text:
WORKING PAPER SERIES EUROPEAN WOMEN WHY DO(N T) THEY WORK? NO 454 / MARCH by Véronique Genre Ramón Gómez Salvador and Ana Lamo
- Oswin Anderson
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 WORKING PAPER SERIES NO 454 / MARCH 2005 EUROPEAN WOMEN WHY DO(N T) THEY WORK? by Véronique Genre Ramón Gómez Salvador and Ana Lamo
2 WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 454 / MARCH 2005 EUROPEAN WOMEN WHY DO(N T) THEY WORK? 1 by Véronique Genre, Ramón Gómez Salvador and Ana Lamo 2 In 2005 all publications will feature a motif taken from the 50 banknote. This paper can be downloaded without charge from or from the Social Science Research Network electronic library at 1 The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank (). We would like to thank Neale Kennedy, Barbara Petrongolo, Jarkko Turunen and Etienne Wasmer for useful comments. Any errors are of course the sole responsibility of the authors. 2 Corresponding author: European Central Bank, Directorate General Research, Kaiserstrasse 29, D Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
3 European Central Bank, 2005 Address Kaiserstrasse Frankfurt am Main, Germany Postal address Postfach Frankfurt am Main, Germany Telephone Internet Fax Telex ecb d All rights reserved. Reproduction for educational and noncommercial purposes is permitted provided that the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank. The statement of purpose for the Working Paper Series is available from the website, ISSN (print) ISSN (online)
4 CONTENTS Abstract 4 Non-technical summary 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Empirical model 3. Results Prime-age females participation Participation of females aged Participation of females aged Discussion and conclusions References Tables and charts Annex Data sources and definition 33 European Central Bank working paper series 35 3
5 Abstract This paper provides an empirical study of the determinants of female participation decisions in the European Union. The analysis is performed by estimating participation equations for different age groups (i.e. young, prime-age and older females), using annual data for a panel of 12 EU-15 countries over the period Our findings show that the strictness of labour market institutions negatively affects the participation rate. Decisions linked to individual preferences with regards to education or fertility are also found relevant to participation of the youngest and prime-age females respectively. The inclusion of a proxy to capture cohort effects is crucial in order to explain the oldest females participation. Keywords: labour force participation, labour market institutions. JEL classification: J21 4
6 Non technical summary GDP per head in Europe is around 65% that of the United States and the main reason for this gap is the relatively low labour utilisation in European countries. In particular, Europeans work 13% less hours on average than Americans do. While the existence of the gap on hours worked per head is not disputed, there is some disagreement as how to explain it. Some argue that the gap reflects social norms according to which Europeans value leisure more than Americans do, while others put emphasis on the influence of the institutional framework, in particular the disincentive effect of taxes on labour. This paper indirectly contributes to this debate by analysing another aspect behind the relatively low labour utilisation in Europe, i.e. low participation rates. Concretely, it examines the determinants of women s participation in Europe. Using annual data for a panel of 12 EU-15 countries over the period , this paper looks into the role that economic, institutional and social factors have played in explaining female participation rates and their developments in the last two decades. The analysis is performed by estimating participation equations for 3 different age groups (namely, the young 15 to 24 years old, the prime-age 25 to 54 and the older 55 to 64 ). We find that the influence of general economic variables on participation is not even across age groups. In particular, the unemployment rate, which is meant to mainly capture labour market pressures arising from business cycle fluctuations, appears to have some relevance in explaining participation, albeit only for the youngest and prime-age women. As expected, high unemployment tends to have a discouragement effect on these women, who, when considering that they have little chance to find a job, refrain from participating to the labour force. For all three age groups considered, the strictness of labour market institutions negatively affects participation decisions. Indeed, the declining tightness of the institutional framework ruling labour markets in some countries over the last two decades appear to have significantly favoured women s participation, in particular of the older age group. We also find that measures aimed at reconciling motherhood with professional life, such as maternity leave, seem to favour participation to the labour force. Along with the changing institutional framework, a number of specific decisions influenced by preferences, institutions and social norms appear to have driven participation developments of the different age groups. For example, for the younger age group, the increasing use of flexible forms of work (such as part-time employment) is found to explain a large part of participation developments between the 1980s and the 1990s. Education enrolment, which can be seen as an alternative to finding a job or being unemployed, is also a major driving force behind the decline in young female participation. Turning to prime-age female, a fertility variable, which can be seen as the outcome of the decision to have children versus participation to the labour force, significantly curbs labour force participation. Finally, the participation of the oldest age group appears significantly influenced by the lifetime behaviour of older women. If they did not participate at an 5
7 earlier age, they are not likely to participate at an older age. Once again, this points to the influence of cultural habits and social norms. In sum, our results discard any doubt on the influence of institutions on women s participation in Europe. Institutional factors, together with preferences and economic factors have shaped female participation decisions. Identifying these factors is all the more important since it appears as a prerequisite to the successful design of efficient policy measures. These measures should help attract female labour supply into the labour force, raise female participation towards the targets set by the 2000 Lisbon European Council and help Europe to be more dynamic and catch-up with the United States in terms of hours worked per head, and thereby GDP per head. 6
8 Introduction GDP per capita in Europe was around 65% of US GPD per capita in One possible reason for this gap is that Europeans work less than Americans do. Indeed, the ratio of hours worked per person in the EU-15 relative to the hours worked per person in the US was around 77% in 2000, which represents a significant decrease from a ratio of around 100% in This decrease was coupled however with an increase in relative productivity that left relative GDP per capita broadly unchanged, i.e. the increase in productivity did not have a catch-up effect in relative GDP per capita because labour utilisation in Europe was clearly below that of the US. In other words, if Europeans were prepared to work as many hours per person as Americans, GDP per capita in the EU-15 would be comparable to that of the US. While the existence of the gap on hours worked per capita is not disputed, there is some disagreement as how to explain it. The debate on whether Europeans work less due to preferences or due institutional features of the labour market has recently attracted considerable growing interest. The paper that initiated this debate was Blanchard (2004); Blanchard decomposes the change in hours worked per person as the sum of the change in hours worked per worker, the change in the ratio of employment to the labour force and the participation rate. He shows that the decrease in hours worked per person in EU-15 relative to the US during the period is only due to a decrease in the number of hours worked per worker, with no substantial change in the relative growth (EU-15 vs. US) of employment and participation rates. Blanchard argues then that the fact hours per worker (in particular full time workers) is responsible for the decrease in worked hours per capita is an indication that Europeans work less because they prefer to do so, thus valuing leisure relatively more than Americans. Prescott (2004) and Ueberfelt (2004) on the other hand, find that some institutional features, in particular taxes, play a determining role in shaping the dynamics of hours worked per capita. However, the latter papers do not disentangle whether the effect of taxes is via hours per worker, via employment and/or via participation rates. This paper contributes indirectly to this debate by examining the determinants of just one of the components of worked hours per capita: the participation rate; and more precisely female participation rates in Europe. We think that increasing the female participation rate in Europe is a feasible channel for increasing hours worked per capita and in turn GDP per capita. Indeed, participation levels in Europe are low, implying that around 76 million people aged between 15 and 64 are currently not actively participating in the labour market, the so-called inactives, of which two-thirds are women. 1 1 Europe in this paper refers to the 15 members European Union prior to the May 2004 enlargement. Both terms Europe and EU-15 will be used indiscriminately. 7
9 Labour market participation in the EU-15 has increased from 65% in the mid-1970s to nearly 70% in 2000 (see Chart 1), led by the positive contribution of female participation, which grew by more than 12 percentage points to reach around 60% in A similar increase in overall participation was recorded in the US over the same period, but EU-15 participation rate in 2000 was no higher than that of the US three decades earlier (in the 1970s). In 2000, the gap between US and European participation still reached 12 percentage points for women and 5 percentage points for men. This paper seeks to identify the determinants of the evolution of female participation in Europe. The analysis is performed by estimating women participation equations for three different age groups (young (15-24 years old), prime-age (25-54) and older age groups (55-64)) using annual macro data for a panel of 12 of the EU-15 countries over the period The separate analysis for each one of the relevant age groups of potentially active women can be easily justified. For example, fertility decisions are key for prime-age women but irrelevant for the old ones, while other factors such as social protection are important determinants for old women. An innovative feature of our paper is its focus on institutions as explanatory factors for participation rates. The analysis of the effects of institutions on unemployment and employment has largely developed in recent years since the dataset compiled by Blanchard and Wolfers (2000) and Nickell and Nunziata (2001) have become available. Nickell (1997), Elmeskov et al. (1998), Belot and van Ours (2000, 2001) and Bertola et al. (2003) are some examples of studies that focus on the direct effect of institutions, while Blanchard and Wolfers (2000), Jimeno and Rodriguez- Palenzuela (2001) and Nunziata (2002) follow an approach based on the interactions between institutions and shocks. We exclusively focus on the direct impact of institutions. To our knowledge this paper is among the first ones to look at the impact that institutions could have on participation decisions, other examples are Blöndal and Scarpetta (1999) who analyse retirement decisions and Jaumotte (2003), which also looks at females participation. Our findings discard any doubt on the influence of institutions on women s participation in Europe. Institutional factors can shape female participation decisions and therefore the dynamics of worked hours per capita and, in turn, GDP per capita and economic growth in the EU. However the degree to which these factors shape or interact with preferences is outside the scope of this paper. The strictness of labour market institutions negatively affects the participation decisions in the three groups considered. Indeed, changes in rules or in features that increased the overall flexibility of labour market institutions in many European countries in recent years (e.g. declining union density, decreasing employment protection, tightening of eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, etc.) have generally supported female participation. We also find that institutional features By comparison, male participation rates fell by more than five percentage points to around 78% over the same period. Countries include Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK. 8
