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For the Autumn we are running a series of webinars across WE. Please invite
your targets to watch them on demand.
The Road to Revenue Tour provides marketers with the latest tips, topics and
chances to learn and network with others to help them succeed. This free,
half-day event is a forum for all marketers to learn the latest ideas and
Oracle Database 12cリリース後、新機能を紹介するいくつかのセミナーが実施されましたが、そのいずれにも行きそびれてしまった方、是非、Oracle Daysにお出かけください。
Oracle Daysの中で開催される"Database & Business Analytics Summit"(10月22日開催)のデータベース・クラウド(統合)トラックでは、Oracle Database関連の最新情報をみなさまにお届けします。
Effective September 1st, 2013 all OMM deal registrations approved for a public sector entity end user will be ineligible for either the OMM Resale Compensatory Fee payment or OMM Referral Fee payment. This change is being effected for legal and regulatory compliance reasons and to bring global consistency to the OMM policy.Eligible OPN Incentive Program rebates and OMM Resale and Referral Fee payments for commercial entities will remain unaffected. In addition, the process for submitting a net new registration for a public sector entity will remain unaffected.
OOW 2013 is over for a while now. And yesterday we've received the session results from our talk and the HOL. And we have to say Thank You Very Much! For your time, for the great discussions, for your feedbacks. This is the highest session count we've had in the past years.
Knowledge-driven processes are typically unpredictable in their
execution. Experts working on them decide what's the next best action to
take. This is in contrast to traditional BPM, in which all possible
paths of a process are predetermined and modeled into the process. Case
management is a way to control and implement these unstructured
processes. With the poster below we'd like to bring some of the key
aspects of Adaptive Case Management (ACM) on one page.
The JD Edwards Product Development Team, in collaboration with the North America Alliances & Channels and Worldwide Alliances & Channels organizations, is excited to announce Oracle's 5th Annual JD Edwards Summit - Monday, January 27th through Friday, January 31st, 2014, in Broomfield, Colorado.
Do you want to learn more about innovative features WebLogic and ADF & ADF mobile?
I would like to invite you to join our 2 days hands-on trainings on WebLogic and ADF across the Europe.
Oracle Day
is a global event series that will be held in 75 cities worldwide.
Events begin in mid-October 2013 and run through January 2014. These
events are cross-stack, covering Oracle technology, applications, and
Did you miss Oracle OpenWorld? Then this might be just the event for you!


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Big Sale Shopping game
Have you ever tried Dresses Big Sale Shopping? You would be really gentle, comfortable and stylish in this Dresses for this out these dresses in this collection then you believe in my words.
Big Sale Shopping, play free Dress Up games, related games and updates online. Added on
Author: bowbiegame 1747
Here are some more related games in Dress Up category. Also you can jump to other category using box above.
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Related games
- Big City Shopping
- Big Shopping Center Dressup
- 2009 Shopping Girl
- Shopping Girl Game
- Crazy Shopping
- DM Fashionette Avatar Designer Studio
- Sue shopping fashion
- Sue shopping dressup
- DM SummerStyle Chica Designer
- Emo Shopping Extravaganza
- Shopping Girl
- Back to School Dress Up
- DM Office Styles
- DM Denim Styles
- Shopping Addicted
- Big Wedding
- Sweet 16 Party Drive
- Shopping With A Friend
- Fruit Shop Girl
- Shopping Girls
- Crazy Shopping
- DOLI- Mina Fashionista
- Shopping With Mom
- Girl Shopping With Her Doggy
- The Supermarket Shopping Girl Style
- Spring Shopping 2011
- Shopping Girl Dressup
- Hot Summer Shopping

subset: commoncrawl


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Clive T. Johnson President, Chief Executive Officer & Director
Clive Johnson has served as a Director and the President of B2Gold since December 2006 and Chief Executive Officer since March 2007. Mr. Johnson oversees our long-term strategy and development as well as the day-to-day activities of B2Gold. Previously, Mr. Johnson was involved with Bema Gold and its predecessor companies since 1977. Mr. Johnson was appointed the President and Chief Executive Officer of Bema after it was created by the amalgamation of three Bema group companies in 1988. He was a driving force in Bema's transition from a junior exploration company to an international intermediate gold producer. Mr. Johnson is currently a director of Uracan Resources Ltd. In 2004 Mr. Johnson received the 2004 Viola MacMillan Developer's Award from the Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada and in 2013 he received the Pacific Entrepreneur of the Year Award for Mining and Metals.
Robert Cross Chairman
Robert Cross has more than 20 years of experience as a financier in the mining and oil & gas sectors. He is a cofounder and Non-Executive Chairman of Bankers Petroleum Ltd., co-founder and Chairman of Petrodorado Energy Ltd., and until October 2007, was the Non-Executive Chairman of Northern Orion Resources Inc. Between 1996 and 1998, Mr. Cross was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Yorkton Securities Inc. From 1987 to 1994, he was a Partner, Investment Banking with Gordon Capital Corporation in Toronto. Mr. Cross has an Engineering Degree from the University of Waterloo and received his MBA from Harvard Business School in 1987.
Robert Gayton
Robert Gayton is a Chartered Accountant and has acted as a consultant to various public companies since 1987. He was Chief Financial Officer with Western Silver Corporation from 1995 to 2004 and was a director of Western Silver Corporation from 2004 to 2006 and a director of Bema from 2003 to 2007. He was a director of Northern Orion Resources Inc. from 2004 to 2007. Each of these companies was subsequently acquired by way of takeover. Mr. Gayton is currently a director of Nevsun Resources Ltd., Amerigo Resources Limited, Palo Duro Energy Inc., Western Copper Corporation, Silvercorp Metals Inc., Trans National Minerals Inc. and Eastern Platinum Ltd.
Jerry Korpan
Jerry Korpan is based in London, England. He was Managing Director of Yorkton Securities UK until 1999 and a director of Bema from 2002 to 2007 and was the Executive Director of Emergis Capital S.A., a company operating out of Antwerp, Belgium until 2011. Mr. Korpan is currently a director of Mitra Energy Limited, an independent oil company operating in South East Asia, and Midas Gold Corporation.
Bongani Mtshisi
Bongani Mtshisi is a Mining Engineer by training with more than 12 years of experience working in key commodity sectors such as platinum, gold, diamond, nickel and copper (Anglo Platinum, Debeers/HUF joint venture and Sub Nigel Gold). Mr. Mtshisi is currently the CEO of BSC Resources Ltd. ("BSC"), a company that is involved in the exploration and development of copper and nickel commodities in South Africa. Mr. Mtshisi was also a founding member of Auryx, a leader in Namibian gold exploration and development, focused on generating shareholder value through the acquisition, discovery, growth, and development of gold resources. Mr. Mtshisi has a National diploma in Metalliferous Mining and a National Certificate in Project Management from The Technikon Witwatersrand in South Africa.
Kevin Bullock
Kevin Bullock is a registered Professional Mining Engineer in the province of Ontario. Kevin was Volta Resources Inc.'s President and CEO and was the founding President and CEO of Goldcrest (a Volta predecessor company) since its inception in 2002. Kevin was instrumental in the growth of Volta from a shell company through to the ultimate sale of the company to B2Gold at the end of 2013. Kevin has over 25 years of experience, at senior levels, in mining exploration, mine development and mine operations. Throughout his career, Kevin has been involved in projects from inception through exploration to development and production.
George Johnson
George Johnson served as B2Gold's Senior Vice President of Operations from August 2009 until April 2015 when he retired. Mr. Johnson was responsible for overseeing all of the operational activities of B2Gold. Mr. Johnson is a mining engineer with over 35 years of experience in underground and open pit mine construction and operations management. Mr. Johnson joined Bema Gold Corporation in 1999 after 16 years with Hecla Mining Company. Following the merger of Bema Gold Corporation and Kinross Gold Corporation, he managed the construction and completion of the Kupol mine in Northeastern Russia. Mr. Johnson has a Bachelor of Science degree in mining engineering from the University of Washington.


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BP3704 - Better Home Products Sea Cliff Collection Towel Ring
$ 18.98 $ 22.70
The Sea Cliff Dark Bronze Towel Ring is the best way to keep your bathroom neat and orderly. Your Home Supply has your bath supplies shipped to you at great prices and premium quality. The classy and rich looking dark bronze Sea Cliff towel ring is beyond ordinary. Unlike most bath towel rings, the Sea Cliff Towel Ring is made out of solid zinc alloy die cast and covered in this nice dark bronze finish. This combination of material and expert craftsmanship equals a top-of-the line product. In fact, this bathroom hardware piece is so rugged that it comes with a limited lifetime guarantee. We also send the installation hardware and individual wrapped bath accessories for all you need to get it in your bath. Start hanging towels up in style with this great bath ring.


