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2001
2 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Business Administration. Assist. Prof. Dr. Fabian Faurholt Csaba Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Business Administration. Assist. Prof. Dr. Ozlem Sandikci Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Business Administration. Assist. Prof. Dr. Feyzan Erkip Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Kursat Aydogan Director ii
3 ABSTRACT NEGOTIATING TRADITION, MODERNITY AND IDENTITY IN CONSUMER SPACE: A STUDY OF A SHOPPING MALL AND REVIVED COFFEEHOUSE Tokman, Aslı Msc., Department of Management Supervisor: Dr. Fabian Faurholt Csaba September 2001 This thesis explores the meanings consumers give to consuming two social, commercial, and cultural spaces that have predecessors in the Ottomans and that recently have become very popular among young urban modern consumers: the shopping mall and the revived coffeehouse. The predecessors of these two spaces are the covered bazaars and the coffeehouses and the history of these spaces have also been investigated to be able to refer on aspects of traditions and modernity that could be revealed in the research. The ethnographical research on young urban and modern consumers of Akmerkez shopping mall and Misir revived nargile coffeehouse has revealed the meanings consumers give to consuming both traditions and modernity in these spaces. Keywords: Consumption, Consumption Spaces, Traditions, Modernity, Shopping Malls, Kapalicarsi, Coffeehouses, Revived Coffeehouses iii
4 ÖZET TÜKETİCİ MEKANINDA GELENEK, MODERNİTE VE KİMLİKLERİN ELE ALINIŞI: BİR ALIŞVERİŞ MERKEZİ VE YENİDEN CANLANDIRILMIŞ KAHVEHANE ÜZERİNE ÇALIŞMA Tokman, Aslı Master, İşletme Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Fabian Faurholt Csaba Eylül 2001 Bu tezde son yıllarda bilhassa genç, şehirli ve modern tüketiciler arasında çok popüler olmaya başlayan ancak aynı zamanda da Osmanlı kültüründe başarılı örnekleri bulunan iki sosyal, ticari, ve kültürel alanın; alışveriş merkezleri ve kahvehanelerin (yeniden canlandırılmış) tüketimine verilen anlamlar bulunmaya çalışılmıştır. Tüketiciler ve pazarlamacılarla yapılan etnografik araştırmanın bulgularını gelenek ve modernite açısından ele alabilmek için, öncelikle bu iki alanın geçmişteki örnekleri olarak Kapalıçarşı ve kahvehaneler incelenmiştir. Etnografik araştırma sonucunda bu tüketicilerin her iki alanda yaptıkları tüketimden çıkardıkları anlamlar bulunmuş ve bu alanlarda hem geleneklerin hem de modernitelerin tüketilebildiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tüketim, Tüketim Mekanları, Gelenekler, Modernite, Alışveriş Merkezleri, Kapalıcarşı, Kahvehaneler, Yeniden Canlandırılmış Kahvehaneler iv
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Fabian Faurholt Csaba for his great help and patience during the whole process of writing this thesis as well as to Dr. Ozlem Sandikci and Dr. Feyzan Erkip for their valuable insights and advices. I also acknowledge here, the great inspiration and guidance Prof. Dr. Guliz Ger has given me from the very beginning. The research owes great gratitude to the management of Mısır Ev Yemekleri, namely Mr. Bulent Yergin, Mr. Tayfun Karahoda and Mr. Umut Saltık and to the managers of Akmerkez Ucgen Bakım Hizmetleri namely, Ms. Zeynep Akdilli and Ms. Ulker Melek, not to mention all of my informants in both research sites. I would also like to mention that it would have been much harder without the generous help of dear Cengiz Cilengiroglu, Kerem Beygo and Eminegul Karababa, who have always been there for me with their never-ending love and support. Lastly I would like to express my gratitude to my dear family to have encouraged me and given all the love and support through the way. v
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...iii OZET...iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...v TABLE OF CONTENTS...vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...1 CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF COFFEEHOUSES AND COMMERCIAL SPACES...5 II.1. History of the Coffeehouse in Istanbul...6 II.1.1. The Social Significance of Coffeehouses...7 II.1.2. Modernisation of the Coffeehouse...11 II.2. History of the Kapalicarsi and Other Commercial Spaces...17 II.2.1. Kapalicarsi...18 II.2.2. Effects of Modernisation on Kapalicarsi...24 II.2.3. The Kapalicarsi and Other Commercial Spaces during the Republic...25 CHAPTER III. TRADITIONS AND MODERNITY...27 III.1. The Turkish Modernity and Modern Consumer Culture...28 III.2. Tradition...33 III.3. Detraditionalization versus Coexistence of Modernity and Traditions...35 III.4. Consuming Traditions...41 CHAPTER IV. SPACES OF CONSUMPTION AND CONSUMPTION OF SOCIAL SPACES...47 IV.1. Consuming Social Distinctions in Spaces of Consumption...50 IV.2. Consuming Identities in Spaces of Consumption...52 IV.3. Producing and Consuming Meanings in Spaces of Consumption...59 vi
7 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER V. THE RESEARCH...65 V.1. Methodology...65 V.2. Methods...67 V.2.1. Participant Observations and In-depth Interviews...68 V Informants...71 V Sites...73 V.2.2 Non-participant Observations and Visuals...78 V.3. Analysis and Interpretation...79 V.3.1. Misir Ev Yemekleri: From Promoting the Turkish Pizza to the Revived Coffeehouse...79 V.3.2. Displaced Meanings Replaced: The Meanings of Consumption in Coffeehouses...83 V.3.3. Producing and Communicating The Award Winning Akmerkez 102 V.3.4. Consuming and Decoding Akmerkez CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION VI.1. Modernity and Traditions Coexisting in Consumption VI.2. Concluding remarks BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES APPENDIX I Misir Informants APPENDIX 2 Akmerkez Informants APPENDIX 3 Visuals vii
8 CHAPTER I I.INTRODUCTION This thesis is about how meanings are produced, negotiated and consumed by both marketers and consumers of social consumption spaces. The findings of the research reveal what meanings consumers give to consuming spaces and exhibit to which extent marketers can influence consumption practices. Another contribution of this study is to the coexistence debate on modernity and traditions. The research findings suggest that traditions and modernity can co-exist in consumption spaces and practices. Less than two or three years ago, nargile (water-pipe) coffeehouses started becoming very popular among modern young and western consumers, especially in Istanbul. The trend became so popular among these urbanites that 5 star hotels started offering their domestic customers nargile in staged Oriental spaces. This re-emergence seems to be signalling a change in consumption practices even if it is on a small scale and apparent in particular product categories. Similar examples of a return to Turkish cultural goods and artefacts can be observed. The new popularity of nargile has followed a resurgence in the popularity of Turkish folk and classical music, Turkish belly dancing and Turkish meyhane (tavern) style entertainment among the young modern urbanites. These trends all seem to have appeared during the late 1990 s. In 1
9 the same period, the shopping practices of urban Turkish consumers have been greatly affected by the emergence of the shopping mall, which, to a large degree, has replaced street shopping with visits to covered, luxurious and pompous malls. This thesis explores the revived coffeehouse and the modern shopping mall, which have become very popular commercial and social institutions for young modern Turkish consumers. Both spaces have traditional and historical predecessors in the Ottoman past. The shopping mall might be thought of as a modern simulation of the covered bazaars (Kapalicarsi) although it represents modernity, Westernization and development in the Turkish context. The nargile coffeehouse in fact has its very roots from the much-celebrated Ottoman coffeehouse (kahve) and the revived coffeehouse draws from this traditional and Oriental source. The study is built upon two examples of these consumption spaces in contemporary Turkey: Akmerkez Shopping Mall in Istanbul and Misir Home Food Restaurant (which has become very popular for it s nargile coffeehouse type of service) in Ankara. The marketers of the spaces draw from very different realms: one from the US and the modern, the latter from the Ottoman and the traditional. The aim of the study is to understand how consumers consume the two spaces, what meanings they draw from and negotiate in these two modern (and Western) forms of traditional consumption spaces. Since social spaces can be regarded as media expressing modernity, traditions, identities and social distinctions through consumption practices, the study can shed further light on the tensions contemporary urban Turkish consumers deal with. The study will thus contribute to understand the 2
10 context in which the modern Turkish consumer chooses, consumes and gives meaning to particular consumption practices and social spaces, while producing, negotiating and expressing personal, social and cultural identities. Chapter II gives a description of the history of coffeehouses and commercial spaces, specifically the Kapalicarsi in the Ottomans. The aim of this historical investigation from secondary sources is to be able to understand the historical context and the cultural significance of the two spaces of consumption. The history of the Kapalicarsi has been given particular attention since it is the most famous and influential bazaar of the Ottomans still operating today. This year it is celebrating its 540 th anniversary. The historical investigation will not only describe the social and commercial aspects of Kapalicarsi but also briefly describe the effects of Westernisation movements of both the Ottomans and the Republic of Turkey on the formation and transformation of shopping spaces. A historical account of the coffeehouses of the Ottomans follows, once again depicting the transformations they have gone through to the present day. The theoretical issues of the study involve diverse topics, namely; consumption, traditions, modernity and social spaces. Chapter III, first describes the transformations that the Turkish society went through during the reforms of the establishment of the Republic. Later on, the Chapter describes the changes in consumption patterns during the economic liberalisation of the 1980s until today. This description is further followed by a discussion on traditions, modernity and the stances on their co-existence. The last section of this chapter details the theoretical 3
11 discussions on how today we can maintain senses and simulations of traditions through consumption practices. Chapter IV discusses how social spaces become spaces consumed and spaces for consumption. In social spaces of consumption, we consume not only goods and services, but also sociality, the ambience and, in a more abstract sense, consumer ideologies. The chapter describes how consumers can also express social distinctions, construct, negotiate and communicate identities and produce meanings of their consumption practices in these spaces. Chapter V explains the study on the modern shopping mall and revived coffeehouse to identify how marketers produce meanings and communicate them to the consumers and how, in return, consumers decode these messages and negotiate and produce their own meanings and consumption practices. The method applied in this study is a qualitative approach to studying consumption and marketing. An ethnography of marketing and market-oriented ethnography (Arnould and Wallendorf, 1994) has been employed as methods of investigation of the two social spaces and the marketers as well as the consumers. The meanings given to these experiences of living the modern, Western as well as the traditional, and the Oriental can shed light to how the consumers today negotiate identities, traditions, modernity and culture through their consumption. The last chapter discusses the implications of the research and analysis. 4
12 CHAPTER II II. HISTORY OF COFFEEHOUSES AND COMMERCIAL SPACES The cultural biography of a space can be examined by considering the space as a culturally constructed entity, endowed with culturally specific meanings and classified and reclassified into culturally constituted categories (Kopytoff, 1986: 68). Spaces carry meanings dependent on their perceived and accumulated histories and cultural biographies often in the form of myths as well as personal stories in the minds of the consumers. To be able to analyse the consumption in and of both the shopping mall and the revived coffeehouse and interpret meanings given to consuming these two spaces, there is first a need to describe the histories of the two social consumption spaces in the Turkish context. The historical investigation presented in this chapter, not only describes the social and commercial aspects of the spaces but also the effects of Westernisation movements of both the Ottomans and the Republic of Turkey. 5
13 II.1.History of the Coffeehouse in Istanbul Before Istanbul, the coffeehouse experienced great popularity in Cairo in the early 16 th century especially among the medrese students and middle class inhabitants of the city (Isin, 2001:16). After Sultan Selim I got hold of Cairo in 1517, Istanbul soon started being influenced by the culture of this metropolis. The history of the Turkish coffeehouse in the Ottoman capital is said to have started when two merchants called Hakem from Alleppo and Sems from Damascus introduced the first of these establishments in Tahtakale, a business district of Istanbul in (Isin, 2001; Evren, 1996). Coffeehouses as new social spaces were not uniform and proliferated in great variety to suit the tastes of different social classes, ethnic and religious minorities, professions and styles. Specialised according to customer profiles: esnaf (tradesmen), yeniceri (Janissary soldiers), semai (music), tiryaki (addict), meddah (storyteller), asik (folk poet), esrarkes (drug users) and imaret (hospice) and mahalle (neighbourhood) coffeehouses emerged (Evren, 1996). Isin (2001:31) on the other hand, divides the coffeehouses into two broad categories: the neighbourhood coffeehouse and the guild coffeehouse. The minority or ethnic coffeehouses (Georgeon, 1999:55) in the late 19 th century, were places where immigrants from Caucasia, Balkans, Russia, Iran, Kazan and Kirim as well as the ethnic and religious minorities of Istanbul like the Armenians, Christians and Jewish could gather. 6
14 II.1.1. The Social Significance of Coffeehouses Before the great proliferation of coffeehouses in Istanbul, the primary social spaces have been claimed merely to be the house, the shop and the mosque of the 16 th Century Ottoman city (Evren, 1996). Desmet-Gregoire (1999) mentions that coffeehouses were initially located next to the mosque and this was very important for the acceptance and approval of the new tradition. According to Sevengil (1985), the great demand and interest for coffee and coffeehouses had been a consequence of the strict prohibitions implemented on alcohol consumption and meyhane s (tavern) often owned by non-muslims. The existence of coffeehouses provided the Muslim population with another place to gather in the social space. Another explanation of the fast proliferation of the coffeehouse in the Ottoman capital is attributed to the structure of the homes which in turn calls the coffeehouse an extension of the house providing men a space for socialisation, communication, entertainment and pleasure (Georgeon, 1999). Many homes would lack a selamlik (men s quarter) - except for the affluent homes- and when visitors arrived since men and women could not sit together, women would stay at home and men would have to go out. Another consequence of such a gender division in the home thus required men to have another public space besides the mosque and the shops. Men would attend coffeehouses with their home garment entaris and behave in these public spaces as in the convenience and comfort of their homes. The coffeehouse of the Ottomans has been a space and medium for male socialisation (Desmet-Gregoire, 1999:20). Women on the other hand were mostly excluded from the public life until the middle of the 19 th century, but had the hamam as the primary public space for socialisation 7
