text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 15, 1996
|Filing date
|Sep 27, 1994
|Priority date
|Sep 27, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kjell Ostman
|Original Assignee
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Referenced by (66), Classifications (17), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to telecommunications apparatus and, in particular, to radiotelephones that are compatible with a spread spectrum (SS) code division, multiple access (CDMA) protocol.
A direct-sequence or direct sequence coding spread spectrum communication technique in essence combines two digital signals, or bit streams, to create a third signal prior to transmission. The first signal is an information signal, such as the output of a digitized voice circuit. For example, the first signal may have a bit rate of 10 kb/s. The second signal is generated by a random-sequence, or pseudonoise (PN) generator, and is a stream of essentially random bits having a bit rate that is several orders of magnitude greater than the bit rate of the digitized voice signal. The modulation of these two signals results in the third signal having the same bit rate as the second signal. However, the third signal also contains the digitized voice signal. At the receiver, an identical random-sequence generator produces a random bit stream which mirrors the original random-sequence that was used for modulation at the transmitter. For proper operation, after carrier frequency de-modulation, the PN generator of the receiver must be synchronized to the incoming PN sequence. By removing the random sequence from the received signal and integrating it over a symbol period, a despread signal is obtained. Ideally, the despread signal exactly represents the original 10 kb/s voice signal.
The TIA/EIA Interim Standard, Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System, TIA/EIA/IS-95 (July 1993) specifies in Section 6.1.2 that a mobile station shall provide two independent techniques for output power adjustment. These two techniques are an open loop estimation based solely on mobile station operation, and a closed loop correction that involves both the mobile station and the cell site controller, or base station. In the latter technique the mobile station responds to power control bits received over a Forward Traffic Channel to adjust its output power level. In the former technique the received signal strength from the base station is used.
The power control in the CDMA system is also described at pages 10 and 12, and shown generally in FIG. 3-2, in a publication entitled "Introduction to CDMA and the Proposed Common Air Interface Specification (CAI) for a Spread Spectrum Digital Cellular Standard-An Overview of the Application of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to Digital Cellular Systems and Personal Cellular Networks", QUALCOMM Incorporated, Mar. 28, 1992. As is described in this publication, the goal of the mobile station transmitter power control process is to produce, at a cell site receiver, a nominal received signal power from each mobile station transmitter that is operating within the cell. If all mobile stations are so controlled, the end result is that the total signal power received at the cell site from all of the mobile stations is equal to the nominal received power times the number of mobile stations.
It can therefore be appreciated that the control of the transmitter power is an important consideration when designing the mobile station, such as a radiotelephone, for operation in the CDMA telecommunications system.
Furthermore, in that the open loop power control relies on the signal received from the cell site by the mobile station, the operation of the mobile station receiver plays an important role in the correct operation of the open loop power control. In particular, the operation of the receiver Automatic Gain Control (AGC) function must be carefully considered.
In the CDMA system the receiver is required to operate over an 80 dB range. However, and because of the high sampling rate, the number of bits of resolution of a receiver analog to digital (A/D) converter is limited. Further complicating the problem caused by the limited resolution of the A/D converter, the receiver AGC function must also accommodate received signal fluctuations due to both slow and fast fades.
In the CDMA system the fast AGC function should not impair the functioning of the receiver algorithms and, ideally, should not impair the information collected for convolutional decoding and synchronization acquisition.
The CDMA specification also specifies the behavior of the mobile station transmitter. The reaction time of the transmitter power to a change in the received signal level is specified to be 30 ms, after which time the transmitter power level should be settled within new limits. Limits are also specified for the transition period. However, the specified transmitter response time constant of 30 ms is too lengthy for the fast receiver AGC function, and thus precludes a solution where both the transmitter and the receiver AGC settings would be equal.
In addition, the accuracy of the transmitter gain setting is tightly specified by the CDMA specification. To fulfill the specification, a transmitter power step size of 0.25 dB is required in the transmitter. In contrast, the receiver is rather tolerant to inaccuracy in the gain setting, thus making a less complicated and less costly solution possible. In addition, the receiver requires a larger step size than 0.25 dB to make a higher tracking rate possible.
The following U.S. Patents and other publications generally pertain to the teaching of this invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,505 to Akazawa et al., issued Dec. 1, 1992 and entitled "AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DEVICE FOR SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION DEVICE".
U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,225 to Wheatley, III et al., issued Apr. 21, 1992 and entitled "HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE CLOSED LOOP AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL CIRCUIT".
U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,840 to Schilling, issued Mar. 3, 1992 and entitled "ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL FOR A SPREAD SPECTRUM TRANSMITTER".