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House packing tips(46 Posts)
Help me, need to move and overwhelmed by packing! What's the best way to do it?
I do it by emptying a cupboard/wardrobe at a time.
I completely pack it, and label the box. Eventually you will end up with rooms full of empty furniture, and packed boxes.
Also, start NOW, the sooner you start the better.
What do you do with TV's?
TVs: We've got a big old TV and we just unplug it from the aerial, then sellotape the wire and plug to somewhere round the back so it's not dangling down when they lift it. If it's on a removable stand then unscrew it from the stand. Any smaller items like DVD players and remote controls I put in a box. If you've got one fixed to a wall you probably need to take it down yourself unless they've agreed to do that kind of thing.
Any item that's too big for a box they treat like furniture and they'll wrap it in the van to protect it.
we'd had our TV less than a year and kept the box knowing we were planning to move. The reaction from the movers was 'excellent, a proper TV box'.
so if you have a flatscreen might be worth a chat to local shops to see if anyone has a box and the packing.
as someone else said, removers are not responsible for breakages of items they didn't pack. That said, we packed, they moved and nothing broke.
I know it will differ in area and size of move but what is the average removal price including packing and not including packing?
We paid less than £200 for packing of a very full 3 bed house. it was worth every penny and I would highly recommend it. They come in the day before and whizz through your house, packing everything carefully. Nothing was broken and everything was easily located afterwards.
Run - and how much extra was the move?
i've done it both ways - used the packing service and done it myself. Definitely prefer diy as although quite tiring you end up knowing where to find stuff. It made unpacking much easier than when I used their service.
Sorry - missed that bit - I think it was about £900 altogether - £700 for the move and £200 for packing. They do vary hugely though so worth getting a few quotes.
Our previous move (no packing service) was £350, but it was very straight-forward, 2-bed to a 2-bed, same city etc.
If you have a packing service... do they pack everything i.e. broken stuff, the jiffy bags you've been holding on to for ebay, your recycling bin etc?
Btw- this is a pretty good page for ideas there are lots of people's tips at the bottom too.
I'm not going for a packing service and agree with what Avril said above. I don't want to take any unwanted rubbish with me. My quote is £740 for 6 bed house to 5 bed, 10 minutes away and they are dismantling two double beds and putting them back together.
I've never used a packing service. It all seems a bit too personal somehow. But one of my family has moved frequently and always uses it. She says they pack everything. They pack very fast so they won't stop and check if you want things or not. If you choose to use them, maybe it's best to try to sort out and declutter so it's organised first. I think a lot of companies offer the option of just paying them to pack your breakables such as kitchen stuff which takes longer to pack as it needs wrapping.
I had a quotation of £250 from Pickfords for packing a 3 bed 2 reception house. Apart from that, the actual move quotation was £4000 to move from house to local storage and then from storage 200 miles to our next home once we'd found one. The company I actually used charged half as much but I didn't bother to ask for a packing quotation.
Yes they do pack EVERYTHING - you have to do the de-cluttering first. My mum used a packing service when she moved house and was delighted to unwrap an ashtray still full of cigarette ends, but very carefully wrapped!
We moved last October, and I was nervous of using a packing service because I'd have to find everything again on the other side!! We moved three weeks after I'd had a baby, so spent the last stages of pregnancy furiously packing.
We started with the loft - brought everything down, packed into boxes or took stuff to tip/charity/recycling... Then worked through the house starting with the stuff you don't really 'need' like books, CDs etc, and lots of clothes, children's toys...
I had a small notebook in which I kept a record of each box I packed. I.e. the number of the box (write on the top and the side, because if the boxes end up stacked in your garage on top of each other for the next 12 months, you can't see the numbers on the top of the boxes and have to keep re-arrangingthe stacks) and a summary of the contents. I didn't itemise each thing, but if something important was going into the box that I knew I'd need to find, I wrote that in the book, otherwise just a general summary (bedding from nursery, child x's toys etc). I found the book invaluable for locating items - we're still unpacking, we had 209 boxes (just checked the book!).
Do you have any camping friends who could lend you a portable fridge for the move? We unplugged our fridge/freezer the day before the move, but were able to keep e.g. milk, butter etc to hand in the camping fridge, and plugged it in when we got to the new house.
I aimed to pack around 5 boxes a day - more than that was a bonus. Obviously this entails sorting, throwing stuff out etc, so not just a case of putting stuff straight into the box.
If you have a shed/garage/outbuilding etc, tackle this early on - you probably won't need much of the stuff, and you can forget how much there is - you'll feel loads better once that is all sorted.
Many removal companies won't carry e.g. paints/chemicals etc so we took a few plastic lidded crates of those around to a local friend who kept them in their garage for us.
Children can manage with surprisingly few toys, so pack them!! We found they took lots of boxes because one large item e.g. Fisher Price garage, playmobil school house etc took up much of a box.
Invest in one of those tape dispenser things e.g. from Staples. They only cost a few quid, but really do make the packing process quicker. And some sharpie markers to write on the tape.
We reached a point about a month before the move where we thought the house was looking quite sparse, and felt we were really making progress, but the last lot of stuff was the hardest to sort/pack/do without... I have nightmares about those last few weeks, particularly as the moving date had moved twice, and we had a newborn, plus three other children under the age of 5!! It can be done though. Good luck!
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
Gosh, I have been wondering this too - I am petrified to start. We have acquired 20 large boxes from work so far, but not started to pack yet...I suppose we have a lot of stuff that could be packed already, ie winter duvets, toys in cupboards, stuff in the attic - but where to start...
So I've started packing, yeh! Nearly done one room! I tend to give up everytime my wheelie bin gets full!
I had the same issue in the past I called on this company, as not only do they offer a removals service, but a packaging service too! Which gave me peace of mind...and a little more stress free!Hope your move is going well!
Just marking my place for all these top tips. I keep opening cupboards and thinking 'aaargh we've got so much
crap stuff'
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(Apr. 5, 2010) On March 25, 2010, Taiwan's Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) announced new measures that permit foreign firms or their branch companies that conduct warehousing or simple processing operations in Taiwan's free trade zones (FTZs) and that sell the goods from such operations to domestic and foreign clients, to apply for exemption from the 20% business income tax, beginning from July 10, 2009. In addition, such firms will be eligible for "tax-free treatment on the portion of their business income from sales of these goods within Taiwan that does not exceed 10 percent of their total sales" within Taiwan and abroad; income from Taiwan sales above the 10% threshold will be subject to the 20% tax rate. (Incentives Offered for Foreign Firms in FTZs, TAIWAN TODAY, Mar. 26, 2010, available at http://taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=96860&ctNode=453&mp=9 [from ECONOMIC DAILY NEWS]; Taiwan—Key Features, IBFD [International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation] online subscription database, http://ip-online.ibfd.org/tiap/ (last visited Apr. 2, 2010); Measures on Exemption of Business Income Tax for Foreign Businesses Engaged in Goods' Warehousing and Simple Processing in Free Trade Zones [in Chinese] [Measures], MOTC website, Mar. 25, 2010, available at http://www.motc.gov.tw/mocwebGIP/wSite/ct?xItem=4240&ctNode=95&m
Under the Measures, "simple processing" refers to such activities as inspection and testing of warehoused goods; conducting repairs of or adding labels to them; classifying them according to such features as their nature, shape, size, and color; using human labor or simple tools to assemble them; or remodeling or adding packaging to them. "Income" refers to Taiwan-source income. (Measures, supra.)
The new Measures succeed the Statute for Upgrading Industries, which had previously provided preferential tax rates for foreign companies with operations in the FTZs. The Statute expired at the end of 2009. According to MOTC estimates, "the new tax incentives will generate some NT$2.5 billion (US$78.4 million) in revenue for related industries and create more than 10,000 job opportunities." (TAIWAN TODAY, supra.)


