text:
The following is based on a transcriptions of letters to and from Thomas W. Carter in the Draper manuscript collection. The original transcription was by Danny Dixon, 2005, and presented at his web site. The following places the information in these letters in tabular Q&A format.
|To Ths W. Carter – Rye Cove, Scott Co., VA - May 16, 1883
|To Lyman C. Draper Esq. - Rye Cove Virginia - Nov 16th, 1883, completed 26th Nov 1883
I have before me a letter from your self bearing date May 16th 83. Before answering I will inform you the cause why I did not answer you sooner. At the time it came to hand I was so feeble, the letter was kept from me for a long time & when I had gained health, it had been misplaced – at length it was found. The books you sent are being read by my grand children with good interest I here. Thank you for the presents. Mister Draper I fear there have been reports made to you from this country that are untrue & in answering I may contradict.
|1st When & where did Patk Porter die, his age & was his fort known by any other name than Porter's Fort?
|Your first question relative to Patk Porter. Patrick Porter died in 1810 or 1811 & was between eighty & ninty years of age; his fort was not known by any other name than Porters fort.
|2nd Describe the Devil's Race Path – what is it where located -- & origin of so odd a name.
|2 quest) The Devils Race path Branch is a small branch emptying into a creek called
· 471 Stock Creek, one half mile below the Natural Tunnel through which the creek passed a great natural curiousaty. Two & half miles above where it mouth in to Clinch River the branch heads near the top of a ridge called Purchess Ridge & runs between two spurs of said ridge, rising abruptly on either side to a considerable height; the bed of the branch being the bed of the path which was very difficult to pass on. About 1790, a man by the name of James Paine made a settlement at the mouth of said branch and another man by the name of Simon Dotson at the head; Paine house became the resort of bad men Dotson mad whiskey & sold to those men until it became danger[ous] for travelers to pass through the gorge & received the name of Devils race path branch.
|3rd Judge Wood mentions Chatterrawha on Big Sandy: What is the meaning of Chatterrawha & from who did you learn it?
|3 Quest) You speak of Judge Wood speaking of two names being given to Sandy River. I never heard any other name only Big Sandy he must have got that name form some other person.
|4th About Samuel Porter accompanying Boone on his second trip to Kentucky – in the spring after Boone's oldest son was killed: One Michael Stoner was then with Boone – I never before heard of Porter going also. Do you feel pretty certain of it?
|4th Quest) Boone's first trip was made the sumer before he started with his first colony; got as fare as where Roallins Creek passes through Wallen Ridge, about fifty miles west of Snoddys fort on Clinch River to which place he fell back after his defeat. About the fifth of May Daniel Boone & Samuel Porter started back to Kentucky another person that eaver [never?] I heard spoke of went with them. They were by then ____ & neaver returned until in the month of October following—
|5th About Cooper who made the long range shot at Boonesboro – was he a Dutchman – where from -- & what finally became of him -- has he descendants to who you can refer me?
|5th Quest) Cooper was a young man who had come from Eastern Virginia had stopped at Snoddys Fort, and remained there until he went to the relief of Boone's fort on the Kentucky river & remained in Ky for some five or six years when he returned back to Snoddys fort stayed there some few days to rest & left to there as he said to go home to father & his mother in Old Virginia he had got tired fighting the Indians – this is the last account I ever heard of Cooper.
|6th Have you any idea when & where Joseph Blackmore died, his age? What part of Yadkin did he come from? Can you refer me to his descendants?
|6th Quest Joseph Blackmore never came from the Yadkin; he came from Fauquier County VA & settled on Clinch River built his fort & called it Fort Blackmore which name it bears to day he left this country before the Indian troubles were over with; his entire family escapt one son & one daughter both I have seen my self; they have bin dead siscty years ago. Joseph Blackmore finally settled in the State of Tennessee not fare from Nashville I cannot refer you to any of his descendants.
|7th When & where did David Cox die, & his age? Where a native of? Descendants?
|7th Quest Dave Cox died at his home on Stoney Creek one half mile north of Fort Blackmore about 80 years of age[.] He came from North Carolina he came to this county about 1791 he died about the year 1820.
|8th Was Samuel Porter born in Ireland? What was his age at his death?
|8th Quest Where was Samuel Porter born: in Surry county N. Carolina – went to the relief of Boonesborough in Ky – in the Battle with the Indians at Blue Licks – then with Colo Bowman in the fight with the Indians near the line between the states of Ohio & Indiana in which fight he was wounded in the thigh, & was brought to the falls of the Ohio River where now stand the city of Lewisville [Louisville?], he remained there until he was able to travel late in the following November he then went to Boonsborough Ky & in the following June for his home on Clinch River. The Route he took /the valley of the Kentucky River then a wilderness uninhabited only by wild beasts on the 27th days travel he reach Porter's Fort; his father had erected a mill which he had to pass before reaching the Fort – discovering a light in the Mill house, he with great
caution was approaching the Mill when he was hailed with who comes there in answer to which he gave his answer in masonic language which was answered masonicaly ________ ____ to. In a few minutes ha was directed in to the room where his father provided: you may imagine the scene that passed when he entered the lodge room of which he was a member. I will not continue this part of his history further: he lived but a few years after his return home from fatigue & exposure he died of consumption in 1791 & was buryed in the Porter Fort grave yard he died at the age of thirty-eight.
|9th Do you know when Col. Snoddy died – his age – descendants?
|9th Quest Colo Snoddy went with a colony from Virginia to Ky. Settled in Madison County, 5 miles North of Richmond the county seat of said county, where a few years ago his descendants were living.
|10th Judge Wood mentions Dale Cater – another account I have calls his Deal Carter. Which is correct?
|My father Dale Carter was named after him.
|11th Can you tell me about one Callahan. I don't know his first name – who figured perhaps in the region of Yokum's Station. I would like to learn his carear, and what became of him, & about his descendants.
|11th Quest Calahan I have heard him spoken of—I cannot give anything that would be correct. For his history I will direct you to Colo Samuel Duff of Whites Burg Letcher County Kentucky whom I think can give you his history.
|12th Have you any knowledge of any attack on Yokum's Station by Indians -- & the particulars?
|12th Quest. An attack on Youcam Station nothing I fear correct. I will direct you to Colo Duff the only person that knows of that can direct you to that can give you any thing like a correct statement.
|13th Judge Wood tells me that your uncle had a copy of Carlisle, Ky, paper containing an account of a historical celebration, & much about Boone, If you can find the paper, would very much like to see it.
|13th Quest. With regard to the Carlisle Ky papers I have lost that paper & cannot find it.
|14th Have you any traditions about Gen George Rogers Clark & Logan the Indian Chief.
|14th Quest with regard to George Rogers Clarke all I can say with regards to Clark, he came once to Carters Fort in Rye Cove now Scott County as pay master In Colo Lewis Command which my father was a soldier.
The Indian Chief Logan commanded a band of Indians & harassed the settlements in the Clinch Valley several year, which in my next letter I will try & give you some of the particulars. I here stop for the present. To be continued by pages here after: my health to day not good enough to write longer.
Col. Wm Russell writes from So. West VA Sept 1783 to Gov Harrison, that Co. Arthur Campbell had charged Samuel Porter, a returned prisoner from Detroit with adhering to the enemy while in captivity at Detroit. Col. Russell states that Porter had been a worthy citizen of Virginia since 1769, & had proved his attachment to the American cause -- & thinks he is unjustly charged. Virginia Calendar of State Papers Vol. III, 552.
|As Thos Carter says Porter was in the battle of the Blue Licks, I presume it was there he was taken prisoner. His name is not in the list of prisoners in the Haldiman [?] Papers in Vol 2, Vermont Hist. Collections.
|Memo [on separate, thin piece of paper]
There seems to be some mistake on the part of Thos Cater abt. Sam. Porter having been in Blue Licks battle.
Capt. John Gass[?] in his notes states that Porter, who was badly wounded on Bowman's campaign, returned to Boonesboro & before his wounds had fully recovered he started for Powell's Valley country & his wounds broke out afresh & he died on the way, in the fall of 1779.
|[Appears to be a continuation of letter to Draper from Carter]
Rye Cove Scott County VA December 5th 1883 Mr Lyman C. Draper Esq Dear Sir I now write you relative to the Indian Chief Logan.
