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1 RESEARCH 58 CHILEAN J. AGRIC. RES. - VOL Nº ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE COMPONENTS IN FIELD GROWN, MATURE SWEET CHERRY TREES Ricardo Oyarzún 1*, Claudio Stöckle 2, and Matthew Whiting 3 ABSTRACT As a necessary step towards understanding soil water extraction and plant water relationships, the components of hydraulic conductance (K) of mature sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees were evaluated in situ based on a Ohm s law analog method. In June 2004, K was determined for 10-yr-old Bing / Gisela 5 trees, from simultaneous measurements of whole canopy gas exchange and leaf (sunlit and shaded) and stem water potentials (Ψ). Leaf water potential of sunlit leaves was lower than shaded leaves, reaching minimum values of ca MPa around 14:00 h (solar time). Average total hydraulic conductance was 60 ± 6 mmol s -1 MPa -1, presenting a slight decreasing trend as the season progressed. The analysis of tree K components showed that it was higher on the stem-leaf pathway (150 ± 50 mmol s -1 MPa -1 ), compared to the root-stem component (100 ± 20 mmol s -1 MPa -1 ), which is in agreement with literature reports for other fruit trees. A weak hysteresis pattern in the daily relationship between whole-canopy transpiration (weighted sunlit and shaded leaves) vs. Ψ was observed, suggesting that water storage within the tree is not a significant component of sweet cherry water balance. Key words: plant water relations, Prunus avium, transpiration, water potential, whole-canopy gas exchange. INTRODUCTION The hydraulic conductance (K) of a plant characterizes its capability for water uptake and transport. Therefore, an understanding of K throughout the soil and plant system has been recognized as important for any study of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (Sperry et al., 2003). Several studies have described a direct relationship between whole plant hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance, water use, and gas exchange (Hubbard et al., 2001; Schultz, 2003; Tyree, 2003; Cohen et al., 2007), therefore affecting plant transpiration and the plant potential for biomass accumulation. Also, rootstockinduced vigor control has been hypothetically related to lower K of certain rootstocks (Atkinson and Else, 2001; Basile et al., 2003; Olmstead et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 2007). While some studies state that roots exhibit the 1 Universidad de La Serena, Departamento Ingeniería de Minas, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile. * Corresponding author 2 Washington State University, Biological Systems Engineering Department, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA. 3 Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, WSU-Prosser, WA, 99350, USA. Partial results of this work have been presented in the V International Cherry Symposium, Bursa, Turkey, 2005, and in the V Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería Agrícola (CIACH), Chillán, Chile, Received: 28 November Accepted: 20 April lower conductances in fruit trees such as apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and grapevine (Vitis labrusca L.) (Liu et al., 1978; Deme, 1984), others have shown that conductances of the pathway between roots and stem and stem-to-leaves are comparable in magnitude in fruit trees such as apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) (Moreshet et al., 1990; Alarcón et al., 2003). Traditionally, an analog of Ohm s law has been applied to water relations studies (Elfving et al., 1972), and it is still used (e.g. Alarcón et al., 2003; Tyree, 2003; Nicolás et al., 2005a; 2005b). This model proposes that the plant K is proportional to the steady state flux of water through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and inversely proportional to the driving force due to the difference in water potential between soil and leaves. This model assumes lack of significant capacitance (i.e., plant water storage), which is considered to be a reasonable assumption in herbaceous plants (Meinzer et al., 2001) as in fruit trees such as orange (Cohen et al., 1983), pecan (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) (Steinberg et al., 1990) and apricot (Alarcón et al., 2003). Most of the currently available data on plant hydraulic conductance on fruit trees have been obtained on young potted plants under controlled-laboratory conditions (Lovisolo et al., 2002; Basile et al., 2003), or in the field; however, only based on single leaf transpiration measurements (Marsal et al., 2000). Data on water CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 70(1):58-66 (JANUARY-MARCH 2010)
2 R. OYARZÚN et al. - ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE 59 relationships of mature fruit trees growing in commerciallike field conditions, in particular whole-tree hydraulic conductances integrating whole canopy transpiration and water potentials, are less common (Tognetti et al., 2004). Moreover, an important component of the study of plant-water relationships under field conditions is related to canopy-solar radiation interactions. Several studies have shown that in fruit trees, such as kiwi (Actinidia hemsleyana Dunn), apricot and citrus, the shaded portion of the canopy contributes in an important manner to whole canopy transpiration, despite the lower transpiration rates of shaded leaves in comparison to sunlit leaves (Xiloyannis et al., 2000). Therefore, to obtain a representative estimation of whole tree water relations, in particular transpiration and leaf water potential (Ψ L), it is important to properly determine the fraction of sunlit and shaded leaves in the canopy. Previous efforts have included visual, subjective estimations of the sunlit/ shaded leaf ratio (e.g., Moreshet et al., 1990; Alarcón et al., 2003), but still there is a lack of a simple yet objective method to determine this parameter. The main objective of this research was to obtain field estimates K for of mature sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) on a whole-tree scale and to characterize the relative bearing of the different components of K. This approach was similar to those followed by Moreshet et al. (1990) and Alarcón et al. (2003), but here a measurement of the sunlit leaf area fraction was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental conditions The study was carried out at the Roza experimental orchards of Washington State University-Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center (WSU- IAREC) near Prosser (46.2º N, 119.7º W, 380 m.a.s.l.) Washington, USA, during the summer of Measurements were conducted on 9 yr-old Bing / Gisela 5 sweet cherry trees planted in North- South rows 4.5 m apart, at a tree spacing of 2.5 m, trained to a freestanding, standard multiple-leader, open-center architecture. Four trees with homogeneous size and development were chosen for this study. Leaf area of the trees (L t) was non-destructively estimated throughout the season as the sum of spur leaf area (L p) and shoot leaf area (L s) following the technique outlined by Whiting (2001). At full canopy, the rows formed a nearly-continuous hedge about 3.2 m tall and 2.8 m wide, with L t of ca. 38 m 2. The orchard soil (Warden coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic xeric Haplocambids) is a silt loam, well-watered by under-tree micro-sprinkler irrigation at approximately weekly intervals. Tree transpiration Whole-tree transpiration was measured on selected days through the growing season, prior to harvest on 4 June, and after harvest on 24 and 26 June (DOY 156, 176, and 178, respectively). Previous to each measurement day, four trees were individually enclosed in the cuvettes, but only three of them were considered for y L measurements and derived analyses, while the fourth was kept as reference (Oyarzún, 2005). Transpiration was determined from recorded water vapor differentials (DH 2O, inlet vs. outlet) using an automated gas exchange system and a suite of four custom-designed inflatable Mylar cuvettes (Dupont, Wilmington, Delaware, USA) similar to those described in Whiting (2001). Cuvette dimensions were ca. 3.0 m and 5.5 m of diameter and height. Ambient air was delivered to each chamber by an electric blower (model 5C197D of 1 HP and 14 A, Dayton Electric, Niles, Illinois, USA) connected to the chambers by a galvanized sheet metal pipe of 1.5 m length and 0.3 m internal diameter (id). Outlet gases were drawn continuously from each cuvette via high density polyethylene tubing of 0.6 cm 2 id under negative pressure from a vacuum pump (model , Cole Parmer, Vernon Hills, Illinois, USA). Switching among the cuvettes was achieved via solenoid valves controlled by a datalogger (CR10x, Campbell Scientific, Logan, Utah, USA). Inlet and outlet gases were analyzed by infra-red gas analysis (CIRAS DC, PP Systems, Haverhill, Massachusetts, USA) and the data were downloaded to a portable computer in the field. The inlet water molar flow (U E, mmol s -1 ) was estimated following Dragoni et al. (2005) as: U E = F (1/22.41) (273.15/T) (P/1013) (1000/60) [1] where F is the inlet volumetric flow at inlet (L min -1 ), T is the inlet temperature ( o K), and P is the atmospheric pressure (mbar). The transpiration rate per tree (E, mmol s -1 ) is then calculated as: E = (U E ΔH 2O)/(P - (ΔH 2O + Xe)) [2] where Xe is the water vapor pressure at the inlet (mbar). Inlet air velocity and temperature were measured intermittently during the experimental days using a TriSense Relative humidity-wind velocity-temperature probe (Cole Parmer, Vernon Hills, Illinois, USA). These measurements were performed on the chamber inlet pipe ca m from the chamber base by taking 11 readings, 1 cm depth incremental, at three positions on the perimeter of the aluminum pipe.
