text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 29, 1975
|Filing date
|Jan 8, 1974
|Priority date
|Jan 8, 1974
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John F Jordan, Curtis Lampkin
|Original Assignee
|Baldwin Co D H
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (67), Classifications (40), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent [1 1 Jordan et al.
[ Apr. 29, 1975 [75] Inventors: John F. Jordan; Curtis Lampkin,
both of El Paso, Tex.
D. H. Baldwin Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 22 Filed: Jan. 8, 1974 211 App]. No.: 431,705
[73] Assignee'.
Primary E.\'aminerArthur D. Kellogg Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Hyman Hurvitz [5 7] ABSTRACT A method of making low cost solar cells on a large scale basis by means of a continuous process of fabricating float glass and coating the float glass, in sequence, with tin oxide, cadmium sulphide, and copper sulphide, while the glass floats atop tanks of molten material in a furnace of proper temperature for each step of the process, the application of the coatings, in a preferred embodiment, being accomplished by depositing materials which form the coatings on contact with heated surfaces at such slow rates and, in the case of spray application, via drops of such uniformity that the float glass may 1) remain at uniform temper atures by virtue of the superior thermal conductivity of the molten material and retain those temperatures despite the abstraction of heat from the glass by evaporation of liquids and/or formation of crystalline layers, and (2) be substantially free of temperature gradients along the surface of the sheet glass.
13 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures COOL spranvc s cm CUTTING LlQUlD emu Gmss FLOAT TANK spew ANNE buuo $PRlW eds MRTERlHLS Tana UQlMDMETAL sun, LEHR uauio N9. 1 PAAEJKRL O3 METAL L N, TA 9 TANKNP-Z l m 32 QB,
.. l 1 -L 1 l 1 .1 l l l l |P| 1 5*,
SCREEN ETCl-l UJl-lsl-l EVAVDIZQTE SCREEN EVADORATE 500? QESlST NCONEL-AL RESlST Cu near-wear TENTH m2 9 i975 SHEET 1 (1; 5
u G I r sown tanmmmu FIGJb meow-Eu; m
L AY ER UJNDOUJ CrLPSS $11 BSTR NYE AL NEGATIVE COLLECTOR E W w E m L m5 X n 5 cds LAYEP. \5
CugS LAYER 1e Cu LAYER vosmve ELECTRODE a, W COLLECTOQ [NCONEL l8 P] G. L
DosmvE AL MEGF-YUVE COLLECTOR ELECTRODE SnO uEamwE ELECTRODE GLASS EI' IEMEE 3.880.633
CURRENT FLDUJ Zn DUSlTlVE NEGQTWE PDSFHVE 'e zmc mcpusao THRU JUNCTION SnU CdS
GLASS IIGA- METHOD OF COATING A GLASS RIBBON ON A LIQUID FLOAT BATH BACKGROUND In the prior art, exemplified by Carlson patent, U.S. Pat. No. 2,820,841 (1958), solar cells employing cadmium sulphide are disclosed. These cells were fabri' cated by vacuum deposition of CdS on Nesa glass, in the form of a thin microcrystalline layer, and by depos iting over the CdS layer a further layer of a material comprising monovalent cations of a metal selected from group 1B of the periodic table. The latter is preferably cuprous sulphide, cuss. In accordance with our prior application for US. patent, Ser. No. 303,365, filed Nov. 3, 1972, CdS, Cu S photovoltaic or solar cells are produced by spraying suitable solutions, in atomized form, on conventional Nesa glass. Our process requires far less time than does vacuum deposition, but in addition produces cells which are superior in certain respects.
lf solar cells are to be utilized for large scale production of power, areas of such cells are required in terms of square miles, and the cost of fabricating large areas of cells must be comparable with the cost of producing power by conventional systems, in terms of cost of providing a conventional system capable of producing the same power. On this basis, the economic feasibility of a large scale solar cell system depends in considerable part on the efficiency of the cells, i.e., the ratio of electrical output power to solar energy input, and this in turn is a function of the resistivity in ohms per square of the Nesa glass, which forms a negative electrode for the solar cells, and of its transmissivity to solar energy. One problem then is to provide low resistivity layers on glass, far lower than is the case for ordinary Nesa glass or than is known in the prior art, but which possesses high transmittivity to most components of solar radiant energy. We have produced such films on glass, as SnO with resistivities of about l ohms per square. If the CdS layers have rather large specific resistivities, as for example in the range l0 to l0 ohmcm, and if the SnO, layer and the CdS layer are transparent and clear, and not cloudy, cell efficiencies of 5 percent are then attained, and values as high as 8 percent are feasible. Output voltages of about 400. M.V. are regularly achieved. Radiation transmission through the SnO, is 92 percent in the spectral range of interest. Through the glass SnO, combination it is 78 percent.
The problem of producing high efficiency devices is not solely one of producing low resistance per square SnO, coatings. The latter can be accomplished by employing thick coatings of SnO,, but in that case tranmissivity to light is impaired. There is involved a tradeoff, in terms of resistance per square, and transmissivity to desired radiation frequencies, and discrimination against infra-red rays.
A further problem relates to production of output electrodes. If copper is applied over the Cu S layer, the low resistance of the copper renders the high resistance of the Cu S of no operational significance. We have found that introducing oxygen into the Cut S layer (hereinafter described), is beneficial. To accomplish this, the Cu S layer can be sprayed to a required thickness, and then the spraying continued with the addition of oxygen in the form of CuSO, to form a layer superposed on the Cu S layer. The latter acts to protect the Cu S layer from atmospheric contamination, and may itself be protected by a further superposed layer of copper.
Proceeding as above described, it is estimated that power outputs of 128,000 K.W. (peak) at 5 percent efficiency per square mile of cells can be achieved.
The problem remains of producing the required square footage of cells, at reasonable cost and in a reasonable time. In accordance with the present invention, float glass manufacturing plants, which are capable of large scale production of glass sheet in a continuous process, are to be modified to include spraying or other types of deposition of the glass sheet, as it is made, with the requisite coatings, i.e., SnO CdS and Cu S. The finished coated glass might then be cut into panels, perhaps 4 X 8 feet in size, which would be provided with electrodes, shipped to an installation site, and there mounted and interconnected to a power delivery and storage system.
There is a major advantage in so proceeding in that the glass sheet, as initially fabricated, is at a higher temperature then it is at any step of our process, and the steps of the process can be achieved at successively lower temperatures. It follows that our process can be achieved with minimum addition of heat during the coating process, as the latter proceeds. It is necessary to maintain the float tanks and furnaces at the temperatures requisite for the process, but it is not necessary to add heat to the glass itself, and in fact the molten material has heat added to it by the glass. This represents a large saving in energy, in comparison with processes in which cold glass panels are heated and then coated. It also represents a large saving in time to complete the process over that involved in commencing the process with cold panels of glass, and heating the glass to that required for coating with SnO, as the first step in the process of making large scale solar cells.
The approximate cost of a thermal electricity generating plant is at least $250 per kw. It is estimated that a solar cell installation produced by the method described herein and generating equivalent average power would cost approximately the same. However, the cost of energy storage is not included in the estimate.
Certain of the degrading factors which operate in the case of cells of the Carlson type have been found absent in the present cell. For example, infra red energy appears to degrade the Carlson type, i.e., vacuum deposited cells. Our sprayed cells, having low resistivity SnO, coatings, are exposed to radiation via the glass surface, and our low resistivity SnO is found to discriminate against the infra red energy, i.e., for wavelengths longer than 1.5 p.m. transmission falls off rapidly, but the coating is highly effective in passing frequencies above the infra red.
SUMMARY A system for producing solar cells of large area by a continuous process in a modified float glass plant, in which glass is fabricated in a continuous sheet in a first float tank, and the sheet coated with the requisite layers of material to form solar cells in subsequent float tanks which are held at appropriate temperatures, each float tank being at a lower temperature than that preceding it in the process.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. la is a view in perspective of a panel fabricated according to the invention;
FIG. lb is a view of a portion of the panel of FIG. 1a, enlarged to show details;
FIG. 10 is a view in transverse section of a solar cell arranged according to one species of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a view in side elevation of a float glass fabricating plant;
FIG. 3 is a view in side elevation of a float glass fabricating plant, modified for fabricating in a continuous process sheets of solar cells;
FIG. 4 is a view in section of a variant of the cell of FIG. 10;
FIG. 5 is a photomicrograph of a poly-crystal film of CdS fabricated by the method of the invention; and
FIG. 6 is a view in side elevation of a pilot plant for continuously fabricating solar cells by the method of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIG. la of the accompanying drawings, 10 is a plate of double strength window glass, oneeighth inch thick, which serves as a substrate for the large scale mass-produced solar cells of the present invention. 11 generally represents coatings on the substrate of photovoltaic heterojunction, plus positive electrodes, while 10 and 12 represent negative electrodes. Reference is made to FIG. 1b, which illustrates an enlargement of that portion of FIG. 1a which is encircled in FIG. 1a. In FIG. 1b, 10 is the window glass substrate, on which has been deposited a layer 14 of SnO,, constituting a negative electrode common to the entire substrate 10, and the x indicating that the precise composition is not known. On the layer 14 is deposited a layer 15 of crystalline CdS, which is about 2 microns thick. Superposed on the layer 15 is a layer 16 of Cu S, which after suitable heat treatment serves to form a heterojunction with the CdS. On the layer of Cu- S is superposed a layer 17 of copper, which serves as a positive terminal. The layers 15, 16, and 17 may be etched through to the SnO, layer 14, at intervals, to provide channels in which may be deposited buses of Inconel or chrome 18, and superposed aluminum 19, which provide negative terminals having multiple areas of contact with the SnO,. The illustration of FIG. lb represents one example of a solar cell fabricated according to the invention. An alternative form of cell is described in application for US. Pat. Ser. No. 303,365, filed Nov. 3, I972, and entitled Photovoltaic Cell. That application employs the same heterojunction as the present invention, but assumes a panel of window glass coated with SnO, as a starting material. The present invention relates to continuous production of solar cells, commencing with the raw materials from which the glass is produced, in a continuous strip, about 10 feet wide.
The purpose of the present invention is to provide large area photovoltaic cells at sufficiently low cost to compete with thermal generating power plants, and which will cover many square miles of area, and to provide a practical method of fabricating these at the rate required, in square feet or square miles.
To obtain the panels at sufficiently low cost, it is necessary to manufacture on a very large scale. The usual process of producing glass panels is the float glass process (see FIG. 2). In a plant for carrying out the pro cess, glass is manufactured in a continuous ribbon. The raw materials 20 are continuously fed to a furnace 21 and melted. The resulting liquid is poured into a bath of molten tin 22, where, by controlling the feed rate of materials and the velocity of the floating glass ribbon, its thickness can be controlled with 0.002 inches. The glass is one-eighth inch thick (so-called doublestrength window glass). Glass is fed as a continuous ribbon 10 feet wide from the liquid tin bath 22 to a cooling or annealing lehr 23, where it is cooled gradually, before being automatically cut to size. A typical annual output for such a plant would be 200 million square feet per year. A recently completed plant of this type, using two production lines of the type described above, has a planned capacity of 400 million square feet of glass annually. The plant cost is 50 million dollars. A plant of this type and size is to be converted according to the present invention, to the production of solar cells.
We, according to the present invention, interpose between the present liquid tin bath and cooling lehr, three or more liquid metal tank chambers, which may include closures to assure that the upper surface of the glass sheet is the same as the metal. The first of these, 25, will be used for spraying a solution of SnCland reactants and dopants to provide a low resistance transparent conducting SnO, layer. In the chamber it is necessary to maintain the top glass surface temperature equal to the tin temperature, though the impingement of the spray causes a momentary temperature decrease in the glass. The second chamber, 26, will be used to spray a CdS film, and the third, 27, in the cooling line at a much lower temperature, for spraying a Cu S layer. After further cooling, the glass will be cut automatically to panel size by cutters 28. After cutting the glass into panels, these will then be coated with resist through a suitable screen, leaving exposed the areas required for channels in a pattern as illustrated in FIG. 111. These areas are then etched out at station 31. In the etchhed channels 32, after washing at station 33, Inconel or chromium is evaporated onto the exposed glass in the required pattern, followed by an evaporation of Al to form the negative collector. Cu is then evaporated over the Cu S layer not etched at station 31 to form the positive collector and the entire panel slowly heated to 500C and then slowly cooled. Upon cooling, the panel is ready for installation in a macro-system, involving square miles of such panels, interconnected among themselves and to suitable power transmission equipment.
In the alternative, evaporated zinc is used as the negative electrode, as in application Ser. No. 303,365. Upon heating, the zinc diffuses through the barrier (through the Cu S into the CdS) and contacts the CdS layer underneath. In another alternative method, instead of etching channels through the CdS layer, zinc is evaporated followed by Cu through a mask onto the CdS layer.
The process of preparing solar cells by applying successive sprayed coating according to the present invention sufficiently decreases the time required for coating the required large areas that a continuous process becomes feasible. The time required for preparing cells, by vacuum deposition of the requisite materials to form a large heterojunction is so long and the cost so great that large scale production becomes unfeasible. In addition, the coatings produced by spraying have characteristics superior in many respects to those produced by vacuum deposition.
Successful growth of crystal films, by spraying, consisting of crystallites from 2 am to 12 um taken in the dimension parallel to the substrate, has been achieved. See FIG. 6. In the vacuum deposition process the crystallites are generally 0.1 pm or less in the same dimension. A further characteristic of these films is their high specific resistivity, as grown, which varies between and 10 ohm-cm. This is due to the fact that the crystals grown at the temperatures noted above tend to be stoichiometric and reject impurities. Crystallites grown by vacuum deposition generally have specific resistivities between 0.1 and l ohm-cm due to an excess of cadmium inherent in the vacuum evaporation process.
Cu S layers have been grown on CdS films by spraying a solution of copper acetate and N,N, dimethylthiourea while the glass substrate is floating in a liquid metal bath, maintained at a temperature of approximately 300F. However, since the Cu- S layer is extremely thin it can be deposited by evaporation.
The above processes have been done in air although it is desirable, at least in the growth of CdS, to use an atmosphere consisting of a mixture of N and H to prevent oxidation of the tin, which is expensive,
In order to make cells of 5 percent efficiency, it is necessary to use SnO, coated glass with a resistivity of 10 ohms/square. Coating of such low resistivity is not commercially available, and the present invention is directed, in part, to production of such coatings.