15 (Kilic, 199: 360). They could also go to cemeteries (to picnic there as well as for visits), their parents homes, less frequently shop or just wander around but always in the presence of servants, other women or children. It is almost clear that the coffeehouse was a strictly male dominated space and women could not enter. The coffeehouse and especially coffee had religious associations when it first entered Istanbul since this consumption practice had first started among the Muslims in Mecca and was greatly popular among the dervishes and followers of religious sects before it trickled down to the public (Isin, 2001). Surprisingly, during the course of the popularity of the coffeehouses, many times religious excuses were used to cover up for the actual reason to ban coffeehouses; which was the political threat encountered due to the nature of being spaces of communication and socialisation among the public. The greatest prohibition on coffeehouses, coffee and tobacco consumption was during Murad IV s reign. During this ban alternative spaces started proliferating for gathering. Thus, in fact the tradition never really ceased during the prohibition and as soon as the Sultan died it lost its effect. Still, the ban was replaced by continuous surveillance of coffeehouses so as to avoid political dangers and threats evolving in these spaces (Isin, 2001: 29). Besides the political threat that resulted due to the medium provided for political talk and debate in the coffeehouse, there was also a religious threat. The religious figures quickly realised the declining power of the once most powerful social integrator, communicator, controller and motivator the mosque (Hattox, 1988). Saracgil (1999:35) describes the socialisation process in the coffeehouse, where social differences are abandoned for a time and anyone could join the company of 8
16 anyone else without permission or invitation. She also refers to the disturbance created by the disappearance of the social distinctions in the coffeehouse. The popularity was so high within all classes of the society that the ulema (scholars) started claiming that coffeehouses were centres of sinful activity and that it would be even better to go to a meyhane (Saracgil, 1999:35). Yet Hattox (1988: 94) refutes this homogeneity claim and states: From the assumption that all classes went to coffeehouses it does not of necessity follow that all social classes went to the same coffeehouse, or that the coffeehouse was in any way a place where social betters and inferiors mingled, where urbanites from different quarters associated. Chess and backgammon were the popular games of the 16 th and 17 th century in neighbourhood coffeehouses as well as reading (Georgeon, 1999; Isin, 2001). Especially in the last decades of the 19 th century, the Kiraathane (reading house) entered the coffeehouse scene in Istanbul and gained popularity. Besides these social functions, the coffeehouse served to warm up its clientele in the winter with its stove in the middle of the room. The coffeehouse was clearly visible from the street where people could see and be seen (Isin, 2001). Inside the coffeehouse one corner was reserved for the hearth the coffee was prepared and opposite it the bassedir that distinguished ones would be seated to generate the cultural output of the coffeehouse (Isin, 2001:32). At the beginning of the 19 th century in the neighbourhood coffeehouses tallies were kept on the walls for the regulars whereas the non-regulars would have to pay their bills in cash (Georgeon, 1999:47). In the rural coffeehouses on the other hand, payment was done once a year in total at harvest time. The coffeehouses would open in the morning, be full only in the afternoon and wouldn t get empty before the night 9
17 prayer. Referring to the account of a traveller, Georgeon (1999) states that as a customer enters and sits down, the waiter brings a nargile, a cup of coffee and a glass of water without taking orders from the customer. Not only coffee but sweet beverages, lemonade, syrup, brewed drinks as well as candies, Turkish delight and jams were served (Georgeon, 1999: 47; Isin, 2001). Besides, for the enthusiasts, nargile would be present in coffeehouses. According to a variety of sources, nargile originated first either in India or Iran and its history in Istanbul started during the reign of Murad IV between (Bozyigit, 1994; Evren, 1996). The real nargile addicts followed a ritual in the coffeehouse as Bozyigit (1994) describes: starting by cleaning the glass or crystal pot to lighting the nargile all by the smoker himself in the coffeehouse instead of the waiters. Adjusting the coal on the tobacco with a pincer is a pleasure for the nargile smoker according to Bozyigit. The best performance can be attained from oak coal and the rule is to sit at a corner while smoking. The waiter serving the nargile, is metaphorically called Ayse, to represent the good quality of service a woman can handle. These rules of the nargile add up to a very popular saying: masa (pincer), mese (oak), kose (corner), ayse. Manners prohibited to light a cigarette from the nargile since it would ruin the coal that burns the tobacco (Evren, 1996). Since cigarettes had become popular among the Turks during the First World War this should be a more recent code of behaviour. The nargile was popular among women as well (Evren, 1996), but almost all sources have shown women smoking nargile at home or the hamam. Tea, on the other hand, became a new popular drink with the Iranians and Shiite Azerbaijanis and especially the Russian and Balkanese refugees moving to Istanbul during the last decades of the 19 th century, bringing with them the 10
18 semaver (samovar) brewing method (Georgeon, 1999:57). These minorities opened their own tea houses and gardens around the city, making popular a new ritual, the 5 o clock tea, among the more genteel of its inhabitants. Georgeon (1999) stresses the reason for the widespread popularity of tea across the whole city due to its relative cheapness compared to coffee (a cup of tea was worth only one fourth of the price of a cup of coffee). He claims that the reputation of the new tea houses and gardens resembling coffeehouses were in fact better than that of the coffeehouses. But, he (Georgeon, 1999: 58) still mentions that tea couldn t even threaten the status of coffee in the Empire, claiming that coffee was the only national thing within the whole Empire. II.1.2. Modernisation of the Coffeehouse In the light of all historical accounts of coffee-houses in the Ottoman society mentioned above, these spaces can be seen as realms of male social life, gathering, integration and last but not least the most intensive environment for and facilitator of interaction and communication. Yet the modernisation efforts also influenced the lives of the coffeehouses which represented the way of life of the Ottomans. From the early years of the 20 th century until today, Istanbul continues to inhabit a great variety of coffeehouses from neighbourhood and countryside coffeehouses to those resembling the Parisian and Viennese cafes (Georgeon, 1999). Isin (2001:33) claims that the court driven modernisation efforts of the Ottomans were resisted especially in coffeehouses representing the guildsman s ideology shaped by the middle class values of the city inhabitants. The importance of the guild coffeehouse comes from 11
19 the fact that all business related issues and economic discussions were held in these spaces attended by merchants and craftsmen. Georgeon (1999) describes the transformation of the coffeehouses in decoration stating that during the 19 th century tables and chairs and stools took place of sedir s (sofa) and kerevet s (couch). The new easily mobile furniture further enabled the coffeehouse to extend to the street and they could also be adjusted for audiences for dramas and shows held in the coffeehouses. Now the clientele of the coffeehouse also had direct visual access to the street, could watch what was going on outside, especially upon passerbys and women in veils. The inner decoration changed. Landscape portraits or pictures of celebrities like statesmen, Sultans and admired wrestlers replaced religious objects, pictures and scriptures. Georgeon (1999) states that during the Republic, photographs of heroes of the Independence War would replace these pictures. During the reformations in the Ottoman Empire, the types of coffeehouses also changed. Music started becoming popular as well as folk poetry in coffeehouses. Evren (1996) informs that alafranga music had entered the semai coffeehouses during the last decades of the 19 th century. Especially after the Crimean War, European cafes started entering the domain of the coffeehouses in Istanbul, all situated in non-muslim neighbourhoods especially in Istiklal Caddesi. Georgeon (1999) states that these new cafes also influenced the traditional coffeehouse in decoration, style and services. The café earned its popularity especially due to its modern image first experienced by those Young Turks that could see the Western counterparts of the coffeehouses in European capitals. The women waiters, singers, the clean fresh air, well illumination, the spaciousness, the glamorous service 12
20 was compared to the relatively poor service and less staged atmosphere of the coffeehouse by the times intellectuals. Georgeon (1999:60) questions the gender discrimination of the coffeehouses especially during the beginning of the 20 th century. He refers to an Egyptian feminist visiting Istanbul in 1905 claiming that women could also meet at coffeehouses, but Georgeon cautiously states that most probably these coffeehouses were very special ones at the Bosphorus, if not those for the non-muslims at Pera, Galata or Bosphorus. He states that in the early years of the Republic, there was an instance when women attempted to go to coffeehouses, but this was made fun of and criticised due to codes of behaviour (Georgeon, 1999:60). Although women were very much entering the public domain starting from the early years of the Republic, they have been and still are excluded from the remains of the tradition such as those of neighbourhood coffee-houses. Moreover, the affluent, modern urbans were excluded (at least voluntarily) from this traditional space although there could be exceptions. Georgeon (1999: 67) states: in the early years of the Republic, the satire masters who wanted to depict the conservative and reactionary supporters would draw them in old coffeehouses smoking nargile or pipe while cursing and swearing about the Republic. Meanwhile, the link between the neighbourhood coffeehouses and the mosque had an effect on the image of the new café, making it a symbol of modernity. It could be expected that the economic, social and cultural reforms of the Republic could change the dominance of the coffeehouse tradition since these reforms altered completely the identity of a whole nation from an Oriental one to a Western one. The creation of a nation state required smoothing out the ethnic and religious differences, 13
21 by claiming homogeneity within the identity of the society. Georgeon (1999:55) claims that during the early years of the Republic, Turkish nationalists denied the existence of ethnic establishments such as ethnic coffeehouses. Although ethnic coffeehouses were not welcomed during the establishment of the Republic by some groups as mentioned above, according to Deaver (1995), after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the number of different varieties of coffeehouses did not change that much. The coffeehouse tradition still remained in other diverse forms such as hotel, inn, imaret (hospice), kiraathane (means reading house whereas it is usually called for the neighbourhood coffeehouse), workers and village coffeehouses. Although in practice the tradition prevailed, the people who continued and dominated it s presence is a doubt. Another observation is that, as a great cultural production space of the Ottomans, the coffeehouse had lost its appeal during the Republic period since now the universities, halkevleri (public-houses) had taken its place (Georgeon, 1999:80). Besides, the gender discrimination that started disappearing in public life as well as private life at home enabled men and women gather in the same spaces, adding to this decline in popularity. These two points on the continuity of the coffeehouse tradition may seem contradictory at first glance. But, taking into account the transformations in lifestyles of different social classes due to the Westernisation project held by the Republic, these two observations may become relevant in and of themselves. Many of the forms of coffeehouses changed or disappeared and transformed into other types of social spaces and different forms emerged like the gazino, the patisserie, the hotel cafes, the kahvehanes, all for different social classes. Even today, there are so many varieties of coffeehouses one can see in just one avenue or street in central Ankara. For example, in Kizilay one can find a café-bufe, café-pastane, kahve-bilardo salonu, aile cay salonu, 14
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text:
Land – for living, Sale, Bratislava - Ružinov, Slovakia
590.000,00 €
Land – for living, Sale, Bratislava - Ružinov, Num. ZR-944
STP sell for housing. The plot is a building with 2 NP.K land where the building is the preparation of project documentation for planning permit for the construction of apartments, designed in the form of extensions to the existing budovu.Ide 4th floor of a total of 2,062 square meters of usable area and the creation of 51 parking spaces. 1 and are designed 2izbový apartments.
more information
Listing summary
3308 m²
Real Estate Agency 65 offers
Space reality
Levárska č.1
Bratislava 84104
+421 905 434 616
Real Estate Agent 67 offers
Marek Urbanovský
+421 905 434 616
Your Listing seems interesting, please contact me.
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text:
Busy Cooking
Created November 2015
Compiled by
Tammy Todd
I love to take a whole day and just cook. It becomes the best day ever!
Oct 2015
Get Your Copy!
Order a professionally printed, perfect bound cookbook with a full color glossy cover and 50 recipes.
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text: Inside Movies, Horror Add review 0 Love It Save it 0 Add review 0 Love It Save it About Details Users say About The content on this page is provided by a Time Out partner. A scissor-wielding psychopath terrorizes a pregnant widow . Details Release details Rated: R Duration: 81 mins Cast and crew Users say Share Tweet