U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,204 to Wheatley, III, issued Mar. 24, 1992 and entitled "LINEAR GAIN CONTROL AMPLIFIER".
U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,985 to Hashimoto et al., issued Jul. 21, 1992 and entitled "SPREAD SPECTRUM RECEIVER".
U.S. Pat. No. 5,056,109 to Gilhousen et al., issued Oct. 8, 1991 and entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING TRANSMISSION POWER IN A CDMA CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM".
U.S. Pat. No. 5,265,119 to Gilhousen et al., issued May 17, 1991, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING TRANSMISSION POWER IN A CDMA CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM".
U.S. Pat. No. 4,993,044 to Akazawa, issued Feb. 12, 1991 and entitled "SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION RECEIVER".
U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 to Gilhousen et al., issued Feb. 13, 1990 and entitled "SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS".
PCT International Application No. WO 93/1060, published 27 May 1993 and entitled "ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL FOR A SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM AND METHOD".
PCT International Application No. WO 93/07702, published 15 Apr. 1993 and entitled "TRANSMITTER POWER CONTROL SYSTEM".
PCT International Application No. WO 93/05585, published 18 Mar. 1993 and entitled "A METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL IN A TRANSCEIVER SUITABLE FOR A CDMA ENVIRONMENT EMPLOYING DIRECT SEQUENCE DIFFUSION".
It is an object of this invention to provide a digital AGC implementation that enables an improved receiver and transmitter control in a transceiver.
It is another object of this invention to provide a receiver AGC function and an open loop transmitter power control function, each having a separate tracking accuracy.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method and a circuit arrangement that provides a receiver AGC function and an open loop transmitter power control function, each having a separate tracking rate, for use in a spread spectrum radiotelephone.
The foregoing and other problems are overcome and the objects are realized by a method and a circuit arrangement in accordance with this invention. This invention teaches a method, and circuits that operate in accordance with the method, for generating a receiver AGC signal for a transceiver such as a spread spectrum transceiver.
The method includes the steps of (a) integrating the power of a received and sampled signal; (b) calculating a logarithm of the received integrated power; (c) subtracting a predetermined reference value from the logarithm of the power to generate a first error signal; (d) filtering the first error signal; (e) comparing the filtered first error signal to a predetermined first threshold; (f) incrementing or decrementing a first counter value as a function of the result of the step of comparing, while simultaneously resetting the filter accumulator; and (g) converting the first counter value to an analog voltage for controlling the gain of a receiver.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention the logarithm is the second logarithm of the power, and the step of calculating includes the sub-steps of (a) inputting a digital word that represents a value of the received integrated power to a priority encoder means to determine a position of the most significant set bit of the digital word; and (b) using the determined position as the second logarithm.
For the case where the logarithm is the second logarithm, the step of calculating includes the sub-steps of: (a) inputting a digital word that represents a value of the received integrated power to a priority encoder means to determine a position of the most significant set bit of the digital word; (b) extracting one or more bits that are adjacent to the determined most significant set bit; (c) concatenating the extracted bit or bits to a value representing the determined position of the most significant set bit; and (d) using the resulting concatenated bits as an approximate value of the second logarithm.
The method further includes generating a transmitter AGC value by the steps of: (a) generating a second counter value; (b) subtracting the second counter value from the first counter value to form a second error signal; (c) filtering the second error signal; (d) comparing the filtered second error signal to a predetermined second threshold; (e) incrementing or decrementing the second counter value, and resetting the filter accumulator as a function of the result of the step of comparing the filtered second error signal; and (f) converting at least the second counter value to an analog voltage for controlling the gain of a transmitter.
In a preferred implementation a third counter value is set as a function of received power control command bits, and the method includes the steps of (a) adding the second counter value to the third counter value; and (b) converting the sum of the second and third counter values to an analog voltage for controlling the gain of a spread spectrum transmitter amplifier.
The steps of converting each preferably include a preliminary step of applying an amplifier slope correction to the first counter value and to the third counter value prior to the conversion of these values to analog voltages.
The teaching of this invention thus provides an AGC signal that reacts quickly to changes in a received signal in either direction (increasing or decreasing signal strength). Furthermore, the receiver gain is changed by a first incremental value, while the transmitter gain is changed by a second incremental value. In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention the receiver gain is changed in increments of 1 dB while the transmitter gain is changed in increments of 0.125 dB.
