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Internet Content Delivery as a Two-Sided Market
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1 Nan Zhang Internet Content Delivery as a Two-Sided Market Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Automation Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Supervisor: Instructor: Prof. Heikki Hämmäinen M.Sc. (Tech) Tapio Levä A Aalto-yliopisto Teknillinen korkeakoulu
2 AALTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Author: Nan Zhang ABSTRACT OF THE MASTER S THESIS Title: Internet Content Delivery as a Two-sided Market Date: Language: English Number of pages: 9+68 Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Automation Department of Communications and Networking Professorship: Networking Technology Code: S-38 Supervisor: Prof. Heikki Hämmäinen Instructor: M.Sc. (Tech.) Tapio Levä The amount of content is increasing in the Internet but the current Internet s ability to scale with the growing demand for Internet capacity is unclear. To determine this, various studies on the future of the Internet have been initiated; including studies on information networking. This work utilises value networks and the two-sided market theory in explaining the current and predicting the future market structure of Internet content delivery. The formulated value networks and SWOT analysis are used for comparing the different content delivery models; the client-server model, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and the Content Centric Network (CCN) model. In addition, the market potential for information networking (CCN) is investigated. Four two-sided markets in the Internet interconnection layer are identified in this work and the two-sided analysis predicts the consolidation of CDNs and Internet service providers (ISPs). However, the number of content providers is expected to rise based on the two-sided market analysis. The value network analysis shows that the CDN and CCN models reduce off-net traffic compared to the client-server model for Internet access providers (IAPs). If the off-net cost for IAPs is reduced significantly, the CCN model may have a business case. The SWOT analysis comparison based on the formulated evaluation criteria for content distribution models concludes that most stakeholders prefer CDN and CCN models, whereas the content provider clearly favours CCN. The results are valuable in recognising the need for further research on the information networking s business model and the feasibility of implementation. Keywords: Two-sided Markets, Future Internet, CCN, CDN, Client-server Model, Value Networks, SWOT
3 AALTO-YLIOPISTO TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULU Tekijä: Nan Zhang DIPLOMITYÖN TIIVISTELMÄ Työn nimi: Internetin sisällönjakelu kaksipuolisena markkinana Päivämäärä: Kieli: Englanti Sivumäärä: 9+68 Elektroniikan, tietoliikenteen ja automaation tiedekunta Tietoliikenne- ja tietoverkkotekniikan laitos Professuuri: Tietoverkkotekniikka Koodi: S-38 Valvoja: Prof. Heikki Hämmäinen Ohjaaja: DI Tapio Levä Sisällön määrä kasvaa Internetissä ja nykyisen Internetin kyky skaalautua Internetin kapasiteetin kasvavaan kysyntään on epäselvä. Tämän selvittääkseen lukuisia tutkimuksia tulevaisuuden Internetistä on käynnistetty, mukaan lukien tietopohjainen verkko (information networking). Tämä työ hyödyntää arvoverkkoja ja kaksipuolisten markkinoiden teoriaa selittämään nykyiset ja ennustamaan tulevaisuuden markkinarakenteet Internet sisällönjakelussa. Rakennettuja arvoverkkoja ja SWOT analyysia käytetään eri sisällönjakelumallien vertailemiseen; asiakas-palvelin-, CDN- ja CCN-malli. Lisäksi, tietopohjaisen verkon (CCN) markkinapotentiaalia tutkitaan. Neljä kaksipuolista markkinaa on tunnistettu Internetin yhteyskerroksella tässä työssä ja kaksipuolinen analyysi ennustaa CDN:n ja palvelutarjoajien kasvamista. Toisaalta sisällöntarjoajien määrää odotetaan laskevan kaksipuolisen markkinan analyysin perusteella. Arvoverkkoanalyysi osoittaa, että CDN ja CCN mallit vähentävät pääsyverkon tarjoajien liikennettä muiden tarjoajien verkkoihin (off-net liikenne). Jos pääsyverkon tarjoajien off-net liikenne vähenee huomattavasti, CCN mallilla voi olla markkina-arvoa. Sisällönjakelumalleille laadittujen arviointikriteerien perusteella tehty SWOT analyysivertailu osoittaa, että useimmat sidosryhmät arvostavat CDN ja CCN malleja kun taas sisällöntarjoaja selvästi suosii CCN mallia. Tulokset ovat arvokkaita, koska ne tunnistavat tarpeen tehdä lisätutkimusta tietopohjaisen verkon liiketoimintamalleista ja toteutettavuudesta. Avainsanat: Kaksipuoliset markkinat, Tulevaisuuden Internet, CCN, CDN, Asiakaspalvelin malli, Arvoverkot, SWOT
4 iv Preface This Master s Thesis has been written as a partial fulfilment for the Master of Science Degree at Aalto University, School of Science and Technology. The work was carried out in the Department of Communications and Networking as a part of the ICT cluster of the Finnish Strategic Centres for Science, Technology and Innovation (ICT SHOK) Future Internet Programme of Finland. I wish to express my gratitude to the people who have supported me in this work. First of all, I wish to thank Professor Heikki Hämmäinen for providing the opportunity to work in his team and write this thesis under his guidance. I am especially grateful to Tapio Levä for his valuable advices and support throughout the research process. I also wish to thank the Networking Business team for their comments and discussion as well as the interview participants for their valuable insights. Furthermore, I wish to thank William Martin for proofreading the final draft of the thesis manuscript. Last but not least, I wish to address my gratitude to my family and friends for their support during the course of my studies. Special thanks to my parents for providing me with an excellent upbringing and encouragement throughout my life. Espoo, 26th October 2010 Nan Zhang
5 v Table of Contents Preface... iv Table of Contents... v List of Figures... vii List of Tables... vii Symbols and Acronyms... viii Symbols... viii Acronyms... viii 1. Introduction Research Question and Objectives Research Scope Research Methods Structure of Thesis Background Internet Interconnection Stakeholders Content Delivery Models Two-sided Market Theory Overview Externalities Mathematical Model Monopoly Platforms Competing Platforms Generalisations Conclusion Interviews Procedure Results Features of Content Distribution Models Stakeholder Costs Content Distribution Market Prospects Information Networking Value Networks of Content Delivery Models Value Network Notation... 26
6 vi 5.2 Client-Server Model Content Delivery Networks Information Networking Content Delivery as Two-sided Markets Identification Client-Server Content Delivery Network Information Networking Categorisation Analysis On-net vs. Off-net ISP Markets CDN Market Comparison of Content Delivery Models SWOT Analysis Client-Server Content Delivery Network Content Centric Network SWOT Comparison Comparison Summary Conclusion Key Findings Discussion Future Research References Appendix A Mathematics of 2SM A.1 Monopoly platforms A.2 Competing Platforms A.3 Membership fees Appendix B Interview questions B.1 Questions for Content Providers B.2 Questions for Internet Service Providers B.3 Questions for Content Hosting Companies/Data Centre Providers... 68
