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Published: July 15, 2008 at 8:32 PMWell, out of all the times I have been to theme parks: I don't realy know. My picks would be Dole Whip from Disney and Vault-Icee.
Published: July 15, 2008 at 8:46 PMEarly nominees include (in no particular order):
Cheddar Cheese Soup from Epcot's Le Cellier
Turkey Legs from WDW Magic Kingdom
Dole Whip from WDW Magic Kingdom
Monte Cristo from Disneyland's Blue Bayou
Free beer from Busch theme parks
Hope that jogs some memories and elicits some more nominations.
Published: July 15, 2008 at 9:07 PMSomething tells me there should be some Mythos things:
Here are my nominations (though you took some Robert!)
Red Vanilla Bean Ice Cream (Nine Dragons, EPCOT)
Grapefruit Cake (Brown Derby, DHS)
Funnel Cake (Six Flags Great America, its great!)
Ma's Meatloaf (50's Primetime Cafe)
Coca Cola Ribs (Sci Fi Dine in. DHS)
Feduccini Alfredo (Italy, EPCOT)
Giant Drop Bowl (Six Flags Great America)
Published: July 15, 2008 at 10:21 PMHmmm this was tough narrowing it down.
Chocolate Cake (6 layers) from the Main Street Bakery Magic Kingdom
Chocolate Malt from Mrs. Pott's Cupboard, Magic Kingdom
Character Dinner at Liberty Tree Tavern (I'm a sucker for turkey with potatoes and gravy) Magic Kingdom
For a quick bite, The Electric Umbrella for a cheeseburger. Epcot
And a frozen Coke from anywhere.
Published: July 16, 2008 at 6:02 AMI loooooooove the "breakfast fajita" in the Rainforest cafe, its Bacon,Sausage,scrambled eggs all wrapped up in a flour tortilla then topped with tomato sauce and cheese its scummy!!!!
and as Robert says the free beer, its not very often you get something free in a themepark so this is a really good one!!
Published: July 16, 2008 at 8:20 AMThe sausage platter from Festhaus in Busch Gardens Europe
Published: July 16, 2008 at 9:32 AMI love parks that have good food - it really makes a difference when it comes down to how enjoyable the trip is!
So here are a few of my favorites:
Chocolate souffle - Victoria and Albert's - Disney's Grand Floridian - expensive dinner but so worth it just to end with this
Pineapple Dole Whip - Magic Kingdom
Philly Cheesesteak sandwich and ice cream shake - The Plaza Restaurant - Magic Kingdom
French toast and Coffee - Kona Cafe - Disney's Polynesian resort
Rainbow snowcones (believe they are called Kakagori) - Japan in Epcot
Moose/Goose juice - used to be a stand in Seuss Landing but it hasn't been open in awhile despite my pleading : )
Chocolate Croissants - Crescent Moon Bakery - Islands of Adventure
Cesari's pizza - Knoebel's
Frozen Iced Tea slushie - Knoebel's
Anything from the Smokehouse Restaurant (but especially the warm apple crisp) - Busch Gardens Europe
Trio platter w garlic breadsticks - Italy - Busch Gardens Europe
Fresh lemonade - Hersheypark
Kettle Corn - Hersheypark - this is the best kettle corn anywhere in my opinion.
Fries from Potato Patch - Kennywood
That's all I can think of for now...need to get lunch - just made myself hungry!!!
PS: Someone mentioned the fetuccini alfredo that Alfredo's in Epcot used to have. Sadly, the restaurant was given a make over and is no longer Alfredo's - and along with the name went the fetuccini (and the prices skyrocketed!)
Published: July 16, 2008 at 9:45 AMThe Boysenberry turnovers right outside Knotts Berry Farm are absolutely delicious for a snack.
Published: July 16, 2008 at 10:49 AMChurros with chocolate dipping sauce at the Fun Town Market in Legoland. They put DL's churros to shame.
Published: July 16, 2008 at 11:56 AMRisotto of the Day - Mythos, Islands of Adventure
Buffalo BBQ Fried Chicken Wrap - Mythos, Islands of Adventure
Warm Chocolate Banana Gooey Cake - Mythos, Islands of Adventure
Moose Juice - Seuss Landing, Islands of Adventure
Le Special de Monte Cristo - Blue Bayou, Disneyland
Published: July 16, 2008 at 12:33 PMI can't believe you all missed the best theme park "snack" ever. popcorn @ anywhere in the Magic Kingdom in WDW. I don't know why, but they do the best popcorn anywhere not just against theme parks!
Published: July 16, 2008 at 2:18 PMSampler platter, especially the Cannelloni- Italian Pavilion, BGE
Man, I am getting hungry reading all of these votes...is it dinner time yet???
Published: July 16, 2008 at 3:25 PMveggie burger at the electric umbrella (Future World, EPCOT)
veggie burger in the rainforest cafe (animal kingdom)
cheesecake from the cheesecake factory in disney quest (downtown disney)
veggie entree from tepan edo (Japan, EPCOT)
Published: July 16, 2008 at 4:22 PMSomething that isn't necessarily on the menu but is excellent would be Chicken Enchiladas from Mexico Pavilion in EPCOT
Published: July 16, 2008 at 4:27 PMAnd something that's is awesome, but not really in a theme park is the Beignet's from The Jazz Kitchen in Downtown Disney right next to Disneyland. Yeah, they're Homer Simpson food, but yum-EEEEEE!
Published: July 16, 2008 at 5:32 PMThere's NOTHING better than free sodas at Holiday World- unlimited, all day, every day!
Published: July 16, 2008 at 10:49 PMDarn, my favorite won't have a chance, because hardly anyone here has been to Japan. The Gyoza Dogs from DisneySea really live up to their reputation - best bite I've ever had at a theme park. And we went early, so we only had to wait in line 20 minutes to get them!
Actually, in general the food at the Japanese parks beats pretty much anything in the U.S. Other best bites include the Curry Rice and the Chocolate Mousse at the Hungry Bear Cafe, and the fresh strawberry dessert at the Queen of Hearts Banquet Hall.
But I'll just campaign for the Gyoza Dogs. Please, Disney, we beg you - bring Gyoza Dogs to Anaheim!
Published: July 17, 2008 at 4:10 AMThe ribs from the Flame Tree BBQ in Animal Kingdom are hard to beat.
The hot corned beef sandwich at Flanagan's in Universal Studios ( Florida) is also pretty good.
The chicken salad at the Columbia House in Magic Kingdom is great too.
Published: July 17, 2008 at 9:42 AMThe number 1 food item of all time: French Fries from Circus McGircus in Universal's Islands of Adventure. Hands down.
