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TAKE ACTION NOW! A guide to supporting the local actions of children and young people, with special emphasis on girls and young women
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1 C L I M A T E C H A N G E TAKE ACTION NOW! A guide to supporting the local actions of children and young people, with special emphasis on girls and young women
2 C L I M A T E C H A N G E TAKE ACTION NOW! A guide to supporting the local actions of children and young people, with special emphasis on girls and young women 2
3 Acknowledgements This guide is produced by UNICEF and the Alliance of Youth CEOs, which includes: The Duke of Edinburgh s Award International Association/ The International Award Association (IAA) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) World Alliance of YMCAs (YMCA) World Young Women s Christian Association (World YWCA) World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) Support was provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The authors of this guide worked in collaboration with the EarthChild Institute and in consultation with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Programme on Youth, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The guide was prepared by the Civil Society Partnerships and Education Sections of UNICEF, under the guidance of Andres Guerrero of UNICEF and Donna Goodman of EarthChild Institute. Technical support was provided by: Kate Brown, educational consultant; Medard Gabel, Big Picture Small World; Kate Donovan, UNICEF media section; Arturo Romboli, UNICEF Civil Society Partnerships; Suchitra Sugar, UNICEF consultant, Education cluster; Natacha Diaz, UNICEF intern; Rebecca McNaught, Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre. Peer reviews were conducted by UNICEF NYHQ advisors from Child Protection, WASH, Health and ADAP sections. Editorial Board Catherine Peter, IAA Roberta Zuchegna, IFRC Stephen Ryan, IFRC Bernadette Fischler, WAGGGS Leanne Baumung, World YWCA Lucy Mace, WOSM Rod Abson, WOSM Tim Kamaboakai, YMCA Reuben Sessa, FAO Marisol Sanjines, UNDP Luis Betanzos, UNEP Lura Hughes, UNICEF, UK Astrid Hurley, United Nations Youth Unit With special thanks to technical advisors: Reuben Sessa and Sibyl Nelson, FAO, and Laurence Pollier, UNFCCC. Graphic Design by UNICEF Creative Studio, Geneva. 4 5
4 Foreword Protect the Earth for children. We must safeguard our natural environment, with its diversity of life, its beauty and its resources, all of which enhance the quality of life, for present and future generations. We will give every assistance to protect children and minimize the impact of natural disasters and environmental degradation on them. A World Fit for Children, 2002, paragraph 7, section 10, United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Children, 2002 The world s population is young, with some 2.2 billion people under the age of 18. Children and young people have unique insights into solving problems in their communities, and often play a key role in the survival of their families in the event of natural disaster. We believe that by recognizing the rights and capacities of girls and boys, young women and young men, the challenges posed by climate change can be turned into opportunities for sustainable development. This guide originates from a lively and ongoing programme of cooperation between The Alliance of Youth CEOs 1 and UNICEF. We have joined together with other United Nations and nongovernmental (NGO) partners 2 to build on and complement existing initiatives at global, national and local levels. The contributing organizations are committed to supporting children and young people to engage as members of society in ways that acknowledge and respond to gender roles. UNICEF/NYHQ /Pudlowski This guide seeks to maximize the effectiveness of our wide-ranging networks, complementary approaches and best practices. With a collective international voice of more than 100 million members, we advocate for the inclusion of young people in climate change plans and policies. We are proud to introduce this guide as a simple example of what can be accomplished by children and young people in practical ways. The guide is the result of a highly participatory consultative workshop and editorial review process, which involved representatives of all ages from each organization joining together to share experiences and practical approaches from a diverse range of countries and situations. We hope that this guide will help you in your invaluable work of encouraging children and young people to take action now to address the challenges of climate change. Many countries are in the process of developing adaptation plans and disaster risk reduction strategies to help people adapt to changing climatic conditions where they live. We believe that it is critically important for the unique vulnerabilities, rights and capacities of children and young people to be addressed in these emerging projects, plans and policies. The Authors. 1 The Alliance of Youth CEOs is composed of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, the World Alliance of Young Men s Christian Associations, the World Young Women s Christian Association, the International Award Association and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations Programme on Youth, DESA; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); and the Earth Child Institute (ECI). 6 7
5 Contents Acknowledgements p. 5 Foreword p. 6 Introducing Climate Change: Take action now! p. 10 Step 1: Getting started: find out more about climate change p. 20 Step 2: Identifying the problem p. 28 Step 3: Planning your activity p. 36 Step 4: Taking action p. 42 Step 5: Spreading the word p. 48 Step 6: How did we do? p. 52 Step 7: Next steps p. 56 Resources Factsheet: Climate change p. 60 Factsheet: Facilitator s code of conduct p. 63 Factsheet: Send out a press release p. 64 Factsheet: Steps in evaluating your action p. 65 Sample activity: How to make a solar cooker p.66 Sample activity: Tree planting campaign p. 69 Sample activity: Community risk mapping p. 71 Where to find out more p. 75 Glossary of key terms p
6 Introducing Climate change: Take action now! The environment is precious and we should protect it like a mother hen protects its chicks. We should prevent deforestation, find solutions through actions that will prevent air pollution, and promote awareness to the people, particularly young people, who are tomorrow s future. Sarah Baikame, age 17, Cameroon Take action now! It s more than a catchy phrase. It is what many children and young people around the world are saying, loud and clear, as the changing global environment puts their communities at risk and threatens their collective and individual futures. This booklet is a guide on how you, as a facilitator, peer educator, project officer, teacher or youth worker, can support young people in non-formal learning settings, both in and out of school, to take action in addressing the challenges of climate change. It aims to support you to focus the energy and ideas of children and young people into effective activism. This can take a range of forms, from practical projects such as tree planting or making solar cookers, to awareness-raising workshops or performances, community mapping and