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Free/Open Source Software: Government Policy
- Agatha Tyler
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2 Free/Open Source Software: Government Policy Kenneth Wong Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme e-primers on Free/Open Source Software
3 United Nations Development Programme-Asia Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) Web: This publication is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 license. For full details of the license, please refer to the following: creative-commons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode ELSEVIER A division of Reed Elsevier India Private Limited 17A/1, Lajpat Nagar IV, New Delhi Tel: Fax: Website: ISBN: Academic Press, Butterworth-Heinemann, Digital Press, Focal Press, Morgan Kaufmann, North Holland and Pergamon are the Science and Technology imprints of Elsevier. Printed and bound in India
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OVERVIEW v vii viii ix INTRODUCTION 1 THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF FOSS 3 Strategic Benefits 3 Developing Local Capacity/Industry 3 Reducing Imports/Conserving Foreign Exchange 4 Enhancing National Security 5 Reducing Copyright Infringements 6 Enabling Localization 6 Economic Benefits 6 Increasing Competition 6 Reducing Total Cost of Ownership 7 Enhancing Security 8 Achieving Vendor Independence 9 Social Benefits 10 Increasing Access to Information 10 WHY IS A FOSS POLICY NEEDED? 11 Limited Marketing 11 Non-commercial Benefits 11 Entrenched Legacy Systems 12 POLICY FORMULATION APPROACH 13 Motivations and Needs Assessment 13 Existing and Proposed National Policies 13 Regional Context 13 Establishing Goals and Targets 14 Strategy Formulation 14 Brainstorming 15 Stakeholder and Consultative Process 15 Round Tables 15 Focus Groups 16 Online Consultations 16 STRATEGIES 17 Mandating FOSS 17 Preferring FOSS 17 Mandating Open Standards 18
5 Best Value 19 Level of Development 19 Policy and Legal Environment 20 Capacity Development 20 Traditional Education 20 Certification and Retraining Programmes 21 FOSS Competency Centres 22 Research 22 FOSS as an Industry 23 Awareness Raising 23 Government Procurement 23 Tax Incentives 24 Credit/Financial Assistance 24 CROSS SECTORAL CONCERNS 25 Patents 25 Copyright 26 Consumer Rights 26 CONCLUSION 27 GLOSSARY 28 USEFUL RESOURCES 30 Portals Focused on FOSS and government 30 Policy Related Documents 30 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 31
6 FOREWORD Free software means software that respects the user s freedom. It means that users are free to run the programs as they wish, free to study and change the software (or hire others to do it for them), free to redistribute copies to others, and free to publish modified versions. As a consequence, users are free to share, and form communities to exercise effective control over the software they use. Free software may also be gratis, zero price, but this is not always the case. Some users refer to this as open source. That term focuses on the technical benefits that result when software can be reviewed by large numbers of developers and users, the business advantages of using it, and the business models that support its development and use. The term free software refers to the social and ethical importance of freedom, as well as to the practical benefits it brings. The social and practical imperatives for sharing and changing useful works such as software create a revolution in what it means to publish. The technology of the printing press taught readers to think of written works as fixed written once, for readers to use passively thereafter. This technology did not make it easy for readers, who generally did not have presses of their own, to adapt, improve, and share copies of books, and they became accustomed to these limitations. So when citizens in large numbers began to use personal computers, many did not question the legal and business systems that placed similar limitations on using software. But this time, the limitation was not a natural consequence of the technology. It was imposed by software developers, who found it profitable to keep users under their control. The developers forbid users to share the software, and by denying users the source code, prevent them from changing it. Today, however, there is an alternative: free software, the product of a community built by a million willing developers some volunteers, some paid to contribute. Free software allows users to take full advantage of what their computers can do. It is our door to escape from the limitations of the printing press, into a world where useful works, such as software, are developed among the users, by the users, for the users. Where software is not made artificially scarce by misguided incentive systems that encourage development of software by locking up its users. Where the users can collaborate as they see fit in making the software do what they want it to do. Where the users of software are free to run it, share it, and adapt it together or individually. This is the world of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS). Non-free software keeps users divided and helpless. When a nation increases the use of non-free software, it is not development, it is permanent dependency. Only the use of FOSS permits sustainable development it is technology that local people are free to learn about, maintain, adapt, and reapply. How can governments move their countries towards FOSS? In two ways. First, switching to Free Software in schools will teach children the spirit of community cooperation, while producing graduates that are skilled in using and maintaining Free Software. Second, mandating migration to Free Software in government agencies will create demand for these graduates skills, and build a local economy of Free Software support. The International Open Source Network (IOSN) is an initiative of UNDP s Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme, and operates under the principle of Software Freedom for All (SFA). Its work includes provision of support and assistance, a centre of excellence, and an information clearing-house for Free and Open Source Software in the Asia-Pacific region. Through the IOSN/SFA initiative, UNDP provides policy support and advisory services to government bodies, non-profit organizations, donor agencies and others. It publishes practical tools and materials, v
7 including simple how to primers and guidebooks, training materials, and live CDs of the GNU/Linux operating system for FOSS practitioners and end-users. It also supports FOSS R&D activities in localization and in other areas, and organizes conferences and training programmes to network stakeholders and strengthen local capacities. It welcomes both those interested in benefiting from these services and those who would like to collaborate in extending them. I m pleased to cooperate with the work of IOSN/SFA, APDIP and UNDP in taking the message of software freedom to the public and the development sector. Together we can help overcome the digital divide, and replace dependency with development. Richard M. Stallman vi
8 PREFACE Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) has grown incredibly in the past few years. Once considered a hobbyist s toy, FOSS has grown by leaps and bounds and is now used widely throughout the world, even in critical environments such as financial systems and network backbones. Governments too, have begun to take notice of this phenomenon. Countries such as Brazil, China, Malaysia, South Africa, and Viet Nam, are implementing nationwide policies or legislation promoting FOSS. While the often-cited cost and stability benefits of FOSS are attractive, governments often choose to promote FOSS in their own countries for a variety of other reasons. In combination with the other primers in the Free/Open Source Software series, this primer is meant to serve as a resource for nations that are in the process of formulating their FOSS policies. This primer surveys the motivations of countries implementing FOSS, summarizes the steps involved in formulating a policy, lists some possible strategies to use in implementing the policy and touches on cross-sectoral issues unique to FOSS policies. Its target audience is national policy-makers and their advisers. The primers are brought to you by the International Open Source Network (IOSN), an initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) s Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (APDIP). This primer is licensed under an Open Content license 1 and is also available for download from the IOSN website at: 1 This primer is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 license. Full details of the license can be found at: creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0/. vii