The above set forth and other features of the invention are made more apparent in the ensuing Detailed Description of the Invention when read in conjunction with the attached Drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a radiotelephone that is constructed and operated in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram that shows in greater detail the digital AGC and transmitter power control circuits of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a ROM-based look-up circuit (34a of FIG. 2) for determining received signal power;
FIG. 4 illustrates in greater detail the block 38a of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a presently preferred embodiment for implementing the blocks 38a and 38b of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is graph that illustrates the effect of a scaling block that is shown in FIG. 5.
Reference is made to FIG. 1 which illustrate a presently preferred embodiment of a spread spectrum CDMA radiotelephone 10 in accordance with this invention. As will become apparent, certain ones of the blocks of the radiotelephone 10 may be implemented with discrete circuit elements, or as software routines that are executed by a suitable digital data processor, such as a high speed signal processor. Alternatively, a combination of circuit elements and software routines can be employed. As such, the ensuing description is not intended to limit the application of this invention to any one particular technical embodiment.
In the preferred embodiment of this invention the radiotelephone 10 operates in accordance with the TIA/EIA Interim Standard, Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System, TIA/EIA/IS-95 (July 1993). However, compatibility with this particular interim standard is not to be considered as a limitation upon the practice of this invention.
The radiotelephone 10 includes an antenna 12 for receiving RF signals from a cell site, hereafter referred to as a base station (not shown), and for transmitting RF signals to the base station. When operating in the digital (CDMA) mode the RF signals are phase modulated to convey speech and signalling information. Coupled to the antenna 12 are a gain controlled receiver 14 and a gain controlled transmitter 16 for receiving and for transmitting, respectively, the phase modulated RF signals. A frequency synthesizer 18 provides the required frequencies to the receiver and transmitter under the control of a controller 20. The controller 20 is comprised of a slower speed MCU for interfacing, via a codec 22, to a speaker 22a and a microphone 22b, and also to a keyboard and a display 24. In general, the MCU is responsible for the overall control and operation of the radiotelephone 10. The controller 20 is also preferably comprised of a higher speed digital signal processor (DSP) suitable for real-time processing of received and transmitted signals.
The received RF signals are converted to base band in the receiver and are applied to a phase demodulator 26 which derives in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signals from the received signal. The I and Q signals are converted to digital representations by suitable A/D converters (26a and 16b of FIG. 2) and applied to a three finger (F1-F3) demodulator 28. Each of the fingers includes a local PN generator. The output of the demodulator 28 is applied to a combiner 30 which outputs a signal, via a deinterleaver and decoder 32, to the controller 20. The digital signal input to the controller 20 is expressive of speech samples or signalling information. The further processing of this signal by the controller 20 is not germane to an understanding of this invention and is not further described, except to note that the signalling information will include transmitter power control bits that are sent from the base station to the radiotelephone 10.
The I and Q signals output from the I-Q demodulator 26 are also applied, in accordance with this invention, to a receiver digital AGC block 34 which processes same, in a manner described below, and which produces an output signal to an amplifier slope corrector block 36. One output of the slope corrector block 36 is the RX GAIN signal which is used to automatically control the gain of the receiver 14.
The output of the receiver digital AGC block 34 is also applied to a TX open loop power control block 38. A TX closed loop control block 40 inputs the received transmitter power control bits from controller 20. An adder 42 adds the output of the TX open loop control block 38 to the output of the TX closed loop control block 40 and generates a sum signal which is applied to the slope corrector 36 and, thence, to a TX limiter block 44. The output of the TX limiter block 44 is the TX GAIN signal that is applied to the transmitter 16 to control the output power thereof.
An input to the transmitter 16 (vocoded speech and/or signalling information) is derived from the controller 20 via a convolutional encoder, interleaver, Walsh modulator, PN modulator, and I-Q modulator, which are shown generally as the block 46.
Before describing in detail the construction and operation of the receiver digital AGC block 34, the slope corrector 36, and the open and closed loop transmitter blocks 38, 40, 42 and 44, it is first noted that an optimally sampled signal received from a base station having all channels operational will have a dynamic range of approximately 64/1, or 18 dB. In addition, a fast fade can have a dynamic range of approximately +6 dB to -34 dB. Unless the receiver AGC is capable of perfectly tracking the fast fade, there is a high probability that the signal will be clipped by the receiver's A/D converter or that the signal will be too small for the A/D converter (A/D underflow). However, the clipping is generally symmetric and can be tolerated to a certain extent. As such, a receiver AGC step response time constant of 0.5 milliseconds (ms) to 2 ms is believed to be adequate for the receiver AGC to adequately track fast fading, and to prevent clipping and A/D converter overflow and underflow.