10 aimed at reconciling motherhood with professional life such as maternity leave schemes favour participation of prime-age women. More linked to preferences, but also to social norms and institutions, fertility and education decisions have been dominant forces in determining the evolution of participation rates during the sample period considered for prime-age and young females respectively, while the extensive use of part-time employment has been relevant for both age groups. Finally, cohort effects, which are also linked to institutions, preferences and social norms, appear to be crucial to understand the developments in participation for oldest females. The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 presents the empirical model and discusses how the overall institutional framework and other variables traditionally suggested by economic theory are expected to influence labour market participation of women. Section 3 reviews the stylised facts and presents the estimation results Section 4 discusses the main findings and gives some conclusions. 2. Empirical model The general version of the empirical participation equation estimated for each group is the following: Log (PR it / 1- PR it )= βx it + γz it + b t +c i + ε it. The dependent variable is the logit transformation of participation rates of each group, for country i and period t. The participation rate is a variable bounded between zero and one. This can be taken into account by specifying the regression of participation rates on the conditioning variables as E(PR it ) = F (βx it + γz it + b t +c i ), where F is a probability distribution function. If F is chosen to be a logistic function, this model will lead to a linear equation with the transformed variable 4 log[(pr it /1-PR it )] as the dependent variable. b t and c i are period and country effects respectively. The explanatory variables include a range of plausible determinants of each age group s participation rate. These determinants may be organised into two main groups. Vector Z it gathers variables traditionally suggested by standard economic theory and usually found in empirical studies. Vector X it is meant to bring together variables reflecting the institutional framework ruling European labour markets and general preferences. For all age groups, the vector of market institutions X it includes the following elements: union density, employment protection, unemployment benefit systems and labour taxes, all of the taken from Nickel and Nunziata (2001). These variables are time varying and are available until In 4 The estimations in this paper were also performed using the actual (non-transformed) participation rate as dependent variable, the results did not show any relevant changes with respect to the ones presented in the paper. 9
11 addition, this vector includes a number of institutional features that are thought to be specific to each age group and will be discussed in more details in Section 3. The relevance of the institutional framework as a determinant of female participation decisions can be discussed on the basis of a standard insider-outsider model, in which prime-age males could be seen as insiders because they show a more stable attachment to the labour market, while women of all ages tend to be less attached to the labour market and can be seen as outsiders. Union density, defined as the ratio of union members to total employees, is a labour market institutional feature expected to be an important determinant of participation. The involvement of unions in the wage bargaining will lead to a higher wage compression and larger employment differences between insiders and outsiders, which will impact on the expectations of outsiders to get a job. Therefore, we expect more unionised economies to display lower average participation rates among the less attached workers, hence, women. During the 1980s and the 1990s, union density has declined in many countries and may have favoured a convergence in participation rates among age and gender groups. 6 Employment protection is another institutional feature that should play an important role in determining participation, while the overall influence may go in any direction. A stringent employment protection framework should restrain employers willingness to hire and fire workers. As a result, employment, hence, participation rates of workers with numerous lapses of inactivity should be negatively affected. At the same time, employment protection is also meant to provide a positive incentive to participate in a labour market where risks of getting unemployed are smaller. Employment protection is measured as a range from 0 to 2 depending on the relative strictness of employment protection in each European country. In general, employment protection is high in all European countries, but the strictness of it has significantly declined over the last two decades. The potential effects of unemployment benefits on participation follow a similar mechanism to the one of employment protection. To the extent that a more generous unemployment benefit coverage strengthens union bargaining strategies, it would reduce the employment rates of the outsiders and indirectly, their participation rates. On the other hand, however, the existence of more generous unemployment benefit systems could represent a positive incentive to participate in the labour market from the viewpoint of workers. Unemployment benefits may be described by two variables: the replacement ratio and the benefit duration. Replacement ratios are measured as the ratio of total unemployment benefits for the first year to average net earnings. They have generally decreased in the last two decades, although this has varied across countries. Unemployment benefit duration is a measure of the amount of time the unemployed keep on receiving unemployment benefits We have considered, at an early stage, the degree of wage bargaining co-ordination, but it was found to be insignificant in the estimations and, in general, highly correlated with other institutions. It should be noted that this is a quite imperfect measure of unionisation. There are countries with low affiliation rates like Spain or France where union agreements apply to all workers at a national level. 10
12 Developments in unemployment benefit duration during the last two decades have varied significantly across European countries: some have extended it, some have reduced it. Finally, labour taxes are also expected to be a relevant determinant of women s participation. Any increase in taxes leading to lower net wages will increase participation in order to keep the income level constant. However, the substitution effect (cheaper leisure) will tend to lower participation. Our labour taxes variable measures the sum of income and consumption taxes from countries national accounts. It shows a high dispersion among EU-15 countries and an increase in all countries (but the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) in the last two decades. Closely related with institutional factors, labour market programmes are also expected to have some influence on female participation. This influence could be direct, by allowing individuals to qualify for unemployment benefits, or indirect, by increasing the probability to find a job after participating in the programme. However, the lack of international comparable data by age and gender groups does not allow us to include labour market programme variables in our study. The vector Z it contains variables suggested by economic theory that are usually found in empirical studies. Economic theory gives a central role to potential earnings or potential wages as a 8 determinant of participation. The participation decision of women is usually modelled as women choosing between market work, household work and leisure. If potential earnings in the market (relative to home productivity) increase, participation decisions will be influenced by an income effect, which will increase demand for leisure given the higher income, and a substitution effect. Labour market participation will increase if the positive substitution effect is larger than the income effect. In practice, it is very difficult to find adequate variables to measure potential earnings of each group of women considered. Average wages for a specific group of women could reflect skill composition and self-selection rather than participation behaviour. An alternative measure used in the literature is the level of education of the relevant group. In the case of women, this variable is likely to capture not only higher potential wages associated to higher human capital, but also preferences, women with higher education, who have invested more in human capital accumulation are likely to have higher preferences for market production. To disentangle these potential effects is very difficult and in general the coefficient of education in participation equations cannot be interpreted as capturing exclusively potential earning See Johansson (2002) for a recent study on the effects of labour market programs on labour force participation in Sweden. See for example the seminal work of Mincer (1962). One major drawback of education measures used as proxies of human capital is that it does not take into account onthe-job training and accumulated experience. 11
13 In addition to the above mentioned shortcomings, it should be added the scarcity of valid data. Measures of average wages by gender and age group are not available for our sample. In the case of education, some comparable indicators exist across countries but only as 5 year averages. The prevailing economic conditions are also expected to influence participation decisions. To control for the economic business cycle we included the overall unemployment rate. We prefer labour market related proxies to capture business cycle developments to alternative measures such as the output gap because omitting the unemployment rate could imply that the institutions coefficients also captures the indirect effect of institutions on participation via unemployment. In addition, the unemployment rate is expected to better capture cyclical labour market pressures than other business cycle indicators. Additionally, we include average aggregate real wages, which are expected to account for the general macro economic and labour market conditions. The potential problem of endogeneity of these variables is diminished by the fact that our dependent variable is defined for a specific group of population and consequently its potential feedback to aggregate unemployment and/or wages should be limited. Nevertheless, in most of our specifications, we instrumented these variables using lags, real productivity, and a measure of the output gap. Not only general economic conditions are relevant but also sectoral developments. The relative importance of service activities in the EU-15 has increased, which has fostered certain types of occupation and work arrangements (e.g. part-time jobs) that are expected to favour female participation. The error term in our equations, ε it, is likely to suffer from autocorrelation. The population in the sample moves in and out of each age group over time, these slow moving cohort effects will be the responsible for autocorrelation. Including lags of the dependent variable among the explanatory variables would likely bias the estimated by capturing these slow moving components of the error. Instead, estimations are performed using feasible GLS allowing for autoregressive, AR(1), and heteroskedastic residuals. We implemented unit root and cointegration test for our panel to ensure that our results are not based on spurious regressions. However, due to the short time series dimension of our panel the unit roots and cointegration results must be interpreted with caution Results In this section we estimate participation equations for three different age groups of women using time series of annual macro data for a panel of 12 EU-15 countries See Barro and Lee (2000) and De la Fuente and Domenech (2002). The panel is unbalanced for some of the explanatory variables. 12