3 60 CHILEAN J. AGRIC. RES. - VOL Nº Leaf water potential Leaf water potential (Ψ L) was measured using a portable pressure chamber (PPC) (PMS Instruments, Corvallis, Oregon, USA), at predawn (Ψ PD, 04:00 h) and then at 2-h intervals from 06:00 to 18:00 h (solar time), each experimental day when whole tree E was determined. Measurements of Ψ PD were performed on three aluminumcovered, plastic-bagged leaves per tree, from three trees, following the methodology described by Ameglio et al. (1999). Since the hourly sampling required the opening of the cuvettes, which induced brief disturbances in the air flow and microclimate conditions, the fourth tree was not used for Ψ L measurements, but that chamber was kept undisturbed and used as a reference for E determinations. Measurements included three replicates of uncovered sunlit leaves (Ψ L,L), uncovered shaded leaves (Ψ L,S), and leaves covered with aluminum foil and enclosed on plastic bags, i.e., xylem water potential (Ψ X), per tree. The excised leaves were placed in a sealed plastic bag and then in a cooled ice chest and maintained at about 5 ºC while the Ψ L measurements were performed, which took ca. 40 min in average. The covered leaves were selected from shaded-inner parts of the canopy. These leaves were covered and enclosed at least 4 h before any measurement (Marsal et al., 2000). Values of Ψ PD were considered to be representative of the effective soil water potential on each day (Alarcón et al., 2003). Measured Ψ L,C were assumed to be equivalent to the stem xylem water potential to which the leaf is attached, whereas sunlit and shaded leaf water potential (Ψ L,L and Ψ L,S respectively) correspond to an average of the xylem and the tissue water potential within the leaf itself (Clearwater et al., 2004). Thus, weighted canopy leaf water potential (Ψ EC), including both sunlit and shaded leaves, was obtained for each hourly measurement set as (Cohen and Naor, 2002): Ψ EC = α Ψ L,L + (1 - α) Ψ L,S [3] where α is the sunlit leaf area fraction. Diurnal course of the sunlit leaf area fraction (α) To determine α, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, nm wavelength) interception measurements were carried out. PAR was chosen in order to have some comparative value with the visual estimation technique used by Moreshet et al. (1990) and Alarcón et al. (2003). This was done at three times during the season: 9 May, 1 June, and 10 July (DOY 131, 153, and 191, respectively), from 07:00 to 17:00 h (solar time) at 1 h intervals at two or three locations in the orchard, corresponding with the trees used for the hydraulic conductance determinations. Both, the incoming PAR and the amount transmitted beneath the canopy were measured using a linear quantum sensor (AccuPAR probe, Decagon Devices, Pullman, Washington, USA). The beam fraction of PAR received at seven positions on the orchard floor, from one alley-center to another (0.65 m of separation between measurements), was recorded. However, for any given hour, only the positions within the shadow cast by the hedgerow at that time were considered for calculations (Oyarzún, 2005). Thus, a was obtained as (Green et al., 2001, modified): α = (IPAR b / PAR i,h)/(l t cos(lia)) [4] where IPAR b is the intercepted beam PAR, PAR i,h is the incoming beam PAR, and LIA is the leaf inclination angle, determined using a LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer (Li- Cor, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) on 12 May (DOY 133) and assumed to be constant through the season. Hydraulic conductance The total plant hydraulic conductance to water flow, K T (mmol MPa -1 s -1 ) was obtained using Ohm s law analogy (Alarcón et al., 2003; Tyree, 2003; Nicolás et al., 2005a; 2005b), as: E KT = [5] It is assumed that Ψ PD could be used as a proxy of bulk soil water potential under zero transpiration. Thus, the difference (Ψ EC - Ψ PD) corresponds to the driving force for the flow of water from the soil to the leaves, and therefore, K T represents the plant total hydraulic conductance to that flow (Alarcón et al., 2003). Following the same analogy, the hydraulic conductance of the root/stem pathway, K R, could be obtained as (Moreshet et al., 1990): KR = (ΨEC ΨPD) E (ΨX ΨPD) It follows from Equations [5] and [6] that if K T and K R remain fairly constant during the day, their values can be obtained from the slope of the linear regression between transpiration and either the Ψ EC or Ψ s (Tognetti et al., 2004). Finally, it is possible to estimate the canopy hydraulic conductance (stem/leaf pathway), K C, from (Moreshet et al., 1990; Alarcón et al., 2003): [6] K C = (K T -1 - K R -1 ) -1 [7] Single leaf measurements Finally, for characterization purposes of the relative importance of different leaf areas (sunlit, shaded) in whole canopy transpiration, measurements of single leaf transpiration rates were carried out on both sunlit and
4 R. OYARZÚN et al. - ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE 61 shaded leaves on 12 June (DOY 164), at 2-h intervals from 08:00 to 16:00 h, using a CIRAS-2 portable photosynthesis system (PP Systems, Haverhill, Massachusetts, USA). Also, the corresponding Ψ L for both sunlit and shaded leaves was determined using the PPC. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The days of measurements exhibited rather similar meteorological conditions, relatively sunny with daily (hours of light) average air temperatures of around 28 ºC, relative humidity of 40%, slow to moderate wind speed of 1.8 m s -1, and reference evapotranspiration (ET 0) around 7 mm d -1. Estimates of sunlit leaf area fraction were ca. 0.35, which are slightly lower than a assumed by Dragoni (2003, his Figure 49) based on apple trees of comparable dimensions and orchard conditions (planting distances, time of the year, site latitude). In general, a did not show important fluctuations either within a given day or between the different days of measurements (Figure 1). Moreover, K T was rather insensitive whereas Kc was moderately sensitive to arbitrary changes in α (e.g., a 50% change in this variable resulted in a 3 to 7% change in K T and ca. 18% change in K C; by definition K R is independent of α). All these findings allowed us to empirically confirm the assumptions made by Moreshet et al. (1990) and Dragoni (2003). Leaf water potential was lower for sunlit leaves than for shaded leaves that did not receive direct radiation from the sun but were still exposed to the environment, reaching daily minimum values of -2.2 to -2.3 MPa and -1.5 to -1.6 MPa, respectively (Figure 2). Similar values, as well as daily patterns, have been described for other Prunus species (Smart and Barrs, 1973; Alarcón et al., 2003) as well as for apple trees (Deme, 1984; Brough et al., 1986). Figure 1. Diurnal course of the fraction of the sunlit leaf area (open square) and the beam component of the incoming photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, ) on three different dates through the growing season: 9 May (panel A), average leaf area per tree (L t,avg) = m 2 ; 1 June (panel B), L t,avg = m 2 ; 10 July (panel C), L t,avg = m 2. Each point is the mean of measurements performed under two (A) or three (B, C) trees. Vertical bars are one standard error of the mean. Data points for momentaneous overcast conditions were neglected. Figure 2. Diurnal course of leaf water potential for sunlit, shaded, and covered leaves on the selected days of whole canopy transpiration measurements: 4 June (panel A), 26 June (panel B), and 28 June (panel C). Each point is the mean of nine measurements (three per tree). Vertical bars correspond to one standard error of the mean.