Published: July 17, 2008 at 2:09 PMAny of the BBQ items at dollywood
Pineapple Float MK
Blue Berry Muffin (stand outside mission space)
Fish and Chicken (columbia harbour house mk)
All breakfast items in the main street bakery mk
Shogun Combo Japan Epcot
Published: July 20, 2008 at 1:08 PMThe one food that has become essential to my Disney experience is clam chowder in a bread bowl. Nothing like buying one and watching the fireworks from new orleans square.
Published: July 20, 2008 at 2:54 PMMy vote -- The Mickey Ice Cream Bar at Disney World or Disneyland! It is a "must have" on my vists!
Published: July 20, 2008 at 10:00 PMFor me it has to be:
Best Appetizer:
Red Wings(MILD/HOT!) @ Boardwalk's ESPN Zone
(Ummm, umm, umm!)
Best Entree:
Grilled Filet Mignon @ Hollywood Studios Brown Derby
(Best Entree at Disney, IMO ofcourse)
Best Dessert:
Volcano @ Animal Kingdom's Rainforest Cafe
(Need two people to finish it!)
Best Beverage:
Classic Ghirardelli Hot Cocoa(Large) @ Downtown Disney's Ghirardelli Soda Fountain and Chocolate Shop
(My goodness it's good!)
"Man I'm gettin' hungry, your fault Robert"


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The Hotel Miramalfi is a traditionally styled Mediterranean property, located close to the beach at the busy Italian resort of Amalfi. The hotel actually owns a stretch of private beach here, so you'll never find yourself fighting over space, when you head out to swim, or sunbathe on the golden sands.
Head inland, and you'll be just 800m from the centre of Amalfi - here in the heart of the lively resort, you'll discover a great selection of shops, bars, restaurants and nightclubs
Distance from Airport:
Situated just 20 miles from Naples International Airport, transfers to and from this property will taken no more than 40 minutes.
The 49 guestrooms at the Hotel Miramalfi all come fitted with everything you are likely to need during your stay in Amalfi - satellite television, wireless Internet, air-conditioning and a mini-bar all come as standard. You will find en-suite facilities in every room, including complimentary toiletries and a hairdryer. Room service is available 24 hours a day.
The front reception desk at this property is open around the clock, and offers services such as luggage storage and safety deposit boxes, as well as laundry and dry cleaning services.
Eating and Drinking:
The Hotel Miramalfi features a fine Mediterranean style restaurant, serving the traditional cuisine of the Campania region. Enjoy a cooked, continental breakfast each morning, followed by a fine selection of dishes available on the á la carte menu.
Several times a week the hotel also organises live music events at the intimate lounge bar.
Swimming pools:
The Hotel Miramalfi boasts a luxurious, outdoor swimming pool.
Right choice:
The Hotel Miramalfi provides a good balance of comfort and value, situated just a stone's throw from the gorgeous beach at Amalfi. Families are very welcome at this property, and the location makes it the perfect destination for anybody hoping to combine trips to the beach with cultural expeditions.
Suitable for:
Young people, couples, families or groups.
Hotel Bar
Hotel Family Room
Hotel Indoor Pool
Hotel Laundry Service
Hotel Lifts
Hotel Luggage Storage
Hotel Swimming Pool

subset: commoncrawl


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The mission of the BWI PTO is to enhance the educational experience of your children at Bridgeway Island K-8 Elementary. Our primary purpose is fundraising to support our teachers in planning field trips and many other activities.
Spring Fundraiser
To purchase tickets please visit: www.bwipto2017.eventbrite.com
2016-2017 Bridgeway Island PTO Bylaws
The Bridgeway Island PTO has been working to create a transparent set of Bylaws that are going to be the most effective for our school. The new Bylaws were up for review from September 2016 to November 2016 on our website. As the response was not unfavorable, they were approved on November 15, 2016 by a 60% vote at the PTO meeting.
As part of the recent update to the PTO Bylaws, the PTO Board was working on establishing new language regarding membership and voting eligibility. The eligibility requirements for membership have always been in the Bylaws but they were never enforced and anyone who showed up for a meeting was allowed to vote. This has created questions about our transparency and our ability to be an effective PTO as nonmembers were able to vote and pass items.
In an effort to clarify PTO voting eligibility and the establishment of meeting quorums, an annual membership fee of $5 per person for PTO membership will be required to be paid at least 7 days prior to a PTO meeting. Again, this is not new to the Bylaws, it has always been there. It is under Article V and can be viewed any time on our website. Membership dues are yearly.
The question of membership fees, including the amount, was on the agenda for the November 15, 2016 meeting as part of passing the updated Bylaws and this was approved by a 60% nonmember vote at that time that included parents, faculty, staff, and board members. The membership status will become a part of the sign in sheet at the meeting and will help the PTO to have a wider and more effective voting base.
Members in good standing will have full voting rights regarding PTO priorities, allocation of funding, and the annual PTO Board election. Please join the PTO as it continues to make important decisions to enhance our children's overall school experience with funding for field trips, after school programs, and other school improvements. If you have any questions please email us or come to our next meeting February 23rd, 2017 at 6pm in the cafeteria.
Thank you for your time and your participation in our school community.
2016-2017 Board of Directors
President - Jeanette Ali
Vice President Samantha Burr
Treasurer Jeffrey Albrecht
Secretary - Shirley Zafra-Stone
Communications - Brandi Dionne
- Attend bi-monthly PTO meetings
- Volunteer to plan and/or work at PTO events
- Patronize businesses holding BWI fundraisers
To volunteer, please email the BWI PTO at email@example.com or sign-up here for one (or more) activities throughout the year:
Meetings will be at 6 p.m. in the BWI cafeteria
Wednesday, September 14, 2016
Tuesday, November 15, 2016
Thursday, February 23, 2017
Tuesday, May 9, 2017
Fall Festival – October 7, 2016
Cookie Dough Fundraising Drive – Orders & money due: Friday, October 14th; Delivery Date: Friday, November 4th
Sponsored Holiday Craft Fair – December 1st, 2016
Spring Fundraiser – April 29, 2017, West Sacramento Galleria
Upcoming Restaurant Fundraisers
- February- Chipotle
- March- Quick Quack (weather dependent)
- April- Wicked West
- May- Jamba Juice
- June- BJ's
Past Restaurant Fundraisers
- November- Lenise's Cafe
- December- Papa Murphy's
- January- Panda Express
Box Tops for Education
Once again, Bridgeway Island will be participating in the Box Tops for Education program. Clipping and submitting those 10¢ coupons really do add up! Last year we earned over $1,100 for our school and classrooms. Since Bridgeway started collecting, back in 2012-2013 we've earned over $5,900!! If you are new to the program, you can register as a Bridgeway supporter at BTFE.com and to see a complete list of products where you can find Box Tops.