preparing for natural disasters. While this guide includes suggestions and sample activities, its aim is to support young people to participate, give them a sense of empowerment, and build their skills and values, through whatever action they choose. The actions you take with your group will be determined by the challenges facing your community, the concerns and ideas of your group members, and the resources available to you. This resource can be used with any group: large or small, formal or informal, girls, boys or mixed-gender groups. However, Climate change: Take action now! places special emphasis on the power and potential of girls and young women as catalysts for change in their communities. The steps are as follows: 1. Getting started 2. Identifying the problem 3. Planning your activity 4. Taking action 5. Spreading the word 6. How did we do? 7. Next steps We hope that these steps will provide a useful framework for that process. However, they are only intended as a framework. You may find that your group needs to take more time or dedicate more resources to one particular step. While many groups will take the steps in numerical order, others may find they need to do certain actions at an earlier stage, or that they skip some steps entirely. You can adapt the process to your national and local context and to the impacts of climate change experienced by your community, which will be different from those felt in other communities and other parts of the world. Each step contains the following: Activity toolkit These describe activities that you can use with the young people you work with. They are a toolkit because you can select the tools you need for your group, varying what you do depending on the size of the group, the time, space and resources you have, and what works best for you and your group. Focus on girls and young women In each step you will find a box that looks like this one, focusing on the needs of girls and young women. Each box contains questions and information to get you thinking about your gender perceptions, the needs of the girls and young women in your group and community, and what you can do to support them. How should I use this guide? Each section of this guide is dedicated to one of seven steps for taking effective action. Supporting your group through these steps should be an empowering process in which young people research, plan, carry out and evaluate their own action against climate change. The role of the facilitator In each step you will find a box that looks like this one, focusing on your role as the group facilitator. It includes questions, ideas and information to get you thinking about your role, and what you can do to guide your group on its journey
7 Case studies Each section will contain two or more case studies, in boxes like this, that illustrate real projects carried out by young people around the world. Take ideas from these case studies, or use them to inspire the young people you work with. The Resources section of the guide includes fact sheets, sample activities and additional information. The Facilitator s Code of Conduct and the fact sheet with details on climate change could be useful starting points. A fact sheet entitled Send out a press release may be useful to the young people in your group when they are ready to involve the media in their project. The final fact sheet, Steps in evaluating your project, offers guidelines for assessing the outcomes and impacts of your group s actions. You will find references to this fact sheet right from the early stages of the process, because thinking about evaluation from the start will be more effective than waiting until after the activity is finished. Sample activities, or how to worksheets, provide detailed information on three examples of projects your group might choose to get involved with: tree planting, risk mapping and constructing solar cookers. Many other activities can be accessed through the websites and books listed in the Where to find out more section, which lists resources on climate change and working with young people. Why take action against climate change? Today we need a global solidarity on climate change, the defining challenge of our era. Twenty years from now, let our children and grandchildren look back upon this day and say: Yes, that is where it began. A revolution. A turning point. A moment when we turned away from a past that no longer works toward a more equitable and prosperous future. Ban Ki-moon, United Nations Secretary-General Opening statement to the High-Level Segment of the United Nations Climate Change Conference Poznan, Poland, 11 December 2008 Our planet s climate is changing and this change is already having, and will continue to have, a lasting impact on our environment and our lives. One of the main factors impacting our climate is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil. When burned, these fuels release carbon dioxide, which traps heat in the atmosphere the way the glass of a greenhouse traps heat inside. This is why carbon dioxide is known as a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around the planet, keeping heat from leaving the atmosphere. As a result, experts from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimate that average global temperatures may rise as much as 4 C in this century. Because weather systems are complicated and inter-linked, climate change may mean that some parts of the world actually experience decreased temperatures, while other parts of the world will see an increase in the intensity and, in some cases, the number of extreme weather events like hurricanes, cyclones and severe storms. Although wealthy and rapidly growing countries are the major consumers of fossil fuels and other resources, the impacts of climate change are often more severely felt in poor countries, where many people already struggle with food and water scarcities and diseases such as HIV. It is important to recognize that the exacerbation of each of these issues negatively affects the health, development and protection of children. For example: Accessing fresh water is essential for life, health and livelihoods. Climate change is expected to bring more droughts, floods and rising sea levels, which will make finding clean and fresh water more difficult. Droughts and flooding affect water quality by damaging water pipes, causing human waste to leak into water supply, and increasing the salinity of groundwater. When less fresh water is available, people are likely to save it to drink and use less of it to wash hands and keep clean. Dirty water and poor sanitation can lead to disease. The availability of water has the potential to cause conflicts, as people protect their supply, and increase migration, as people move to places where water is available. Food security is affected by the changing climate, as drought, temperature variations, wild fires, severe weather events, pests, diseases and floods can damage food crops. This adds to an already existing global food crisis, as staple crops such as rice, wheat and corn are affected. Worsening malnutrition severely impacts the health and survival of women and children and puts an added strain on people with HIV who are taking anti-retroviral medication, since solid nutrition is critical to the success of the therapy