We have succedded in depositing SnO, films of 10 ohms/square on soda line glass with a resulting radia tion transmission (including the glass) of 78 percent. This result is made possible by continuously supplying heat to the glass while a solution containing SnCl is being sprayed on the surface. Further, since the crystal structure of the SnO, controls the ensuing growth of the CdS film, which in turn controls the growth of the Cu S film, it is necessary that the growth of each of these films be uniform to produce useful cells. It has been found that forming the SnO, layer while maintaining the surface being sprayed at one controlled temperature, and spraying sufficiently slowly that the temperature can be maintained uniform despite application of a liquid spray, enables productions of the requisite layers.
By coating the barrier with copper, to serve as a positive electrode, the cell resistance can be greatly lowered, as the sheet resistance of the Cu s is then no longer important. In addition the metallic copper coating serves to protect the barrier from atmospheric contamination. An additional coating of aluminum over the copper may be employed to provide further protection for the copper itself. Both coatings can be evaporated in a continuous vacuum evaporation arrangement.
The continuous process of the invention can be applied to pre-fabricated panels of window glass. Referring to FIG. 6 of the accompanying drawings, 40 represents storage of panels of glass, which may not be of the desired dimensions. The panels provided may be precut to size at station 41, and cleaned at station 42, after which they are fed to a first elongated furnace 43, which raises the temperature of the panels from an assumed temperature of 70, induced in the cleaning station 42, to 700F, and thereafter in a second furnace 44, which raises the temperature of the panels to approximately 950F. Following furnace 44 is a float station 45 for spraying the panel with SnO,,. The coated glass panel now proceeds through an annealing lehr 46, in which the temperature of the panel is slowly reduced to 700F, so that the glass is annealed when it arrives at a float chamber 47. The float chamber 47 contains a vat of liquid tin, in which the panel floats, and the liquid tin is maintained at 620F, so that the panel is maintained uniformly over its area at this temperature, while a water solution capable of providing CdS and other elements is slowly deposited by spraying. The spraying process is carried out by spraying in a moving pattern, covering a small area at a time, so that heat will not be abstracted at a substantial rate from the panel in response to evaporation of water or formation of CdS crystals, whereby the temperature of the panel can be maintained uniform. As the panel proceeds along the float chamber 47, successive small areas extending transversely of the panel are coated by moving the nozzles transiently of the panel as it moves, until the entire panel is completely coated to the required thickness. Many spray nozzles may be employed, and the surfaces continue to move during spraying of the glass until the required thickness of CdS crystals have been uniformly deposited. The length of the float chamber must be adequate to provide adequate spray times, giving consideration to the number of nozzles employed and the speed of travel of the glass.
While the CdS is coated on the panel, the float material for the latter is maintained at 620F. Coating of a layer of Cu S on the CdS layer must be carried out at 300F. Accordingly, the panel is cooled to nearly 300F, in chamber 48, and from the latter the panel is introduced into a metal float chamber which maintains the panel at 300F while it is being sprayed with a solution which produces Cu- S, in a slow scanning process essentially like that described as taking place in chamber 47.
After the panel has been coated with Cu- S to the requisite thickness, the panel is slowly cooled to F, in chamber 50, and from that chamber it proceeds to station 51, in which the requisite positive and negative contact areas are deposited, to station 52, where the completed panel is tested, to station 53, where it is slowly heated to 500F in a curing process, then slowly recooled, and thence to station 54, where it is finally tested prior to delivery.
In order that solar cells operate with the requisite efficiency, at least 5 percent, it is important that the process of applying the coating of SnO, result in a low resistance per square coating, which is not foggy. This implies (I) that most of the light available falls in the heterojunction, where it can be absorbed and converted to electrical power, and (2) that the electrical power generated not be lost in heating the Sno To improve the cell in the aspects noted in the previous paragraph, the soda lime (window) glass may be coated with H SiF prior to coating with the SnO,,"'the surface being at approximately 520F. Under the influence of the acid, a silica film forms at the glass surface which prevents sodium from the glass diffusing to the surface of the glass. It is over this layer that the SnO forms, and this layer protects the glass from the SnO and maintains the glass clarity. The resultant coating of SnO is of remarkably low electrical resistance per square, about 10 Q/square while possessing good light transmission, whereas in the prior art the figure was usually about 55 Q/square on soda lime glass. It is also found that the CdS layer is clearer and more uniform, if the glass is pretreated with acid before supply SnO lf the acid treatment is omitted the CdS layer sometime tends to be cloudy, indicating that the polycrystalline layer of CdS is not composed of a uniform coating of microcrystals. This is not unexpected since the SnO, provides nuclei for formation of the CdS polycrystalline layer. Our process provides the requisite nuclei.
The described process for protecting the clarity of the SnO, is not, per se, an invention of the present applicants, but the discovery that CdS films formed over the SnO, coatings can be improved in this way is their discovery. It is known that the coating formed on glass by the present invention is not SnO since the latter is an insulator. The high resistivity SnO which was formed according to the prior art was probably deficient in oxygen and probably was infused with material deriving from the glass, or combined with some ingredients of the glass. The Sno produced according to the present method is, though its precise composition is not known, a coating having unexpected and valuable properties. It is found that the improved coating is formed over a rather narrow range of temperatures, i.e., when the glass is coated on a molten metal bath at 830F while the acid is sprayed, and if temperature is maintained uniformly over its surface during the spraying of the compound which produces SnO,, and throughout the volume of glass, and if the float of the glass is at 950F while the SnO, is being applied, superior results are achieved. The requirement of reasonable precision of temperature, and uniformity of temperature, implies a slow application of the acid and SnO, solutions, and requires nozzle movements providing spray over only a small part of the glass panel at any one instant. In the absence of uniformity of temperature during spraying, the above described results are not achieved. For example, a 50F decrease in temperature may lead to an increased resistivity of 50 percent.
lt is also found that the SnO, layer must be sprayed as SnCl in methanol, and that water may not be used as a solvent, nor may SnCl, be employed as a source of SnO,.
More specifically, the acid solution as it leaves the nozzle is at room temperature, when sprayed, and the spray solution is 1 part of l-l SiF, (30 percent) and 3 parts water. The spray rate per nozzle is 36 ml/min for 1 minute, at a nozzle pressure of 40 psi. The solution producing SnO, is sprayed at room temperature as it leaves the nozzle as a solution of the following proportions:
500 cc methanol 140 gm SnCl (anhydrous) 1.4 gm phenylhydrozene hydrochloride 6.0 gm ammonium bifluoride (NH FHF).
The spray rate per nozzle is 36 ml/min for 105 seconds. The final thickness of the SnO, film is of the order of 0.4 micron. An exhaust system powerful enough to remove all gaseous by-products, as they are formed at the glass surface, is required.
In forming sheet glass, the initial melt is at about 3000F, and this is-provided to a float chamber of liquid tin. The glass cools as it passes along the tin bath so that at the end of the float chamber the glass is at about llOF. The glass sheet at llO0F is transferred to a separate float chamber, but is cooled, during the transfer to 830F, and is promptly sprayed before it can heat up substantially, with the H SiF solution. The bath to which it is transferred is at 950F and after the acid has been sprayed, the glass sheet heats up to that temperature and then is sprayed with the SnCl solution, above specified, sufficiently slowly that the temperature of the glass is maintained, not on an average basis but on I the basis that appreciable temperature gradients along the film, even between two adjacent droplets of the spray, are avoided. Any such gradients set up stresses which reduce the quality of the resultant film, i.e., uniformity, clarity, crystal size, thickness, transparency, resistivity. In order to maintain the temperature of the glass the bath is located in a chamber or enclosure so that the upper surface of the glass and the air above it is at the temperature of the bath.
After the SnO, layer has been formed to the required thickness the glass is cooled to about 700F, slowly, following the recommended annealing curves for the glass, so that stresses will be relieved, and thereafter the glass sheet passes to a liquid tin bath in which the sheet is sprayed with a solution of CdCl and N-N dimethylthiourea or thiourea in water, doped with AlCl 0.001 to 0.002 molarity. Other chemical dopants may be used, the AlCl being merely an example. The purpose of the dopant is to reduce the resistivity of the CdS crystals, in a controlled manner, which grow on the hot surface of the glass. Other suitable dopants are known and may be employed.
After the layer of CdS micro-crystals have been grown the sheet of glass may be cooled in a lehr to 300F, where it enters a further tank of liquid, preferably consisting of an alloy of lead, tin and bismuth, and specifically 53 percent of bismuth, 32 percent of lead and 15 percent tin, which remains liquid at 300F. While the sheet is passing through the bath the sheet of glass is coated with a solution of 0.0036 molarity copper acetate, 0.0018 molarity of N-N dirnethylthiourea in de-ionized water. The mixture must be prepared just prior to spraying, at room temperature, and mixed for only 4 or 5 minutes prior to spraying. This is required because chemical reactions occur slowly during mixing, and these reactions are undesirable. Complete mixing is necessary, and the times specified enable complete mixing before the undesired chemical reactions have proceeded far. The spray forms a Cu S film, and over the latter is sprayed 0.0018 molar solution of copper sulphate (CuSO in de-ionized water. The Cu S forming spray is arranged to produce a uniform film 1000 A thick over the area sprayed, and the spraying is conducted in a scanning pattern, covering small areas at a time, so that the sheet of glass will remain at uniform temperature despite the cooling effect of the spray. The second spray which forms a copper sulphate (CuSO layer requires 15 minutes and leaves a layer about 500 A thick.
After the CuSO, has been deposited, the coated glass is cooled to room temperature, the entire surface is coated by vacuum deposition with copper to a thickness of 7000 A, and the copper coated with Al to provide protection against oxidation of the copper.
Negative electrodes may be formed in alternate ways. Channels may be etched down to the SnO and the lnconel covered with Al negative buses installed. In the alternative, the negative electrode structure disclosed in Ser. No. 303,365 may be employed, or a Zn electrode may be deposited directly on the CdS layer prior to coating with Cu S. The Zn electrode may be coated with insulating lacquer, and the Cu S layer may then be deposited as described above. Contact may be made with the Zn electrode, and since the latter diffuses to the SnO,, contact is effectively made with the SnO,.
It has been found, on the basis of extensive trial and error, i.e., empirically, that a low resistance SnO, layer, i.e., lOQ/square is formed so long as the glass is maintained at the proper uniform temperature, above specitied, and water or water containing materials in the spray are avoided, chlorine is minimized, as by using SnCl as a starting material instead of SnCh, for example, methanol is used as a solvent, and the phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and ammonium bifluoride are employed in nearly the quantities specified above. Considerable departure from the specified formula results in foggy glass and/or high electrical resistance, i.e., that formula is optimum. The formula provided does not assume that the glass must be treated with H SIF prior to coating with Sno However, if the H SlF is not em ployed the CdS layer may be affected, in that it is cloudy instead of being clear, the implications of cloudiness having been hereinabove recited.
A precise formula employed for coating with CdS is, for nozzle spray, in the proportions:
litres de-ionized water 75 cc 1 Molar N N Dimethylthioureau solution 100 cc 1 Molar CdCl 2 /2 H O 0.3 gm AlCl- .6 H O (dopant).
The flow rate is 38 cc/minute, the nozzle pressure psi, the temperature of the tin bath 620F, the spraying time may be as long as 20 hours, depending on the desired thickness, and strong ultra violet light should be incident on the glass during spraying. Since glass in a window glass making plant travels at about 40 feet per minute, a very large number of simultaneously scan ning nozzles is required to coat the glass in a continuous process, and the liquid bath in which the glass travels must be long, perhaps 4000 ft. long, to allow sufficient spray time for each square foot of the glass.
The total length of the spray chamber, and the total number of nozzles required, and the total spraying time can be radically reduced by employing electrostatic spraying in which a rapidly rotating bell-type electrostatic atomizer delivers the various solutions required in the coatings of the present invention. A suitable sprayer is that manufactured by Ransburg Electro- Coating Corp. and the operation of which is described in Scientific American for March, 1972, pages 52 and 53.
One of the drawbacks in spraying with a nozzle is that atomization is not precisely uniform. When a large drop and a small drop of spray reach the glass surface immediately adjacent one another they give rise to uneven cooling of the glass, i.e., to a temperature gradient. Glass is an excellent heat insulator, so that the underlying liquid metal is unable immediately to correct the temperature at the upper surface of the glass, with the result that the micro-crystals of diverse sizes are produced, in the case of CdS, reducing the efficiency of the cell area. In electrostatic spraying of the bell type, the sprayed material is broken up by means of a very rapidly rotating bell. The solution is fed to the center of the bell and streams out centrifugally to the edge, and is there thrown off. A large potential, 100 KV, exists between the bell and the object to be coated. In the resulting field, the sprayed materials forms streamers of remarkably uniform spacing, The streamers in turn break up into droplets, which are individually charged, and the droplets are remarkably uniform, as is required according to the present invention to minimize variations in crystal size.
An electrostatic spray can cover, in a given time, a much larger area than is possible with an air atomizing nozzle, and the rate of deposition at any given small area of the glass can be increased, because temperature gradients along the surface of the glass are radically reduced when the droplets are uniform and small. The values hereinabove provided for the coating of CdS have been found practical for nozzle spraying.
On a macroscopic scale, it is necessary to spray material on the glass at a linear rate, to avoid large scale temperature gradients, as distinguished from the microscopic gradients produced by adjacent droplets of dif ferent sizes. In the case of a travelling strip of material this can be accomplished by having the sprayers stationary linearly of this strip, but moving at a constant rate laterally while the material being sprayed moves longitudinally. In order to provide the required slow rates of deposition, many laterally traversing sprayers are required, spaced along the longitudinal dimension of the strip, and these might spray only when moving in one direction and not in return so that strip areas near the edges of the strip will not receive more spray material in a given time increment than do strip areas which are mid-strip, i.e., so that the spray thickness will be uniform over a very large area.