Our goal for the year is $1,500. Let's hit the ground running and turn in those Box Tops you've been clipping and saving all summer! Our first submission for the 2016-2017 school year is 10/28.
Please neatly clip and send them to the school office or to your student's teacher in a plastic bag and we will turn them in to get money for our school! For more information, visit: www.boxtops4education.com/.
SCRIP Programs
Nugget Markets – Request your free Nugget Markets scrip card from the BWI PTO. Register online and associate to our school and a percentage of your purchases will be paid to the school. To improve the profits to the school, you can also register multiple cards (family & friends!) under one account. For more information, visit" www.nuggetmarket.com/community.
Raley's Family of Stores – Register for your free Raley's scrip card online. Once registered, associate to our school and a percentage of your purchases will be paid to the school. For more information, visit: www.raleys.com/cfapps/qscrip/enter.cfm.
Shoparoo is a free app for smartphones and tablets that lets anyone turns images of shopping receipts into donations to our school. With Shoparoo, every grocery receipt - regardless of the store or products purchased - earns money for your school. Download the app here: www.shoparoo.com.
Amazon Smile is a simple and automatic way for you to support your favorite charitable organization every time you shop, at no cost to you. To shop at Amazon Smile, go to www.smile.amazon.com and search for BRIDGEWAY ISLAND ELEMENTARY PTO. The Amazon Smile Foundation will donate 0.5% of the purchase price from your eligible Amazon Smile purchases. The purchase price is the amount paid for the item minus any rebates and excluding shipping & handling, gift-wrapping fees, taxes, or service charges.
Arden Fair School Cents – Beginning August 1, 2016, every time you, your family, and your friends shop at Arden Fair, just turn in your original receipts in an envelope to Guest Services for valuable prizes including school-wide assemblies and up to $3,000 in cash prizes. Cash prizes will be awarded to each participating school based on total points accumulated between August 1, 2016 – April 30th, 2017. BWI will earn five (5) points for every dollar spent at any Arden Fair store or restaurant. Earn Bonus Points for attending Arden Fair Kids Club each month. Check schedule for dates at http://www.ardenfair.com/events/KidsClub. For more information, visit: www.ardenfair.com/events/SchoolCents.
Firefly Art
Firefly Art is a drawing based art-enrichment program designed to enhance drawing skills and build each child's confidence. Throughout the school year, we will work with a variety of mediums, and cover the fundamentals of drawing. We will also touch on art history and study the techniques and styles of local artists. Projects never repeat—each session is new and different! Each week parents will receive a weekly blog with what their child has learned and projects will be taken home at the end of each class. All supplies included. Please visit this web site for more info: www.fireflyart.org. All sessions are currently full.
Early Engineers
At Early Engineers we use a variety of building materials — such as LEGO, Citi blocks, K'nex, and much more — to inspire innovation and creativity. We provide an environment that promotes teamwork social cooperation, builds self-confidence and highlights the process not the result. We are powered by imagination. Each week parents will receive a weekly blog with what their child has learned and a link to view pictures of the kids working in class. Projects never repeat. All supplies included. Please visit this web site for more info: www.earlyengineers.org/ All sessions are currently full.
To learn more about these programs visit the web site at http://dreamclassess.org.
A hands-on, one-hour science programs are themed around a particular area of science and include such topics as electricity, magnetism, optics, biology and many more. Please visit www.register.madscience.org/sacramento/ to register for Sessions B ,C & D.
Fantastic Forces & Flight! - Thursdays, November 10-December 15
Mad Lab- Thursdays, January 19-February 23
Robots, Energy & Biobeasts- March 23-May 4
To contact the Bridgeway Island PTO, please email us at email@example.com.


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For additional information about Literacy Services of Wisconsin and our programs, please call (414) 344-5878.
Get to Know Us
If you would like to know more about volunteering at LSW, please join us for one of our Volunteer Orientation meetings. The one hour session will introduce you to what Literacy Services is and how you can help in our mission to educate adults in Milwaukee. Our events calendar lists the dates and times of upcoming Volunteer Orientations.
If you'd like to attend a Volunteer Orientation, please email email@example.com.
For Students
If you are interested in becoming a student, please call (414) 344-5878. You can also find more information in the enroll section of our website.
For Volunteers
If you are interested in becoming a tutor, or would like to provide other volunteer support, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call (414) 344-5878. You can also find more information in the volunteer section of our website.
For Press or Media
For more information about us, adult literacy, or to schedule an interview with Literacy Services' leadership, please contact our Execitive Director, Ginger Duiven, at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Email Us
Feel free to contact us by email with general inquiries at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Individual staff contact information is also available in the staff section of our website.
Visit or Call Us
Literacy Services of Wisconsin
555 N. Plankinton Avenue
Milwaukee, WI 53203
Phone: (414) 344-5878
Fax: (414) 344-1061
Monday thru Thursday:
8:30 am - 7:00 pm
8:30 am - 12:30 pm


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Alumni and Donors
For over 100 years, the College of Continuing Education at the U has "opened doors" for Minnesotans. Offerings empowered those looking for the credentials – degrees and certificates – they needed to take them where they dreamed of going, the professional development that kept them fresh once they were in their careers, and the personal enrichment programs that helped them see their world from a whole new perspective.
Whether you are an alum of one of these credential programs or short courses or a donor, welcome.
Contact Us
Considering giving back to open doors for others? Contact:
Kathleen Davoli
Director of Development
College of Continuing Education


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German Chancellor Angela Merkel said at a joint news conference with her Italian counterpart that Europe must find ways to create jobs and spur investment.
"Fiscal policy is not everything, of course. We do politics for people and people want jobs, which is why Europe has to manage to create employment and encourage investment and we have a lot of work to do in this area," Merkel said, standing alongside Italian Prime Minister Enrico Letta.
Merkel said repeatedly that "budget consolidation and growth need not be contradictory", but added: "The goal is not deficit or growth numbers but to get people back to work."


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A vacuum truck is a vacuum truck, in that they all -- vacuum. Other than that one detail, these trucks can actually be quite different. Depending on what a truck will be used for, vacuum truck buyers need to know what is available to them, and which trucks will best suit their needs. This is especially important for those who purchase reconditioned vacuum trucks and used vacuum trucks for sale. Buyers should know exactly what is being offered, both for completing the job and in order to get their money's worth.