9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank everyone who took the time to share their valuable experience and insights. Peer reviewers for this document include Shahid Akhtar, Colin Charles, Dr. Nah Soo Hoe, Gopi Pradhan, Phet Sayo, Imran William Smith, Richard Stallman, Tan Wooi Tong, Atsushi Yamanaka and Raul Zambrano. The author would also like to thank Sunil Abraham, Khairil Yusof and Helena Loh. Without their assistance, this primer could never have been written. Additional thanks goes to the United Nations Development Programme and the International Development Research Centre. Their support has allowed this primer and others like it to be written and shared. Finally, thanks goes out to the countless individuals and organizations that have contributed their time and resources into making the FOSS movement what it is today. viii
10 OVERVIEW The Benefits of a FOSS Policy Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) has a wider perspective than a software development methodology. It not only increases access, ownership and control of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), but also provides a framework for the usage and sharing of intellectual capital in a way that is applicable to many areas of development endeavour. FOSS can play an important role in the application of ICTs for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This primer covers the main benefits of FOSS. At the national level, FOSS aids in the development of local capacity/industry, reduces imports, conserves foreign exchange, increases the security of the national ICT infrastructure (this is distinct from application level security), reduces copyright infringement and brings localized ICT tools to help develop local knowledge communities. FOSS provides many socio-economic benefits. The most commonly cited are fostering the ICT industry through increased competition, lowering the ICT application cost and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), increasing access to powerful yet localized ICT applications, increasing security of ICT applications and providing vendor independence. Yet for all these clear benefits, many nations find that without a national FOSS policy, the uptake of FOSS in the country is far too slow for their needs. There are a number of reasons why FOSS requires policy intervention, including limited marketing of FOSS, lack of attention to its many non-commercial benefits and the need to overcome entrenched legacy systems. Policy Formulation Approach There are several stages in the policy formulation process. Although, this primer does not address the process in totality, it does cover some points uniquely important to FOSS. The stages include: Establishing motivations and assessing environment: Establishing the motivations behind a FOSS policy and getting support from the top levels of government are critical as FOSS policies often touch many aspects of government and influence various other policies. It is also important to assess how existing national policies and regional initiatives affect the implementation of a national FOSS policy. Certain regions, particularly the Asia-Pacific and Latin American regions, are very active in FOSS initiatives and policies. Regional initiatives not only make it easier to implement FOSS policies but also make it imperative to consider the implications of being surrounded by FOSS-using countries. Establishing goals and targets : Once the necessity of a FOSS policy has been established, measurable and objective goals set the pace and tone of FOSS implementation. Targets and goals such as, 100 percent awareness of FOSS among CIOs and 10 percent of all government IT personnel have FOSS certifications set clear directions for the strategies to be developed at a later stage. Strategy formulation: Apart from the strategies section of this primer, another excellent source of ideas and strategies for FOSS promotion is the existing FOSS community within the country and region. FOSS advocates have an in-depth understanding of the local ICT environment and are also familiar with both local and international initiatives. Any strategy formulation committee should tap the knowledge and expertise of the local community groups. Stakeholder consultation process: Stakeholder consultations result in policies that are well thought out and have buy-in from a broader segment of the society. The FOSS communities are used to a more open and transparent decision making process and tend to demand this. Policy-makers are cautioned that the typical FOSS discussion is very vocal and opinionated and often results in disagreements. Still, the open ix
11 process has produced software, tools and knowledge that compare favourably with and, in some cases, are superior to those developed by the traditional proprietary development model. FOSS Policy Strategies Since, it is impossible to cover all the strategies that other countries have utilized in implementing their FOSS policies, the more common strategies are summarized in this primer. These strategies touch on multiple areas, such as capacity development; the policy and legal environment; procurement strategies; research; and software industry development. Key factors, such as the level of ICT industry development in a country, also affect whether strategies should focus on building capacity or migrating infrastructure. Cross Sectoral Concerns There are also various other policy areas interrelated with FOSS policies. Among these are two aspects, commonly referred to as Intellectual Property patents and copyrights. Software patents today pose the single greatest threat to FOSS. In the United States and other countries where software patents are common, proprietary software companies that are unable to compete with FOSS in terms of added innovation and value, can resort to using software patents to cripple or even halt FOSS adoption in a country. To a much lesser extent, recent changes to copyright laws or legislation that affect copyright laws in developed countries can reduce the effectiveness or outlaw certain classes of FOSS. Even consumer protection laws can affect FOSS, albeit in a limited way. Thus, it is important for any country implementing FOSS policies to make a careful survey of their existing policies and regulations. x
12 INTRODUCTION Briefly, OSS/FS programs are programs whose licenses give users the freedom to run the program for any purpose, to study and modify the program, and to redistribute copies of either the original or modified program (without having to pay royalties to previous developers). 2 The above quotation summarizes the guiding principles of FOSS the freedom to use, understand, modify and distribute software. Seemingly a simple matter, today, these principles can have a profound impact on the economics and dynamics of the software industry. The proprietary software industry as we know it today considers the source code of their software to be a trade secret and their primary driver of profit. Their customers do not purchase the software but instead purchase the license or right to use the software, in ways that are tightly controlled by the software producer. This software cannot be modified by the user should the need arise. Modifications and improvements can be made only by the software producer and these often come at an additional cost to customers. In this industry, software is rarely shared and competitors often reinvent the wheel, re-implementing functionality that their competitors have already implemented. Often this re-implementation is done in incompatible ways to ensure that their users experience a high switching cost. In mature software sectors, the cost of re-implementing existing functionality can make the barriers to entry high, greatly reducing competition. For example, the cost to re-implement an equivalent of Sun's Solaris operating system would be prohibitively high. With its fundamental freedoms, FOSS is a dramatic departure from the current proprietary software model. Since its source code is easily shared, FOSS is a global public resource that anyone can make use of, learn from and improve. Regardless of where it was first produced, the global community at large can take advantage of this knowledge resource and benefit from it. It is also important to note that FOSS is more than just software or a software development method. It is also a self-sustaining community of diverse individuals who have contributed their time, energy and knowledge to the creation of a global resource. Often vocal, strongly opinionated and technically savvy, this community can powerfully contribute towards harnessing the benefits of ICT and FOSS for development. Ownership of FOSS It is a common misconception that FOSS applications are not owned by anyone or that FOSS is anti-copyright. In reality, almost all FOSS applications are copyrighted by their respective authors (except for the few that are deliberately placed in the public domain by the authors). However, these authors have used liberal licenses that allow anyone to use their work with limited restrictions. The copyright holders still have full rights to their work, including the right to sell their work or re-license it under another license. There are several companies successfully utilizing this business model. A good introductory article on the legal basis of FOSS can be found at: article.php?story= Wheeler, D., Why OSS/FS? Look at the Numbers! ; available from 1