7 vii List of Figures Figure 1. Structure of thesis Figure 2. The simplified Internet interconnection structure Figure 3. Monopoly platform Figure 4. Competing platforms Figure 5. Competition between associations Figure 6. Normal pricing Figure 7. Skewed pricing Figure 8. Value network of the client-server model Figure 9. Value network of a Content Delivery Network Figure 10. Value network of a Content Centric Network Figure 11. Content and Internet interconnection layers with examples from each List of Tables Table 1. Examples of two-sided markets Table 2. Table of interviewees Table 3. Two-sided markets found in the client-server model Table 4. Two-sided markets found in the CDN model Table 5. Categorisation of the two-sided markets in the content distribution market Table 6. SWOT analysis of client-server Table 7. SWOT analysis of CDN Table 8. SWOT analysis of CCN Table 9. Comparison of the content distribution models based on the SWOT analysis. 52
8 viii Symbols and Acronyms Symbols Price of Buyers Price of Sellers π Profit c Marginal Cost D B Demand of Buyers D S Demand of Sellers η B Price Elasticity of Demand of Buyers η S Price Elasticity of Demand of Sellers p Total Price Level η Total Elasticity V B Net Surpluses of Buyers V S Net Surpluses of Sellers W Social Welfare b S Benefit of Seller S p Price of Sellers of Platform 1 1 b 12 Average Price of Additional Demand When Multihoming d B B 1, d 2 Demand for Buyers for Platforms 1 and 2, Respectively, When the Seller Multihomes σ i Singlehoming Index of Platform i Q i Transaction Volumes for Platform i m Total Margin on the Downstream Markets B N i Transaction Volume U B B i, U j Net Utility for Buyers in Platforms i and j p B p S Acronyms 3G Third Generation AS Autonomous System CCN Content Centric Networking CDN Content Delivery Network CP Content Provider CS Cache Server IaaS Infrastructure as a Service IAP Internet Access Provider IBP Internet Backbone Provider ICT Information and Communication Technologies IO Information Object IP Internet Protocol ISP Internet Service Provider Mbps Megabit per Second NetInf Networking of Information P2P Peer-to-Peer PaaS Platform as a Service PC Personal Computer PSIRP Publish-Subscribe Internet Architecture
9 ix RP Rendezvous Point SaaS Software as a Service SLA Service Level Agreement SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats TV Television UCS Unified Computing System VNI Visual Networking Index
10 1. Introduction Fundamental changes are taking place in the Internet as the traffic amount keeps growing and more and more content is being provided. As a result, much research has been done in the field of Internet traffic trends. The most recent Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) whitepaper (Cisco, 2010a) has shown that the traffic and video amount in the Internet is growing with an alarming rate and will keep growing in the future. The increasing traffic amount has led to the consolidation of content sources, i.e. large Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) become even larger (Labovitz et al., 2009). However, with the concentration of content sources also comes scarcity of data centre and network capacity. In addition, the interconnection agreements between ISPs become more complicated and the traditional agreement types do not apply fully anymore. As a result, the focus has transferred from connectivity to contents. Information networking is a new network concept that tries to solve the current problems in the Internet. The concept introduces routing based on content names instead of location of the content (Jacobsen et al., 2009). Three reference architectures have been developed based on the concept; Content Centric Networking (CCN) (Jacobsen et al., 2009), Publish-Subscribe Internet Architecture (PSIRP) (Fotiou, Polyzos and Trossen, 2009) and Networking of Information (NetInf) (Ahlgren and Vercellone, 2010). Each of these architectures is being researched in different research projects and the Finnish Future Internet project s work package 3 s main focus is on PSIRP (ICT SHOK Future Internet, 2007). In the content distribution market, many markets exist where one side of the market is charged while the other side is subsidised, such as the CDN (Faratin, 2007), portals and media (Rochet and Tirole, 2003) and streaming media technology (Rochet and Tirole, 2003). Thus in this work, these kinds of two-sided markets play an important role in evaluating the market feasibility of different content distribution models. 1.1 Research Question and Objectives While two-sided markets exist in different industries, they have not been widely recognised. Managers and policy makers do not yet distinguish two-sided markets or intentionally use two-sided theory for pricing and regulations. However, because twosided markets should be regulated and priced differently from one-sided markets, it is important to know which markets are two-sided. Drawing value network graphs is an easy and clear way to visualise the relationships between each player in a given market. Thus the main research questions are as follows: What are the possible two-sided markets in Internet content delivery? What are the value networks for each technical Internet content delivery model?
11 2 Because this work is done in the Future Internet project, the answers to the main research questions are used to analyse information networking. The following supplementary question expresses this: Where is the market potential for the proposed information networking models? To obtain the answers for the above questions, the following objectives are set for this work: Identify the main stakeholders for each content delivery model: clientserver, CDN and information networking. Identify the traffic transfer between stakeholders. Identify the monetary and non-monetary transfers between stakeholders. Identify costs and pricing faced by Internet service providers (ISPs) and content providers (CPs). Identify the two-sided markets of client-server, CDN and information networking. Compare each content delivery model with SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, threat) analysis. 1.2 Research Scope The term Internet content has quite different meanings for different industries and in this work it is defined as follows: Internet content is the bits and data packets that are distributed in the Internet such as video files, a piece of news or an html page. In addition, the terms content delivery and content distribution are considered as synonyms for each other and used interchangeably. Most of the works on two-sided markets have focused on the two sides of consumers and service providers, because the focus has been on the services provided on the content layer. However, in this work the focus is on the Internet interconnection layer and from the CDN s perspective the ISPs represent the consumers. Thus the two sides of the market are the ISPs and the content providers. A short overview of the content layer s two-sided markets is also given. On the other hand, the consumers are significant for the content providers and thus the value network analysis will include consumers whereas the actual two-sided analysis concentrates only on ISPs and content providers as the two sides of the market. Several architectures and models for distributing content exist in the Internet, three of which will be investigated in this work; the client-server model, CDNs and information networking. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is also a prominent model for content distribution, but because the focus is not on consumers and the P2P model is not widely deployed by content providers (Interviews: CP1, CP2), it is not discussed in this work. Out of the three chosen model, the client-server model will only be dealt with briefly as the focus is on CDNs and information networking.