Different Types of Vacuum Trucks
Many vacuum trucks for sale are able to do a variety of jobs. But there are many circumstances where equipment specifically designed for a certain use comes out ahead, and will probably last longer as well. Outside of the standard, general use vacuum truck, buyers of both new and reconditioned vacuum trucks for sale can find options such as the following for more specific work:
- Positive-Displacement Truck – This is a heavy-duty type of vacuum truck, with a powerful positive displacement pump that is especially suited for heavy work - like hydroexcavation.
- Blower/Vac Combination – This truck provides the ability to suction and pump with the same truck, including two separate tanks for waste and clean water, among other options. It is commonly used in hydro-excavating and sewer cleaning operations.
- Long Body Loader – These are high-powered vacuum trucks that offer the ability to separate suctioned debris as it is vacuumed up, depositing it into separate tanks.
- All-weather Vacuum Truck – These are heavy-duty vacuum trucks equipped with special seals and equipment to prevent contents from freezing in the coldest of weather. They typically include a heated clean water tank and a built-in boiler, among other weatherproof equipment for reliable use in the negative digits.
Tank and Pump Options
Based on the job, vacuum tanks and pumps differ as well. Naturally the main differences in these components are tank size and pump volume and size; but other than the standard vacuum type, other options are available for specialty work. A few of these specialty tanks include septic and grease tanks specifically constructed to withstand the rigors of carrying heavy and corrosive materials, and square, low-profile tanks that fit the cargo beds of pickups and other types of trucks.
Where pumps are concerned, vacuum truck owners in need of special equipment can find everything from liquid cooled pumps - for especially heavy work or vacuuming heavy material over longer distances, to fan cooled, continuous running pumps - for high volume pumping. Where installation space is limited, compact pumps or inline drive pumps can replace standard, right angle mounted pumps. For those situations requiring ongoing use, there are continuous-duty pumps that can stand up to longer periods of pumping without being damaged.
Other Custom Equipment
There are many other accessories and equipment options truck buyers can also consider when building the best vacuum truck. Heavy-duty, high pressure, continuous-use blowers can withstand much more abuse than some standard blowers that are stock on some vac/blower trucks. Heated valve collars are great for trucks used in cold weather. Extra duty filters can mean money well spent for pump protection. Pressure washer hose attachments, truck vibrators and truck mounted disinfectant sprayer systems are just a few more types of custom equipment that can be installed on any vacuum truck.
Even though most any vacuum truck can conceivably be used for any job, smart buyers of vacuum trucks for sale want to spend their budget on the right truck. Making do with equipment that is not powerful enough, or lacks some accessories that could improve performance only costs more money in the end. When choosing from used and reconditioned vacuum trucks for sale, buyers should consider each truck's specific components first. Make sure the entire package is sufficient for the job intended. This will reduce maintenance and repair costs, while getting the most out of every equipment dollar spent, in performance and efficiency!
Looking For Vacuum Trucks For Sale In Miami?
Central Truck Sales Has Great Used Vacuum Trucks For Sale!
Call Us At (305) 928-5311 – Today!
Additional Articles:
Oilfield Vacuum Trucks - Need To Manage Load Weight!
Vac Trucks - How Have They Changed?
Vac Trucks - What Is Important To Know?
Vacuum Trucks and Safe Driving Accidents Prevention!
The 3 Best Reasons To Buy Automatic Transmission Vac Trucks!


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San Francisco is going to be jumping this weekend with the start of Folsom Street Fair. And The Tim & Roma Show is kicking things off. It's been a while, but they're baaaack! And not only are irreverent hosts Tim Valenti and Sister Roma reviving their show, but they're doing it LIVE from the new NakedSword offices.
Tim & Roma are throwing a huge house party broadcast and they've got a sexy line-up of guests. Falcon exclusives Ryan Rose, David Benjamin, Johnny V, and latest exclusive to join the team, Brent Corrigan. Raging Stallion exclusive Boomer Banks is stopping by, along with Ducati Models' Trenton Ducati. And no porn party would be complete without award-winning director mr. Pam.
And if you can't be there in person, you can still join the party on Twitter. Tweet your comments and questions to @Naked_Sword. It happens LIVE on Friday, September 19th at 7 p.m. PST exclusively on NakedSword.com or TheSword.com.
For more about what's going on at Folsom weekend, check out Folsom Street Fair To Feature Falcon's A-Team here at GayDemon.


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poly or swinging
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Senior Member
Join Date: Jan 2009
Location: Kansas City Metro
Posts: 2,187
I do poly. I don't swing.
There are folks who are like me in that regard. There are also swingers who don't do poly. To claim that the two are the same thing directly contradicts the experience of the people actually living their lives. That some people do both doesn't change that.
To claim that a sex-only relationship qualifies as poly because it's a relationship also doesn't follow. That standard would mean that any relationship--with your doctor, your banker, your cousin, your mother-in-law--is the same as any other, so everybody is poly because of it.
Unless you're trying to claim that it is simply sex that defines a poly tie. That also doesn't match the experiences of many people, so it can't really be said to be accurate. All the Johns picking up hookers this evening are not poly because they're having sex with prostitutes. The playas in the clubs picking up one night stands are not poly just because they're having sex. And so on.
When speaking of various forms of non-monogamy...it ain't poly if you're just fucking around.
While polyamory, open relationships, and swinging are all distinctly different approaches to non-monogamy, they are not mutually exlusive. Folks can, and some do, engage in more than one of them at a time--and it's all good.
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Tendulkar, the most prolific batsman in contemporary cricket with 34 Test and 37 one-day centuries, has still not fully recovered from a tennis elbow injury sustained in August last year.
The 31-year-old, who last played in Bangladesh in December, was advised by doctors not to pick up a bat for six weeks, a period that ends in mid-February.
Tendulkar will miss the Challenger one-day series, featuring the country's top 36 players, which starts here on Monday, and a major part of the subsequent inter-zonal Duleep Trophy first-class tournament.
But sources close to the star player indicate that Tendulkar will be fit to play in the Test series against Pakistan starting on March 4.
"He has taken doctors' advice very seriously," a Bombay team-mate said. "I don't think he wants to play in pain again as he did for most of the season."
Tendulkar was rushed back from injury for two of the four Tests against Australia in October and also played against South Africa and Bangladesh - scoring a double-century against the minnows.
As Tendulkar rests, the other Indian probables will spend the next three weeks gearing up for the Pakistan series. Most of the top stars have not played competitive cricket since the Bangladesh tour.
The probables have been divided into three teams for the Challenger series with Test captain Sourav Ganguly leading India seniors, vice-captain Rahul Dravid in charge of India A and Virender Sehwag captaining India B.
All matches will be played under lights at the Wankhede stadium with each team playing the other once in the league. The top two sides will clash in the final on Thursday.
