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Hi, The requirement is to insert an element into the soap xml before sending it to the backend service in the mediation layer. Have created an element using AXIOM but facing issue in injecting it to the soap. public boolean mediate(MessageContext ctx) { System.out.println("Inside the Router Mediator"); SOAPBody soapBody = ctx.getEnvelope().getBody(); OMFactory omf = soapBody.getOMFactory(); OMElement ome = omf.createOMElement("userid", null); ome.setText("PSSWEBBANK"); System.out.println("soap body "+ctx.getEnvelope().getBody()); return true; } How to do this? This email is confidential. If you are not the addressee tell the sender immediately and destroy this email without using, sending or storing it. Emails are not secure and may suffer errors, viruses, delay, interception and amendment. Standard Chartered PLC and subsidiaries ("SCGroup") do not accept liability for damage caused by this email and may monitor email traffic.
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Algarve Property Finder
by: Green Monkey Ltd • 0
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by: Green Monkey Ltd • 0
Bringing our vast and extensive knowledge and property portfolio to your mobile device.
Algarve Real Estate Agents Based in Loule. English speaking agents with years of experience here in the Algarve.
Wide range of properties along the Algarve coastline, from Plots to Luxury Villas.
Let us find your ideal place in the sun.
We are a well established licensed Real Estate agency that have been in operation since 2003. With a trusted client base and over 300 properties on our books at any one time we are sure you will find your ideal property.
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The spearfish formation in the Williston Basin of western North Dakota1 edition - first published in 1967
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History Created April 1, 2008 · 2 revisions
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text: Editor's Note: Any reference to TheStreet Ratings and its underlying recommendation does not reflect the opinion of TheStreet, Inc. or any of its contributors including Jim Cramer or Stephanie Link. All three major indices are trading down today with the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( ^DJI) trading down 79 points (-0.5%) at 16,635 as of Friday, Aug. 15, 2014, 12:55 PM ET. The NYSE advances/declines ratio sits at 1,072 issues advancing vs. 1,895 declining with 174 unchanged. The Drugs industry currently sits down 0.9% versus the S&P 500, which is down 0.3%. Top gainers within the industry include Salix Pharmaceuticals ( SLXP), up 2.8%, and Jazz Pharmaceuticals ( JAZZ), up 2.8%. On the negative front, top decliners within the industry include Teva Pharmaceutical Industries ( TEVA), down 1.1%, Abbott Laboratories ( ABT), down 1.0%, Sanofi ( SNY), down 0.8%, Novartis ( NVS), down 0.8% and GlaxoSmithKline ( GSK), down 0.6%. TheStreet would like to highlight 3 stocks pushing the industry higher today: 3. Allergan ( AGN) is one of the companies pushing the Drugs industry higher today. As of noon trading, Allergan is up $2.25 (1.4%) to $157.85 on average volume. Thus far, 1.5 million shares of Allergan exchanged hands as compared to its average daily volume of 2.8 million shares. The stock has ranged in price between $156.30-$160.83 after having opened the day at $156.30 as compared to the previous trading day's close of $155.60. STOCKS TO BUY: TheStreet Quant Ratings has identified a handful of stocks that can potentially TRIPLE in the next 12 months. Learn more. Allergan, Inc. operates as a multi-specialty health care company primarily in the United States, Europe, Latin America, and the Asia Pacific. Allergan has a market cap of $46.0 billion and is part of the health care sector. Shares are up 39.5% year-to-date as of the close of trading on Thursday. Currently there are 7 analysts who rate Allergan a buy, 1 analyst rates it a sell, and 5 rate it a hold. TheStreet Ratings rates Allergan as a buy. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its revenue growth, largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures, solid stock price performance, growth in earnings per share and compelling growth in net income. We feel these strengths outweigh the fact that the company shows weak operating cash flow. Get the full Allergan Ratings Report now. STOCKS TO BUY: TheStreet Quant Ratings has identified a handful of stocks that can potentially TRIPLE in the next 12 months. Learn more.


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MINT Furniture Screw Stool
Latvian furniture design firm MINT creates simple functional pieces for your home. MINT calls it light living, the idea to have simplistic furniture that is logical and easily fits with your decor. We think that the MINT Furniture Screw Stool holds all of those virtues, not only is it beautifully designed but it's very functional since you can easily raise or lower its height. As MINT says "Beautiful Life is Easy" and its easy to like this stool.


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Apartment 7B
Apartment 7B offers accommodation in Gov M. Cuenco, Cebu City, 7 km from Mactan. The property boasts views of the city and is 4 km from Mandaue City.
The air-conditioned apartment features a flat-screen satellite TV, a day bed with a pull-out single bed, and a small kitchenette with microwave, fridge and electric kettle. En suite bathroom has hot and cold shower facility.
The nearest airport is Mactan Cebu International Airport, 7 km from the property.


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Cable Operators
HDTV Invades Europe3/02/2004 5:38 AM Eastern
By 2008, 17.4 million European homes will have HD-capable TV sets, and 2.6 million of those homes will have bought set-top boxes to receive HD broadcasts, according to a new report from Strategy Analytics Inc.