13 2 FOSS/OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: GOVERNMENT POLICY It is not possible to adequately cover every detail of FOSS in this primer. For further information, please refer to the first primer in this series, Free/Open Source Software: A General Introduction. It can be downloaded from:
14 THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF FOSS Many countries are contemplating the promotion of FOSS via legislative, policy or government procurement methods. 3 If FOSS were just another method of developing software, governments would have little reason to specifically advocate FOSS. However, FOSS brings many compelling benefits to a nation, especially a developing nation with limited resources. Various governments have different motives for their FOSS initiatives. Since each country s circumstances are different, there is a wide variance between their motives. Nor are these reasons, necessarily, similar to the often-cited reasons for private sector adoption of FOSS. FOSS brings additional benefits that are not relevant to the private sector but critical to developing nations. The most common motives are: Strategic Benefits Developing local capacity/industry Reducing imports/conserving foreign exchange Enhancing national security Reducing copyright infringements Enabling localization Economic Benefits Increasing competition Reducing Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Enhancing security Achieving vendor independence Social Benefits Increasing access to information Strategic Benefits Developing Local Capacity/Industry Developing local capacity falls into two main categories: the capacity to use and the capacity to develop software. Although interrelated, FOSS assists in their development in different ways. Using Software The local capacity to utilize ICTs is traditionally held back by the high cost of both hardware and software. The ability to participate in the information society and build local knowledge communities is severely constrained when the cost of a basic operating system is equivalent to several years wages for the average citizen. 4 FOSS alleviates this situation (though it can never totally eliminate it) in two ways: zero licensing cost and free redistribution. It is possible to obtain FOSS for almost any conceivable purpose without any 3 A listing of some of these countries and their efforts can be found in Free/Open Source Software: A General Introduction. 4 Ghosh, R. A., License Fees and GDP Per Capita: The Case for Open Source in Developing Countries, First Monday, 28 November 2003; available from 3
15 4 FOSS/OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: GOVERNMENT POLICY licensing costs, thus reducing the cost barrier. FOSS is also freely redistributable, meaning that anyone can share software with a neighbour in need. Free (the F in FOSS) Software, in particular, holds this as one of its fundamental principles. Traditional proprietary software, no matter how low the costs, often cannot be freely redistributed in this manner. Developing Software A common problem faced by developing nations is the lack of development capacity. Where does a country obtain the human capacity required to sustain an ICT infrastructure? In this area, FOSS excels. For most developing countries, it is not that FOSS will make a non-existent industry more competitive but, rather, it allows a developing nation to kick-start its ICT industry and advance to a stage where it can begin to fully utilize the benefits of ICT internally. It has been noted that there is a positive correlation between the growth of a FOSS developer base and the innovative software capacities of an economy. A report from the International Institute of Infonomics lists three reasons for this. 5 Low barriers to entry: FOSS, which encourages free modification and redistribution, is easy to obtain, use and learn from. Proprietary software tends to be much more restrictive, not just in the limited availability of source code but also because of licensing, patent and copyright limitations. FOSS allows developers to build on existing knowledge and pre-built components, much like basic research. On the other hand, existing proprietary software is often the result of years of building and refinement that a software company in a developing country has little chance of developing a competitive system and selling it. FOSS as an excellent training system: The open and collaborative nature of FOSS allows a student or software engineer to examine and experiment with software concepts at virtually no direct cost to society. Apart from the source code and software tools that FOSS provides, there are many technical manuals, guides and how-tos provided in every FOSS distribution. This documentation is the equivalent of thousands of dollars of manuals and textbooks, all available and freely redistributable. A student can also tap into the global collaborative FOSS development network that includes massive archives of technical information and interactive discussion tools. Proprietary systems are usually closed and do not encourage this experimentation and learning. FOSS as a source of standards: FOSS often becomes a de facto standard by virtue of its dominance in a particular sector of an industry. By being involved in setting the standards in a particular FOSS application, a region can ensure that the standard produced takes into account regional needs and cultural considerations. For instance, proper word wrapping is still an issue with many non-roman alphabetical languages and holds back the development of word processors, browsers, databases and other software tools for these languages. However, the Chinese language, although based on a radically different system from that of western languages, is decently supported in FOSS systems due to the involvement of Chinese-speaking FOSS developers. Additionally, the current business models structured around FOSS are primarily based on services, rather than on products. This makes it much more likely that a FOSS based company will have the majority of its staff in the country that it sells to and will thus reinvest its profits there. Reducing Imports/Conserving Foreign Exchange A significant portion of the global proprietary software industry today is centralized in only a small number of countries. Companies based in the United States produce an enormous proportion of the world s operating systems (IBM AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, Microsoft Windows, etc) and business applications (Oracle, PeopleSoft, Adobe Photoshop, etc). Countries that have to license this software, other than the originating country, end up importing software licenses. The large cost of these licenses places an enormous burden on the financial resources of a developing nation, resources that can be used on other development needs. Fortunately, alternatives exist. 5 Ghosh, R.A., Krieger, B., Glott, R., and Robles, G., Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study. Part 2B: Open Source Software in the Public Sector: Policy within the European Union, June 2002; available from
16 The Strategic Importance of FOSS 5 FOSS, by the nature of its licensing terms, can be obtained at little or no cost, and therefore, saves a massive amount of foreign exchange. But this is not the only benefit. As noted in the European study, Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study : 6 The costs of this more service-oriented model of open source are then also normally spent within the economy of the governmental organization, and not necessary (sic) to large multinational companies. This has a positive feedback regarding employment, local investment base, tax revenue, etc. Whatever money is spent on FOSS in a country usually stays in that country, which leads to the previously mentioned benefit the development of local industry. This is reportedly one of the major motivations behind Brazil's FOSS policy. In its 2002 balance of payments report, Brazil actually spent more money on royalties and licenses than it did on computer and information. 7 While software licenses only represent a portion of royalties and licenses, any reduction in licensing fees would improve Brazil's balance of payment situation. It has been argued that the current balance of payment situation has negatively impacted Brazil's economic development. 