In open air the temperature of the surface of the glass strip is about l00F below the temperature of the required metal bath in which it floats, i.e., in absence of an enclosure or chamber above the glass. When the spray is received by the glass strip this causes a small transient drop of temperature where the spray is received, of about 20F, but this transient drop of temperature is rapidly recovered as the spray moves to another area. These transient drops in temperature do not cause deterioration of the film. Microscopic tempera ture gradients caused by droplets of diverse sizes reach ing the strip at immediately adjacent points are also transient, but appear to provide microcrystals of uneven sizes. Non-transient variations of temperature along the surface of the strip appear to introduce permanent strains in the crystal layer, or a non-uniformity of the crystal layer over the surface ofthe strip, and this is deleterious. To avoid these deleterious effects spraying must be accomplished very slowly, and the sprayed solutions maintained at constant droplet size, as nearly as feasible, to avoid any but transient macroscopic temperature gradients along the surface of the sprayed strip, and to minimize microscopic transient temperature gradients. The fact that the glass is floating in a metallic bath effects a rapid re-supply of heat to any part of the glass which is cooled by the spray.
A preferred embodiment of our invention (Ser. No. 303,365) requires the formation of CdS- Cu S junction as above described, followed by provision of a layer of CuSO and thereafter by a layer of Cu, the CuSO, providing oxygen to the underside of the layer of Cu to form a rectifying junction. An operative photovoltaic junction may also be implemented if the Cu S layer is omitted, the CuSO, layer being laid down directly on the CdS microcrystals, and the Cu electrode being laid down directly on the CuSO The CuSO, now, on being heated to about 500F for a sufficient time, provides oxygen for combination with the Cu electrode to form a rectifying electrode and sulphur to form Cu S for combination with the CdS to form a photovoltaic heterojunction where x is close to but less than 2.
It has been found that the quality of polycrystals of a coating of CdS may be vastly improved if two flat coated surfaces of glass sheets are placed adjacent one another and the resultant sandwich heated to about 950F for about minutes. The effect seems to involve the growth of large clumps of crystals. A more uniform crystal layer is formed by the transfer to crystalline material from areas where the deposit is thick on one surface to areas where the deposit is thin on another area, and generally to production of microcrystals of uniform size throughout both surfaces. The process is operative, so far as is known, by way of crystal regrowth because the glass surfaces are sufficiently flat that air is excluded from the films, allowing an atmosphere of CdS and C1 to prevail during heating, the CdS and C1 coming from the films. FIG. 6 is a photomicrograph of a CdS micro-crystal film regrown according to the method of the present invention, i.e., improved by placing two films in juxtaposition and heat- In forming negative electrodes one may etch through the heterojunction, once it is formed, down to the SnO,, through a resist mask, to form channels of the character illustrated in FIGS. lb, 10. The etchant may then be removed, and chromium or lnconel applied as buses to the SnO,, and aluminum applied over the chromium or lnconel. Alternatively, zinc may be applied directly on the CdS before Cu S is applied, and coated with lacquer to isolate the Zn from the Cu S and subsequent coatings. The zinc can then form a positive electrode. Or the zinc may be applied to the Cu- S in stripes, and heated to drive the zinc down to the SnO,,, as illustrated in FIG. 4.
What is claimed:
1. A method of fabricating large scale solar cells, comprising moving a continuous strip of glass continu ously in a path containing sequential heated liquid float tanks, and forming a SnO film on said continuous strip of glass during traverse of said strip of a first of said float tanks, forming a film of CdS microcrystals on said SnO, film during traverse of said strip through a second of said float tanks, and forming a film of Cu S over said CdS film during traverse of said strip through a third of said float tanks, wherein said float tanks contain liquid at temperatures suitable for formation of said films, and wherein said films are spray deposited at rates selected to enable said liquid in said float tanks to maintain the temperatures of the surfaces of said strip of glass constant during the forming of said films.
2. The combination according to claim 1, wherein said forming of said films is accomplished by spraying of solutions onto said strip, said solutions containing compounds selected to interact to form said films in the presence of heat, and said strip being maintained free of temperature gradients along the surface of the strip at the sprayed areas.
3. The combination according to claim 1, wherein said forming of said SnO film is accomplished by spraying on said strip, while said liquid metal is maintained at 950F an atomized solution in the proportions of 500 ccmethanol, 140 gm SnCl- (anhydrous), 1.4 gm
phenylhydrozene hydrochloride, and 6.0 gm ammonium bisulphide to a thickness of about 0.4 microns.
4. The combination according to claim 1, wherein said forming of said SnO, film is accomplished by spraying a methanol solution of SnCl in air as uniform atomized droplets against said continuously moving strip of glass while said strip is maintained without macroscopic temperature gradients along the surface of the strip at about 950F.
5. The combination according to claim 4, wherein said CdS film of microcrystals is formed by depositing an atomized spray on said film of SnO said atomized spray solution having the proportions of 5 litres of deionized water, cc 1 Molar N N dimethylthiourea solution, cc 1 Molar CdCl .2 /2 H O solution, 0.3 gm AlCl;, .6 H O at a temperature of 620F while maintaining said strip and said film of SnO r free of macroscopic temperature gradients along the surface of the strip, said CdS film being about 1 to 2 microns thick.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said strip is created with an acid spray prior to coating of said SnO, film, said acid spray including H SiF and the surface of said strip during said spray being at about 950F.
7. A method of fabricating large scale photovoltaic cells, comprising floating a continuous strip of glass in a path containing sequential liquid float tanks, forming a SnO, film on said continuous strip of glass during traverse of said strip of a first of said float tanks, forming a film of CdS microcrystals on said SnO, film during traverse of said strip through a second of said float tanks, wherein said float tanks contain said liquid at temperatures suitable for formation of said films, and wherein said films are spray deposited at rates selected to enable said liquid in said float tanks to resupply sufficient heat to said glass to maintain the temperatures of the surface of said strip of glass constant during the forming of said films despite the cooling effect of said spray, and forming a film of Cu S over said film of CdS microcrystals.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said forming of said films of SnO, and CdS is accomplished by spraying solutions onto said strip, said solutions containing compounds selected to interact to form said films.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said forming of said SnO, film is accomplished by intermittently spraying on said strip an atomized solution in methanol including SnCl (anhydrous) and a flourine salt, the intermittent spraying being at intervals sufficiently long to enable exposed surfaces of said glass to re-attain the temperature of the first of said float tanks despite cooling produced by said spraying.
10. The method according to claim 7, wherein said forming of said SnO, film is accomplished by spraying intermittently in air a methanol solution including SnCl as atomized droplets against said strip with sufficient times between sprays to enable the temperature of the upper surface of said strip to be at constant temperature during said spraying.
11. The method according to claim 7, wherein said CdS film of microcrystals is formed by depositing an atomized spray on said film of SnO,,, said atomized spray including a water solution of NN-DMthiourea,
CdCl and AlCl 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein said CdS film of microcrystals is formed by intermittently depositing atomized spray on said film of SnO said atized spray on said film of SnO, in intermittent sprays,
Spray including a water Solution f said atomized spray including a water solution of NN- DMthiourea, CdCl and AlCl 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein said DMthiourea and CdS film of microcrystals is formed by depositing atom- 5
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 26, 1963
|Apr 11, 1967
|Apparatus for manufacturing glass ribbon on a molten metal bath
|Jul 6, 1966
|Sep 16, 1969
|Pilkington Brothers Ltd
|Float glass surface modification process
|Jun 26, 1969
|Apr 18, 1972
|Pilkington Brothers Ltd
|Coating of glass in float glass method and apparatus
|Mar 5, 1970
|May 2, 1972
|Ppg Industries Inc
|Coated glass sheet and method for making the same
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 3, 1975
|Jul 27, 1976
|D. H. Baldwin Company
|Light diffuser for photovoltaic cell
|Aug 2, 1976
|Aug 16, 1977
|Westinghouse Electric Corporation
|Photovoltaic device and method of making same
|Sep 20, 1976
|Sep 13, 1977
|Saint-Gobain Industries
|Apparatus for the manufacture of plastics film by casting on a floating glass ribbon
|Feb 22, 1977
|Apr 4, 1978
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Solar cell collector
|Mar 26, 1976
|Jun 13, 1978
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Cadmium sulfide film
|Feb 11, 1977
|Aug 1, 1978
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Photovoltaic cell
|Dec 30, 1977
|Mar 6, 1979
|Chevron Research Company
|Cadmium sulfide photovoltaic cell and method of fabrication
|Mar 15, 1978
|Sep 23, 1980
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Method for quality film formation
|Mar 21, 1979
|Nov 11, 1980
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Solar panel module
|Mar 15, 1978
|Dec 16, 1980
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Method for quality film formation
|Feb 9, 1979
|Dec 23, 1980
|Mcmaster Harold
|Method and apparatus for forming tempered sheet glass with a pyrolytic film in a continuous process
|Aug 7, 1979
|Apr 21, 1981
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Method of making a solar cell array
|Apr 2, 1979
|Dec 8, 1981
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Photovoltaic cell
|Mar 31, 1980
|Dec 29, 1981
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Apparatus for quality film formation
|Sep 22, 1980
|Jan 26, 1982
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Solar cell array
|Sep 15, 1980
|Aug 17, 1982
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Process for forming tin oxide conductive pattern
|Oct 28, 1980
|Dec 7, 1982
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Polycrystalline photovoltaic cell
|Feb 16, 1982
|Feb 1, 1983
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Conductive elements for photovoltaic cells
|Aug 2, 1982
|Sep 20, 1983
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Method of making a CdS/Cux S photovoltaic cell
|May 24, 1982
|Nov 8, 1983
|Photon Power, Inc.
|Spray forming thin films
|Feb 11, 1982
|Dec 6, 1983
|Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.
|Solar cell and method for producing same
|Mar 29, 1982
|Mar 5, 1985
|Cherry Electrical Products Corporation
|Process for forming patterned films
|Dec 19, 1983
|Apr 9, 1985
|Atlantic Richfield Company
|Thin film solar cell substrate
|Jan 3, 1984
|Sep 17, 1985
|Atlantic Richfield Company
|Gridded thin film solar cell
|Nov 28, 1983
|Sep 24, 1985
|Regie Nationale Des Usines Renault
|Welding and fluid tightness process for the production of sensors
|Jun 6, 1983
|Oct 15, 1985
|Silicon Electro-Physics, Inc.
|Manufacture of sheets of controlled thickness from meltable material
|Dec 28, 1984
|Jun 17, 1986
|Sohio Commercial Development Co.
|Method of making current collector grid and materials therefor
|Dec 20, 1985
|Jun 23, 1987
|The Standard Oil Company
|Stable contact between current collector grid and transparent conductive layer
|Oct 31, 1986
|Aug 18, 1987
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Method of fabrication of low crosstalk photodiode array
|May 15, 1986
|Aug 25, 1987
|Ametek, Inc.
|Process and apparatus for forming thin films
|Jun 1, 1987
|Jan 3, 1989
|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Photovoltaic device
|Oct 29, 1987
|Sep 12, 1989
|Glasstech Solar, Inc.
|Solar cell fabrication method
|Jul 15, 1991
|Jan 11, 1994
|Prinz Fritz B
|Electronic packages and smart structures formed by thermal spray deposition
|Jun 13, 1997
|Mar 2, 1999
|Glasstech, Inc.
|Method for coating glass sheet ribbon
|Nov 11, 1998
|Jan 11, 2000
|Glasstech, Inc.
|Coated glass sheet
|Jan 27, 2000
|Jul 2, 2002
|Libbey-Owens-Ford Co.
|Temperature control of CVD method for reduced haze
|Apr 23, 2010
|Aug 28, 2012
|Primestar Solar, Inc.
|Treatment of thin film layers photovoltaic module manufacture
|Jul 23, 2007
|Mar 25, 2014
|Guardian Industries Corp.
|Method of making glass including surface treatment with aluminum chloride at or just prior to annealing LEHR
|Feb 7, 2011
|Aug 19, 2014
|Lg Chem, Ltd.
|Layout for glass manufacturing system, glass handling method, and glass therefrom
|Jul 26, 2013
|Jul 28, 2015
|First Solar, Inc.
|Vapor deposition apparatus for continuous deposition of multiple thin film layers on a substrate
|Apr 11, 2006
|Jan 18, 2007
|Technische Universiteit Delft
|Process for the production of thin layers, preferably for a photovoltaic cell
|Jul 25, 2006
|Jan 31, 2008
|Bernd Disteldorf
|Method of making glass including surface treatment with aluminum chloride at or just prior to annealing lehr
|Jul 23, 2007
|Jan 31, 2008
|Centre Luxembourgeois De Recherches Pour Le Verre Et La Ceramique S.A. (C.R.V.C)
|Method of making glass including surface treatment with aluminum chloride at or just prior to annealing LEHR
|Sep 30, 2009
|May 27, 2010
|Curtis Robert Fekety
|Electrostatically depositing conductive films during glass draw
|Feb 7, 2011
|Aug 11, 2011
|Jin Han
|Layout for glass manufacturing system, glass handling method, and glass therefrom
|Jul 30, 2012
|Nov 15, 2012
|Primestar Solar, Inc.
|Apparatus for treating thin film layers during photovoltaic module manufacture
|Oct 7, 2011
|Aug 15, 2013
|Sony Corporation
|Transparent conductive film, method of producing the same, photoelectric conversion apparatus, and electronic apparatus
|Feb 9, 2011
|Sep 21, 2011
|Layout for glass manufacturing system, glass handling method, and glass therefrom
|Feb 9, 2011
|Jul 2, 2014
|Layout for glass manufacturing system and glass handling method
|Apr 21, 2011
|Nov 9, 2011
|Treatment of thin film layers photovoltaic module
|Apr 21, 2011
|Nov 25, 2015
|Mar 24, 1977
|Nov 3, 1977
|Photon Power Inc
|Verfahren zur herstellung eines cadmiumsulfidfilms
|Sep 7, 1978
|Mar 22, 1979
|Photon Power Inc
|Verfahren zur herstellung einer reihenschaltungsanordnung von sperrschicht-photozellen und nach diesem verfahren hergestellte photozellenanordnung oder -batterie
|Jan 19, 1979
|Jul 24, 1980
|Chevron Res
|Cadmium sulphide photovoltaic cell - has a cadmium sulphide bi:layer, the second layer deposited at a lower temp. than the first
|Mar 10, 1979
|Sep 20, 1979
|Chevron Res
|Polykristallines duennschicht-photoelement und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
|Dec 8, 1981
|Jun 23, 1982
|Prutec Limited
|Method of manufacturing photo-voltaic devices
|Dec 8, 1981
|May 18, 1983
|Prutec Limited
|Method of manufacturing photo-voltaic devices
|Aug 14, 2002
|Jun 16, 2004
|University Of Delaware
|Chemical surface deposition of ultra-thin semiconductors
|Aug 14, 2002
|Oct 28, 2009
|Univ Delaware
|Chemical surface deposition of ultra-thin semiconductors
|Dec 22, 2004
|Jun 28, 2006
|Advanced Surface Technology B.V.
|Production process for a photovoltaic device
|Dec 2, 2004
|Jul 26, 2006
|Technische Universiteit Delft
|Process for the production of thin layers, preferably for a photovoltaic cell
|Dec 2, 2004
|Aug 2, 2006
|Technische Universiteit Delft
|Process for the production of thin layers, preferably for a photovoltaic cell
|Apr 19, 2011
|Jan 18, 2012
|PrimeStar Solar, Inc
|Treatment of thin film layers photovoltaic module
|Oct 27, 2011
|Jun 24, 2015
|Asahi Glass Co Ltd
|Apparatus for producing float plate glass and method for producing float plate glass
|Sep 9, 1996
|Apr 3, 1997
|Glasstech, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for coating glass sheet ribbon and resultant coated glass sheet
|Dec 7, 2000
|Aug 2, 2001
|Pilkington North America, Inc.
|Temperature control of cvd method for reduced haze
|Feb 17, 2009
|Aug 27, 2009
|Corning Incorporated
|Conductive film formation during glass draw
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 5, 1993
Owner name: TOTAL ENERGIE DEVELOPPEMENT, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:TOTAL ENERGIE DEVELOPMENT + MESSERSCHMITT-BOLKOW BLOHMGMBH & CO. PHOTOTRONICS O.H.G.;REEL/FRAME:006483/0409
Effective date: 19930331
|Nov 8, 1990
Owner name: TOTAL ENERGIE DEVELOPPMENT + MESSERSCHMITT-BOLKOW-
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:TOTAL ENERGIE DEVELOPMENT;REEL/FRAME:005503/0019
Effective date: 19901002
|Oct 19, 1984
Owner name: TOTAL ENERGIE DEVELOPPEMENT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:LOF REALTY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004324/0501
Effective date: 19840410