Europeans bought 70,000 HDTV displays in 2003, according to "HDTV in Europe: This Time It's for Real."
The report also suggested that manufacturers, programmers and broadcasters establish a European HDTV forum "to coordinate standards and avoid unnecessary market fragmentation."
Want to read more stories like this?
Get our Free Newsletter Here!
Get our Free Newsletter Here!


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From BioWare forums, User Vertigo_1 has posted some new ME3 info allegedly from the July 2011 issue of Xbox World Magazine.
Some we already know, some is new, at least that I know of.
Following are copy and paste from the forum:
""SQUADMATES: "Twelve was a big number in Mass Effect 2 - almost too big", Hudson concedes. "We're focused on a smaller squad with deeper relationships and more interesting interplay in Mass Effect 3' he explains "We're not going to have twelve again but we are going to do more with the characters on your squad including Liara, and Kaidan or Ashley. And we're bringing everyone back - every main character is in Mass Effect 3 somewhere"
"Zaeed is in (****YAAAYYYY****that's me), plus Thane, Mordin and the rest, all knocking about somewhere in the galaxy, doing something appropriate for their character and with the same lavish redesigns given to every core character in the game."
""Garrus is back along with Jack: "She's matured," admits Art Director Derek Watts, "maybe she's softened up a bit. You can only stay punk rock for so long, you know. Even Johnny Rotten eventually goes, 'I've got to do something different'. She'd get tired of walking around completely naked and she'd probably grow her hair out, but she's still Jack and still kinda punk - shaved at the sides with a ponytail at the back"
ON CHARACTER RE-DESIGN: "We have to update the look," Watts continues, referring to Jack, Ashley and Kaidan's redesigns "And the people who redesign the characters are the same people who did the original characters; and they know best how these things are supposed to mature. Stuff changes. Garrus' armour is going to change. Even Shepard has changed quite a bit. His armour has changed a lot since the first Mass Effect"
BIG LEVELS: "These spaces large enough to accommodate a six hundred foot Reaper boss-fight, and a fifty (Fifteen) foot Cerberus Atlas mech Shepard himself pilots later in the game." the Spanish mag about the piloted mechs was right.
There is a lot more in the post as it's very long. Go and check it out.
Just found the link for the Xbox World Magazine sacans:


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Major League Baseball has announced the results of the All-Star balloting today and as usual, the winners of the fan vote aren't necessarily the players who deserve to start the game. How about from a fantasy standpoint? Let's take a look at the top fantasy performers so far at each position.
C - Victor Martinez, Red Sox
1B - Miguel Cabrera, Tigers
2B - Robinson Cano, Yankees
SS - Elvis Andrus, Rangers
3B - Evan Longoria, Rays
OF - Carl Crawford, Rays; Josh Hamilton, Rangers; Alex Rios, White Sox
DH - Vladimir Guerrero, Rangers
SP - Jon Lester, Red Sox
C - Miguel Olivo, Rockies
1B - Albert Pujols, Cardinals
2B - Brandon Phillips, Reds
SS - Hanley Ramirez, Marlins
3B - David Wright, Mets
OF - Carlos Gonzalez, Rockies; Ryan Braun, Brewers; Chris Young, Diamondbacks
UT - Martin Prado, Braves
SP - Josh Johnson, Marlins
Agree? Disagree? Let's open it up for debate in the comments box below.
Incidentally, Rios and Olivo were left off the All-Star rosters entirely. Gonzalez is one of five candidates for the NL's final roster spot, which will be determined by online voting.
For fantasy owners in search of that extra edge, Benchcoach.com has a look at today's top batter vs. pitcher matchups. In leagues with daily transactions, these stats might also help you decide who gets the start and who sits on your bench.
Players you want in your lineup
Jason Kubel vs. James Shields.467 (7-for-15, HR 4 RBI)
Joe Mauer vs. James Shields .467 (7-for-15, 3 RBI)
Chipper Jones vs. Ricky Nolasco .464 (13-for-28, 4 HR, 9 RBI)
Stephen Drew vs. Chad Billingsley .386 (17-for-44, HR, 3 RBI)
Brandon Inge vs. Cliff Lee .385 (15-for-39, 3 HR, 8 RBI)
Players you don't want in your lineup
Blake DeWitt vs. Dan Haren .000 (0-for-10)
Carlos Gonzalez vs. Matt Cain .067 (1-for-15)
Clint Barmes vs. Matt Cain .067 (1-for-15, 2 RBI)
Denard Span vs. James Shields .077 (1-for-13)
Johnny Damon vs. Cliff Lee .091 (2-for-22)
Steve's been with USA TODAY in one form or another since 1993. He started at USATODAY.com in 1996, becoming the website's baseball editor in 1999, and has written the fantasy baseball column for Sports Weekly since 2006. Follow him on Twitter: @sgardnerUSAT.