5 62 CHILEAN J. AGRIC. RES. - VOL Nº Figure 3. Diurnal fluctuation of leaf transpiration rates (panel A), leaf temperature (panel B), and leaf water potential (panel C), on sunlit and shaded leaves on 12 June (DOY 164). Each point is the mean of six measurements (two trees, three leaves per tree). Vertical bars are one standard error of the mean. Also, Ψ L of both sunlit and shaded leaves was, at all times, lower that the corresponding value of the aluminumcovered non-transpiring leaves (Figure 2). The differences between shaded and covered Ψ L is another indication that shaded leaves were transpiring, and therefore, that they should be considered in water relation assessment in a whole-tree basis analysis (Moreshet et al., 1990; Alarcón et al., 2003). Indeed, this situation was verified through the single leaf gas exchange measurements (Figure 3). Shaded leaves have, in general, lower temperatures (and, therefore, lower saturation pressure) and higher water potential (lower driving force) than sunlit leaves. Therefore, transpiration rates from shaded leaves are usually lower than those of sunlit leaves, a phenomenon confirmed for sweet cherry by our study. However, the contribution of shaded leaves to overall tree transpiration could be significant because they accounted for ca. 65% of total leaf area. The importance of shaded leaves in Figure 4. Relationship between whole trees weighted leaf water potential (Ψ EC) and transpiration (E, mmol s -1 ) on the different days of measurements: 4 June (panel A), 26 June (panel B), and 28 June (panel C). Each point is the mean of data obtained in three different trees. Horizontal and vertical bars are one standard error of the mean. Dashed lines represent the daily path (course of time). terms of their contribution to the total plant transpiration has been described and discussed as well for other fruit trees such as citrus, kiwi, and apricot (Moreshet et al., 1990; Xiloyannis et al., 2000). The instantaneous rates of whole tree transpiration, as determined using the whole canopy chambers, were plotted against the simultaneous measurements of effective canopy and xylem water potential (Figures 4 and 5), in order to obtain the total plant hydraulic conductance and the root-stem component. The resulting regression equations yielded values that ranged between and (mmol s -1 MPa -1 ) for K T and K R respectively. A subtle figure eight pattern was observed in the daily trajectory of E vs. Ψ EC (Figure 4). This kind of pattern has been described by Larsen et al. (1989) to be characteristic for well-watered stone fruits trees in areas where afternoon leaf-to-air vapor density difference becomes high, which likely occurred on the measurements days (data not shown).
6 R. OYARZÚN et al. - ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE 63 Hysteresis in this relationship, i.e., y L lagging behind transpiration, has been interpreted in terms of the existence of water storage within the tissues of the stems of trees (Brough et al., 1986; Wullschleger et al., 1998). Indeed, similar results were presented by Waring and Running (1978) for three selected days during summer, on a 2 month period, for Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco trees, as well as by Brough et al. (1986) for apple trees on 2 d over a 1 month period. Waring and Running (1978) explained their results in terms of reductions on the sapwood water content through the time period analyzed, while no explanation was given by Brough et al. (1986). Nevertheless, in the case of the cherry trees here studied, this behavior was noticeable only on the first two dates and not observable on the third measurement day. In addition, the plotted results yielded significant (R 2 ~ 0.9; P < 0.01) linear relationships between E and Ψ EC, and the slopes of trend lines, estimator of K T, did not vary much between measurement dates. These are important evidences that allow us to state that the hysteresis detected is of marginal relevance. Indeed, the occurrence of a Figure 5. Relationship between xylem water potential, as determined from aluminum-covered leaves (Ψ L,C) and transpiration on the different days of measurements: 4 June (panel A), 26 June (panel B), and 28 June (panel C). Each point is the mean of registers obtained in three different trees. Horizontal and vertical bars are one standard error of the mean. The seven points of each figure represent the measurements at 2 h intervals. statistically significant linear relationship between E and Ψ has been considered elsewhere as an indication of a negligible capacitance effect in several fruit trees (Elfving et al., 1972; Cohen et al., 1983; Naor and Wample, 1994; Steinberg et al., 1990; Alarcón et al., 2003; Tognetti et al., 2004; Cohen et al., 2007). Also, for each day separately, E variations resulted in proportional changes in Ψ EC, showing that conductances remained constant on a diurnal basis. Similar results have been also found or described for other fruit trees such as oranges (Cohen et al., 1997), apples (Peretz et al., 1984), pecan (Steinberg et al., 1990), grapevines (Naor and Wample, 1994), and apricot (Nicolás et al., 2005a; 2005b), which reinforces the idea of low water capacitance for the cherry trees. Therefore, the use of the Ohm s analogy seems valid, and the results support the use of models that approach the estimation of water uptake rates assuming steady state conditions. There was also a slight trend of decreasing conductances, in both K T and K R, and therefore also K C, comparing the different dates of measurements. Changes in hydraulic conductances in plants may occur as a consequence of both exogenous factors, such as temperature or water stress periods, and endogenous factors, like changes in sap flow composition (Peretz et al., 1984; Sperry et al., 2003; Tognetti et al., 2004). For fruit trees, a variable situation appears. Plant conductance adjustment or changes though the season have been mentioned in species like apple (Peretz et al., 1984), orange (Elfving et al., 1972), olive (Olea europaea L.) (Tognetti et al., 2004), and peach (Prunus persica L.) (Marsal et al., 2000), meanwhile for kiwi, Clearwater et al. (2004) did not find consistent seasonal or daily changes in conductances. Differences among sample dates in the current study were small. Therefore, it seems reasonable to consider an average value of conductance as representative for a preliminary assumption in further studies and interpretations for sweet cherry. This has also been mentioned or assumed as valid for other fruit trees such as apple (Deme, 1984) and kiwi (Clearwater et al., 2004) as well as in general for forest trees growing under adequate soil water conditions (Wullschleger et al., 1998). An average of K T = 59.3 mmol s -1 MPa -1 and K R = mmol s -1 MPa -1 was obtained when all the individual set of measurements were plotted together (data not shown). Using Equation [7], the average hydraulic conductance of the steam-leaf pathway, K C, was estimated to be mmol s -1 MPa -1. Both K R and K C were, on average, of the same order of magnitude, with the former being lower than the latter and therefore the limiting factor in terms of liquid water transport through the cherry trees. This is in agreement with results found for other fruit trees such as apple, citrus, peach, and kiwi (Deme, 1984; Moreshet et al., 1990; Alarcón et al., 2003; Clearwater et al., 2004).
7 64 CHILEAN J. AGRIC. RES. - VOL Nº CONCLUSIONS The total plant hydraulic conductance of sweet cherry trees was ca. 60 mmol s -1 MPa -1. The analysis of its components showed that it was higher on the stem-leaf pathway and lower in the root-stem component, which is in agreement with reports for other fruit trees such as apple. The diurnal path of transpiration vs. leaf water potential values slightly describes an eight-pattern, considered as an indicator of hysteresis behavior, on two measurement days, while it was not noticeable on a third day. Then, and considering that the plotted results yielded significant linear relationships with similar slopes, it is possible to conclude that the studied cherry trees do no present an important water storage component that may affect the hydraulic conductance determinations performed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was partially funded by the project FONDEF D The technical assistance of A. Milla in the field data acquisition is greatly appreciated, as well as the assistance of D. Strausz and D. Orphardt during the whole canopy chambers operation. The paper benefited from the comments of an anonymous reviewer and the editor. RESUMEN Análisis de los componentes de conductancia hidráulica en árboles maduros de cerezo dulce en condiciones de campo. Como un paso necesario para la comprensión de la extracción de agua desde el suelo y las relaciones sueloagua-planta, los componentes de la conductancia hidráulica (K) en árboles adultos de cerezo (Prunus avium L.) fue evaluada in situ con un método basado en una analogía de la Ley de Ohm. En Junio de 2004, K fue determinada para árboles Bing / Gisela 5 de 10 años de edad, a partir de mediciones simultáneas de intercambio gaseoso del follaje en forma integrada y potenciales hídricos (Ψ) de hojas individuales (soleadas y sombreadas) y del xilema. Los potenciales hídricos de las hojas soleadas fueron menores que los de las hojas sombreadas, alcanzando valores mínimos de ca MPa alrededor de 14:00 h (hora solar). La conductancia hidráulica promedio total fue de 60 ± 6 mmol s -1 MPa -1, presentando una leve disminución en la medida que la temporada avanzó. El análisis de los componentes de la conductancia hidráulica mostró que ésta fue mayor en la sección xilema-hoja (150 ± 50 mmol s -1 MPa -1 ) y menor en el tramo raíz-xilema (100 ± 20 mmol s -1 MPa -1 ), lo que es concordante con estudios previos en otros árboles frutales. Se observó un débil patrón de histéresis en la relación diaria entre la transpiración total del árbol (ponderando las hojas soleadas y sombreadas) vs. Ψ, lo que sugiere que el almacenamiento al interior de los árboles de cerezo no es un componente importante en su balance hídrico. Palabras clave: relaciones hídricas de plantas, Prunus avium, transpiración, potencial hídrico, intercambio gaseoso de canopia. LITERATURE CITED Alarcón, J.J., R. Domingo, S.R. Green, E. Nicolás, and A. Torrecillas Estimation of hydraulic conductance within field-grown apricot using sap flow measurements. Plant Soil 251: Ameglio, T., P. Archer, M. Cohen, C. Valancogne, F.A. Daudet, S. Dayau, and P. Cruiziat Significance and limits in the use of predawn water potential for tree irrigation. Plant Soil 207: Atkinson, C., and M. Else Understanding how rootstock dwarf fruit trees. Compact Fruit Tree 34: Basile, B., J. Marsal, L.I. Solari, M.T. Tyree, D.R. Bryla, and T.M. De Jong Hydraulic conductance of peach trees grafted on rootstocks with differing size-controlling potentials. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 78: Brough, D.W., H.G. Jones, and J. Grace Diurnal changes in water content of the stems of apple trees, as influenced by irrigation. Plant Cell Environ. 9:1-7. Clearwater, M.J., R.G. Lowe, B.J. Hofstee, C. Barclay, A.J. Mandemaker, and P. Blattman Hydraulic conductance and rootstock effects in grafted vines of kiwifruit. J. Exp. Bot. 55: Cohen, Y., M. Fuchs, and S. Cohen Resistance to water uptake in a mature citrus tree. J. Exp. Bot. 34: Cohen, S., S. Moreshet, L. Le Guillou, J.C. Simon, and M. Cohen Response of citrus trees to modified radiation regime in semi-arid conditions. J. Exp. Bot. 48: Cohen, S., and A. Naor The effect of three rootstocks on water use, canopy conductance and hydraulic parameters of apple trees and predicting canopy from hydraulic conductance. Plant Cell Environ. 25: Cohen, S., A. Naor, J. Bennink, A. Grava, and M. Tyree Hydraulic resistance components of mature apple trees on rootstocks of different vigours. J. Exp. Bot. 58: Deme, I Modeling apple tree response to soil moisture. 120 p. M.Sc. Thesis. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
8 R. OYARZÚN et al. - ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE 65 Dragoni, D Measuring and modeling water fluxes in apple orchards and vineyards in the humid climate of the North Eastern US. 131 p. Ph.D. diss. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. Dragoni, D., A.N. Lakso, and R.M. Piccioni Transpiration of apple trees in a humid climate using heat pulse sap flow gauges calibrated with wholecanopy gas exchange chambers. Agric. For. Meteorol. 130: Elfving, D.C., M. Kauffmann, and A.E. Hall Interpreting leaf water potential measurements with a model of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Physiol. Plant. 27: Green, S.R., H.D. Greer, J.N. Wunsche, and H. Caspari Measurements of light interception and utilization in an apple orchard. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 557: Hubbard, R.M., M.G. Ryan, V. Stiller, and J.S. Sperry Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis vary linearly with plant hydraulic conductance in ponderosa pine. Plant Cell Environ. 24: Larsen, F.E., S.S. Higgins, and A. Al Wir Diurnal water relations of apple, apricot, grape, olive and peach in an arid environment (Jordan). Sci. Hortic. (Canterbury, Engl.) 39: Liu, W.T., W. Wenkert, L.H. Allen, and E.R. Lemon Soil-plant water relations in a New York vineyard: resistances to water movement. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103: Lovisolo, C., W. Hartung, and A. Schubert Wholeplant hydraulic conductance and root-to-shoot flow of abscisic acid are independently affected by water stress in grapevines. Funct. Plant Biol. 29: Marsal, J., M. Mata, M. Nelly, and J. Girona Does peach tree hydraulic resistance play any role in maximum daily trunk shrinkage? Acta Hort. (ISHS) 537: Meinzer, F.C., M.J. Clearwater, and G. Goldstain Water transport in trees: current perspectives, new insights and some controversies. Environ. Exp. Bot. 45: Moreshet, S., Y. Cohen, G.C. Green, and M. Fuchs The partitioning of hydraulic conductances within mature orange trees. J. Exp. Bot. 41: Naor, A., and R.L. Wample Gas exchange and water relations of field grown concord (Vitis labruscana Bailey) grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 45: Nicolás, E., A. Torrecillas, J. Dell Amico, and J.J. Alarcón. 2005a. Sap flow, gas exchange and hydraulic conductance of young apricot trees growing under a shading net and different water supplies. J. Plant Physiol. 162: Nicolás, E., A. Torrecillas, J. Dell Amico, and J.J. Alarcón. 2005b. The effect of short-term flooding on the sap flow, gas exchange and hydraulic conductivity of young apricot trees. Trees 19: Olmstead, M.A., N.S. Lang, F.W. Ewers, and S.A. Owens Xylem vessel anatomy of sweet cherries grafted onto dwarfing and nondwarfing rootstocks. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 131: Oyarzún, R Measurement and modeling of plant hydraulic conductance and solar radiation transfer processes in fruit tree orchards, with special reference to sweet cherry. 170 p. Ph.D. diss. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA. Peretz, J., R.G. Evans, and E.L. Proebsting Leaf water potential for management of high frequency irrigation of apples. Paper Nº Winter Meeting of American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois. Dec American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE), St. Joseph, Michigan, USA. Schultz, H.R Differences in hydraulic architecture account for near-isohydric and anisohydric behaviour of two field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cultivars during drought. Plant Cell Environ. 26: Smart, R.E., and H.D. Barrs The effect of environmental and irrigation interval on leaf water potential of four horticultural species. Agric. Meteorol. 12: Sperry, J.S., V. Stiller, and U.G. Hacke Xylem hydraulics and the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum: opportunities and unresolved issues. Agron. J. 95: Steinberg, S.L., M.J. McFarland, and J.W. Worthington Comparison of trunk and branch sap flow with canopy transpiration in pecan. J. Exp. Bot. 41: Tognetti, R., R. d Andria, G. Morelli, D. Calandrelli, and F. Fragnito Irrigation effects on daily seasonal variations of trunk sap flow and leaf water relations in olive trees. Plant Soil 263: Tyree, M.T Hydraulic limits on tree performance: Transpiration, carbon gain and growth of trees. Trees 17: Waring, R.H., and S.W. Running Sapwood water storage: its contribution to transpiration and effect upon water conductance through the stems of oldgrowth Douglas-fir. Plant Cell Environ. 1: Whiting, M.D Whole canopy source-sink relations and fruit quality in Bing sweet cherry trees on a dwarfing, precocious rootstock. 150 p. Ph.D. diss. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
9 66 CHILEAN J. AGRIC. RES. - VOL Nº Wullschleger, S.D., F.Z. Meinzer, and R.A.Vertessy A review of whole plant water use studies in trees. Tree Physiol. 18: Xiloyannis, C., V. Nuzzo, B. Dichio, G. Celano, and G. Montanaro Characterization of training systems in relation to water use efficiency in apricot and kiwifruit plants. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 537:
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On the Shelf
"Happy as Hell," and Other NewsBy Dan Piepenbring
- With his novel The Sellout, Paul Beatty has become the first American ever to win the Man Booker Prize. "I don't want to get all dramatic, like writing saved my life … but writing has given me a life," he said at a press conference, where he described himself as feeling "happy as hell." Chris Jackson interviewed Beatty for the Daily last year. "I hope that in my audience of weirdos, there's some of those people of all races," he said. "As people of color, as black people, we all have to have this ability to speak these different languages and make these different references—we don't have to have it, but it helps. So for me, it's still all in one big thing, and these cultures overlap more than they ever have. You know, in the 1970s people wanted this 'authentic angry' stuff that was still directed at them but in a weird I-want-to-slit-your-throat way. I'm not saying those people aren't a part of my audience. I'm just yelling. I know their ears will hear. But I'm hoping there are a ton of ears out there that hear. I'm trying not to yell in one direction, even though I can't really help but to do that."
- The last time I listened to the voices in my head, I wound up causing seven figures of property damage, inventing a new way to violate the Geneva Conventions, and becoming a father. Why? Charles Fernyhough's new book, The Voices Within, addresses the vagaries of self-conversation, but in Casey Schwartz's summation, it's too vast a subject for a single volume: "Inner voices are a facet of ordinary life: They grumble and chastise and offer up opinions, though to what extent differs from one person to the next. Fernyhough starts to ask questions: How and when did these voices first enter our heads? Do young children hear voices the same way adults do? What distinguishes the inner voices that we all hear from the auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia? What is the relationship between pathological hallucinations and the exalted experiences described by medieval mystics, who believed they were hearing the voice of God?"