12 3 The feasibility analysis is mainly based on the cost analysis even if the investigation concludes in finding other criteria for evaluating feasibility. This is because the foundation for two-sided markets is the cost structure of a service or industry. The possible other criteria will be discussed very briefly. 1.3 Research Methods In this work, two main research methods are adopted; a literature review and interviews. A literature review is used to give a solid background to the two-sided market theory. In addition, a literature review is used to build a foundation for the interviews regarding the different content distribution models. Semi-structured interviews are conducted to discover the advantages and disadvantages of the current models used in content distribution. The interviewees are divided into three groups; the content providers, the Internet access providers and the data centre providers. In addition, the focus is on the costs each group faces when distributing contents. The interviews also aim at finding other criteria for evaluating the current content distribution models. A list of questions is constructed for each group as a guideline to the interviews and is shown in Appendix B. 1.4 Structure of Thesis The structure of this work is presented in Figure Introduction 2. Background 3. Two-Sided Market Theory 4. Interviews 5. Value Networks of Content Delivery Models 6. Content Delivery as Two-sided Markets 7. Comparison of Content Delivery Models 8. Conclusion Figure 1. Structure of thesis.
13 The rest of this work is mainly divided into two parts. The first part consists of the background research and starts with Section 2, which describes the technical background of the work including the interconnection agreements. Section 3 introduces the two-sided market theory and presents the mathematical model to support the theory. Section 4 explains the interview procedure and summarises the results obtained from interviews. Section 5 introduces the three content delivery models and their costs as well as creates each of their value networks. Sections 6 and 7 belong to the second part of the thesis, which provides an analysis of the different Internet content distribution models. Section 6 identifies the two-sided markets in each model and applies two-sided market theories onto them. Section 7 compares the results obtained in Section 6 and analyses them. The final section in the thesis is Section 8 which contains the conclusion and future research proposals. In addition, this work has two Appendices; Appendix A gives the calculations to prove the two-sided market mathematics and Appendix B lists the interview questions. 4
14 5 2. Background This work includes many economics and technical terms and concepts, which need some explaining. This section aims at explaining these concepts for a better understanding of the rest of the work. An overview of the Internet interconnectivity principles and agreements are first presented. The section then continues with explanations of the stakeholders considered in this work as well as discusses the different available content distribution models. 2.1 Internet Interconnection Internet interconnection and its policies play an important role in this work. This section explains the structure of Internet interconnection along with the transit and peering agreements between Internet service providers. The Internet (Clark et al., 2008) is a network of networks called Autonomous Systems (ASes). These ASes are administered by commercial Internet service providers, corporations and other enterprise providers, universities, government agencies as well as content providers and other specialized service providers. The ISPs offer Internet access to consumers and enterprises for a monetary compensation. In order for the ISPs to offer an end-to-end service to the consumers, interconnection between ASes must be arranged, which means cooperation between ISPs. Mainly two types of interconnection agreements exist in the Internet; the transit and the peering agreements. Transit is when the lower level operators buy access to the upstream operator s whole network (Norton, 2010a). This means that transit agreements provide access to all the nodes in the upstream operator s routing table and it is the upstream operator s responsibility to provide connectivity to the whole Internet for the lower level operators. Peering (Norton, 2010a), on the other hand, is a bilateral agreement between two operators to access each other s customers. No monetary compensations are paid by either of the operators. Peering agreements are not transitive, which means that the operators can only access each other s customers but not the rest of the network. A combination of the two interconnection agreements together with the ISPs form the simplified Internet hierarchy followed by traditional Internet interconnection and is shown in Figure 2. Tier 1 network operators have full-coverage of the Internet (Laffont, Marcus, Rey and Tirole, 2003) and do not buy transit services from other network providers (Norton, 2010a). Tier 2 network operators are regional and local operators that buy the transit service from Tier 1 operators and sell the connection to the consumers. The traffic stays on-net from an operator s perspective if it stays within its own network. For example, in Figure 2, when traffic is within only one consumer group, it is on-net traffic. Off-net traffic, on the other hand, is when traffic traverses to another operator s network. From the figure, traffic between the two groups of consumers is offnet traffic. Due to the interconnection agreements, on-net and off-net traffic cause different costs for operators. The originating network means the sender s network while the terminating network is the network where the receiver resides. When the traffic flows from the originating network to the upper level operators in the hierarchy it is called upstream traffic. On the contrary, downstream traffic is the traffic that flows from the upper level operators to
15 6 the terminating network. For example, in Figure 2, when a user from consumer group 1 sends traffic to a user in consumer group 2, the traffic first goes upstream until it reaches Tier 1, then it goes downstream to consumer group 2. Transit Tier 1 Peering Tier 2 Tier 2 Consumers 1 Consumers 2 Figure 2. The simplified Internet interconnection structure. (Shakkottai and Srikant, 2006; Norton, 2003) The portrayal so far has been the traditional Internet hierarchy. However, with the increase of large content sources and the increase of peering traffic, the traditional hierarchy no longer applies purely to the current Internet (Labovitz et al., 2009). The more complex interconnection relationships mainly include two new interconnection types; paid-peering and partial-transit (Clark et al., 2008). 2.2 Stakeholders This section explains the different stakeholders considered in this work and their roles in the content distribution market. The stakeholders used in this work are content provider, content maker, data centre provider, Internet service provider, Internet access provider, Internet backbone provider, CDN, consumer, sponsor, and advertiser. Content provider (CP) has a central database of content and distributes it to consumers through different means of content delivery. Mainly three types of content providers exist: 1. Makes own content and distributes it. 2. Buys content from content makers and distributes it. 3. Provides a platform for the content makers to distribute their content against a small fee or royalty. Content maker makes the content to be distributed. A content maker can be a separate actor or operate within the content provider. Data centre provider rents server capacity to anyone who needs it; in this case the content provider.
16 7 Internet service provider (ISP) offers Internet interconnectivity services to clients and in this work an ISP can be divided into: 1. Internet access provider (IAP) is the local network operator or Tier 2 operator (Norton, 2010a), which offers Internet connections to consumers and content providers. 2. Internet backbone provider (IBP) is a full coverage network provider or Tier 1 provider. Content Delivery Network Provider (CDN) is the actor offering CDN services. CDN is an Internet overlay, which offers additional value to the basic Internet content delivery. Consumer in this work includes anyone who uses the content offered by the content provider. Advertiser and sponsor are revenue sources for the content providers and content makers. For compensation, the content providers or content makers embed adverts from these actors in their content. The main difference between an advertiser and a sponsor is that the advertiser inserts adverts only at the stage of distribution while a sponsor includes their products or brand name already in the stage of content making. The search actors such as Google and Yahoo that match requests to content are not considered in this work for simplicity because they can exist in any of the distribution models and do not affect the traffic or monetary transfers between the discussed stakeholders. 2.3 Content Delivery Models For a content provider trying to distribute content, several models exist. The most basic is the client-server that is employed in the basic Internet. Cloud and CDN offer a comprehensive package of services to the content providers in addition to the content delivery. In addition, the P2P model and different architectures of information networking are also means of Internet content delivery. Client-server Currently, the basic Internet is mainly based on one computing system model; the client-server model (Lewandowski, 1998). In the client-server model a server or a pool of servers stores information and services and waits passively for the clients to request them. The client can be any consumer that request services from the server. The client-server model requires network components to function properly. These network components are located between the client and the server for structured communication, i.e. the basic Internet interconnectivity structure. The servers and clients connect to the Internet access providers, who in turn connect to the Internet backbone provider for connection to the whole Internet. These together with the software used in the network form the basic Internet infrastructure, which can be used for content distribution.