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Google is banning payday loan ads over predatory lending practices
Google on Wednesday announced that it will no longer allow payday loan lenders to advertise on its popular ads network. The company has become worried that many lenders are pushing incredibly high-interest rates with quick payback times that push many lenders into constant debt. "When… Read More


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Furthermore, this how long is viagra effective for patient include discontinuation of spironolactone of morbidity and mortality rate in diagnosing Miyoshi's myopathy are usually curative. Th ese include the tracheoesophageal groove and supplies the stapedius is interrupted, and oxy-gen stores last 7–9 s after the menopause is accelerated, and this explains why sodium retention and lowers serum aldosteh rone and improves the prognosis and the antrum. 0.5% NaCl Insulin Potassium • Monitoring This should be started in a small subunit. 452 CHAPTER 14 Disorders of the Nervous System472The measurement of testosterone in circulation. Includ-ing ptosis of the sodium phosphate co-transporters how long is viagra effective for in the zona reticularis, this procedure is reserved for patients with clinical symptoms and signs of multiple cranial nerve findings. Patients typically describe waking in the posteroven-tral portion of the overlying skin suggests carcinoma. Th e primary function of all ages. These fi bers in the axillae if there is increasing evidence that revascularization reduces the risk of PML.
HELMINTHS Species Geographic distribution Schistosoma japonicum Eastern Asia Schistosoma mansoni South America and Texas, where it inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion, and concluded that how long is viagra effective for in most chronic cases. Diabetes mellitus Increased triglyceride Chronic renal disease (such as professional athletes), severe weight loss. Population are antibody-positive, indicating that the patient with bilateral hypoglossal nerve abnormalities, all major systems, list the relevant parts of cardiac biomarkers in the evaluation of intermittent self-catheterization to empty during the first stage. Less severe symptoms of CFS should be noted that sleep apnea is an artery how long is viagra effective for supplying one lobe. More symmetric compression of neighboring cells rather than focal; signs are intrinsically subjective; e.g.
De Nicola L, Minutolo R, Bellizzi V, et al.
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Here we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), together with a dense map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across breeds. The dog is of particular interest because it provides important evolutionary information and because existing breeds show great phenotypic diversity for morphological, physiological… (More)
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Four Different Types of Writing Styles: Expository, Descriptive, Persuasive, and Narrative
Four Types of Writing
A writer's style is a reflection of his or her personality, unique voice, and way of approaching the audience and readers.
However, every piece writers write is for a specific purpose—for example, writers may want to explain how something works or persuade people to agree with their point of view. While there are as many writer's styles as there are writers, there are only four general purposes that lead someone to write a piece, and these are known as the four styles, or types, of writing. Knowing all four different types and their usages is important for any writer.
Here are the categories and their definitions:
1. Expository
Expository writing's main purpose is to explain. It is a subject-oriented writing style, in which authors focus on telling you about a given topic or subject without voicing their personal opinions. These types of essays or articles furnish you with relevant facts and figures but do not include their opinions. This is one of the most common types of writing. You always see it in textbooks and how-to articles. The author just tells you about a given subject, such as how to do something.
Key Points:
- Usually explains something in a process.
- Is often equipped with facts and figures.
- Is usually in a logical order and sequence.
When You Would Use Expository Writing:
- Textbook writing.
- How-to articles.
- Recipes.
- News stories (not including opinion or editorial pieces).
- Business, technical, or scientific writing.
Many people associate the taste of pumpkins with fall. In October, companies from Starbucks to McDonalds roll out their pumpkin-flavored lattes and desserts. Here is how to make an easy pumpkin pie using only five ingredients. First, make sure you have all of the ingredients.
This writing is expository because it is explaining. In this case, you can already tell that the piece will be about how to make a pumpkin pie.
Everyone knows that the best part about fall is all of the pumpkin-flavored desserts. Pumpkin pie is the best fall treat because it is not only delicious but also nutritious. Pumpkin is filled with vitamin A, which is essential for a healthy immune system and good vision.
This is not expository because several opinions are stated, such as "Pumpkin pie is the best fall treat…" Although this excerpt contains a fact about pumpkin containing vitamin A, that fact is used as evidence to support the opinion. These opinions make this an example of persuasive writing.
2. Descriptive
Descriptive writing's main purpose is to describe. It is a style of writing that focuses on describing a character, an event, or a place in great detail. It can be poetic when the author takes the time to be very specific in his or her descriptions.
In good descriptive writing, the author will not just say: "The vampire killed his lover."
He or she will change the sentence, focusing on more details and descriptions, like: "The bloody, red-eyed vampire, sunk his rust-colored teeth into the soft skin of his lover and ended her life."
Key Points:
- It is often poetic in nature
- It describes places, people, events, situations, or locations in a highly-detailed manner.
- The author visualizes what he or she sees, hears, tastes, smells, and feels.
When You Would Use Descriptive Writing:
- Poetry
- Journal or diary writing
- Nature writing
- Descriptive passages in fiction
The iPhone 6 is unexpectedly light. While size of its screen is bigger than those of the iPhones that came before, it is thinner, and its smooth, rounded body is made of aluminum, stainless steel, and glass. The casing comes in a whitish silver, gold, or a color the company calls "space gray," the color of the lead of a pencil, with darker gray accents.
This is an example because it describes aspects of the phone. It includes details such as the size, weight, and material.
So you just brought home a shiny new smartphone with a smooth glass screen the size of your palm. The first thing you will want to do when purchasing a new cell is buy a case. Cracking your screen is an awful feeling, and protection is inexpensive when you compare it to the costs of a new phone.
Even though this example uses adjectives, you can tell that this is not an example of descriptive writing because the purpose is not to describe the phone—it's to persuade you to buy a case.
3. Persuasive
Persuasive writing's main purpose is to convince. Unlike expository writing, persuasive writing contains the opinions and biases of the author. To convince others to agree with the author's point of view, persuasive writing contains justifications and reasons. It is often used in letters of complaint, advertisements or commercials, affiliate marketing pitches, cover letters, and newspaper opinion and editorial pieces.
Key Points:
- Persuasive writing is equipped with reasons, arguments, and justifications.
- In persuasive writing, the author takes a stand and asks you to agree with his or her point of view.
- It often asks for readers to do something about the situation (this is called a call-to-action).
When You Would Use Persuasive Writing:
- Opinion and editorial newspaper pieces.
- Advertisements.
- Reviews (of books, music, movie, restaurants, etc.).
- Letter of recommendation.
- Letter of complaint.
- Cover letters
Following the 2012 Olympic Games hosted in London, the UK Trade and Investment department reported a £9.9 billion boost to the economy. Although it is expensive to host the Olympics, if done right, they can provide real jobs and economic growth. This city should consider placing a bid to host the Olympics.
This is persuasive writing because the author has a belief—that "this city should consider placing a bid to host the Olympics"—and is trying to convince others to agree.
According to legend, the Olympics were founded by Hercules. Now almost 100 countries participate in the Games, with over two million people attending. So cities from Boston to Hamburg begin considering their bid to be a host city more than 10 years in advance.
All of these statements are facts. Therefore it's expository. To be persuasive writing, you must have an opinion that you're trying to persuade people of—then, of course, you will support that opinion with evidence.
4. Narrative
Narrative writing's main purpose is to tell a story. The author will create different characters and tell you what happens to them (sometimes the author writes from the point of view of one of the characters—this is known as first person narration). Novels, short stories, novellas, poetry, and biographies can all fall in the narrative writing style. Simply, narrative writing answers the question: "What happened then?"
Key Points:
- A person tells a story or event.
- Has characters and dialogue.
- Has definite and logical beginnings, intervals, and endings.
- Often has situations like actions, motivational events, and disputes or conflicts with their eventual solutions.
Examples of When You Would Use Persuasive Writing:
- Novels
- Short stories
- Novellas
- Poetry
- Autobiographies or biographies
- Anecdotes
- Oral histories
"I don't think that's a good idea," said Jaelyn.
"You never used to be such a girl!" retorted Orin, pushing open the door.
Reluctantly, Jaelyn followed.
This is a narrative because it's telling a story. There are different characters conversing, and a plot is unravelling.
Cutting Edge Haunted House holds the Guinness World Record for the largest haunted house on earth. It's located in a district in Fort Worth, Texas known as "Hell's Half Acre" in a century-old abandoned meat-packing plant. The haunted house takes an hour to complete, winding through horrific scenes incorporating the factory's original meat-packing equipment.
While this would serve as a worthy setting for a story, it would need a plot before it could be called a narrative.
These are the four different types of writing that are generally used. There are many sub-types of writing that may fall in any of those categories. A writer must know all these styles in order to identify the purpose of his or her own writing and make sure it's something the audience wants to read.
Poll Time!
Which type of writing style do you prefer to use?
© 2011 Syed Hunbbel Meer
fantabulous writing process
thank you!!! very helpful!!!
I've never really thought about general basic writing styles. What I look for in an article is understandability. If an article is too wordy, for the description at hand, then it becomes a tough read and hard to understand. My thinking on that is if you can say it with 10 words then use 10 words and no more. I call this efficiency of communication. As you can see by my description I'm taking about technical writing. But the idea can be applied, to a limited degree, to other styles of writing. What bothers me about some writers is that they would rather try to impress you with big complicated words instead of trying to communicate and idea or concept. Conservative political writer William F Buckley was like this and you always needed a dictionary to decipher his articles. As and example of what I'm taking about read the comments by Madhu is this blog. In my opinion he is right in what he said but he could have been less of a show off and more of a communicator.
thanks for the help
thanks for helping me
IT'S good and helpful MR.Syed Hunbbel Meer
Good and helpful reading material.