text: Anritsu unveils base station simulator for evaluating LTE-A devices08 Jul 2016 12:54 PM Signalling tester MD8475B supports both 4CC carrier aggregation and 2x2 MIMO technologiesAnritsu has introduced the Signalling Tester MD8475B for verifying the performance of user equipment (UE) using cellular communication standards, including the latest LTE-Advanced specifications from 3GPP.The widespread use of high-function mobile terminals such as smartphones is driving an explosive increase in data traffic volumes. The latest LTE-Advanced technology, offering faster download speed than its LTE predecessor, is being deployed increasingly worldwide to cope with higher data traffic volumes.The key technologies in achieving these faster speeds are carrier aggregation (CA), which aggregates several component carriers together, and MIMO, which uses multiple input and output antennas.They result in a complex test environment due to the increased number of RF ports. In addition, the need for Inter-RAT tests with existing legacy systems requires a tester with stable support of both the legacy and the latest standards all in one platform.To meet these needs Anritsu said it has developed the all-in-one MD8475B tester offering a 4CC CA test environment to development testing of LTE-Advanced terminals. With its simple and easy-to-use SmartStudio GUI, it is the perfect solution for LTE-Advanced and 2G/3G Inter-RAT test performance evaluations.The newly developed all-in-one MD8475B tester is designed for development test of smartphones and running performance tests and IP layer throughput tests of the latest devices equipped with four component carrier aggregation (4CA) and 2x2 MIMO technologies.The MD8475B removes the needs for users to develop own test scenarios by using SmartStudio state-machine software featuring an easy-to-use GUI and the stable automatic measurement environment.The MD8475B is fully backward compatibility with the current Signalling Tester MD8475A and scenario-less Smart Studio GUI. This is achieved by using a common control and signalling environment for both models, whilst the new B model introduces a greater number of RF ports (for 4CA and MIMO) and capability to operate the RF carriers up to 6 GHz, as well as a higher throughput measurement capability.James Atkinson EditorLinkedIn |Google + |Email Leave a CommentPlease write code to prove you're humanMore on... Test EquipmentAnritsu releases portable micro and mmWave spectrum analysersMWC17: Rohde & Schwarz to showcase latest T&M equipment Anritsu releases 802.11ac Wi-Fi test set More on... Smart CitiesNokia unveils wireless router for power distribution networks ETSI forms new industry group for smart city solutionsMore on... AnritsuAnritsu releases portable micro and mmWave spectrum analysersAnritsu releases 802.11ac Wi-Fi test set Latest in Mobile infrastructureQuortus and Expeto announce PaaS virtual LTE networks for enterprisesMWC17: Zyxel to debut new LTE and Wi-Fi indoor gatewayMWC17: Ericsson expands 5G access and transport portfolio