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The impact of policy announcements and news on capital markets2 editions - first published in 1998
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History Created April 1, 2008 · 2 revisions
|September 12, 2008
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|fix author name
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All Android applications categories
Do you want to learn to play guitar?
Teachers like David Taub, Justin Sandercore or Marty Schwarz will help you to improve your guitar skills to the next level.
In these videos they show everything from basic strumming techniques, famous riffs, or teach barre chords or power chords.
They play slowly, use close-ups, showing each finger movement. If you don't get it at first, you can hit replay. It's like having a teacher with endless patience
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from 115 reviews
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Free - V2.0 - 504K
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Samantha Fox
- Overview
- Biography
- Songs
- Browse by Format
- Browse by Genres
- Similar Artists
|Electronic & Ambient Pop / Rock
|80s pop female vocalists sexy dance british busty
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|allmusic discogs fanpage image IMDb last.fm lyrics lyrics myspace official homepage other databases social network social network VIAF wikidata wikipedia
15 April 1966, London, England. While studying for her O-level examinations, 16-year-old Fox was discovered by the Sun newspaper and promoted as a topless model. Before long she became something of a British institution and a recording career beckoned. Her debut single in 1986, Touch Me elicited almost universally favourable reviews with critics registering surprise at her strong vocal performance. After the disc charted at number 3, she followed up with the sultry Do Ya, Do Ya (Wanna Please Me), which also hit the UK Top 10. Further major British hits followed with Hold On Tight, Nothings Gonna Stop Me Now, and I Surrender. Having proven that former newspaper models can be hit artists, Fox defied all expectations by exporting her talents to the USA, where she enjoyed even greater chart success with three Top 10 hits including Naughty Girls, recorded with Full Force. Her...
- MatchSamantha Fox
- 100%Sinitta
- 90%Bananarama
- 86%Hazell Dean
- 78%Sonia
- 76%Kim Wilde
- 73%Mel & Kim
- 71%Sandra
- 61%Debbie Gibson
- 58%Jason Donovan
- 52%Belinda Carlisle


text:
The Late Night Madness visitor list continues to grow with important recruits. Brian Snow from Scout tweeted this morning that 2013 guard Ron Patterson (former Indiana commit, now at Brewster Academy) will be taking an unofficial visit to PC on Friday night.
Patterson is a crazy athletic 6-3 shooting guard who excels on the defensive end. Does the staff also see him as a point guard? If he can play great defense I don't think we care. There is an obvious need for a backup PG, but sounds like Cooley is targeting players and not positions.
Cooley and his staff have been on Patterson extremely hard since his recruitment opened back up. Here is the timeline of events:
9/12/12: Cooley first visited Brewster to see Patterson and offered
9/19/12: Cooley made an in-home visit with Patterson's parents in Indiana.
9/18/12: Andrew LaFleur visited Brewster to check in on Patterson
9/24/12: Cooley drove to New Hampshire at 6AM (3 hour drive, no hotel!) for a breakfast and workout with Patterson
Patterson recently visited Xavier, and plans to take upcoming visits to Villanova and SMU.
Jarred Reuter to Attend Late Night Madness
Brandon Austin to Attend Late Night Madness


text:
Claire Schaeffer-Duffy, a freelance writer, lives and works at the SS Francis and Therese Catholic Worker of Worcester, Mass. She and her husband, Scott, co-founded the community in 1987. They are the parents of four children, whom they happily love.
Claire Schaeffer-Duffy
News Articles
Articles by Claire Schaeffer-Duffy
United Nations to resume arms trade treaty talksMar. 13, 2013 Justice
Rita Corbin, Catholic Worker artist, dies at 81Nov. 23, 2011 People
India provides perspective and graceOct. 20, 2011 People
Prominent South Korean hunger striker releasedJun. 3, 2011 Justice
Democratic Egypt 'best thing possible' for US policyFeb. 10, 2011 World
In Israel, Egypt's unrest raises questionsFeb. 7, 2011 World
Egyptian uprising 'far beyond what people expected'Jan. 31, 2011 World
Palestinian Christians urge nonviolent resistanceJan. 27, 2010 Justice
Stammering about abortionJan. 16, 2010 Justice
Blog Posts
Reporter's notebook: Trying to get into BahrainFeb. 22, 2012 NCR Today
Award-winning anti-violence film makes the roundsFeb. 13, 2012 NCR Today
Occupiers, Tea Partiers find common ground against National Defense Authorization ActFeb. 6, 2012 NCR Today
Apologizing for IraqJan. 9, 2012 NCR Today
The Christmas story out of the mouths of babesDec. 21, 2011 NCR Today
Catholic Worker artist Rita Corbin diesNov. 18, 2011 NCR Today
So move your moneyNov. 4, 2011 NCR Today
Reports from Occupy BostonOct. 18, 2011 NCR Today
Catholic Workers protest nukes and drones in NevadaOct. 12, 2011 NCR Today
Former executioners weigh in on death penaltyOct. 5, 2011 NCR Today
Book Reviews
NCR Email Alerts
Sign up to get NCR updates by email. Existing users: change your preferences here. Enter your email address in the box below and click "Go."