14 3.1. Prime-age females participation Participation rates of prime age women in the 12 countries of our sample rank from below 60% in Spain, Ireland and Italy to well over 80% in Finland, Sweden and Denmark. Within each country prime age women are the most active ones, with the remarkable exception of the Netherlands where young and prime age women have similar participation rates. When comparing the average participation rate for this group during the 1980s with the one during the 1990s for each country (Chart 3), one can see there has been a significant increase in prime age female participation (up to 20 percentage points in Spain and the Netherlands) in all countries except Sweden, Finland and Denmark. However, in these three Nordic countries, prime-age participation rate was already very high in the 1980s and had therefore little room for a further rise. An interesting feature of the cross-country dynamics of participation of prime age women is the catching up process that has taken place during the last two decades. The countries with lowest participation rates have witnessed the highest increases and vice versa, although the ranking of participation rates levels across countries has hardly changed from one decade to the next. The main specificity of this age group is that it includes the period of the life cycle when women have children. Indeed, in 2000, the average age of European women at the birth of the first child ranged from nearly 27 years old in Portugal to almost 30 years old in the Netherlands. Having a family, and especially having small children, conditions the preferences of women as it implies more opportunities for home production. Consequently, when estimating the participation equation for this group one needs to account for the relationship between fertility and participation decisions. In fact, having children and participating to the labour force could be understood as joint decisions. It could be argued however that causality is more likely to go from fertility to participation because having children is a permanent decision, while participation is reversible, and therefore can adjust in the short run. In addition to the general determinants of female participation discussed in the previous section, we include then a fertility variable (fertility rates) among the explanatory variables and try to alleviate potential endogeneity biases by instrumenting it with using lags. Other specific determinants of participation for this group are institutional features like maternal/parental leave or the availability of childcare services. These, together with the possibility to take up a part-time job, could play an essential role on the arbitrage faced by prime age women between leisure, market work and home production, by enabling women to reconcile motherhood 13 with professional life. Therefore, these features are expected to have a positive impact on prime age female participation and are included in our equation specifications The extended use of flexible working arrangements in the Netherlands allows young people to conciliate studying and working activities. Recent studies using micro data have found evidence in support of this fact, see for example Del Boca et al (2004). 13
15 Estimation results for prime age women are presented in Table 1. In order to check integration and cointegration properties in our panel, we performed a Fisher test as suggested by Maddala and Wu (1999): twice the sum of the log of p-values from the individual tests is a chi-squared distribution with degrees of freedom twice the number of cross-sections (12 countries). We combined p values (MacKinnon's approximations) from the Phillips Perron test and accepted the null of a unit root for prime age female participation. The same exercise implemented for the residuals of the regressions in Table 1 resulted in a rejection of the null hypothesis of no cointegration. Therefore we reject the 14 hypothesis of spurious regressions. The common (to all the countries) autocorrelation coefficients that we estimated ranked from depending on the specification. Labour market institutions appear to be relevant for participation decisions of this group. The estimation coefficients of the unemployment benefit variables (both, replacement ratio and duration) and union density are negative, significant and very stable across specifications, while employment protection is found not to be significant. Labour taxes, as measured in Nickell and Nunziata (2001), do not appear statistically significant. This was expected because it measures country average tax revenues including income and consumption taxes, while the relevant variable to capture the impact of taxes on prime age female participation should be the average tax rate of the second earner in the household. This tax rate is not available for our sample because some of the countries have family taxation and it is not possible to allocate the various tax reliefs between household partners. Additionally, there are difficulties to make comparable the different tax income legislation across countries. Nevertheless, an interesting attempt to construct a measure of second earner tax rate for OECD countries has been made in Jaumotte (2003). We introduced this variable in our estimations, but it turned out having a non-significant coefficient. Maternity/parental leave measured in weeks (taken from Gauthier and Bortnik, 2001) seem to have an encouraging effect on participation if the leave is not too long. According to our estimations, the effect of maternity/parental leave becomes negative after approximately 10 months. If institutions had remained at the 1980's level the participation of women aged would have increased in the Netherlands 20% less than predicted, almost 30% less than predicted in Portugal or 20% less UK. While on the other hand, the development of institutions has prevented participation from further increase in Italy and Finland, this is mainly due to the rise of unemployment benefit replacement ratio in these two countries. All this can be seeing in the first panel of Chart 10, which gives an idea of the net contribution that the development of some of the variables considered in the regressions make to the total change in female labour force participation in each country. It compares changes in participation predicted by our models with Similar tests were performed for each demographic group and in every case we rejected the hypothesis of spurious regressions. For the main specifications of this table we also tried running pooled OLS including period and country effects, the overall fit was good, adjusted R2 over We are most grateful to Florence Jaumotte for kindly allowing us to use tax and childcare related variables from her database.
16 those obtained had specific explanatory variables remained constant since the beginning of the 1980s. We encountered difficulties to find a proxy of childcare availability for our sample. We tried three different variables to account for childcare availability and child benefits, namely public childcare expenditure per child in formal day care from Jaumotte (2003), family allowances per child (Gauthier, 2003) and public expenditure in child benefits as percentage of GDP (calculated from Eurostat data). None of them was found to be statistically significant, failing then to capture the potential positive impact of childcare availability on female participation. Regarding to the influence of prevailing economic conditions, their role is only captured by the unemployment rate, with an statistically significant and negative coefficient, which reflects discouragement effects, due to low attachment to the labour market. Our measure of aggregate wage turns to be non significant despite several attempts to improve it. In order to account for the influence of potential earnings we constructed a measure of real wage for women using the average wage gap (unadjusted for skills) provided by Eurostat and gender weights in total employees. Data prior to 1994 was assumed on the basis of qualitative trends reported by the European Industrial Relations Observatory. This variable did not provide more satisfying results. Similarly, several interpolation of different indicators of education available on a 5-year average basis, did not provide concluding results. As regards the relationship between fertility and participation, a fact well-documented in the recent literature is that some European countries with high female participation also have high 17 fertility rates. Our data confirm this for Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands, while the relationship is negative for the rest of the countries in our sample. Therefore, in our specifications, we interact fertility rates with a dummy for Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands, allowing for an asymmetric effect of fertility on participation rates. Fertility rates turn out to be significant and positive for this group of countries with a net coefficient of around 0.4/0.5, and negative and also statistically significant for the rest of European countries. The availability of part-time jobs, which can help women to reconcile work and family life, is found to have a positive influence on prime age female participation. The most remarkable case is Ireland where according to chat 10a, part-time jobs are responsible for about 12 points (almost 40%) of the total predicted increase in prime age participation and the Netherlands were they account for more than 30%. In the results shown in Table 1 we used as a proxy to the availability of part-time jobs the percentage of females (of all ages) working part time. Alternatively, we tried employment in services over total employment since part-time jobs are concentrated in the services sector and 17 See for example Pissarides et al (2004) and Del Boca et al (2004). 15
17 employment in the service sector has been booming over the last two decades. Results were quite similar. Finally, we introduced the percentage of parliamentary seats occupied by women as a proxy for gender discrimination. It is meant to possibly reflect the changing role of women in the society. Interestingly, it is found to be statistically significant and positive in some of the specifications. The ability of the estimations to explain the evolution over time of participation rates for each country is examined in Chart 4. It shows a good overall fit for each country Participation of females aged The participation rate of women aged have slightly increased in most of the countries of our sample, with the exception of France and Finland (see Chart 5). However, the changes recorded between the 1980s and the 1990s were relatively small and did not affect the overall ranking of participation across countries. Indeed, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland and the UK remained as the countries with the highest participation rate, while Belgium, France and the Netherlands did not show any significant catch up between both decades. In addition to the general determinants of participation previously discussed, older women s participation decisions are expected to be influenced by some specific institutional features. Two specific institutions are considered in this group, both trying to capture the retirement system framework. The first one is the official retirement age, which should allow taking into account differences in the legal systems across countries. It has remained broadly stable over time in most countries, but the differences across countries are significant. The second institutional factor tries to capture differences in social protection across countries, by measuring the expenditure on social protection for old aged people as a percentage of GDP. In general, this ratio, which shows some heterogeneity in social protection at the country level, has increased over time, partly reflecting the ageing of the population in all European countries. We have also included in the estimates of this group the participation rate of prime-age women 19 lagged 10 years. This variable tries to capture cohort effects, i.e. the fact that the participation behaviour of women aged today is linked to their participation decisions when they were years old. Chart 6 illustrates cohort effects at the euro area level. The horizontal movement along each line shows how participation evolves with age, showing a decline for the oldest groups, while the vertical distance between lines reflects the cohort effect, which appears non-negligible for women. Indeed, for those years old, we can see that the cohort effect on the participation rate has been of around 20 percentage points in the past 15 years Variables on retirement systems are from Blöndal and Scarpetta (1999). See Annex. Constructed using ten-year data published by the International Labour Office (ILO), which have been interpolated to obtain annual data by dividing the change homogeneously trough time. 16