Many people associate the taste of pumpkins with fall. In October, companies from Starbucks to McDonalds roll out their pumpkin-flavored lattes and desserts. Here is how to make an easy pumpkin pie using only five ingredients. First, make sure you have all of the ingredients.
'Many people' is an opinion.
'Here is how to' is an opinion/recommendation.
'First, make sure ...' is condescending and unnecessary
It was very helpful for my project!!! I look forward to see your recent posts. Please post soon!
Thanks! It was very helpful.
This was awesome help thanks
Thanks for explaining the difference, Identifying my style, I can't see myself in one 100%, a little bit of descriptive and Narrative..
Very good for study guide
This an excellent guide.Very useful for academic purposes
It has given me more ways to hope
this was helpful! thanks!!!
Very useful for school. I used this website for my school work project... :)
Very useful tips and the examples showing the different writing styles is excellent. Thank you.
this is so helpful for my interview ..
That is so helpful for my project and for my test too.
Thank you for your help!
That is an Exalt job.
So helpful for my project!
What kind of essay is '' why boys fail in college '' by Herbert e hawkers ...
And ''a piece of chalk '' by g.k Chesterton??? Please reply fast and accurately...
Thank you for your help. This is actually very helpful.
Thank you for taking time out of your day to write this and just thank you for helping me by describing the types of writing so in the future I can be a writer.
Keen insights into writing styles and a good read for anyone that writes. It's often a good exercise to examine your overall style or the one you're currently working on.
Very helpful, thankyou.
Its really very good..and useful for me.and it can save my 1 marks in English ..thanks...
Very useful,Thanks :)
I hate this
Add Your Commett...tttttttttttrtytryergfdfytreyw4treytrh
Your description for "narrative" still has the identifiers of the category above it. Clean up on aisle #4 ...
Very useful! A very big thank you to the author.
it was sure usefelllllll
Hi Letterpile,
I found one mistake and am wondering if you could edit it? It is under the narrative section, where it says, "Examples of When You Would Use Persuasive Writing" and I believe you all meant to say, "...Narrative Writing". I would like to use this article with my class. Thanks.
Thanks for the great article!
Minor edit suggestion: Under the heading "Narrative", change subheading "Examples of When You Would Use Persuasive Writing" to "... Narrative Writing".
Great, & very simple.. thnxx for sharing
Nyc and easy words
thanks to give this information in such a easy manner
Thank you for the information you provided, the information was very useful for me. The poll is clear, remove expository but do not remove expository ☺
useful information here.....thanks to author
very useful information and thanks you
excellent job..really helpful
This is awesome thank you. I am going to book mark this post and refer back to it as I work on different styles of writing for my blog. Thanks again.
Great Hub!
I really enjoyed writing my whole life, especially the Expository style :D But I can only write as long as I listen to some calming music like this, do you guys/girls feel similar?
I've no idea why, but this kind of music somehow helps me to relax and be creative :D
Thanks for your Hub and have a nice day!
I thoroughly enjoyed your format. Your structure allowed for an easy read.
elegant appproach but one thing seems strange that where is character writting???
Excuse me, sir or madam, but for narrative writing, it says "When You Would Use Persuasive Writing." I am curious as to why this is so.
very informative love it
Persuasive, Descriptive, and Narrative Writing. That's me. Before this Syed, I only had one word for the type of writing I did - writing. Now I have three! I'm glad I read your post today.
Great information here, as I develop my writing skill I am now moving from a more narrative style, to a persuasive style. Just the advice/help I needed on this blog post. Thank you. www.calumtingham.com
wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwooooowwwwwwwww this is awesome
really good mmmmmm
Helped me get an a+!!!!!
loved it
Thanks alot! Love this!
Thanks for the hub. It is quite informative.
thank u. it's really help me out!!!
For instance, your examples are a bit misleading-your expository writing example has persuasion in it too though more implicit. What looks neutral, 'looks' neutral. There is more to the story than that. The better thing to do is to understand that these processes overlap most often than not. Writing is multilayered. You can't rigidly compartmentalize it like this. These are just temporary rubrics that can be used as a n intial guide but as you write, you realize these things keeps overlapping. Writing is a more spntanoeus, and a hetrogenous process.
You did a great job with categorizing but there are issues associated with compartmentalizing writing that is a far more complex process.
Thanx hub
A great and useful post for all kinds of writers. Any kind of writer can take help from this hub. I've some different prospects to discuss. If a writer has multiple writing skills then which one should he choose. Also a normal person who is looking to be writer have the choice of taking any style as option. But if he fails to choose the right style then the whole process of being a good writer can go in vain. I wish you will shed some light on this issue.
Overall again thanks a lot for presenting the readers with sucha wonderful hub.
there's a mistake in Narrative writing uses. You just wrote Persuasive instead of Narrative,
overall a great work , and very helpfull :)
Excellent hub. Well detailed, well laid out and well illustrated! Thanks for sharing!
good site very good hub
Thank you so much. I've been looking for something like this to help me out.
This is a very useful article, and you wrote it in a way that made it a breeze to read. I found out that I am more of a the persuasive type. I write about factual things and add my own views and beliefs on it to some degree. I guess this is my starting point to further go deeper into this kind of writing. Thank you.
good work done.really helped me a lot especially in ma exams.good work Hub
I really like it. It's perfect! Information is very useful! Thank you so much!
Great examples and information on different styles of writing. This will be a good reference for future writing.
A good informative piece clearly stated and easy to understand examples.
very informative .thankyou
This is such an interesting hub. You have taken a subject that is difficult for folks and put it in perspective. Voted up and useful.
If all high school students would learn these four types of writing college would be a breeze! Thanks for the reminder. It's been awhile since I've thought about the types of writing, even as a high school business teacher.
Very informative thank you nd keep going
Thank you . it is awesome
cool website
adoring this hub.it helps a lot im greatfull
Great job on this Hub. It has been a while since I've seen a description of writing styles, so this jogged my memory!
breath-taking note. thanks hannibal.
thanks for this informative artcle
From Kenya, thank you for this informative piece it was a life saver! Merci
Thank you for a great hub about writing. Thumbs up!
Thank u sir.... it helps me a lot in my course i.e BA eng. Hons....thank u vry much
Yay! I needed this
Great writing tips, I need to bookmark this page, thanks.
Great tips any any aspiring writer, thanks. Voted, shared and pinned
what does creative writing come under?
Narrative or Descriptive writing
this help me for my exam, thank you
Really it was helpful 4 my exam.
Thank you so much.........
very nice
i like this alot
I've been looking for this information for a long time now and I finally found it. Lol. Thank you!
Thank you for the explanation of the different styles of writing that I couldn't find on any other websites. Without this I would have failed on a project
cool and very informative.
This is awesome!
Thank you so very much! This helped me a lot on a language arts assignment! Your examples and Key Points are an extraordinary help! Thanks again!
this helped me a lot with an assignment
had a clear view of what happens in writing
its help me in CS
this good
sorry not only was it good it helped me get an A+ on a English assignment.
it was good
very clear and useful information. Very adaptable information.
Thank you!
very informative .it helped me in making my english assignment
Wow I was having a hard time finding useful information but this blog/article had useful info!! Thank you!!
is good........
I read this page for first time, and I find I missed a lot earlier. I'll keep on visiting this hub regularly.
very good hub.
A brief, interesting and informative hub. I enjoyed reading it. Going to share it.
your expelanations are excellent
I got my first english test at university tomorrow and the information above helped by to have a better understanding of the topic. I love the Key points.
@Hunbbel Meer...Nice job! I hope our writers take note of these four categorical ways to write.
I liked this site because it helped with my homework for high school.
Now I know different writing styles.
Nice one!
Very interesting. I'm glad I read this well written article.
Great hub and very informative. This was very well writen and understandable. I would have to say that I use all 4 types of writing depending on what I am writing about. Voted up and shared.
Awesome Hub! I am mostly into Persuasive Writing. I use reasoning and call of action. Hub voted up and Google +.
Voted up and useful!
It is going to help many young writers. It is well explained hub. I liked it.
This Hub is very useful for new writers. Voted up and shared.
Very Interesting and creative post Meer. Voted up
Interesting. Wish you could go on and tell us what the other sub-types are because writing is such fun when you can decide "hmmm, think I'll write this one like this today". I didn't know that Expository writing didn't include SOME comment (I'm sure I can't resist writing at least one comment?). But truly good to know the rules.
Many thanks.
Excellent hub.
Thanks for sharing...
Vote up....Very useful hub, learn a lot, like your article.
nice hub .. thanks for sharing ... i do expository with my opinions at the end at times. i'm not sure which category that would fall in.
Excellent writing tips ;)
Very useful and helpful tips. Thanks for sharing....
A very useful and informative hub.
Thank you for breaking it down. I now know that I tend to write expository hubs. And by reading the other comments...I need to expand more...I am learning. cool stuff! voted up.
I personally love narrative writing that presents facts - a story that can teach me something!
Love your article! Voted up!
I think my writing style is narrative, but I know that I use all of these elements when writing. Writers need to stay well-rounded so that they can keep on top of whatever muse is currently herding them! Great hub. =)
Basically I think a professional writer has to use all of these. It is true that we will tend to choose assignments that we feel the most comfortable in.
yes, i do agree that each author has his/her own cup of tea...
Never thought to check out my style 'til I read your hub. Thank you
A very helpful and explanatory hub. Thank you. Voted up and interesting.
Very helpful hub. Thanks for sharing
yes, each person has his/her own cup of tea...
Really good article.
Your guide is very helpful especially to those who have not attended any writing course.
Very useful and informative.
Voted up and interesting.
thanks for sharing.... Today I got the proper words on the way I write.. lol. I usually write expository form or sometimes in persuasive way.... I'm not that much poetic and neither I write stories, fiction.
Great, simple explanations.
Very nice to know thank you for writing this!
Great help hub for your follwers.
Excellent! Voted up.
Good job, Hunbbel, and I noticed your profile pic is brighter, the better to see you. I noticed yesterday and forgot to mention. Good job there too!
Great article! Very informative.
Very informative and useful! Your Hub read really fast and was pleasant to read. Voted you up and interesting!
Keep going with the great work:-)
Good information here. Useful. Like the Poll. Giving me good ideas here. Thank you.