|Capt John Logan supple and clean, he always wrote his name as above, he wrote three letters – he left one at the spring at Snoddys Fort after Snoddys fort was broke up & Snoddy moved to Kentucky, Mr. Cowen erected a fort on his land one & half miles west of Snoddys Fort where my grand Father Patrick Porter went with his brother in law William Cowen. The nesct summer the Chief Logan left at Cowens Fort a letter giving the reason why he became the enemy of the white people. He stated that another tribe of Indians made war on his Father's tribe & killed all his people he being but a boy he fled to the whites, who taught him to read books & write letters for which he loved them; but a company of white men came on his wife & five little children & killed them all & there & then was not a human being through his vains flowed the blood of Logan. He was determined to have the scalpes of seven white men – not woman & children but warriors. The women & children never need fear Capt. John Logan supple & clean & his brave following. The nesct June following when they opened the fort gates & men went out to search out danger, if any, Katharine Porter, the youngest child of Patrick Porter, then a small girl with her bucket, was the first to reach the spring & to her great surprise she there found a pile of clubs beautifully painted & a letter laying on top of them. She sat down her water vessel, gathered up the war clubs in her apron & letter in hand started to the fort holloring as loud as she could, frightening every one in fort, men came running, gun in hand -- her father & brother Samuel in lead. Her father said to her – "well cate, you have had a powerful fright with the Indians – you have whipped sixteen Indians & took there war clubs from them." I have heard my mother tell the above more than a hundred times. In examining the letter it was signed by Logan & that as he had got revenge for his wife & children, he came to let them know that the Indians would be on them soon in great force – make your fort strong & be ready for them, that he his brave followers in evidence of friendship for the white people, had left the war clubs, they being vary tired had taken each a fine horse to ride home & hoped that Capt. Porter & his brave men would forgive them -- do not think that this is a lie. Sincerely your friends for ever,
|My mother, for she was Patrick Porters youngest child, kept the war club & letter for years. I myself have seen the club & letter, the writing on the letter had faded out so you could not read it – the club had Logan's name wrote on it, the club was taken by some one – she never knew who it was. The account will be on Logan of Pages 11. I am not write long. T W Carter
· 492
|The summer following Col Lewis had the fight with Indians on the Ohio river: account of the fight I refer you to the history of the Indian wars. Patrick Porter was Comm in charge under Lewis – remained there several days – Capt Logan came in the camp – he discovered Porter – he walked straight forward, his hand extended toward Porter, with a smile – "I know you – you are Patrick Porter; I want to be your friend – you don't know me – I am Capt John Logan. Many times I could have killed you; but I loved you and would not." He made inquiry about his son Samuel Porter. At that moment he say Samuel coming toward them; he points & says "yonder he comes" – when Samuel came to them, he says to him: "I am Logan; & was your friend – many times could have killed you , but would not. You were too good a man – you guarded the women & children, which made me love you & your Father & regard you as my friends forever." They gave him there assurance of perpetual love and friendship. He then rehersed several occurrences that had taken place – one with regards to a large fine horse that was hitched to the fort gate. He had watched the horse all day; when night came on, he took a shock of top fodder that stood near the horse & put over him & gradually approached the horse but at this moment a child fell out of the bed & broke its arm, which caused such a fuss that he left the fodder and left. Did
you ever discover or notice that shock of fodder? "Yes," said Samuel Porter, "The braking of the child's arm saved Logan. I was on guard & guarding the fort gate & discovered the fodder moving towards the gate my gun cocked in the very act of shooting when you abandoned the fodder & ran away, I was in twenty feet of you with as good a gun as was ever fiard." Logan replied the great spirit did not let one friend kill another; the day before they before they commenced there march for there homes Logan brought an Indian boy about 15 years old to Patrick Porter & requested him to take the boy home with him & educate him; he was an orphan without father and mother, & wanted to live with the white people & learn their books & wear clothes as they did. P. Porter refused to carrying the boy with him for fear it might insult the Indians. The third day after they had started at night the Indian boy came to P. Porter's tent with a letter in his hand from Logan, stating that the Indians thought the boy was drowned in the river while they were crossing & that here would never be any fuss about it. The name of the Indian boy was Dale – to which they added Arter henc[e] he was known as Arter Dale he grew to manhood, married a white woman, raised a large family of respectable children; his descendants are yet living in VA. Arter Dale at an early age professed religion attaching him self to Methodist church & an able preacher in that church. My health has been very bad for some time. Yours Fraternally,
|To Ths. W. Carter – Rye Cove Va
|1st Tell me more fully abt Boone & Saml Porter's Kentucky trip -- all the particular you can recall about it – what incidents occurred on the trip – what they went for – What parts of Kentucky they visited – Whether they met with Whites or Indians.
|March 13th 1884 I have been so feeble & health so bad for the last two months I had to cease trying to write. I am very feeble at this time, but will do the best I can & try & finish for fear I shall not live long. I will do the best I can with regard to Boone & Porter's trip to KY. They went to ascertain where the Indians lived; they feared they had a settlement in Kentucky. They went down the Sandy River to where it emptied into the Ohio River, & down the Ohio came to a small river – up that river which they named Little Sandy turning west after traveling some distance they came to another large river; they followed that river & late one evening they came to an Indian camping ground. The appearance was fresh. In examining they found fire, they drew off & secreted themselves until morning. They found they (the Indians) had left. They followed the trail to the Ohio river, where they had crossed – they crossed on a raft which was tied on the Ohio side of the river. They returned back to the Indian camp – examined the place found a poke of salt made by the Indians & a small camp kettle in which they had made it. The place was a moving of Buffaloe, Elk & deer, they killed one fine fat buffalo & several deer one fine elk -- salted the meats with the Indian salt _____ the ____ noting which they used for bread; took some of the salt & traveled [Draper's handwriting]--*Wm Licking Blue Licks. LCD.
|2nd What was Cooper's first name?
|3rd Cooper or Porter, made the long shot at the siege of Boonesboro, killing an Indian in a tree – what were the particulars?
|4th Do you remember any incidents of Porter in the Blue Lick battle?
|5th Do you know any trees or rocks on which Boone cut his name & date – if so, describe their locality.
|6th Do you feel certain that Blackmore's first name was Joseph? Why I have any doubts about it is that Haywood in his History of Tennessee published nearly 60 years ago call him Capt. John Blackmore that he moved to this Nashville on Cumberland County in 1780, with Jas Robertson & Col. Donelson's immigrants, by water down the Tennessee, that
Blackmore was killed on the journey. Think of this matter, & write me.
|7th Can you give any new facts about Boone's defeat at Wallen's Creek? How far was the spot of this defeat from Martin's Station -- & how far from Cumberland Gap? Do you know the names of any of the families with Boone at this defeat?
|Shall be glad to received the statement about Capt. Logan the Mingo Chief
|Dec. 14th 83:
|1. J. H. Duff says Boone lives in a fort at the mouth of Stock Creek – give the name of this fort, what you know of Boone's living there. It seems to me a mistake.
|2nd. Please make for me a rough map of the Counties of Blackamore's Fort – Cowan's at the union of a small stream next above Castles Run & Moore's Fort a little below the mouth of Castle's Run & between that & Sinking Creek.
|[Thomas W. Carter's handwriting]
March 13th - 20th 1884
I cannot write more at this time and shurly very feeble the weather very cold for the season – snowing at this time. I will try & write every day that my health will admit. I am certain you will be bothered to read & understand the rough ___ map on this sheet. I intended to draw this sheet anew, but feared I would not be able. I ___[?] send to you & finish the map on my nesct page.
March 20 1884 Yours truly TW Carter
|So far as I have got information, particularly from an old man in Ky 40 years ago, who was a boy in Moore's Fort, Boone lived in Moores or Cowans. Can you confirm this view – or give other information, from who derived?
|Feb 14th 1884
|Any traditions that Maj. Hugh McGass was one of Boone's party of _____[?], when defeated by Indians, driven back in 1773 from Powell's Valley? --Saml Porter a prisoner at Detroit –
Va Calendar State Papers, III, 552
|Rye Cove Scott County Virginia April 7th 1884, [to] Lyman C. Draper Esq –
|[I offer?] my kindest respects & hoping your health is good. I am feeble – hardly able to write. You will please accept my thanks for the Kings Mountain History which you have presented to me which I highly appreciated. I have heard the old heroes that were in the fight talk the fight over time & again. Tow of them lived hear neighbours to my father. William Stewart & David Duly: both drew pensions for their services: Stewart lived to age of 96 years, & Neely lived to the age of 102 years – retained his mind until his death -- one month before his death, I visited him, & in conversation I brought up the Kings mountain Fight which seemed to stimulate him: he lead off in talk for over on hour the [?] of Colonel Campbell declared he was the bravest man he ever saw; he said the person who told him that Campbell left the fight & hid himself told a lie, for he was in 20 feet of Campbell when Ferguson's army surrendered. He was a Christina & member of the Methodist Church for 75 years.
At the time the Virginians rendezvised near the Black Fort organized under Colo. Campbell to drive back Ferguson.
Patrick Porter raised 42 men in the Clinch Valley & met them at Blacks Fort & joined the Regiment [?] Campbell. At night they had a council of war, when it was agreed to send Porters company back to the Clinch Valley to guard the Frontier, expecting the move of Ferguson was to form a junction with the northern Indians. Next morning Porter with his company returned to the Clinch settlement[?] sent spies to the Cumberland Mountain range. There to keep a vigilant watch for the Indians. Several of them went as far as the Ohio River but no Indians appeared. As soon as the glad news came of the destruction of Ferguson & Tory Clan, Porter disbanded his company, they returned to their homes—
I have been trying to, & have every time I was able, answer your inquiries & furnishing the map I forwarded to you, which you state came safe to hand. I have now finished 2 more pages, but will finish 2 more pages before forward it to you.
Yours truly T.S. Carter
|Rye Cove Scott County Va. January 1st 1885 [to] Lyman C. Draper Esq.
|<tdDear Friend
Yesterday I received your favour of the 3d Dec. 1884 propounding to question relative to the capture of s. Porter by the Indians I had answered that with other inquiry last summer. I wrote foreen pages & mailed to you; from your letter, it was mislayed – never came to your possession – the cause I had not wrote sooner I supposed you needed no further information from me. Samuel Porter never was captured by the Indians – the person who informed you about Porters capture by the Indians I suppose knows little or nothing with regard to the first settlers of Clinch Valley. S. Porter & J. Arter were what was then known as rangers; they guarded the passes in the Cumberland Mountains, and often discovered them crossing the mountain, when they would travel by & night to give the whites notice of their coming & thwart the Indians of their savage purpose of killing the whites. I will give an out line of the service rendered by S. Porter to his country which I received from my mother in my youthful days, which I have never forgot. Porter & Arter on the top of Cumberland Mountain some twelve miles west of now known as Pound one day discovered 27 Indians approaching near to themselves down the they chasing each three Indians & at both fired at the same time, each killing three Indians.
