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APPENDIX R- Aerial Use of DU During the Gulf War
- May Hensley
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1 APPENDIX R- Aerial Use of DU During the Gulf War R.1 U.S. Air Force In the early 1970s, the U.S. Air Force developed the GAU-8/A air-to-surface gun system for the A-10 Thunderbolt ( Warthog or Tank Buster ) close-air support aircraft. This seven-barreled 30mm cannon was designed to have the 30mm round penetrate the heaviest of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics tanks, OSAGWI, (1998). At the onset of the air campaign during the Gulf War, the A-10 Thunderbolts aircraft operated about 8,000 feet above ground level to remain out of the range of the anti-aircraft fire. However, during the ground war the A-10 Thunderbolt aircraft operated in close support of the ground troops, OSAGWI, (1998). The Air Force fired the 30mm, armor-piercing incendiary (API) PGU-14 munitions, each having a 300-gram DU penetrator slug from the GAU-8 Gatling gun mounted on the A-10 Thunderbolt. The gun can fire at a rate of 3,900 rounds per minute. A typical burst is 120 to 195 rounds or a 2 to 3 second burst. During a typical strafing run, approximately 50 to 100 DU rounds are fired. These rounds will be spread within an area of about 500 m 2 (10 meters wide and 50 meters long). About 10 to 20 DU rounds will hit within this 500-m 2 area, and the total mass of DU in the area would be 3 kg to 6 kg of DU. R-1
2 If three A-10 Thunderbolts work together against a target(s), the amount of DU expended within the area might be about 9 to 18 kg. There may be more than one target in the same general area. In tests at Nellis Air Force Range, the DU dust from a hard-target impact was deposited within a distance of 100 meters from the target. In tests with larger caliber (120mm) DU munitions, about 90 percent of the DU residue was within about 50 meters of the target. The A-10 Thunderbolts deployed to the Gulf flew 8,077 combat sorties. A typical combat load would include 1,100 rounds of 30mm high explosive or armor-piercing ammunition from the GAU-8. The combat load typically was API mixed with 30mm high-explosive incendiary (HEI). The combat mix was a ratio of API to HEI of 4:1 (80 percent API and 20 percent HEI). The Air Force fired a total of 783,514 (PGU-14) 30mm rounds in the Gulf War. This relates to about 97 DU rounds per sortie. It is estimated that the U.S. Air Force expended about 259 tons of DU during the Gulf War, OSAGWI, (1998). The PGU-14 round has about 6 percent of the mass of a M829A1 round. The M8921A1 round is fired from the Abrams tank. Therefore, it would take about 16 PGU-14 rounds to equal the mass of DU in an M829A1 round. The primary kill mechanism of an API penetrator is fragmentation. The fragments are a mixture of the heavy metal penetrator and armor, OSAGWI, (1998). R-2
3 There are at least two other incidents that occurred during the Gulf War for which there is inadequate information to estimate the exposure and intake of DU by exposed personnel. The first incident involved an A-10 Thunderbolt that reportedly crashed and burned at King Khalid Military City, Saudi Arabia. It is presumed to have had a combat load of ammunition. Eyewitness accounts of First Responders indicate that very few rounds "cooked-off" during the fire. In addition, testimony from eyewitnesses, indicate that the fire was extinguished shortly after the crash by firefighters and that the runway cleared for operation within approximately 30 minutes after the crash, OSAGWI, (1998). Based on these eyewitness accounts, it is estimated that very little DU was released into the atmosphere. Therefore, personnel exposures and intakes of DU are estimated to be in the range as those identified in the OSAGWI Levels II and III scenarios. As more information becomes available, a more detailed assessment can be made. The second incident is what was reported as a "hot-gun" response for an A-10 Thunderbolt that involved a "hang-fire". During the ammunition unloading procedure personnel may have been exposed to airborne DU residue and direct external exposure from handling the intact 30mm DU rounds. Because "hang-fire" problems typically do not result in starting fires, very little oxidation of the DU rounds would have occurred. This would limit the amount of oxidized DU residue available for an internal intake. Therefore, it is estimated that their exposure and intake of DU would be in the lower range as those exposed in the OSAGWI Levels II and III scenarios. As more information becomes available a more detailed assessment can be made. R-3
4 These fragments become pyrophoric when the super-heated metal particles begin rapidly oxidizing. It is estimated that the temperature of the fragments will reach about 2,000 F filling the vehicle with hot gas and burning metal fragments. These fragments easily ignite flammable and combustible material upon contact causing flash, heat, shock, and overpressure for the vehicle occupants. In Air Force tests prior to the Gulf War, the A-10 Thunderbolt flew at an altitude of 200 feet, an angle of 1.8 to 4.4 degrees, and a slant range of 2768 feet to 4402 feet. The weapon effects on the hard target (T-62 tank) were 90 percent miss and 10 percent hit with a 2 percent kill. R.2 U.S. Marine Corps The U.S. Marines developed the GAU-12 air-to-surface gun system for the AV-8B Harrier Close Air Support System. This six-barreled 25mm gun pod was designed to be centerline mounted, OSAGWI, (1998). The AV-8B Harrier aircraft deployed to the Gulf flew 3,342 sorties. A typical combat load would include 300 rounds of 25mm with an equal mix of DU and high expolsive rounds. The average turnaround time for flight operations during the ground war was 23 minutes, OSAGWI, (1998). R-4
5 The U.S. Marines fired 25mm PGU-20 munitions, each having a 150-gram DU penetrator slug from the GAU-12 Gatling gun center mounted on the AV-8B. The Marines fired 67,436 (PGU-20) 25mm DU in the Gulf War. This relates to about 20 DU rounds per sortie. Therefore, it is estimated that the U.S. Marines expended about 11 tons of DU during the Gulf War, OSAGWI, (1998). The PGU-20 round has about 3 percent of the mass of an M829A1 120mm round. Therefore, it would take about 31 PGU-20 25mm rounds to equal the mass of DU in an M829A1 round. R.3 Discussion Due to the pyrophoric nature of DU, many of the DU particles and fragments that are formed during and following impact and perforation will spontaneously ignite, resulting in a shift of the particle size probability distribution function to a smaller mean diameter. As a result of physical differences between DU and its oxides, the oxide particles tend to crumble under relatively weak mechanical forces, further shifting the particle size to an even smaller mean diameter, Parkhurst et al., (1995b). There are limited data on the precise number of munitions expended and of sorties flown against tanks and other vehicles. Also, because it is impossible to systematically collect and compare battle damage assessment data to assess munitions hit-and-kill rates, the level of effectiveness R-5
6 that was achieved during the Gulf War for the various DU munition types used is impossible to know. Since many of the spent DU munitions would have hit soft targets, such as the sand, DU would be present as intact penetrators or as large fragments on the surface of the ground or very near the surface of the ground. This is very different from having a contaminant mixed homogeneously in the sand. Each strafing run could result in a different pattern of hot spots (spent penetrators) on the surface. Surveys conducted by various DOD survey teams have not found DU-contaminated sand in the Gulf environment simply because they do not have access to areas where there may be hot spots with deposited DU fragments. The DU was expended primarily in the battle areas, which are in southern Iraq and not the rear areas of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. To date, there has never been a definitive assessment of the deposited DU and its migration potential in the Gulf area. It has been nine years since the end of the Gulf War. Due to the changing environment from sand and rainstorms, it is believed that any comprehensive environmental sampling strategy and plans would produce totally different and perhaps meaningless data with respect to the OSAGWI Levels II and III exposure scenarios. R-6