Consequently, it will be shown that this invention also provides a receiver AGC function with a high tracking rate capability when either signal amplification or attenuation is required.
Reference is now made to FIG. 2 for a detailed description of the receiver AGC and transmitter power control functions that were briefly mentioned above in the description of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2 the sub-components of the RCVR AGC 34 are designated as 34a-34e, and the sub-components of the TX open loop power control 38 are designated as 38a-38c.
Based on the digital outputs (A/Ds 26a and 26b) of the I-Q phase demodulator 26 the power of the I and Q samples are calculated by block 34a at least once per chip and preferably twice per chip by, for example, a ROM table 34b lookup. The calculated powers are integrated over a predetermined period corresponding to, by example, one symbol (64 chips). The integrated output signal is designated as Rx-- AGC or as RxAGC herein.
One suitable technique for determining the received signal power, when sampled once per chip, that is based on the ROM lookup is as follows. Reference is also made to FIG. 3.
The outputs of the 6-bit A/Ds 26a and 26b are time multiplexed and used as an address into the ROM 34b. Hence the address space of the ROM is 26 =64. The content of the ROM 34b at each address is the square of that address, i.e., if the output of one of the A/Ds is "25", then the ROM content at address 25 is 625. The largest possible positive output of one of the A/Ds is "31" which squared is 961. Similarly, the largest possible negative output of one of the A/Ds is "-32" which squared would be 1024. This number is, however, truncated to 1023. As a result, the data output width requirement of the ROM 34b is limited to 10 bits, and the total ROM size is thus 64�10 bits.
The output of the ROM 34b is connected to an integrator, which is comprised of an adder 35a and a register 35b. The register 35b is clocked by a 2X chip clock, which also clocks the counter 35d, which counts 128 samples. The clock signal also selects, with MUX 35e, between the I and Q A/Ds 26a and 26b, respectively. As a result, the A/D outputs are time multiplexed to the address inputs of the ROM 34b which outputs in response the square of the A/D output value. The ROM 34b output is then added to the value stored in the register 35b, and the result of the addition is then stored back into the register 35b. Every 64th chip a second register 35c is clocked to store the output of adder 35a, while simultaneously clearing the first register 35b. As a result, the second register 35c contains a value that corresponds to the energy of 64 consecutive chips, or 1 symbol.
Referring again to FIG. 2, and in accordance with an aspect of this invention, to obtain an equal rate of change when increasing amplification, and also when decreasing amplification, the power of the input signal (RX-- AGC) is not used directly, but instead the logarithm (any logarithm base) of the signal is used.
More specifically, in the preferred embodiment of this invention the second logarithm of the power is calculated with a priority encoder 34c, wherein the second logarithm is taken to be the position of the most significant set bit. For example, with the 6-bit A/D converters 26a and 26b the logarithm is scaled so that a power of 0<=power<2 returns a zero, 2<=power<4 returns a 1, etc. Consequently, each unit of the logarithmic value corresponds to 3 dB power. Thus, an average input amplitude of 4 (out of the 6-bit A/D converter space of 0-32) yields a linear power of 64�2�42 =2048, which corresponds to a logarithmic value of 11.
Furthermore, two more bits for the logarithm are calculated by appending the two bits right of the most significant set bit of the linear power value. Although this is a linear approximation of the logarithm function, the error has been found to be insignificant. The resolution of the power measurement is thus approximately 0.75 dB.
The desired logarithm of the power (in the example above, 4�11=44) is also subtracted from the calculated power in the block 34c and the difference value (error signal e1) is input to a single pole low pass filter 34d, the time constant of which determines the speed of the overall digital AGC circuit. By example only, a filter feedback factor of 1-(31/32) yields a time constant of approximately 1.6 ms.
The output of the filter 34d is input to a threshold detector and counter circuit 34e, where the filtered output is monitored once per symbol by comparing same to a first threshold value THRESH1. If the filtered output is found to exceed the first threshold, the counter (CNTR) is incremented or decremented depending on the sign of the exceeded threshold. Simultaneously, the filter accumulator is reset. For a theoretically correct operation, the filter accumulator should be set to the opposite threshold. That is, if the positive threshold is exceeded the counter counts up and the filter register is set to the negative threshold. However, this may cause the counter to immediately count in the opposite direction. Therefore, it is preferred to employ some degree of hysteresis. In the preferred embodiment, �0.16667 is used as a threshold and �0.125 as the reset value. To provide even more hysteresis the filter accumulator could be reset to zero. The output of the counter is eventually fed to a D/A converter contained within the slope corrector block 36, which outputs a signal Rx GAIN to control the receiver amplifiers.