When the Indians took them selves down the one mountain & were directly out of sight loading their guns, they made there way back to the settlements & gave notice of the Indians, but they never came. He was in the fight under Colo Lewis on the Ohio River went to the relief of Boone's fort of the Ky River was under Daniel Boone in the fight at the Blue Licks where his partner Arter was killed went with Colo Boman on the other side of Ohio River when he was wounded in the knee? carryed from the battle field by Cooper who killed the Indian. So grate was the distance at Boones Borrow, Porter was carryed to the Hills of Ohio now Lewisville in November. He went to Boons Fort of the Kentucky River & the June following to his Fathers at Porters Fort on Clinch River his health failing he lived there until his death which I have heretofore informed you. [The following paragraph is ink-stained causing difficulty reading.]
With regards to the sickness raging in this county I have ____ from its actack a grate many have died it is nothing more nor less than bluddy Fl___ the most of the deaths asided____ by too much m____ set medicin. The nusepapers has given to the wor__ the most exagerated statements I eaver read though fatal enough my health as usual not g____ gradually waring _____ you can ___ to me for any information you ____ I can give & I will trie the best I can to ______ to gone I hope this letter will not _________ mailer as did my last. Yours with _______ TW Carter
|[Draper's handwriting] To TW Carter – Jan 28th 1885
|Your letter of last summer, I am sorry to say, failed to reach me. Refer to my letter of Apl. 25th so as to suply again to the inquiries there, b_____ the one abt. Saml Porter's captivity. I do not want to lose anything from you.
The evidence is strong that Arthur was a Majore at Detroit – (citing Col. Wm Russell's letter of Sept. 1783, from Va Calendar Vol 3, 532 – def__ting Col Ar. Campbell's charge that Porter while a prisoner at Detroit, adhered to the enemy. As Russell lives on Clinch, he must have known Porter well. Much better than Campbell could, who lived some 20 odd miles, east of Abingdon, at the Royal ___, & it must have been in Russell's company, ___ on Clinch, that Porter served on the Point Pleasant campaign, 1774.
How or when Porter was captured, I have no means of learning. Very likely his sufferings while a prisoner tended to shorten his life. Once when Indians stole horses from some of the Clinch stations, a party pursurers overtook the enemy & had something of a fight, recovered the horses. You speak of Porter & Arthurs meeting 27 Indians, some 12 miles west of Pound Gap, & firing on them. May there not have been others, with them -- & was the affair to which I have allude? When you say 12 miles west of Pound Gap – do you mean over the Mountain, for the heads of some of the streams, in now Letcher[?] County, Ky? Tell me the exact locality – or as exact as you know it.
Do you remember any incidents connected with Lewis' battle at Point Pleasant which your mother use to relate – which she learned from Samuel Porter? If so, please note them down for me. That was a hard fought battle, & I want to learn all I can about it.
|Tell me any thing further of J. Arthur – his first name in full – where from originally, & whether he was among the earliest settlers on Clinch?
On the map you sent me, you mark Boon's path or trace by the way of Abingdon. Do you feel pretty certain that that was his route when he moved to the Clinch country -- ___ his son, & fell back to the Clinch forts? There are those who think he went by, or near where Elizabethtown now is, & thence on to Big Moccasin Gap. If you have any traditions about his route, tell them to me, & from who derived. Did Jos. Blackmore leave descendants now in your part of Virginia? Did Arthur leave descendants? LCD
[TW Carter's handwriting] Rye Cove Scott Co. Va April 18th 1885 To Mr. Lyman C. Draper Esq. After a long & severe sickness I will try to answer your favour of the 28th January 1885 – very feeble which you will see from bad writing. Samuel Porter, my uncle, neaver was a prisoner with the Indians. Capt Russell you speak of was sent by Colo Lewis with an order to march immediately into near where Colo Lewis then lived, now ______k County Va. which order caused the Clinch Valley men to travel over one hundred & fifty miles further than necessary. Saml Porter told him while they were traveling around the world to get to the Ohio river, the Indians might come & lay the Clinch settlements waste, & kill the helpless men and women. Campbell ordered him to hush – if he spoke another word he would have him _____ ____ under guard ____ Colo Lewis _____. Porter told him, Campbell, he would not do that, he was not subject to his orders; he was with Arthur employed by the Governor of VA as rangers, working under orders as such. Campbell says "you are a damned liar; you & Arthur wants to run and warn the Indians of Lewis coming on strong"; to which Porter returned to him "that's God Damned lie," Campbell drew his sword & made at Porter. Porter stepped to his gun picked it, cocked it, brought it to his shoulder in the act of shooting, when his father, Patrick Porter, took hold of his gun & prevented his son from killing Campbell. He then ordered the Holston men to shoot Porter, where some 30 Clinch men took their guns, stepped from the crowd some forty yards distant, formed line, deterring the first man that raised his gun to shoot Porter. ...[unexplained elision]...They knew Porter he was a true man & good Christian ______man. For a few minutes all stood in suspense. Russell went to S. Porter's father to taking a minute S. Porter to the Clinch men Russell to the Holston men talking with them; all was quiet in a few minutes. Then Clinch men proposed if Campbell & a few others would leave, they would lay down their arms & come to some agreement for further improvements. Campbell & about six or eight left. In less than one hour the arrangement was complete of the Clinch Valley men for their homes to _____ for a quick march the ____ ____ _____ Colo Lewis He traveled the Indian warpath that led them to a place where the Indians had made a ___ place, where ____ Russell ___ them; resting one day – then moved to the place where they were to meet Colo Lewis. Campbell _____ charges against Porter – Russell informed Porter of the charges – Porter stood his trial & Russell defended him & he was honorably acquitted. Porter and Campbell never after met. The nesct morning where Lewis encamped the night before, John Arther & Wm Duncans horses strayed from the encampment, Arther & Duncan went in search for them, before they went forth of a mile, the Indians fired on them killing Duncan & slightly wounding Arther but did not prevent him from fighting. He fought through the entire day. The battle commenced at sunrise & continued till near the setting of the sun, when the Indians fled from the field. You wrote for incidents occurring on the day of the battle. When Arther was shot at by the Indians, he ran for the camp down a slopping ridge covered with green briars – jumping high over the briars hollowing "______ & marrow bones" – telling Colo Lewis...that the entire hill was covered with Indians, and looked as black as blackbirds, but of the number he had no idea – but there were enough to give us a good fight, which proved true. Both sides fought bravely. About ten o'clock, the Indians were re-enforced by from two to three hundred fresh warriors, beating back the whites to within three hundred yards of the baggage – when Col. Lewis ordered a retreat. His son* Capt. Lewis, ran to his father, telling him that a retreat would end in the destruction of almost the entire army -- & ordering the camp guard of two hundred men at least to form line & follow him on double-quick. And up the hill they went, every man hallooring at the top of his voice, and drove the Indians back near half a mile, where they took a strong position which they held until late in the evening – when Col. Lewis ordered a company to make a flank movement, which was promptly made falling upon the Indians near, fired a deadly volley into their back before they were apprised that the whites were in their rear – when they fled like scared turkeys. (*His brother, Col. Chs Lewis, I believe. LCD)
|May 5th – I have been unable to write for a long time – a little improved; I hope, as the weather is becoming more better, that I shall improve in health, and I will be able to answer your questions, which I would like to do.
|John Arther was an orphan boy – came to Clinch with Col. Snoddy. Saml Porter and Arther were employed by the Governor of Virginia as Indian Rangers at $6 per month – which service would commence the 1st of May & close the 1st of November, which service they performed for several years.
(1774) They knew the Indian traces, and it was while guarding one of those trails that they killed the Indians, and fled to the settlements to let the whites know of the approach of the Indians. The place was in a very low gap in the Cumberland Mountains, through which there has been a horse path for several years. The range of the Mountain is NE to SW.
|I will close this sheet at present, & will commence another when I rest.
Yours truly – TW Carter
|Samuel Porter's Captivity
|John Gass of Bourbon Co. Ky, who knew Samuel Porter at Boonesboro, told me or wrote me, that Porter after recovering from his broken leg on Bowman's campaign in May, 1779, started for Powell's Valley on Clinch, his ____ breaking put afresh up Kentucky river – in the fall of that year, or something to this effect.
Porter's nephew, T.W. Carter, denies that Porter was captured & taken to Detroit. But as TW Carter was born till long after Porter had died, & had his information from his mother – Porter's sister – I conclude as he remembered nothing of the captivity, he therefore concluded it could not have been so. I should say this is the best explanation of the ____ that I can suggest. That on the way to Clinch, in the fall of 1779* (*Or in June 1780, as Ths W. Carter states.)
|Porter in company of others, encountered an Indian party too strong for them, in the melee, Porter was captured & taken to Detroit -- & perhaps there feigned to sympathize with the British in order to render his condition easier. At length as the war closed, he was sent to the States. Col. Ar. Campbell had an old wrangle with Porter, as TW Carter's letter, Apl 10, 1885, show; & probably Campbell's prejudices let him to adopt the story of Porter's sympathy with the British when a prisoner at Detroit. Had he really such feelings, he would no doubt have remained there like the Girtys, McKees & others.
|Very likely some of those who accompanies Porter in the fall of 1779, when he was captured, escaped, & returned to Boonesboro, reporting what they believed that he had been killed & through Capt Gass got his impression.
It must be an error that Porter was in Kentucky, as TW Carter states, in 1782, & served on the Blue Lick Campaign. If he had been in Ky after the fall of 1779, Capt. Gass would have known it – for his memory was good on historical matters -- & was especially bright & reliable on all Boonesboro matters.
|Col. Alex r Bennett, of Russell Co. Va. wrote May 15, 1792
"On the 20th of April a band of Indians came into the Rye Cove settlement & carried off 3 boys, two of them name of Carter, & a negro belonging to the same name but did not kill any in the settlement. One of the boys captured is a son of Mr. Thos Carter a representative of the county.
|J.H. Duff writes, Big Stone Gap, Va, April 18th 1887, that "TW Carter died about a year ago."