7 The amount of intact DU that is embedded in the sand is impossible to estimate. Some of the PGU-14, 30mm and PGU-20, 25mm DU penetrators have been found intact at a depth of 12 inches (30 cm) in soft soil. Soil (sand) samples have been collected in various areas of Kuwait and the Highway of Death. To date, the uranium levels that have been found in the soil samples have been indistinguishable from the naturally occurring uranium in the environment. The major air strikes and tank battles took place in Iraq. To date, areas are not accessible to DOD survey teams. Since the ground war February 1991, multiple sandstorms and rainstorms have reduced the ambient DU concentration via weathering, USAFE TAC, (1992). Any DU fragments that remained have solubilized and released DU to the ground surface soil layer at a rate of about 1 percent per year. Based on the exposure assessment and risk characterization for Level II individuals, the conclusion is that the exposure of personnel, who entered DU-contaminated Iraqi vehicles and equipment that had been perforated by either the 30mm, PGU-14 or the 25mm PGU-20 rounds, would be less than that reported for Level III Scenarios. R-7
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1950 North Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60647Request info Add to list
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1950 North Damen Avenue is aretail property for lease in Chicago, IL.
‰Ű˘Shopping Corridor
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FOR LEASE (1,200 sf) Retail/Office space on Damen Ave. just south of Armitage in Bucktown. Located a strong shopping corridor, the space is currently a framing store with retail in the front and production area in rear. Ideal for retail, service, fitness or office space with excellent foot traffic in area.
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- On the beach
- Lake Cunningham (4.7 mi / 7.5 km)
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- Stingray City (14.7 mi / 23.7 km)
Meliá Nassau Beach - All Inclusive, Nassau
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $400
- The Level
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- Classic Double Room (Island View 2 Adults 2 Kids)
- Presidential Suite
- Classic Double Room, View (Island View)
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- Superior Suite
- Royal Suite
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- Family Kids And Co
- Deluxe Double Room, Pool View
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- Premium Room, Ocean View (King Room)
- Premium Double Room, Ocean View
- One Bedroom Ocean Front Suite
- Classic Room, View (Classic Island View King Room)
- Deluxe Double Room, Pool View (2 Adults 2 Kids)
- Premium Double Room, Ocean View (2 Adults 2 Kids)
- Standard Room, Ocean View
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 694 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 9 floors
- Check-in time starts at 4 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 21
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 25
Travelling with others
- Children (2 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Babysitting/childcare *
- Free children's club
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Valet parking *
Other information
- All-inclusive (taxes and gratuities included)
- Resort fee included
Nearby Four Star Nassau hotels
In the hotel
- Children's club (free)
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Supervised childcare/activities (free)
- Free breakfast
- 7 restaurants
- 3 bars/lounges
- Coffee shop/café
- Poolside bar
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Barbecue grills
- Beach towels
- Number of outdoor pools - 3
- Children's pool
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Conference space
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Luggage storage
- Wedding services
- Multilingual staff
- Porter/bellhop
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Garden
- Terrace
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Balcony
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch LCD TV
- Satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Nassau hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Nassau
- Paradise Harbour Club & MarinaFrom
"This hotel was secluded. In a nicer part of town. Close to Cabbage Beach which is a less populated Beach. I took my boyfriend for his birthday. The Mermaid bar has great food. And…"Jul 17, 2017
- Atlantis Coral Towers, Autograph CollectionFrom
"We loved the resort, great for kids. Clean rooms, great view."Jul 14, 2017
- Nettie's Place at Casuarinas
"This is a family business. They were very friendly and helpful. If you need something just ask and they will accommodate you. It maybe outdated in some aspects, but they had a…"Jul 6, 2017
- Bay View Suites Paradise IslandFrom
"Felt like I was home! Near to beach and excellent restaurants! The outside is a beautiful garden. "Jul 3, 2017
Nearby hotels
Also popular with travelers from the USA
Special features
All inclusive
This resort is all-inclusive. Onsite food and beverages are included in the room price (some restrictions may apply).
Gratuities and taxes
Gratuities and taxes are included.
Food and beverages
- All buffet and à la carte meals, snacks, and local beverages included
- Room service during certain hours
- Dining availability limited at one or more venues
Activities and facilities/equipment
Water activities
- Snorkeling
Not included
- Motorized water sports
- Premium and/or non-domestic beverages
- Room service
- Airport transfers
DiningMarket Place - Overlooking the garden, this buffet restaurant specializes in international cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Open daily.
Aqua - This restaurant specializes in Italian cuisine and serves dinner only. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Reservations are required.
O Grille - Overlooking the ocean, this restaurant specializes in Caribbean cuisine and serves lunch only. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Nikkei - This restaurant specializes in sushi and serves dinner only. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Reservations are required.
Cilantro - This restaurant specializes in Mexican cuisine and serves dinner only. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Reservations are required.
On Site
- Kayaking on site
- Playground on site
- Sailing on site
- Snorkeling on site
- Volleyball on site
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Parasailing nearby
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
Meliá Nassau Beach - All Inclusive, Nassau's small print
Also known as
- Meliá Hotel Nassau Beach
- Melia Nassau Beach Resort Bahamas
- Meliá Nassau Beach All Inclusive
- Meliá Nassau Beach
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Valet parking costs USD 20 per day
Babysitting/childcare is available for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Business Law
Ask a Business Lawyer. Get Business Law Questions Answered ASAP.
Section 164.052(a)(13) of the Medical Practice Act authorizes disciplinary action against any licensee for permitting another to use his license to practice medicine. Section 164.052(a)(17) authorizes disciplinary action against a practitioner for aiding or abetting, directly or indirectly, the practice of medicine by non-licensed individuals or entities.