In that a unit change in the input and output of the filter 34d corresponds to a 3 dB change in power, the threshold (THRESH1) is preferably set to �0.33333 (1 dB) for an AGC step size of 2 dB, or to �0.166667 (0.5 dB) for an AGC step size of 1 dB. That is, the value of THRESH1 is a function of the desired receiver AGC step size.
The receiver AGC signal reaches a stable value when negative values of the logarithm occur as frequently as positive values at the input to the lowpass filter 34d. An optimal steady state of the AGC occurs when there exists a signal headroom of 6-12 dB in the A/D converters 26a and 26b. Because of the limited number of bits, the steady state headroom may best be determined empirically for a given application.
Although there exist several possible techniques for altering the signal headroom in the A/D converter, a presently preferred technique alters the expected value of the logarithm of the input power. It is noted that parameters for the transmitter AGC determination may have to be changed simultaneously, as will be described below.
The transmitter digital AGC function 38 has a similar step counter 38a as the receiver AGC step counter 34e. The transmitter AGC step counter value is subtracted from the step counter value of the receiver AGC to form a second error signal (e2). The error signal e2 is lowpass filtered in a single pole low pass filter 38b, the time constant of which is chosen so that the total time constant for the transmitter AGC function is approximately 30 ms. A filter feedback ratio of 1-(1023/1024) provides this time constant.
The step size of the transmitter AGC is preferably no larger than 0.125 dB. As such, and assuming a 1 dB step in the receiver AGC signal (Rx-- AGC), the Rx AGC counter value output from 34e is left-shifted by three before the difference is determined.
This technique will in and of itself yield an accuracy of 1 dB in the transmitter AGC signal. To achieve better accuracy, the power integrated over one symbol (Rx-- AGC) is used instead. A precalculated expected value of the power integrated over one symbol is subtracted from the actual integrated power value and the result is filtered in the above mentioned lowpass filter 38b. As before, this means that the logarithm function is approximated with a linear function. Following the example presented above, if the desired logarithmic value is 44, then the linear average power of the signal will have a variation of 1 dB and thus have a value between 2048 and 2578 and, consequently, the desired linear power value is set to (2048+2560)/2=2313. In that the input to the filter 38b of 1 dB corresponds to a value of 8; this input is shifted right by 6 ((100.1 -1)�2048=530˜512, 512/8=64=>6 right shifts).
If the signal headroom in the receiver A/D-converters 26a and 26b is changed by changing the expected value of the logarithm of the received power, the above-mentioned expected value of the linear power is also changed. This is preferably accommodated by an appropriate additional shifting of the linear power value. The following Table lists appropriate values for this additional shift, given the desired receiver power logarithm.
TABLE______________________________________ AdditionalAverage Received shift ofreceived power, power, linear poweramplitude linear logarithmic for Tx AGC______________________________________1 128 28 -41.4 256 32 -32 512 36 -22.8 1024 40 -14 2048 44 (11*4) 05.6 4096 48 18 8192 52 211.2 16384 56 316 32768 60 422.4 65536 64 532 131072 68 6______________________________________
More particularly, the block 38a in FIG. 2 calculates the difference between the values of the Rx counter (CNTR) in block 34e and a Tx counter (CNTR) in block 38c. This difference is then lowpass filtered and compared to the threshold. If the threshold is exceeded, the counter of block 38c counts up or down and the new value is fed back to block 38a, where it is again compared to the Rx counter value from block 34e. This process will continue until the values of the RX and Tx counters are equal.
The block 38a also calculates the difference between the received linear power from block 34a and a predetermined fixed value (REF). This difference is also fed to the lowpass filter 38b. As a result, there are two input values to the filter 38b for each process iteration.
In this regard, and referring to FIG. 4, the function of the receiver chain (blocks 26a-b and 34a-e) is to maintain the average input amplitude constant to the A/D converters 26a and 26b. By example, assume that the desired absolute amplitude corresponds to an A/D-output of 8 (out of the A/D absolute range of 0-32). Then after integration the measured power would be 82 �128=8192. This value is thus a predetermined fixed reference value (linear power reference).
According to the preferred implementation of this invention, one step in the output of the counter 34e corresponds to a gain change of 1 dB, and one step in the output of the counter 38c corresponds to 0.125 dB. Hence, the output of counter 34e should be multiplied by 8 (left-shifted by 3 in block 39a) before the subtraction of the TxAGC counter value by block 39d. The switches 39e and 39f function as multiplexers to connect the TxAGC counter value and the shifted RxAGC counter values to the subtractor 39d, or to connect a shifted Rx linear power value and a shifted linear power reference value to the subtractor 39d.