8 Other countries or economies that are reported to have similar motives include South Africa, Taiwan (province of China) and South Korea. Enhancing National Security Proprietary software is normally distributed in binary format; therefore it is difficult to reverse-engineer and to understand exactly what a program does. Although the opaqueness of the binary format offers limited protection to the intellectual property of the software maker, it engenders mistrust and suspicion. Could there be hidden back-doors or holes in the software, possibly allowing a remote attacker to easily compromise data? In the case of governments other than the United States of America, there is some mistrust of Microsoft s software, especially after the infamous NSA Key incident. 9 Other recent cases include the acknowledgments by both Netgear 10 and Cisco systems that there were secret user names and passwords hard-coded into certain models of their wireless routers. 11 The user could not be disabled, allowing anyone with the right username/password combination to connect and take full control of the router. Both Cisco and Netgear later issued a fix but there is no way to verify that other back-doors do not exist. There have been previous cases where vendors fixed such a vulnerability by merely changing the username/password combination and hoping that no one would find out about the new combination. Mistrust of black-boxed foreign software that cannot be audited has been cited as one of China s reasons for its adoption of FOSS 12 and one of the reasons why other governments are considering FOSS Ghosh, R.A., Krieger, B., Glott, R., and Robles, G., Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study. Part 2B: Open Source Software in the Public Sector: Policy within the European Union, June 2002; available from 7 Data downloaded from 8 Jayme, F. G. Jr, Balance-of-Payments Constrained Economic Growth in Brazil, Revista de Economia Política, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2003; available from ideas.repec.org/p/cdp/texdis/td155.html. 9 In 1999, a security researcher found a key in Microsoft Windows code named _NSAKEY. The NSA was assumed to refer to the American National Security Agency and a wide amount of publicity was generated. Microsoft denied the allegations that the key gave the NSA access to data on Windows systems but mistrust still lingers. There are many references to this incident, including on CNN.com, at: 10 Knienieder, T., Netgear WG602 Accesspoint Vulnerability, securityfocus.com; available from 11 Cisco Security Advisory: A Default Username and Password in WLSE and HSE Devices, cisco.com; available from public/707/cisco-sa username.shtml. 12 Loyola, R., China: The Republic of Linux, program aired 13 August 2003; available from 0,24330, ,00.html. 13 Kettman, S., Germany Denies Microsoft Ban, Wired News, 19 March 2001; available from 0,1283,42502,00.html
17 6 FOSS/OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: GOVERNMENT POLICY Reducing Copyright Infringements Copyright infringements in the form of unauthorized duplication of software (often called software piracy) are a problem in almost every country around the world. The Business Software Alliance estimates that unauthorized software copying in 2002 alone costed US$13.08 billion. Even in developed nations where software is affordable in theory, software copyright infringement rates were as high as 24 percent in the United States and 35 percent in Europe. The rates in developing countries, where lower incomes make software far more expensive, are upwards of 90 percent. 14 Copyright infringement and lax laws can and often do hurt a country in many ways. A country with a poor track record in copyright protection is not as attractive to foreign investors. Membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and access to its benefits are strongly influenced by the level of protection given to copyrights and patents in a country. Bilateral and multilateral trading agreements with developed nations often involve requirements to reduce copyright infringements as well. A culture of copyright infringement hurts local software development, as there is less incentive for local software developers to create a local product. Copyright infringement issues have been cited as a major motivator for Viet Nam s FOSS policy. A trade agreement with the United States signed in 2001 and Viet Nam's goal of joining the WTO by 2005 make it imperative that the copyright infringements in that country be greatly reduced. Enabling Localization Countries where English is not commonly spoken can be at a serious disadvantage when it comes to the uptake and dissemination of ICTs. If the country and language are not deemed to be commercially important, proprietary software makers may not choose to produce a localized version of their software, thereby increasing the barriers to ICT usage. Localization is one of the areas where FOSS becomes a preferred option because of its open nature. Users are able to modify FOSS to suit the unique requirements of a particular cultural region, regardless of economic size. All that is needed is a number of individuals possessing the technical capability to create a minimally localized version of any FOSS. While the construction of a completely localized software platform is no small feat, it is at least possible. Microsoft s decision in 1998 against producing an Icelandic version of Windows would have made computing in Iceland s national language almost impossible if it were not for the emergence of FOSS alternatives. Few countries cite localization as a motivating factor but localization efforts exist in most non-english speaking countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Economic Benefits Increasing Competition The software industry often has high barriers to entry, especially in mature software markets. Modern software applications have taken hundreds, if not thousands, of human years to research and develop. This is an investment that no fledging software company can afford. Yet, once built, the marginal costs of producing additional units of software are miniscule. This grants significant first-mover advantages to initial market entrants and keeps competitors from entering the market at later stages, effectively limiting competition in the market to a few large, established organizations. FOSS breaks down the barriers to entry by providing to software companies a feature-rich, high-quality base of software to build on. When utilizing FOSS, software companies compete on the services and additional innovations that they add to the existing FOSS base, rather than reaping financial benefits from research and development performed many years ago. Depending on the FOSS license and corporate business model, these benefits often find their way back into the FOSS base, resulting in a larger base of software for new entrants to build on. New entrants into the software industry do not need to spend 14 Roberts, P., Software Piracy Declines 10 Percent, Infoworld.com, 3 June 2003 ; available from HNpiracydecline_1.html?security. 15 Walsh, M. W., Microsoft in War of Words, Los Angeles Times;
18 The Strategic Importance of FOSS 7 decades reinventing existing software. Instead, they are free to focus on innovations and the additional functionality that the market demands. There is significant evidence that FOSS is bringing new competition into markets that have traditionally been dominated by monopolies. Analysts have predicted that competition from FOSS will significantly challenge Microsoft s (dominant on desktop computers and office productivity software) profit margins. 16 Microsoft has also been forced to give significant discounts to stay competitive where companies, organizations and governments have been aware of the availability of FOSS competitors. 17 Reducing Total Cost of Ownership FOSS applications save money in several ways. The most obvious is through the lack of licensing fees, since FOSS can be freely redistributed without licensing fees. However, FOSS also lowers costs through means that can be much harder to quantify, such as better security, ease of administration, cross-platform availability, and others. While the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) debate still rages between the advocates of FOSS and proprietary software (mostly Microsoft), many organizations have reported significant cost savings from their own implementations of FOSS. Intel reportedly saved US$200 million from a move to GNU/Linux from Unix, and Amazon reported a savings of US$17 million 18 from switching their servers to GNU/Linux. Major financial institutions such as Credit Suisse First Boston, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs and Charles Schwab are moving a significant portion of their infrastructure to FOSS systems to reap these cost savings. 19 There are only a limited number of TCO studies showing the total cost of running FOSS systems versus proprietary systems. These studies analyze multiple cost factors other than software licensing costs, including maintenance, personnel and opportunity costs from service disruptions. Several have been very positive towards FOSS: A TCO study performed by the Robert Frances Group showed that GNU/Linux costs roughly 40 percent of Microsoft Windows and as low as 14 percent of Sun Microsystem s Solaris. 