Primarily, this doctrine prohibits physicians from entering into partnerships, employee relationships, fee splitting, or other situations with non-physicians where the physician's practice of medicine is in any way controlled or directed by, or fees shared with a non-physician. So at a minimun, yes the physician would have to own at least 51%. However, even then the physician could not split his fees with a non-physician.
Generally, physicians may enter into independent contractor arrangements with non-physicians. However, whether an independent contractor situation exists is a question of law and attendant facts.


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From Farm to Fork: Sustainable Food Systems
CFAN 3505 and CFAN 3512
June 1 - 29, 2018
Application Deadline:
February 1, 2018
Paris, city of lights. The castles of the lush Loire Valley. The walled city of Saint Malo and the historic battlefields of northern France. You will visit these places while learning about sustainable food chains: crop production, agroecology, sustainable livestock farming systems and agribusiness structures, as well as oenology – the wine-making process. Other topics that will be focused on include viticulture, food sciences and technology, international marketing, sensory analysis and consumer behavior in the French context. You will also study France's regional food systems and the concept of "terroir" – the conditions related to the production of foods and wine based on the soils and special characteristics found in the region. Visits to vineyards, organic farms, a goat farm, a cattle breeding farm and a liquor distillery also will be on the schedule. Students also have the opportunity to participate in an internship following the course.
CFAN 3505 - French Language and Culture - 1.0 credits
CFAN 3512* - Sustainable Food Chains - 3.0 credits
*Fulfills the Global Perspectives, Social Sciences, and Environment liberal education requirements.
*For more detailed informations, see the class descriptions and general schedule.
Students interested in food systems, agriculture and sustainability.
Approximately $5,700 plus airfare, some meals and personal expenses. (Fee includes four credits)
Robin Perez. CFANS Academic Advisor
Want to extend your stay in France and experience French farm life first hand? Students participating in this program have the option to apply for a Farm Practice Internship in the Loire Region of France. Check out our internships page for more information.


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Micek by MeernahArtWatch
©2011-2017 MeernahArt
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text:
|Message view
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|"Narayan, Satya" <satya.nara...@sap.com>
|RE: Regarding silent installation of tomcat 5.0
|Wed, 03 Nov 2004 04:02:53 GMT
Hi MT, Thanks a lot for the advise. Is it possible to give any other options alongwith this like the directory to install to ? And does it install the services also ? Kindly advise. Best Regards, Satya -----Original Message----- From: Mladen Turk [mailto:email@example.com] Sent: Tuesday, November 02, 2004 03:51 PM To: Tomcat Users List Subject: Re: Regarding silent installation of tomcat 5.0 Narayan, Satya wrote: > Hi all, > I have a doubt regarding the doubt regarding the installation of tomcat 5.0 > I need to install tomcat 5.0 and also the NT service. I need to do all this silently ie without user input. > Is it possible ? Is there a silent option in tomcat installation exe file ? > 'jakarta-tomcat-5.X.X.exe /S' (case Sensitive) MT. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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The Effects of a Small Dose of Dexamethasone on Cell Adhesion Molecules during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
- First Online:
- Citations
- 384 Downloads
Background and Objective: There are only a few publications on the effects of dexamethasone on the plasma levels of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dexamethasone 4mg on the perioperative plasma levels of CAMs (soluble intercellular adhesion molecules [sICAM-1] and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules [sVCAM-1]) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Methods: Forty-two patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under total intravenous anesthesia were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: the first group received dexamethasone 4mg (DEX group, n = 21) and the second group were controls (C group, n = 21). Plasma levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were assessed before anesthesia, after induction (before surgery), and at 2 and 24 hours after surgery, respectively. Comparisons were performed for area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and within-group values.
Results: AUC comparison for sICAM-1 showed significantly increased levels in the C group (p = 0.036), while there was no significant difference for sVCAM-1 (p = 0.052). Within-group analysis showed increased levels for both sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in the C group at 24 hours postoperatively (p = 0.35 and p = 0.025, respectively).
Conclusions: In our study, dexamethasone 4mg given before laparoscopic cholecystectomy determined a significant decrease in plasma levels of sICAM-1. Both sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 remained increased compared with baseline at 24 hours in the C group. This may partially explain the postoperative antiinflammatory effects of dexamethasone. Further studies are needed.
Interactions between cells and different substratum are mediated through different families of receptors, among which cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) as a part of the immunoglobulin superfamily are included. Due to their implications in cell interactions, CAMs are involved in numerous processes such as wound healing,[1,2] and inflammatory responses such as atherosclerosis or ischemia-reperfusion lesions.[3]
Two of the most studied CAMs are intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAMs). ICAMs are present in low concentrations on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells; they are involved in stabilizing cell-cell interactions and in leukocyte transmigration through the endothelial wall. Recent studies have shown implications of ICAMs as viral entry molecules and in signal transduction.[4,5] VCAMs are expressed in blood vessels after endothelial cell stimulation by cytokines. VCAMs are also involved in signal transduction and in certain inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.[3]
There is limited information on the effects of anesthesia on CAMs[6] and even less is known about the effects of dexamethasone on these molecules. The information available refers to high doses of corticosteroids, which have been found to inhibit the release of ICAMs or the expression of VCAMs due to high levels of interleukins.[7,8]
Our study was designed to investigate the effects of a small dose of dexamethasone on CAMs. The primary outcome of this study was the evaluation of plasma levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in patients with and without prophylactic dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA).
Ethical approval was provided (No. 178C) by the Ethics Committee of the "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, (president Prof. Dr F. Loghin) on 19 December 2007.
After ethical approval and written informed consent, 46 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status scores I or II [ASA I and II]) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under TIVA were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided by a computer-generated randomization sequence into two study groups: the first group received dexamethasone 4 mg (DEX group, n = 23) before induction of anesthesia and the second group were controls (C group, n = 23). Patients with acute cholecystitis, other inflammatory diseases, immune disorders, obesity (body mass index ≥30), diabetes mellitus, allergies, gastric ulcers, asthma, history of PONV, or current use of steroid or anti-inflammatory medication were excluded from the study. Although there is no direct connection between CAMs and these criteria, taking into consideration that both ICAMs and VCAMs can be induced by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1-ß, we chose to exclude all conditions that might interfere with the levels of these cytokines.