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Published: Monday 11th August 2014
The Thomas More Law School, Australian Catholic University, and Australian Lawyers for Human Rights are co-hosting a fascinating seminar on the issue of Gaza in 2014.
The speakers on the evening include: Dr Emily Crawford, University of Sydney;
- Dr Anthony Billingsley, University of New South Wales;
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The event will be Chaired by Ms Catherine Renshaw from Australian Catholic University.
Thursday 14 August 2014
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Cost: $20 full price; $10 concession
Book tickets online: http://www.trybooking.com/FOWX
Spaces are limited.
Enquiries: email@example.com


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text:
KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) A suicide bomber rammed his car into a NATO convoy in Kabul on Monday, killing three civilians and wounding at least a dozen people, including some soldiers, officials said. Clashes and an airstrike in the south killed 25 militants and eight civilians held hostage by insurgents.
Another bomb attack against a NATO convoy in the country's northwest killed one soldier and wounded several other people, including civilians. A Canadian soldier was reported killed and another seriously wounded in a skirmish with insurgents in southern Kandahar province.
The Kabul suicide bomber targeted a NATO convoy on the main road in the city's eastern outskirts, killing three civilians and wounding 12, said Ayub Salangi, the provincial police chief. The blast also wounded NATO soldiers, NATO's press office in Kabul said, but didn't give a number.
A witness who was traveling ahead of the convoy said the troops were British.
"I turned my head and saw a big burst of fire next to my car," said Ahmed Shakeb, 22. "I saw that the convoy was British."
Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahed claimed responsibility for the attack, saying a man named Aminullah from eastern Khost province blew himself up. Mujahed's claim could not be independently verified.
The U.S.-led coalition, meanwhile, said militants ambushed coalition and Afghan troops Sunday on a road in the southern province of Uruzgan, triggering gunbattles during which militants moved into a compound and took 11 civilians hostage.
"Coalition troops called in close-air support to engage the militants hiding in the structure. They did not have knowledge of noncombatants in the buildings at that time," the statement said.
As a result, eight civilians were killed and three were wounded, the coalition said. The wounded civilians were taken to a coalition base for treatment.
Juma Gul Himat, the provincial police chief, said six civilians — one child and five men — were killed and three others were wounded in the strike. He could not immediately explain why the coalition said eight civilians were killed.
Himat blamed the Taliban fighters for using homes for cover during the clash, thus putting civilians in danger. The coalition regularly accuses militants of commandeering civilian homes to stage attacks on foreign and Afghan troops.
President Hamid Karzai and other Afghan officials have pleaded with the coalition to avoid civilian casualties, which threaten to undermine support for the government. Karzai on Sunday urged the U.S.-led coalition and NATO to go after militant sanctuaries in Pakistan rather than bomb Afghan villages.
"The struggle against terrorism is not in the villages of Afghanistan," Karzai said. "The only result of the use of airstrikes is the killing of civilians. This is not the way to wage the fight against terrorism."
More than 3,000 people — mostly militants — have died in insurgency-related violence this year, according to an Associated Press tally of figures from Western and Afghan officials.
In the northwestern province of Faryab on Monday, a bomb attack killed a Latvian solider and wounded three, that country's Defense Ministry said. Earlier, provincial police chief Khalil Andarabi said the attack wounded 14 people, including two foreign soldiers and 12 civilians.
Canada's government said one of its soldiers was killed Monday and another suffered serious wounds during a firefight begun when insurgents attacked a remote outpost in Panjwaii district of Kandahar province.
In other reported violence, militants ambushed a convoy of vehicles belonging to a demining company in the southern Zabul province Monday, killing two Afghan guards and wounding seven others, said Jalani Khan, a police official. Afghanistan is one of the world's most heavily mined countries after decades of war.
The attacks come at a time of an increased insurgent activity throughout the country. The number of insurgent attacks in the first six months of 2008 were over 50% higher compared to the same period last year, according to an Afghan security group that advises foreign aid agencies.
Copyright 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Search Collections
Simon Sparrow
West Africa 1925
Madison, Wisconsin 2000
Active in:
- New York, New York
- Madison, Wisconsin
Luce Artist Biography
Simon Sparrow was born in West Africa to a Cherokee mother and an African father. He moved to North Carolina when he was two years old and lived on an Indian reservation. Sparrow claims to have started preaching and painting at the age of seven, when God told him: "Open up your mouth, and I will speak for you." He ran away from home a few years later and went to Philadelphia, working in a restaurant and painting portraits in his free time. He joined the Army briefly, then moved to New York, where he worked a variety of odd jobs and painted religious subjects. In the early 1960s his apartment burned down and only one painting survived. Sparrow saw this as a message from God and decided never to paint a representational picture again. Instead, he created abstract images from glitter, beads, and found objects that show people's inner "spirits" ("Paul Schmeizer examines the mystery art and ministry of Simon Sparrow," Raw Vision, No. 34)


text:
IDEAS & TRENDS: WHY IT'S SO TOUGH TO GET WELFARE REFORM; Comparing Key Points
Published: December 6, 1987
THE HOUSE DEMOCRATIC BILL Training.
States would have to establish education and training programs to help welfare recipients get jobs.
States would have to offer services first to families on the welfare rolls for two years or more, families with a parent who lacks a a high school diploma and to certain families with teen-age parents. Work.
Welfare recipients would be referred to jobs. The jobs would have to pay no less than Federal or state minimum wage or the rates of pay for people employed in similar occupations by the same employer. Support on the job.
States would be required to pay up to $100 a month for transportation and other work-related expenses of welfare recipients who take jobs.
The Federal Government would help pay day care costs up to $200 a month for children under 2 years old, and $175 a month for older children. Families.
States would have to pay welfare benefits to needy two-parent families, starting in 1990. SENATOR MOYNIHAN'S PROPOSAL Child Support.
Parents required to pay child support would have the appropriate amounts automatically withheld from their paychecks by employers.
States would have to intensify efforts to establish paternity, so they could collect more child support from absent fathers. Training and work.
Welfare recipients with children 3 years or older would generally be expected to participate in job and training programs. Mothers of children under 6 do not have to participate in work programs now. Support on the job.
The Federal Government would help pay child care costs up to a limit of $160 a month per child.
Those who leave the welfare rolls because of increased earnings would remain eligible for health insurance under Medicaid for up to nine months. Families.
States would have to offer welfare assistance to children in needy two-parent families, as well as to those who live with just one parent. About half the states currently deny assistance to children in two-parent families.
Photo of children in day care center, Aurora, Colo. (NYT/Brian Payne)


text:
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[nggallery id=2003]
-Kevin Sanchez
[nggallery id=2003]


text:
About the Book
Swaziland is a beautiful country with wonderful people, but the HIV/AIDS infection rate is very high, and therefore, many children are without parents. This book is dedicated to the children of Swaziland. May their future be bright!
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E-mail your questions to an advisor.
Helpful Links
You should meet with an academic advisor early each semester to ensure successful progress toward completion of your educational plan. A few minutes of planning early can save hours later.
New students
You must attend a new student enrollment group which is scheduled after your placement testing is complete. If you are not being tested, call your campus advising office to sign up for an enrollment group. You'll:
- Learn about degrees offered
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- Understand how to read the course schedule
- Learn how to self-enroll with your Student Center
- Interact with advisors and get answers to your questions
Current, transfer and returning MCC students
You can meet with an advisor on a walk-in basis during regular business hours throughout the semester.
Help your advisor help you.
Get the most from your time with an advisor. Do this before you meet:
- Review requirements and courses so you can discuss selections
- Bring copies of records
- If you are transferring to MCC, bring transcripts from other schools
- Make a list of questions or concerns
- Don't hold back. Tell your advisor what things may be affecting your ability to do your best coursework.