The players will then disband to represent their respective zones in the Duleep Trophy tournament.
"These are three important weeks to prepare for Pakistan," said Ganguly on Sunday. We should be fighting fit by the time they get here."
Pakistan, expected to arrive on February 25, will play three Tests and five one-day internationals on their first tour of India in six years.
With a settled batting line-up and two world-class spinners in Anil Kumble and Harbhajan Singh in hand, the selectors' main worry is finding a suitable wicket-keeper who can also bat.
Parthiv Patel and Dinesh Karthik played in the Test series earlier this season, while Mahender Dhoni was picked for the one-dayers against Bangladesh.
The three will keep wicket for their respective sides in the Challenger series and the Duleep Trophy.
"We are looking for an all-rounder to balance the team and it will help to have a 'keeper who can also contribute with the bat," said chairman of selectors Kiran More, himself a former Test wicket-keeper.
Frequent injuries to pace bowlers have also not helped India's cause, but Irfan Pathan, Zaheer Khan, Ajit Agarkar, Laxmipathy Balaji and Ashish Nehra are fit to play the trial matches.
Off-spinner Harbhajan will miss the Challenger tournament to visit Australia for corrective action on his bowling arm after he was reported by English match referee Chris Broad during the Bangladesh tour.


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|Aaron Bannert <aa...@ebuilt.com>
|Re: [PATCH] apr_lock.h update to remove/fix CROSS_PROCESS vs LOCKALL
|Tue, 03 Jul 2001 16:13:31 GMT
Actually, I don't think an app would ever want to specify CROSS_PROCESS as it is currently implemented, since it is not portable. How would an app developer create a lock that will _never_ serialize in-process threads, and _only_ synchronize across processes? Maybe we're trying to mix too much into this part of APR? We have threaded vs single, multiple lock scopes, multiple lock types, multiple implementations on multiple platforms. All this under one set of functions -- apr_lock_*(). (But this is a whole other discussion :). You are correct that this will affect prefork, but only when built against a threaded APR, and only on platforms where the crossplatform lock mechanism is not global. And even then it will only mean that the lock mechanism is implemented with two locks instead of one. I see your point, but I see this is a tradeoff between API clarity and crossplatform consistency, and a small amount of efficiency in isolated cases. -aaron On Tue, Jul 03, 2001 at 07:05:19AM -0400, Jeff Trawick wrote: > Hmmm... > > A non-threaded app needs to serialize access to a resource across > multiple processes. > > This non-threaded app builds/runs against a threaded APR. > > Before this patch: > > we only need one lock on many platforms (app specifies > APR_CROSS_PROCESS) > > After this patch: > > we need two locks on many platforms (cross process and intra > process) > > Isn't this going to bite prefork? > > -- > Jeff Trawick | firstname.lastname@example.com | PGP public key at web site: > http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Park/9289/ > Born in Roswell... married an alien...
|View raw message


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The first study of people who worked in and escaped the World Trade Center towers following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack found that high percentages of them had posttraumatic stress symptoms or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2 to 3 years after the event. The results have implications for individuals, first responders, caregivers, and policy makers who must deal with man-made or natural disasters.
The study of 3271 English-speaking civilian survivors found that 95.6% reported at least 1 current posttraumatic stress symptom and 15% screened positive for PTSD 2 to 3 years after the event (DiGrande L. Am J Epidemiol. 2011:173[3]:271-281). Among the general US population, about 6.8% of adults develop PTSD in their lifetime, with 3.5% of adults having the condition in any given year.
Mitka M. Study Looks at PTSD Among Workers in Twin Towers During 9/11 Attack. JAMA. 2011;305(9):874-875. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.212
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First Aid Kit Checklist
Be prepared for medical emergencies with a fully-loaded First-Aid Kit. Our First-Aid Kit Checklist has all the essentials for your at-home first-aid needs. Make sure you have all these items to treat minor accidents and help hasten the healing process.
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More info on the website: http://loshackers.org/
If you are interested in gaining skills and earning badges, then this group is for you!
Open to ALL AGES, Skills and Gender. The only requirement is that you bring a positive attitude.
The third Sunday of every month the Los Hackers group will get together and review their projects, skills gained and badges earned during the previous month. We will group by interest area and determine what projects we want to work on as individuals or in teams.
The groups within the LA Makerspace community are based around interest (Intergalactic Hitchhikers, Citizen Science) or equipment (3D Printer).Los Hackers, LA's home grown maker scouts, embraces all Los Angeles Makers! We have a unique, Los Angeles, style. Los Hackers could exist nowhere else.
By creating requirements for badges we are creating a road map for this exploration and mastery. The badge requirements for Los Hackers, LA's home grown maker scouts, help LA Makerspace members to make effective use of the open shop times as they work on their projects. Los Hackers projects also server as a guide to which materials LA Makerspace should have available for members working on projects.
Los Hackers, LA's home grown maker scouts, will have badges and ceremonies and silly songs. So many people are uncomfortable with the traditional scouting programs for many reasons. Los Hackers' program will have no such baggage. We're hackers. That's it. (Though, we suppose, some would find that, in itself, subversive).
Making is fun! Hacking is fun! Living in LA is fun! Silly scout-type ceremonies are fun! Nitrogen ice cream is fun! Monster make-up is fun! Making movies is fun! Halloween lanterns are fun! We'll have fun fun fun until daddy takes our T-square away!
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I give away all my baby clothes when they out grow them to either goodwill or friends having children. I also am giving away gear I don't need now that I'm done having kids
That's a really great thing to do with clothes and gear you no longer need. I wish I knew more people with kids smaller than mine. Most of the ones I know either have older or way younger.