Anesthetic protocol was the same in both groups. All patients were premedicated with oral midazolam 7.5 mg. After arriving in the operating room, an intravenous cannula was inserted, blood samples were drawn for preoperative CAMs assessment and crystalloid 500 mL infusion was started. A second intravenous cannula was inserted and used for anesthetic drug administration. TIVA was induced with target-controlled infusion – propofol at an initial plasma concentration of 4 μg/mL (Orchestra® Base Primea, Fresenius Vial SAS, Brézins, France) and remifentanil administered by manual controlled infusion with 0.5 μg/kg/min in the first minute and 0.25 μg/kg/min thereafter.
Tracheal intubation was facilitated with atracurium 0.6 mg/kg. During maintenance of anesthesia propofol, plasma concentration was adjusted to maintain a Bispectral Index® (BIS®) [Spacelabs Healthcare, Issaquah, WA, USA] between 40 and 55, and remifentanil was adjusted in 0.05 μg/kg/min steps according to patient needs.
If necessary, additional atracurium 10 mg was administered. Propofol and remifentanil infusions were stopped after the last stitch and muscle paralysis antagonized with neostigmine 2.5 mg and atropine 1 mg.
Monitoring included measurement of mean arterial blood pressure at 4-minute intervals, heart rate, oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2), peripheral temperature and BIS®. Respiratory rate and inspiratory pressure were adjusted to maintain an end-tidal CO2 of 35–45mmHg.
Hypotension (defined as a decrease of blood pressure with over 25% of baseline values) was corrected with an increased rate of fluid administration and/or boluses of intravenous ephedrine 5 mg.
The postoperative analgesia regimen included oral paracetamol 1 g/8 h and intravenous pethidine 0.4–0.5mg/kg at patients' request or when pain score on a visual analog scale (VAS) was ≥3 (on a 5-point VAS scale, 5 = worst pain possible, 0 = no pain). PONV was treated when necessary with intravenous metoclopramide 10 mg; if metoclopramide was not efficient (nausea and vomiting after metoclopramide), ondansetron 4 mg was given.
Crystalloid 1000 mL and low-molecular-weight heparins were also included in the postoperative prescriptions. NSAIDs were avoided because of the interference with interleukins and CAMs levels.
Measurement of Cell Adhesion Molecules
Only sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were assessed in this study. Separate dedicated kits are available for soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-2 through to soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-5.
Blood samples for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 measurement were collected at the following time intervals: (i) before induction, at arrival in the operating room (T1); (ii) before surgery, after induction of anesthesia (T2); (iii) at 2 hours after surgery (T3); and (iv) at 24 hours after surgery (T4). Samples (7 mL) were drawn via an indwelling intravenous cannula inserted into a forearm vein, collected in Vacutainer® (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) tubes and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature. Separated plasma samples (3–4mL) were stored in cryotubes (Citotest® Labware Manufacturing Co, Ltd, China) below -30°C according to manufacturer indications until assay.
sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured using commercially available kits (Quantikine®, R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) and a two-step sandwich ELISA. In the first step standards and plasma samples were pipetted into the wells of ELISA plates where CAMs are bounded by previously coated immobilized specific antibodies. Detection antibodies were added after washing the plate. The final result of the reactions is a yellow product whose optical density is measured and is related to the amount of the molecule bound in the initial step. The sample values are then read from a standard curve.
Detection limits as given by the manufacturer are within the following ranges: sVCAM-1 0.17–1.26 (mean = 0.6) ng/mL; sICAM-1 0.049–0.254 (mean = 0.096) ng/mL, with intra- and interassay coefficients of variation both less than 8% (Quantikine®, R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA).
Normal plasma values of CAMs as given by the manufacturer are within the following ranges: sVCAM-1 349–991ng/mL; sICAM-1 98.8–320ng/mL.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalc 184.108.40.206. statistical packages. We calculated a sample size based on the results of a pilot study (n = 5) that showed a 28% median level difference between groups in pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6) levels. For a type I error (alpha level) of 0.05 and a type II error (beta level) of 0.20, we calculated a minimum required sample size of 20 patients per group. Due to a previous experience from the pilot study, we estimated a maximum loss of 15% of the enrolled patients and this resulted in a maximum sample size of 23 patients per group. Data were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Longitudinal data were examined using summary measure analysis as described.[9] Comparisons of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve were performed between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess differences between repetitive measures of the same continuous variable. Single measurement differences between the groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test or Student's t-test according to the normality of data. The chi-square test was used to test correlations between qualitative data. Continuous data were expressed as either mean plus or minus standard deviation or median (minimum–maximum) values, depending on normality of data. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Study groups were similar with regard to demographic data (see table I). Altogether, 42 patients completed the CAMs analysis during the first 24-hour postoperative period. Two patients were excluded from the DEX group due to an acute cholecystitis (diagnosed intraoperatively) and technical problems; two patients were excluded from the C group due to technical problems (one patient was discharged earlier than 24 hours postoperatively and one patient had missing samples).
None of the patients became hypothermic during surgery. Mean temperature during anesthesia was 36.5 ± 0.288°C.
In both groups all pre-induction values of CAMs were within the normal ranges as given by the manufacturer. Pre-induction levels did not differ between study groups for both sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1 (see table II).
Area under the plasma concentration-time curve comparison between study groups revealed significant differences for sICAM-1 (p = 0.036), with greater levels in the C group, and insignificantly greater levels for sVCAM-1 (p = 0.052), in the DEX group (see table III).
From the plasma concentration-time curve of CAMs as shown in figures 1 and 2, it can be seen that the greatest variations were registered at T3 and T4. However, both sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 variations showed less variability in the DEX group than in the C group. This is why we proceeded with a within-group analysis.
Within-group comparisons of plasma levels of CAMs at T3 and T4 are shown in tables IV, and V respectively.
No significant differences were registered at T3 in either sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1 plasma levels when compared with baseline values in both study groups (see table IV). However, at T4, the sVCAM-1 levels remained significantly higher than baseline in the C group (p = 0.025), while sICAM-1 plasma levels were insignificantly increased in the C group also (p = 0.35) [see table V].
Despite the fact that dexamethasone is used as a routine prophylaxis for PONV, especially after laparoscopic surgery,[10,11] for many years only limited adverse effects were reported.[12,13] Most of these reports focused on clinical adverse effects such as infections, wound healing, surgical hemorrhage, or other effects due to corticosteroid use.[12] As well as a decreased incidence of PONV, there are also reports on other beneficial effects of dexamethasone such as a decreased degree of pain and swelling or a more rapid discharge.[14,15]
Little is known about cellular and molecular effects of small doses of dexamethasone (e.g. those doses used for PONV prophylaxis) or about the effects on immune response. It has been demonstrated that higher doses of dexamethasone decrease the inflammatory response after surgery, especially after cardiac surgery.[16] This effect is mediated by the increase in plasma levels of anti-inflammatory interleukins and the decrease in pro-inflammatory interleukins. Less is known about the effects of high-dose dexamethasone on CAMs (ICAMs, VCAMs).[7,8,17,18] The effects of a small dose of dexamethasone on CAMs have not been studied until now.