8 A clear consequence of climate change is the displacement and migration of families, which almost always have a negative impact on children. Under these conditions, children face an increased possibility of abuse and trafficking. In the aftermath of disasters children may be pulled out of school and put to work to help their families recover. Their education and health suffer accordingly. Diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and Lyme disease, 3 which are carried by insects, are also affected by changing temperatures because the insects are able to breed in areas where they were not able to in the past. 4 Pools of stagnant water left by floods and cyclones become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and ticks, which are now found in many northern countries that used to be too cold for them to breed. Increases in the intensity of extreme weather events linked to climate change such as droughts, floods, cyclones and tornadoes also put people in danger, often destroying the places where they live and work and leaving behind damaged crops, contaminated water supplies and separated families. In 2000, 189 governments agreed to a Millennium Declaration that outlined a series of eight goals called the Millennium Development Goals or MDGs (find out more at un.org/millenniumgoals). The MDGs set targets to be achieved by 2015 and include objectives to: end extreme poverty and hunger; ensure primary schooling for all; reduce child death rates; improve gender equality; improve the health of mothers and children; respond to HIV and AIDS; work towards environmental sustainability; and develop global partnerships for development. Climate change makes each of these goals more difficult to achieve. We may not be able to completely stop the changes to our climate that are already occurring, but we can take action to reduce the extent of its current and future impact by preparing our communities to deal with its consequences. We can take individual and collective action to reduce the amount of energy we use and the amount of carbon dioxide we are responsible for releasing. We can take action to reduce the chances of our communities being affected by shortages in food and water, and the spread of diseases. Some actions have a number of benefits: for example, creating school gardens can help tackle greenhouse gas levels, since vegetables grown there can be used in place of produce driven or flown in from far away. It can also increase food security for the community. Smoke and fumes from burning fossil fuels in homes, buses, cars and factories increase greenhouse gas emissions, making climate change worse, while also polluting the air we breathe and causing health problems. Smoke and fumes from cooking stoves that burn things like wood and coal also worsen respiratory health problems and release harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Weakened by serious and ongoing under-nutrition, and illnesses from a lack of access to safe water and sanitation, polluted air and worsening environments, children can be affected by severe bouts of diarrhoeal disease. Many children are therefore less likely to go to school and are less able to learn and develop physically in these conditions. Why children and young people? Approximately 175 million children will be affected by climate change induced natural disasters every year over the next decade. Legacy of Disasters; Children Bear the Brunt of Climate Warming Save the Children UK, 2007 Children and young people have a right, enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (www.unicef.org/crc), and supported by other international treaties and agreements, to have their voices heard on matters that affect them. Climate change certainly counts in this category. 3 Akachi, Yoko, Donna Goodman, David Parker, Global Climate Change and Child Health: A review of pathways, impacts and measures to improve the evidence base, Innocenti Discussion Paper No. IDP UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, International Panel on Climate Change, Vector-Borne Diseases, IPCC, Working Group II, Chapter 11, Section Vector-Borne Diseases. About 2.2 billion people in the world are under the age of 18, according to UNICEF, representing nearly one third of the global population. It is estimated that 87 per cent of the world s 5 The Alliance of Youth CEOs, Children and Young People: Participating in Decision-Making, 2003, p
9 adolescents live in countries affected by poverty, hunger, disease and violence. 5 Children and young people are concerned with the increasing threat posed by rising global carbon emissions and the changing climate. Many are already experiencing the impacts of the changing global environment in their communities. Still more young people are acutely aware of the challenges that they and future generations will need to address, and climate change is a defining issue of their lives and futures. The key to protecting for the future is sustainable development. Not only do young people have a right and a need to tackle climate change, they also have much to contribute. As they live and play in their communities they often gain unique insights into the local environment, its strengths, weaknesses, and the ways in which it is changing. In addition, young people are often creative and open-minded in their problem solving: they have energy, commitment and initiative to take action to reduce the impact of climate change and to prepare to face emergencies. They can, and often do, play a key role in the survival of their families and communities in the event of disasters, and the actions they take can go a long way in helping communities recover and in mitigating the impacts of natural disasters. Why girls and young women? Girls and young women are often especially vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change. In many societies, girls and young women are expected to carry out tasks that are particularly affected by climate change. For example, in times of drought young women and girls may have to walk much further and more frequently to collect safe water, leaving them vulnerable to disease and violent attack along their route, and with little time to go to school, generate income or take care of their families. Differences in what is expected of and for girls and young women in many societies means that they may lack access to information, education and resources, making it more difficult for them to respond to natural disasters, including those linked to climate change. On top of this, the way authority is structured in some cultures means that girls and young women often do not have their views taken into account by decision makers, making it difficult for them to change things for the better. Boys and men must be made aware of the importance of including girls and young women in community efforts. Despite all of this, children and young people have, to date, been relatively absent in the climate change policies and plans being developed by many countries and regions. These policies and frameworks aim to support countries to reduce risk and vulnerability posed by the changing climate, and to educate and mobilize people in their communities to take action. Youth-based organizations must be encouraged to work with local authorities and national governments