Disregarding for a moment the Linear Power REF and the RxAGC linear output, the Tx Open Loop would be in equilibrium when the value of the RxAGC counter 34e, times 8, is equal to the value of the TxAGC counter 38c. Although the Tx counter can have any value when in transition, in any steady state its output has a value that is n�8, that is, the Tx Open Loop would has a steady state resolution of 8�0.125=1 dB. However, this resolution is not sufficient to fulfill the requirements of the IS-95 specification.
To enhance the resolution, the invention employs the difference between the linear power value and its corresponding reference value. Here the power is expressed linearly rather than in dB, wherefore first a linear approximation of the logarithmic function is made. Since the intention is to enhance the resolution, the counter difference is made to handle the large gain difference, and limit the difference between the linear power value and the reference to 3 dB.
Realizing now that 3 dB corresponds to a linear value of 2, 2 dB corresponds to 1.58≈1.5; 1 dB corresponds to 1.2589≈1.25; 0.5 dB corresponds to 1.122≈1.125; 0.25 dB corresponds to 1.0593≈1.0625; 0.125 dB corresponds to 1.0292≈1.03125, etc.; it can thus be seen that so long as the difference is smaller than 3 dB, a doubling in the dB number corresponds to a doubling of the fractional in the linear number.
If a definition is made that 0 dB corresponds to 1�8192, then 0.125 dB is 1.03125�8192=8448. Therefore, with the linear approximation, a gain change of 0.125 dB corresponds to a change of 256 in the linear power value, a gain change of 0.25 dB corresponds to a change of 512, etc.
Above it was stated that a unit step change in the TxAGC counter 38c corresponds to a gain change of 0.125 dB. Hence, since in the linear difference 0.125 dB corresponds to 256, the linear difference is divided by 256 (right-shifted by 8 in block 39b) before being input to the filter 38b.
Suppose now that the RxAGC and the TxAGC counters have the values 24 and 192 (8�24), respectively. For this case the average input power changes from the desired value of 8192 to 8448, i.e. a gain change of 0.125 dB. The receiver counter 34e will not react to this gain change, since the change is smaller than 1 dB. However, the linear difference that is input to filter 38b will be (8192-8448)/256=-1. After a period of time, depending on the time constant of the filter 38b, the TxAGC counter 38c will count down one step to 191. Hence the difference between the counters will be 8�24-191=1. The two inputs to the filter 38b now cancel each other, but the transmitter gain has decreased by 0.125 dB. That is, the circuit has increased the resolution of the TxAGC to 0.125 dB, which fulfills the specification.
It should be noted that the linear approximation does not work equally well for negative gain changes, because -1 dB corresponds to 0.794, but should be 0.741, -2 dB corresponds to 0.630, but should be 0.415 etc. That is, the linear approximation works best for differences smaller than -2 dB. Also, as previously explained, the true reference value should be (100.1 �8192+8192)/2=9252 rather than 8192. However, although the former is actually used in the subtraction, the latter is used in the scaling of the approximation (the division by 256). The correct scaling value would be 10313/8192�256=322, but this would result in a rather cumbersome hardware implementation. This leads to a small error in the approximation, which in fact is partly cancelled by the fact that a larger error may exist for negative gain changes than for positive gain changes.
In summary, it is preferred to provide two inputs to the filter 38b so as to enable a relatively large step size in the RxAGC to be able to cancel fast changes in the input signal level. On the other hand, the TxAGC is required to be slower and more accurate. If the TxAGC followed only the RxAGC, the resolution of the TxAGC would not be adequate. However, by introducing the linear power value from block 34a, and its equivalently shifted linear power reference value (block 39c), it becomes possible to increase the accuracy of the TxAGC to the required level.
While the above description serves to describe the operation of the invention, it should be noted that a number of possible implementations exist. For example, FIG. 5 illustrates a presently preferred implementation where blocks 38a and 38b are integrated, thus enabling a substantial hardware savings.
The embodiment of FIG. 5 includes a 5 to 1 multiplexer 50, a 1/x scaling circuit 52 (by example, x=1024), an adder/subtracter 54, and a filter (D-flop) 56. A register 8 can be employed to store the output of the filter 56. A state machine 60 controls the overall operation and timing of these components. The overall transfer function of the circuit shown in FIG. 5 resembles a one pole IIR filter. The value of x may be made programmable. In general, the value of x affects the response time of the circuit (and hence the transmitter power level) to a step change in the input receive level, as indicated in the exemplary graph of FIG. 6.