Apart from the effects of different CAMs on wound healing[1,2] or during the aforementioned inflammatory responses, such as atherosclerosis or ischemia-reperfusion lesions,[3] there are a few other important clinical effects related to inflammation or tumor progression. It has been shown that CAMs are involved in tumor progression and metastasis.[19, 20, 21] However, the implication of CAMs in these processes is evaluated differently in different studies. Some studies measure soluble forms[20] or expression of CAMs,[1,3] while other studies evaluate CAMs as whole molecules.[1,19,21]
ICAMs and VCAMs are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily regulated by the inflammatory interleukins.[22]
ICAM-1 has five domains in its extracellular domain and soluble forms of mono- and dimeric ICAM-1 generated by proteolytic cleavage known as sICAM-1 were determined in our study. VCAMs also have extracellular domains and the soluble form that can be determined in plasma (sVCAM-1) also results from proteolytic cleavage.
The mechanisms involved in actions of CAMs are different for ICAM-1 and for VCAM-1. ICAM-1 produces its effects by promoting recruitment and adhesion of leukocytes to the activated endothelium due to strong bonds with integrins, thus trapping the inflammatory cells to the vascular surface and promoting migration through endothelial cells.[23] On the other side, a decreased level of ICAM-1 may allow tumor cells to enter from the tissues into the vessel, thus promoting metastasis. VCAM-1 is produced mainly by the endothelial cells and other types of cells (i.e. smooth muscle cells) after being stimulated by the interleukins and it promotes adhesion of inflammatory cells to the vascular wall and subsequent migration.[20,24] Some of the tumor cells may also use VCAM-1 to adhere to the vascular wall and to migrate.[25, 26, 27]
CAMs are affected by surgery and, in turn, may influence outcome after oncologic surgery.[26, 27, 28] There are only a few studies on the effect of laparoscopic surgery on the level of CAMs. Laparoscopic surgery is well recognized as being able to reduce the amplitude of the inflammatory response,[29,30] so, theoretically, the levels of CAMs should also be reduced. However, when the levels of CAMs are the primary outcome parameter, the influence of CO2 and the pressure of pneumoperitoneum must be taken into consideration as these may influence the levels of CAMs.[31,32] Attention must also be paid to the difference between plasma levels on one side and mucosal or peritoneal/mesenchymal levels of CAMs on the other side during laparoscopic surgery.[30,31]
Regarding the effects of dexamethasone on plasma levels of CAMs, the available data are conflicting. According to some studies, dexamethasone decreases the levels of CAMs,[17,33] while others have shown that dexamethasone does not influence the CAMs level or that dexamethasone only reduces the increased expression of CAMs due to an increased level of pro-inflammatory interleukins.[17,33, 34, 35] Most studies have focused on expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1; as the CAMs evaluation differs, it is difficult to compare different studies.
Our study showed that even a small dose of dexamethasone influenced the plasma levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. The difference is significant for sICAM-1 and did not reach statistical significance for sVCAM-1. Although there are not similar studies with such a low dose of dexamethasone used as prophylaxis for PONV during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and the measured parameters are different (in our study, soluble forms; in the others, expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM- 1), our results are similar to those of Cronstein et al.[33] and Aziz and Wakefield,[34] showing that in vitro dexamethasone decreases the expression of CAMs induced by the inflammatory interleukins, and different from those of Dufour et al.,[35] who did not find an effect of dexamethasone on the level of CAMs. Regarding the increased levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 at 24 hours postoperatively, these may be at least partially determined by the increased postoperative levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins in the absence of dexamethasone described so far in the literature.
Our study had some limitations. First, the number of studied patients was small. With a larger number of patients, the results for CAMs might have been different. The sample size was calculated based on differences in interleukin-6 plasma levels in the pilot study, so our results may be underpowered with respect to sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels.
We measured only soluble levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1; the effect of dexamethasone on expression of CAMs as transmembrane forms may be different. On the other side, we focused our study on plasma levels of CAMs; peritoneal levels may follow a different pattern.
In conclusion, our study has shown that even a small dose of dexamethasone may decrease the level of sICAM, while the results for sVCAM did not reach statistical significance. Although CAMs are only part of the immune response, together with interleukins, they can at least partially explain the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone reported so far. The clinical relevance of these results is unclear and further studies on larger groups of patients are needed to further elucidate the effects of a small dose of dexamethasone on CAMs and their clinical significance.
The study was supported by The National Centre for Programme Management, Romania (research grant No. 41025). The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.


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|Home > Merryn
♀ Merryn
What does Merryn mean?
Merryn [mer-ryn] as a name for girls is an Old English name, and the meaning of the name Merryn is "joyful". Merryn is an alternate form of Merry (Old English): also variation of Meredith and Mercy.
ASSOCIATED WITH old english, joyful
OTHER FORMS VIA MERRY Merree, Merri, Merrie, Merrile, Merrili, MerrilyCREATIVE FORMS
(female) Miryn, Murryn, ..
(male) Merian, Mermin, .. MIDDLE NAME PAIRINGS
Merryn Colbie (M.C.), ..
How popular is Merryn?
Merryn is an unusual given name for females. Merryn is an unusual surname too for all people. (2000 U.S. DEMOGRAPHICS)
Which version is better?with its source form and related girl names. Merry, Merrily, Merrie and Merri are the prominent varying forms of Merryn (OUTSIDE TOP 2000). Usage of these relations of Merryn was at its apex 75 years ago (USAGE OF 0.02%), but now, the form Merry has gone out of style. (TOP BABY NAMES, 2015)
Similar Names
Merryn is pronounced similarly to Mairin, Mareen, Maren, Marian▼, Marien, Marin, Marinn, Marion▼, Marrin, Maryan, Maryn, Maryon, Miran, Mirian, Moreen and Morwyn. Other suggested similar names are Berry, Beryn, Carryn, Corryn, Derhyn, Derran, Derrin, Derron, Derry, Deryn, Farryn, Ferran, Ferryn, Gerry▼, Jerry▼, Karryn, Kerran, Kerrin, Kerron, Kerry▼, Kerryl, Kerryn, Kerrynn, Keryn, Larryn, Lorryn, Marlyn▼, Marnya, Meirna, Mercy▲, Meriam, Merlyn, Merna, Merona, Merril, Merrona, Merryl, Meryam, Meryl, Perran, Perren, Perrin, Perry, Perryn, Sherryn, Tarryn, Terrin, Terry▼, Terrya (see Theresa), Terrye, Terryl (see Teryl), Terryn and Teryn. These names tend to be more frequently used than Merryn.See names in meaning and etymology.