In This Issue
July 14-27, 2017
- Read select articles from our print issue
- Special Section [Print Only]: Spirituality


text:
Food safety and environme...
Groups will deliver hundreds of thousands of comments to EPA Headquarte...
Posted Apr. 2, 2014 / Posted by: Kate Colwell
WASHINGTON, D.C. — Friends of the Earth, along with 34 labor, faith, democracy and other organizations, released the following statement on today's Supreme Court decision in the matter of McCutcheon v. Federal Election Committee:
The Supreme Court has once again sided with the wealthy and powerful and against the vast majority of Americans. Today's McCutcheon v. FEC decision makes it more important than ever that Congress move forward on legislation to lift up the voices of those unable to write big campaign checks.
The Government By the People Act (HR 20) and the Fair Elections Now Act (S 2023) would boost the influence of small donors and help millions more Americans, rather than just a few big donors, play a central role in determining who runs for Congress, who wins elections, and what issues make it onto the agenda in Washington.
Carefully crafted to withstand constitutional scrutiny, the bill would establish a competitive alternative to our big-money dominated campaign finance system.
A slim majority of the Supreme Court may have given up on having a democracy that works for everyone, but we have not. Through the Government By the People and Fair Elections Now Acts, we can create a political system for the many, not just the money, and forge a democracy that's more responsive and accountable to the American people. Our millions of members demand it, and we will not rest until we truly have a government that is of, by, and for the people.
Signatories on this statement are as follows: AFSCME, Americans for Campaign Reform, American Family Voices, Campaign for America's Future, Common Cause, Communications Workers of America, CREDO, Democracy for America, Democracy Matters, Demos, Franciscan Action Network, Free Speech for People, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, League of Conservation Voters, NAACP, National Education Association, National Peoples Action, OurTime.org, People for the American Way, Progressive Change Campaign Committee, Progressives United, Public Campaign, Public Citizen, Rebuild the Dream, Rootstrikers, Sierra Club, StampStempede, United Auto Workers, United Steelworkers, USAction, USPIRG, Voices for Progress, WolfPAC, Working Families Organization.
For more information, visit Friends of the Earth's Clean Elections for a Clean Planet page or PublicCampaign.org
Michelle Chan, Director, Economic policy program, (510) 900-3141, firstname.lastname@example.com
EA Dyson, Communications director, (202) 222-0730, firstname.lastname@example.com
Categories: Economics for the Earth, News Releases« Back to main page
Groups will deliver hundreds of thousands of comments to EPA Headquarte...
Trump's nomination of Clovis violates the 2008 Farm Bill, which s...
Tell Donald Trump not to appoint corporate cronies in our government.
It's time to combat climate change and earn royalties for Earth.You can help. Lets do this.


text:
Premier Marketing Services of Florida is a consulting and marketing company geared to the Call Center Community. We offer total solutions for marketing, leads, script assistance and support. We also assist individuals with custom leads in whatever industry they work.
We custom generate leads (exclusive), sell targeted demographic data, live transfers, script development and training to help maximize your business sales.
We are here to help.
We focus our efforts helping the Call Center Industry with improving their bottom line including: Fresh Exclusive Leads, Targeted Demographic Data, Script Creation and Development, Training Staff, Consulting on New Products Mix and Developing NEW Sales Strategies and Cutting-Edge Programs that will drive sales.
Call Centers Owners and Managers who are looking to get higher and better returns on their sales will benefit the most from our services.
Services We Provide
Exclusive Final Expense Leads
Exclusive Medicare Supplement Leads
IVR Highly Qualified Leads
Live And Callback Leads
Targeted Demographic Data
Script Development And Assistance
On Site Training And Support
Create Custom Marketing Campaigns
An IVR lead campaign is custom created to meet you sales lead type. Recorded messages are strung together so that potential customers feel like they are actually having a normal conversation with a live person. The recorded messages are in certain order to obtain information and qualify the client into a lead. We work with you to create the PERFECT PITCH and you gain the benefits – A PERFECT LEAD- TO YOUR EXACT SPECIFICS. Can be live transferred or scheduled call back.
We have access to multiple databases with over 500 targeted fields over the entirety of the United States of America. You can choose your own targeted clients or allow us to pick based on whatever requirements you have to draw a specific potential clientele list. Age, gender, demographic area, income, hobby, postal code, homeowner, renter… all fields are available. These databases are updated monthly so they will always have the latest and most recent contact information. Aged targeted lead data is also available.
Whatever type or qualification of lead you require, we will deliver a better, more interested lead to you. We NEVER mislead or misdirect a potential lead. Parameters and controls are established and QC (Quality Control) is in place to ensure that only leads that have an interest in your product or service are delivered to you. EXCLUSIVE LIVE TRANSFER -Scheduled Call Back- PRESS ONE CAMPAIGN or other CUSTOMIZED Leads in any form can be created for you using your requirements.
We will work with you to improve your current script, create a new custom tailored script to your product or service or tweak and consolidate existing scripts or sales pitches to maximize their sales potential, eliminating unnecessary wording, redundancy or off sales topic.