20 NetProject reported that the TCO of GNU/Linux was 35 percent of Microsoft Window s TCO. 21 Even more interesting was that the saving was due not just to licensing costs but also various other costs, including reduction in the number of support staff and software updates that results from using GNU/Linux. Gartner reported that using GNU/Linux in a locked configuration resulted in a roughly 15 percent lower TCO compared to Windows XP. 22 Merrill Lynch, a major financial management company, recently reported that using GNU/Linux could reduce costs dramatically. Surprisingly, their TCO study revealed that the largest cost saving was not from software licensing costs but from personnel and hardware costs Kotadia, M., Open source 'pressuring' Microsoft pricing, ZDNet UK, 18 February 2004 ; available from news.zdnet.co.uk/software/windows/ 0, , ,00.htm. 17 There are many cases of organizations, especially governments, receiving significant discounts from Microsoft after considering or running pilot tests using FOSS. Some notable instances: Munich: Newham Borough Council: Telstra: australianit.news.com.au/articles/0,7204, %5e15306%5e%5enbv%5e,00.html. Microsoft also has a special fund that is meant to prevent high profile switches, especially of governments, to FOSS. Many articles exist about this fund, including at The International Herald Tribune: 18 Shankland, S., Kane, M. and Lemos, R., How Linux saved Amazon Millions, 30 October 2001, CNet News.com; available from news.com.com/ html. 19 Sisk, M., Linux Woos Wall St., Bank Technology News, August 2003; available from readstory.pl?story= btnc617.xml. 20 Orzech, D., Linux TCO: Less Than Half The Cost of Windows, CIO Update, 7 October 2002; available from _ netproject Cost of Ownership ; available from 22 Maguire, J., Windows vs. Linux: TCO Feud Rages On, Newsfactor Network; 01 August 2003; available from story/22012.html.
19 8 FOSS/OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: GOVERNMENT POLICY Government institutions that have reported significant cost savings to date have been few and mostly in relatively developed countries. For example, the city of Largo in the United States has reported savings of over US$1 million a year, with the city running its IT infrastructure on a budget that is only 40 percent the size of comparable cities. 24 The Government of Sweden has identified savings of US$1 billion a year while the Government of Denmark has identified savings of between US$480 million to US$730 million. 25 A feasibility study conducted by the Swedish Agency for Public Management concludes: Open standards and formats along with free and open source software are important factors in order to be able to arrive at: Increased competition. Improved interoperability. Reduced costs. for administration in the public sector. Reduced Costs: Sweden Free and open source software is not any makeshift phenomenon, but instead a fully adequate and dependable competitor to existing proprietary products and solutions. Full report available online at: Enhancing Security There is no such thing as a perfectly secure operating system or platform. However, factors such as development method, program architecture and target market can greatly affect the security of a system and consequently make it easier or more difficult to breach. The following studies indicate that FOSS systems are superior to proprietary systems in this respect: A study found that FOSS applications fixed problems faster than their proprietary counterparts. The contrast is much more apparent when the application is extensively used by the FOSS developer. 26 A comparative study of FOSS code and proprietary equivalents found that FOSS had lower defect densities. The FOSS database MySQL had one sixth of the defects found in proprietary equivalents. The study was conducted by Reasoning, a company that produces automated software inspection and auditing tools. 27 Hacker Insurance issued by J.S. Wurzler Underwriting Managers costs five to 15 percent more if Windows is used instead of GNU/Linux or Unix systems. Walter Kopf, senior vice president of underwriting at J.S. Wurzler Underwriting Managers, says, We have found out that the possibility for loss is greater using the NT system. 28 FOSS distributions usually include a wide variety of security tools that allow a competent system 23 Lemos, R., Merrill Lynch: Linux saves money, CNet News.com, 7 June 2003; available from news.com.com/ _ html?tag=fd_top. 24 Miller, R., Largo loves Linux more than ever, Newsforge.com, 9 December 2002; available from newsforge.com/article.pl?sid=02/12/04/ &mode=thread&tid= Glover, T., Microsoft losing market grip as rivals go on the offensive, Scotland on Sunday, 18 May 2002; available from 26 Kuan, J., How to Succeed in Business with Open Source Software, Infonomics.nl; available from papers/kuan.htm. 27 Reasoning Study Reveals Code Quality of MySQL Open Source Database Ranks Higher than Commercial Equivalents ; available from 28 Luening, E., Windows Users Pay for Hacker Insurance, CNet News.com, 29 May 2001; available from news.com.com/ html?legacy=cnet.
20 The Strategic Importance of FOSS 9 administrator to scan their own network for vulnerabilities, detect outside attacks, and protect internal systems. In some cases, FOSS tools prove to be far superior to their proprietary counterparts. 29 The security aspects have already encouraged many public organizations to switch or to consider switching to FOSS solutions. The French Customs and Indirect Taxation authority migrated to Red Hat Linux largely because of security concerns. 30 China, Japan and South Korea also cite security as a major driving force in their FOSS initiatives. Security: United States of America A report prepared by the MITRE Corporation for the Defense Information Systems Agency found that in the area of security: 31 Banning FOSS... would have immediate, broad, and in some cases strongly negative impacts on the ability of the DOD (Department of Defense) to analyze and protect its own networks against hostile intrusion... It would also remove the uniquely FOSS ability to change infrastructure source code rapidly in response to new modes of cyber attack. Achieving Vendor Independence Many organizations are finding that they are tied to their existing software vendors. Due to intentionally incompatible data formats, large investments in legacy systems and patent restrictions, switching to a different supplier can often be a costly and lengthy undertaking. These organizations are then almost held hostage by their software vendor, forced into purchasing bundled systems that they do not need or upgrading when there is no need to do so. The authors of the paper Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study 32 produced by the International Institute of Infonomics in the Netherlands argue against use of proprietary software in government. They say: Consequently one major argument against the implementation of proprietary software in the public sector is the subsequent dependency on proprietary software vendors. Whenever, the proprietary standards are established the necessity to follow them is given. Even in an open tender acquisition system, this requirement for compatibility with proprietary standards makes the system biased towards specific software vendors, perpetuating a dependency. Vendors who use FOSS systems have a much harder time locking in their clients. Most FOSS systems use open, documented standards. Even when this is not the case, the availability of the code makes it far easier to reverse-engineer any data format or standard. Purchasers of FOSS systems are not bound to stay with their supplier. They can easily engage another company to develop the systems or build an internal team of technical staff. Using FOSS systems as a means of gaining vendor independence has been raised in several areas. A report to the UK Government concludes that the existence of an OSS reference implementation of a data standard has often accelerated the adoption of such standards, and recommends that the Government consider selective sponsorship of OSS reference implementations. The UK health system became aware of the dangers of vendor dependency when the insolvency of a major supplier forced it to migrate systems to a FOSS platform Forristal, S., Vulnerability Assessment Scanners Network Computing, 8 January 2001; available from 1201f1b1.html. 30 Ghosh, R.A., Krieger, B., Glott, R, and Robles, G., Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study. Part 2B: Open Source Software in the Public Sector: Policy within the European Union, June 2002; available from 31 Use of Free and Open Source Software in the U.S. Department of Defense, MITRE Corporation, available from rawmedia_repository/588347ad_c97c_48b9_a63d_821cb0e8422d?/document.pdf. 32 Ghosh, R.A., Krieger, B., Glott, R, and Robles, G., Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study. Part 2B: Open Source Software in the Public Sector: Policy within the European Union, June 2002; available from 33 Ibid.