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I ask for prayers to protect me and lift me up out of darkness and depression as I approach a critical day of testing. Let the light of G-d break the dark clouds that surround me and help me focus and productively prepare for this watershed day. May His love wrap me and lift me up as I approach this task at which so many wish me to fail. May those who wish me ill be prevented from doing me harm; may those who have been my enemy look at me with peace, generosity, and fairness. May G-d protect me from all ill will, vengeance wishes, and negative energy.
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Daily Prayers.
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Saunas VS Steam Rooms
Saunas and steam rooms have been used for a long time, as a way to relax the body and soul after a long workout routine or a stressful day at work, but how much do we actually know about them?
In our previous article, we talked about saunas as an excellent way to generate more sweat and release toxins that can be potentially harmful for the body. Now we are going to delve deeper into the subject.
Let's start with the saunas, often found at gyms or spas: they are wooden cover cabins. They produce heat through electricity and they have hot stones you can add water to in order to produce steam and elevate the temperature, as well as several infrared that produce heat using electricity around the entire area.
On the other hand, steam rooms or Turkish baths have been used since ancient times as a way to cleanse the body and soul of any impurity that might be collected through the day. These only generate steam, similar to saunas, to raise the body temperature and open the pores but people sweat less than in saunas. They can also have a Japanese style, where a wooden tub is filled with boiling water and the person enters to relax and enjoy both the hot water and the steam.
Before and After Care
Before you enter a sauna or a steam room, you must take a shower with fresh or tepid water to clean your skin and ease the sweat release, enter the cabin for 10 minutes, if you are not used to the heat produced, sit on a lower bench, since the intense heat usually concentrates at the top, and don't forget to carry a towel where you can sit and avoid catching any kind of disease.
After the 10 minutes are finished, take another fresh water shower, starting with your arms and legs all the way to your torso, then enter again for another 5 minutes, and finish with a last shower to clean your skin of the sweat generated within the cabin.
If you have an exfoliating sponge or loofah, as well as some anti – cellulite creams, you may use them to get a smoother and softer skin. You will also get rid of any dead skin so that your skin can recover easily.
Opens up your pores through your entire skin, as your heart begins to pump more blood and produce sweat, and during this time your body will release toxins, dead skins and any other impurities.
The heat will make the muscles relax, which is why these practices are so recommended to people with any diseases or ailments in the joints or who simply have a high stress level in their everyday life, so they can relax their muscles.
People who suffer from insomnia and stress can feel an improvement at the time they go to bed, after a sauna session.
The steam rooms help people with respiratory problems or lungs diseases, in a similar way people use a steamer to open up the respiratory tracks.
Since the elevated heat can cause your heart's beat to get elevated, both rooms can help you lose some calories, but it is not the most effective way to lose weight.
They help the production of white cells, therefore strengthening the immune system.
The steam hydrates the skin and makes it look younger and smoother.
Counter – indications
You must not do more than two sessions a day, and never go above three sessions in a week, since these kinds of practices drain so much of the body liquids, which must be replaced with rich in electrolyte beverages.
People with a heart condition must not enter steam rooms or saunas without their doctor's clearance, since they could suffer from a heart attack due to the high temperatures.
Similarly, anybody with circulation problems or varicose veins should not enter a sauna or steam room.
Pregnant women should stay away from saunas and steam rooms, since the excessive heat in the uterus could harm the baby.
These practices are designed to relax the body and spirit, so it is not recommended to exercise inside the cabins. You can suffer a heat stroke or extreme dehydration.
Women on their period must not enter steam rooms, let alone saunas, since they can suffer a severe hemorrhage.
Before you enter a sauna it's important to consult with trainers, in the case of people who practice sports regularly or go to the gym, or doctors for those who have heart or lung problems, since the high temperatures within these places can have a counter – productive effect.
The rooms do not make people lose weight, you may lose some calories due to the liquid loss and acceleration of the heart rate, but the best way to lose any extra pounds is by exercising and having a healthy diet.
These practices carry big benefits for your health, whether by using a sauna or a steam room, since it's necessary for both the skin and body to release toxins and dead skin. It's also a way to take care of the biggest organ in the human body, which also protects us from external agents, but it's constantly exposed to pollution, due to cars, factories, therefore a weekly session of sauna will be beneficial to the health, skin body and soul.
Remember to relax after your session, put on some warm clothes after your shower and do not make any abrupt movements, like sitting down or standing up very quickly since your blood pressure may lower. Your body has just gone through a detox process and has been subjected to high temperatures, always take that into consideration.


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Cheek and Lip Gloss: Poppy
By Rosie Jane
$20.00 was $30.00
This product is currently sold out.
Made with organic and natural ingredients the Essentials cheek & lip gloss adds the perfect amount of color & shine to your cheeks and lips.
Simply dab onto cheeks and lips for instant hydration, shine and color without adding shimmer!
Naturally scented with a hint of sweet coconut.


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|Home > Nady
♀ Nady
What does Nady mean?
Nady [nady] as a girls' name has its root in Russian, and the meaning of Nady is "hope". Nady is a version of Nadia (Russian): a popular name in Russia.
VARIANTS Nadya, Nadiya, Nadie, Nada
RELATIONS VIA NADIA Nadege, Nadija, Nadja, Nadzia, Nata, NatkaCREATIVE FORMS
(female) Nati, Nedy, ..
(male) Naer, Nane, .. MIDDLE NAME PAIRINGS
Nady Cheyanne (N.C.), ..
How popular is Nady?