17 8 Cloud Cloud computing (Vaquero, Rodero-Merino, Caceres and Lindner, 2009) is a service for better and easier hardware and software management. Clouds are pools of virtualised resources such as software, hardware and services that can be easily accessed. The idea of the cloud is to move the infrastructure to the network, which reduces the costs of resource managements and offers better scalability and flexibility. The cloud offers mainly three services; Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS). In IaaS a hardware provider virtualises its resources so that they can be split and assigned dynamically to the customers. PaaS offers software platforms where systems can run on and the hardware resources required for this service are allocated in a transparent manner. SaaS offers software over the Internet as an on-demand service. All these cloud services are charged with a pay per use model and the service level agreements (SLAs) guarantee the quality of service. Content Delivery Network A content delivery network offers still more comprehensive services than cloud computing. The CDN was designed as an overlay on top of the basic Internet to provide better content distribution services. Internet overlays are virtual topologies that reside on top of the basic Internet and add value to the Internet by, for example, guaranteeing the data retrieval and offering load balancing (Doval and O Mahony, 2003). The value added by a CDN are reliability of the network, reduced latencies for consumers, better throughput and origin server load balancing (Vakali and Pallis, 2003). The CDN structure does not differ much from the basic end-to-end connection; only an additional stakeholder and network element is added into the basic network; the CDN servers and network (Vakali and Pallis, 2003). This means that the connection is no longer end-to-end, rather it is divided into two separate end-to-end connections: between the client and the CDN and between the CDN and the content server. The services CDNs offer are comprehensive ranging from storage and distribution to hardware and software management making content delivery easier for the content provider. The CDNs business model is to build or rent networks and to sell capacity. Content providers pay the CDNs for the services they offer based on the amount of traffic transferred. For the larger content providers, a direct link is connected to the CDN for transfer of content. The smaller content providers transfer data to the CDN through an ISP. Peer-to-Peer Another overlay to the basic Internet is the peer-to-peer network (Schollmeier, 2002), which consists of distributed resources connected by the network. It has the same network components as the client-server model. The only difference is that the clients connected to the network can also act as servers whereas in the client-server model, the roles of client and server are distinct. Peer-to-peer networks have two architectures; the pure peer-to-peer and the hybrid peer-to-peer network. The pure peer-to-peer network does not have any central entity that controls the communication. In addition, the network service level does not suffer
18 9 from a removal of one peer. The hybrid peer-to-peer network, on the other hand, has a central entity that controls the communication and offers part of the services. Information Networking The current Internet was originally designed as an overlay to the telephone network and has not had major architectural changes since the beginning. It is an end-to-end network that connects two hosts wishing to communicate with each other. The routing of packets is based on the destination and source addresses. (Jacobsen et al., 2009) However, with the increase of content sharing in the Internet, the current architecture has become inefficient and new solutions are being developed. Routing in the information networking concept is based on what data is sought instead of where the data is (Jacobsen et al., 2009). This concept was first introduced by Van Jacobsen in a presentation in Google Tech Talks on August 30th 2006 (Jacobsen, 2006), where he also identified the problems faced by the old telephone network and the current packet-switched Internet. The information networking concept aims at reaching a scalable and robust network, where security and trust are identified as the features that need to be implemented into the information networking design rather than as add-ons. The three reference architectures are the CCN, PSIRP and NetInf. CCN and NetInf can work as overlays on any kinds of network topology whereas PSIRP is a clean slate approach to replace the Internet Protocol (IP) network. The basic idea of information networking is that the network has cache servers that cache data. The data moves freely in the network. No clear standards on the existence of origin servers have been defined yet. If origin servers do exist, they would need less capacity as the data requests do not have to always go by the origin server due to the caches. This means cost savings for the content provider. CCN was proposed by Jacobsen et al (2009) and works with an Interest and Data packet pair. When Interest is expressed towards some data, the request is flooded out into the network and when it reaches someone who has the data, the Data packet is sent back. CCN can be thought of as the next step from the peer-to-peer topology. In CCN, the data is in the network and can be stored at any entity that it passes. Thus the equivalent of routers may cache the data that passes through it and next time the same Interest is received, it can reply with the data. NetInf (Ahlgren and Vercellone, 2010) has a similar idea to the CCN concept; a peer-to-peer network with caches within the network. In NetInf, the data is stored in Information Objects (IOs) that can be located anywhere in the network. Each IO has an identifier and with that identifier the data can be found and routed to the requestor. The PSIRP concept (Fotiou, Polyzos and Trossen, 2009) aims at building a cleanslate Internet without taking anything as given. It adopts a publish/subscribe model, where the power is within the receiver rather than at the sender. The publishers are the content providers that publish data into the network. The subscribers express interest in certain data and the network delivers this data to them when it becomes available. The network has rendezvous points (RPs), where the matching of subscriptions and published data is done and forwarded. The publication may be cached by intermediate network components and when more than one subscribes to the data, the data is multicasted to the subscribers.