text:
Altug Selected to Participate in National Academy of Engineering Symposium
in NEWS
Assistant Professor Hatice Altug (ECE) is one of 85 engineers from academia, government and industry selected to take part in the National Academy of Engineering's (NAE) 17th annual U.S. Frontiers of Engineering symposium. Held September 19-21, 2011 at Google headquarters in Mountain View, California, the three-day event will bring together exceptional engineering researchers and practitioners aged 30 to 45 to discuss leading edge research in various engineering fields and industry sectors.
"The young engineering innovators of today are solving the grand challenges that face us in the coming century," said NAE President Charles M. Vest. "We are proud that our Frontiers of Engineering program brings this diverse group of people together and gives them an opportunity to share and showcase their work."
Participants were nominated by fellow engineers or organizations and chosen from approximately 315 applicants.
"It is a great honor for me to be invited to NAE's 2011 U.S. Frontiers of Engineering program," said Altug. "I look forward to contributing to an event that aims to shape the future of engineering, and to sharing exciting research activities at BU."
A College of Engineering faculty member since 2007, Altug's research involves confining and manipulating light at the nanoscale to dramatically improve biosensing capabilities. Initiating several advances in the fields of nanophotonics, nanoplasmonics and integrated nanofluidics over the past seven years, she has developed state-of-the-art technologies for real-time, label-free and high-throughput detection of very low quantities of biological molecules such as proteins and viruses. She has also contributed to the National Science Foundation Smart Lighting Engineering Research Center's effort to build energy-efficient lighting-based communication and biochemical sensing systems in rooms.
Frontiers program participants are exposed to important developments in fields other than their own, thereby facilitating collaborative work and the transfer of new approaches and techniques across fields. This year's symposium will examine additive manufacturing, engineering sustainable buildings, neuroprosthetics and semantic processing.
The National Academy of Engineering is an independent, nonprofit institution that serves as an adviser to the U.S. government and citizens on engineering and technology issues. NAE members consist of the nation's premier engineers, who are elected by their peers for their distinguished achievements.
-Mark Dwortzan

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Peach flavored dehydrated apple flakes are packed with flavor. These flakes are wonderful to throw in hot cooked cereals, pancakes and muffins. These flakes provide a wonderful flavor that can be used in apple crisps, throw them on salads, add them to cakes, mix them up in granola or in your hot cereals. The possibilities are endless. These are great to have in your long term food storage.
Shelf life estimates are based on industry studies from sources deemed reputable. Since Rainy Day Foods has no control over individual storage practices, they must disclaim any liability or warranty for particular results.
Shelf Life: Should be stored in cool dark place- optimum condition is 60 degrees or less- for longer storage. Storing properly in our enameled cans and Super pail buckets, product may store 25+ years. Bulk products need to be repackaged for long term storage.
Packaged in a plant that handles milk, wheat, eggs, soy, and tree nut products.
Additional Information
|Nutritional Information
Directions: May be used as a snack, in pies, toppings, fruit salad, and cereal. Add to muffins, pancakes, and oatmeal before cooking.


text:
Discussion in 'XenForo Pre-Sales Questions' started by Jake Bunce, Jul 31, 2010.
Is there an
Not at this point.
You can copy the URL of the attached image and use the [IMG] tag. (As a workaround of course)
This is the method I personally use.
But then you have 2 images visible in your post, isn't it? I really, really dislike this. There should be a more simpler way for novice enduser to accomplish inline attachments. I love inline attachments in vBulletin. The benefits are obvious: for example when you need an image inside the context of your posting, etc.
The problem with attach tags is that someone can use them to attach something that isn't an image and it all becomes confusing. If it's an image it shouldn't display as an attachment but just an image (after all, nobody really downloads uploaded images and right click -> save is wonderful).
I do it the same way in my vB. 90% of all images will be placed inside the text.
Well you have the full sized image in the post and a thumbnail of it at the bottom... Personally I don't think it looks that bad, and it works... Ok yes there are easier ways and they may be added latter but I don't see it as vital.
It would be nice if there was a way for the thumbnail to not show when the image is embedded in the post...
This is why I always upload my screenshots and things to imgur.com and then embed the images. I don't like the look of the thumbnail at the bottom of the post.
Looks like a quick way to insert attachments is being implemented...
Just testing...
Easy embedding is here ... but it still shows the thumbnails even though it is in the post...
Yup, and it's looking good.
But still adds the thumbnail also... nice easy UI though... I like it...
we need a way to float image etc
hopefully, the attach thumbnail will be gone if large image is inserted within message
I agree it does look good.
Have i told you guys i love the way the devs think?
Only reason it does is because it's currently quite challenging to remove it, as there are some things happening that are deferred. I have it on my list to come back to.
Good to see this implemented, although I'll still be using imgur until there's no thumbnail.
Thanks Mike .... A good step
Separate names with a comma.


text:
In the three months that have passed since the last release, we've been very busy making final adjustments to get closer to RTM.
In this post I've summarized the biggest changes between the Preview 5 and Preview 6 releases.
The highlights are:
- Silverlight support
- Lazy<T> replaces Export<T>
- Collection import changes
- Inheritance changes
- Export attribute is unsealed
- Stable Composition makes its debut
You can download MEF Preview 6 from the CodePlex site.
Silverlight Support
With this release comes an early preview of our Silverlight plans. The included solution MEFSL.sln can be used to build MEF binaries that target the newly-released Silverlight 3.
Those familiar with the full-framework MEF won't see many differences in the Silverlight build as it stands today. We aim to have some exciting new features in the eventual release, but for now the APIs are the same apart from changes required because of the different environment.
Silverlight Catalog
DirectoryCatalog is not available in the Silverlight version. Instead, this is replaced by PackageCatalog.
This API is tentative and will very probably change in a future preview.
Silverlight Picture Viewer
There's a new sample called PictureViewer that demonstrates some aspects composition in a Silverlight application.
One of the first things you'll notice when moving to the new build is that the System.ComponentModel.Composition.Export<T> and Export<T, TMetadata> types are gone.
In their place, MEF now recognizes the System.Lazy<T> and Lazy<T, TMetadta> types.
Functionally these types match the old ones, however:
- The GetExportedObject() method is replaced by a Value property
- The raw metadata dictionary is gone (if you truly require this, you can use the IDictionary<string, object> type as a metadata view interface)
Collection Import Changes
The System.ComponentModel.Composition.ExportCollection<T> type has also been removed. In its place, use IEnumerable<Lazy<T>>, or Lazy<T>[].
ImportManyAttribute is now required for all collection imports.
Inheritance Changes
PartExportsInheritedAttribute has been removed. The new mechanism separates inheritable exports from non-inheritable exports.
Exports declared using the ExportAttribute are never inherited.
Exports declared using the InheritedExportAttribute will be exposed by sub-classes of the part type.
Custom Export Attributes
In previous releases, ExportAttribute was sealed.
It is now possible to subclass ExportAttribute, and this can be combined with the existing MetadataAttribute functionality.
This means that instead of:
It is possible to define a custom attribute that completely describes the export:
Thus users can declare both the exported contract and its metadata using only one attribute:
We expect this will be very useful for authors of extensible frameworks.
Note: We have also unsealed ImportAttribute, ImportManyAttribute and ImportingConstructor thus allowing these to be extended as well.
Stable Composition
As an extensibility framework, it is important that MEF applications start and execute reliably even when some extensions lack required dependencies.
Stable Composition contributes to this goal by validating dependencies in advance.
Part Definition Rejection
In earlier releases, MEF would hand out lazy exports from parts with missing dependencies. Later, when the export was used an exception would be thrown because of problems creating the part.
There were two major issues with this:
- Side-effects of failures during composition could not always be cleaned up
- Light-up could only be supported via optional dependencies, which led to awkward component designs
The solution to this problem is:
Parts that have missing required dependencies are 'rejected.' They appear in the catalog, but the container never uses them.
MEF remains dynamic – as parts are added and removed from the composition, the state of part definitions can change. Parts that may have been rejected will become available when their dependencies can be satisfied.
Atomic Changes
The container now treats lazy references as promises. Once the container hands out a Lazy<T> export, the value is guaranteed to be available, and to remain available for the life of the part that imports it.
The parts available in a MEF container can change, either by adding or removing to the a ComposablePartCatalog, or directly via CompositionContainer.ComposeBatch().
In order to keep promises, changes like these are examined carefully and verified not to break anything already instantiated.
If such a change would cause an existing promise to be broken, the change is rejected by means of a CompositionException.
Diagnosing Composition Problems
One of the implications of Stable Composition is that the rejected parts will simply never show up.
Because parts are interdependent, one broken part can cause a chain of other dependent parts to be rejected as well.
Finding the root cause of a 'cascading rejection' like this can be tricky.
Included in the samples under /Samples/CompositionDiagnostics is a prototype diagnostic library that can be used to track composition problems down.
The two basic functions that are implemented allow the rejection state of a part to be inspected, and the contents of an entire catalog to be dumped along with status and root cause analysis information.
Dump Composition State
For comprehensive diagnostics, the complete composition can be dumped in text format:
The output contains many interesting things, including 'primary rejection' guesses and analysis of common problems like mismatched type identity, mismatched creation policy, and missing required metadata:
There's enough information here to correctly diagnose most common issues.