Nady is an unusual first name for females but a somewhat prominent surname for both adults and children (#108153 out of 150436, Top 72%). (2000 U.S. DEMOGRAPHICS)
Which version is better?with its source form and related girl names. Nada, Nadia (#345 THE PREVIOUS YEAR) and Nadya are the prominent varying forms of Nady (UNLISTED) listed in the Top 2000. These forms of Nady were favored by parents in 2005 (ADOPTION OF 0.1%) and are now significantly less common (ADOPTION 0.1%, ▼56.3%). (2015 BIRTH STATISTICS)
Similar Names
Nady is alike in pronunciation to Naiada, Naida, Neda, Nedda, Nedi, Niada, Nidia, Nyada and Nydia. Other suggested similar names are Addy, Ady, Andy, Brady, Caddy, Cady, Candy▼, Coady, Cody, Dody, Eddy, Edy, Hedy, Jady, Jandy, Jody▼, Judy▼, Kady, Kandy, Kody, Lady, Laidy, Maddy, Mady, Mandy▼, Na-, Nadra, Nadyna, Nadyne, Naia, Nan▼, Nana, Nancy▼, Nanda, Nani, Nann, Nanny, Narda, Nari, Nasya, Nat, Natty, Nava, Nyad, Randy, Sandy▼, Tandy, Wandy and Zandy. These names tend to be more frequently used than Nady.See names in meaning and etymology.


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James huge on both ends as Cavs top WarriorsJan 21, 2007 - 8:27 AM OAKLAND, California (Ticker) -- LeBron James is known for a lot of things but defense isn't one of them.
James came up with a game-saving strip of Matt Barnes with 2.5 seconds remaining as the Cleveland Cavaliers avoided a late-game collapse en route to a 106-104 overtime victory over the new-look Golden State Warriors.
James also had another well-balanced offensive game, collecting 32 points, seven rebounds and five assists for the Cavaliers, who spoiled the debuts of Warriors newcomers Stephen Jackson, Sarunas Jasikevicius and Al Harrington.
"I am still trying to figure the guys out, and once I do, I will be able to put them in better spots where they won't commit as many turnovers," Golden State coach Don Nelson said. "It was a glimpse of what we can be. We are still figuring out how to use them best.
"The combination of Jackson and Harrington is pretty special, and it looks like we got another good player in Sarunas. I liked what I saw in him, and he can definitely play the point guard."
However, the Warriors' newly acquired talent didn't have the chance to play with Golden State's on-court leader, point guard Baron Davis, who was suspended for one game for taking a swing at Los Angeles Clippers forward Quinton Ross late in Wednesday's loss.
"I felt it was unfair for them to be in that situation, not having my best player to help them out," Nelson said. "We were very limited in what we could run because of that. I am very glad we made the trade when we did. They will play much better when we get Baron back, and we can lean on him a little more."
After Jasikevicius drained a 3-pointer to make it 106-104 with eight seconds left in the extra period, James turned the ball over with seven seconds left, giving Golden State a chance to tie.
Barnes then backed his way two feet from the basket before being stripped on the way up by James, who saved a potential game-tying layup.
"I had to make up for it," James said. "I was very careless on the play before, letting (Jackson) hit the ball off my leg and go out of bounds. That was a big play for them, so I just want to try to make up for it in the best way I could."
However, Cleveland tried to give the game away. On the ensuing possession, David Wesley missed two free throws and the Warriors had one last chance. But Jackson missed a contested shot from the arc as time expired.
"It was a great win for us," Cavaliers coach Mike Brown said. "We could have easily rolled over and quit. But our guys decided to come out in the second half and play the type of basketball we are capable of."
James was 14-of-22 from the field, including 2-of-7 on 3-pointers.
"I was just being a leader," James said. "It gives me an opportunity to go out there and play well, it gives me the opportunity to go out there and not worry about making a mistake."
However, with the game tied on the final possession of regulation, James dished to Sasha Pavlovic, who missed a wide-open 3-pointer. After an offensive rebound by Anderson Varejao, James misfired from the arc, setting up his heroics in overtime.
The Warriors played their first game after a blockbuster trade with Indiana on Wednesday. Golden State acquired Harrington, Jackson, Jasikevicius and forward Josh Powell from the Pacers for forwards Mike Dunleavy, Troy Murphy and Ike Diogu and guard Keith McLeod.
Jackson scored 29 points on 10-of-25 shooting for the Warriors, who shot just 40 percent (39-of-98) and absorbed their fifth loss in their last six games.
"For the first game, I did OK," Jackson said. "I still have to learn all the plays and get a feel for everyone. But it's all about winning with me, and we lost. I'm glad I was able to come out and contribute, but at the same time, we didn't get a win."
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The TV shows finding new life at a new home. Read More
This Sunday, The Killing returns with a third season, a second case and ETonline has an exclusive...Read More
Last July AMC canceled their one-time critically acclaimed series The Killing after the second season finale only to see resurrection rumors reappear in December. Today it became official: AMC has picked up a third season of the...Read More


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Multi Monitor PC
Choose your performance level and use our advanced PC builder to design the perfect PC for your needs. No, you are not seeing double…. Our Multi Monitor range of PCs are great for many different applications. Whether you need multi monitors for trading, video production or you just want to have the most amount of desktop space, then you have found the right solution.
Multi Monitor, or dual screen, computers are designed to give you an efficient workspace and allow you to flip from one screen to another without having to minimise windows or struggle to see what's going on with half and half screened applications.


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Welcome To CK5!
Registering is free and easy! Hope to see you on the forums soon.
Score a FREE Membership sticker when you sign up for a Premium Membership and choose the recurring plan.
Any way to tell what mods are online right now?
Discussion in 'The Garage' started by Scrt_Agent_Man, Apr 29, 2007.


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Very effective for:
All animals (Dog,Cat,Rabbit, Horse…);
- Help reduce the level of urea in the blood;
- Promote proper kidney function;
- Purify the blood.
The all natural homeopathic remedy "Uremia" is indicated when your dog or cat has elevated blood urea. It will treat symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea that may be tinted with blood. Help purify your pet's blood and support his kidney health.
What is "Uremia" (the remedy) and what will it do?
This remedy is safe to use on all animals: cats, dogs, horses, birds, rabbits, etc.
Who it's for ?
Uremia is a serious condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to eliminate urea or other toxins in the blood. It is a complication of kidney failure or disease. These substances can become poisonous to your pet's body if they reach high levels.
What is uremia?
What are the symptoms of uremia?
- Depression
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Inflamed tongue
- Ammonia-like breath (due to urea)
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Ulcers in the mouth
- Fever
- Urinates less than normal
What are the possible causes of uremia?
- Kidney inflammation
- Kidney or ureteral stones
- Rupture of the bladder or urethra
- Presence of foreign bodies in the urethra
- Damaged kidney tissue
- Low blood flow to the kidneys
- Poisoning (painkillers, mercury, lead, antifreeze)
- Complete urinary tract obstruction caused by a stone
How long until I see results ?Generally speaking, your pet should start seeing results in a few days. However, how well and how fast your pet responds to homeopathy is unique to each animal. In chronic illnesses, relief typically begins anywhere from within a few days, to within three or four weeks. In acute illnesses, relief will usually appear within minutes to hours.