to establish safe and protective environments for children and young people to carry out their activities. However, just because girls and young women are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change does not mean that they are powerless to take action. In fact, their daily interaction with the natural world means that they often hold specialized knowledge that can help us understand the consequences of climate change and develop effective strategies to tackle these problems. The full participation of girls and young women, and their leadership, is critical in taking action against climate change. As a facilitator, you can begin to address this gap by supporting the children and young people you work with to take action on the issues they believe are important, and to come up with solutions they think will work. A successful plan is one that is developed, implemented and owned by children and young people, in partnership with their parents, caregivers and other adults in the community. Through really listening to what young have to say, and encouraging them to participate in planning and taking action, you can help them have their voices heard. Roots creep underground everywhere and make a firm foundation. Shoots seem very weak, but to reach the light, they can break open brick walls. Imagine that the brick walls are all the problems we have inflicted on our planet. Hundreds of thousands of roots and shoots, hundreds of thousands of young people around the world, can break through these walls. We CAN change the world. case study A Girl Guide explains the importance of giving girls the opportunity to take part in action against climate change In most villages in my country, women are working inside the home, using firewood to cook on open stoves, and are having health problems because of that. It affects women and children more than men, because they are inside the homes. Girls are more involved in climate change projects. They are more interested in these things than boys. While I was working in my village with a youth club, there were more girls than boys involved. The guys used to sit and play board games, while the girls were the ones who were active in cleaning up the village. In one place I saw, 16 Dr. Jane Goodall, Founder, Roots and Shoots, Jane Goodall Institute 17
10 young women were renovating old buildings with help from the municipality. They were creating such good changes, and keeping the village clean. But women are not recognized. I don t know why. Maybe because our society treats boys better. But girls do the work. Girls are the ones who look after the homes, and often don t get sent to school. In my community, there are NGOs that run youth clubs that these girls can get involved in, but that is their only chance to get non-formal education and to get involved in activities. This is why in my community, girls are more involved in climate change projects. But I know that in areas where there aren t such NGOs, girls don t have these opportunities. - Prerana Shakya, Nepal case study A young Scout guides his family to safety during Hurricane Katrina It still seems like a bad dream, says 14-year-old star scout Ashton Pruitt, whose real-life nightmare began the morning after Hurricane Katrina struck. He and his family weathered the storm through the night only to face a cold reality the next day. Rapidly rising waters poured into the Pruitt s family home, forcing them to seek higher ground. Ashton quickly took control of the situation, using water rescue techniques that he learned a week earlier while on a camping trip to Mississippi with his Scout troop. He instructed his family, including his mother, his uncle, his 72-year-old grandmother and his brother, who is blind and afraid of water, to fashion flotation devices using trousers. Ashton guided his family through deep waters to a neighbouring rooftop and to safety. They were rescued 19 hours later. Ashton received the Honour medal with crossed palms for unusual heroism and extraordinary skill or resourcefulness in saving or attempting to save life at extreme risk to self
11 Getting started: Find out more about climate change STEP 1 Step 1 Getting started: Find out more about climate change We value the crucial function of education in raising global awareness about the reality of climate change and the ways to become more energy efficient. Therefore, we request that the G8 support formal and non-formal education programmes, including youth organizations and mass media. Junior 8 Summit, Wismar Declaration, 2007 Before taking action to tackle the causes or consequences of climate change, it is important for your group to understand more about the greenhouse effect and the impact of a changing climate on their community. This section suggests a number of ways that you and your group can carry out this research, depending on your existing knowledge, priorities and the resources you have available. Activity toolkit Read the climate change fact sheet in this guide. This fact sheet provides a basic introduction to climate change, briefly explaining the science behind the process and the impact on our planet and lives. You may use this information to answer young people s questions, or it can be distributed to them directly to provide a framework to help young people understand the issues. Keep in mind that information about climate change is continuously being updated so it is critical to consult expert sources in addition to this fact sheet for updated facts. Internet research. The Where to find out more section of this guide includes a list of useful websites containing information from expert scientists and professionals who work with those affected by climate change. These websites contain reliable information to help your group understand the process of climate change. Young people may find the questions in the box below, Finding out about the impacts of climate change, useful in guiding their research. STEP 1 Thought shower. Once the group understands the process of climate change, they can be tasked with identifying its challenges in the world at large, and in their community specifically. These can either be factors that are causing climate change (such as burning non-renewable fuels like coal and oil), or consequences of climate change (such as drought or flooding). Through a thought shower, in pairs or groups, young people can identify problems they see around them. Be aware that not everything can be blamed on climate change: processes such as pollution and desertification also have a big impact on the environment. Encourage your group to justify and explain the role of climate change in creating the problems they identify. Draw the problems. Challenge young people to draw a picture illustrating the problems caused by or contributing to climate change in their community. This is a straightforward activity that works well with young children. Survey the community. Ask young people to find out what other members of the community think. What has already changed? What do other people see as the key challenges of climate change? The group could interview members of their families or community to learn about their perspective and the changes they have seen developing over their lifetimes. For example, perhaps water used to be plentiful but now it is scarce, or maybe trees have disappeared in the neighbourhood. Support your group to develop a set of questions to pose in the interviews and help them consider all aspects of community life that could be affected by climate change. Your groups may find the question in the box Finding out about the impacts of climate change useful in developing their own questions. Map the community for the causes and consequences of climate change. A community map creates a visual representation of the challenges that your group identifies. You will need to create a basic map that represents the area of the community, divided into a grid. The map should either be as large as possible, or reproduced so that each small group can have their own. If possible, add existing natural features such as rivers and hills, or encourage young people to add these themselves. They can also add key features of the community, including schools, health centres, toilets, water points, etc. You may be able to get an existing map of the area from a local nature centre or community centre