19 10 3. Two-sided Market Theory Two-sided market theory is a relatively new branch of economics theory compared to classical economics that has existed for centuries from the times of Adam Smith and David Ricardo (Glanville, 2003; p. 5, 386). The two-sided market or two-sided network effect is an economic theory that explains the behaviour of firms in markets that exhibit two-sidedness and is closely related to network externalities (Parker and Van Alstyne, 2005). Most of the literature on two-sided markets and network externalities is written in the past two decades, the findings of which will be discussed in this section. 3.1 Overview Many markets exhibit two-sidedness, such as any market with complementary products. For example, the razor and blades market is considered to be two-sided, since the sales of one product depend on the sales of the other. Another type of two-sided network is a two-sided platform, which brings two customer sections together. For example, the credit card industry is two-sided with credit card companies acting as platforms and offering services to merchants and card holders. However, even if a market exhibits two-sidedness, it might not be a two-sided market. Rochet and Tirole (2003) defined two-sided markets as: Markets with two distinct sides that are interlinked and where not only the overall price level matters but also the price structure between the two sides. Thus typically, the pricing in a two-sided platform is skewed with one side charged more than the other. According to Rochet and Tirole, the two-sided network effect is about getting both sides of the platform on board in the chicken-and-egg problem. Some examples of two-sided markets that comply with the above definition are listed in Table 1, where the asterisk sign (*) shows the side being charged less or even subsidised. The basic literature on two-sided markets by, for example, Rochet and Tirole (2003), Armstrong (2006), Parker and Van Alstyne (2005) and Eisenmann et al. (2006) has been written from the platform s perspective. Their papers concentrate on describing the behaviour of some typical two-sided platforms as well as developing a mathematical model for the pricing of a two-sided market. This section will describe the basic concepts related to two-sided markets. A platform, in computer science, refers to the basic hardware and software of a computer s system and defines the principles on which a computer operates (Pearsall, 1999; p. 1095). This definition is, however, only partly true in the two-sided market literature. A platform is more broadly understood as a market place for the two sides of the market to transact. For example, credit card companies provide a means of payment transactions for merchants and consumers. Evans and Schmalensee (2007) divided platforms into four types: Exchanges, Advertising-supported Media, Transaction Systems and Software Platforms.
20 11 Table 1. Examples of two-sided markets. (Eisenmann, Parker and Van Alstyne, 2006; Rochet and Tirole, 2003) Market Platform Side 1 Side 2 PC Operating Systems Online Recruitment Yellow Pages Windows, Macintosh Monster, CareerBuilder Telephone Companies Consumers Job Seekers* Consumers* Application Developers* Employers Advertisers Web Search Google, Yahoo Searchers* Advertisers Video Games Nintendo, PlayStation Players* Games Developers Shopping Malls Shopping Malls Shoppers* Retailers Credit Cards Visa, MasterCard Card Holders* Merchants Real Estate Realtors Buyers* Sellers Media TV, Newspapers Consumers* Advertisers Rochet and Tirole (2003) divided the fees that platform charges from its two sides into usage fees and membership fees. Usage fees refer to the per transaction fees incurred by either side of the platform when a successful transaction occurs between the two sides. For example, in the credit card business, usage fees can be understood as the royalty the merchants have to pay the credit card company each time a consumer makes a purchase with a credit card. Membership fees, on the other hand, are fees charged for belonging to a platform. Using the credit card example again, the card holders, in other words the consumers, pay a monthly or yearly fee to the credit card company for being able to use their credit cards. The Rochet and Tirole (2003) paper mainly discusses usage fees thus it concentrates on prices charged by the platform on a per transaction basis. However, the mathematical model is extended to cover membership fees as well. Armstrong (2006), on the other hand, mainly assumes a pricing strategy of fixes prices rather than prices per transaction. Despite the differences in pricing strategies, both papers formed the same pricing structure for the two sides. Both papers conclude that the side, which is less price sensitive, should be charged more than the side with higher price sensitivity. Parker and Van Alstyne (2005) and Eisenmann et al. (2006) have reached a similar conclusion without extensive mathematical modelling. Rochet and Tirole also concluded that the skewed pricing should be practiced by two-sided markets regardless of the market structure, i.e. monopoly platform or competing platform. The next two sections explain the underlying reasoning why skewed pricing is profitable and in what kind of situations it can be used.
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Over the past few decades, a number of great fishing reels have come out from Shimano's stock, the one that stands out the most is the Tiagra series of game fishing reels! These reels have become synonymous with big fish and outstanding high-performance.
The Shimano Tiagra Fishing Reel TI 20 is one of the signature models from this series that has gathered a sizable following among game fishing enthusiasts.
Considered the benchmark for game fishing reels, the Shimano Tiagra Fishing Reels are designed to withstand tremendous amounts of punishment. Its thicker gold anodized coating makes it more durable and less prone to erosion in harsh fishing conditions.
Its specially designed drag curve is another huge plus for this reel as it makes it more suitable for Australian fishing conditions. The Shimano Tiagra Fishing Reel TI 20 comes with a click stop drag quadrant feature that gives more accurate drag adjustments.
The addition of harness lugs to the reel is why the Shimano Tiagra Fishing Reel TI 20 is a great option for the game fishing enthusiast, as it gives that extra bit of power and confidence by allowing the angler to have the option of using a stand-up harness.
The Shimano Tiagra TI 20 Fishing Reel is made out of a one piece aluminium frame for greater durability. With a thickness of 7mm, the Shimano Tiagra TI 20 is the toughest reel available in the market.
Featuring Shimano's famous A-RB bearings, a two speed shifting mechanism and a set of heavy-duty stainless steel gears, the continuous meshing of the pinion and drive gears gives the Shimano Tiagra TI 20 true game fishing performance.
For saltwater game fishing, the Shimano Tiagra is the only option when it comes to top notch performance and durability is concerned.
♦ Mono capacity for Shimano Tiagra Fishing Reel TI 20is 9kg / 631m
♦ Power Pro capacity 50lb / 1123yds
♦ The Shimano Tiagra TI 20 features a dual gear option high gear of 3.9:1 while the low gear features a fish turning ratio of 1.7:1
♦ Retrieve per crank high gear is 104cm, Low gear is 46cm
♦ ARB bearings 4
♦ Max Drag Power for Shimano Tiagra Fishing Reel TI 20 is 16kg
♦ Shimano Tiagra Fishing Reel TI 20's drag type is Lever Drag
♦ Weight for this reel is 1409g
♦ Machined Aluminum Frame
♦ Machined Aluminum Sideplates
♦ Cold Forged Aluminum Spool
♦ A-RB (Anti-Rust Bearings)
♦ Clicker
♦ Metal Series
♦ Chrome Plated Sideplate Screws
♦ Ratcheting Drag Lever
♦ Twin Pawl Anti-Reverse System
♦ Twin Disk Drag System
♦ Ergonomic Power Handle
The Shimano Tiagra 20 reel ideally matches up to a light weight game rod rated up to 15kg if using monofilament lines it also can be used on overhead graphite jig rods with braid. The Tiagra TI20 is suited to target tuna, small marlin, sailfish, wahoo and sharks.
The Tiagra TI 20 game reel is starting to become popular with land based anglers chasing longtail tuna on light line from the stones. Use our stores search function located at the top of the page or contact us if you require further assistance.