18 The results of the estimations are shown in Table 2. The hypothesis of spurious regressions is rejected and the autocorrelation coefficients common to all countries was about Starting with the cyclical factors, which are measured by the unemployment rate and real wages, both are found to be non-significant. This suggests that participation of the oldest group is mainly explained by factors of a more structural nature. Indeed, column 2 in Table 2 shows that cohort effects play a determinant role in explaining the participation rate of this group. Cohort effects are expected to measure mainly preferences, but, indirectly, also institutional effects and social norms. Chart 10b shows that keeping the cohort effect at the early 1980s levels would have resulted in a lower increased in participation levels in all the countries, cohort effects have even prevented Italy, France, Finland, and Spain from null or negative (predicted) increases in participation. As regards the institutional framework, retirement age, as expected, is positively correlated with participation. In this case, however, we need to control for the influence of Spain in our panel, where the retirement age appears to be relatively less binding than in other countries. Expenditure in old age social protection programmes is also found significant and has a negative effect on 20 participation. Finally, most of the remaining labour market institutions, including union density, employment protection and labour taxes, have negative effects on participation. Remarkably, the changes in the relevant institutions for this group since 1980 in Germany, the Netherlands and Portugal, can explain half of the change in participation predicted by the model (see Chart 10b). Chart 7 examines the ability of the equation 2 in Table 2 to explain the evolution over time of participation rates for each country and it shows, overall, a good fit for each country Participation of females aged Young European women, aged 15 to 24 years old, make up for a far more heterogeneous group than their elders as far as participation to the labour force is concerned. Their participation rate varies widely across countries, from no higher than 32% in Belgium to nearly 70% in the Netherlands in Yet, they all share two common characteristics. First, their participation rates are generally lower than that of prime-age women and higher than that of older women (aged 55 to 64 years old). Second, unlike their elders, participation rates of young women declined between the 1980s and the 1990s in virtually all European countries, with the remarkable exception of the Netherlands (see Chart 8). On average, the participation rate of young European women fell by nearly 8 percentage points between 1980 and The magnitude of that fall, however, differs substantially among countries. In general, countries with a high participation rate of young women in the 1980s (such as Denmark or the United Kingdom) saw less of a fall in participation. Along with the list of general determinants of participation discussed earlier, it is likely that young women are specifically influenced by three additional factors. First, enrolment in education 20 Blöndal and Scarpetta (1999) find that this variable does not influence participation decisions for older males. Our result for females can be possibly explained by a lower degree of attachment of older females to the labour market. 17
19 appears to be extremely relevant for this age group. Young women may indeed decide either to continue studying in order to increase their skills and theirs chances to easily get a job in the future, or simply, to avoid being unemployed. Second, flexible types of contracts (i.e. temporary and parttime jobs) should exert a positive influence on participation for the younger age group. It should be seen as an incentive both for firms, since their costs are lower, and for workers, since they provide a temporary attachment or a stepping stone to get a better job. Third, minimum wages have often been presented in the literature as an impediment to hiring young workers who have lower skills and productivity and could therefore also be a relevant determinant of young women participation rates. Estimation results for the younger age group are presented in Table 3. The hypothesis of spurious regressions is rejected and the autocorrelation coefficients common to all countries ranked from 0.45 to 0.54 depending on the specification. The first column shows the results for the basic specification. By contrast with other age groups, the institutional framework seems to have little bearing in explaining participation of younger European women. This may be surprising since, of all women, the youngest, freshly arrived on the labour market, would probably be assigned the most prominent outsider status in an insideroutsider model. However, in many European countries, young people since they have never worked before - are not entitled to social or unemployment benefits, so that their participation behaviour cannot be influenced by these types of institutions. Taxes appear to be the only significant factor consistently discouraging the labour supply of young women in all estimations. Labour taxes increased in all European countries (but the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) between the 1980s and the 1990s. Their significant negative influence on participation may suggest that, for young women, the substitution effect of taxes exceeds the favourable income effect they might have on participation. In other words, participating to the labour force would not bring along sufficient income to make participation worthwhile compared with staying out of the labour force. Looking at country details (Chart 10c), we find that changes in labour taxes did not have an homogenous impact across countries. For example, the impact of labour taxes counteracted the decrease in young female participation in most European countries, but it had a clear worsening effect in some others (in particular, France, Ireland and Italy). Other institutional features do not appear to have a strong influence on young female participation. Economic conditions have a significant impact on the participation rate of young women. The lower is the unemployment rate the higher is participation. This surely illustrates the discouragement effect that labour market developments may have on specific groups. Positive economic developments increase the probability to find a job and attract people on the labour market. Inversely, sluggish developments on that same labour market discourage people from participating. Wage variables give unsatisfying results. Average wages do not seem to matter in explaining young women participation. However, this may only be due to the shortcomings of our average wage variables. Similarly, a variable measuring minimum wages is found insignificant, but 18
20 this information being available for no more than five countries, estimations including minimum wage reduce the number of observations by more than half. We therefore decided to leave minimum wage out of our estimations. Like fertility decisions for prime-age women, education enrolment may present some endogeneity problems. Going to university or going to find a job can indeed be intermingled decisions. Therefore, in an attempt to control for potential endogeneity problems, education enrolment is instrumented using lags. As expected, deciding to remain in the education system negatively affects the participation rate of young women. There is no doubt that the continued rise of the proportion of young people in education observed in our sample has significantly reduced the participation rate of this group. Chart 10c confirms that education has had a big impact on all European countries, confirming the driving force that increased education enrolment had on decreasing young participation. Column 2 estimates the impact of the part-time ratio on young female participation. In order to take into account the likely endogeneity problem attached to the use of a part-time ratio specific to the youngest age group, we reported the results with the share of part-time employment in the age group. Results show that part-time contracts have a positive influence on participation. Chart 10c shows that the rapid growth in part-time employment has had a fairly homogenous impact on young female participation. With only a few exceptions (in particular Denmark and Sweden), part-time employment has significantly contributed to limit the decline in young female participation. In an alternative estimation (column 3) we have also included the temporary ratio but it does not appear to be significant. This can be due to the fact that these types of contracts can interact between themselves, i.e. part-time contracts can be temporary or permanent, and therefore some overlap may arise. Chart 9 reports the ability of equation 2 to explain the evolution over time of participation rates for each country, showing broadly a good fit for each country. Apparently, these results point to a small influence of the institutional framework in explaining the participation rates of young European women. By contrast, choices of further education or flexible types of work seem to play a prominent role. Yet, staying at school or at university, albeit surely depending on preferences, may indirectly be highly influenced by the government subsidies and grants to education, which in Europe are significantly larger that on the other side of the Atlantic. Similarly, flexible types of work are generally more highly regulated in Europe than they are in the United States, pointing to further indirect influence of the institutional sphere. 19
Work Absence in Europe: An Update
Work Absence in Europe: An Update Lusine Lusinyan Leo Bonato International Monetary Fund Rome, June, Disclaimer: The views expressed herein are those of the authors and should not be attributed to theMore information
Full report - Women in the labour market
Full report - Women in the labour market Coverage: UK Date: 25 September 2013 Geographical Area: UK Theme: Labour Market Key points The key points are: Rising employment for women and falling employmentMore information
Flexicurity. U. Michael Bergman University of Copenhagen
Flexicurity U. Michael Bergman University of Copenhagen Plan for the day What is flexicurity? Why is there an interest in the flexicurity model? Why are people unemployed? The Danish flexicurity systemMore information
NERI Quarterly Economic Facts Summer 2012. 4 Distribution of Income and Wealth
4 Distribution of Income and Wealth 53 54 Indicator 4.1 Income per capita in the EU Indicator defined National income (GDP) in per capita (per head of population) terms expressed in Euro and adjusted forMore information
CREATING AN INNOVATION AGENDA TO GENERATE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND JOBS IN EUROPE BERT COLIJN AND BART VAN ARK NEUJOBS DELIVERABLE NO. 3.9 A discussion brief focusing on: Abstract TheMore information
Statistical Data on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe
Statistical Data on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe September 2014 Enterprise and Industry EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry Directorate D SMEs and Entrepreneurship UnitMore information
EUROPEAN SEMESTER THEMATIC FICHE UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS WITH A FOCUS ON MAKING WORK PAY Thematic fiches are supporting background documents prepared by the services of the Commission in the context of theMore information
Final Remarks. Are Europeans Lazy? Or Americans Crazy? Stephen Nickell. Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee. May 2006
Final Remarks Are Europeans Lazy? Or Americans Crazy? Stephen Nickell Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee May 2006 Remarks delivered at the Annual Conference of the Fondazione Rodolfo DeBenedetti,More information
Public and Private Sector Earnings - March 2014
Public and Private Sector Earnings - March 2014 Coverage: UK Date: 10 March 2014 Geographical Area: Region Theme: Labour Market Theme: Government Key Points Average pay levels vary between the public andMore information
Social Security Eligibility and the Labor Supply of Elderly Immigrants. George J. Borjas Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research
Social Security Eligibility and the Labor Supply of Elderly Immigrants George J. Borjas Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research Updated for the 9th Annual Joint Conference of the RetirementMore information
4 Distribution of Income, Earnings and Wealth
4 Distribution of Income, Earnings and Wealth Indicator 4.1 Indicator 4.2a Indicator 4.2b Indicator 4.3a Indicator 4.3b Indicator 4.4 Indicator 4.5a Indicator 4.5b Indicator 4.6 Indicator 4.7 Income perMore information
Unemployment in Cyprus: Comparison Between Two Alternative Measurement Methods
CENTRAL BANK OF CYPRUS EUROSYSTEM WORKING PAPER SERIES Unemployment in Cyprus: Comparison Between Two Alternative Measurement Methods George Kyriacou Marios Louca Michalis Ktoris August 2009 Working PaperMore information
What Are the Incentives to Invest in Education?