12 Getting started: Find out more about climate change STEP 1 Next, ask the group to think about how the community is contributing to climate change. Do you have energy in your home or school? Where does it come from? Where are fossil fuels burned in your community? Encourage the group to consider the location of different types of energy use. Where would your group plot these on the map? What symbol or icon would they use to represent each type of energy use? The group should then be asked to map the potential impacts of climate change on the community. It may be difficult to know in every case which changes and problems in the community are related to climate change, but we suggest you try to map places that are vulnerable to climate change now and in the future. For example, if you live near the ocean, sea level rise and erosion could be causes for concern. The following questions may help the group consider the vulnerabilities of the community: Do you have access to safe (good quality) water in your home or school? If so, where does it come from? Can the water supply be affected by the changing climate (i.e. falling water levels, water quality)? Which people or places are at risk from drought, flood, or other climate-related disasters? Encourage the group to mark each of the challenges or vulnerable places they identify onto the map with a different symbol. Your group can create their community map from memory. Better still, if it is safe to do so and you have enough time, take your group out into the community to locate problems related to climate change. You can also use this map to promote awareness of both your activities and climate change in general, by posting it in a prominent or public place. STEP 1 WORKSHEET 1 Finding out more about the impact of climate change Use the questions below to help guide your research on the impacts of climate change. If you are carrying out research in your community, try talking to members of your family or finding resources in your community such as staff at a local nature centre or a science teacher at your school, so you can answer the following questions specifically about your community. If you are carrying out research on the Internet, what can you find out about the following questions at a global level? The answers will not be the same for all parts of the world, but can you see any patterns? Can you find more detail and specific facts and figures to illustrate the answers? How can climate change cause or add to problems with food supplies? How has it done so already? What damage do floods cause to crops? What about droughts? What impact does this have on supplies of food? And food prices? When children do not get enough to eat, how are their health and education affected? How can climate change cause or add to problems with water supplies? How has it done so already? Which people have water supplied to their homes, workplaces and schools? Where do these water supplies come from and how is it delivered? What is the quality of the water used for domestic supply? Is it safe to drink and wash in? Is there enough water for drinking and adequate hygiene to meet everyone s needs? What impacts do drought, sea level rise and flooding have on groundwater supplies (aquifers and springs) and surface water supplies (ponds, lakes, streams, rivers)? How can extreme weather events contaminate water supplies? How do water levels and water quality respond to rainfall and pumping? How can climate change cause or add to the impact of disease? What effects has it already had? Do people get sick from using water for cooking, drinking and washing? How do they get sick? Why have diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever become more common in some places? Why have diseases reduced in frequency or disappeared in some areas? 22 23
13 WORKSHEET 1 STEP 1 Getting started: Find out more about climate change STEP 1 How are social and health services provided in your community? Do you know your community health workers? Are all children vaccinated? Are all births registered? How are essential medicines and emergency supplies distributed? Does your school or neighbourhood have an evacuation route? How has deforestation increased the impacts of climate change? What relationship do trees have to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Where is deforestation occurring? What can happen to the soil when trees no longer shade it, provide it with leaves and bind it together with roots? How can floods and storms cause more damage where there are no trees? How can climate change damage homes and businesses? What damage has already been caused? What damage can extreme weather events such as cyclones and tornadoes have on homes, businesses, crops and lives? How are the occurrences and severity of such events changing? How can climate change cause or add to problems for women? How are tasks such as collecting water and wood, often carried out by women and girls, affected by climate change? When women and girls have to walk further to collect water, what impact can this have on their safety and the time they have for school or to earn money? Why are women and girls often at greatest risk in natural disasters? Focus on girls and young women Including girls To take action that really makes a difference, everyone needs to be involved: young and old, girls and boys. Often, young girls are left out of planning and decision-making. But if any group is left out, we lose creativity, imagination, energy, vision and values. Considering the following questions may help you reflect on the inclusion of girls in your group: Are there girls in your group? Are there as many girls as boys? If not, why do you think they are not attending? Can anything be done to remove these barriers? Do girls take part in planning and making decisions in the group? Do girls take part in group discussions? In what situations do they find it easier to express their views? If you have many girls but fewer boys who actively contribute in your group, ask yourself these same questions in relation to boys. Why are boys not attending? What are the barriers to their full participation in the group s activities? Take a look at the Role of the facilitator box, which contains ideas on how to create an atmosphere that is inclusive for everyone. Role of the facilitator Strategies for involving everyone Work in small groups. Young people often feel more comfortable expressing their views to small groups, so where possible work in pairs, threes or fours. Start small and snowball. Begin the discussion or activity in pairs, giving each pair time to explore their ideas with just one other person they are comfortable with. When each pair is more confident in their views, invite them to join with another pair to share their ideas. Groups of four can then join to make groups of eight, and so on, until the whole group is sharing their ideas