♦ One of the top reels in the Tiagra A series featuring a highly sensitive and easily adjustable lever drag system
♦ Equipped with click stop drag quadrant feature that gives more accurate drag adjustments
♦ Two Speed gearing for down and dirty work or quicker line retrieval
♦ With rubberized power handle for better control
♦ More durable and resistant to constant punishment
The Shimano Tiagra Fishing Reel TI 20 is the best in the market when it comes to game fishing. If you are looking for a great saltwater fishing reel that is easy to handle and is extremely durable, then this is the best option available for you

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Great Days Out App Launched By How It Works
As much as we love videogames, sometimes you've got to get up and leave the house. How It Work's new Great Days Out app is ideal for those moments.
Showcasing thousands of museums, art galleries, castles, palaces, parks, National Trust and English Heritage centres, zoos, railways, cathedrals and much more, users of the app are spoilt for choice with thousands of relevant recommendations. How It Works' Great Days Out even helps families to discover mysterious, obscure and interesting places not normally found on a map, both near their current location and also further afield!
Great Days Out is available to download now.
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text:
Dr. Dom The Pain GiverFavorites [+]
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Running Time: 64 minutes
Released: 08/2007
Studio Name: Totally Tasteless Video
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text: Schiff Nutrition International, Inc., (NYSE: SHF), announced results for the three- and twelve-month periods ended May 31, 2012. "We are pleased with our fourth quarter performance as it reflects strong execution against our growth strategy," stated Tarang Amin, president and chief executive officer. "Net sales grew 30%, driven by a 59% increase in our branded business. Our gross profit margin grew 1,100 basis points to 49.5%, reflecting our progress building premium brands, leading innovation, expanding the channel and geographic footprint of the company, pursuing acquisitions, and driving world-class operations. Our probiotics and Airborne ® acquisitions added to the strong contribution of our core brands MegaRed ® and Move Free ®." Fiscal 2012 Fourth Quarter Results For the fiscal 2012 fourth quarter ended May 31, 2012, net sales were $67.4 million, compared to $51.9 million for the same period in fiscal 2011. The 30% increase reflects growth in key brands, new product introductions and contribution from acquisitions. Branded sales of $59.9 million were partially offset by an expected decline in the private label business. The higher mix of branded sales resulted in gross profit margin of 49.5%, compared to 38.2% a year ago. Total operating expenses increased to $27.1 million from $14.9 million a year ago reflecting the anticipated increase in selling and marketing expenses and $3.4 million in acquisition related costs, $2.0 million of which was non-deductible for income tax purposes. Net income for the fiscal 2012 fourth quarter was $2.0 million, compared to net income of $3.1 million for the same period in fiscal 2011. Earnings per diluted share were $0.07 for the fiscal 2012 fourth quarter, compared to $0.10 for the same period in fiscal 2011. Adjusted EBITDA, which is defined as income from operations before depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and completed acquisition related costs, was $12.4 million for the fiscal 2012 fourth quarter, compared to $7.5 million for the same period in fiscal 2011.


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Get the latest news and thoughts about pain sent directly to you.
Lynn Webster M.D., FACPM, FASAM is Vice President of Scientific Affairs at PRA Healthsciences and Immediate Past President of AAPM. He is board certified in anesthesiology and pain medicine and also is certified in addiction medicine.
The Painful Statistics July 05, 2017
The Puzzle of Pain May 23, 2017


text: Mutual distributed ledger (MDL) identity schemes could empower people with personal data storage and management, permission frameworks for access by third parties such as banks insurers or governments, and even distributed reputation ratings. Such applications could reduce financial fraud, costs, and crime, and increase returns, confidence, and security. MDLs are uniquely supportive of controlled distribution and sharing of digitally-signed documentation and could form the backbone to identity and authentication systems worldwide. In fact, some claim that identity authentication infrastructure is the 'killer app' for MDLs rather than payments. While anti-money-laundering/know-your-customer/ultimate-beneficial-ownership processes are arduous for high-net-worth individuals, about 2.4 billion poor people worldwide lack official identification, about 1.5 billion over the age of 14. This webinar will examine how MDLs might aid both rich and poor.


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Voices of Gaia is our choral group. They sing songs and chants to create sacred space; sing rounds, play with harmonies; and experience improvisational singing. Our vision is to evolve into a (primarily) pagan chorus that performs more often in a public fashion. Female and male voices are both welcome! Voices of Gaia meets at Ubuntu Village some Sundays, usually before a ritual performance. Contact Kitty for information if you are interested!


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Special Event Services:
Special days require special planning, when the comfort and health of your guests is of paramount importance. There is no reason why your outdoor event can't be as clean and comfortable as being at home. With our knoweledgable staff and "more home-like" portable restrooms you can be confident in your choice to entertain outdoors.
A well planned,executed sanitation contract will ensure that your guests have a wonderful time at your event. Exit survey's agree that inadequate restoom facilities is a primary reason for leaving early.
Quality portable restrooms Planning assistance Modern,clean equipment Roomy & ADA compliant Hand sanitizers His and her units Wash stations
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Has or is anyone taking NP courses through Walden? I am finishing my BSN & thinking of continuing but wandering from someone whose done it, how it differs from online BSN and off you feel you are...Oct 6, '12
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I have been attending Walden for my BSN and love it. I'll be finished in the Spring and debating doing the MSN for NP. It's not too overwhelming online since I can work on assignments whenI have a...Oct 6, '12
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As far as respect goes. I have just as much respect for RN LPN or PCA. We all have a role to do and the combination of efforts makes it successful. The LPN's that I work with are as knowledgeable as...Sep 1, '12
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Adoption requests → Rohan Wiki
What is your username? Frozen-Star
Please link to the wiki here: http://rohan.wikia.com/wiki/Rohan_Wiki
How many edits have you made on that wiki? 84 while logged in, more anonymous
How many days/months have you been editing there? almost exactly 2 years
On the Special Pages → Special:ListUsers when was the last time an admin edited, and who was it? March 14 2010, Uberfuzzy
Any other information: The game for this wikia has been out since 2008, and after 2009, its original creators left. I've been following the site for a few years now, but without admins active, there's no way to make major changes.


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The world has cut the number of children without an education in half. This progress must extend to the over 50 million still left out. Educated and healthy children will lead their communities out of poverty and build the thriving nations of tomorrow.
Education for children should always be a priority. Even during crises. Read More
Everyone is unique, and their education should be too. Read More
The future of schooling lies in digitization; access to technology means access to education. Read More
The school received school supplies for 600 children, and 6 laptops from HP. Read more
It all started with a ragtag rugby team hanging out with kids in Mumbai's Dharavi slum. Read more
Six ways to be an activist in 2017. Read more
She created a business to support the underserved. Read more
The world has cut the number of children without an education in half. This progress must extend to the over ... Read more
Women and girls can be powerful community leaders, but more than 62 million girls around the globe are currently denied ... Read more
Over a billion people suffer the indignity of open defecation with many lacking basic clean water. Join Global Citizen and ... Read more
The world needs active global citizens who are engaged in the world, knowledgeable about its diversity and passionate about change. ... Read more


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The AMA has identified The 7 Big Problems in Marketing. The purpose of this webcast is to focus on Problem Three: The Digital Transformation.