Indicator What Are the Incentives to Invest in Education? On average across 25 OECD countries, the total return (net present value), both private and public, to a man who successfully completes upper secondaryMore information
Going for Growth: Structural Surveillance in the OECD
Going for Growth: Structural Surveillance in the OECD OECD World Bank Conference on Innovation and Sustainable Growth in a Globalised World, Paris, 18-19 November 2008 Sven Blondal Sven Blondal, EconomicsMore information
Modelling of Labour Markets in the European Union Final Report Part IV - Illustrative Simulations
Modelling of Labour Markets in the European Union Final Report Part IV - Illustrative Simulations Johannes Berger, Christian Keuschnigg, Mirela Keuschnigg, Michael Miess, Ludwig Strohner, and Rudolf Winter-EbmerMore information
PUBLIC DEBT SIZE, COST AND LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY: PORTUGAL VS. EURO AREA PEERS 1. Introduction This note discusses the strength of government finances in, and its relative position with respect to otherMore information
The Baby Boom and World War II: A Macroeconomic Analysis
The Baby Boom and World War II: A Macroeconomic Analysis Matthias Doepke, Moshe Hazan, and Yishay Maoz The baby boom started right after World War II. Is there a relation between the two? The Total FertilityMore information
Unemployment. AS Economics Presentation 2005
Unemployment AS Economics Presentation 2005 Key Issues The meaning of unemployment Different types of unemployment Consequences of unemployment Unemployment and economic growth Recent trends in UK unemploymentMore information
work Women looking for Discussions of the disadvantage faced by women
by Ghazala Azmat, Maia Güell and Alan Manning Women looking for work Female unemployment rates differ widely from county to country. Ghazala Azmat, Maia Güell and Alan Manning look for the reasons thatMore information
Live Long and Prosper? Demographic Change and Europe s Pensions Crisis
10 November 2015, Brussels Live Long and Prosper? Demographic Change and Europe s Pensions Crisis Key Note Speech Dr. Jochen Pimpertz Head of Research Unit Public Finance, Social Security, Income and WealthMore information
The Impact of Social Protection on the Distribution of Income in Ireland
The Impact of Social Protection on the Distribution of Income in Ireland Submission Oireachtas Joint Committee on Education and Social Protection Cormac Staunn, TASC 15 th January 2015 Summary: UnderstandingMore information
4. Work and retirement
4. Work and retirement James Banks Institute for Fiscal Studies and University College London María Casanova Institute for Fiscal Studies and University College London Amongst other things, the analysisMore information
The Employment Crisis in Spain 1
The Employment Crisis in Spain 1 Juan F Jimeno (Research Division, Banco de España) May 2011 1 Paper prepared for presentation at the United Nations Expert Meeting The Challenge of Building EmploymentMore information
Immigration Reform, Economic Growth, and the Fiscal Challenge Douglas Holtz- Eakin l April 2013
Immigration Reform, Economic Growth, and the Fiscal Challenge Douglas Holtz- Eakin l April 2013 Executive Summary Immigration reform can raise population growth, labor force growth, and thus growth inMore information
International Women's Day PwC Women in Work Index
www.pwc.co.uk International Women's Day Women in Work Index Women in Work Index UK rises four places to 14 th position within the OECD, returning to its position in 2000. The third annual update of theMore information
UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE OECD SINCE THE 1960s. WHAT DO WE KNOW?*
The Economic Journal, 11 ( January), 1 27. Ó Royal Economic Society 2. Published by Blackwell Publishing, 96 Garsington Road, Oxford OX 2DQ, UK and 3 Main Street, Malden, MA 218, USA. UNEMPLOYMENT IN THEMore information
The Quality of the Catalan and Spanish Education Systems: A Perspective from PISA
The Quality of the Catalan and Spanish Education Systems: A Perspective from PISA by Antonio Ciccone and Walter Garcia-Fontes* October 2008 * UPF AND ICREA (Ciccone) and UPF (Garcia-Fontes). ExecutiveMore information
Determinants of demand for life insurance in European countries
Sibel Çelik (Turkey), Mustafa Mesut Kayali (Turkey) Determinants of demand for life insurance in European countries Abstract In this study, we investigate the determinants of demand for life insuranceMore information
TRENDS AND ISSUES SEPTEMBER 2015 FACULTY RETIREMENT PLANS: THE ROLE OF RETIREE HEALTH INSURANCE Robert L. Clark Zelnak Professor Poole College of Management North Carolina State University Retiree healthMore information
Reforms, Finance, and Current Accounts
Università degli Studi di Torino Dipartimento di Economia Cognetti De Martiis Reforms, Finance, and Current Accounts Giuseppe Bertola, Anna Lo Prete Università di Torino Labor market (de)regulation: More/lessMore information
Lars Osberg. Department of Economics Dalhousie University 6214 University Avenue Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 CANADA Email: Lars.Osberg@dal.
Not Good Enough to be Average? Comments on The Weak Jobs recovery: whatever happened to the great American jobs machine? by Freeman and Rodgers Lars Osberg Department of Economics Dalhousie UniversityMore information
SAMA Working Paper: POPULATION AGING IN SAUDI ARABIA. February 2015. Hussain I. Abusaaq. Economic Research Department. Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency
WP/15/2 SAMA Working Paper: POPULATION AGING IN SAUDI ARABIA February 2015 By Hussain I. Abusaaq Economic Research Department Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency The views expressedMore information
An Analysis of the Effect of Income on Life Insurance. Justin Bryan Austin Proctor Kathryn Stoklosa
An Analysis of the Effect of Income on Life Insurance Justin Bryan Austin Proctor Kathryn Stoklosa 1 Abstract This paper aims to analyze the relationship between the gross national income per capita andMore information
Executive summary. Global Wage Report 2014 / 15 Wages and income inequality
Executive summary Global Wage Report 2014 / 15 Wages and income inequality Global Wage Report 2014/15 Wages and income inequality Executive summary INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA Copyright InternationalMore information
Dualization and crisis. David Rueda
Dualization and crisis David Rueda The economic crises of the 20 th Century (from the Great Depression to the recessions of the 1970s) were met with significant increases in compensation and protectionMore information
The Structure of the Labour Market. Vani K Borooah University of Ulster
The Structure of the Labour Market Vani K Borooah University of Ulster Readings Vani K Borooah, Globalisation, Barriers to Employment and Social Exclusion, Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, vol.More information
Education at a Glance 2008. OECD Technical Note For Spain
Education at a Glance 2008 NO MEDIA OR WIRE TRANSMISSION BEFORE 9 SEPTEMBER 2008, 11:00 PARIS TIME OECD Technical Note For Spain Governments are paying increasing attention to international comparisonsMore information
Women s Earnings and Income
Earnings and Income of U.S. Women and Men The median annual earnings for full-time, year-round women workers in 2010 was $36,931 compared to men s $47,715. 1 In 2011, the median weekly earnings for full-timeMore information
Replacement migration in ageing Europe: challenges and perspectives for CEE countries
Replacement migration in ageing Europe: challenges and perspectives for CEE countries Zsolt Gál Alissa Tolstokorova Effects of Immigration: Host countries, countries of origin, migrants Economic, demographic,More information
A European Unemployment Insurance Scheme
A European Unemployment Insurance Scheme Necessary? Desirable? Optimal? Grégory Claeys, Research Fellow, Bruegel Zsolt Darvas, Senior Fellow, Bruegel Guntram Wolff, Director, Bruegel July, 2014 Key messagesMore information
The Lisbon Process and European Women at Work
The Lisbon Process and European Women at Work Tito Boeri Università Bocconi and Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti, Milan. Prepared for the Conference Political Economy and Social Policy of Western EuropeMore information
BRIEFING. The Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the UK.
BRIEFING The Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the UK AUTHOR: DR CARLOS VARGAS-SILVA PUBLISHED: 27/03/2015 NEXT UPDATE: 27/03/2016 3rd Revision www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk This briefing provides anMore information
FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION: PAST TRENDS AND MAIN DETERMINANTS IN OECD COUNTRIES 1. Introduction and summary
FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION: PAST TRENDS AND MAIN DETERMINANTS IN OECD COUNTRIES 1 Introduction and summary The female participation rate is depressed by policy and market failure Female labour-forceMore information
Hege Torp and Erling Barth Actual and Preferred Working Time
REPORT 2001:3 Internet version Hege Torp and Erling Barth Actual and Preferred Working Time Regulations, incentives and the present debate on working time in Norway Institute for Social Research Oslo 2001More information
A New Dataset of Labour Market Reform/Rigidity Indexes for Up to 145 Countries since 1960: LAMRIG
A New Dataset of Labour Market Reform/Rigidity Indexes for Up to 145 Countries since 1960: LAMRIG Nauro F Campos Jeffrey B Nugent Brunel University, University of Southern California CEPR, KOF and IZAMore information
Pan-European opinion poll on occupational safety and health
PRESS KIT Pan-European opinion poll on occupational safety and health Results across 36 European countries Press kit Conducted by Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute at the request of the European AgencyMore information
Retirement routes and economic incentives to retire: a cross-country estimation approach Martin Rasmussen
Retirement routes and economic incentives to retire: a cross-country estimation approach Martin Rasmussen Welfare systems and policies Working Paper 1:2005 Working Paper Socialforskningsinstituttet TheMore information
G20 EMPLOYMENT WORKING GROUP COUNTRY SELF-REPORTING TEMPLATE ON IMPLEMENTATION OF G20 EMPLOYMENT PLANS Contents 1. Key economic and labour market indicators 2. Key policy indicators 3. Checklist of commitmentsMore information
Business Cycles and Divorce: Evidence from Microdata *
Business Cycles and Divorce: Evidence from Microdata * Judith K. Hellerstein 1 Melinda Sandler Morrill 2 Ben Zou 3 We use individual-level data to show that divorce is pro-cyclical on average, a findingMore information
Abstract THE IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON NON-PERFORMING LOANS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Dorina CLICHICI 44 Tatiana COLESNICOVA 45 The purpose of this research is to estimate the impact of severalMore information
International Labor Comparisons
Charting International Labor Comparisons 2010 Edition U.S. Department of Labor Material contained in this document is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permissionMore information
PwC Golden Age Index How well are OECD economies adapting to an older workforce? June 2015
How well are OECD economies adapting to an older workforce? Visit our blog for periodic updates at: pwc.blogs.com/economics_in_business Contents 1. Executive summary Page 3 2. Key results Page 7 3. PotentialMore information
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS CREDITOR PROTECTION AND BANKING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Simon Deakin, University of Cambridge, UK Panicos Demetriades, University of Leicester, UK Gregory James, UniversityMore information
Young Italians difficulties in finding work threaten to undermine investment in education.
Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators is the authoritative source for accurate and relevant information on the state of education around the world. It provides data on the structure, finances, and performanceMore information
Demographic and Education Effects on Unemployment in Europe: Economic Factors and Labour Market Institutions
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 1806 Demographic and Education Effects on Unemployment in Europe: Economic Factors and Labour Market Institutions Federico Biagi Claudio Lucifora October 2005 ForschungsinstitutMore information
Expenditure on Health Care in the UK: A Review of the Issues
Expenditure on Health Care in the UK: A Review of the Issues Carol Propper Department of Economics and CMPO, University of Bristol NIERC 25 April 2001 1 Expenditure on health care in the UK: The factsMore information
FACT SHEET WORKING TIME, GENDER EQUALITY, AND RECONCILING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE EUROPEAN TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION (ETUC) FACT SHEET WORKING TIME, GENDER EQUALITY, AND RECONCILING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE 01More information
Unemployment in the OECD since the 1960s. What do we know?