14 Getting started: Find out more about climate change STEP 1 Use a talking stick. In large group discussions, choose an object (the talking stick or talking ball ) that allows the person holding it, and only that person, to have their say. This can help avoid having only a few participants do all the talking and having participants interrupt or talk over each other. Create group guidelines or house rules. Young people feel safe and are more willing to participate when they know what is expected of them and those around them. When your group first meets, brainstorm an acceptable list of guidelines for behaviour that is generated by and for the group, and refer back to the list in case of any behaviour that breaks the guidelines. Remember that as a facilitator you need to abide by these guidelines as well. Group guidelines: some examples - Respect yourself - Respect each other - Respect different ideas, cultures, languages no teasing or criticism - Listen carefully when someone is speaking looking at them shows you are listening - One person speaks at a time - Give everyone a chance to take part - Talk from your own experience don t assume that you know what someone else thinks - Remember there may be more than one right answer - Don t talk about other people s personal information outside the group - You don t have to speak if you don t want to Adapted from Our Right to be Protected From Violence: Activities for Learning and Taking Action for Children and Young People (United Nations Secretary-General s Study on Violence Against Children, 2006). STEP 1 case study Helping girls take part in literacy classes In 2003, girls and young women in the village of Mondwa, Malawi, consistently had to skip their literacy classes at the YWCA because they spent so much time fetching safe water for cooking and washing. Determined to reduce the risk of disease and the burden on girls and young women, members of the YWCA began discussing the problem with village residents. With much persistence, they gained support from the village to pursue the construction of a water well system. Then, through local fundraising efforts and a grant from the World YWCA, the YWCA of Malawi drilled boreholes to provide potable water to the community. To ensure sustainability, the YWCA began providing training to residents on fresh water management. Today, the girls and young women of Mondwa no longer have to wake up before dawn to queue for water, and their water source is no longer plagued by health risks such as cholera. The women have also participated in YWCA literary classes in great numbers. case study Responding to the impacts of climate change in Australia Part of the beauty of the state of South Australia comes from its arid and unfathomably empty landscapes. But the climate has begun to change: drought has gripped the state over the last few years, leaving vegetation dry and easily ravaged by forest fires; salinity levels in the River Murray are rapidly increasing; and in areas that were previously cultivated, farming is becoming unsustainable. In the midst of this, a small local environmental group known as Friends of the Lower Field River (www.fieldriver.org) is working to preserve and revitalize a small portion of land in metropolitan Adelaide, the state s capital. Local residents, finding that the river was often clogged with rubbish and invasive non-indigenous vegetation, joined together in mid-2006 to form the group, which carries out practical activities in the river and lobbies government for change
15 STEP 1 STEP 1 Getting started: Find out more about climate change David Speirs, 24, a founding member of the group, used his involvement to work towards his Gold Duke of Edinburgh Award, also called the International Award. He explains: At a time when environmental problems seem so big in the world, it is comforting to know that we can make a difference if we act locally. I ve seen the river and its environs undergo a fantastic transformation in under two years. As we have cleared pest vegetation and restored native plants we have created healthy habitats for native wildlife. We have seen fish and frogs return to the river and this in turn brings native birds to nest in the area. Trees we planted just two years ago are already two or three metres high and the quality of water in the river is much improved. David is a passionate advocate of youth participation, and has spoken to local schools and held youth forums to inspire involvement of young people in the group. Friends of the Lower Field River has promoted itself to local schools as a group where students can undertake work for their Duke of Edinburgh Award. David hopes to continue to build on this by further engaging schools in the group s practical environmental activities
16 Identifying the problem STEP 2 30 Step 2 Identifying the problem In February 2007 it was the first time my community also got the flooding. It never happened before. I think the weather is changing Suvina Nita Yohana, Indonesian Red Cross Youth Volunteer Once your group understands the science of climate change and has explored its global and local impacts, they can begin to identify and research a single problem in their own community. Understanding this problem in detail is an important foundation for Step 4, Taking action. Activity toolkit Identify a single problem. The group may have already identified the challenge they feel is most important to their community in Step 1. If not, ask the group to recall a few key issues that came out of the discussions and then take a vote to decide which problem they would like to tackle. When making the decision, the group should also consider the extent to which they think they can make a difference (see Step 3). Carry out a more detailed analysis of the chosen problem. Understanding the issue in more depth and looking at a range of perspectives will help your group consider more fully why the problem exists, who is affected, and how. Three possible approaches you might consider are: situation analysis; PESTLE analysis; or creation of a problem tree. Situation analyses and PESTLE analyses (more details below) use questions to frame the exploration. Problem trees examine the causes and consequences of a problem in a visual way. Any of these tools will help you and your group gain a fuller understanding of the bigger picture. o A situation analysis is a simple way of examining the problem. You could begin by answering the following questions: What is the problem? Why is it a problem? Who is affected by the problem? What has caused the problem? 