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4 External influences PESTLE Analysis A PESTLE analysis is a useful tool to support the investigation and decision process relating to cloud services. PESTLE in general covers Political, Economic, Social,More information


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RANGER WORKS ROAD COURSE MAGIC AGAIN, WINS ON GILLES VILLENEUVE TRACK MONTREAL (Aug. 30, 2010) -- Andrew Ranger muscled by Jason Bowles as they exited the final corner of the final lap and won the race back to the finish line to win the...
MONTREAL (Aug. 30, 2010) -- Andrew Ranger muscled by Jason Bowles as they exited the final corner of the final lap and won the race back to the finish line to win the NAPA AUTOPRO 100 NASCAR Canadian Tire Series race on the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve.
The victory continued Ranger's remarkable run of success on road courses in NASCAR's development series. It was his second win in three years on the 2.7-mile Villeneuve course, and his 10th win on a road course in the three development programs.
Goodyear is the exclusive tire supplier for the Canadian Tire Series. The same line of bias-ply tires Goodyear provides for the Canadian series is also used by the competitors in the K&N Pro Series East and West. Ranger has won races in all three series this season.
Ranger's margin of victory was .488 of a second over Don Thomson Jr. Robin Buck finished third, Scott Steckly was fourth and Jason Hathaway came home fifth. The winner averaged 55.059 mph over the race distance. Ranger also won the pole with a lap averaging 92.877 mph, setting a track record as he did so.
Bowles bumped Ranger out of the way to take the lead with one lap remaining in the 24-lap race. Ranger caught up to Bowles and used a similar move to get the lead back within sight of the finish. Bowles crashed into a barrier and limped home in 20th place.
The top competitors for the championship struggled during the race. J.R. Fitzpatrick, the championship leader, finished 18th. D.J. Kennington, the second place driver, finished 28th. Fitzpatrick leads Kennington 1,623 to 1,572.
-source: goodyear racing

subset: commoncrawl


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|DO NOT REPLY [Bug 12299] New: - Setting cookie doesn't work in all cases.
|Wed, 04 Sep 2002 13:00:59 GMT
DO NOT REPLY TO THIS EMAIL, BUT PLEASE POST YOUR BUG RELATED COMMENTS THROUGH THE WEB INTERFACE AVAILABLE AT <http://nagoya.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12299>. ANY REPLY MADE TO THIS MESSAGE WILL NOT BE COLLECTED AND INSERTED IN THE BUG DATABASE. http://nagoya.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12299 Setting cookie doesn't work in all cases. Summary: Setting cookie doesn't work in all cases. Product: Tomcat 4 Version: 4.0.3 Final Platform: Sun OS/Version: Other Status: NEW Severity: Normal Priority: Other Component: Catalina AssignedTo: email@example.com ReportedBy: email@example.com I looked at the servlet 2.3 spec and I think this behavior might be a bug. I have two pages. the first page includes a second page. the second page sets some cookies. If I use include directive <%@ include file="setcookie.jsp" %>, it works fine. If I switch it to use JSTL <c:import url="setcookie.jsp"/>, it doesn't set the cookie. My guess is either the response is getting flushed and cookies erased, or the response set method isn't working correctly. I looked at the JSTL code and it uses RequestDispatcher.include() to import local files. The wil only use HttpUrlConnection if the absolute path is used, ie <c:import url="http://me.com/file"/>. I hope some one can verify this is a bug. -- To unsubscribe, e-mail: <mailto:email@example.com> For additional commands, e-mail: <mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com>
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The special election for the seat held by Sen. John Kerry (D-Mass.) has been scheduled, even though the senator has not been confirmed as secretary of state.
The Boston Globe reports that the primary will take place April 30 and the general June 25.
The full Senate will vote on Kerry's nomination Tuesday; there is no question that he will be confirmed. Gov. Deval Patrick (D) is expected to appoint a placeholder to fill Kerry's seat until the election.
Rep. Ed Markey (D) is the overwhelming favorite in the Democratic primary, but he might face a challenge from Rep. Stephen Lynch. On the Republican side, all eyes are on former senator Scott Brown, who has not yet made his plans known.


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Burd Ford
November 10, 2009 by USA Post
Richard A. Burd was found dead in the office of his Ford dealership this morning. His wife, Christine (right), went to the dealership when her husband had not returned home at 2 a.m. – MICHELLE PEMBERTON / 2005 Star file photo
Burd Ford closed today after owner Richard A. Burd was found dead in his office. The dealership is at 10300 Pendleton Pike in Lawrence. – KELLY WILKINSON / The Star
The owner of Burd Ford in Lawrence was found dead in his office this morning, apparently by suicide.
Richard A. Burd, 43, was found by his wife and police on a couch in his office at 2:40 a.m., according to a Lawrence police report.
Christine Burd, 40, had gone to the dealership at 10300 Pendleton Pike when Richard Burd hadn't returned home. She said she left him at the office at 10 p.m. and grew concerned when she woke up at 2 a.m. and discovered he still hadn't come home.
Burd went to the dealership, saw her husband's car in the parking lot and called police before entering, according to the report.