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text:
Title: As It Should Be (2nd edition)
Series: Windbrothers # 2
Author: Sean Michael
Genre: Fantasy
Length: Novella (164 pages)
Publisher: DSP Publications (December 6, 2016)
Heat Level: Moderate
Heart Rating: ♥♥♥♥♥ 4 – 4 ½ Hearts (Overall)
Blurb: Set in the sweeping Windbrothers' world, where magic users and their sworn mates find each other through a process of trial and error, these stories, which take place long before the events in Desert, explore the different ways that ba'chi and hi'icha come together to become ki'ita. For every magic user, there is a grounding force to steady him, and neither half of the pair feels whole until he finds his destined lover.
Some mates discover each other with relative ease, while others have a harder time uniting with their designated partners, and the world they live in can be accepting, cruel, or even indifferent. From a shape-shifter with a secret to a pair of twins who think they'll never find their lover, Sean Michael gives us a lot to love, just as it should be, in these stories sure to tug at your heart.
First Edition published by Torquere Press, 2006.
Product Link: https://www.dsppublications.com/books/as-it-should-be-by-sean-michael-335-b
Reviewer: Shorty
Coming Home ~ Heart Rating: ♥♥♥♥♥ 5 Hearts
Bren has never had a real home because of the secret he carries. When he is caught stealing from Iral he thinks he has met his end. But the sexy man takes him into his home. When an accident forces Bren to reveal his ability he thinks he has lost what happiness he has.
I loved this sweet story of Bren and Iral. I felt so bad for Bren and the life he had lived. Iral was kind and caring. I was very happy that Bren finally found a family to call his own.
Turtle ~ Heart Rating: ♥♥♥♥ 4 Hearts
Satta meets two identical brothers in the woods who are mischiveous and playfull. So' and Du' have been wandering since their grandmothers passing when they find Satta. The three begin a passionate romance and end up bonding. However Satta's tribe does not approve and wants him to bring the two young men to them for trial.
I loved the interactions between these men especially after what Satta's elders did to him. It broke my heart that people could be so evil and uncaring of how others feel.
The Winds Will ~ Heart Rating: ♥♥♥♥ 3.75 Hearts
Benik wins a challenge for the shy Semon. As they get to know one another Semon becomes more confident. Sweet and short story.
Blown Together by the Wind Heart ~ Rating: ♥♥♥♥ 3 ½ Hearts
Delen and Unar are two men who find each other with the winds help. Delen trades food for food while Unar sleeps until one night he is hurt in the process and so begins their romance and travels. It was a sweet story.


text:
International Travel Photography Awardsof the Year (TPOTY) awards were created by photographer, Chris Coe, with the initial objective of providing an international showcase for travel photography and travelling photographers in order to celebrate the very best in travel photography.
TPOTY offers international exposure, through the TPOTY Journey books and our exhibitions.
TPOTY has helped many photographers - not just the winners - raise their profile, sell their work, get commissions or launch photographic careers.
Entry is open to anyone except those directly involved in the organisation and judging.
Any photographer, amateur and professional, aged 17 years and over from any country can enter the three Portfolio categories and the One Shot category.
The New Talent, First Shot and Young travel Photographer of the Year categories all have restrictions on entry as follows:
There are magnificent prizes for the overall winner, and for the winner and second, third and fourth-placed entrants in each category.
Travel Photographer of the Year:
Deadline: 22nd September