text:
Tuesday, November 13, 2007
Grand Rounds, and Other Stuff
This week's Grand Rounds is up. Thanks for including me, Dr. A!
Yesterday at the gym, I ran into a friend from the medical school who's a therapist. We got to talking about depression, including mine, and she asked if I'd be willing to talk to one of her medical-school classes about depression in January. I said that of course I would. It was a very heartening conversation; part of me always feels as if I'm being whiny and boring when I talk about this stuff -- although I do it anyway, obviously! -- but if whining allows me to help future doctors better understand the subjective experience of the illness, something good will have come out of it.
Fittingly enough, we also talked about the spiritual and medical importance of turning brokenness into gift. My friend's Jewish, so for her the image of that is the breaking of challah bread at sabbat services, while for me it's the breaking of the bread in the eucharist. The bread can't feed people until it's broken, and the great challenge for all of us, whatever is happening in our lives, is to discern ways to transform the broken pieces of our lives into blessings for others.
And now for the sad news: this morning I got e-mail from Sharon that her husband Bill died on Sunday. She and her family must be feeling broken right now, and I pray that they will be able to find blessing and comfort.
Posted by Susan Palwick at 9:52 AM
Labels: depression, Grand Rounds, loss, medical school
3 comments:
- Anonymous11:38 AM
Delurking to say how much I enjoy your posts (and how much I love it when two of my blogworlds collide, and thoughtful-bloggers-about- spirituality become knitbloggers!)ReplyDelete
Do you know Leonard Cohen's song _Anthem_? The chorus lyrics remind me of your observations on brokenness:
"Forget your perfect offering
There is a crack in everything
That's how the light gets in."
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Like his boss, Peyton Manning probably has no remaining football goals, other than to go out winning his second Super Bowl.
But unlike John Elway, he won't achieve it.
That was painfully obvious in Denver's 24-13 playoff loss to Indianapolis on Sunday.
The greatest football player ever to come out of Louisiana, the five-time MVP who is arguably the best ever at his position and who was just a season removed from setting NFL records for yards and touchdowns in a season, looked every bit of his 38 years, unable to deliver the precision passes that have been his trademark throughout a 17-year career.
Part of it was a torn right quad he has been dealing with for the past month, an injury more serious than had been previously reported and one that had him dealing with pain on every snap.
"He has not been healthy," a source close to the situation said Monday.
But the bigger part of Manning's problem was Father Time, the undefeated challenger of every athlete.
No doubt Drew Brees, who turns 36 on Thursday, was taking notes Sunday.
It's worth nothing that the last quarterback older than 35 to win a Super Bowl was Elway.
Tom Brady certainly could break that streak this year. But his last title came a decade ago, when he was 28. Russell Wilson and Andrew Luck, Manning's successor at Indianapolis, are 26 and 25. Green Bay's Aaron Rodgers is 31, but since he sat behind Brett Favre for three seasons, he's only 28 in football years.
The position is getting younger, and Peyton, who was 30 when he won his title, isn't.
Still, he deserved better than what happened Sunday.
The ungrateful Denver fans booed him — not at the end of the game, when that might have been rude but understandable, but in the first half, which ended with the Broncos trailing only 14-10.
This was only the player who led a fading franchise to three straight AFC West titles and last year's Super Bowl, an achievement not seen in the Mile High City since 1998, Elway's last season and Manning's first.
And, if Peyton bothered to go out and fetch the morning paper Monday, he would have read Denver Post columnist Mark Kiszla stating flatly, "He's done."
Probably true. But still, that's got to sting, along with all of the other requiems being delivered his way this morning.
"He doesn't read that stuff," the source said.
Maybe. But this is a player who seemingly remembers every media person he has ever spoken with. Not what they wrote or said, but our names.
Regardless, Peyton doesn't need us to tell him what he knows about his own body. By the time he had five procedures on his neck in 2011, which cost him a season and led to his departure from Indianapolis after 14 seasons, he probably could have performed the surgery himself.
Such is the most beautiful mind the game has ever seen.
But on Sunday, Manning couldn't give a direct answer about returning.
"I have to process that," he said.
And that's what he's doing right now, the source said.
"He plans to take his time and just analyze everything," the source said. "There's no way of knowing how long. There are lots of factors."
One of them was clarified Monday when the Broncos and coach John Fox parted ways.
Broncos offensive coordinator Adam Gase, a former LSU assistant who is close to Manning, is considered among the leaders to replace Fox, but the source said that will not make a difference in Manning's final decision.
That sounds very much like it has been made, although the source insists it hasn't.
If Peyton is done, he leaves an outstanding body of work.
So what if he won only one Super Bowl? Lots of great ones won zero.
No doubt Peyton's prepared for life after football as well.
Coaching seems unlikely, but the Tennessee Titans may be for sale, and Manning has been linked to a potential ownership group. Running a team in the state where he gained collegiate fame seems very attractive.
Or he could name his price and go into broadcasting.
Or he could just enjoy being with his family for a while and concentrate on his PeyBack Foundation, which has donated more than $10 million to worthy organizations in Louisiana, Tennessee, Indiana and Colorado.
Maybe he'll move back to New Orleans and be a volunteer assistant for old Newman teammate Nelson Stewart. That would be nice.
What seems impossible is Manning in another uniform next season. Surely he won't go out like Joe Namath and Johnny Unitas did.
Peyton probably doesn't need the money. In case he does, there has never been a better athletic pitchman. Who else could make Buick and Papa John's seem cool?
And deep down, he probably knows what has to be done.
At some point soon, Peyton will have a long talk with Elway, now Broncos executive vice president of football operations and the man who brought him to Denver.
"He's 38, and he's a strong person," the source said. "He will make a good decision."
No doubt.
A career like this deserves to end better. Unfortunately, they just don't, though.
Follow Ted Lewis on Twitter: @LewisAdvocate