Burd was found on the couch and appeared to have committed suicide. The report did not indicate why detectives believe it was a suicide.
The Burds are well known through their television commercials, with the tagline "Burd is the word."
Lawrence mayor Paul Ricketts said Burd told him a week ago business was good.
"He said he had sold out his stock in was in the process of replenishing it," Ricketts said.
Ricketts helped convince Burd to relocate his business in Lawrence two years ago from 38th Street and Arlington Avenue, and said he was involved in several civic activities, such as the city's annual safety day.
"Everyone is saddened by this," Ricketts said.
The Marion County Coroner's office is expected to conduct an autopsy to determine the cause of death.
Lawrence Police Det. Gary Woodruff said police would not reveal the cause of death until after the autopsy. He would not comment on whether a note was left or whether the busines was in financial trouble.
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Data from: Spatial distribution of nests constrains the strength of sexual selection in a warbler
Date Published: February 6, 2013
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c37h8
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Today I have a costume to share with you that was inspired by my Tia Dalma costumes, but in a green and blue color scheme. With a selection of fabrics chosen to represent the sea and an assortment of vintage trims this gown was created.
The costume consists of a fully boned corset, detailed skirt, overdress and beaded belt.
For the belt we used a range of beads, shells and other vintage findings.
The fabric I used for the Over Dress has a lovely colonial inspired print on it of swirled roses and flowers. I accented it with handyed tassles and a stone gray fish net.
You can see touches of vintage lace on the lower sleeves.
The Corset is a deep blue and accented with a selection of fabrics used throughout the costume. Back laces up with green eyelets.
The hem of the skirt is trimmed with a sheer dark green chiffon and completely underlined with seaweed green linen. Gives a nice weight to the skirt when it is just worn with the corset.
Looking for your own Tia inspired costume?
Please contact me for details.
Thank you for reading!


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2016 Spring Party at the Grove
New NGH Jeffro Winge and his crack team of chapter officers invite you to our big Spring Doins. Were going to maintain our pricing from last year, which resulted in a very successful event for us. Were going back to Hammon Grove again this year. This fine little park is the last remnant of a huge dredging operation owned by Wendell P. Hammon Mining Co., and donated by them to the county after dredging was outlawed in 1968. Location is on Hwy. 20, ¾ of a mile east of Marysville Road (Browns Valley turnoff). About halfway between Grass Valley and Marysville, Hammon Grove is a very nice camp area for Clamping. Go in and keep right till you see RED! No camping in the lower section!!
The prices for this traditional Spring event are only $35 Advance Reservation and $45 at the doins. PBCs are $60 Advance and $75 at the doins. This is not an overnighter, but you can camp for free on Friday and/or Saturday night. You supply the grub. All the usual NO-NOs apply, including very serious admonitions from the Grand Council about illicit drugs and guns. Leave your dogs, bad attitudes, eggs and fireworks at home. No electricity or potable water on the site, so bring it if you want it! Oh!! Did we mention .


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"I am so happy with my invitations. The quality of the paper is great...weighty and perfectly textured. The design is so elegant. The only thing I would say is that they are smaller than I expected but I was reading that's that is a good thing as it saves on postage! Service was also prompt and a pleasant experience."
"Absolutely beautiful. It was really easy to customize the wedding invite. My designer did a great job of brining my ideas to life. I really wanted to be able to include our parents in the invite and the designer came up with a great solution and moved a few things around. The invite is exactly what we wanted. Thank you so much!"
"I was very impressed with the entire process from the selection, to the pricing, to the customer service, to the quality! If I could, I would buy all my wedding stuff from this company (beyond paper items!) I highly recommend Wedding Paper Divas!"
"Our invitations arrived recently (sooner than expected) and look absolutely beautiful! The design requests we submitted were perfect and really helped to make our invitations unique."
"My color theme for my wedding it a variation of purples and this invitation was just perfect for it. The quality is also great! Delivery was amazingly fast! I am very satisfied with my finished product and would definitely recommend them to anyone."


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Title: The Journal of Helene Berr
Author: Helene Berr
Genre: Non-Fiction
Date Finished: 27 July 2009
My Rating: 4 Stars
Challenges: NF-5, WWII, Library, New Author, 100+
"It makes me happy to think that if I am taken, Andree will have kept these pages, which are a piece of me, the most precious part, because no other material thing matters to me anymore; what must be rescued is the soul and the memory it contains."
Helene Berr was an intelligent, caring, and highly talented young woman living in Paris during WWII. She graduated from the Sorbonne with a degree in English Language and literature and would have earned further degrees and distinctions if not for anti-semitic laws that prevented her from doing so. She was a highly accomplished violinist and in 1941 she became involved with a clandestine group established to save Jewish children from deportation.
Helene began keeping her journal in 1942 and kept writing in it, with a few breaks along the way, until she and her parents were deported in 1944. After spending time at Auschwitz Helene was transferred to Bergan-Belsen where she died, just 5 days before the camp was liberated, after being brutally beaten. Her journal is a vivid eyewitness account detailing many of the acts of persecution perpetrated against the Jews living in France under Nazi rule.
Jean Morawiecki, the man Helene probably would have married had she survived the war, said this of Helene, "Beings like Helene-and I'm not sure there are any like her-are not only strong and beautiful in themselves. They spread a sense of strength to others who are able to understand them. For me, Helene was the symbol of strength-a radiant strength composed of attraction, beauty, harmony, persuasion, confidence, and loyalty. It has all vanished. Her death takes away the woman I loved and, even more, a soul that was close to my own. She has taken with her all that I could give her-my confidence, my love, my energy."
I believe Helene's words express who she was better than I could ever attempt to do. Here are a few samples of her writing from her journal.
A friend of Helene's made the comment "I can't stand seeing people with that on" referring to Helene's yellow star of David that the Jews had recently been required to wear. Helene wrote in her journal, "I realize that: it offends other people. But if they only knew what a crucifixion it is for me. I suffered there in the sunlit Sorbonne courtyard, among my comrades. I suddenly felt I was no longer myself, that everything had changed, that I had become a foreigner, as if I were in the grip of a nightmare. I could see familiar faces all around me, but I could feel their awkwardness and bafflement. It was as if my forehead had been seared with a branding iron."