subset: commoncrawl


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FMS Facilities Commodity Manager
Phoenix , Arizona
January 12, 2017
As a key member of the Facilities Materials & Services organization (FMS), the Facilities Commodity Manager will develop and implement specific supply chain strategies for construction services that enable Intel's global facilities roadmap. This position is responsible for successfully implementing global supply chain strategies in collaboration with site project teams that continue to drive step function improvements in safety, cost, quality and schedule. Come join FMS and Deliver Intel's Future through the World's Best Supply Chain.
Key Responsibilities:
•Development, proliferation and monitoring of supply chain strategies that continually balance, monitor and react to supply & demand of labor and materials for capital projects across the globe.
•Maintain strong vendor and supplier relationships and participate in high-level negotiations for major contracts
•Collaborate with and drive the integration of other FMS functional teams to implement Supply-chain strategies, prefab, preassembly, modularization & off-site fabrication and low-cost country sourcing of equipment and strategic materials that reduce cost and delivery.
•Collaborate with Engineering, Operations and other FMS functional teams to explore new, strategic, cost effective, goal oriented commodity resource activities
•Manage & develop specific project performance to cost, quality and delivery performance goals
Minimum Requirements
•A B.S., or B.A with 7 years of industrial facilities construction related experience with progressively increasing accountability, responsibilities and results.
•Extensive knowledge and understanding of Sourcing and Procurement operations, practices and procedures within the construction industry.
•Excellent skills in purchasing and pricing techniques such as supplier selection, compensation and delivery strategies and the risks associated to each.
•Demonstrated supplier & project key performance metrics development & tracking.
•Experience negotiating complex claims and amendments for capital construction projects.
•Ability to understand both strategic and tactical issues combined with excellent analytical and problem-solving skills.
Additional Requirements:
•Results oriented, self-starter with strong program & project management capabilities and able to handle multiple initiatives while meeting all deadlines in a fast paced environment.
•Demonstrated ability to build relationships and work effectively with multiple functions, sites, and suppliers. Strong executive influencing skills.
•Strong negotiation and business acumen skills.
•Proven ability to influence and give presentations to diverse audiences
•Excellent oral and written communication skills across all functions, regions, and levels in the organization. Able to back up thoughts with facts & data.
The ideal individual would possess a MBA with concentrations in supply chain, finance or economics along with an undergraduate degree in an engineering discipline.
A little about us:
Our vision is simple and direct. If it computes, it does it best with Intel. We embrace all aspects of computing.
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20 Essential Items to Make Apple Picking Chic
Anne Bancroft in The Graduate
"Mrs. Robinson? She's my hero. (Stylistically. Not in the sense of sleeping with underage men.)"
Michael Michael Kors Leopard-Print Faux Fur Coat, $295; net-a-porter.com
Issa Knit V-Neck Dress, $695; stylebop.com
Pop Phone, $20; nativeunion.com
Romy Schneider
"In my mind, Romy Schneider is the ultimate in chic. She never looked like she was trying too hard, but always looked flawless. What I love most about her style is her ability to wear something simple and iconic (the perfect black sweater, a simple white dress, that long fur coat) but make it feel like a special piece."
Gap Classic Indigo Trench, $128; gap.com
River Island Black Velvet Hair Bow, $10; us.riverisland.com
Zara Wool Dress, $80; zara.com
Salvatore Ferragamo Varina Ballerina Flats, $695; ferragamo.com
The Week In Parties


text: Originating in 19th-century New England, this whimsically named cookie has a characteristically soft surface and can be either hard or soft. The dough sometimes contains nutmeg and cinnamon as well as raisins and nuts. Traditionally, snicker doodles are sprinkled with cinnamon sugar before being baked. The name appears to have no particular meaning or purpose other than fun.