To Contact Us Call Or Submit The Form Below
Premier Marketing Services of Florida is a Consulting and Marketing Company geared to the Call Center Industry.


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Could Lake Erie and Ontario Be Next for Wind Power?
The New York Power Authority is currently seeking a developer for the wind farm project.
Local Doug Champ is chairman of the annual Chautauqua County Energy Conference and is encouraging locals to approve the plan.
"Offshore wind is coming," Champ said. "If we choose to ignore it and its potential, it will shift somewhere else."
Tom Marks, New York Director of the Great Lakes Sport Fishing Counsel, has a different opinion.
"The Great Lakes is not a place to put wind turbines," Marks said. "These are national treasures."


text: I have been fighting a major lawn renovation project since the last week of March. When the new KBG lawn just started to look good the crabgrass hit me extremely hard. I tried 2 different types of crabgrass control herbicides from Lowes but they did not contain enough Q Quinclorac. Thus, I traveled 35 miles to purchase 64oz of Momentum with 8.25% of Q for $93.00. It has been only 5 days since I spot sprayed the entire container of Momentum & most of the crabgrass is DEAD. Check out these pics which shows the effect of Q had on the crabgrass The lawn looks terrible with the dead crabgrass! What do I do now? Fertilize now & hope the KBG can fill in the bare spots then plug & over-seed in Sept.? Thanks! Andy


text:
- Valentine Peters
- 1 years ago
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1 HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF LANDSLIDES BASED ON COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENTATION ANALYSES AND EXPERIENCES OF THE EVENT IN GASEN AND HASLAU 2005 (AUSTRIA) 1 HAGEN KARL, ANDRECS PETER Key words: landslide, torrent events, hazard assessment, hazard zoning, disaster prevention, Austrian Alps. Abschätzung der Rutschungsnaturgefahr auf Grund einer umfassenden Dokumentation - Analysen und Erfahrungen für die Ereignisse in Gasen und Haslau 2005 (Österreich). Das wachsende Sicherheitsbedürfnis und der zunehmende Bedarf an nutzbaren Flächen in gebirgigen Regionen erfordern verbesserte Methoden zur Abschätzung von Naturgefahren. Besonders die Gefährdung durch Massenbewegungen bedarf einer Weiterentwicklung der Beurteilungsmethoden, um Gefahrenzonen bestimmen zu können. Basierend auf der umfassenden Dokumentation eines Schadensereignisses in Südost-Österreich, wurde eine Datenbank aufgebaut, die als Basis für die Entwicklung von Methoden zur flächendeckenden Gefahrenzonierung für Rutschungen dienen soll. Rückschlüsse hinsichtlich der Dokumentationsmethodik werden gegeben sowie Erkenntnisse der Eignung unterschiedlicher Datensätze für die Gefahrenanalyse und -beurteilung vorgestellt, wie zum Beispiel das neue, wetterradarbasierte Vorhersagemodel (INCA), das die Abschätzung der zeitlichen und räumlichen Niederschlagsverteilung ermöglicht, oder die digitale landwirtschaftliche Bodenkarte (EBod) mit rutschungsrelevanten Bodeninformationen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Datengrundlagen und Parameter für die Bestimmung von durch Rutschungen gefährdeter Bereiche wird diskutiert. 1. INTRODUCTION Growing concern about public safety, booming tourist areas and insecure further climatic conditions in the Alps require the development and improvement of methods to estimate present and potential natural alpine hazards. A main preventing measure is to keep endangered areas free from settlement. In this context, the Austrian Federal Service for Torrent and Avalanche Control (WLV) has identified hazards in the so-called hazard-zone maps (GZP) starting in the early 1970s. Nowadays, Austrian land use planning refers to these expertises with legally-binding land use plans. While hazard zoning of floods, debris flows or avalanches is available in particular spatial plans, an urgent need for development remains concerning zoning mass movement hazards. The information about mass movements provided within the presently existing hazard zoning maps is often of a more general nature. There is no statutory commitment to identify landslide zones, for instance. In fact, these are often not marked on the maps and cannot be identified for spatial planning disaster prevention. 1 Paper presented at the IAG Regional Conference on Geomorphology Landslides, Floods and Global Environmental Change in Mountain Regions, Braşov, September 15 26, Dipl. Eng., Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Department of Natural Hazards and Timberline, Hauptstr. 7, 1140 Vienna Austria, Dipl. Eng., Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Department of Natural Hazards and Timberline, Hauptstr. 7, 1140 Vienna Austria, Rev. Roum. Géogr./Rom. Journ. Geogr., 53, (2), p , 2009, Bucureşti.