Unemployment in the OECD since the 196s. What do we know? By Stephen Nickell * and Luca Nunziata ** May 22 Bank of England This paper has been prepared for the Unemployment Conference, on 27-28 May atMore information
The retirement effects of old-age pension and early retirement schemes in OECD countries
Abstract The retirement effects of old-age pension and early retirement schemes in OECD countries Romain Duval 1 Department of Economics, OECD This paper examines the impact of old-age pension systemsMore information
Under embargo until 11 September, at 11:00 am Paris time
COUNTRY NOTE Education at a Glance:OECD Indicators 2012 Under embargo until 11 September, at 11:00 am Paris time CANADA Questions can be directed to: Andreas Schleicher, Advisor to the Secretary-GeneralMore information
Workplace Accidents in Europe
Workplace Accidents in Europe Workplace safety and the rise of the permanently temporary worker Ali Palali Matteo Picchio Jan C. van Ours Workplace Accidents in Europe Ali Palali Matteo Picchio Jan C.More information
PROJECTION OF THE FISCAL BALANCE AND PUBLIC DEBT (2012 2027) - SUMMARY PUBLIC FINANCE REVIEW February 2013 SUMMARY Key messages The purpose of our analysis is to highlight the risks that fiscal policyMore information
The Elasticity of Taxable Income: A Non-Technical Summary
The Elasticity of Taxable Income: A Non-Technical Summary John Creedy The University of Melbourne Abstract This paper provides a non-technical summary of the concept of the elasticity of taxable income,More information
The Contribution of Human capital to European Economic Growth: An empirical exploration from a panel data
The Contribution of Human capital to European Economic Growth: An empirical exploration from a panel data Menbere Workie Tiruneh 1 Marek Radvansky 2 Abstract The paper empirically investigates the extentMore information
Female Labor Supply: Why is the US Falling Behind?
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 7140 Female Labor Supply: Why is the US Falling Behind? Francine D. Blau Lawrence M. Kahn January 2013 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the StudyMore information
Explaining unemployment trends in the Netherlands $
Journal of Policy Modeling 23 2001) 161±168 Explaining unemployment trends in the Netherlands $ Robert A.J. Dur Erasmus University Rotterdam, Tinbergen Institute, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, TheMore information
Sergio Destefanis CELPE, CSEF - Università di Salerno. Giuseppe Mastromatteo Istituto di Economia e Finanza - Università Cattolica di Milano
Sergio Destefanis CELPE, CSEF - Università di Salerno Giuseppe Mastromatteo Istituto di Economia e Finanza - Università Cattolica di Milano More Jobs? A panel analysis of the European Employment StrategyMore information
United Kingdom. Country coverage and the methodology of the Statistical Annex of the 2015 HDR
Human Development Report 2015 Work for human development Briefing note for countries on the 2015 Human Development Report United Kingdom Introduction The 2015 Human Development Report (HDR) Work for HumanMore information
School of Economics and Management
School of Economics and Management TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF LISBON Department of Economics Carlos Pestana Barros & Nicolas Peypoch António Afonso & João Tovar Jalles A Comparative The cyclicality AnalysisMore information
The wine market: evolution and trends
The wine market: evolution and trends May 2014 1 Table of contents 1. WINE CONSUMPTION 3 2. TRENDS IN WORLD WINE TRADE IN 20 6 3. TOP WINE EXPORTERS IN 20 7 4. TOP WINE IMPORTERS IN 20 9 5. THE FIVE LARGESTMore information
The Life-Cycle Motive and Money Demand: Further Evidence. Abstract
The Life-Cycle Motive and Money Demand: Further Evidence Jan Tin Commerce Department Abstract This study takes a closer look at the relationship between money demand and the life-cycle motive using panelMore information
Special Eurobarometer 376 WOMEN IN DECISION-MAKING POSITIONS REPORT Fieldwork: September 2011 Publication: March 2012 This survey has been requested by Directorate-General Justice and co-ordinated by Directorate-More information
Education and Wage Differential by Race: Convergence or Divergence? *
Education and Wage Differential by Race: Convergence or Divergence? * Tian Luo Thesis Advisor: Professor Andrea Weber University of California, Berkeley Department of Economics April 2009 Abstract ThisMore information
SF3.1: Marriage and divorce rates
Marriage rates Definitions and methodology SF3.1: Marriage and divorce rates The crude marriage rate is the number of marriages formed each year as a ratio to 1 000 people. This measure disregards otherMore information
Marriage and divorce: patterns by gender, race, and educational attainment
ARTICLE OCTOBER 2013 Marriage and divorce: patterns by gender, race, and educational attainment Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), this article examines s and divorcesMore information
Explanatory note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite indices. Spain. HDI values and rank changes in the 2014 Human Development Report
Human Development Report 2014 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience Explanatory note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite indices Spain HDI values and rankMore information
Portugal. Country coverage and the methodology of the Statistical Annex of the 2015 HDR
Human Development Report 2015 Work for human development Briefing note for countries on the 2015 Human Development Report Portugal Introduction The 2015 Human Development Report (HDR) Work for Human DevelopmentMore information
THE IMPACT OF R&D EXPENDITURE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: FURTHER EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY Dr.Erkan ÖZTÜRK Sakarya University, Department of Accounting and Taxification, Sakarya, Turkey,More information
Discouraged workers - where have they gone?
Autumn 1992 (Vol. 4, No. 3) Article No. 5 Discouraged workers - where have they gone? Ernest B. Akyeampong One of the interesting but less publicized labour market developments over the past five yearsMore information
Narrowing the Sustainability Gap of EU and US Health Care Spending
Working Paper Research Division EU Integration Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Amy Medearis, Ognian N. Hishow 1 Narrowing the Sustainability GapMore information
Education, Market Rigidities and Growth
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 3166 Education, Market Rigidities and Growth Philippe Aghion Philippe Askenazy Renaud Bourlès Gilbert Cette Nicolas Dromel November 2007 Forschungsinstitut zur ZukunftMore information
OECD THEMATIC FOLLOW-UP REVIEW OF POLICIES TO IMPROVE LABOUR MARKET PROSPECTS FOR OLDER WORKERS. SWITZERLAND (situation mid-2012)
OECD THEMATIC FOLLOW-UP REVIEW OF POLICIES TO IMPROVE LABOUR MARKET PROSPECTS FOR OLDER WORKERS SWITZERLAND (situation mid-2012) In 2011, the employment rate for the population aged 50-64 in SwitzerlandMore information
THE EURO AREA BANK LENDING SURVEY 1ST QUARTER OF 214 APRIL 214 European Central Bank, 214 Address Kaiserstrasse 29, 6311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Postal address Postfach 16 3 19, 666 Frankfurt am Main,More information
OECD PROJECT ON FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND RETIREMENT SAVINGS Project Outline 2014-2016
OECD PROJECT ON FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND RETIREMENT SAVINGS Project Outline 2014-2016 The OECD argues in favour of complementary private pension savings to boost overall saving for retirement. FinancialMore information
FISCAL INCENTIVES AND RETIREMENT SAVINGS Project Outline 2014-2015
FISCAL INCENTIVES AND RETIREMENT SAVINGS Project Outline 2014-2015 The OECD argues in favour of complementary private pension savings to boost overall saving for retirement. Financial incentives may beMore information
Reallocation of Resources Across Age in a Comparative European Setting
Reallocation of Resources Across in a Comparative European Setting Working Paper no 3 Authors: Bernhard Hammer (TU WIEN), Alexia Prskawetz (TU WIEN), Inga Freund (TU WIEN) March 24 Authors: Bernhard HammerMore information
United Kingdom. HDI values and rank changes in the 2013 Human Development Report
Human Development Report 2013 The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World Explanatory note on 2013 HDR composite indices United Kingdom HDI values and rank changes in the 2013 Human DevelopmentMore information
When Will the U.S. Job Market Recover?
March 2012 In this newsletter, we focus on the U.S. job market. The economic recovery post-2008 is often referred to as a "jobless recovery" given the persistently high unemployment rate. In this paperMore information
Estimating differences in public and private sector pay
Estimating differences in public and private sector pay Andrew Damant and Jamie Jenkins, July 2011 Summary It is difficult to make comparisons of the two sectors because of differences in the types ofMore information
What Happens During Recessions, Crunches, and Busts?
9TH JACQUES POLAK ANNUAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE NOVEMBER 13-14, 2008 What Happens During Recessions, Crunches, and Busts? Stijn Claessens International Monetary Fund and Ayhan Kose International MonetaryMore information
Insurance corporations and pension funds in OECD countries
Insurance corporations and pension funds in OECD countries Massimo COLETTA (Bank of Italy) Belén ZINNI (OECD) UNECE, Expert Group on National Accounts, Geneva - 3 May 2012 Outline Motivations InsuranceMore information
Priority Areas of Australian Clinical Health R&D
Priority Areas of Australian Clinical Health R&D Nick Pappas* CSES Working Paper No. 16 ISSN: 1322 5138 ISBN: 1-86272-552-7 December 1999 *Nick Pappas is a Henderson Research Fellow at the Centre for StrategicMore information
EUROPE 2020 TARGET: TERTIARY EDUCATION ATTAINMENT Low tertiary or equivalent education attainment levels create skills bottlenecks in knowledgeintensive economic sectors and hamper productivity, innovationMore information
Household Finance and Consumption Survey
An Phríomh-Oifig Staidrimh Central Statistics Office Household Finance and Consumption Survey 2013 Published by the Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland. Available from: Central Statistics Office, InformationMore information
Explanatory note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite indices. United Kingdom
Human Development Report 2014 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience Explanatory note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite indices United Kingdom HDI valuesMore information
and monetary developments
economic developments box 8 unemployment developments in the euro area The situation in euro area s has worsened significantly since the start of the economic and financial crisis in 28. After reachingMore information
The demand for private medical insurance
Economic Trends 66 May 24 The demand for private medical insurance Gavin Wallis This article provides an overview of private medical insurance (PMI) coverage in Great Britain and presents results fromMore information
Can Women Save Japan?