On why she continued to write even though it was difficult for her at times Helene wrote, "I have a duty to write because other people must know. Every hour of every day there is another painful realization that other folk do not know, do not even imagine, the suffering of other men, the evil that some of them inflict. And I am still trying to make the painful effort to tell the story. Because it is a duty, it is maybe the only one I can fulfill...So I must write to show people later on what these times are like. I know that many others will have more important lessons to teach, and more terrible facts to reveal. I am thinking of all the deportees, all those in prison, all those who set off on t he great adventure of escape. But that should not make me a coward; each of us in our own small sphere can do something. And we can, we must."
"On the metro today I wondered: Will anybody ever be able to understand what it was like to live through this appalling tempest at the age of twenty, at the age when you are ready to grasp life's beauty, when you are completely ready to trust in humanity?"
I would have preferred some additional foot notes to help me know what some of the events and incidents that Helene referred to were. A couple of times I found myself googling the date to find out what was going on in Paris at that time. I also think it would have helped to read the two sections at the end of the journal about Helene and Paris during the war before I read the journal. Having that background information would probably have enhanced my reading.
The Journal of Helene Berr is well worth a read through by just about everyone.
Friday, August 7, 2009
The Journal of Helene Berr
Posted by Jeanette at 3:24 PM
Labels: 100+ Reading Challenge, 4 Stars, Historical Non-Fiction, Library Reading Challenge, New Author Challenge, WWII
6 comments:
- Holly said...
Great review. This one looks fantastic.
- August 7, 2009 at 10:35 PM
- Jeannetta said...
How would you rate this for the YA audience? I want to add something besides "The Diary of Anne Frank" for our school year.
- August 8, 2009 at 12:56 AM
- Karin said...
Thanks for the review. I have been looking at this in the shops wondering if I should buy it. Now I definitely will:-)
- August 8, 2009 at 10:05 AM
- Gerbera Daisy Mom said...
I added this to my Goodreads list not long after finishing The Hiding Place last summer. Glad it's worth reading.
- August 9, 2009 at 5:26 PM
- Anna said...
Wow. That quote from her would-be husband brought tears to my eyes. I'm adding this one to my to-read list, and I'll get your review up on War Through the Generations soon.
Diary of an Eccentric
- August 11, 2009 at 7:58 AM
- Anna said...
We posted your review on War Through the Generations.
Diary of an Eccentric
- December 10, 2009 at 10:52 AM
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by Michael Pearl from No Greater Joy – PubermaniaEditor's note: As usual there's a lot of logic fail and false history in this last bit from Pearl on teenage boys. I think day-dreaming is pretty normal for any teens, or just folks in general. It's no sin. Equating mothering with castration is a stretch at best, but Michael's warning that men were turned into eunuchs in the dark ages to be servants is an out and out lie. Castration was usually a punishment or something that happened to prisoners of war, not wholesale on male servants. The exception being those that worked in harems. Michael Pearl misunderstanding history yet again. His version of 'real boys' sounds sort of horrifying. No h … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Part 6 – Roosters and Michael Pearl Are Jerks?
September 28, 2016 by
Quoting Quiverfull: Jesus Was a 'Eunuch'?
June 8, 2013 by
by Vaughn Ohlman of Perservero News - Jesus, Paul, Daniel and 'Real Men'No one, well, no one interested in this discussion, will deny that Christ was such a man; … [Read more...]


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About The Institute of Computer Accountants, (Bhelupur) Varanasi
The Institute of Computer Accountants, (Bhelupur) Varanasi was established in 1999. ICA began their journey with a mission to provide quality IT services at affordable prices to the masses. ICA start with Account Training and ends with a Guaranteed job. The organization was formed by a group of professionals with considerable work experience in the field of accounts and taxation.ICA adheres to Quality Management System in line with ISO 9001:2008 & commits to maintain the global quality through continual upgradation of system. ICA has a dedicated quality control team. The responsibility of the team is to maintain standard of quality of their course curriculum across India.The journey started in 1999 and after ten years the institution was spread up its wings to more than 450+ centres with 3 zonal offices and 50+ placement offices across India with Head office at Kolkata. The ICA family includes more than 3000+competent staff members and more than 2,00,000 students. Each and every member of team ICA is committed to create value for customer's satisfaction and achieve above expectation by deliverance of quality service.
About ICA Banking & Finance Course :-
Diploma(Banking) - Stands for Diploma in Banking. Typically, a diploma in banking is a one year course, minimum eligibility for which is a (10+2) pass. Subjects studied under this degree are Elements of Banking, Economics, General Principles of Law, Principles of Practice and Communication, Accounting, Foreign Exchange and Exchange Control, Laws Relating to Banking, Investment, Practice of Banking, Monetary Economics, Nature of Management, Accountancy Finance and International Trade.
About ICA BCA Course :-
BCA(Bachelor of Computer Applications) is a 3-year undergraduate programme. The course is designed to bridge the gap between IT industries and institutes by incorporating the latest developments into the curriculum.It is extended over six semesters.
Admission Details of ICA, (Bhelupur) Varanasi :-
Selection of Candidates should be 10+2 or Intermediate.
Infrastructure for ICA :-
ICA Placement Companies :-
Every student gets an ATJ (Any Time Job) card which can be used in any of its placement office for his fresh job and upgraded thereafter. ICA is and has been the first choice of recruiters & companies. A full fledged R&D with 200 CAs, cost accounts, Company Secretary & Computer Professional. ICA's quality commitment and assurance is proved through their ISO 9001 certification for the last 8 years.
Location: B- 27/87 A 2nd Floor,K K Commercial Complex, durga kund road , Bhelupur Varanasi ,
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Priority, Home!: The Federal Plan to Break the Cycle of Homelessness
US Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1994 - Federal aid to community development - 126 pages
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Executive Summary
Plan Development and Consultation Activities
Recent Efforts to Address Homelessness
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addressing homelessness adult affordable housing African Americans agencies areas becoming homeless Burt causes of homelessness chronic disabilities community development Community Reinvestment Act community-based comprehensive continuum coordination crack cocaine crisis poverty currently homeless cycle of homelessness domestic violence drug efforts EITC emergency shelters Federal government Federal Plan FEMA formerly homeless funding grant programs Henry Cisneros Hispanic homeless assistance programs homeless children homeless individuals homeless persons homeless population homeless veterans households housing assistance income increase individuals and families initiatives Interagency Council job training Kim Hopper living long-term low-income mainstream programs McKinney Act programs McKinney Homeless Assistance McKinney programs mental health mental illness million needs of homeless number of homeless outreach percent permanent housing poor prevent homelessness priority recommendations reform rental assistance rural services for homeless Single Room Occupancy strategies street substance abuse treatment supportive housing supportive services targeted Urban Institute VA's


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