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I am stay at home mother who just recently moved to the US from the Russia. I came here to go school and met my husband. After that we planned a marriage and I moved here in 2009. We have 2 small children and I am a stay at home mom but I do work from home
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Tummy Tuck, Breast Augmentation with Breast Lift
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Automatic Detection of Grammar Errors in Primary School Children s Texts A Finite State Approach
- Rolf Gordon
- 2 years ago
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1 GOTHENBURG MONOGRAPHS IN LINGUISTICS 24 Automatic Detection of Grammar Errors in Primary School Children s Texts A Finite State Approach Sylvana Sofkova Hashemi Doctoral Dissertation Publicly defended in Lilla Hörsalen, Humanisten, Göteborg University, on June 7, 2003, at for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics, Göteborg University, Sweden
2 ISBN c 2003 Sylvana Sofkova Hashemi Typeset by the author using LATEX Printed by Intellecta Docusys, Göteborg, Sweden, 2003
3 i Abstract This thesis concerns the analysis of grammar errors in Swedish texts written by primary school children and the development of a finite state system for finding such errors. Grammar errors are more frequent for this group of writers than for adults and the distribution of the error types is different in children s texts. In addition, other writing errors above word-level are discussed here, including punctuation and spelling errors resulting in existing words. The method used in the implemented tool FiniteCheck involves subtraction of finite state automata that represent grammars with varying degrees of detail, creating a machine that classifies phrases in a text containing certain kinds of errors. The current version of the system handles errors concerning agreement in noun phrases, and verb selection of finite and non-finite forms. At the lexical level, we attach all lexical tags to words and do not use a tagger which could eliminate information in incorrect text that might be needed later to find the error. At higher levels, structural ambiguity is treated by parsing order, grammar extension and some other heuristics. The simple finite state technique of subtraction has the advantage that the grammars one needs to write to find errors are always positive, describing the valid rules of Swedish rather than grammars describing the structure of errors. The rule sets remain quite small and practically no prediction of errors is necessary. The linguistic performance of the system is promising and shows comparable results for the error types implemented to other Swedish grammar checking tools, when tested on a small adult text not previously analyzed by the system. The performance of the other Swedish tools was also tested on the children s data collected for this study, revealing quite low recall rates. This fact motivates the need for adaptation of grammar checking techniques to children, whose errors are different from those found in adult writers and pose more challenge to current grammar checkers, that are oriented towards texts written by adult writers. The robustness and modularity of FiniteCheck makes it possible to perform both error detection and diagnostics. Moreover, the grammars can in principle be reused for other applications that do not necessarily have anything to do with error detection, such as extracting information in a given text or even parsing. KEY WORDS: grammar errors, spelling errors, punctuation, children s writing, Swedish, language checking, light parsing, finite state technology
4 ii
5 iii Acknowledgements Work on this thesis would not have been possible without contributions, support and encouragement from many people. The idea of developing a writing tool for supporting children in their text production and grammar emerged from a study on how primary school children write by hand in comparison to when they use a computer. Special thanks to my colleague Torbjörn Lager, who inspired me to do this study and whose children attended the school where I gathered my data. My main supervisor Robin Cooper awakened the idea of using finite state methods for grammar checking and launched the collaboration with the Xerox research group. I want to express my greatest gratitude to him for inspiring discussions during project meetings and supervision sessions, and his patience with my writing, struggling to understand every bit of it, always raising questions and always full of new exciting ideas. I really enjoyed our discussions and look forward to more. I would also like to thank my assistant supervisor Elisabet Engdahl who carefully read my writing and made sure that I expressed myself more clearly. Many thanks to all my colleagues at the Department of Linguistics for creating an inspiring research environment with interesting projects, seminars and conferences. I especially want to mention Leif Grönqvist for being the helping hand next door whenever, Robert Andersson for being my project colleague, Stina Ericsson for loan of LATEX-manual and for always being helpful, Ulla Veres for help with recruitment of new victims for writing experiments, Jens Allwood and Elisabeth Ahlsén for introducing me to the world of transcription and coding, Sally Boyd, Nataliya Berbyuk, Ulrika Ferm for support and encouragement, Shirley Nicholson for always available with books and also milk for coffee, Pia Cromberger always ready for a chat. A special thanks to Ylva Hård af Segerstad for fruitful discussions leading to future collaboration that I am looking forward to, and for being a friend. I also want to thank the children in my study and their teachers for providing me with their text creations, and Sven Strömqvist and Victoria Johansson for sharing their data collection. A special thanks to Genie Perdin who carefully proofread this thesis and gave me some encouraging last minute kicks. I also want to thank all my friends, who reminded me now and then about life outside the university. My deepest gratitude to my family for being there for me and for always believing in me. My husband Ali - I know the way was long and there were times I could be distant, but I am back. My daughter Sarah for being the sunshine of my life, my inspiration, my everything. My mother, father, sister and my big little brother... Sylvana Sofkova Hashemi Göteborg, May 2003
6 iv
7 v Table of Contents 1 Introduction Written Language in a Computer Literate Society Aim and Scope of the Study Outline of the Thesis I Writing 7 2 Writing and Grammar Introduction Research on Writing in General Written Language and Computers Learning to Write The Influence of Computers on Writing Studies of Grammar Errors Introduction Primary and Secondary Level Writers Adult Writers Conclusion Data Collection and Analysis Introduction Data Collection Introduction The Sub-Corpora Error Categories Introduction Spelling Errors Grammar Errors Spelling or Grammar Error? Punctuation Types of Analysis Error Coding and Tools Corpus Formats CHAT-format and CLAN-software
8 vi 4 Error Profile of the Data Introduction General Overview Grammar Errors Agreement in Noun Phrases Agreement in Predicative Complement Definiteness in Single Nouns Pronoun Case Verb Form Sentence Structure Word Choice Reference Other Grammar Errors Distribution of Grammar Errors Summary Child Data vs. Other Data Primary and Secondary Level Writers Evaluation Texts of Proof Reading Tools Scarrie s Error Database Summary Real Word Spelling Errors Introduction Spelling in Swedish Segmentation Errors Misspelled Words Distribution of Real Word Spelling Errors Summary Punctuation Introduction General Overview of Sentence Delimitation The Orthographic Sentence Punctuation Errors Summary Conclusions