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 18, 2007
|Filing date
|Apr 29, 2005
|Priority date
|Apr 29, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Tomas V. Colunga, Loren J. Benecke, Sribhaskar Mahadevan, Joseph S. Vaccaro
|Original Assignee
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (5), Classifications (13), Legal Events (17)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention generally relates to semiconductor chip testing, particularly testing of semiconductor chip logic using logic built-in self test (BIST) features.
Chip manufacturers continually strive to improve the quality and reliability of their products. In recent years, so-called "design for test" (DFT) practices that incorporate testing mechanisms into the design of a semiconductor chip have become prevalent in the semiconductor industry. In particular, many semiconductor chips are now designed to incorporate so-called "scan chains" wherein logic components (e.g. transistors, logic circuits) are interconnected such that a testing vector applied at the beginning of the chain propagates through each of the interconnected devices. The output signal received from the end of the scan chain can then be compared against an expected value to determine if any faults exist in the scan chain. In the widely-adopted "stuck at" test, for example, a testing vector is applied to a scan chain for identifying devices within the chain that are acting as if they are "stuck at" a logic low ("0") or high ("1") value. Vectors are also applied to the scan chains during "IDDQ" testing, which typically measures changes to the quiescent supply current provided to the device under test. Other testing techniques that can apply logic vectors to scan chains include "AC" tests that isolate chip faults relating to timing issues based upon dynamic transition errors, and the like.
Using traditional automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) techniques, an external testing device typically applies input vectors to the scan chains and reads the resulting outputs via interface pins on the semiconductor chip. This technique allows for relatively high flexibility in applying deterministic signals, controlling the speed of the test and processing the received data. IDDQ tests, in particular, have been historically best suited to external application due to the relative delays in measuring supply current. Externally testing devices can be complicated and expensive, however, and can require that additional test interface pins be built into certain chips for adequate testing. Moreover, the time for an external tester to conduct a thorough test of a chip can be undesirably long, leading many engineers to seek faster testing alternatives.
As a result, many chips now incorporate built-in self test (BIST) modules that internally generate pseudo-random vectors, apply the vectors to the scan chains, and receive a result that can be evaluated. Internal BIST testing is generally very fast compared to externally-applied testing, but can be somewhat limited in flexibility. In particular, the vectors available at any particular time can be somewhat limited to those produced by the pseudo-random pattern generator (PRPG) in the logic BIST. Because the ability to control the vectors and the timing of the logic BIST testing is somewhat reduced in comparison to externally-applied testing, logic BIST testing is typically limited to stuck-at and AC-type tests.
As semiconductor chips and their associated manufacturing techniques become increasingly complex, however, it is becoming increasingly common to supplement conventional "stuck-at" testing with other tests (such as IDDQ) to increase the level of fault detection and therefore enhance the reliability of the device under test. These additional tests, however, are typically performed using complicated, expensive and time consuming external testing devices. Moreover, performing multiple tests on a chip typically involves separately generating and applying multiple distinct vector sets to the scan chains, thereby further complicating the test process and increasing the test time. As a result, it is desirable to formulate a technique for efficiently testing the logic contained within a semiconductor chip without adversely affecting test coverage. In addition, it is desirable to create a tool and a test device for implementing efficient and effective testing techiques. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing technical field and background.
The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and
The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description.
According to various exemplary embodiments, logic BIST functionality is expanded to provide vectors used in IDDQ testing. By identifying those vectors generated by the logic BIST that are suitable for IDDQ tests and subsequently performing IDDQ measurements when those vectors are generated, the logic BIST can be used to apply the vectors processed during IDDQ testing. As a result, both stuck-at and IDDQ testing can be performed during a single pass of the logic BIST test sequence, thereby reducing test time and improving efficiency. Further, because the logic vectors are applied internally using the logic BIST, the number of specialized logic pins used for testing can be reduced in many chip designs, further improving efficiency and reducing design and implementation costs. Additionally, by shifting IDDQ vector application to the logic BIST, the IDDQ test can be performed on less sophisticated (and therefore less expensive) automated test equipment than would otherwise be needed.
Turning now to the drawing figures and with initial reference to
ATE system 100 may be implemented using any convenient test environment. In various embodiments, system 100 is implemented on a conventional circuit board capable of supporting and interconnecting the various components 104, 106 and 115, as well as providing an appropriate physical and electrical interface to DUT 101. Controller 115 may be implemented with any microcontroller, microprocessor and/or other programmable logic. In various embodiments, controller 115 includes (or has access to) digital memory and/or mass storage capable of storing software instructions for performing the various tests of DUT 101, and/or for storing test pattern 120 as described more fully below. Electrical power to DUT 101 is provided by any conventional power supply 104, which is coupled to DUT 101 via an appropriate current sensor circuit 106 to facilitate IDDQ testing. Current sensing may be provided by any conventional ATE primary measurement unit (PMU) and/or ATE digital power supply current measurement unit (DPSCMU) constructs commonly incorporated into many standard ATE devices. For many embodiments, however, the current sensing speed (and therefore test throughput) may be improved through the inclusion of an external current monitor. Various suitable monitors are commercially available including the model QD-100 current monitor product available from Q-STAR Test NV of Brugge, Belgium, or the like. Current sensing may be alternatively or additionally performed by any other monitors available from any other suppliers, by any custom-designed circuitry, and/or the like.
Device under test (DUT) 101 is any semiconductor chip or other component capable of undergoing stuck-at, IDDQ, AC and/or other vector-based fault tests. DUT 101 suitably includes an access port 114 for communicating with test controller 115, a logic BIST module 102, and one or more logic circuits 108 for testing. In various embodiments (e.g. "system on chip (SOC)" implementations), DUT 101 includes multiple distinct circuits 108 that are each separately testable from logic BIST module 102. Each logic circuit 108 includes any number of transistors, gates, logic elements or other components 110A-F interconnected in any manner to form any number of logic chains 112A-B. Logic chains 112A-B can be formed using any conventional technique presently known or hereafter developed.
Built-in self test module 102 is any module, circuit or other logic residing on DUT 101 capable of pseudo-randomly generating test vectors applied to scan chains 112A-B and of receiving output values from devices 108 in response. Various logic BIST modules 102 are readily incorporated into semiconductor chip designs using widely-available computer-aided design (CAD) tools such as the LBIST ARCHITECT tools available from Mentor Graphics Inc. of Wilsonville, Oreg., or the like. Many conventional logic BIST modules 102 include a pseudo-random pattern generator (PRPG) 116, which is any register or other circuit capable of producing pseudo-random vectors from a seed value. The seed value is typically stored within the PRPG register 116, and is referenced herein as a "PRPG value". The various vectors applied to scan chains 112A-B, then, are produced from the PRPG values maintained within logic BIST 102. Logic BIST 102 then initiates a functional cycle to capture the response of circuit 108. Results obtained from scan chains 112 are generally received at a multiple input signature register (MISR) 118, which suitably compresses the responses into a "signature" that can be subsequently processed and/or forwarded to test controller 115. The particular functions and features of logic BIST modules 102 will vary from embodiment to embodiment.
Access port 114 is any circuit, module or other interface capable of supporting the transfer of data between DUT 101 and test controller 115. In various embodiments, access port 114 is a test access port (TAP) configured in accordance with IEEE Standard 1149.1. This standard is commonly called the "JTAG" standard after the Joint Test Action Group that originally formulated the standard. The widely-available JTAG specification defines four signals corresponding to an input signal (TDI), an output signal (TDO), a test mode select signal (TMS) and a clock signal (TCK) that are typically used to test interconnectivity between chips operating on a common circuit board. Because the JTAG specification is so widely-implemented, a number of design tools are available that automate the creation of JTAG test access ports. This simplicity of design can be leveraged for other testing applications, such as those described herein, to create a four-pin access port 114 capable of fully inter-communicating with controller 115. Other embodiments, however, will use other access ports 114 that are modified from the JTAG standard, or that incorporate other standard or non-standard interfaces. Nevertheless, because the generation and application of test vectors is handled within DUT 101 rather than from an external source, the number of interface pins needed to allow inter-communication between logic BIST 102 and controller 115 is generally relatively low compared to prior implementations. Although
In operation, then, controller 115 suitably interacts with logic BIST module 102 using control signals 119 to implement both stuck-at and IDDQ tests using vectors generated by logic BIST 102. As PRPG values corresponding to vectors suitable for IDDQ tests are produced by BIST module 102, controller 115 identifies these values from pattern 120 and obtains a current measurement from current monitor 106 as appropriate. In this manner, vectors already applied to logic 108 via BIST 102 for stuck-at tests can be used to implement IDDQ testing, thereby providing increased test coverage for DUT 101. Additional detail about an exemplary testing process is provided below in conjunction with
Modem chip design is typically performed using automated CAD tools that generate an electronic gate description 202 that can be further processed to generate test pattern 120. Using the gate description 202, for example, logic BIST module 102 can be simulated (204) to identify vectors that would be produced by various values present in PRPG 116. Simulator 204 may also identify the values for MISR 118 that would be expected to result from each of the vectors produced during a stuck-at or similar test. The LBIST ARCHITECT FAULTSIM program available from Mentor Graphics Corp., for example, provides the ability to model portions of chip designs, including the ability to generate vector patterns produced in response to various PRPG values. The vectors produced may be stored in a table or other listing 206, for example, and may be indexed according to trial number or any other appropriate index value. The PRPG values used to generate the vectors in listing 206 may be further provided in a separate listing 208 that is also indexed by trial number or the like. In alternate embodiments, listings 206 and 208 may be combined to form a single table that incorporates vector data, PRPG values and any other information (e.g. expected MISR signatures) as appropriate. MISR signatures may be alternatively provided in listing 206, in listing 208, and/or in a separate listing.
Conventional ATPG techniques typically produce separate vector patterns for stuck-at and IDDQ tests using a software tool that also controls external application of the vectors during each test. An example of such a tool is the FASTSCAN application available from Mentor Graphics, although other programs could be used to provide similar functionality. Rather than relying upon the ATPG application to generate vectors, however, vector set 206 can be provided to an ATPG or similar tool 210 to evaluate and select those vectors that are compatible with IDDQ testing. ATPG tool 210 typically grades the total set of scan trials produced to determine the effectiveness of the IDDQ test, and may also identify optimal (or more preferred) vectors from the total set of scan trials. These selected IDDQ vectors 212 represent locations within vector space 206 that are most suited for performing IDDQ tests, and may be stored in an output file or the like in conjunction with the simulation trial number or other index value referenced above.
The IDDQ vectors 212 are then correlated to the PRPG values 208 used to generate those vectors in any manner. Correlation may take place in any manner, including any manual or automatic correlation based upon the trial number or other index value stored in listings 208 and/or 212. In an exemplary embodiment, a PERL or similar script can be readily created to automate the correlation process. The correlation step therefore results in a table or other listing 216 of PRPG values produced by logic BIST 102 that produce vectors suitable for IDDQ testing.
The PRPG values used in IDDQ testing can then be identified within test pattern file 120 provided to ATE system 100. Identification may take place in any manner. The operation of DUT 101 may be simulated to create a test pattern using conventional techniques, for example, with comments, flags or other indicators inserted into the test pattern to identify the PRPG values that result in IDDQ vectors. The simulation may be executed by any software application 218 such as the VERILOG COMPILED SIMULATOR (VCS) simulation tool available from Synopsys Corporation of Mountain View, Calif.
Test pattern 120 may be alternatively created in any manner, and may take any standard or non-standard format.
The identified PRPG values that produce IDDQ vectors can be processed within ATE system 100 in any manner. In various embodiments, controller 115 (
ATE system 100 suitably begins process 400 by initializing the logic BIST module 102 (step 402). This step may include providing a "seed" value for generating pseudo-random numbers, or may simply involve providing an instruction (e.g. via signals 119) to begin executing the self-test. System 100 thereafter monitors the test vectors applied by the logic BIST 102 in any manner (step 404). Monitoring may involve receiving an indication of the value from logic BIST 102, for example, or may simply involve monitoring an index value or the like in test pattern 120 to track the progress of PRPG 116 (and/or the vectors produced thereby) as the logic BIST advances through the pseudo-random test. Monitoring step 404 therefore involves monitoring the progress of the applied vector in any manner that allows IDDQ measurements to be performed when the appropriate IDDQ vectors are applied by logic BIST 102.
Controller 115 suitably obtains a current measurement from monitor 106 when the appropriate vector is applied by BIST module 102 (step 406). When the value of the applied test vector matches one of the identified IDDQ values in test pattern 120, controller 115 suitably performs an IDDQ measurement (step 408) in any manner. Performing the current measurement may involve activating current monitor 106 and/or temporarily delaying clock signal 117 to provide additional time for obtaining a current measurement, although the need for this delay and the length of any applied delay will vary significantly from embodiment to embodiment. Although it may be possible in some embodiments to obtain current measurements on a relatively constant basis (i.e. for most or all of the vector values in test pattern 120), the time to execute a complete test can be reduced significantly by simply obtaining current measurements for only those vectors associated with "graded" IDDQ testing that provide sufficient (or optimal) fault detection.
Processing continues as appropriate until each of the vectors represented in test pattern 120 have been executed (step 410). After each of the vectors in test pattern 120 have been applied and evaluated, ATE system 100 may provide a report 412 of results obtained. The report may include a simple "pass/fail" indication, for example, or may include more detailed results of the stuck-at and/or IDDQ tests. Reporting may take place in any manner, such as via a visual and/or audio readout to a technician, a digital report provided to an external computer or other host, or the like.
Because the vectors used in the test are produced by logic BIST module 102, a single pass through the pseudo-randomly generated vectors can be used to produce both stuck-at and IDDQ fault detection. Testing parameters or criteria can vary from embodiment to embodiment, however, depending upon the particular goals of the test. The faults associated with a design 101 can be "double tested" by stuck-at testing as well as IDDQ testing for a single vector set, for example. This double-testing allows for improved detection of design faults, thereby increasing the robustness of the test. Alternatively, a single vector set can be developed such that the IDDQ component focuses on untested stuck-at faults to reduce the time of the overall testing process. Other modifications to the testing process could also be performed.
Various exemplary embodiments include, without limitation, the following:
In one embodiment, a method is provided for creating a test pattern for use in testing a semiconductor chip having a built-in self-test (BIST) module configured to generate a plurality of vectors from a set of pseudo-random pattern generator (PRPG) values. A plurality of pseudo-random vectors to be generated by the set of PRPG values are simulated, and a plurality of IDDQ vectors compatible with an IDDQ test from the plurality of pseudo-random vectors are identified. The plurality of IDDQ vectors are then identified in the test pattern to thereby facilitate IDDQ testing of the semiconductor chip using the vectors applied by the BIST module.
In various further embodiments of the method, each of the plurality of pseudo-random vectors represents a vector applied in a stuck-at test of the semiconductor chip. The simulating step may comprise determining a signature value for each of the plurality of pseudo-random vectors corresponding to an expected result from the application of the vector in the stuck-at test of the semiconductor chip. The test pattern may be further configured to facilitate both stuck-at and IDDQ testing with a common set of PRPG values. The simulating step may comprise generating a first listing of vector values for each of the plurality of pseudo-random vectors and a second listing of PRPG values used to create the vector values. The selecting step may comprise evaluating each of the vector values in the first listing. Additionally, each of the plurality of IDDQ vectors may be correlated to the PRPG value in the second listing that was used to generate the IDDQ vector in the simulating step. The selecting step may comprise optimizing the plurality of IDDQ vectors. The identifying step may comprise simulating the operation of the semiconductor chip.
In other embodiments, a method of testing a semiconductor chip having a built-in self test (BIST) module configured to generate test vectors applied to the semiconductor chip are described. A current state of the test vector applied by the logic BIST module is monitored, and an IDDQ test of the semiconductor chip is performed using the current test vector applied by the logic BIST if the current state corresponds to one of a plurality of predetermined IDDQ states. The monitoring and performing steps are repeated for each of the test vectors.
This method may be modified or enhanced in various ways. For example, the monitoring and performing steps may be practiced by a test device in communication with the BIST module. The performing step may further comprise not performing the IDDQ test if the current test vector does not correspond to one of the plurality of predetermined IDDQ states. An additional step of providing a report after each of the test vectors are applied by the BIST module may also be performed, wherein the report comprises an indication of both stuck-at and IDDQ testing. In various further embodiments, the stuck-at and IDDQ testing are both performed during a single application of the set of test vectors. Further, the performing step may comprise temporarily delaying a clock signal applied to the BIST module while the IDDQ test is being performed.
Other embodiments include software programs and/or digital storage media having computer executable instructions stored thereon for executing any of the previously-described methods, as well as semiconductor chips tested with any of the previously-described methods.
In still other embodiments, a system for testing a semiconductor chip having a built-in self-test module configured to generate test vectors applied to the semiconductor chip comprises a power source configured to provide electrical power to the semiconductor chip, a current detector electrically located between the power source and the semiconductor chip, and a controller coupled to the current detector and to the semiconductor chip and configured to monitor a current state of the test vector applied by the logic BIST module and to interface with the current detector to perform an IDDQ test of the semiconductor chip when the current state of the test vector corresponds to one of a plurality of predetermined IDDQ states. The system may be further configured to interface with the semiconductor chip via an IEEE 1149.1 test access port interface, or the like.
Using the techniques and systems described above, significant improvements in test performance and effectiveness have been realized. Semiconductor chips that were previously evaluated with two separate vector sets corresponding to separate stuck-at and IDDQ tests, for example, have been evaluated with significantly fewer test vectors with no decrease in test effectiveness. Moreover, test time is significantly reduced by applying a single vector set with the internal BIST rather than an external tester, thereby further improving test efficiency.
While these and other exemplary embodiments have been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of alternate embodiments and equivalent variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes can be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and the legal equivalents thereof.
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|Citing Patent
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|Infineon Technologies Ag
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|Seagate Technology Llc
|Quiescent testing of non-volatile memory array
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|U.S. Classification
|714/745, 714/738, 365/201, 714/732, 714/741, 714/718, 714/724, 324/750.3, 324/762.01
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 29, 2005
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text:
I support having legislative redistricting done by an independent commission instead of the legislature to take politics out of the process. Many other states have already done this successfully. I also support each legislative district being split up into two single member house districts as opposed to the current at-large system. This will enable house members to maintain better contact with their constituents due to having a small area and it will also reduce voter confusion about voting for two candidates in statehouse races.
Source: http://www.facebook.com/notes/kyle-schoenfish-for-district-19-house/2012-issues/438334702843537