text:
What Is This?!? by StacheRabbitWatch
©2013-2017 StacheRabbit
Gunther has a secret. Sometimes he gets a little feverish after talking to Jane. He must be allergic to that blasted dragon or something...yeah..that's it. >.>
For the Secrets Contest
For the Secrets Contest
i miss this show!
haha yeah he's kind of tsundere.
So cute!! I love them
Oh goodness! Hahahahahha! This is just so fun! Aaahh! I just loved it! Well done!
Keep telling yourself that Gunther...
<3 I like this too much <3
*giggles and smirks* Poor Gunther... he has no idea.


text: In 1981, a group of Wheat Ridge High School parents and runners organized a road race to benefit the school. Not only did this group aim to raise money to support school programs, they also wanted to promote physical fitness and community spirit. That mission continues to this day. All funds from entry fees are given to various educational and special programs within the school.


text:
Released: May 21, 2014
Alice Green turned 18 just two months ago. In other words, if we shot this scene in March, it would have been a crime. Alice is a high school senior, and she already leads a Slut Life. She loves having sex with people she hardly knows. She loves teasing men. She loves giving it up to the same men she just teased. She loves cheating on her boyfriend…when she has a boyfriend. She's a super cute red head with a tight pussy and perfect tits and today she attempts to swallow Mr. POV's load. Her issue? The load was so big and thick it made her gag. But that didn't stop Alice! She got it down the hatch!