2 210 Hagen Karl, Andrecs Peter 2 2. DEFINITIONS Landslides are sliding movements of loose material along existing slide zones, or occurring at the moment of slope failure arising. The material displacement is caused primarily by gravitation (Schwab et al., 2005). Beside conventional classifications into translational and rotational landslides, a differentiation can roughly be made between: spontaneous, more ore less shallow landslides in loose material (Fig. 2a) and continuous, often deep-seated mass movements (Fig. 2b) This classification is adequate in issues of hazard assessment (Table 1). The present paper focuses on the assessment of spontaneous landslides in loose material. Fig. 1- Building badly affected by a landslide developing into a debris flow (Gasen, 2005). No information was available on landslide hazards in this area (neither any documentation from previous events nor from hazard mapping) although it is very likely (according to oral information and geomorphologic conditions), that landslide events had existed before. Fig. 2a Spontaneous, shallow landslides in loose material, partially developing into debris flow (e.g. the Gasen-Austria 2005 event). Fig 2b Continuous, deep seated mass movement in bedrock at varying movement rates (e.g. Gradenbach-Austria).
3 3 Hazard assessment of landslides in Gasen and Halsau (Austria) 211 Table 1 A hazard assessment-related, basic classification of landslides and specific values attached. (*Mass movement velocity classification by Cruden and Varnes (1996)). landslide types spontaneous continuous occurrence small, varying, large affected area large, few, limited area velocity fast very fast (extremely fast)* very slow slow * hazards movement, debris flow movement, (river load) documentation sporadic +/- well doc.(measurements) problems unknown location movement rates measures target measures, slope drainage, etc. early warning systems, technical limits Different types of landside processes involve different hazard assessment challenges (compare also Table 1). The following issues are crucial: Where will the landslides occur? Continuous (often large) landslides are often known and more or less documented, while comprehensive investigations to determine slope susceptibility (position of potential landslides) is basic to any further actions in this regard. What is the probability (frequency) of landslide occurrence (susceptibility hazard index maps). Which area is affected? Spontaneous landslides often develop into debris flow, whereby the affected area is clearly larger than the sliding area. What magnitude (volume) will the landslides reach, considering the range and occurrence forces. What kind of hazards will occur, in what way will people and their properties be endangered. This depends on the kind of process and more especially on its velocity (hazard assessment). 3. THE GASEN 2005 EVENT (AUSTRIA) Between the 20th and the 22nd of August 2005, an extreme precipitation event, producing about 200 mm of rainfall within 36 hours (> 100 years return period), triggered off several shallow landslides and mudflows. As an additional triggering factor, a high soil moisture content acting as a critical precondition was being considered. The conjunction of these adverse climatic conditions is very rare (return period of >> 100 years, Andrecs et al., 2007). Basic landslide susceptibility in the area is high because of the absence of glaciation during the last Ice Age, so thick soil and loose material horizons could develop. The area shows a distinct topography with steep slopes and narrow valleys. The variable susceptibility for spontaneous landslides may be considered high because of extensive forest road construction. About 2/3 of the surveyed landslides were triggered (or increased in magnitude) because of improper road slopes. Agricultural areas were affected more seriously by landslides than forest areas although these areas are found mainly in the steeper parts of the region. When affected, the wooden debris often caused problems by impairing protection measures and jamming channels. The 2005 event was the starting point for a national landslides standardized documentation. In this connection, the BFW was charged by the Austrian Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW) to make a detailed investigation of disaster in the most affected areas of Styria (the communities of Gasen and Haslau near Birkfeld (BMLFUW 2006), and so about 250 single landslides were recorded in detail (Andrecs et al., 2007). Also other institutions surveyed the area, and the data collected where included into a collective database (Koicu & Tilch 2005). This
4 212 Hagen Karl, Andrecs Peter 4 database represents the initial point for further analyses and investigations which are supposed to end up in a standardized hazard mapping method of landslides. 3.1 Meteorological survey There are two sources of obtaining meteorological data: Gauging stations and Radar-based precipitation data (INCA) Due to the fact, that there are no meteorological gauging stations located within the affected area (Fig. 3), the precipitation data had to be extrapolated from surrounding measuring points (Hydrographischer Landesdienst, 2005). Because the distribution of precipitation sums at a small scale, especially the precipitation maximum between Gasen and Haslau, is not recorded in this data base, the concentration of landslides in this area cannot be explained on the basis of these data. Fig. 3 Overview: The investigated area around the communities of Gasen and Haslau (grey rectangle) in the Province of Styria, Austria For this reason, a newly-developed system to determine spatial and temporal precipitation distribution was applied. This approach is called INCA (Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analyses) and is operated by the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics in Vienna (ZAMG). INCA is a well-developed analysis and forecasting system for various meteorological parameters, including precipitation, wind and temperature. The system uses weather radar values, which are pre-scaled and actually scaled with ground measuring stations. The minimal time step is 15 minutes and can be added to any longer time steps (Haiden et al., 2006). Due to reliable radar data and moderate precipitation intensities, a high-quality spatial pattern of precipitation sums could be provided (Fig. 4). The estimation of absolute precipitation intensities was made on an acceptable level, about 20 % error (Andrecs et al., 2007).