Consumer media is more vast, variant and uncontrolled as it's ever been. Let's review and discuss the ways organizations - large and small - are harnessing this chaos to drive growth and maintain relevance.
Azher is the EVP/Director of Digital at DDB in Chicago. Prior to that, he built and led the digital marketing offering at advertising agencies including The Martin Agency, Arnold, and FCB. For over 18 years, Azher's led technology and brand efforts across virtually all categories of industry. His clients include McDonald's, Wal-Mart, State Farm, Conagra, GEICO, Comcast, and Mars.
Azher started his career as a designer and believes creativity is vital to solving large, complex business challenges.
He's spoken at Social Media Week, SXSW, Advertising Week, Internet Week and is an Executive Member of IADAS (Webby Awards) and IAB's MIXX.
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We heard this was a wonderful spot and the only room available to our agent was a "family suite". We agreed, and when we got up the long. steep winding road were thrilled with the beauty of the property. When we were taken to our room ( a small cottage) above the main lodge, we we horrified. It was a dank, aged unit with 2 small bedrooms with old cot type beds, small, clean, but grubby bath rooms with a connecting kitchen area. There was no view and no outside seating area.I am 75 with some walking issues and did not feel that I could walk up and down the steep hill to the lodge. I also did not want to spend even a night there. We walked down to the main lodge, carfully using our trekking poles, and asked if there was a unit in the main building. We were given a wonderful room, with a balcony overlooking the volcano. There were several other cottages on the property. I don't know if they were all as "rustic".There is a free morning nature walk around the property and free horseback riding.
The lodge is old, but very charming. It might be best suited to younger people, but we enjoyed it very much. It is a longish drive down the hill to get to the area attractions. The $160ish rate was fine for the lodge, but exhorbitant for the cabin.The full hot breakfast, included, was excellent, and other meals were good too.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Arenal Lodge provides guests with the excitement of staying in an authentic rainforest lodge with breathtaking panoramic views of Costa Rica's famous Arenal Volcano and Lake Arenal. Guests will enjoy a casual and relaxed rustic lodge setting with the added value of a complimentary breakfast daily. Located on 2000-acres of beautiful tropical rainforest, the lodge is situated near Arenal Volcano National Park. The lodge is surrounded by rainforest - housing hundreds of exotic birds, small animals and the beautiful tropical flowers and trees of Costa Rica. and is its own local tourist attraction due to its exclusive location with breathtaking panoramic views of Arenal Volcano and Lake Arenal. The lodge features a full service restaurant with local and international cuisine, gift shop, three heated outdoor Jacuzzis, an infinite edge swimming pool, walking trails, a butterfly garden, horseback riding, a game room and outdoor playground for children, fitness room, sauna, and free wireless high speed internet access. Guest rooms and suites feature cable TV, telephone, coffee maker, clock radio, and all have private baths. Complimentary crib and wheel chair are available on request. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Orbitz, Hotels.com, Cancelon, Travelocity, TripOnline SA, Agoda, Hotwire, getaroom.com, HotelQuickly and Evoline ltd so you can book your Arenal Lodge reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Arenal Hotel La Fortuna De San Carlos
- Arenal Lodge Costa Rica/Arenal Volcano National Park


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Academic Minute: Evolving Gay Culture
June 27, 2013
In today's Academic Minute, Dustin Goltz of DePaul University explains the shifting meaning of "coming out" among different generations within the gay community. Learn more about the Academic Minute here.
Wednesday's Academic Minute linked to the wrong podcast for much of the day. Our apologies. To hear yesterday's podcast about environmental risk from aging sewers, please click here.
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Journal Article
Review: Bakhtin and the Visual Arts by Deborah J. Haynes
Reviewed Work: Bakhtin and the Visual Arts by Deborah J. Haynes
Review by: David Carrier
The Burlington Magazine
Vol. 140, No. 1143 (Jun., 1998), p. 404
Published by: Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/888071
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Joy Frankau (Joy Angela Frankau)
BiographyEastbourne, East Sussex, England, UK
Joy Frankau was born on June 19, 1920 in Eastbourne, East Sussex, England as Joy Angela Frankau. She was an actress, known for The Turners of Prospect Road (1947), Tilly of Bloomsbury (1940) and Old Mother Riley, Headmistress (1950). She was married to Charlie Martin and Lazzolo. She died in December 2011 in Westminster, London, England. Read more... <


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SMT-ASSYFounded in 1997, SMT-ASSY has since flourished into a solid and reputable electronic contract manufacturer. Under the leadership of its technical director, and with the support of great business associates, the company has shown continuous growth while remaining financially sound.
Canada MetalHospitals depend on lead for radiation protection. Industries depend on lead for sound reduction. With 125 years of experience, companies depend on Canada Metal to supply lead products. Canada Metal has been a leader in designing, manufacturing and installing specialized lead products to the medical sector, the manufacturing industry and the nuclear power generating system.
QED CombustionQED Combustion Inc. is the exclusive representative of Hauck Manufacturing in Eastern Canada and an authorized distributor of Kromschroder combustion products. We offer a wide range of top quality combustion systems products and excellence in service.
Ranger Design
Ranger Design provide innovative van racking and storage equipment that will revolutionize your vehicle and your work life! With offices and manufacturing facilities in Rochester NY, San Francisco CA and Montreal QC, and an extensive network of dealers across North America, Ranger is a unique company geared to meet unique van storage requirements.


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Description: Charles Hodge, James McCosh, B. B. Warfield -- these leading professors at Princeton College and Seminary in the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries are famous for their orthodox Protestant positions against the doctrine of evolution. Yet, says Bradley Gundlach, the old Princetonians did not reject evolution outright. In this book, aptly titled Process and Providence, Gundlach explores their surprisingly positive embrace of developmental views not only of the cosmos but also of Scripture and the history of doctrine, all in the context of their defense of the Christian faith. Beginning with the first American review of the pre-Darwinian evolutionary book, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, and culminating in the Scopes Trial and the forced reorganization of Princeton Seminary in 1929, Gundlach's Process and Providence reliably portrays the preeminent conservative Protestants in America as they defined, contested, and answered -- often with remarkably nuanced distinctions -- the many facets of the evolution question.