31 STEP 2 o A PESTLE analysis will provide a more in-depth look at a problem by exploring six categories of questions: Political: Is your local or national government now addressing climate change? Are they developing a national or local adaptation plan for action or disaster risk reduction strategy? Are they considering the rights, needs and capacities of children and young people? Economic: Are droughts, floods or other extreme weather events costing money in your community? How? Are funds available to support projects that tackle the causes or consequences of climate change? Could there be an economic benefit of reducing the problem you have identified? (For example, if fewer people are getting sick from contaminated water would medical costs be reduced?) Social: Do people come together to solve community problems such as water or food scarcity? Or does the situation cause conflict? Are people cutting trees for household energy because there is no other choice? Do people in the community know how to evacuate in the case of a natural disaster? Technological: Is your town or village on an electrical grid? Are there people in the community who understand how to install and maintain renewable energy systems? What is the percentage of renewable power used in your community? Are there vocational training programmes for young people on reforestation? Are community-based water or electric utilities available? Do people know how to treat contaminated water for safe drinking? Legal: Has your country signed on to the Kyoto Protocol? What can you do to help support future international climate change agreements when the Kyoto Protocol ends? (See for a youth-friendly website about the process that may result in a new international climate change agreement in Copenhagen in 2009.) Are there other laws relating to the problem you have identified? Are the rights of children addressed in laws that address climate change in your country? Environmental: Is it legal to cut down trees in your country or region? Are there laws against illegal logging? Is the use of natural resources sustainable (will they be available for the future)? What physical or geographical factors have contributed to the problem? How is the environment affected by climate change? What are the linkages to the challenge your group has identified and local plant and animal communities? What are the conditions of the water resources, such as
17 Identifying the problem STEP 2 groundwater, springs and surface waters? If you live near the ocean, how is the changing climate affecting marine life? o In a problem tree, the identified problem (the trunk of the problem tree) is placed in a box in the centre of a page or flip-chart. The main causes (the roots of the tree) are identified and written below the problem. The consequences (the branches of the tree) are written at the top of the page. You can add further layers (smaller roots and branches) by identifying the underlying issues that create the causes, and indirect or knock-on effects. Finally, your group could add neighbouring trees, buildings, or animals and insects living on the tree to represent other problems or related issues, and indicating the interdependence between all things. You can read more about these analysis methods in the documents Project Management Guidelines (2000) and Toolkit on Advocacy (2008) produced by the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (for details, see the Where to find out more section). Measure the extent of the problem. Collect data that describe the extent of the problem. Data could be quantitative (numerical), for example: the number of people with access to energy in their home; the number of people using energy-efficient light bulbs; the number of trees in a community; the number of people who know what to do in the event of a natural disaster; the number of children absent from school each day due to water-related illness. Alternatively, data could be qualitative (what people write or say), from interviews, diaries and other descriptions of the situation. This baseline data will help your group understand the extent of the problem and, if they collect data again after they have taken action, the information will enable them to see how successful their efforts were (see Step 6 and the fact sheet Steps in evaluating your project ). STEP 2 FOCUS ON YOUNG GIRLS AND WOMEN Do girls in my group identify different problems than boys? You should be aware of the different ways in which young women and young men in your group may experience the consequences of global warming and view the causes. Girls and young women are often especially vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change, for a number of reasons. In many societies, girls and young women carry out tasks such as collecting water that put them in close contact with the natural world. In many rural areas of Africa, for example, girls are the ones who are most often responsible for collecting fuel, wood and safe water. Drought and unpredictable rainfall can create more work for them: they may have to spend more hours and walk longer distances to collect these vital necessities. As a result, they may have to miss out on education and other activities, as well as put themselves at risk of disease and violent attack on their journeys. Women often depend on their harvest from the fields and forests for their livelihoods. When droughts, floods and other natural disasters destroy harvests, women suffer the most because they rarely have access to income from other sources. Lack of access to information, education, resources and technology can make it more difficult for girls and young women to respond quickly in disaster situations, or to improve their situation. Because they are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, girls and young women may be uniquely aware of problems related to climate change, and may hold insights and specialized knowledge that can help address these problems. Role of the facilitator Child protection tips The safety and well-being of children and young people is at the core of what this guide, and all youth work, aims to promote. Though we all have responsibilities to promote the rights of young people, as a facilitator, you also have legal responsibilities. You are responsible for the participants safety while they are away from their home