5 5 Hazard assessment of landslides in Gasen and Halsau (Austria) 213 Fig. 4 There are no gauging stations (points with a flag) in the area of the communities of Gasen and Haslau. The INCA data (raster 1*1 km) are relevant in regard of the spatial distribution of the precipitation sums (36 hrs). 3.2 Geomorphologic, geologic and pedologic information A DEM (Digital Elevation Model, 10*10 m) is available for the whole area, probably not detailed enough to reflect relevant morphologic surface-structures. A DEM (1*1 m) based on a laser scan was prepared in some parts of the area to survey the differences of accuracies and the subsequent benefit for landslide assessment. Due to the inadequate level of detail, the existing geological map of the area (1: ) could not offer significant information on landslide susceptibility. In Austria, the BFW survey offered a digital soil map of all agricultural areas, containing various soil data, maximum accuracy of 1: First steps were taken to determine susceptibility depending on different soil types using the so-called Ebod (electronic soil information system). The analyses showed certain soil types significantly landslide-prone. Ongoing investigation shall concretize these correlations and extend the database to the physical parameters of soil types. 3.3 Field survey The field survey was performed by several institutions from different scientific and administrative perspectives. While the BFW survey put emphasis on the documentation of losses and (anthropogenic) triggering causes including all kinds of processes, the geological survey in Austria (GBA), for instance, focused on the relevant parameters of processes explicitly for landslides. As a matter of fact, the field survey led to insights into documentation methods and how to best proceed in the future. The most important conclusion can be worded as follows: Begin with the end in mind.
6 214 Hagen Karl, Andrecs Peter 6 Expected results in terms of spatial extent, scale and content should already be defined at the beginning of documentation. It is important to consider the available human and financial resources, methods and basic data, adapting scale and survey methods accordingly. Not surveyed input data can rarely be found later in other reports. Since there is neither quantified nor standardized collected information, conclusions are limited. It is crucial to identify the purpose of documentation. Should this documentation concentrate on: An overview of losses or a monetary valuation of disasters? The development of better insights into the process? The advancement and development of hazard and risk assessment tools? The development of an applied disaster management plan? 3.4 Remote sensing New techniques of remote sensing provide helpful data to locate landslides (field survey), to assess process areas (Fig. 5), to identify the susceptibility of slopes and to improve basic data like for instance of the land cover or the road and path network. Fig. 5 This area-wide (Austria) digital soil map contains various soil data, e.g. soil type, water supply, permeability and soil depth (Ebod).
7 7 Hazard assessment of landslides in Gasen and Halsau (Austria) 215 The Gasen aerial images from parts of the affected area where taken about three weeks after the event. The assessment and limitation of the landslide starting zones were subdivided into three categories: secure assumed indication While the probability for a secure assessment in open land was high, estimating small landslides in forests areas was problematic. However, there was sometimes an indication of previous events. The delimitation between transport and deposition zones is partially subjective. Due to delayed flights after the event, several deposition zones had already been cleared, which gave rise to misinterpretations. LANDSLIDE HAZARD ASSESSMENT CRUCIAL POINTS Operations to pursue proper assessment of spontaneous landslide-prone areas, as well as the identification of endangered areas need comprehensive area and parameter information. Slope susceptibility depends on many parameters such as area inclination, morphology, soil type (grain size, structure, water regime, friction angle) and thickness of loose material. Vegetation interacting with the soil type is also relevant due to its influence on the water regime. The topographical position of the fracture line, material properties (viscosity) and surface conditions (roughness ) are relevant to material transport and deposition. Furthermore, susceptibility of slopes changes with the development of mass movements. In order to predict spontaneous landslides in terms of spatial occurrence, a homogeneous and area-wide documentation of landslides and their triggering mechanisms is required. Such data allow for the assessment of slope susceptibility by using statistical analyses of parameters and parameter combinations (Fig. 6). Fig. 6 Classification of landslides and debris flow in starting, transport and deposition zones based on aerial images (Haslau, Joanneum Research, Tilch & Kociu 2007).
8 216 Hagen Karl, Andrecs Peter 8 Localizing endangered areas, evaluating slope susceptibility has to be completed by an assessment of transport trajectories of landslide-entailed processes and the range of the displaced mass. Commonly, spontaneous landslides-entailed processes develop into slope debris flow. These rapid processes mean hazards cropping up even in flat areas that are not directly landslide-prone. High velocities may cause considerable damage even with small sliding volumes. Because of their affinities to avalanche transport mechanism developing, energy curve-based avalanche models to estimate the affected area in case of landslides and debris flow seems to be a promising approach. In single debris flow events, mass transport velocities, pressures and deposition depths can be determined by modeling these events (e. g. with Flo2D) in order to assess the hazards in detail. At present, these models are not applicable throughout the area. Climate change, socio-economic and risk assessment Landslides present a threat to life and livelihood throughout the world, ranging from minor distribution to social and economic catastrophe (Crozier & Galde 2005). The threat by natural hazards such as landslides is not constant; it varies according to background conditions. Climate change influences directly the probability of landslide events by varying intensities of precipitation. Socio-economic issues affect hazards directly because susceptibility of slopes is influenced by changes in land use (vegetation, constructions such as forest roads Fig. 7, a. s. o.). Fig. 7 Hazard index map for landslides in the communities of Gasen and Haslau (Schwarz & Tilch 2008), based on a neuronal network approach. According to the formula risk = hazard * vulnerability there have to be valuable structures in the affected areas which document the risk of losses. The risk of economic or anthropogenic losses is the real value of public interest, and of course this risk depends directly on the value of those structures in the affected areas. Satisfying socio-economic development (in the alpine region) led to
9 9 Hazard assessment of landslides in Gasen and Halsau (Austria) 217 considerable increase in losses over the last decades (Fig. 8), even without taking into account the climate change effects (WIFO 2008). Existing hazard and risk assessments have to be updated according to the rate of socioeconomic and climatic changes, methods have to be transparent to argue comprehensible changes of endangered areas. Fig. 7 Landslide triggered off by improper forest road dewatering (Haslau 2005). Fig. 8 Schematic relation between risk, hazard and vulnerability. Changes of hazards and vulnerability (caused by socio-economic development) may reduce or increase the risk.