text:
|The Rockmolder
|Unique item details
The Rockmolder is a unique Focus Item dropped by Gorrel Rockmolder in Grenth's Footprint.
Item stats
- Energy +12 (req. 9 Illusion Magic)
- Illusion Magic +1 (20% chance while using skills)
- Halves skill recharge of spells (Chance 10%)
Collector / Weaponsmith counterpart
The nearest collector counterparts for The Rockmolder are:
- A Jeweled Chakram crafted by Sarad in Droknar's Forge, which has Health +30 in place of HSR 10%.
- A Jeweled Chakram obtained from Kegai in Wajjun Bazaar, Dmitri Scharkoff in Morostav Trail or Catrine Embolom in Boreas Seabed (explorable), which has Health +30 in place of HSR 10%.


text:
from dresses and veils to shoes and accessories.
Wedding Dresses
Your wedding dress is the most important outfit you will ever buy, so getting it right is vital.
That's why Joana Bridal Boutique have friendly and experienced staff on hand, offering you
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Chosen your dream dress but can't find it in your size? Want to customize your dress so it's
exactly how you want it? Contact Joana Bridal Boutique today and our experienced dressmaker
can carry out a wide range of wedding dress alterations and customizations.
Get the perfect shoes to complement your wedding dress. Visit Joana Bridal Boutique in Harrogate
for a range of stunning wedding shoes to suit any style. We'll help you find the right
look to match your dress. Call today to book your appointment.
Jewellery & Accessories
Get stunning jeweled tiaras, the perfect companion to our handmade veils, and gorgeous
bridal jewellery to finish off your outfit. With gold and silver jewellery in amazing
designs we've got something for everyone at Joana Bridal Boutique.