WP/12/248 Can Women Save Japan? Chad Steinberg and Masato Nakane 212 International Monetary Fund WP/12/ IMF Working Paper Asia and Pacific Department Can Women Save Japan? Prepared by Chad Steinberg andMore information
Current account core-periphery dualism in the EMU. Tatiana Cesaroni (Bank of Italy) and Roberta De Santis (Istat)
Current account core-periphery dualism in the EMU Tatiana Cesaroni (Bank of Italy) and Roberta De Santis (Istat) Motivation (i) starting from the beginning of 90ies Eurozone CA as a whole has remainedMore information
Table of Contents. A. Aggregate Jobs Effects...3. B. Jobs Effects of the Components of the Recovery Package...5. C. The Timing of Job Creation...
1 Table of Contents A. Aggregate Jobs Effects...3 B. Jobs Effects of the Components of the Recovery Package...5 C. The Timing of Job Creation...7 D. Breakdown by Industry...7 E. Effects on Different DemographicMore information


text:
Dr. Mahmud's Memorial
It is with profound sadness that we announce the passing of our beloved physician, Dr. Khalid Mahmud.
His life's passion was helping people. He did so brilliantly with his characteristic compassion, grace, wisdom, and clever sense of humor. He was a beloved and respected doctor, friend, and mentor. Our "Dr. M" was truly one of a kind and will be deeply missed by his family, patients and colleagues near and far.
Dr. Mahmud willingly shared his passion through publishing his research, writing books, holding seminars and even doing the occasional television interview. Dr. Mahmud was devoted to medical science and the care of his patients was the cornerstone of his career. It was that passion that led Dr. Richard Sinda to Dr. Mahmud, three years ago. The two developed a strong bond over pushing standard of care medical boundaries and developing care that is unique to each individual patient. It is with great pride that Dr. Sinda, along with Lisa, Sarah, and Lindsey, carry on Dr. Mahmud's legacy and passion for patient care.
We know that Dr. Mahmud is smiling down on all of us with that charismatic twinkle in his eye.
The Visitation will be held Wednesday, October 29th from 5 – 8pm and Memorial Service at 11am Thursday, October 30th at Washburn McReavy Funeral Chapel in Edina.
Read Dr. Mahmud's Obituary Notice
Washburn McReavy Funeral Chapel
5000 West 50th Street (at Highway 100)
Edina, MN 55436
(952) 920-3996
Dr. Mahmud touched so many lives, please share your special stories with all of us. These memories will be complied into a book for Dr. Mahmud's family.
35 thoughts on "Dr. Mahmud Memorial"
Dr. "M" as I always called you. You were on of the most proud mentors I knew. Having the pleasure to be a part of a Innovative Directions in Health really patched my career. I looked at us like a little family. You have touched so many and have helped open up the eyes of so many on how truly to live mind body and soul. You will always be in my thought. My prayers of comfort go out to Marilyn and the boys and also Lisa and the clinic.
Thank you for being a part of my life!!!! I am truly sad to lose you!
Love Rachel
I will surely miss Dr. Mahmud. He was truly an inspiration to me and taught me so much about my health. I will miss my visits with him and his sense of humor. God bless you, Dr. Mahmud, for all the help you have given to me and the rest of your patients. RIP.
Dr. Mahmud was one of the kindest and most approachable human beings I have ever met. His wisdom, humor and compassion helped me learn the importance of taking good care of myself by understanding the complex chemistry of hormone balance, all while adding his own flare of facial expressions and laughter in the process!
I will be forever grateful to Dr. Mahmud. He had a profound impact on so many and will be dearly missed.
Sandy Elling
Dr. Mahmud was a pioneer in the field of bio-identical hormone therapy. His professionalism, expertise, continuous research contributions, passion, and compassion endeared him to his patients. His sudden passing did not allow his patients to express their heartfelt thanks for helping them live much happier and healthier lives. He will be sorely missed.
I am stunned and greatly saddened to learn that Dr. Mahmud is no longer with us. I began going to him in 2008 and his care had a major impact on my health and life. I owe him a great debt. I extend my sympathy to his family and staff. He was a pioneer and I was privileged and very fortunate to have had him as my doctor. I had counted on having him a lot longer. What a tremendous loss.
I actually was a patient of Dr. Sinda, but knew of Dr. Mahmud through his incredible efforts particularly in the fight against breast cancer. He took on the traditional medical establishment with dignity and high intelligence. He focused on the importance of nutrition and supplements supporting preventative medicine. He was a leader in his efforts and should be emulated by all doctors. All of you as family members and friends should be very proud of him. I wish all of you love and strength during this time in honoring his memory.
I will miss you so much Dr. M! Always in my heart, Leese
Good, kind, intelligent, compassionate Dr. Mahmoud. Thank you for helping me to be healthy. Rest in peace, dear Doctor.
I am so glad to have been able to meet and discuss my medical care with Dr Mahmud. He was such a pioneer in his field. He has helped so many people through his work and research. Dr Mahmud was willing to challenge the status quo and researched prevention of illnesses in the safest manner possible. We all benefit from this. What an incredible lifetime of accomplishments. He will be greatly missed and always remembered.
I am so grateful to have had Dr. Mahmud as my doctor & partner in health. His wisdom was priceless & went way beyond the scope of so many other doctors out there. He will be truly missed.
I found Dr. Mahmud and the staff he assembled to work with him to be a unique group of medical professionals. Dr. Mahmud saw a patient as an individual with individual problems, and he made the effort to arrive at what worked for that patient. What he found for me worked for me and made my life better.
I am very sorry indeed to hear of his passing.
I am so sad to hear the news of his passing. He was my confidant and healer over the past several years. I was so impressed by his wisdom and kindness and he will be missed. My heart goes out to his family who will truly feel the loss.
I am deeply shocked and saddened to learn of Dr. Mahmud's death. He was the kindest and most compassionate doctor that I have ever met – as I am a nurse, that says a lot! His wisdom, his interest in and concern about each individual, his genuine kindness – all those attributes and so much more made him a port in the storm each and every time I would see him. He made a huge difference in the lives of so many, including mine. I will miss him greatly and extend my deepest condolences to his family and staff. We have all lost a truly great human being and one who will be remembered always.
My heart aches on hearing of the passing of Dr. Mahmud. I was already in my 70 when I became a patient. He was so gracious and concerned when I relayed my aging complaints and reassured me that he thought he could help and the measures we took helped tremendously. Even though I didn't see him very often, living in North Dakota, I will truly miss him.
Sad, sad, sad! It was such a comfort to find a doctor like Dr. Mahmud. He got it and he was definitely before his time in medicine! What a loss for medicine and I can only imagine for his loved ones!
Dr. Mahmud took me on at age 71 and has me going strong at age 74! I am very grateful that he appeared in my life, and for his gentle, scientifically-grounded but cutting-edge care. I know that without his care, I would not have the energy and vitality that I enjoy today. In addition to the benefits of his medically advanced practice, I looked forward to our warm and stimulating conversations during my appointments. Dr. Mahmud was a lovely human being and a gift to my life, as to so many other lives, I know.
My heartfelt condolences to his family, friends and colleagues.
Although I am doctor Sinda's patient, I wanted to extend my deepest sympathy. Dr. Mahmud was a brilliant doctor. May god give you grace at this sad time. Debra Schmidt
After two heart attacks, and very close to the third one, I met Dr. M. Within six months, I had the energy of a 30 year old (at 54), my attention span was increased, and I started enjoying life again. I am indebted to him and his science. He was a great man, very compassionate, and the most determined man I have ever met. I will miss him, but I will continue on with his recommended plan. My condolences to his family, and all of the people at Innovative Health.
I am so very sorry to hear of Dr. Mahmud's passing. He was a caring Dr. and really took the time to sit and listen to all of his patient's concerns. So many Doctors these days don't have the time or inclination to do that. He will be sorely missed, and my sympathy goes out to the Staff of IDIH, his family, friends and other patients. Godspeed Dr. M!
Dr. Mahmud was a wonderful caring man with a wealth of knowledge who truly cared about prevention of illness. He always genuinely listened to his patients and wanted to make their lives better. He believed in the holistic way which we all appreciated and benefited from. I learned so much from him and he will be deeply missed. I will continue to live by his healthy standards. My sympathy goes out to his family and all the staff at IDIH. I know Lisa was just like family to him and worked for him a very long time.
God bless you Dr Mahmud for following your calling, you have helped so many people live healthier, more productive lives. Deepest sympathies to his family.
You will be greatly missed,
I was so sad to hear about Dr. Mahmud. I started seeing Dr. Mahmud four years ago. He was so caring, patient and made me feel special, as I'm sure he did for all his patients. His guidance and care have changed my life. I will be forever indebted to him. My sincere sympathies to his family and the staff at Innovative Directions.
Im so sorry to hear about Dr Mahmud. My husband and I are so thankful for his wonderful care and for introducing me to the bio identical hormones. It has enriched our lives immensely! I admire his courage and devotion to promote this type of health care, which unfortunately is not accepted by all medical professionals. Thanks to everyone at IDIH, and my deepest sympathies to you all.
I am so very sorry to hear about Dr. Mahmud's passing. My heart goes out to all of his family and friends. He was kind, compassionate and caring. He will be missed by all of us.
I honor Dr. Mahmud for saving me! I saw him first on a Ch. 11 Sat. show when I was at my lowest…..made an appt….went on the bio identical hormones and I was myself again! AND I learned so very much from him. I found him couragous to go against the norm that most doctors preach. He even prepared me to go to my own Internest as to why I was going to stay on these hormones. He truly cared for what women go through…wanting a quality of life! WIthout his research and knowledge and innovations I think many woman would be in a different place. THANK YOU Dr. Mahmud for your kindness, caring heart, and passing this on to others. You TRULY made a wonderful mark in this world and will be greatly missed! My deepest sympathies to your family and your staff…..
Few of us have the honor of impacting a person's life in a transformational way. Dr. Mahmoud had such an impact on our daughter Rachel Anderson and as parents we are thankful.