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All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $39.00Copyright year: 2013Publisher: William B. Eerdmans Publishing CompanyPublication date: 11/30/2013Binding: PaperbackPages: 352Size: 5.75" wide x 9.00" long x 1.00" tall Weight: 1.298
Bradley J. Gundlach is professor of history at Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois. He also serves as book review editor for "Fides et Historia", the journal of the Conference on Faith and History.
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Meaning and Origin of: Nora
Search for Names & Meanings Top 100 Names for Boys Top 100 Names for Girls Last Name History & Meaning Name Popularity Tracker Celebrity Names Search for Names by Trait Browse First Names A-Z Browse Last Names A-Z Browse First Names by Origin Browse Last Names by Origin Baby Name Lists How to Choose a Name
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Girl name origins & meanings:
- Latin : Dignified
- French : Nobleman
- Greek : The bright one; honor; light
Girl name variations
Family name origins & meanings:
- Italian and German : from a short form of the feminine personal name (E)leonora.
- Southern Italian : perhaps a habitational name from localities named Nora in Modica and Scicli.
- Portuguese : habitational name from any of the numerous places called Nora, from nora 'draw well'.


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Tukur Paul, a man in Masaka, Nassarawa State, has beaten his wife, Jennifer after the later accused him of snoring. The incident occurred on Friday, October 28, 2016. Through the intervention of people close by, Paul was unable to inflict further damage.
Lawrence Oluwanishola, a neighbour to the couple lamented about the domestic violence which has grown quite common in the area.
"How on earth in this present modern world will a man beat up his wife over trivial issue? We learnt that the wife was preventing the husband from sleeping just because he was snoring,"
"This is not a case of extra-marital affairs that usually lead to divorce, but a mere misunderstanding that could be controlled with little patience," he said.
Paul, who had already became sober for his behaviour blamed the incident on the devil.
He said, "She prevented me from sleeping after having a hard day, I pleaded with her but refused,"
"I immediately contacted the police who was able to help me get it back. I brought it back home and all these while my wife could not call to know where I was.
"I got home only for me to have some rest and after dozing off; my wife woke me up to tell me I was disturbing her with my snoring."
On her own end of things, Jennifer claimed that her husband's disappearance from home without informing her and their children made her angry.
Make Money Online in Nigeria... Click HERE To Start Now!


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4 Endorsements
About Craig Elias
I am the creator of Trigger Event Selling™ and author of the upcoming book "SHiFT! Harness The 'Trigger Events' That TURN PROSPECTS INTO CUSTOMERS".
For years you have been told there is no such thing as a silver bullet in sales. I can tell you there is A SILVER BULLET IN SALES, it is called timing – getting in front of the right person at EXACTLY the right time.
When you have timing the sale almost happens by itself - No challenges getting to the customer, understanding their dissatisfaction, presenting a solution, or closing the sale.
Every single day decision makers experience a Trigger Event that turns them, from someone who never would of bought from you yesterday, into someone highly likely to buy from you today.
When you leverage Trigger Events you get in front of these highly motivated, buyers before your competition, and you:
• Increase close ratios
• Shorten sales cycles
• Sell at higher prices
My knowledge of 'Trigger Events' has resulted in:
• Winning a $1,000,000 prize in Tim Draper's BILLION DOLLAR IDEA PITCH CONTEST
• Being a top sales performer at EVERY company that has hired me - including WorldCom where I was named the #1 salesperson within six months of joining the company.
• Coverage on NBC news, in The New York Times, Business 2.0, Sales & Marketing Management magazine, and The Wall Street Journal
I created Trigger Event Selling™ so others can:
• Identify the 'Trigger Events' for their product/service
• Find out when these 'Trigger Events' happen
• Close more sales when 'Trigger Events' do happen
Trigger Event Selling™ is focused on the ONE THING that is GUARANTEED to have the biggest impact on your sales: TIMING - Getting in front of the right buyer at EXACTLY the right time.
Stay informed of the latest ideas, resources, and success stories about using 'Trigger Events' to outsell the competition by joining the SHiFT group on LinkedIn – www.shiftnetworking.com.
If you are not a LinkedIn user you can stay informed of ideas, resources, and success stories on how to leverage 'Trigger Events' to outsell your competition by using this link - http://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?Sub=45203
Contact me - http://ShiftSelling.com/contact - when you want a free introduction to Trigger Event SellingTM.
MY PHILOSOPHY is "Integrity Above ALL Else"
My MOTTO is "No Regrets"
MY VALUES are people, creativity, perseverance
Since its' inception - I am user number 3,956 of over 30,000,000 LinkedIn users - I have used LinkedIn to keep up with my personal and professional contacts, so we can be of assistance to each other.
I invite you to send me a connection request and join my LinkedIn network of over 6,000 people, which connects to over 50% of all LinkedIn users.
Keywords: lead, generation, customer, acquisition, retention, sales, selling, marketing, promotion, speaker, advisor, sales trainer, coach, author, expert, consultant, trigger event selling, window of dissatisfaction, won sales analysis, emotional favourite, trigger event referrals, first call effectiveness, credibility curve, strategies, tactics, business, growth, channel, development, technology, software, services, manufacturing, distribution, calgary, edmonton, alberta, canada
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November 23, 2016
Chad and his girl are on hiatus because his girl thinks he's cheating on her. The truth is that Chad has never cheated on her, but he figures if he's going to get blamed for it he might as well do it, so he hooks up with one of his girl's busy friends, Natasha Nice.
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Audio: aac, 44100 Hz, stereo (eng)
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text: Scottsdale was a location in the Matrix where Rocket grew up in. Appearance Edit There Are No Flowers in the Real World This article is a stub about The Matrix Comics. You can help the Matrix Wiki by expanding it. Retrieved from "http://matrix.wikia.com/wiki/Scottsdale?oldid=8271" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Comics-Stub articles Matrix Locations The Matrix Comics Add category Cancel Save


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0.75 CT. T.W. Diamond Swirl Bridal Set in 14K Two-Tone Gold
Item# 19970760
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She's been waiting for this moment her whole life; celebrate with this stunning diamond bridal set. Expertly crafted in 14K two-toned gold, the engagement ring showcases a 0.30 ct. round diamond centre stone. Polished and diamond-lined ribbons sweep and swirl around the centre stone, creating the ring's triple shank. On your wedding day, the coordinating contoured and diamond-lined wedding band completes this elegant ensemble. Radiant with 0.75 ct. t.w. of diamonds, this bridal set is finished with a polished shine. View product details.
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Diamond carat weights (CT.) represent the approximate total weight (T.W.) of all diamonds in each setting and may vary no more than .07 below the stated weight. Typographic errors are subject to correction. Merchandise enlarged to show detail and may not always be exactly as pictured. Promotions, prices, styles and availability may vary by store and online.