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By some estimates, there are as many as half a million abandoned mines in the U.S., sites that have the potential to contaminate water, pollute soil, kill wildlife and sicken humans.
Police agencies in the southeastern Virginia have created an unusual and secretive database containing details about telephone customers and the communications they exchange – without warrants.
In Afghanistan, thousands of young women have been imprisoned for so-called moral crimes – including running away from unlawful forced marriages or marrying against a father's wishes. This is one woman's story.
The ocean floor is a treasure trove of valuable minerals and metals, and the first deep-sea mine could begin operations as soon as 2017, but the environmental risks aren't fully known.
A San Francisco Bay Area civil grand jury is investigating the Richmond Housing Authority after a CIR series exposed systemic mismanagement and negligence by the agency.
An April environmental ministry report revealed that at least one-fifth of all arable land is contaminated with heavy metals, putting the country's food supply at risk.
Doug Ducey, the Republican candidate for governor of Arizona, hails from a family that for two generations was involved in organized crime in Toledo, Ohio.
Many of the local officials urging the public to save water during California's crippling drought actually are profligate water users themselves.
Mongolia boasts one of the world's fastest-growing economies, thanks in part to a booming copper and gold mine. But it has struggled to live up to its promises of world-class environmental standards.
Here are some key things to understand about juvenile solitary confinement in the U.S. and the efforts to reform it.
© Copyright 2017, The Center for Investigative Reporting


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text: Ethlbert was a villager of Carvahall. His family was one of three who chose to remain in the village after the Battle of Carvahall (despite the exodus led by Roran), along with the families of Parr and Knute. Though they most likely perished when the soldiers ransacked the village, the fate of Ethlbert and his family is unknown.


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WIN! A pop-up pool with Harvey Water Softeners
With summer's tentative promise of sunshine and clear skies, you need something you can set up quickly and easily to seize the nice weather when you can. One lucky reader will get the chance to do exactly that with their own pop-up pool, courtesy of Harvey Water Softeners!
A fantastic 10ft x 30in Easy Set Pool (RRP £95), complete with filter pump, could be the best way to enjoy the sun. Ready for water in just ten minutes, no tools are required to set this surprisingly spacious pool up on decking, in the garden or on the patio. With a convenient drain plug for easy emptying, this pop-up pool is built to last.
Harvey Water Softeners, experts in the field of water softening, know how important better water is for health, happiness and saving money. Learn more about the benefits of water softeners by visiting Harvey Water Softeners.
For your chance to win just fill in the form below.
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- Closing date is 15th August 2013.
- Competition is open to UK residents only.
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Comments (3)
Elke Schluter
i would love to win this so badly :)) Great competition ty a gl ev1 x
Lynda Pace Avery
I would love to win this for the children in our little row of houses Charlie & Jackson and Maya (3) Jason, Oscar and Talan (5) Kiera and Lilia (6) so they can all play safely together in this heat and the mums can watch all the kids together in one place. Also I am the Beaver Scout Leader there are 10 children in the lodge ranging from 6-8. Awesome prize.
Karen hill
thanks so much for the chance to win this , me and the family would love it xxx


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Beolit 12 Portable Sound System
Bang & Olufsen's more affordable B&O Play line will offer the Beolit 12, a wireless, room-filling sound system with a 120 watt class D amp, full AirPlay support and built in battery and power supply.
Bang & Olufsen's more affordable B&O Play line will offer the Beolit 12, a wireless, room-filling sound system with a 120 watt class D amp, full AirPlay support and built in battery and power supply.
In its retro clamshell case, this portable 2.1 sound system has Bluetooth wireless support. Features Geneva's trademark behind-the-grille LED, displaying alarm clock and FM stations.
Speakal's Cool iPig features an advanced motion detection technology that lets you control volume, skip tracks and play music by waving your hand in front of sensors around the ears, sides and nose.
Is it the plethora of colors on these UrbanEars headphones or the gorgeous photography showcasing the newest hues in the collection that's more compelling? Either way, they look pretty cool.
Davone's Ray, a gorgeous homage to Charles and Ray Eames, has a slender stand and bent-ply walnut cabinet, enabling it to fit in both traditional and modern home environments. (Thanks Ryan!)
If you like to kick it in old school (or should we say old republic), you could try strapping a pair of these Rebel Alliance folding headphones on to show your support for the cause. (Thanks Alex!)
Stylish DJs who want a little flash while mixing beats might like these gold colored HDJ-1000 headphones from Pioneer; they've got a frequency range of 5Hz to 30kHz and impendance of 36Ω.
This 80's-style boombox fits iPod devices, lets you record from the FM tuner to MP3 and save directly to an SD card or USB. Bonus: "D†batteries let you take it on the subway for a delightfully retro ride.
It's been a while since we've seen anything as fracking minimal gorgeous and cool as the Elekit Tube Amp, a vacuum tube hybrid stereo amplifier designed by Koichi Futatsumata for EK Japan.
The Pnoe fiberglass horn speakers from Arcadian Audio have a distinctive round back loaded horn design. They use an AER MD3B driver, are 100 db sensitive and have 16 Ohms impedance.
Grace Digital's Eco Extreme Speaker Case is compatible with most cell phones and MP3 players. It has a rubberized water, sand, and shock proof outer casing and 3†full range front firing speaker.
The headphones in the soon to be released Grass Roots Collection from iWave feature sustainable wood grain details, are offered in 3 finishes and have a 20-20,000KHz frequency response.
Skullcandy and Roc Nation have announced their hot foldable Aviator Headphone collaboration, due in June. Features include 40mm full-range mylar driver, memory foam ear cushions and plush case.
Gradient's $6500 Helsinki 1.5 is specifically made for smaller spaces. The wave guides for the midrange and tweeter and open baffle woofer allow for flat response within 1dB from 200Hz – 20kHz.
Offered in 6 colors, the Megapod speaker from Scandyna follows in the aesthetic footsteps of their Minipod with its dynamic, organic shape and a subwoofer that offers deep bass.
Brionvega's classic RR226 stereo system from 1965 gets a modern overhaul. It may have classic looks, but it's been updated with a dual 30 W amp, RCA inputs and a CD/MP3 player.
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Dorothy Lane Markets, MyWebGrocer Offer Online Service in Dayton
MyWebGrocer announced the launch of a consumer-direct grocery channel for Dayton, Ohio consumers through Dorothy Lane Markets.
MyWebGrocer announced the launch of a consumer-direct grocery channel for Dayton, Ohio consumers through Dorothy Lane Markets. Consumers can now go to the www.dorothylane.com site, click on the "DLM in a dash" button and then select from a full line of grocery, health and beauty aid, pet and household products.
Norman Mayne, vice president and CEO of Dorothy Lane Markets said, "Ozzie and Harriet don't live here anymore. Families today are busy running from work to school to soccer practice to ballet lessons ? and have less time to shop than ever. Dorothy Lane Market always strives to provide customers the best service and the best products in the Dayton area, and online grocery shopping is another way to serve our customers. People on the go have little time to be at home waiting for a delivery, so we provide the timesaving service of having grocery orders ready for pick-up. Customers can place their online order day or night, then on their way home from a busy day with kids in tow, they can simply drive up to our specially marked door where we are waiting with their groceries."
"Spending tens of millions on building and maintaining distribution centers, separate operating environments, customized shopping applications, picking systems, pricing, promotion and variety management systems and eCRM capabilities has proven to be a difficult approach to establishing a successful consumer direct channel," says Mike Spindler, president of MyWebGrocer. "Instead of spending their money on redundant infrastructure, successful grocers spend it on customer service and marketing their new convenience for the consumer."