Referring again to FIG. 2, the output of the transmitter AGC filter 38b forms the total open loop power estimate. As has been described, this estimate is applied to a comparator 38c which detects, by comparison with a second threshold (THRESH2) if the step threshold is exceeded, in which case the internal TX counter is incremented or decremented, depending on the sign of the threshold exceeded. Since one unit in the filter 38b input and output corresponds to 0.125 dB, and this value is also the step size of the TxAGC, the bipolar threshold (THRESH2) is preferably in the range of �0.5.
A second counter 40 is used to count the closed loop power steps output from the controller 22, and the output of the counter 40 is added to the output of the counter in 38c with the adder 42.
A transmitter AGC step size of 0.5 dB has been found to fulfill the requirements of the CDMA interim specification, assuming ideal analog hardware. However, and following the same reasoning as for the receiver AGC, a step size of 0.125 dB, with a 10-bit D/A-converter 44a, is preferred.
A presently preferred conversion rate for the A/Ds 26a and 26b is 9.6 kHz, since the position of the closed loop power control bits vary and are required to be placed into effect within 500 microseconds of receipt. However, other conversion rates are within the scope of the teaching of this invention.
The Tx Limiter block 44 operates in a manner similar to a comparator and a switch. The input to block 44 is the amplification value that the Tx AGC algorithm has determined to be appropriate. This amplification value is compared to a preset value that represents the highest possible amplification allowed (by the standard and/or by the design). If the amplification exceeds the preset value, the preset value will be output through the DAC, rather than the calculated amplification. In this manner the output power of the terminal's transmitter is limited to a predetermined maximum value. Furthermore, this maximum output power level is made adaptive. Hence, the preset value is replaced by a value from a further counter (CNTR). The input of block 44 is compared to the counter value. If the input exceeds the counter value, the counter value is output. Simultaneously the counter is enabled to count up or down one step. The direction of counting is determined by a 1-bit signal from the RF section, where a comparison is made whether a detected absolute output power level exceeds the maximum allowed output level. In this way the Tx AGC determination is tied to the actual absolute output power level, and the adaptivity ensures that the maximum output power level is fixed despite differences in temperature and component tolerances.
The details of the operation of the Tx Limiter 44 is described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/303,619, filed Sep. 9, 1994, entitled "Spread Spectrum Radiotelephone having Adaptive Transmitter Gain Control" by Lars Mucke et al.
The receiver and transmitter power amplifiers typically require a slope correction to be applied to their respective gain control signals. For this purpose, the unsigned output from the step counter 34e and the sum of step counters 38c and 40 are transformed into two's complement numbers by inverting the sign bits. Each 2's complement number is then multiplied in block 36 with a 7-bit number to correct the amplification slope.
If it is assumed that a maximal error of 50% in the power amplifier slopes exist, then the value of the 7-bit number should be between 0.5-1.5=>-2 to 2, since the multiplier must be able to perform 2's complement multiplications. Consequently the LSB corresponds to 1/32 and the error after the correction is maximally 1/64 or 1.56%.
For the case where an S-curve transmitter correction is desired, the dynamic range is divided into a plurality (e.g., 4, 8, 16 etc.) of subranges, each subrange having its own correction factor. The 2 (or 3, 4 etc.) most significant bits are then used to select the correct correction factor subrange.
A presently preferred embodiment of this invention has thus been described. However, a number of modifications could be made to this embodiment, and these modifications would still be within the scope of the teaching of this invention. By example, other values and ranges of values could be employed for the various thresholds that are used to increment and decrement the counters in blocks 34e and 38c. Further by example the look-up table 34b can be embodied within any suitable type of memory device, such as a RAM that is loaded with suitable values by the controller 20. Also, any reference to a counter or a counter value can also be read to include a register or register value. By example, a memory location can be incremented and decremented under software control and may therefore be functionally equivalent to a counter, such as a decade or binary counter device or circuit.
Furthermore, the teaching of this invention can be employed with RF transceivers in general, including Time Division Multiple Access-type transceivers, and is not restricted for use only with spread spectrum and/or CDMA tranceiver types. Also, it should be realized that the power can be integrated over any suitable time period, and need not be integrated over only a period corresponding to one symbol.
Thus, while the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
|Cited Patent
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|Harris Corporation
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|Trw Inc.