Since all animals are different, the length of time a remedy is needed differs from animal to animal. In severe illnesses, the improvement can be very fast. With chronic conditions that have existed for many years, some pets find complete relief within a year or two. Most importantly, it is crucial to stop taking the remedy when your pet has recovered from his disease or disorder.
How long will I have to give my pet his remedy ?
A spray bottle usually lasts up to six months or more.
How long will a bottle last ?
How to Use ?
Dosage (important)
1 spray every day, in water or in the mouth. Shake well before use. 30ml spray bottle.
Is the dosage the same for all animals ?
Yes. Why? Whether it is a dog, cat, horse, etc., the weight of the animal is irrelevant to the dose. How frequently the remedy is given is more important than the amount given.
- Store the remedy away from sunlight and heat.
- Essential oils can cancel the remedy.
Ammonium carbonicum, Berberis, Cuprum arsenicum, Juniperus, Lycopodium, Phosphorus triodatus


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0.20 CT. T.W. Diamond Square Frame Bridal Set in 10K White Gold
Item# 19197524
The Peoples Difference
Why shop Peoples?
Dainty and demure, this bridal set is just her style. Fashioned in cool 10K white gold, the engagement ring features a centre cluster of shimmering round diamonds in a squared setting, surrounded by a frame of additional diamonds. Trios of accent diamonds set on the diagonal flank this centre setting and complete the look. On your wedding day, complete the ensemble with the coordinating diamond wedding band. A captivating symbol of love, this bridal set sparkles with 0.20 ct. t.w. of diamonds and a bright polished shine. View product details.
Special Offers
Diamond carat weights (CT.) represent the approximate total weight (T.W.) of all diamonds in each setting and may vary no more than .07 below the stated weight. Typographic errors are subject to correction. Merchandise enlarged to show detail and may not always be exactly as pictured. Promotions, prices, styles and availability may vary by store and online.


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Hellcats 11Favorites [+]
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Running Time: 166 minutes
Released: 07/2006
Studio Name: Evil Angel Joey Silvera Video
Series: Hellcats
Director: Joey Silvera
Categories: Anal Gonzo Double Penetration Ass-to-mouth
Description: It's all about the girls, and Joey's assembled a stellar gang of cock-loving hellions in this latest release, including international porn superstar Katsumi! If you like sex-crazy females don't miss this fierce Hellcats series with a special appearance from Melissa Lauren. Six nasty scenes and the disc also contains 14 minutes of extra sex. These girls bite.
6 Scenes from Hellcats 11
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Stars: Toby Pacific, Arnold Schwartzenpecker, Mark Wood
Sex Acts: Fingercuffing - Anal, Anal Sex, Deep Throating, Smoking, Masturbation, Spanking/Paddling, Double Penetration, Ass To Mouth, Multiple Pops, Vaginal Sex, Oral Sex, Throat Fucking, 3-Way, Modeling, Fingercuffing - Vaginal, Blowjob
Positions: Cowgirl, Standing Missionary, Standing Doggy Style, Kneeling, Standing Side Saddle, Standing
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Starring: Katsuni Joachim Kessef ... More Details
Stars: Katsuni, Joachim Kessef, Tee Reel
Sex Acts: Anal Sex, Fingercuffing - Anal, Deep Throating, Double Penetration, Vaginal Sex, Oral Sex, Throat Fucking, 3-Way, Gapes, Modeling, Fingercuffing - Vaginal, Blowjob
Positions: Cowgirl, Reverse Cowgirl, Missionary, Doggy Style, Spoons position, Kneeling, Sitting, Side Saddle, Standing
Hellcats 11: Scene 3 Free Preview
Starring: Sativa Rose Richard Raymond ... More Details
Stars: Sativa Rose, Richard Raymond
Sex Acts: Anal Sex, Deep Throating, Toe Sucking, Ass To Mouth, Vaginal Sex, Hair Pulling, Oral Sex, Stripping, Modeling, Blowjob
Positions: Cowgirl, Reverse Cowgirl, Doggy Style, Spoons position, Kneeling, Sitting, Laying, Standing
Settings: Classroom
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Starring: Mia Rose Derrick Pierce ... More Details
Stars: Mia Rose, Derrick Pierce
Sex Acts: Deep Throating, Masturbation, Spanking/Paddling, Vaginal Sex, Collar & Lead/Leash, Oral Sex, Throat Fucking, Domination, Modeling, Choking, Double Penetration, Blowjob
Positions: Cowgirl, Standing Doggy Style, Crouching/Squatting, Missionary, Kneeling, Sitting, Standing Side Saddle, Standing
Settings: Bedroom
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Starring: Vixen (I) Jon Jon ... More Details
Sex Acts: Anal Sex, Deep Throating, GangBang, Spanking/Paddling, Rim Job, Vaginal Sex, Oral Sex, Throat Fucking, Modeling, Fingercuffing - Vaginal, Fingercuffing - Anal, Double Penetration, Ass To Mouth, Fingercuffing - DP, Gapes, Blowjob
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Starring: Jazmine Leih ... More Details
Stars: Jazmine Leih
Sex Acts: Modeling, Tittie Fucking, Oral Sex
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"Waterlilies" by Eleni Kalorkoti
50 available for purchase in an edition of 100.
"Waterlilies" is an edition of 100 prints by Eleni Kalorkoti. The image area measures roughly 4.75" tall by 8.5" wide. With a small border for framing, the print measures around 5.75" by 9.5". The archival print was created by Tiny Showcase and ships with a corresponding certificate of authenticity. The archival artwork has been printed on a heavy 290gsm natural white print making paper made from 90% bamboo fibres and 10% cotton.


text:
Static Websites with Lektor
Static websites are back in vogue, and for good reason: they're incredibly cheap, limitlessly scalable, and impossible to hack.
Speaker: David Baumgold
Length: Long Talk
Target Level: Intermediate
Target Audience: Integrator, Designer, Developer
From 10/20/16 2:50 PM to 10/20/16 3:30 PM
Location: Sampson/Paul
In this talk, David will explain what static websites are, discuss the tradeoffs between static and dynamic sites, and demonstrate how to get the best of both worlds by using dynamic services on your static website. He'll also give an introduction to Lektor, a user-friendly CMS written in Python and designed for generating static websites.