Find Likely Root Causes
The dump technique above is comprehensive but verbose, and if you have access to the running process in a debugger, the following is more likely to be convenient:
The return value of CompositionInfo.GetPartDefinitionInfo() is an object that gives quick access to all of the same analytical information as the text dump, but relating to the part Foo. The API exposes:
- The part's rejection state (IsRejected)
- Whether it is a primary cause of rejection, or if it is rejected because of other cascading rejections (IsPrimaryRejection)
- Which parts are likely to be the root causes of the part's rejection (PossibleRootCauses)
- The state of all imports (ImportDefinitions)
- For each import, which exports would satisfy the imports (ImportDefinitions..Actuals)
- For each import, which other exports with the same contract name were not matched, and the reason for each (ImportDefinitions..UnsuitableExportDefinitions)
Implementing Export Providers
The ExportProvider.GetExportsCore() method has gained a parameter to support Stable Composition. ExportProvider also has a new event ExportsChanging for the same purpose.
Simple ExportProviders that hand out the same values and do not recursively call into the container can ignore the parameter and event.
If you implement a custom ExportProvider that recursively calls into the container to satisfy dependencies of the exports it hands out, then you should participate in Stable Composition.
Likewise, if the set of available exports in an ExportProvider can change, you'll need to fire the ExportsChanging and ExportsChanged events.
See the API documentation for these types for more details.
Other API Changes
A number of other supporting API changes have been made, and a few obsolete or problematic items removed:
- CompositionContainer.GetExportedObject() and related overloads have been renamed to GetExportedValue()
- CompositionEngine has been renamed ImportEngine
- AttributedModelServices
- AddExportedObject<T>() renamed to AddExportedValue<T>()
- ComposeExportedObject<T>() renamed to ComposeExportedValue<T>()
- New GetMetadataView<TMetadataView>() method
- New SatisfyIImportsOnce() method
- ICompositionService changes
- SatisfyImports() renamed SatisfyImportsOnce() and no longer registers the part for recomposition
- UnregisterForRecomposition() removed
- CompositionServiceExtensions removed
- ContractTypeAttribute removed since exports on interfaces are now inherited
- ComposablePartCatalogChangedEventArgs renamed to ComposablePartCatalogChangeEventArgs
- New AtomicComposition class supports Stable Composition
- Contract adapters have been removed
Help and Feedback
Enjoy the new release, and remember that the MEF discussion forum on CodePlex is a great place to get help if you find yourself stuck.
The MEF Team is very grateful to everyone who's provided feedback and input into the new release. I hope we've hit the right note, but as always your comments are welcome.


text:
Penn State Football Eve, which launches the first weekend of the football season, attracted approximately 25,000 fans in each of its first two events. Last year's event was cancelled due to heavy rain. The Nittany Lions' 121st season opener is against Florida International on Sept. 1 at 12:00 p.m. Admission and parking are free for Penn State Football Eve.
Anticipation is running at an all time high for the new season among Penn State fans, with a record 99 percent renewal rate for 2007 season tickets. A record total of 93,500-plus season tickets have been sold, including more than 21,000 student season tickets that sold out in 59 minutes. Membership in the Nittany Lion Club has grown by 20 percent over the past two years to nearly 23,000.
Four games are sold out, with a limited number of tickets remaining only for Florida International, Buffalo (Sept. 15, 12:00) and possibly the Senior Day clash with Purdue (Nov. 3). Any remaining single game tickets will go on sale at 5:00 p.m. on Friday, July 27 exclusively at http://www.GoPSUsports.com, the official website of Penn State Athletics.
Freshman "Welcome Week" orientation that is being held in the Bryce Jordan Center the same evening as "Football Eve" will continue in the stadium where the freshman will gain an understanding of student traditions during the football games. FSN Pittsburgh will have a "Who Wants to be an Announcer?" station outside the All-Sports Museum for aspiring sports broadcasters. Kids games, a barbeque, festival food, surprises and an oldies band will all be part of the promenade along Curtain Road.
Paterno's 42nd Penn State team returns 32 letterwinners and 15 starters for the 2007 season. The Nittany Lions have a blockbuster 2007 home schedule that includes five bowl teams from 2006: Notre Dame, (Sept. 8, 6:00 p.m., ESPN), Iowa (Oct. 6), Wisconsin (Oct. 13- Homecoming, 3:30 p.m., ABC), Ohio State (Oct. 27, 8:00 p.m., ABC/ESPN/ESPN2) and Purdue.
The Florida International and Buffalo games will air on the Big Ten Network, launching on August 30, as will at least one of the Nittany Lions' Big Ten contests. To get the Big Ten Network, fans should visit www.BigTenNetwork.com and enter your zip code, which will then provide a link to the cable providers in your area, as well as DirecTV and Dish Network, to make a request for them carry the Big Ten Network.


text:
2631 Sunset Court Jasper, GA 30143
Located in the gated mountain community of Bent Tree, this one plus acre lot is wooded and has gentle slope for an easy build. Conveniently located near the back gate for easy access, and a walk to the dam for fishing. Bent Tree offers an 18 hole championship golf course, 6 tennis courts, including indoor, an event facility, beach, pools, restaurant and 24 hour security. Pay the optional $375 user fee with lot ownership and get a limited golf and tennis membership, pool, and boating privileges. This is a gated community, a licensed agent must accompany buyers.
- Listing Status Active
- Neighborhood Bent Tree
- County Pickens
- Sale Type Normal sale
- Kitchen
- Appliances
- Bedrooms
- Master Bath
- Dining Room
- Fireplaces
- Laundry
- Rooms
- Basement
- Pool
- Lot 1.086
- Disability Access
Other Information
- Interior
- Exterior
- Construction
- Green Building Certifications
- Heating
- Cooling
- Energy Features
- Home Warranty
- Setting Mountain
- Amenities Playground, Fishing, Boat Restrictions, Clubhouse, Security, Gated, Restaurant, Golf
- Neighborhood Amenities
- Parking
Waterfront Features
- Lake Name None
- Waterfront Footage
- Boathouse
- Dock
Legal/Financial Information
- Taxes $321 (2012)
- Special Circumstances None
- Association Fee
- Association Fee Includes
Listing provided courtesy of null. Listings identified with the FMLS logo come from FMLS, are held by brokerage firms other than the owner of this website and the listing brokerage is identified in any listing details. Information is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed. ©2017 First Multiple Listing Service, Inc.
Look Promising?
Want to schedule a showing? Have any questions? We're experts and ready to help!
Call us anytime at 404-965-4080
Listings identified with the FMLS IDX logo come from FMLS, are held by brokerage firms other than the owner of this website and the listing brokerage is identified in any listing details. Information is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed. ©2014 First Multiple Listing Service, Inc.
© 2014 North East Georgia MLS. the information provided is for the consumer's personal, noncommercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties that the consumer may be interested in purchasing. Some or all of the listings displayed may not belong to the firm whose web site is being visited.


text:
FAYETTEVILLE, Ark. -- Former Chicago Bears and Arkansas Razorbacks defensive lineman Ken Anderson has died of a heart attack at age 33.
Anderson's pastor, Dexter Howard of Life Harvester Church in Fayetteville, confirmed to The Associated Press on Saturday that Anderson died Friday night. Anderson was a minister at the church and was living in the Fayetteville area.
Anderson lettered for the Razorbacks from 1994-97 and played for the Bears in 1999.


text:
Gov: More multi-family permits underscores housing demand
The number of multi-family housing unit permits pulled in 2012 in the Bay State nearly doubled from the previous year, reflecting the demand that led Gov. Deval Patrick to announce a statewide housing production goal of 10,000 multi-family units per year through 2020, state officials said today.
In 2012, 5,019 multi-family permits were pulled, compared to 2,752 in 2011, representing an 84 percent increase, based on preliminary numbers reported by the U.S. Census Bureau's Building Permit Survey. The 2012 number is the most since 2007.
|The article you requested has been archived


text:
Impact of prior CKD management in a renal care network on early outcomes in incident dialysis patients: a prospective observational study
Effective therapeutic strategies are available to prevent adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) but their clinical results are hindered by unplanned implementation. Coordination of care emerges as a suitable way to improve patient outcomes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of planned and coordinated patient management within a dedicated renal care network comparatively to standard renal care delivered in nephrology departments of teaching hospitals.
This observational matched cohort study included 40 patients with CKD stage 4–5 in the network group as compared with a control group of 120 patients matched for age, sex and diabetic status. Main outcome was a composite endpoint of death from cardiovascular cause and cardiovascular events during the first year after dialysis initiation.
There was no difference between the two groups neither for the primary outcome (40% vs 41%) nor for the occurrence of death from cardiovascular cause or cardiovascular events. Whereas the proportion of patients requiring at least one hospitalization was identical (83.3% vs 75%), network patients experienced less individual hospitalizations than control patients (2.3±2.0 vs 1.6±1.7) during the year before dialysis start. Patients of the network group had a slower renal function decline (7.7±2.5 vs 4.9±1.1 ml/min/1,73m2 per year; p=0.04).