18 Based on international instruments such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, all children and young people have the right: STEP 2 Identifying the problem STEP 2 To have their health, safety and well-being, and their best interests, considered as the top priority; To have their welfare and development promoted and safeguarded so that they can achieve their full potential; To be valued, respected and understood within the context of their own culture, religion and ethnicity; To be listened to, to have their views given careful consideration and to be encouraged and helped to participate in decisions that affect them. In order to respect the rights of the young people you work with, you should follow the Facilitator s code of conduct, which can be found in the Resources section of this guide. CASE STUDY Raising awareness of climate change in Thailand Today, many people have begun to notice the negative effects of climate change, but almost 20 years ago the Sao Hin YMCA of Chiang Mai, Thailand, saw a need. The association began working to create awareness of the importance of environmentally friendly behaviours and promoted the sensible use of non-renewable energy resources and renewable resources like solar energy. The YMCA works closely and in partnership with all sectors of society to raise awareness and runs the Environment and Energy Learning Center, where children and adults alike can learn about environmental issues. Training programmes educate people on the value of energy resources and how to use them more efficiently and workshops and seminars on environmental issues are held throughout the year. Youth camps challenge young people to think about their role in tackling climate change. Many of the youth camps end in public campaigns, such as Ride Your Bike Day in the busy city of Chiang Mai. The YMCA also holds marches and rallies, with participants coming from all sectors to help raise public awareness. Popular events have included concerts where music fans first hear about how they can change their lifestyle to better serve the planet and then hear songs by Thai music artists. Not everyone is available to attend events and visit the centre, so the YMCA goes to them. One programme goes to rural mountain areas, where villagers are shown how to reduce global warming and save money by using alternative energy methods. The Sao Hin YMCA donates and installs biogas systems in schools that can be used to cook the school lunches. The villagers can then visit the school and learn how to implement the system in their homes. Since 2001, 90,000 people have visited the centre and participated in YMCA activities. Creating connections and tackling climate change in the Solomon Islands In the Solomon Islands, young people have long faced challenges in trying to voice their concerns as power and decision-making in society are traditionally based on age. As a young person, George Baragumu felt these pressures. Taking the initiative to find opportunities to connect with other people, George started as a volunteer with the Solomon Islands Red Cross in He went on to become the Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Officer, and in this role has created an active network of young volunteers. George believes that engaging young people in climate change and awareness-raising activities empowers them and makes them feel as though they can make a difference. Through a range of activities, the Red Cross climate change programme has been able to make use of the energy and enthusiasm of young people as well as help them create connections and networks amongst themselves. Because young people are active in workplaces, families, sport, churches and 34 35
19 STEP 2 schools, their participation has been a great way to expand the reach of the programme. Young people have been trained on the concepts of climate change so that they can work as peer educators in schools and communities. Activities include: Identifying the problem STEP 2 To mark World Environment Day 2007, students in the capital city of Honiara were invited to submit poster representations of the impacts of climate change in the Pacific region. An assessment of vulnerability and capacity was undertaken in the isolated North Malaita artificial islands where changing weather patterns are making it difficult for islanders to collect fresh water from the mainland. One of the Red Cross facilitators was a young person who actively engaged other young people in the community so that their voices could also be heard and integrated into the development of the Solomon Islands National Adaptation Programme of Action. For World Disaster Reduction Day, the Red Cross worked with the national disaster management office to design a radio quiz programme for schools on how to reduce disaster risk and impact. The programme was broadcast in the afternoon, when students were home from school, and reached young people in the capital and well beyond. Youth for Change and the Red Cross joined together to coordinate Clean Up The World Day in 2007, working with young people to clean up garbage and weeds around town and along main roads. Clean up the World is an international environmental campaign held in partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme (www.cleanuptheworld.org)
20 Step 3 Planning your activity STEP 3 Try to leave this world a little better than you found it Lord Baden-Powell, Founder of the World Organization of the Scout Movement Once your group has identified and researched a problem, you can begin to plan your activity and set some goals and then form a plan of how to reach those goals. A successful plan of action is one that is developed, implemented and owned by young people in partnership with you and other adults in the community. First, your group will need to consider the range of actions they could take and which is likely to be the most effective. Having chosen a specific action, the group will need to develop a plan to implement it. o Was the project successful? Why/why not? o Can you interview any of the people involved to learn more? Identify the most effective action for your group. To do this, you will need to consider your strengths and weaknesses. A SWOT analysis is one possible tool (SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats). Strengths and weaknesses refer to the situation within your group and the resources your group already has, while opportunities and threats are things that are happening outside your group that might support or get in the way of your project. Your group s SWOT analysis might look like this: Activity toolkit Planning your activity STEP 3 Part 1: What action should we take? Listing alternatives. Help your group create a list of possible actions they could take to tackle the problem they have identified. What needs to happen to reach their vision? The more options you have, the more likely you will find one that gets around any obstacles (for some ideas, see Step 4). Build on your situation analysis (Step 2) as you explore the following questions: o What changes need to take place to find a solution to the problem? o What can young people do to solve the problem? o Are there any obstacles to making a change? What/why? o How can the obstacles be overcome? Identify existing projects. It is critical to know what the community has done and is doing to address the problem so that the actions of your group are in line with, and gain the support of, the local community. The following questions may help your group explore this important element of choosing an action: o Do you know of any actions that have been taken in the past to tackle the problem you have identified? o What about current projects? o Do your family or friends know of any projects? STRENGTHS - Parents and community leaders are committed to listening to our suggestions. - We have identified three simple steps that we want to promote. - Our three steps are appealing to young people. OPPORTUNITIES - We have a partnership with another organization. - World Environment Day is coming up and the town wants NGOs to participate on this day. WEAKNESSES - We have funding for only one activity. - No one in our group has experience in running public events. THREATS - We may be competing against other groups or events for attention. - People don t want to hear unpleasant facts
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