10 218 Hagen Karl, Andrecs Peter 10 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE From the perspective of the above analysis it is evident that each scientific or methodological progress, as well as enhanced spatial hazard and risk assessment of spontaneous landslides need a proper and homogeneous landslide inventory. This activity should be institutionalized! The everlasting conflict between decreasing quality and data availability when increasing the geographical range can be solved by applying a top-down strategy on different scales (levels of accuracy), ranging from Pan-European summary maps and regional land use planning to detailed planning of preventive measures. Although everybody talks about risk assessment, it is well known that often the second part of the equation (risk = hazard * vulnerability) is largely neglected in practice. As a matter of fact, essential methods to estimate the frequency and magnitude of spontaneous landslides are rare. Therefore, this should be a priority task. In order to evaluate the consequences of climate change and what it means to the risks of landslides, it is necessary to have high-quality databases of current risk level, but they are not available yet for most of the Alpine area and for other mountainous regions. REFERENCES Andrecs, P., Hagen, K., Lang, E., Stary, U., Gartner, K., Herzberger, E., Riedel, F., Haiden, T. (2007), Documentation and Analyses of Disasters 2005 in the Communities of Gasen and Haslau (Styria), BFW-Documentation 6, Wien. BMLFUW (2006), Hochwasser 2005, Erignisdokumentation, Teilbericht der Wildbach und Lawinenverbauung, BMLFUW, Wien. Crozier, M.J., Galde, T. (2005), Landslide hazard and risk: issues, concepts and approach, in Glade T., Anderson M.B., Crozier, M.J (Hrsg.), Landslide hazard and risk, Wiley, Chiechester. Cruden, D.M., Varnes, D.J. (1996), Landslide types and processes, in A.K Turner and R.L. Schuster (Hrsg), landslides: investigation and mitigation, Special Report, Nacional Academey Press, Washington D.C. Ebod, (http://gis.lebensministerium.at/ebod/frames/index.php?&gui_id=ebod). Haiden, T., Kann, A., Stadlbacher, K., Steinheiner, M., Wittmann, G. (2006), Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analysis (INCA), System overview, ZAMG Report, Vienna. Hydrographischer Landesdienst der Steiermark (2005), Niederschlagswerte der Stationen in der Steiermark (values), Graz. Koicu, A., Tilch, N. (2005), Der Katastrophenmonat August 2005 Bestandesaufnahme und erste Bewertung der Massenbewegungen im Bezirk Weiz (Oststeiermark), 7, Geoforum Umhaussen, Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien. Schwab, J.C., Gori, P.L., Jeer, S. (2005), Landslide Hazards and Planing, American Planning Association, Report Nr. 533/534, Chicago. Schwarz, L., Tilch, N. (2008), Möglichkeiten und Limitierungen der Regionalisierung mittels Neuronaler Netze am Beispiel einer Rutschungsanfälligkeitskarte für die Region Gasen-Haslau, in Strobl, J., Blaschke, T., Griesebner, G. (2008), Angewandte Geoinformatik 2008, Beiträge zum 20, AGIT-Symposium, Salzburg. Tilch, N., Kociu, A. (2007), Bericht zum Projekt: Abschätzung der Risikodisposition für Rutschungen und Hangbewegungen am Beispiel Gasen/Haslau (Stmk), Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien. WIFO Austrian Institute of Economic Research (2008), Eine volkswirtschaftliche Analyse der Wildbach- und Lawinenverbauung, WIFO, Wien. Received June 15, 2009
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After a rather tumultuous career following his domestic dispute with Rihanna in 2009, Chris Brown announced via Twitter on Tuesday that he plans to quit music altogether.
The 24-year-old R&B singer wrote:
Brown followed up that tweet by writing:
RELATED: Chris Brown: I Lost Everything
Album X will be released on Aug. 20, 2013. Do you think it's time Brown quit music? State your case in the comments.
Star Sightings: Celebrity Candids
Are These Celebs Too Tan?! Cast Your Vote!


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