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by Richard Tomkins
London (UPI) Sep 18, 2014
A new mine-protected combat vehicle has been introduced into BAE System's RG series of vehicles.
The RG21, launched at a defense exhibition in South Africa earlier this week, combines the battle proven protection with a commercially available host vehicle driveline, running gear, and electronics.
"Protecting soldiers is the top priority for any force and doing so cost effectively provides a great benefit to our customers," said Johan Steyn, managing director of BAE's Land Systems South Africa. "The design concept used means this new vehicle can be manufactured and supported by local partners in any country."
The RG21 features a modular interior layout through the use of an interchangeable mounting rail system. Mission interfaces in the vehicle enables reconfiguration of the vehicle for different roles through the use of kits.
Protection levels are 46 pounds under each wheel and nearly 31 pounds under the hull.
"Designed for cost, manufacturability, and supportability, the RG21 will provide the optimum level of off-the-shelf capabilities of proven mine protected vehicles," the company said. "The vehicle incorporates a high level of design maturity due to the large amount of commercial off-the-shelf items used in the driveline and powertrain."
Iveco Defense Vehicles worked with BAE Systems to develop the RG21, BAE Systems said.
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George Washington
1st President
1789-1797 Birth: Feb. 22, 1732 Profession: Planter, Surveyor, Military Military Rank: General Married: Martha Custis 2 Step-Children Political Party: None because Washington opposed the idea of political parties. Age at Inauguration: 57 Number of terms: 2 Elected to 1st term with a unanimous electoral vote (1789) Major Events: 1st United States census (1790) Bill of Rights ratified (1791) Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Died: Dec. 14, 1799 Age at Death: 67 States Added: North Carolina (N.C.) (1789), Rhode Island (R.I.) (1790), Vermont (V.T.) (1791), Kentucky (K.Y.) (1792), and Tennessee (T.N.) (1796). Only President that didn't live in the White House. Was involved in the planning of the Capitol. Only President inaugurated in 2 cities - N.Y. & Philadelphia Owned false teeth made out of hippo ivory & lead, along with the teeth of sheep, cows & humans. He didn't however, own a pair of wooden teeth like the myth suggests he did. The 'I cannot tell a lie' story is a myth also. Was the 1st President to have his picture on a stamp. Namesake of Washington D.C. Wouldn't shake hands
Great dancer
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George Washington
Facts about the 1st President of the U.S.
Jackie Barnetton 15 January 2013
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140, 160 and 1800 Series
Both the front and rear bumpers of these cars are composed of various sections bolted together. The bumpers are mounted to the car on four support brackets (1800 ES: six brackets). The retaining nuts and bolts are loosened and removed; the bumper may then be removed from the car as a unit and disassembled into component parts on the workbench.
The retaining bolts are reached from under the car (behind the bumper). It may be easier to elevate and support the car before beginning. The bumper bolts are sure to be rusted solid-have a healthy supply of penetrating oil at hand. The steel bumpers are reasonably heavy-don't drop one on yourself while lying under the car.
When reinstalling the bumper, make sure that it aligns properly with the bodywork. Since it runs the full width of the car, the slightest mounting error can make it look crooked.200 and 700 Series
See Figures 1 and 2
As government regulations tightened in the early and mid 1970s, bumpers were redesigned to include impact absorption. This is generally accomplished through the use of gas-filled shock absorbers which allow the bumper to move inward under light impact. The design of the bumpers changed to accommodate the shocks; bumpers are now steel or aluminum beams bolted to the shocks with a plastic cover on the outside. For both front and rear bumpers on cars built after model year 1974:
- Loosen the sides of the bumper cover by either removing the nuts or releasing the plastic clip. The nuts will be found inside the trunk or on the inside of the front fender. On certain models, the front air dam (spoiler) must be removed before removing the front bumper.
- Under the car, identify the bolts which hold the bumper assembly to the shock absorbers. Loosen them a few turns and wiggle the bumper outwards, checking that it will come free without damage.
- Remove the bolts on one side. Either allow the bumper to rest on the ground or support it on a box until the other side is free.
- Remove the bolts on the other side and remove the bumper. Take note of any spacers which may have been placed for alignment.
- With the bumper removed, the shocks may be unbolted and replaced if needed.
- When reinstalling, make sure the bumper lines up straight to the body work. Install the retaining bolts and tighten them.
- Secure the side mounts of the bumper cover with the proper nuts or clips. Install the air dam if it was removed.


text: ID: 1 Posted January 21, 2011 Just a quick word of warning when visiting the VFS UK visa application centre at regent house bangkok. Make sure you go direct to VFS centre and not get reeled into the visa agent office next door. The staff there do their best to make you think they are part of VFS. They are NOT. Basically on the second floor look for the white office with the UK flag and VFS a logo, there are usually 2 security guards outside. Whatever you do, do not go into the offices with the glass fronted entrance. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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New AJA Ki Pro Rack Firmware v5.0 with Rollover Recording
Ki Pro Rack v5.0 firmware is now available. Along with several improvements and fixes, this update adds the much-anticipated rollover recording functionality. Rollover recording allows a recording to start on one media module and seamlessly continue onto the second module once the first has reached capacity.
This new capability, combined with the recently announced 1TB KiStor modules, allows Ki Pro Rack to record HD-resolution at ProRes HQ quality continuously for over 18 hours!
The new Aja Ki Pro Rack firmware is available now from the Support area of the AJA website.


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Wanted to make to thread to recommend series.
You can either ask for recommendations or make recommendations here.
I was hoping to get some good recommendations for about the last 3 years of newer series.
I just recently watched Attack on Titan and liked it, but I've been so busy with work the last 3 years I don't know what other newer good quality series are out there. Any suggestions (doesn't need to be genre specific).