text:
If you are readying your ceremony you strength brand the 2006 Atlantic equatorial storm season and remnants of these hurricanes, which can ending for weeks and voyage finished some states and sometimes coil circa and come through backmost over again. Obviously you deprivation acute windward for your hymeneals and at hand is no way to conjecture windward even so if you do have a wedding during the Atlantic tropic whirlwind time period then you will be taking a venture.
It might be intelligent to try to decrease that hazard and variety deals next to few stellar vendors that if the rain comes and you establish not to use the services were you put feathers a mud that you can have your money posterior and thence they share of the susceptibility of the forthcoming bad windward.
If we watch at the 2005 Atlantic tropic twister season we saw umpteen tropical hurricanes which were immense aggregation hurricanes that after they came ashore they traveled finished some 20 states one and only to disappearance stern into the Gulf of Mexico and afterwards hit house again. A lot of flooding, rainfall and deterioration that was created and that was certainly enough to decline any alfresco honeymoon.Post ads:
Humans and the Natural Environment: The Future of Our Planet
A Quick Guide to Human Resource Testing
Hu Jintao
Diabetes In Childhood And Adolescence
Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary
The PHP Anthology: 101 Essential Tips, Tricks & Hacks
Get Tough
An Archaeological Evolution
Polar Regions: Human Impacts
Cleanroom Technology: Fundamentals of Design, Testing and Operation
RF System Design of Transceivers for Wireless Communications
The Art and Craft of Problem Solving
Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution
Perhaps hurricanes and your ceremonial devices for 2006 possibly will be something to assume nearly. Remember it is essential to have a super celebratory and even more crucial to brainstorm your psyche officer and single get wed once, so craft definite that very marked day is a day associates will call back and not because it was a waterlogged one. Think of this 2006.Post ads:
Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution
How Poets See the World: The Art of Description in Contemporary Poetry
Do You Understand Me?
Advanced Sex: Explicit Positions for Explosive Lovemaking
Psoriasis: A Patient's Guide
Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome: Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaction in Honour of A. Hilhorst
Complete Idiot's Guide to Plumbing
An Atlas of Fetal Central Nervous System Disease: Diagnosis and Management
Molecular Carcinogenesis and the Molecular Biology of Human Cancer
Elementary Probability
A History of Western Philosophy
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy


text:
I've always been the scaredy type. Ever since I have remembered, I've been afraid of the dark. I think there are two types of fear, rational and irrational, and fear of the dark has always looked like the later.
I guess it's just that fear of the unknown and the primal memories of our ancestors hiding in caves so they wouldn't be hunted by bigger animals that made me afraid of it. But if there's something I fear more than dark,and it's long, empty hallways.
My house (or apartment to be more precise) is not very special, I've lived here for my whole life, been in every single nook and cranny, played in every corner, and looked upon every square meter of it. And yet, after all those years, there is one part of it I still can't help but avoid at late hours at night ... the main hallway. I won't dwell too much in details, but to help you picture it, it's a couple meters long passage that connects two rooms, and on one end the bathroom, on the other the living room.
I can remember when I was a little kid trying my damn hardest to sleep in my huge, lonely room, covered head to toes with my blanket, remaining static (You know, so the Boogeyman couldn't see me). Sometimes however, I felt the need to use the bathroom, a need I resisted with all my willpower, but many times I gave up, stood up, and sneaked there.
I gently pushed down the covers and quickly scanned the room for those invisible demons that always stalked me, opened the door and cursed the loud creak it made, afraid it would awaken the terrors that rested beneath my bed. I closed my eyes, passed through the portal, and found myself standing in the middle of the hallway, besieged from every side by shifting shadows and tons upon tons of mental unease ...
What was only a couple meters, looked liked a hundred miles, there wasn't a single light, because of the lack of windows and lightbulbs (it was an old apartment after all), but the worst part of it (if I had to choose) was the mirror resting on the bathroom wall, the one single visible object when all lights were off.
One day, as I faced the usual odyssey, as terribly cold breeze blew behind me, as if the breath of the undying telling me to go back to bed. I paralyzed, my legs shooked wildly, my throat dried, and the mirror nested upon the bathroom wall cracked. My parents found me sleeping on that same spot, in a puddle of piss and tears that same morning, the kind of response expected from a young, naive boy when exposed to dread he can't even comprenhend.
Even now as an adult, right now as I write this very page on my laptop, sitting on the toilet in the bathroom, I can't help but notice the lightbulb is blinking madly, my toes are freezing, and the door is making that annoying creak.
My heart begins to beat beyond what's normal as a barely visible black limb crawls into the room. My instincts take control over my weak, sleepy body as I collide against the door, in a futile effort to keep whatever's hunting me from the Hallway to get inside. Eventually, the lightbulb gives up, just as my hope of sleeping calmly back in bed does. And here I am, trying in vain to protect myself from unknown, staring at the one single object I can focus on, the mirror.
My already out of control heart completely flips out at what I see, even through the door is closed, the mirror is reflecting the empty hallway I despise so much, as if the door was translucent. Confusion begins to boil as I feel that very same cold gust, but this time, coming from the mirror. I can't think logically anymore, I just want to escape.
I shift my weight from my back (hold against the door) to my feet, allowing to sprint over the toilet and crashing heads-first into the mirror, or so I though would happen. As I hear the damned old wooden door crack behind me, my whole body is absorbed by the piece of glass, I close my eyes to make the process easier to assimilate. After minutes of denial, I manage to open my eyes, much to my chagrin ...
I find myself in the middle of the hallway, besieged from every side by shifting shadows and tons upon tons of mental unease ...


text:
Just People
De La Warr, IO and the Echoes, Worth
Hotel Utah
500 4th Street
San Francisco, CA, 94107
This event is 21 and over
Just People are a soul-rock outfit based in the bubbling music scene of Portland, Oregon. Derived from the mind of idealistic front man Scott Gilmore, Just People combines the optimism of our past with the dedication and energy of today's youth.
In 2013, Just People released their most polished album to date titled "Light/Weight". According to the Portland Pick, "Light/Weight has laid the groundwork for creating a new standard for the Portland pop rock scene" They go on to say that "Each track on Light/Weight is a journey to where the human condition has gone and will continue to explore. It's an imposing release that should carry them into much success. "
The band has drawn comparisons to artists throughout the genre spectrum from Pearl Jam and The Flaming Lips to the Talking Heads and Cat Stevens. One thing is for certain, Darcy Wallace of the Oregon Voice states: "JUST PEOPLE are tough to pin down, but damn it, it just sounds so good."
IO and the Echoes
Christopher Worth started singing when he was 20 years old. "It was almost like it came overnight," Worth says. Auditioning for a college rendition of West Side Story on a whim, he was accepted in an ensemble part that required singing and dancing. "Since I was young I'd always been fascinated by the stage and performance…it was in college that I got to really explore this, and that's when my voice came. I wanted to be an actor before I was a singer." Within several months of rehearsals and a couple sessions with the vocal coach, Worth's abilities as a vocalist and performer expanded into something he hadn't expected. "It was as if I'd found my purpose on stage."
$10 in Advance/$12 at the Door
Tickets Available at the Door
Upcoming Events
Hotel Utah
Fri, July 28
Crooked Flower, Liam McDermott, Tim Marconett
Sat, July 29
Ray Vaughn, Karney (closing set), Air For Ants
Sun, July 30
Emily Bell, Shifty Woods, Beauty Marks
Mon, July 31
Hotel Utah Open Mic with host Brendan Getzell
Tue, August 1
Mighty Brother, JOA, The Fell Swoop


text:
2014 Charlie Christian International Music Fesitival
The Charlie Christian International Music Festival took off in 1985 and, until this year, has always been associated with Oklahoma City. Christian himself grew up in the 1920s and '30s in the "Deep Deuce" area of the state capital. Before his death at age 25, he made musical history by introducing the electric guitar as a front-and-center, soloist instrument. No longer relegated to the rhythm section, the six-string sound became known as "lead guitar," and the way was paved for pickers from Chet Atkins to Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame wasted no time selecting Christian as an early inductee. The 29th Annual Charlie Christian International Music Festival is set for May 21-26, 2014 primarily at the newly refurbished Fairmont Creamery. The historic Creamery, 411 SE Larrance Avenue, is located one block east of Central Mall in downtown Lawton, OK.Read More
6 / 34
Matt Stansbury and the Romance
matt stansburymusicmusic festivallive musicbandsretro rock


text:
Home / rotation180-Fly / But Wait, There's MORE!
But Wait, There's MORE!
As we work toward the kickstarter campaign — now scheduled for May 2016 — we've developed a few accessories that make the Catch & Release series a more complete kit. Introducing four new products: a beverage holder, shooting head wallet, and two sizes of reel cases for your large and smaller reels.
Beverage Holder — This insulated beverage holder will serve your needs for the entire fishing trip, from early morning coffee to afternoon beer.
The dual-purpose beverage holder attaches the Catch & Release beltpack, or any belt, and fits a 16 oz. thermos, water bottle, or a "tall boy" can of beer.
Shooting head wallet — The wallet features mesh separators to keep your shooting heads organized and fits neatly into the rotating beltpack.
Large and Small Reel Cases — Keep your expensive reels safe and organized with these protective reel cases. Stack reels/spools vertically or horizontally.
By now, you're probably wondering when you can get your hands on the Catch & Release fly-fishing series. As we mentioned, we've pushed the Kickstarter date out to May, but our final delivery has not changed — we're still on target to ship KickStarter orders in September 2016. We know that seems far away, but production processes are long and we've only just finalized the bag.
Keep up to date on our progress and you'll be fishing with the Catch & Release this Fall!