In this limited series of patients, we were unable to demonstrate a significant impact of the coordinated renal care provided in the network on early cardiovascular events in incident dialysis patients. However, during the predialysis period, there were less hospitalizations and a slower slope of renal function decrease.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a growing concern in developed and developing countries. The continuous increase in the number of prevalent End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients led to an increased burden of care for patients and of expenses for the health care system
Although efficient therapeutic interventions to prevent CKD progression exist since almost two decades, they seem to have had only limited impact on ESRD incidence during this period
Uncoordinated cares, the characteristics of health environment and some degree of therapeutic inertia related to physician's behaviour are suspected to play a key role in poor therapeutic efficiency
The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the declaration of Helsinki. The local ethical committee (
All patients aged over 18 years, benefiting from social insurance and who started maintenance dialysis between January 2004 and August 2009 could be included. We chose the period just around the start of dialysis because dialysis patients have the greatest mortality rate during the first year of dialysis treatment. Moreover, suboptimal care during the period just before the start of dialysis can have serious consequences for patients with stage 4–5 CKD and we assumed that there is a potential for improving the management of patients during this period. Finally only patients who actually started dialysis treatment were included. During the study period, all of the 40 network patients who started dialysis were included in the analysis. Each network patient was individually matched for age, sex, diabetic status and dialysis start time with three randomly chosen control patients coming from 3 different nephrology departments (Figure
Figure 1
Flow-chart of the study
Flow-chart of the study.
Data collection
Patient data were recorded retrospectively from 12 months before dialysis then prospectively for 12 months after the beginning of dialysis. The data were collected from either electronic or written medical records. All the data from medical visits and biological measurements, including at dialysis start, were collected over the pre-dialysis year. Over the first dialysis year, all events occurring within and between dialysis sessions were recorded. Estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated by using simplified MDRD equation
The primary endpoint was the occurrence of cardiovascular events or death from cardiovascular cause during the first year on dialysis. Cardiovascular events were defined as one of the following events: myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke, acute lower limb ischemia, lower limb amputation.
The secondary endpoints were death from any cause and hospitalizations during the first year on dialysis. During the year before entering dialysis, we also studied the following events:
-Number of hospitalizations and slope of eGFR decline;
-Frequency of medical and dietetic visits and of monitoring of biological relevant parameters
-Prescription of blockers of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), beta-blockers, antiplatelet agents, and lipid-lowering drugs; rate of patients reaching target values for BP and the value of some relevant biological parameters
-Individual and dedicated information on dialysis treatments received by patients, rate of emergency first dialysis, rate of initial use of sustainable dialysis access, registration on transplantation waiting list.
Statistical analysis
Characteristics of our study samples were compared to national data by one-sample Student t-tests (for means) or one-sample z-tests (for proportions). Variables were presented as mean, standard deviation for quantitative variables and as percentage for qualitative variables. Survival was estimated by the product-limit procedure of Kaplan Meier, and survival curves were compared with the log rank test. Biological or clinical parameters were compared using conditional logistic regression
The GFR annual slope was computed with all values available between 12 months before dialysis and dialysis starting date. This slope was compared between the network group and the control group with a mixed model accounting for matching
Patient characteristics
As expected from the matching, the patients from the two groups had similar age, gender and prevalence of diabetes (Table
In order to verify the representativeness of the two groups of patients, we compared major characteristics of study patients to those of incident dialysis patients registered during the same period in the French national database of ESRD patients, the REIN (Renal Epidemiology Information Network) Registry. In the whole study group, there were no differences for age and the proportion of women (respectively 65.6±14.7 vs 65.3±15.6 and 35% vs 38%) but there were less diabetic patients (22.5% vs 33.8%; p<0.003) and fewer patients with unknown/others primary renal disease (3.1% vs 12.2%; p<0.0001) than in national database patients.
Primary endpoints
During the first 12 months of dialysis, 16 events (40%) occurred in the network patients whereas 49 events (40.8%) occurred in the control patients (p=0.92, Figure
Figure 2
Event-free survival (cardiovascular events or cardiovascular death) using Kaplan-Meier estimates on 160 patients (log-rank p-value=0.9706)
Event-free survival (cardiovascular events or cardiovascular death) using Kaplan-Meier estimates on 160 patients (log-rank p-value=0.9706).
Secondary endpoints
Five network patients (12.5%) and 17 control patients (14.2%) died during the first year after dialysis start and 22 network patients (55%) and 80 control patients (66.7%) required at least one hospitalization (respectively p=0.79 and p=0.19). The mean number of hospitalizations per patient was significantly higher in the control group (2.0±2.3 vs 1.2±1.6; p=0.03).
During the year before dialysis, 30 network patients (75%) and 100 control patients (83.3%) required at least one hospitalization (p=0.24). The mean number of hospitalizations per patient was significantly higher in the control group (2.3±2.0 vs 1.6±1.7; p=0.04). Hospitalizations needed to start dialysis were more frequent in the control group (32.5% vs 12.5%; p=0.02).
The slope of eGFR decline was significantly slower in the network group (7.7±2.5 vs 4.9±1.1 ml/min/1.73m2 per year; p=0.04) (Figure
Figure 3
Comparison of the slope of eGFR decline between groups
Comparison of the slope of eGFR decline between groups.
During the 12 months before the start of the dialysis, network patients had more nephrology visits (5.6±2.5 vs 4.5±2.5; p=0.02). The proportion of patients without a dietician's visit was higher in the control group comparatively to the network group (89.2% vs 40%; p<0.001). The mean total number of encounters with health professionals was higher for the network patients (8.8±3.6 vs 6.5±3.7; p=0.003) as was the frequency of measurement of relevant biological parameters (Table
Concerning medications taken by the patients, 151 patients received at least one BP lowering agent (95% vs 92.5% for control and network groups, respectively; p=0.55). Amongst them, 115 received at least one blocker of the RAS (73.7% vs 83.8% for control and network groups, respectively; p=0.18). Sixty-two patients received a beta-blocker (41.7% vs 30% for control and network groups respectively; p=0.2). Fifty-five patients received an antiplatelet agent (33.3% vs 37.5% for control and network groups respectively; p=0.6). One hundred and thirty-five patients received a lipid-lowering drug (82.5% vs 90% for control and network groups respectively; p=0.26). Among the 115 patients receiving at least one medication to correct anaemia, 105 patients received an erythropoiesis stimulating agent (89.7% vs 96.4% for control and network groups respectively; p=0.4), and 52 patients received iron either by oral or iv route (44.8% vs 46.4% for control and network groups respectively; p=0.99). Ninety-one patients from the control group (75.8%) and 36 patients from the network group (90%) received a treatment for the prevention of CKD-mineral bone disease (p=0.06). There was no difference between groups for the prescription of specific components of the treatment (namely calcium salts, vitamin D, or calcimimetics).
Before the first dialysis session, the achievement of treatment goals regarding BP was identical in the two groups (Table
There were some relevant differences regarding pre-dialysis management issues (Table
Despite the lack of difference on the primary endpoint, the main finding of our study is that patients treated in a dedicated renal care network were less frequently hospitalized both during the year before and after dialysis start. Moreover, they enter dialysis with better control of serum phosphate, higher proportion of normal serum albumin and received more frequently educations and information's sessions on CKD and dialysis techniques. Finally, they progressed more slowly towards ESRD. This could have a major impact on the quality of life of the patients, and on the economical burden of renal care
Regarding the impact of MDRC on the early survival of incident dialysis patients, our results differ from previous studies. In a case–control study, Curtis and colleagues showed that exposure to MDRC of CKD patients was associated with a better survival
Network patients required fewer individual hospitalizations before and after the beginning of dialysis, as well as for first dialysis session. There was a trend towards a decrease of unplanned first dialysis and an increase of the proportion of sustainable access used for this first dialysis (Table
The eGFR at dialysis initiation in network patients was similar to that observed in the REIN registry (9.6 ml/min/1,73m2)
An interesting result of our study is that network patients had a slower decline of renal function (Figure
The proportion of patients with hereditary diseases was higher in the network group (Table
Our study was designed to assess the effects of coordinated renal care within a distributed network involving healthcare professionals working in the community. At the difference of centralized MDRC in which the services are provided within a same centre
This study describes for the first time in France the effects of coordinated renal care provided by a dedicated network. Although accurate epidemiological data on the treatment of stages 4–5 CKD are lacking, data from the REIN registry show a trend towards a stabilization of the incidence rate of ESRD over the five last years. However, the prevalence of CVD remains high in incident patients, contributing to their early mortality: French data network REIN showed that the risk of death is highest in the first year after the start of dialysis treatment (17% for the whole population), especially in older patients
These results must be interpreted in the light of some limitations of the study. The two main limitations are related to the design of the study. This was an observational matched cohort study and although patients were matched on important confounders, it cannot be excluded that some others confusion parameters may have influenced the results. Another limitation was the difficulty to collect retrospective data from 24h urine measurements that precluded any analysis of the relationship between proteinuria and outcomes. However, the predictive value of proteinuria on cardiovascular events has been mainly assessed in earlier CKD stage patients
In conclusion, our study shows that a dedicated renal cares network based on a distributed design is effective to decrease the rate of hospitalizations either in the year before and after dialysis initiation. Moreover, it could lower the slope of GFR decrease in patients with advanced CKD. Although no effects of the network were observed concerning the primary endpoint, this could result from a short follow-up period or being related to the CKD stages of the included patients. These results suggest that the management of patients with CKD in a renal care network could improve some of the patient's outcomes but further studies are needed to confirm this positive effect.
CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease; ESRD: End Stage Renal Disease; GP: General Practicionner; MDRC: Multidisciplinary Renal clinics; GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate; eGFR: Estimated GFR; REIN: Renal Epidemiology Information Network; BP: Blood Pressure; RAS: Renin angiotensin system.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
The contributions of each author are the following: NR contributed to the data analysis and interpretation, manuscript drafting. ML contributed to the conception and design of the study, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript drafting. CM, SF and CC: contributed to the conception and design of the study, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript revision. EA, JCA, BV, PD, PC, LJ, FV: contributed to the design of the study, data analysis and interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank study investigators: E Decullier (pôle IMER, Hospices Civils de Lyon), P Chauveau (AURAD Aquitaine), C Michel (AURA Paris), F Combarnous (Clinique du Tonkin, Villeurbanne), H My (Hospital St Joseph, Lyon), C Chazot (NephroCare Tassin-Charcot, Ste Foy les Lyon), C Jacquelinet and M Lasalle (REIN Registry, St Denis). We also thank M Bailly, K Maurizi and M Mercier for their help in the course of this study. This study was supported by a research grant from Roche laboratory.