text:
Welcome to harmonia mundi, United Kingdom store
Product Description
technical comment
- BLUES CHARACTERS, a prestigious new 30-volume collection, invites the listener to discover the work of the great men and women who made blues history; the pioneers of one of the greatest musical adventures of the twentieth century. Released as an 3-panel Digipack, each volume of the collection includes 2 CDs (nearly 2 1/2 hours of listening) and is accompanied by a 36-page booklet containing biographies and notes in French and English, with original photos and illustrations. Blues Characters will make a truly wonderful addition to any blues collection. The first 10 volumes of this authoritative collection are presented here, with 20 further volumes to follow in 2016.
Muddy Waters is the most emblematic character in the history of blues music. He's a sort of electrified version of Robert Johnson. When he arrived in Chicago in the spring of 1943, he brought with him the rural blues of the Deep South, which, in his hands and with the city's simmering energy behind it, lost none of its strength or expressiveness. Music no longer tuned into current fashions; instead, it was the modern world which adapted to the bitter and generous sound of country blues.
- 2 CD - 2h 35mn 26s
upc/ean. 3149024251221
ref. 2742512/13
release date. 2015-10-30


text:
If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
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Description: The powerful army of the Islamic Republic of Iran is in the service of peace and security and is no threat to anyone. But in the face of enemies, it is like a meteorite. It will cut off the hand of any aggressor and leave the enemy covered in shame. -Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, president of Iran, April 18, 2006 Garver has again proven himself to be the nation's leading scholar of China's foreign relations. This pathbreaking scholarship provides a much-needed corrective to media caricatures and fills a void of reliable information. -David Shambaugh, George Washington University Garver's painstaking research shows how China and Iran try consistently to resist perceived American hegemony and invoke their ancient relations to legitimize the convergence of their national interests. Garver empathetically probes these relations from the perspectives of their leaders, rather than his own American lenses. -R. K. Ramazani, University of Virginia Garver's incisive and lucid work draws attention to the range and depth of China-Iran cultural interactions and how these shape their perceptions and projection of power. These rigorous, refreshing, innovative insights on the intricacies of regional politics are likely to recast our thinking on power relationships in Asia and the Middle East. -Saaed Shafqat, Columbia University A tour de force of the highest importance to U.S. policymakers and scholars alike. -Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr. The first of its kind, Garver's timely book combines exciting insights on politics, ideology, Islam, and energy, as well as military and nuclear policy. This will be the standard work for some time to come. -Yitzhak Shichor, University of Haifa In recent years, Iran's nuclearaspirations have dominated its relations with the United States and Europe. China stands as Iran's staunchest ally on the UN Security Council, as well as its primary source of advanced technology and military assistance, built on centuries of close economic relations. Successive governments of these two ancient and proud nations have reaffirmed their common interests in seeking an Asia free of Soviet expansionism and U.S. unilateral domination. John W. Garver charts the evolution of Sino-Iranian relations through several phases, including Iran under the shah, the 1979 revolution, and the Iran-Iraq war. China and Iran also explores the contentious debates over Iran's nuclear programs and China's role in assisting these programs and supporting Iran's efforts to modernize its military and oil industry infrastructure.
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All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $26.95Copyright year: 2006Publisher: University of Washington PressPublication date: 1/1/2006Binding: PaperbackPages: 392Size: 5.98" wide x 9.02" long x 0.95" tall Weight: 1.232Language: English
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text:
The race goes by numerous different names. In their own tongue, they are simply "Servants to the King". When referring to themselves amongst other races, in other languages, they will occasionally use this phrase, but when pressed, allow themselves to be called by other names.
Phoenix is the most common word for their race, but more specifically, to distinguish themselves from the simpler legends, they might insist on the name "World Phoenix", or "High Phoenix". This also enables them to speak of "World Dragons" or "High Dragons", which are their enemies. (Lesser dragons are more usually considered with contempt, not fear) "Firebird" is an acceptable synonymn, although this is a misnomer in most cases, as the High Phoenix (the term which will be used from here on) can be aligned with numerous different elements.
- Other names include: Comet tail, Starbird, Linair


text:
Posted on - Tags: powerpoint full hd templates vintage, plain ppt templates free download, power point theme for executive free, water themes for powerpoint
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Launched ahead of the Government's new gambling licensing laws due in September this year, the service, which goes live on Monday March 12 2007, will be manned by a highly trained team of counsellors and advisors, who will be able to translate and offer help and advice to emails in 13 different languages.
Kevin Farrell-Roberts, Chief Executive of the GMA, formerly the Gordon House Association, explained, "Problem gambling is a widespread issue that unfortunately suffers from a lack of internationally-accessible support. The launch of our multi-lingual service, brings the GMA to the forefront in providing help to cultural groups that have previously had no access to gambling support."
As part of this initiative, the GMA, together with existing supporters such as Betfair and William Hill, is calling for widespread international adoption of responsible gambling measures. Through the inclusion of the GMA's 'STOP!' sign, an online link to the Gambling Therapy e-helpline, online operators can help showcase their support for the cause.
Kate Stewart, Social Responsibility Manager at Betfair added, ' We are extremely proud to be the first operator to show our dedication by displaying the STOP! sign on our website, and hope the rest of the industry joins us in taking such steps to tackle problem gambling.'
The charity has recently re-named itself in honour of its celebrated founder, the Rev. Gordon Moody, M.B.E. (1912–1994), who first established Gamblers Anonymous in the UK before later founding The Gordon House Association.