Through Dr. Mahmud's amazing mentorhip, she is now established in a meaningful career.
Dr. Mahmoud was an wonderful man of intellect, skill and compassion.
Our family like so many others were blessed and fortunate to have him impact our lives.
I am so deeply moved by Dr. M's passing. He was my hero, my mentor, and my friend. The respect I have for him is immeasurable. To this day, I consider him my greatest mentor and I am truly, truly blessed he allowed me into his world. As a man of medicine and science, his work was top-notch and he continued to strive to make true, meaningful contributions to his field and to help men and women find and maintain their path to health and wellness. He was an avid reader and researcher and wouldn't recommend or integrate something into his practice until he was certain of its safety and health benefits. His published work was ahead of its time and his commitment to changing medicine and challenging traditional, out-dated ways in our country was unprecedented. I share his work with my colleagues and patients, alike, each and every day. His vision will remain through those of us he touched so profoundly.
In addition to his great intellectual gifts, he was also the kindest, most gentle, thoughtful human being I knew. He had a big spirit and loved to laugh. I think often, about his goofy sense of humor and how he liked to tell jokes – he always used to tell jokes, changing his voice to match those of the characters in the joke – quite charming coming from him, and something so endearing that only he could get away with! He loved to go to Good Earth with "his girls" and we'd spend a little bit of the afternoon planning grandiose new ideas for the clinic or his new invention ideas and just laughing and sharing in each others' company. He loved his family the most and was so proud of each of them, and spoke of them all often.
He will leave a huge void in the lives of those who knew him – whether professionally or personally – and he will be greatly missed. But his legacy shall continue through all of us and his children and grandchildren. We are all better for knowing him. My love to you all as you go through the loss and then healing of losing the beautiful Dr. M. xoxo
My sympathies to Dr. Mahmud's wife and family and to all of his office staff….especially Lisa, because I know you had worked so closely and so long with him. People come in and out of our lives for different reasons and my life was blessed the day that I met Dr. Mahmud 8 years ago. He was a man of knowledge, intellect, passion and care. He has made such a difference in my life by putting me on the bio-identical hormones. He truly cared about women's health and I agree that his legacy will continue with Dr. Sinda and the wonderful staff at Innovative Directions. Blessings to all of you.
I just attended a very beautiful memorial service this morning for one of the most caring, kind, and compassionate doctor that I have ever met. He has been my doctor for the last five years. I first met him 35 years ago when I worked at North Memorial Medical Center as a medical secretary. I quit my job at NMMC 32 years ago when my son was born. Dr. Mahmud back then encouraged me to be a stay at home Mom when the baby was born. He was a mentor to me then as well as now. I was watching KARE 11 Saturday about 5-6 years ago and walked away from the television and came back and heard this familiar voice.
The following summer I set up a consultation with Dr. Mahmud. I am so happy that I did. I am feeling so much better with the health plan that he made for me. He still had that wonderful sense of humor and that twinkle in his eye that he had 30 years ago. As the saying goes, some people come into your life for a reason and then they leave for awhile and come back into your life again". I believe that Dr. Mahmud was put on this earth to be a doctor. I believe people are put on this earth to do certain things and Dr. Mahmud was here to be a kind, caring and compassionate physician who loved taking care of people and making them feel better. I believe that was what he was put on this earth to do. He touched so many people in so many different ways.
My sympathies go out to Dr. Mahmud's family and to the Staff at Innovative Directions in Health. I noticed today so much love and such a beautiful family that I know he was very proud of. Two summers ago we had a conversation about children getting married because my son was getting married 3 weeks after my appointment. Dr. Mahmud and I had a conversation about sacrificing for our children. I have the same beliefs regarding that as Dr. Mahmud did. Dr. Mahmud was happy that my son and daughter in law were getting married on a golf course. The last appointment I had with Dr. Mahmud was in January of 2014. I told him that my husband and I were going on a trip to Spain. He looked at me and said, "I have traveled all over the world, but I have never been there. When I see you next tell me about it and if you liked it, I will probably visit there." I never was able to tell him about Spain. It was a trip of a lifetime for my husband and I.
Dr. Mahmud took such good care of us. May he rest in Peace and fly with the Angels. When I look up into the night sky and see a star twinkle, I will think of you, Dr. Mahmud. May God Bless you Mrs. Mahmud and those beautiful children and grandchildren. We all have to make sure that Dr. Mahmud's life's work and passion continues.
Dear Marilyn, Shawn, Jeff, and Adam,
Dr. Mahmud was truly an amazing person, radiating wisdom, joy, and compassion. I reflect on my time with him at Innovative Directions in Health often and am honored that I was able to be a part of his legacy. When I made the difficult decision to leave his practice and pursue a career in veterinary medicine, I received his full support (even though he cautioned me I might have to work with snakes)! Dr. Mahmud has positively influenced many lives, mine included. I will miss his smile, his general good nature, and his guidance. Each day I worked with him, I was able to see it on his face or hear it in his voice how deeply he loved his family. My heart goes out to you on the loss of your beloved husband and father.
Dr. Mahmud was a true visionary, and his contribution to the world is immense, and will continue to live on through all of his patients. He died way too early, while doing his life's work, never resting. He has positively impacted the health of many as well as the quality of lives of their families through his research, knowledge and leadership. We were truly blessed to have him in our lives.
My deepest sympathy to the family and to the staff at Innovative Directions especially to Lisa. My heart is broken to know he left us too soon. He was a very kind, caring, innovative and progressive doctor and I respected him so much. I remember him from North Memorial and for a short time worked at Carevan with him. I trusted his knowledge, judgement and his wisdom. He was my doctor and I was proud of that. He wanted to make a difference and he did…..goodbye for now………love and prayers
It's so hard to believe that Dr Mahmud has left this world, too soon, but he will always be with us in Spirit.
The first time I saw Dr Mahmud was on T.V! I was interested in what he was talking about, I quickly wrote down the phone number and made an appointment . when I was actually sitting across from him in his office I felt like a celebrity myself!
I always enjoyed my visits with him, I am from England so we both understood what it was like to live away from home, he told me that when he returned home to Pakistan after five years of being away, that his poor Mother was beside herself, I could tell that this had genuinely affected him, I understood.
He also told me a little story about his adventure.. In London, going there to work, he couldn't find where he was supposed to go, so he basically turned around and flew back to the U.S.A.
The last time I spoke to him he scolded me for not getting my Mammogram, he made me promise that I would get one soon, I did, so thank you.. All is well!
My condolences go out to all his Family, Friends, Lisa,and all the staff.
Dr Mahmud was a great Doctor, and a lovely Man, he will be missed by all.
I just know saw this and I write this condolanc from the bottom of my heart. IT was an honor and a pleasure working with Dr. Mahmud and helping to promote his brilliant book. THE BEST book ever to this day that tell you how to PREVENT cancer. Keeping Abreast: Ways to Prevent Breast Cancer.
We lost touch when I left the publishing house, but I still to date would refer friends, colleagues and whoever needed advice to this website and Dr. Mahmud's book. I wish there was more I could have done and I wish I had known about his passing so much sooner. I have a colleague who is going thru cancer recovery here in Los Angeles and was looking into moving twds alternative healing. I was going to have her contact Dr. Mahmud and I went to this site again to reference something for her and found this page. I am beside myself because Dr. Mahmud made an impact and I truly wanted to do whatever I could to promote his cause! I am glad his practice expanded and his legacy is continuing. Hats off to Lisa for managing his office well and my deepest sympathies to the entire Mahmud family, colleagues and friends. You will be truly missed by all. What a one of kind, stand up guy! More physicans need to FOLLOW his lead! Best, Miranda Spigener-Sapon, Former Publciist for Dr. Khalid Mahmud and his book Keeping aBreast

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Earning a physical MBA magnitude from the support of your own home? That may be too upright to be true, but then, the same piece could have been same in the region of horseless carriages and motorized phones. Our prevailing identify of application has made online pedagogy not just a possibility but an actual, in working condition reality. Communication complete long-lasting distances has been ready-made simpler than of all time before, and group tele-commute to hard work all the time, accomplishing the aforesaid job from their home information processing system as if they were physically at the department. An online level program operates the aforementioned way, allowing a scholar to run MBA module in anterior of a computing device as promptly as attending a session in a body.
People appropriate online degrees for abundant reasons. Some of them, like the archetypal tele-commuter, may poverty to devote more than occurrence at abode beside their ancestral. Others have to settlement with a taxing work programme that forces them to find a supple and time-efficient activity program in business concern. Whatever your common sense may be, there is no longer a demand for you to leave to another time acquiring a sought after MBA until specified instance as your programme is more depart. An online MBA system offers you the freedom of scheduling your module in accordance near your prevailing lifestyle.
Besides flexibility, other power that taking an online MBA system can offering is allowing you to recover on your expenses. You may not spend by a long way less on the fee itself, as the fee for an online MBA is frequently comparable with to that of a regular body fee. However, you will to be sure liberate on travelling costs, as you will not have to donate your burrow to be classes. And that will assistance you disdain the various further hassles of such as belongings as crowds, conveyance traffic, losing time, and acquiring straying.
Moreover, you are found from having to modify and brainwave new flesh and blood arrangements but to go to classes at a nonadjacent university. You won't subject the costs of freedom and board, nor of on-campus elbow room fees.
You do suffer out on undisputed property. You do not bask the very horizontal of public action open to a novice present a real-world university. That is something umteen populace will miss, particularly if they grow on the rousing of after-class discussions and private dialogues near your professors. But it is fairly credible that you are but adjusted on your activity and your line already, so that your enlightening needs, while important, clutch a backseat. In that case, beside your MBA studies a second-rate priority, it makes import for you to help of a programme on the table sufficient to donkey work into your life, fairly than adapting your own life-style to fit a university docket.