The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases
The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report
Projecting the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2015
General medical care among patients with chronic kidney disease: opportunities for improving outcomes
Management of patients with chronic renal insufficiency in the Northeastern United States
Opportunities for improving the care of patients with chronic renal insufficiency: current practice patterns
Coordinating care–a perilous journey through the health care system
Chronic kidney disease: why is current management uncoordinated and suboptimal?
Role of remission clinics in the longitudinal treatment of CKD
An evaluation of a shared primary and secondary care nephrology service for managing patients with moderate to advanced CKD
Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes
Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes
Multidisciplinary team care may slow the rate of decline in renal function
The short- and long-term impact of multi-disciplinary clinics in addition to standard nephrology care on patient outcomes
Multidisciplinary predialysis care and morbidity and mortality of patients on dialysis
Association between multidisciplinary care and survival for elderly patients with chronic kidney disease
A community-based model of care improves blood pressure control and delays progression of proteinuria, left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in Maori and Pacific patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial
[Role of networks in the screening and management of chronic kidney disease]
A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group
Random-effects models for longitudinal data
[The cost of dialysis and kidney transplantation in France in 2007, impact of an increase of peritoneal dialysis and transplantation]
Chronic kidney disease management in the United Kingdom: NEOERICA project results
Cardioprotective medication use in hemodialysis patients
Patterns of cardioprotective medication prescription in incident hemodialysis patients
Cardiac risk factors and the use of cardioprotective medications in patients with chronic renal insufficiency
A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis
Predialysis psychoeducational intervention and coping styles influence time to dialysis in chronic kidney disease
Mechanisms of progression and regression of renal lesions of chronic nephropathies and diabetes
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Building, Sale, Bratislava - Nové Mesto, Slovakia
Price N/A
Building, Sale, Bratislava - Nové Mesto, Num. ZR-JU-250
We sell building Casablanca Restaurant. Building with built-up area of 486 m2 consists of three floors with the possibility of stoppage. The building has several mannered kind: restaurant, 6i. house or house with three residential units.
Basement with an area of 279 m2.
Ground floor area of 275 m2
I.poschodie an area of 216 m2
An extension would give the 4 storey house with internal lift. The basement would consist of the background and the rest area: pool, sauna, fitness. Ground floor would consist of two rooms, wardrobe and backgrounds. First floor - night part would consist of bounds, wardrobes, balconies, 4 rooms, second floor - day part would consist of a living room, kitchen, dining room and balcony.
The building is in a sought after location with stunning views.
more information
Listing summary
486 m²
486 m²
770 m²
770 m²
Real Estate Agency 847 offers
LEXXUS, a.s.
Miletičova 5
Bratislava 821 08
+421 911 988 000
+421 2 32 000 100
Real Estate Agent 97 offers
Mgr. Michaela Juricová
+421 911 556 655
Your Listing seems interesting, please contact me.
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LEXXUS-SALE, housing, green areas, garage, parking, BA III
1.900.000,00 €
Building, Sale, Bratislava - Nové Mesto, Slovakia
379.000,00 €
121361x Listing appeared in search results
2695x Listing viewed detailed
163x The offer was shown this month


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We stayed 5 nights and enjoyed it. The other families we met were very nice. The condo was simple but clean. Has the mountain cottage feel and was comfortable in size for the 5 of us. The indoor pool with hot tub were a welcome...More
Getting you more information on this room
Getting you more information on this room
"Um, good luck. Get a loft one so no one is stomping around above you?"
"Look elsewhere until they update the property and change their policies"
"Ask for "easy" for handicapped access. Our room at the top of the hill was quiet."


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- Average
- Main course: £12
- Food spend: £25
Really friendly staff, delicious food and more then enough for the two of us to share, getting one each of most things. Nice relaxed setting.
Lia Gurduk
07 June 2017
from London
A brilliantly cool setting, Studio Kitchen at K West Hotel & Spa serves a range of European dishes, with unique rock and roll-themed teas attracting both music lovers, and those wanting a more unusual afternoon tea experience.
There is a superb selection of dishes on the Studio Kitchen menu, all served throughout the day. For breakfast, there is a full English, buttermilk pancakes and a range of cereals and juices, while during the day there are club sandwiches, pulled pork burgers, premium grill options, and vegetarian recipes like pea and mint tortellini.
Afternoon teas at Studio Kitchen at K West Hotel & Spa Shepherd's Bush boast unique rock music themes – there are sweet varieties that include assorted candy floss, mini doughnut selections and berry smoothies, while savoury options offer halloumi and beef sliders and open-face sandwiches. There are irresistible loose leaf teas like rooibos orange and cactus fig, as well as signature cocktails.
With contemporary paintings from local artists covering the walls, and a downstairs bar area generating a great buzz, Studio Kitchen at K West Hotel & Spa London is a 4-minute walk from Shepherd's Bush Tube Station.
Studio Kitchen at K West Hotel & Spa
Richmond Way, London, W14 0AX
See all restaurants in London
See all restaurants in Shepherds Bush
Customer reviews for Studio Kitchen at K West Hotel & Spa
- Food
- Value
- Ambience
- Location
- Service
- Drinks
((((( 7 June 2017 by Lia Gurduk from London
Really friendly staff, delicious food and more then enough for the two of us to share, getting one each of most things. Nice relaxed setting.
((((( 7 June 2017 by Laura Perkins from Guernsey
I was booked in to afternoon tea as a treat for my birthday. It was a very relaxed, friendly and comfortable environment, the staff were faultless and the food both original and delicious! The service was excellent - attentive, friendly and efficient. The glam rock afternoon tea offered a varied selection of sweet and savoury bites, all of which were very tasty, and everything was presented attractively. To top it off, you get the background music of classic and glam rock while you eat!
((((( 18 April 2017 by Christophe Maurat from London
Very different twist to a classic afternoon tea! Overall delicious!!
((((* 3 April 2017 by Carla Vega from London
Great atmosphere very good savoury dishes,
((((( 21 March 2017 by Martine Turner from Isleworth
Glam Rock Afternoon tea was lovely. Plenty to eat and a good unusual selection of teas. Beautifully presented with knowledgable friendly staff. A lovely birthday treat.
(**** 27 February 2017 by Sophie Boudoc from London
The hotel is confusing, once you leave the lift there is no sign to indicate the way to the restaurants. You end up wandering hoping you will find the restaurant.
((((( 3 February 2017 by Makila Wheatley from London
The food was amazing, was concerned after how good the savoury selection was that the sweets wouldn't measure up but they were of equally high standard. The signiture tea was one of the best I've tasted in ages.
Staff were fantastic, we arrived 30 mins early and seated immediately. We were given ample time to decide on the type of tea we wanted (they offer 3) and our server explained all food in detail when it was served, which was great as one of us had chosen the vegetarian options!
She checked on regularly but we didn't feel as though we were being overly fussed over or ignored and never felt rushed to finish even when there dinner service started!
The table decor was great and definatly fit the theme of Glam Rock. I would highly recommend afternoon tea here and would love to return for a different seasonal menu
(((** 23 January 2017 by Kim Hyland from London
The afternoon tea was ok, the savouries weren't great but the sweet stuff was good. The waitresses were brilliant always pleasant and smiling. The service was a little slow.
((((( 15 November 2016 by Ellenmary Michel from Downey--United States
What a lovely tea!!! So fun and different--sliders, champagne, pana cotta, and smokey-sweet-peppery T-Rex tea blend. Every time I visit London this will now be one of my stops!
((((( 27 September 2016 by Diane Beresford from London
Fantastic afternoon tea - friendly staff, gorgeous savoury and sweets
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The Desert Boot (4 color options)
By NiK Kacy$ 350.00
You won't want to cross the Mojave or the Gobi in NiK Kacy's Suede Desert Boot, they're just too beautiful, but you will get noticed walking across any room in either the Beige, Blue, Grey, or Desert Green suede versions. Is it a little bit Country or is it a little bit Rock n' Roll?
NiK Kacy's shoes break the traditional gender boundaries of the shoe industry by establishing the first gender-fluid luxury footwear line in European unisex sizes 34 through 47 (US women's 3.5 to men's 14). Please go to our SIZING page to learn more about size conversion.
Every pair comes with durable comfort insoles with breathable arch support, genuine leather lining, and stacked leather soles with custom rubber injection for lasting durability and non-slip grip. All our shoes are made from genuine leather, with leather soles, hand-crafted by Portuguese artisans.
Desert Boot Features & Specifications:
- Equality symbol and matching red welt stitching
- Calf leather upper
- Supple pigskin lining for comfort
- Ready to wear leather insole with breathable arch support
- Traditional leather outsole
- Back pull tab for easy fitting
- Stacked heel with hand stained detail
- Leather soles with custom injected rubber for durability and non-slip safety
- Hand finished detailing
- Heel Height: 30mm (includes platform)
- Platform Height: 10mm
Reminder: When choosing size, consider how much toe room you are accustomed to. If you prefer more wiggle room, round up. If you prefer a snug/tight fit, round down.


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Last remaining vacancy available within the busy Deeragun Trade Centre offering a total GLA of 400 sqm*
Rewarding and competitive incentives on offer to secure tenant.
Available for immediate lease.