text:
I've never met him, and for all I know he may be perfectly delightful. Kind to animals and children. He's unquestionably been a good son to his father, the organist and composer William Lloyd Webber, whose name has been kept alive by the devoted efforts of his children. He's been good to the Church of England, writing cheques to keep church buildings open to the public. And to the extent that the Lloyd Webber cheque book also underwrites the careers of young musicians through development and support schemes, I'm not going to complain about the trillions of dollars, yen, kroner and Deutschmarks that fall annually into his lap. If Cats and Phantom are what the public want for their money, it's a fair exchange. At the box office, at least.
But outrage began to gnaw at my gut when he picked up first a knighthood, then a peerage. To my knowledge there had only ever been two life peerages previously awarded to musicians in this country - one to Britten, one to Menuhin - and to place Lloyd Webber in that company was risible if not insulting. It debased the honour. And ultimately it did the new lord no favours, because it opened up his work to new standards of scrutiny. As a commercially effective music-theatre writer he could always plead for his work to be judged by the rough and ready rules of entertainment culture. But as one to be compared with Menuhin and Britten he was in a different ball game, and outclassed on every count.
The counts against him start, in fact, with his longstanding efforts to be "serious": to write West End operas. Most of his work to date has been avowedly "operatic" in that everything is sung - without recourse to spoken dialogue - and written in terms that echo the means, manner and melodic contours of late-19th and early-20th-century Italian verismo. That Lloyd Webber knows his Puccini has never been doubted - and if imitation is a form of flattery then the tongue of the Phantom speaks like hallmarked silver.
But I don't mind someone trying to be Puccini: it's a laudable ambition that more opera composers could usefully pursue. Puccini works. What doesn't work is technically inept Puccini, which is what you get in the Lloyd Webber surrogates. Take Phantom: it's absurdly crude. The recitative - if that isn't too grand a name for the banal banter that plugs the gaps between numbers - is brutal, raw, and shapeless. The numbers themselves are mostly turgid neo-Romantic Broadway belters, designed for mindless singing. And the music makes no meaningful response to the words it carries. There's a reservoir of one or two tunes that flow ad nauseam, and I guess Lloyd Webber would defend the repetitions as Leitmotifs - adopting the Wagnerian system of associating a musical idea with a specific character or a dramatic situation. But when Lloyd Webber's tunes come round (and round again), they come round randomly - in anybody's mouth (or instrument), attached to any situation. Melodies that previously carried some significant item of information return shackled to some trivial aside. And through the whole score the response to text is nil. "You feel," one long-standing member of the Phantom cast recently told me, "that there's a relentless format and the words have to fit it, no matter what."
On the subject of insider views, none of the several people I've met who have sung in a Lloyd Webber musical thought the music well-written for the voice. According to my Phantom friend, "There's no sense in the score of what a voice can do and where it sounds best. No idea of registers and voice-types. It's a brutal sing. I'd rather deal with Sondheim any day, even though the melodic shapes are more complicated, because Sondheim knows what he's doing."
Sondheim is of course the nagging thorn in Lloyd Webber's side, the industry standard by which his work will always be judged and found wanting. Sondheim's musicals are brilliant, sharp, disarmingly original, written with consummate dramatic skill and piercing irony. They are the broadsheet "qualities" to the Lloyd Webber tabloids; and it follows that they sell in lesser numbers. Never able to sustain themselves for long in the commercial sector, Sondheim scores tend to retreat into subsidised theatre and find a natural home there, as classics of the genre.
The likelihood of a Lloyd Webber score finding its way into the National Theatre or ENO is (mercifully) small and almost certainly unnecessary: if Lloyd Webber is possessed of one great skill, it's the ability to sell his products, market his ideas. But that's not art, it's what the board of ICI does to enhance their share price; and my guess is that the world of business is where history will, in the last resort, house Lloyd Webber's reputation. His achievements don't belong with those of Menuhin or Britten. They belong with Richard Branson, Terence Conran, and the human interest section of the FT Index. If I had a modest holding in the Really Useful Company, even I could learn to love the Phantom.
- More about:
- Ghosts
- Musicals
- Reservoirs
- Stephen Sondheim


text:
From the producers of the FrightFest 2011 favourite PANIC BUTTON comes a supernatural tale of ghostly Victorian revenge. When 19 year-old Brighton call-girl Blue meets her latest punter Bill, little does she know the horrifying impact it will have on her wayward life. For the seaside house he's renovating once used to be an infamous Victorian brothel with a murderous history. Together they uncover a mysterious annexe behind a two-way-mirror that prostitutes of the day used as a clandestine resting area known as a Sleeping Room. Further investigation exposes the habits of a cruel serial killer who recorded his most unspeakable crimes on the media of the era, the Mutoscope, the end-of-the-pier coin-in-the-slot peep show machines, and a connection to Blue herself. Now the chilling closet space is about to unleash terrible occult forces and nobody will escape its monstrous power unless a score for a heinous felony is settled.
This is The Sleeping Room and you are watching MovieZion
Please wait for 3 seconds, we are loading The Sleeping Room stream.
Please enter captcha to continue to video.
If the above stream is offline (saying We are sorry!),
please click on the "Refresh Link" to get a new streaming link. Don't worry it'll just take a second.


text:
How to Fix Your Bad Credit Score Quickly
How to Fix Your Bad Credit Score Quickly. Having a good credit score is more difficult today than it is to keep the economy's inflation rates low, and that is because there are innumerable new debt generating options available to people now. Yet, having good scores is absolutely essential if you are to take on any more debt in the future at reasonably competitive rates. Bad scores only mean refused loan applications, for either they refuse you for being a high credit risk, or you refuse them for quoting horrendous interest rates. If you wish to spare yourself all that, here are a few steps on how to fix your bad credit score quickly.
The Need for Good Credit Scores
Good scores make you eligible for loans, like car loans or home loans, but they also give you better interest rates, as you pose of lesser risk to the lenders. Apart from this, the bonus is that, as they are a reflection of how you handle financial responsibility. They increase your probability of getting good jobs. Many companies today check applicants' credit histories to gauge whether the candidates are responsible enough. To be on the 'A-class' list, all you need to know are a few repair tricks.
Ways to Fix Bad Credit Fast
Do not expect overnight results, and if anyone is promising them to you, you should know that they are lying. Just follow some of the steps given below.
Lower your debts. Paying off your loan installments does not work as fast on your score, as paying off revolving accounts does. So, you must shell out some money, and pay down your debt. Ideally, if you keep your debts below 30% of your limits, you will doing your scores a world of good.
Start up a Budget. Disciplining yourself where spending is concerned, and curbing your spending habits with a tight budget is actually the best long-term way. It will help you from not creating newer debts.
Check Your Scores. If your lender shows lower credit limits than actually are on your card, your scores may get adversely affected. So it is always good to check on them periodically, and also ascertain if your lender has appropriately shown the right figures on your cards.
Older credit history like aged wine, will help increase your credit score. If you have an old card lying around, you must start using it again; for this way, you keep updating those old accounts with the credit bureau. Old accounts show consistency of performance.
Credit Score Errors. The first step is to identify and correct errors and any negative information that the credit bureaus have on you. For example, if you had paid a bill on time, but the lender failed to report it as so, there will be a late payment mark adversely affecting your report. If these simple mistakes are corrected, your score automatically improves.
Small Negatives. If you have any small unpaid bill marks for example, you can contact the credit bureaus and contest the charge either as 'not mine', or as 'incorrectly stated as a late payment'. With old and small negatives, the bureaus usually do not take the time and effort to verify your requests, and therefore it is very likely that these contested marks will be deleted from your credit report.
Generating Good Will. Nothing works better than generating goodwill. If you have consistently shown yourself to be a good borrower, you will probably be let off the hook for one delayed payment. A lender may choose not to report you as a late payment, given your past good record, and this will certainly help you.
Bank Accounts. Opening a bank account and maintaining a healthy amount of funds in them, helps improve your score, as banks usually report this to the bureaus.
Retaining Paid Accounts. It is wise to let already paid accounts stay open, as this helps improve the credit to debt ratio. Improving this ratio is usually the fastest way to fix bad credit.
These are some of the most effective ways to fix bad credit fast. By implementing these different ways, I know your credit score will improve quickly! Good luck!
Disclaimer: This article is for reference purposes only and does not directly recommend any specific financial course of action.


text:
'Burley' And Sibling Kitties 'Dusk and Dawn'- Steve Caporizzo's Pet Connection [SPONSORED]
If you missed Pet Connection Today on the "Sean and Richie Show," here is another chance for you to take a look at a couple of great pets up for adoption.
Pet Connection is brought to you by our proud sponsor Curtis Lumber, providing building materials to contractors and homeowners since 1890. Tune in every Thursday at 7:20 a.m. to hear the stories of incredible (and adoptable) pets. Let's take a look at the pets featured.


text:
Hard Rock Cafe Orlando
Est. June 7, 1990
Priority Seating
Hard Rock Cafe accepts Priority Seating. Please click the "Priority Seating" button to get started.
Flavor Takes Center Stage
There's nothing better than the Legendary® Burger at Hard Rock Cafe Orlando, but if you're not in the mood for burgers, there are plenty of other menu items to satisfy your hunger. Order a fresh salad, tasty sandwich, or tantalizingly sweet dessert during your next visit.
Surrounded by Music History
While dining and partying with us in Orlando, you'll be surrounded by memorabilia of music's greatest talents. Check out the suit Elvis wore in the film Viva Las Vegas, view hand-painted Beatles posters, and look through Buddy Holly's famous black glasses. You can also admire the Pete Townshend's, of The Who, 1973 Gibson Les Paul custom guitar, or what's left of it that is. Pete memorably destroyed the guitar 30 minutes into a show at the New Castle Odeon. The list of memorabilia at our Hard Rock Cafe doesn't end there, because, as we said above, it's the largest collection of all.


text:
This outdoor pari-mutual tote board section displays APPROXIMATE ODDS for up to 12 runners. Display shown with optional striping and amber PanaView® digits.
Don't let corrosion bring your scoreboard down on game day. Daktronics weather-sealed digits significantly increase reliability and product performance. No other LED scoreboard manufacturer offers this kind of protection.
Your main scoreboard provides vital information, but the enhancements surrounding the scoreboard make the most impact in a facility. Daktronics is constantly developing new options and enhancements to accompany scoreboards.
Browse through your scoreboard options to see how you can create a unique display.
Need Help?
Popular Products
Our Company
Website Feedback | Copyright | Privacy Notice


text:
Simple preparation of Daal Makhani
Daal makhani is a tasty dish from Punjabi cuisine. By following the simple method of preparation mentioned below, prepare this…Read More
How to prepare Spinach Kebab?
Spinach Kebab is a tasty recipe prepared with blanched spinach and hung curd and stuffed with a cashew mix. By…Read More
How to prepare Pesto Fish Kebabs?
Pesto Fish Kebabs is a tasty kebab snack prepared by using simple method of preparation mentioned below. Have this dish…Read More
Preparation of Tomato and Jasmine Tea Soup
Tomato and Jasmine Tea Soup is a tasty and healthy homemade soups prepared in a simple way. Prepare this healthy…Read More
Preparation of Gulab Phirni
Gulab Phirni is delectable and fragrant milk and rice based Indian dessert prepared in a simple way. Follow the method…Read More
Wine & Beverages
Wine & BeveragesMore »
How to prepare Chocolate Hazelnut Milkshake?
Chocolate Hazelnut Milkshake is a healthy and tasty drinks loved by most of us. Follow the simple method of preparation…Read More
DessertsMore »
Recipe: Preparation of Chocolate peanut butter cake
Cakes are one of the most lovable desserts to all of us. Many types of cakes are available in the…Read More
Spinach can help reduce hunger, says study
A new study performed by the researchers has revealed that a compound found in the spinach can reduce hunger and…Read More
Ultra Violet light can make fruits germ-free, finds study
According to a study led by an Indian-origin scientist at Washington State University proved that Ultraviolet C (UVC) light can…Read More
Foods that can naturally boost your mood
If you are feeling stressed or bore, don't worry. Some foods can naturally boost your mood. Try to include them…Read More


text:
Faceted Searches with eea.facetednav
A step-by-step demo.
Speaker: Alec Ghica
Length: Demo
Target Level: Beginner
Target Audience: Integrator, Designer, User
From 10/20/16 10:20 AM to 10/20/16 10:40 AM
Location: Adams/Attucks
Alec will explain each step in the creation of a new faceted search using the eea.facetednavigation add-on. Content editors and site admins are the primary targeted audience but designers, integrators and others unfamiliar with this tool will also find this interesting. Full documentation and the source code can be found at github.com/collective/eea.facetednavigation.