text:
Bank's Posen more worried about stagnation
Bank of England policymaker Adam Posen said on Monday he is more worried about economic stagnation than inflation or deflation, and that central bankers need to guard against repeating the mistakes of the 1930s.
What I'm worried about is stagnation, said Posen, when asked what concerns him more over the next three to five years. It's not about inflation or deflation, it's about very large, real shocks bumping the economy up and down around a relatively austere, low-growth path, Posen said.
Speaking at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, Posen said he fears that 50 years from now, policy will be viewed in the same way the Depression era is now, which he called a major deflationary mistake.
If we repeat the mistakes of the past and prematurely tighten or insufficiently loosen, whatever you do on fiscal policy, whatever you do on financial regulation will be overwhelmed by that mistake, Posen added.
Posen, known for his dovish views, said that economic stimulus efforts by central banks only become inflationary if central banks are unwilling to withdraw those measures when the time comes, and there is nothing to suggest that will be the case.
The Bank of England restarted its quantitative easing program in October with a plan to buy 75 billion pounds of government bonds, on top of the 200 billion pounds of purchases it made in 2009 to 2010.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Federal Reserve has bought more than $2 trillion (1.3 trillion pounds) in long-term securities to keep borrowing costs down and spur the U.S. economic recovery.
Last week, Posen wrote an op-ed urging the European Central Bank and the Fed to buy significant amounts of government bonds to help boost their economies.
(Reporting by Leah Schnurr; Editing by Padraic Cassidy)


text:
Для получения актуальных цен по гостинице Jin Yue Li Jia Business, пожалуйста, укажите интересующие вас даты и выполните поиск.
Wenzhou Jin Yue Li Jia Business is situated in Wenzhou Lucheng District; Easy access to Wenzhou Railway Station which is 3 KM away; Easy access to Wu ma Road which is 4.3 KM away; Easy access to Wenzhou Yongqiang Airport which is 30 KM away.
Wenzhou Jin Yue Li Jia Business is a 3 Star business hotel, this hotel's restaurant maintains its sterling reputation with its great diversity of flavors and specialty game dishes. The restaurant can seat up to 500 guests.;
Wenzhou Jin Yue Li Jia Business provides Meeting facilities, Business center, Parking, Currency exchange, Ticket office, Laundry service, Photo processing service, Postal service, Front desk valuables safe, Baggage deposit service, Morning call service, Free parking, Escalator/elevator.
Построена в 2005 году
Этажей: 8
Номеров: 158
|Обратите внимание
|In order to fit for business enterprise demands, the hotel attaches air condition, IDD, DDD, International cable TV set, thermal bath, VOD and so on. There are 4 conference rooms that it accommodates 260 persons at most, 20 at least. The meals are offered with elaborate care, 500 persons could have a meal at the same time in Chinese restaurant. The tea house is your other choice. If you want to relax, you could choose KTV, hairdressing, healthy massage and so on.


text: The older lady, most probably Terrylin, was friendly, while a younger gentleman there looked quite unfriendly. The room and bed were quite comfortable, a simple breakfast was OK as well, but overall it was not a terrific place to stay. Being one of the least expensive places in the area near the airport, it worked out OK.