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Here is the Sprouts Weekly Ad & Coupon Matchups (Alabama) for the weekly ad running 7/8 – 7/15.
A few notes about Sprouts: -There is no official coupon policy, but practices appear to be consistent. -No competitor coupons are accepted. -Manufacturer's coupons are accepted, but they do not double or triple them. -You can stack Sprouts' store coupons with manufacturer's coupons. -They frequently send out coupons via email, so sign up at their site. -You can also find coupons on their web site. -Shop on "Double Ad Wednesdays!" The old ad ends on Wednesdays, but the new ad starts on Wednesdays, so there are twice as many items on sale!
Brown Cow Yogurt, 6 oz – $0.69
Includes: Select varieties
Final Price: $0.36
Eggplant, ea – $0.48
Grapes, Red, Seedless, per lb – $0.88
Limes, ea – $0.20
- $0.25/1 Limes – Checkout 51 Rebate; May vary by account; Pick Your Own Offer Participating Item; May Only Choose 1 of 5
Out-of-Pocket Price: $0.20
Final Price: Free
Includes Checkout 51 Rebate
Oranges, Navel, per lb – $0.98
Peppers, Bell, Green, ea – $0.48
- $0.20/1 Green Bell Pepper – Ibotta Rebate
- $0.25/1 Bell Peppers – Checkout 51 Rebate; May vary by account; Pick Your Own Offer Participating Item; May Only Choose 1 of 5
Out-of-Pocket Price: $0.48
Final Price: $0.03
Includes Ibotta and Checkout 51 Rebate
Never miss another hot coupon, deal or freebie again! "Like" Couponaholic .NET on Facebook, Follow us on Pinterest, Follow us on Twitter, Follow us on Instagram or Subscribe to our Daily Email Newsletter!


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Software to display crystal and magnetic structures using formalism of propagation vector
FStudio is a software package primarily designed to display complex magnetic configurations in magnetically ordered crystals. FStudio uses the formalism of propagation vectors to describe magnetic (crystal) structures. It can also display crystal structures using conventional Hermann-Mauguin symbols as well as unconventional settings and user-given generators. FStudio has been developped by Dr L. Chapon in Fortran/OpenGL and is using the Fortran CrysFML library developed by Dr. J. Rodriguez-Carvajal.
FStudio is available for Windows and Linux platforms. Version 1.0 was released in 2004. Version 2, including polyhedra as well as new text facilities and new interface will be release in the summer 2007.
Can't find it? Try the
A to Z or the
Image Gallery
Copyright © 2017 Science and Technology Facilities Council | Copyright notice | Disclaimer | Privacy Statement | Access to Information | Research Councils UK


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A day-by-day look this week at five position groups where the Cincinnati Bengals have draft needs. We started with quarterbacks, then looked at defensive ends, and outside linebackers. Now we continue with running backs.
Running backs lost: None.
Running backs added: None.
Draft likelihood: Medium.
Rounds drafted? Third or later.
Analysis: One of the most-discussed Bengals storylines this offseason has to do with new offensive coordinator Hue Jackson's plans to emphasize physical play. He and head coach Marvin Lewis want to run the ball more often and use the run to set up the pass. They also want to change the general attitude of the offense, having players focus on executing minor details that would give it that physical edge, like executing better blocks and fighting for more receptions on passes downfield. The culture change on that side of the ball might be more important than the schematic tweaks that are coming.
One personnel-related scheme change that could help the Bengals in their quest for a more physical offense would be the addition of a running back. There was an expectation that they might go after a physical runner during free agency. Since that didn't happen, attention has instead turned to the draft where it's possible the Bengals might make a late-round addition that could help shore up their depth at the position. Giovani Bernard and BenJarvus Green-Ellis are the headliners in the backfield, with second-year back Rex Burkhead hopeful to contribute more this season, and Cedric Peerman also looking to play a larger reserve role. An additional back could help keep the group fresh and provide more depth to a position that can never have enough of it. With Green-Ellis and Peerman's contracts expiring after 2014, the Bengals could end up in the market for a running back next season. It might be smart to start building that depth ahead of their possible departures.
As drafts go, this one isn't chock full of running back talent. Much like last year when Bernard was the first back picked in the second round, rushers could fall in this draft. With other positions out-ranking the need for a new running back, don't be surprised if the Bengals wait until the third round or later to make their move. There should be options at that point, too. Auburn's Tre Mason could be a possibility, as could West Virginia's Charles Sims. Kent State speedster Dri Archer is a likely mid-round pick, along with Stanford's Tyler Gaffney. Though the Bengals could use a player with Archer's 4.26 40-yard speed, they have good reason to explore bigger bruiser-type backs like Gaffney, too. Either way, at some point in the middle-to-late rounds, the Bengals should be able to find a back who could help their push for physicality. If not, there could be some undrafted prospects they could pursue, too.
Potential picks: Tre Mason (Auburn), Charles Sims (West Virginia), Devonta Freeman (Florida State), Dri Archer (Kent State), Tyler Gaffney (Stanford), James Wilder Jr. (Florida State), Isaiah Crowell (Alabama State).


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If you're going to have your innocence destroyed you may as well surrender to it happening in spectacular fashion on HBO, and as I near the end of season 2 of Game of Thrones (Sorry! I fell into a Jerseylicious wormhole and it fucked with my priorities!!!) I find myself craving the touch of just about every dirty looking flea bitten character on this show!. Like, what gives?
Here are six Game of Thrones characters I'd totally let deflower me. But don't you be thinking I'm advocating such a perverse practice for all. I am merely offering myself up to these heroes and villains as a way to boost my Klout score - and I so don't need any competition for their attention thank you very much..
Jon Snow
Unlucky in love Jon Snow hasn't been to bed with anyone, like, ever, so Jon would be the ideal choice for losing my flower to. He will have zero expectations for our sexual encounter, and that is a good thing.
Jamie Lannister
Poor Jamie has been bathing in shit this season but no amount of dirt can hide this man's pretty. Not quite sure how the sex would go, one wouldn't be too surprised if it ended with Jamie crying in the fetal position calling out for his sister. But the man is gorgeous and most of my dates end in tears anyways.
Tywin Lannister
Cersei Lannister
Margaery Baratheon
Brienne of Tarth
Tywin Lannister
Cersei Lannister
Margaery Baratheon
A straight-up kinky bitch who will do anything for power isn't someone who is going to have a lot of friends but that's not why Margaery is on my list of dirties to get down with. I'm looking for someone who without hesitation will call in her brother to finish the job should she or I grow tired of each others company - as there is every chance she would grow tired of my company very quickly as I live-tweet our time together in Joffrey's bed.
Who would you give your flower to?