Surrounding speciality retailers currently in the complex include Pet Barn, St Vincent De Paul, BCF & Supercheap.
For more information or to arrange an inspection, please contact Mark Fitzgerald or Paul Dury at Knight Frank Townsville.


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Foreman-Peck, James; Zhou, Peng
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6 Citations
The twentieth century United States provides a natural experiment to measure the strength and persistence of entrepreneurial cultures. Assuming immigrants bear the cultures of their birth place, comparison of revealed entrepreneurial propensities of US immigrant groups in 1910 and 2000 reflected these backgrounds. Two measures of entrepreneurial culture are employed; the first is simply the chance that a member of the migrant group will be an employer and the second is the origin country effect on this probability, conditional upon personal characteristics. The preferred second measure shows persistence of some cultures and change of others over the twentieth century. Among the more stable cultures North-western Europe, where modern economic growth is widely held to have originated, did not host unusually strong entrepreneurial propensities. Instead such cultures were carried by persons originating from Greece, Turkey and Italy, together with Jews.
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Sommer, Lutz
15 Citations
Scholars suggest that when it comes to the role owner-managers of SME play in terms of their companies' internationalization, their attitudes have a major impact. However, little is known on how exactly they lead to international entrepreneurial behavior. This paper sheds light on this relationship by making use of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Besides attitudes, other cognitive factors are examined for relevance. The study is based on empirical data which have been gathered from owner-managers from Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Germany. The study yielded several interesting results. First, TPB clearly is applicable to investigate the cognitive antecedents of SME owner-managers' international business activities. More specifically, the understanding of how decision-makers' motivation to do business abroad is determined has been deepened. Second, some extensions proved to be useful in order to increase the approach's predictive strength. From these results several conclusions can be drawn. Cognitive aspects are a promising starting point for increasing the knowledge on decision-making in the context of SME internationalization. Thus, the intersection of international entrepreneurship (IE) and entrepreneurial cognition deserves further attention. On the other hand, traits-based research seems to contribute little to a better understanding of IE. Policies supporting SME should be extended: pure resource-based approaches seem to be insufficient. Furthermore, entrepreneurship courses should reflect the relevance of attitudinal and other cognitive influences.
Liñán, Francisco; Rodríguez-Cohard, Juan Carlos; Rueda-Cantuche, José M.
72 Citations
A considerable agreement exists about the importance of promoting entrepreneurship to stimulate economic development and employment generation. In particular, entrepreneurship education has been considered one of the key instruments to increase the entrepreneurial attitudes of both potential and nascent entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, the factors that determine the individual's decision to start a venture are still not completely clear. Cognitive approaches have attracted considerable interest recently. But the explaining capacity of personality traits or demographic characteristics is still considered. Therefore, there is a need to clarify which elements play the most influential role in shaping the personal decision to start a firm. This paper tries to contribute to filling this gap by providing empirically-based suggestions for the design of improved entrepreneurship education initiatives. The empirical analysis is based on two essential elements: firstly, an already validated instrument (EIQ); secondly, a statistical method (factor-regression procedure) which is not dependent on any theoretical approach. It uses all the information collected through the questionnaire items, selecting them solely based on their capacity to explain the dependent variable. Results will allow the design of more effective education initiatives. They suggest that personal attitude and perceived behavioural control are the most relevant factors explaining entrepreneurial intentions. Thus, based on these results, a number of considerations about the most effective role of education in promoting and developing attitudes and intentions towards entrepreneurship are considered. Besides, the EIQ could be used as an evaluation instrument for entrepreneurial education programmes.
Swedberg, Richard
24 Citations
In this paper on the creative industries and cultural entrepreneurship I take my point of departure in Richard Caves' Creative Industries [Caves, R. (2000). Creative industries: Contacts between art and commerce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.]. While Caves draws heavily on economic analysis and contemporary sociology in his excellent analysis of these two topics, he does not use the sociological classics at all. The main purpose of the paper is an attempt to remedy this, by drawing attention to the possible contribution that the works of Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Georg Simmel can make to our understanding of the creative industries and cultural entrepreneurship. Since this paper was prepared as a keynote address for the 2006 conference of the Association for Cultural Economics International in Vienna, I also discuss Schumpeter's ideas on art and entrepreneurship, ideas which grew out of Viennese culture.
Maas, Jeroen; Seferiadis, Anastasia A.; Bunders, Joske F. G.; Zweekhorst, Marjolein B. M.
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4 Citations
Networking has been suggested as a tool to address the challenges of social entrepreneurs in severely resource constrained environments. Especially in countries where women do not usually take part in economic activities, like in Bangladesh, stimulating networking and entrepreneurship among women could have a high impact. We use longitudinal data gathered over two years, to study how entrepreneurial networks are developed and used by female entrepreneurs in Bangladesh, and how a third party can stimulate network development. We followed 26 women from the start of their entrepreneurial development. Adopting a social capital perspective on network formation and development, we identified four essential strategies in building entrepreneurial networks: modifying and building on existing bonding networks, transferring linking ties, teaching how to build bridging networks, and the creation of a network of entrepreneurial peers. We found that a third party can successfully stimulate network development for the poorest in Bangladesh. We also found that the patterns of network development in this severely resource-constraint environment are remarkably different from those found in corporate studies. Our findings can contribute to developing new pathways to stimulate entrepreneurship in developing countries.
Stewart, McDonald R; Carayannis, Elias G
Disconnects among system components preempt technology adoption by the diminution or absence of potential user's perceptions, a state of second-order ignorance (ignorance of ignorance). The condition of flawed or failed efficacy in the use, deployment, or logistics of technology is, as we term, dystechnia. Dystechnia is ubiquitous, and its origin in second-order ignorance implies entrepreneurial opportunity. Entrepreneurship is the recognition and exploitation of economic potential by shifting the established means of economic creation and control, strategically reappointing economic resources from established pathways to innovative pathways. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a theoretical construct of the relationship between the perceptions of potential users and the behavioral intentions leading to actual technology adoption and acceptance. The lens of TAM presumes an existing, workable technology or technological system, the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of which determine the intention to use, which in turn mediates actual adoption. It is the inception of entrepreneurial solutions as alternatives to the dystechnic status quo upon which TAM operates. A technology must be ventured before usefulness and ease of use can be perceived. This paper examines the phenomenon of dystechnia, the entrepreneurial action that predicates TAM, and entrepreneurial mechanisms whereby dystechnia is remedied.
Amorós, José Ernesto; Cristi, Oscar
14 Citations
This study analyzes the relationship between entrepreneurial dynamics in Latin-American countries and the level of competitiveness these countries show. Based on the research conducted by Wennekers et al. [Small Business Economics, 24(3):293–309, 2005] that demonstrates a U-shaped relationship between the country's rate of entrepreneurship and its level of competitiveness and economic development, we hypothesize that Latin-American countries have a descending behaviour under the U-shaped curve approach. The results from three regression models support this hypothesis and suggest that competitiveness and economic growth deter entrepreneurial dynamics on Latin-American countries. We discuss that Latin-American countries need to improve some structural factors to achieve a high level of entrepreneurial dynamics.
Acs, Zoltan J.; Sanders, Mark
12 Citations
We develop an endogenous-growth model in which we distinguish between inventors and innovators. This distinction implies that stronger protection of intellectual property rights has an inverted U-shaped effect on economic growth. Intellectual property rights protection attributes part of the rents of commercial exploitation to the inventor that would otherwise accrue to the entrepreneur. Stronger patent protection will therefore increase the incentive to do research and development (R&D) and generate new knowledge. This new knowledge has a positive effect on entrepreneurship, innovation, and growth. However, after some point, further strengthening of patent protection will reduce the returns to entrepreneurship sufficiently to reduce the overall growth rate.
Wielemaker, Martin; Gedajlovic, Eric
9 Citations
Asian economies display large evident differences in their entrepreneurial capabilities and performance. While existing explanations of these differences have largely focused on formal and informal background institutions, we instead emphasize differences in national stocks of venture forms. We suggest that alternate venture forms, because of their different governance characteristics, possess unique entrepreneurial capabilities and pursue distinct opportunities. Consequently, nations must possess a diverse and balanced stock of venture forms and have such forms engaged in the unique and complementary activities for which they are best suited. Viewed in this light, addressing national limitations in entrepreneurial performance requires changes in stocks of venture forms. In developing the policy implications of our analysis, we highlight the past successes and current development challenges of Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and mainland China.
Stull, William J.
Despite the importance of entrepreneurship in market economies, it is seldom given extensive coverage in undergraduate economics courses. Authors documenting its limited treatment in textbooks call for more in-depth, microtheoretic analyses that go beyond definitions and descriptions. The present paper represents an initial attempt to fill this gap in our pedagogy by describing a simple model of the entrepreneur "plunge" decision that is appropriate for intermediate microeconomics (and related) courses. The model, an extension of Scitovsky's classic theory of the owner-managed firm, provides a formal analysis of the choice between paid employment and entrepreneurship that is based on utility maximization and takes into account the pecuniary and non-pecuniary benefits/costs of the two options. The intellectual origins and classroom presentation of the model are also discussed.
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Built For Significance
Built for Significance: Helping Men Align with God's Mission for Their Life and Family.
A three-session weekend retreat that helps men answer the question, "Why am I here?" so that they can articulate and act upon God's mission for their lives and families. Click here to learn more in how to get started.


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In with the new
128 & 130 Jalan Tun H S Lee T: (03) 2078 6928
This well-located place only opened in June 2010, but has rapidly established itself as one of KL's very best guesthouses.
Check rates at The Explorers Guesthouse on Agoda.com
Check rates at The Explorers Guesthouse on Agoda.com
Last updated on 3rd February, 2016.
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