text:
Hakaar the Destroyer is a major villain in the Hordes table-top game, loyal to the vicious Skorne faction he is a deadly warrior who continues to fight for his people even after physical death.
In life, the name of Hakaar the Destroyer was synonymous with dealing death. Exalted for his countless mighty deeds, this bloody ancestor once more joins his ruthless people on the battlefield. A terrifying construct fueled by spectral energy, Hakaar wields his twin great swords with terrible skill, drinking in the life energy of those that fall beneath their heavy onyx blades.


text:
Underwater Pace Clock
Unit Price: Log In
Minimum Units: N/A
Delivery Time: N/A
Product Code: N/A
Waterproof digital clock for competition and practice settings.
Product Features:
▪ Large, easy-to-read display.
▪ Integrated flip-down stand for placement on deck or below the water.
▪ Contains infrared lap-counting function via detachable pole for coaches and meet settings (30" in length).
▪ With the clock resting at the bottom of the pool, swimmers can read pace times without having to lift their head awkwardly out of the water (and lose their stroke technique / rhythm).
▪ Does not use mechanical hands or arms to track pace time (gives two digit readout).
▪ Accurate lap-by-lap counting function makes it more versatile than a standard pace clock.
▪ Lap counting function can be used in race settings.
Technical Specs:
▪ 10" x 10" display
▪ Completely submergible to depths of 16 feet (5 meters).
▪ Uses a standard 9-volt battery for 240 hours of continuous operation.
Contact Information
Log In to view contact information
Alignment Kickboard
The Alignment Kickboard is a new kicking tool that helps teach and maintain body alignment for swimmers of all abilities. The stabilizing hand strap allows users to place their hands on the boar...
Circuit Trainer
Circuit training is interval strength training with exercises selected to improve power and endurance, and as the name implies, the FINIS Circuit Trainer is used to assist you during your circuit ...
Solar Pace Clock
The professional digital pace clock for the pool. Integrates an analog layout with the latest in digital LCD and Solar technology. Product Features: ▪ Large, easy-to-read fixed and scr...
SwiMP3 Aqua
The FINIS SwiMP3 Aqua is the latest addition to an extensive hi-tech toy line that includes other revolutionary products such as the SwiMP3 and the SwiMP3 Surf. Due to the huge success of their pa...
SwiMP3 Surf
Portable MP3 players have become extremely popular in the last few years. However, until now the pleasure of enjoying high fidelity mp3 files during exercise has been confined to land sports. Due...
Underwater Pace Clock
Waterproof digital clock for competition and practice settings. Product Features: ▪ Large, easy-to-read display. ▪ Integrated flip-down stand for placement on deck or below the wa...
USA Swimmer's Snorkel
At its most basic level, the Swimmer's Snorkel allows athletes of any ability to swim at normal and much slower speeds with perfect stability and a full range of motion. These skills are the most ...


text:
Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.
Newegg.com - Computer Parts, Laptops, Electronics, HDTVs, Digital Cameras and More!
Ships from United States. Most customers receive within 6-10 days.
Sold and Shipped by ShopLadder
Perfect for engineering and construction applications. Every Mayline parallel ruling straightedge begins with a durable black phenolic laminate base where we inset a transparent blade for see-through registration and fine line quality. For those who work with a variety of surfaces we designed a straightedge with retractile ball-bearing rollers of metal or Delrin built right into its base. They literally float over any surface whether its paper or film. The rollers come in chrome-plated brass or plastic. We recommend the plastic rollers for use with drafting films. Above-board mounting hardware included.
Sold and Shipped by:
Ships from United States.
Your request will be processed within the next 24 hours.
Please add "email@example.com" to your address book to ensure delivery.See Today's E-Blast Promo
This item is eligible for Newegg Premier benefits. Are you a Newegg Premier Member? If not, sign up today and get:
The following guidelines apply to all product categories unless otherwise indicated within specific categories.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.


text:
Three Prayers from Paul (2 of 15) by Daniel Rodgers
This content is part of a series.Three Prayers from Paul (2 of 15)
The Book of Philippians: A Verse by Verse Study
Dan Rodgers
Philippians 1:8-19
With our beginning lesson last week, we had three points: Paul's Greeting, His Prayer and His Confidence: He was confident they were saved (vs. 6a), and then he was confident they were eternally saved (vs. 6b). Tonight, as we move ahead with our study, I would like to give you another three points to consider:
I. A Prayer for Knowledge
II. A Prayer for Understanding
III. A Prayer for Freedom
In (vs.8) Paul expresses his deep compassion and love for the Philippians. He said, "I long after you all in the bowels of Jesus Christ"--with the love of Christ.
"Bowels" refer to the seat of emotions, generally thought of as the upper part of the body--the heart and lungs. We've often heard someone say, "My heart hurts for you." This was Paul--these were his feelings for the saints. In (vs.9), Paul goes on to say, "And this I pray, that your love may abound yet more and more in knowledge and in all judgment." In other words, the love you have for Christ and for one another will abound accordingly, as you have more Scriptural knowledge, and as you exercise proper, spiritual judgment.
Increasing in knowledge. The increase of knowledge will come from two sources: The Word of God.
Ps 119:105, "Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path."
Prov 2:6, "For the LORD giveth wisdom: out of his mouth cometh knowledge and understanding."
QUOTE: Charles Spurgeon once said concerning the Bible, "There is gold in the rocks that fringe the Pass of the Splugen, gold even in the stones that mend the roads, but there is too little of it to be worth extracting. Alas, how like too many books and sermons! Not so the Scriptures; they are much fine gold, and their very dust is precious.1
The more a man loves and reads the Word of God, the more he will learn to lo ...
There are 11202 characters in the full content. This excerpt only shows a 2000 character sample of the full content.
Price: $4.99 or 1 credit
Sign up for a Free Trial with SermonSearch.com and download this sermon free today!
Featured Worship Backgrounds


text: Posted August 26, 2011 2. If you shell out like an extra $25, you can get ripped off with what EASports calls "season pass". Pretty much you can download the game today instead of waiting to buy the game on the 30th. You still have to buy it on the 30th, you just get to play the full version for an extra 3 days. Lmao EA works harder at draining peoples bank accounts than developing a decent game. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
Advertisement [CLICK THE BUTTON ON THE RIGHT TO CONTINUE]
Author | Noor Fathima Warsia | Wednesday, Dec 07,2005 7:39 AM
Sanjay Dua, Senior Vice-president, Sales, Zee News and Zee Business, has decided to move on after a stint of four years. Dua will be joining the soon-to-be-launched news channel CNN-IBN in its sales function. Even though neither Dua nor CNN-IBN were available for comments, informed industry sources confirmed that the development would take place soon.
On being contacted, Laxmi Goel, Director, Zee News Group and Vice-chairman, Zee Telefilms, said that a decision on Dua's movement had not been taken yet.
Prior to Zee, Dua was working with Walt Disney Buena Vista. IBN is a joint venture between TV18 and Rajdeep Sardesai and Sameer Manchanda, both of whom quit NDTV a few months ago. Recently, IBN had forged a partnership with CNN.


text:
Pay to write your paper
Ninety-one big buy cheap papers online bound volumes at Library, are there as witness this act v ant intellectual ity that death alone could kill.
When we read these venerable spattered pages long queues often incomplete words almost illegible, cross current, slashed erasures, feels taken to respect this thought always effervescence, which billed the pen write my term papers seemed to provide a flow path enough when finally felt ement defines floored, contemplated the situation with stoic calm. During the long manuscripts, some previously unpublished. Eighty-connected eleven volumes stored at the library A ersity Ghent. manuscript editing services Published works unpublished.
A brief analysis of the content plicant first two volumes in his re l The Company medicine Ghent dosimétriqve medicine.
Thesis paper writing service
Preface Some volumes are represented by the Burggraeve blankets lurmême destroyed them when they were already connected.
De Block, Joseph William, was born in Halle March. He began his studies in Ghent, the Institute continued the Moor, with great success, at the Athenaeum city. destined to medical exercise made up for our A ersity. The young student displayed an extraordinary act ity.
Three times, was proclaimed winner in the open competition between six ersities a state, Utrecht, for a memorial on hernias in Groningen, for work on arterial system pathology year knew ante, Ghent, for a study forensic website writes essays for you the general wounds on those particular chest. During his studies in a deadly epidemic declared in province Groningen cheap essay writing service online De Block came to fight the scourge returned signal services.
Pay to write your paper
found time to spend a brilliant way to his regular doctor ers degree was conferred medical examinations, resumed in October thesis topic memory crowned by Faculty Gent. From such beginnings were to focus attention faculty. Block, though still young, was appointed to a chair physiology when events began impede proposal College of Curators.
The wait was not long had a hand in an act revolution March arrested Regent named the player, with all the rights of teachers. In the month in November same year, cholera broke out in England true to its history.
Block presented for study. The Government did not accept his generous offer, but showed disease in Ghent, young doctor and had the opportunity to give evidence many love for science dedication to humanity. dissertation assistance He was entrusted with the hospital service which the town administration established in the former Capuchin monastery charged, same time, large locum functions Byloque hospital. help 123 essay The main outcomes studied were recorded in a booklet he published On Cholera Morbus treatment. She had much success had to be reprinted ante su year. It gave useful guidance author advocated nursing dissertation stimulants antrphlogistique rejected doctrine, which was not emerge victorious from the test that cholera had submitted. Block was promoted to extraordinary professor rank, Nov.