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Custom Grunt Build Script for Documents
Budget $30-250 USD
Custom Grunt Build "Text-Converter"
Hi, I have hundreds of book-sized documents of various types and want to create a Grunt web-development build process to convert to HTML5 and DB store the documents. I'm a novice with Grunt and don't have time to go this deep right now -- but if you are a wizard with Grunt and Grunt tasks, this might be pretty easy for you.
I've been using various Yeoman generated Grunt configurations and they actually do a lot of what I want but I'm too novice to make many changes to [url removed, login to view] without just breaking everything. What I have in mind could be a modified and extended version of the basic Yeoman "generator-webapp".
I just need a place where I can plug in my code for converting documents. The grunt commands I need are:
grunt (default) - rebuild entire output folder, rebuild index file
grunt serve - open index file & watch for changes with LiveReload
changes rebuild the changed document and the index file
grunt deploy - push changed files to CouchDB
* You don't have to actually write the document conversion code, just the Grunt build & deploy processes, leaving a convenient way for me to add the complex conversion steps myself later. That could be one or more custom grunt tasks applied to all documents which I will extend later.
I'll want to be able to pull in other libraries to help me convert many document types such as .doc, .html, .epub, .jade, .md, .txt, .rtf, .pdf. I want it to be easy to add new conversion types as well as sub-types (such as a custom versions of text documents). Sub-types will be detected by the conversion script or determined by an optional metadata JSON file accompanying each document.
* I don't need testing frameworks, since these are just document conversions. You can yank all the moca and phantom stuff out (if you start from the Yeoman project "generator-webapp".)
* The build process should always generate a master index file which provides a file list of all documents so that one can find and view a specific document while editing. The build process should rebuild this file from a template in the app folder -- inserting a JSON object with an array of book metadata such as:
{ documents: [
language: "English:en", bookshelf: "Fiction", title: "Moby-Dick",
author: "Herman Melville", modified: "2013-08-31T09:05:[url removed, login to view]",
size: "102456", crc32: "461707669",
uri: "English/Fiction/Herman Melville/Moby-Dick/[url removed, login to view]"
The idea is that I should be able to browse each book using the URI. All assets are stored as attachments in a single CouchDB record with the relative path as filename -- so links to resources inside the documents (pictures etc) do not need to be modified to be viewed online. The build script should not care where such files are located but simply move them to a parallel location in the document's output folder.
* Deploy to CouchDB:
Each document gets two CouchDB JSON records. Only changed files need be pushed to the DB.
1) One record contains all the standalone files as attachments (including the generated .html files).
2) A second record contains metadata for each document and a list of associated files from the first record (perhaps just a copy of the first record's _attachments block).
* Use a PouchDB wrapper to communicate with CouchDB (for consistency with my other code)
More: [url removed, login to view]
1 freelancer is bidding on average $2000 for this job
Can help... I am an Expert... Lets Start! Please start a Discussion with me and we can get started from there... Please check the past projects I have handled and check my reviews for what employers have to say about More


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Lady Miners finish season strong
November 14, 2012
The Nevada Union freshman girls volleyball team finished second in Sierra Foothill League play, and had an impressive showing in the Tournament of Champions. At the tournament the Lady Miners competed against 28 other freshman teams from Northern California and finished in third place.
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Southeast Indiana's three riverboats continue to see less and less gamblers, but one riverboat continues to see an increase in revenue.
Local News
Horseshoe Tops Hollywood In Quarterly Revenue; Belterra Sees Increase
Ripley County Schools, Probation, Courts Team Up For Suspension Alternative
No longer will students who get suspended from school in Ripley County get a vacation.
Ohio Man Sentenced For Home Burglary In Dearborn County
An Ohio man has been sentenced for his involvement in a residential burglary
MGP Ingredients Announces Lawrenceburg Expansion
MGP Ingredients, the owner of the Lawrenceburg Distillery, is pouring money into a major expansion in the Spirit City.
UPDATE: Four File To Fill House District 68 Vacancy
UPDATE: The Indiana Republican Party said Wednesday that a fourth candidate has filed to be considered by the caucus to fill the House District 68 vacancy.
Kentucky Governor Urges Passage Of Anti-Bullying Measures
Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear is calling on state lawmakers to take up a task force's recommendations on stopping youth bullying.
Thieves Pose As Cops To Take Walmart Donation
Aurora Police are trying to track down a man and woman who claimed to be police officers while getting a donation from the local Walmart.
Federal Court Ruling Will Allow "Ballot Box Selfies"
Hoosiers may be permitted to take a selfie of themselves with their ballot this coming Election Day.
Northern Kentucky IT Center Holding Open Interviews This Week
A Chicago-based agricultural company that recently opened an IT center in northern Kentucky plans to add 200 employees over the next few years.
Landlord Reaches Plea Agreement For Groping Female Renters
A local funeral director is pleading guilty to charges in connection with groping two women who were renting their homes from him.


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« view all Gay Naples • Hotels
Via Cristoforo Colombo 45, Naples, Italy | map | get directions |
Why this hotel? New designer hotel. Fabulous views. Close to gay scene. Free WiFi.
8.46 Excellent - based on 1616 reviews
Voted 'one of the best new hotels in the world' by Condé Nast Traveler, the 5-star ROMEO offers wonderful views over Naples Harbour and features top facilities including a rooftop pool, a modern gym, a 1000 m² spa with sauna, and a Michelin-starred restaurant.
The hotel is located on the edge of the Old Town, opposite the ferry port (great if you plan a trip to Capri), a short walk from metro stations, and within easy access of gay cruise club The Basement and DEPOT Napoli.
Modern guest rooms and suites feature free WiFi, flat screen TV, Nespresso coffee machine and minibar. Breakfast is included, and 24-hour room service is available. Excellent, friendly staff.
venue: hotel | features: bar, restaurant, swimming pool, massage, sauna, sun terrace, jacuzzi / hot pool, gym, spa, free wi-fi
corrections | last updated: 06-05-2017
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41625 Morningside Court, Rancho Mirage, California
41625 Morningside Court, Rancho Mirage, California 92270 - Great opportunity - Instant Income. Two single family homes on one lot. Each unit has two bedrooms/one bath, each consists of 1056 sq ft. Front property has a long term tenant that has been in residence for five years. Back property has a long term tenant that has been in residence for ten years plus. Tenants want to stay! Both properties have been maintained extremely well. New roofs, windows, water heaters, updated kitchens and baths, tile throughout, appliances, interior doors, landscaping, etc. Laundry facilities in both units.Covered parking for both.Two car garage for front property and carport for the back property. Great location with mountain views, located at on a cul-de-sac. Do not miss this one. PLEASE DO NOT DISTURB TENANTS.
Listing Courtesy of June Johnson~Keller Williams Realty


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
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Be the first MLive.com user to add photos or videos of Chesme Capital Management
Chesme Capital Management is located at 44 Grandville Ave Sw # 340 in Grand Rapids and has been in the business of Investment Advisory Service since 2007.


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Katie Holmes, Selena Gomez, and Anne Hathaway: Hottest Sightings of the Day (PHOTOS)
It looks like romance is in the air based on the latest celeb snaps. Cutesy couples were spotted canoodling all around the globe just in time for fall.
Emma Watson, 22, and Will Adamowicz kept close as they ran errands in New York on Sept. 16. The two seemed to be nesting as… More »