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the site.
This step is noncompulsory but will dramatically raise your chances of getting interest from other Christian members on the site. Write about yourself, your interests and upload a nice photo of yourself.
Utilise our website's cutting-edge search to uncover members who suit your needs. Or just flip through listings of Christian singles and uncover members that take your fancy.
Identified someone who interests you? Send them a word or two or just a wink and find out if they're interested in you. With a little luck you'll be on your way to a once in a lifetime experience.
It only takes a few clicks


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Hi, i had a breast enlargement around 6 weeks ago. I have post operative seroma around my right implant. From the very beginning I made it clear I wasn't happy with the outcome of my surgery. I was a deflated 36b before and now measure at 36 c. I am 5"8, 12 stone in weight and I have really broad shoulders. I think they look ridiculous and I feel like I have wasted all my savings. My surgeon thinks they are fine. What would your honest opinion be? Thankyou very much.
Please May You Give Me an Honest Opinion of my Breast Enlargement? (photo)
Doctor Answers 5
There is nothing technically wrong with the results of your breast augmentation so far.
I don't see anything wrong technically with a breast augmentation. Without the benefit of the preoperative photographs I can say whether the specifics of your augmentation are best suited to your aesthetic desires. You need to discuss this very specifically with your plastic surgeon.
Learn more: http://www.zubowicz.com/subpag,13-atlanta-breast-augmentation.htm
Breast augmentation
It would be nice to see your pre-op photos but also, it is too early in the healing process. You need to give it a few more months. As for a seroma you need to discuss with your surgeon options for treatment.
Please May You Give Me an Honest Opinion of my Breast Enlargement?
It is not easy, or fair, to comment on an outcome without looking at pre-op photos. I am quite certain that your breasts were widely separated and low set on your chest, and if so, those would not change with breast implants. That problem if present is well to be pointed out before surgery to properly manage expectations.
Please consider reposting this question with some before photos. All the best.
You might also like...
Breast Implant Opinion
Learn more: http://www.nashvillecosmeticsurgery.com/breast-revision/
Low breasts after a breast augmentation
Really need to evaluate your pre-operative photograph to give you a good answer. It appears that you started with some degree of breast sagging and your implants have a rock in a sock appearance. It is possible that your overall look may be better with a vertical breast lift as well as an implant with a wider base diameter. It is hard to tell without an examination.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Health-Care Companies Undaunted By Exacting IPO Market
Health-care companies had a harder time than anyone going public last year, but that isn't stopping them from trying.
So far this year, half of the U.S. venture-backed companies registering for IPOs have been in the health-care sector. Two of them joined the list last week.
Eight U.S. venture-backed companies have filed for IPOs since Jan. 1, and four of them work in health care. The new entrants to the pipeline – skin-infection treatment developer Durata Therapeutics and cancer drug developer Tesaro – join aesthetic-device maker TRIA Beauty and health-care insurance services provider Extend Health.


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Michael Kors, the famous american luxury brand of accessories and clothes with a touch of casual-chic prêt-à-porter, presents an intriguing and fascinating watches collection.
Michael Kors Catlin MK2376
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- Leather band , plated stainless steel case, mineral glass
- WR 30mt
- Measures: case 38x9mm, band 20cm x 18mm
Prices VAT excluded
Out of stock


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Recent Advances in AI Planning : 5th European Conference on Planning, Ecp'99 Durham, UK, September 8-10, 1999 Proceedings
Overview - TheEuropeanConferencesonPlanning(ECP)areamajorforumforthepres- tation of new research in Arti?cial Intelligence Planning and Scheduling. They developed from a series of European workshops and became successfully es- blished as international meetings. Read more...
- $109.00
20% off for Members: Get the Club Price
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New & Used Marketplace 10 copies from $9.99
More About Recent Advances in AI Planning by Susanne Biundo; Maria Fox
TheEuropeanConferencesonPlanning(ECP)areamajorforumforthepres- tation of new research in Arti?cial Intelligence Planning and Scheduling. They developed from a series of European workshops and became successfully es- blished as international meetings. Previous conferences took place in St. Au- stin (Germany) in 1991, Vadstena (Sweden) in 1993, Assisi (Italy) in 1995, and Toulouse (France) in 1997. ECP-99 was held in Durham, United Kingdom. The conference received s- missions from all over Europe, from the US, Canada, South America, and New Zealand. This volume contains the 27 papers that were presented at the conference. They cover a variety of aspects in current AI Planning and Scheduling. Several p- minent planning paradigms are represented, including planning as satis?ability andothermodelcheckingstrategies, planningasheuristicstate-spacesearch, and Graphplan-Based approaches. Moreover, various new scheduling approaches and combinations of planning and scheduling methods are introduced. Inadditiontotheconferencepapers, threeinvitedtalkswerepresentedbydist- guished researchers of the ?eld: Fausto Giunchiglia (IRST Trento, Italy) gave an introduction to Planning as Model Checking. The corresponding paper by F- sto Giunchiglia and Paolo Traverso is included in this volume. Claude Le Pape (BouyguesTelecom, France)presentedConstraint-BasedScheduling: Theoryand Applications, and Nicola Muscettola (NASA Ames, USA) talked aboutPlanning at 96 Million Kilometers from Earth. ECP-99 received support fromPLANET, the European Network of Excellence in AI Planning, the University of Durham, United Kingdom, and the University of Ulm, Germany.
- Publisher: Springer
- Publish Date: July 2000
- Page Count: 380
- Dimensions: 9.21 x 6.14 x 0.8 inches
- Shipping Weight: 1.19 pounds
Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science #860
Related Categories
Books > Medical > General
Books > Computers & Internet > Intelligence (AI) & Semantics
Books > Computers & Internet > Expert Systems


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getting co-ordinate info
how to extract x,y,z co-ordinate data file from an already existing ansys icem geometry (.prj) file? i have a ship geometry file (.prj file) in ansys icem. how can i get the offset table from the same?
please advice
The *.prj file doesn't contain coordinates.
The *.prj file is just a "project" file. It is ASCII so you can read it with a text editor and see that it is just file names and settings.
The Geometry is in the *.tin file (Tetra Input or "TetIn" file). We use this same geometry file for all our meshers (not just tetra ;) ) If you are looking for geometry points, etc. you can find them in the Tetin file. again, it is just ASCII you so can read it with a text editor.
If you are looking for the coordinates of the mesh, you will have a harder time with the *.uns file because it is a compressed binary file and can't be read with a text editor. If that is what you are after, then I suggest you output your mesh in an ASCII format such as Fluent.msh or Nastran.dat or something like that.
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 00:08.