9 vii II Grammar Checking Error Detection and Previous Systems Introduction What Is a Grammar Checker? Spelling vs. Grammar Checking Functionality Performance Measures and Their Interpretation Possibilities for Error Detection Introduction The Means for Detection Summary and Conclusion Grammar Checking Systems Introduction Methods and Techniques in Some Previous Systems Current Swedish Systems Overview of The Swedish Systems Summary Performance on Child Data Introduction Evaluation Procedure The Systems Detection Procedures The Systems Detection Results Overall Detection Results Summary and Conclusion FiniteCheck: A Grammar Error Detector Introduction Finite State Methods and Tools Finite State Methods in NLP Regular Grammars and Automata Xerox Finite State Tool Finite State Parsing System Architecture Introduction The System Flow Types of Automata The Lexicon Composition of The Lexicon The Tagset
10 viii Categories and Features Broad Grammar Parsing Parsing Procedure The Heuristics of Parsing Order Further Ambiguity Resolution Parsing Expansion and Adjustment Narrow Grammar Noun Phrase Grammar Verb Grammar Error Detection and Diagnosis Introduction Detection of Errors in Noun Phrases Detection of Errors in the Verbal Head Summary Performance Results Introduction Initial Performance on Child Data Performance Results: Phase I Grammatical Coverage Flagging Accuracy Current Performance on Child Data Introduction Improving Flagging Accuracy Performance Results: Phase II Overview of Performance on Child Data Performance on Other Text Performance Results of FiniteCheck Performance Results of Other Tools Overview of Performance on Other Text Summary and Conclusion Summary and Conclusion Introduction Summary Introduction Children s Writing Errors Diagnosis and Possibilities for Detection Detection of Grammar Errors
11 ix 8.3 Conclusion Future Plans Introduction Improving the System Expanding Detection Generic Tool? Learning to Write in the Information Society Bibliography 260 Appendices 276 A Grammatical Feature Categories 279 B Error Corpora 281 B.1 Grammar Errors B.2 Misspelled Words B.3 Segmentation Errors C SUC Tagset 313 D Implementation 315 D.1 Broad Grammar D.2 Narrow Grammar: Noun Phrases D.3 Narrow Grammar: Verb Phrases D.4 Parser D.5 Filtering D.6 Error Finder
12 x
13 LIST OF TABLES xi List of Tables 3.1 Child Data Overview General Overview of Sub-Corpora General Overview by Age General Overview of Spelling Errors in Sub-Corpora General Overview of Spelling Errors by Age Number Agreement in Swedish Gender Agreement in Swedish Definiteness Agreement in Swedish Noun Phrases with Proper Nouns as Head Noun Phrases with Pronouns as Head Noun Phrases without (Nominal) Head Agreement in Partitive Noun Phrase in Swedish Gender and Number Agreement in Predicative Complement Personal Pronouns in Swedish Finite and Non-finite Verb Forms Tense Structure Fa-sentence Word Order Af-sentence Word Order Distribution of Grammar Errors in Sub-Corpora Distribution of Grammar Errors by Age Examples of Grammar Errors in Teleman s Study Examples of Grammar Errors from the Skrivsyntax Project Grammar Errors in the Evaluation Texts of Grammatifix Grammar Errors in Granska s Evaluation Corpus General Error Ratio in Grammatifix, Granska and Child Data Three Error Types in Grammatifix, Granska and Child Data Grammar Errors in Scarrie s ECD and Child Data Examples of Spelling Error Categories Spelling Variants Distribution of Real Word Segmentation Errors Distribution of Real Word Spelling Errors in Sub-Corpora Distribution of Real Word Spelling Errors by Age Sentence Delimitation in the Sub-Corpora Sentence Delimitation by Age Major Delimiter Errors in Sub-Corpora Major Delimiter Errors by Age Comma Errors in Sub-Corpora
14 xii LIST OF TABLES 4.37 Comma Errors by Age Summary of Detection Possibilities in Child Data Overview of the Grammar Error Types in Grammatifix (GF), Granska (GR) and Scarrie (SC) Overview of the Performance of Grammatifix, Granska and Scarrie Performance Results of Grammatifix on Child Data Performance Results of Granska on Child Data Performance Results of Scarrie on Child Data Performance Results of Targeted Errors Some Expressions and Operators in XFST Types of Directed Replacement Noun Phrase Types Performance Results on Child Data: Phase I False Alarms in Noun Phrases: Phase I False Alarms in Finite Verbs: Phase I False Alarms in Verb Clusters: Phase I False Alarms in Noun Phrases: Phase II False Alarms in Finite Verbs: Phase II False Alarms in Verb Clusters: Phase II Performance Results on Child Data: Phase II Performance Results of FiniteCheck on Other Text Performance Results of Grammatifix on Other Text Performance Results of Granska on Other Text Performance Results of Scarrie on Other Text
15 LIST OF FIGURES xiii List of Figures 3.1 Principles for Error Categorization Grammar Error Distribution Error Density in Sub-Corpora Error Density in Age Groups Three Error Types in Grammatifix (black line), Granska (gray line) and Child Data (white line) Error Distribution of Selected Error Types in Scarrie Error Distribution of Selected Error Types in Child Data The System Architecture of FiniteCheck False Alarms: Phase I vs. Phase II Overview of Recall in Child Data Overview of Precision in Child Data Overview of Overall Performance in Child Data Overview of Recall in Other Text Overview of Precision in Other Text Overview of Overall Performance in Other Text
16 xiv
17 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Written Language in a Computer Literate Society Written language plays an important role in our society. A great deal of our communication occurs by means of writing, which besides the traditional paper and pen, is facilitated by the computer, the Internet and other applications such as for instance the mobile phone. Word processing and sending messages via are among the most usual activities on computers. Other communicated media that enable written communication are also becoming popular such as webchat or instant messaging on the Internet or text messaging (Short-Message-Service, SMS) via the mobile phone. 1 The present doctoral dissertation concerns word processing on computers, in particular the linguistic tools integrated in such authoring aids. The use of word processors for writing both in educational and professional settings modifies the process, practice and acquisition of writing. With a word processor, it is not only easy to produce a text with a neat layout, but it supports the writer throughout the whole writing process. Text may be restructured and revised at any time during text production without leaving any trace of the changes that have been made. Text may be reused and a new text composed by cutting and pasting passages. Iconic material such as pictures 2 (or even sounds) can be inserted, linguistic aids can be used for proofreading a text. Writing acquisition can be enhanced by use of a word processor. For instance, focus on somewhat more technical aspects such as physically shaping letters with a pen shifts toward the more cognitive processes of text 1 Studies of computer-mediated communication are provided by e.g. Severinson Eklundh (1994); Crystal (2001); Herring (2001). A recent dissertation by Hård af Segerstad (2002) explores especially how written Swedish is used in , webchat and SMS. 2 Smileys or emoticons (e.g. :-) happy face ) are more used in computer-mediated communication.
18 2 Chapter 1. production enabling the writer to apply the whole language register. Writing on a computer enhances in general both the motivation to write, revise or completely change a text (cf. Wresch, 1984; Daiute, 1985; Severinson Eklundh, 1993; Pontecorvo, 1997). The status of written language in our modern information society has developed. In contrast to ancient times, writing is no longer reserved for just a small minority of professional groups (e.g. priests and monks, bankers, important merchants). In particular, the emergence of computers in writing has led to the involvement of new user groups besides today s writing professionals like journalists, novelists and scientists. We write more nowadays in general, and the freedom of and control over one s own writing has increased. Texts are produced rapidly and are more seldom proofread by a careful secretary with knowledge of language. This is sometimes reflected in the quality and correctness of the resulting text (cf. Severinson Eklundh, 1995). Linguistic tools that check mechanics, grammar and style have taken over the secretarial function to some degree and are usually integrated in word processing software. Spelling checkers and hyphenators that check writing mechanics and identify violations on individual words have existed for some time now. Grammar checkers that recognize syntactic errors and often also violations of punctuation, word capitalization conventions, number and date formatting and other style-related issues, thus working above the word level, are a rather new technology, especially for such minor small languages like Swedish. Grammar checking tools for languages such as English, French, Dutch, Spanish, and Greek were being developed in the 1980 s, whereas research on Swedish writing aids aimed at grammatical deviance started quite recently. In addition to the present work, there are three research groups working in this area. The Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science (NADA) at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), with a long tradition of research in writing and authoring aids, is responsible for Granska. Development of this tool has occurred over a series of projects starting in 1994 (Domeij et al., 1996, 1998; Carlberger et al., 2002). The Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University was involved in an EU-sponsored project, Scarrie, between 1996 and The goal of this project was development of language tools for Danish, Norwegian and Swedish (Sågvall Hein, 1998a; Sågvall Hein et al., 1999). Finally, a Finnish language engineering company Lingsoft Inc. developed Grammatifix. Initiated in 1997, and completed in 1999, this tool was released on the market in November 1998, and has been part of the Swedish Microsoft Office Package since 2000 (Arppe, 2000; Birn, 2000). The three Swedish systems mainly use parsing techniques with some degree of feature relaxation and/or explicit error rules for detection of errors. Grammatifix and Granska are developed as generic tools and are tested on adult (mostly pro-
19 Introduction 3 fessional) texts. Scarrie s end-users are professional writers from newspapers and publishing firms. 1.2 Aim and Scope of the Study The primary purpose of the present work is to detect grammar errors by means of linguistic descriptions of correct language use rather than describing the structure of errors. The ideal would be to develop a generic method for detection of grammar errors in unrestricted text that could be applied to different writing populations displaying different error types without the need for rewriting the grammars of the system. That is, instead of describing the errors made by different groups of writers resulting in distinct sets of error rules, use the same grammar set for detection. This approach of identifying errors in text without explicit description of them contrasts with the other three Swedish grammar checkers. Using this method, we will hopefully cover many different cases of errors and minimize the possibility of overlooking some errors. We chose primary school children as the targeted population as a new group of users not covered by the previous Swedish projects. Children as beginning writers, are in the process of acquiring written language, unlike adult writers, and will probably produce relatively more errors and errors of a different kind than adult writers. Their writing errors have probably more to do with competence than performance. Grammar checkers for this group have to have different coverage and concentrate on different kinds of errors. Further, the positive impact of computers on children s writing opens new opportunities for the application of language technology. The role of proofreading tools for educational purposes is a rather new application area and this work can be considered a first step in that direction. Against this background, the main goal of the present thesis is handling children s errors and experimenting with positive grammatical descriptions using finite state techniques. The work is divided into three subtasks, including first, an overall error analysis of the collected children s texts, then exploring the nature and possibilities for detection of errors and finally, implementation of detection of (some) grammatical error types. Here is a brief characterization of these three tasks: I. Investigation of children s writing errors: The targeted data for a grammar checker can be selected either by intuitions about errors that will probably occur, or by directly looking at errors that actually occur. In the present work, the second approach of empirical analysis will be applied. Texts from pupils at three primary schools were collected and analyzed for errors, focusing on errors above word-level including grammar errors, spelling errors resulting in existent words, and punctuation. The main focus lies on grammar errors
20 4 Chapter 1. as the basis for implementation. The questions that arise are: What grammar errors occur? How should the errors be categorized? What spelling errors result in lexicalized strings and are not captured by a spelling checker? What is the nature of these? How is punctuation used and what errors occur? II. Investigation of the possibilities for detection of these writing errors: The nature of errors will be explored along with available technology that can be applied in order to detect them. An interesting point is how the errors that are found are handled by the current systems. The questions that arise are: What is the nature of the error? What is the diagnosis of the error? What is needed to be able to detect the error? How are the grammar errors handled by the current Swedish grammar checkers, Grammatifix, Granska and Scarrie? III. Implementation of the detection of (some) grammar errors: A subset of errors will be chosen for implementation and will concern grammar checking to the level of detecting errors. Errors will obtain a description of the type of error detected. Implementation will not include any additional diagnosis or any suggestion of how to correct the error. The analysis will be shallow, using finite state techniques. The grammars will describe real syntactic relations rather than the structure of erroneous patterns. The difference between grammars of distinct accuracy will reveal the errors, that as finite state automata can be subtracted from each other. Karttunen et al. (1997a) use this technique to find instances of invalid dates and this is an attempt to apply their approach to a larger language domain. The work on this grammar error detector started at the Department of Linguistics at Göteborg University in 1998, in the project Finite State Grammar for Finding Grammatical Errors in Swedish Text and was a collaboration with the NADA group at KTH in the project Integrated Language Tools for Writing and Document Handling. 3 The present thesis describes both the initial development within this project and the continuation of it. The main contributions of this thesis concern understanding of incorrect language use in primary school children s writing and computational analysis of such incorrect text by means of correct language use, in particular: Collection of texts written by primary school children, written both by hand and on a computer. 3 This project was sponsored by HSFR/NUTEK Language Technology Programme and has its site at:
21 Introduction 5 Analysis of grammar errors, spelling errors and punctuation in the texts of primary school writers. Comparison of errors found in the present data with errors found in other studies on grammar errors. Comparison of error types covered by the three Swedish grammar checkers. Performance analysis of the three Swedish grammar checkers on the present data. Implementation of a grammar error detector that derives/compiles error patterns rather than writing the error grammar by hand. Performance analysis of the detector on the collected data and some portion of other data. 1.3 Outline of the Thesis The remaining chapters of the thesis fall into two parts. Part I: The first part is devoted to a discussion of writing and an analysis of the collected data and consists of three chapters. Chapter 2 provides a brief introduction to research on writing in general, writing acquisition, how computers influence writing and descriptions of previous findings on grammar errors, concluding with what grammar errors are to be expected in written Swedish. Chapter 3 gives an overview of the data collected and a discussion of error classification. Chapter 4 presents the error profile of the data. The chapter concludes with discussion of the requirements for a grammar error detector for the particular subjects of this study. Part II: The second part of the thesis concerns grammar checking and includes three chapters. Chapter 5 starts with a general overview of the requirements and functionalities of a grammar checker and what is required for the errors in the present data. Swedish grammar checkers are described and their performance is checked on the present data. Chapter 6 presents the implementation of a grammar error detector that handles these errors, including description of finite state formalism. The techniques of finite state parsing are explained. Chapter 7 presents the performance of this tool. The thesis ends with a concluding summary (Chapter 8). In addition, the thesis contains four appendices. Appendix A presents the grammatical feature categories
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