text: PhilippinesPilipinas Flag Coat of Arms Capital(and largest city) Manila Language Pilipino, Spanish This British Louisiana article is a stub The creator will need a time to complete it. You are welcome to give suggestions in the talk page, or even directly editing this page. Please be bold and correct any inexactitude such as typos or bad orthography. Retrieved from "http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Philippines_(British_Louisiana)?oldid=1253192" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Philippines British Louisiana Stub:British Louisiana


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- How are credits earned?
- How do I purchase Math-Whizz?
- How do I reset a student's password or date of birth?
- How do I skip a lesson?
- How does a teacher send messages to their class or a specific student?
- How does Math-Whizz personalize instruction?
- How is usage time calculated in Math-Whizz?
- How often should Math-Whizz be used?
- Is Math-Whizz aligned to standards?
- My student is not reading yet, can they still use Math-Whizz?
- The same lesson keeps being delivered, how can I fix this?
- What are the minimum system requirements needed to run Math-Whizz?
- What grade levels does Math-Whizz cover?
- What is Math Age™?
- What is the initial assessment?
- Why are the lessons too difficult for my student?
- Why are the lessons too easy for my student?
- Why can't I input answers? Why are lessons freezing?
Q: How are credits earned?
A: Each lesson is worth up to 15 credits, while each exam is worth up to 30 credits. You can earn up to 10 credits for beating your original score and time in Replay mode. Credits can be spent in the Whizz Shop.
Q: How do I purchase Math-Whizz?
A: If you are looking to purchase for your class, school or district please contact an experienced Whizz Advisor at email@example.com or 206 547 0292. You can also find out more information here.
Q: How do I reset a student's password or date of birth?
A: Locate the student then select the pencil and paper icon next to their name. Insert your changes and press 'save.'
Q: How do I skip a lesson?
A: Go to 'edit' tab in the student's report, where you can reset the assessment or skip the current exercise. Please read the advice regarding when to skip an exercise. It is important that students complete all lessons in their tailored learning journies. Note: You cannot skip a test.
Q: How does a teacher send messages to their class or a specific student?
A: Log in to your account, launch the Reports and then go to your Class Report. Next, select the envelope icon in the top right corner of the page follow the prompts. Please note that students cannot reply to these messages.
Q: How does Math-Whizz personalize instruction?
A: Math-Whizz uses an initial placement test and then assesses students consistently within lessons and at specific checkpoints within the curriculum. Our continuous assessment model enables Math-Whizz to truly individualize instruction for every student, adapting our lessons, scaffolding, pacing based and help on each student's unique needs. As students work through their curriculum, Math-Whizz responds immediately – keeping students on track and progressing.
Q: How is usage time calculated in Math-Whizz?
A: Only the time spent in Tutor Mode, Replay, Topic Bank, and Tests are counted as usage.
Q: How often should Math-Whizz be used?
A: We recommend that the majority of students use Math-Whizz 45-60 minutes per week, with those needing an extra boost aiming for 90 minutes per week. We've found that 20-30 minute sessions, 2-3 times a week, are most effective.
Q: Is Math-Whizz aligned to standards?
A: Yes. Math-Whizz is aligned to the Common Core. Please contact us for a comprehensive list or visit our Common Core page for more information.
Q: My student is not reading yet, can they still use Math-Whizz?
A: Yes, all lessons aimed at those K-2 have an audio component and reading comprehension is not necessary.
Q: The same lesson keeps being delivered, how can I fix this?
A: You need to clear your web browser's 'cache' or 'history.' This is sometimes referred to as 'temporary internet files' and are often found under the preferences or options menu in your browser.
Q: What are the minimum system requirements needed to run Math-Whizz?
A: Explorer 7.05, Flash: 10.3181.22, Firefox 4.0.1
If you are using a Mac computer and see a blank screen or experience freezing issues, please access the site from Mozilla Firefox instead of Safari.
Software requirements:
Internet Explorer 7 or newer or
Mozilla Firefox 4 or newer;
Flash Player 10 plugin or newer.
Minimum PC Requirements:
Pentium II 400 MHz or AMD K6-2 or 100% equivalent processor
Windows 98, 2000, ME or XP
64Mb RAM
16 bit color (though 32 bit is ideal)
Sound card and speakers
Recommended minimum screen resolution 1024 x 768 pixels
Minimum MAC Requirements:
G3, G4 Mac 300MHz
Mac OS X version 10.1 with 128Mb RAM or Mac OS 8.6 or 9 with 64Mb RAM
Recommended browser: Google Chrome.
We recommend that you have a broadband internet connection to use Math-Whizz.
Q: What grade levels does Math-Whizz cover?
A: Math-Whizz covers content generally delivered in Kindergarten through 8th Grade. Subscribers have access to all content.
Q: What is Math Age™?
A: Math Age is a term unique to Math-Whizz that defines mathematical ability, similar to the way 'Reading Age' helps to define reading ability. We use standardized grade-equivalent targets to calculate Math Age to the nearest quarter year (e.g. Math Age 8.25 = equivalent math ability to age eight and a quarter).
Q: What is the intial assessment?
A: The initial assessment effectively takes a 'snapshot' of each individual's current math ability topic by topic. This is presented in an 'exam-style' format. The initial assessment determines the initial level of difficulty for each child, therefore it is very important that individuals do not receive any help while completing the initial assessment. The assessment must be completed in order to view reports for the individual.
Q: Why are the lessons too difficult for my student?
A: There could be a couple of reasons that the lessons being delivered are too difficult for your student.
1. Help, other than that from the Tutor, was given to the student during the assessment or within the lessons. It is normal to want to help a student if we think they are struggling, but Math-Whizz needs to know what the student doesn't understand just as much as it needs to know what the student does understand – this is the only way the appropriate lessons can be delivered.
2. The student is distracted and or tired.
1. Ask the student to explain what the question is asking. Sometimes talking it through helps the student understand what is being asked.
2. Take a break – sometimes a short break is all that is needed. Come back to Math-Whizz after a short break and/or a snack.
3. If the lesson is too hard, let the student answer it incorrectly. Encourage your student by letting them know it is OK to make a mistake. Math-Whizz will adapt the curriculum to support your student's instructional needs.
Q: Why are the lessons too easy for my student?
A: The main reason that lessons are too easy is because the student answered too many questions incorrectly or just pressed 'I don't know' during the initial assessment.
1. Have your student re-take the assessment. Make sure your student knows that the assessment is used to determine their place in the Tutor. When a student is challenged appropriately, learning is much more enjoyable.
2. Let your student know that they receive more credits for correctly answering questions on the assessments. This often motivates them to try harder.
3. Let your student continue working through the lessons delivered. Lesson difficultly is based on how the student is performing. If answers are correct, the difficultly level increases.
Q: Why can't I input answers? Why are lessons freezing?
A: Please check to ensure you do not have an active pop-up blocker as it will interfere with overall functionality of the program. Check to see if you are running the latest version of Adobe Flash by clicking this link.
Q: Where do I log in?
A: You can log in from anywhere on www.whizz.com by entering your credentials in the upper right hand portion of the site. You can also bookmark this direct login link for your convenience.