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|Automatic gain control system
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|Linear gain control amplifier
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|Qualcomm Incorporated
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|Nov 30, 1990
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|Qualcomm Incorporated
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|Novatel Communication Ltd.
|Radio telephone using received signal strength in controlling transmission power
|Jul 3, 1991
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|Spread spectrum receiver
|Jul 26, 1990
|Jul 28, 1992
|Unisys Corp.
|Digital gain controller
|Sep 17, 1991
|Dec 1, 1992
|Clarion Co., Ltd.
|Automatic gain control device for spread spectrum communication device
|Jan 31, 1991
|Apr 20, 1993
|Motorola, Inc.
|Communication system capable of adjusting transmit power of a subscriber unit
|Dec 30, 1991
|Jun 22, 1993
|Motorola, Inc.
|Gain control circuit for radio transmitter
|May 17, 1991
|Nov 23, 1993
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for controlling transmission power in a CDMA cellular mobile telephone system
|Oct 8, 1991
|Nov 30, 1993
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Transmitter power control system
|Sep 22, 1992
|Apr 5, 1994
|Pioneer Electronic Corporation
|System for producing stereo-simulated signals for simulated-stereophonic sound
|Feb 28, 1994
|Sep 19, 1995
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Reverse link, transmit power correction and limitation in a radiotelephone system
|Mar 13, 1990
|Oct 3, 1990
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|A method for changing the operating class of a transmitter
|Title not available
|May 17, 1992
|Nov 26, 1992
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for controlling transmission power in a cdma cellular mobile telephone system
|Aug 27, 1992
|Mar 18, 1993
|Elektrobit Oy
|A method for automatic transmission power control in a transceiver suitable for a cdma environment employing direct sequence diffusion
|Nov 18, 1992
|May 27, 1993
|Interdigital Communications Corporation
|Adaptive power control for a spread spectrum communications system and method
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|Automatic gain control loop
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|Apr 20, 1999
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Enhanced reverse link power control in a wireless communication system
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|Jul 27, 1999
|Conexant Systems, Inc.
|Gain imbalance compensation for a quadrature receiver in a cordless direct sequence spread spectrum telephone
|Jan 15, 1997
|Oct 5, 1999
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Method for extending the RSSI range and radio transceiver operating in accordance with this method
|Feb 28, 1997
|Dec 28, 1999
|Nokia Mobile Phones
|Device and method for detection and reduction of intermodulation distortion
|Oct 6, 1997
|Mar 7, 2000
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Automatic gain control in direct sequence spread spectrum communication system
|Dec 24, 1997
|Mar 14, 2000
|Nortel Networks Corporation
|Variable step-size AGC
|Aug 21, 1997
|Jun 20, 2000
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Mobile assisted hard hand-off for a code division multiple access (CDMA) system
|Sep 30, 1997
|Jul 4, 2000
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Diode detector
|May 13, 1999
|Oct 10, 2000
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Method for extending the RSSI range and radio transceiver operating in accordance with this method
|Dec 24, 1997
|Nov 28, 2000
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Prioritizing pilot set searching for a CDMA telecommunications system
|Sep 26, 1996
|Jan 16, 2001
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Receiver architecture for the receiving of angle-modulated/angle-keyed carrier signals
|Sep 15, 1997
|Mar 20, 2001
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Digital automatic gain control method and device for use in communication terminal of mobile radio communication system
|Dec 2, 1998
|Aug 21, 2001
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Method for limiting the dynamic range of a CDMA signal
|May 4, 1998
|Mar 5, 2002
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Methods and apparatus for providing non-uniform de-multiplexing in a multi-carrier wide band CDMA system
|Apr 25, 1997
|May 28, 2002
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for forward link power control
|Jul 11, 1997
|Jun 25, 2002
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Delay estimation method and a receiver
|Aug 19, 1998
|Aug 13, 2002
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Switching control method and apparatus for wireless telecommunications
|Mar 27, 1998
|Aug 13, 2002
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Priority channel search based on spectral analysis and signal recognition
|May 14, 1999
|Jan 14, 2003
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Interfrequency measurement
|May 24, 1999
|Mar 18, 2003
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Wireless communication transceiver having a dual mode of operation
|Jun 7, 1999
|Apr 22, 2003
|Nec Corporation
|Digital automatic gain control linearizer and digital automatic gain control circuit using the same
|May 27, 1999
|May 13, 2003
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Jun 29, 1999
|Oct 7, 2003
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Data transmission method and radio system
|Mar 6, 2000
|Dec 2, 2003
|Nokia Corporation
|Adaptive channel equalizer
|Feb 25, 1998
|Dec 16, 2003
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Reception method and a receiver
|Apr 22, 1999
|Dec 30, 2003
|Nokia Mobile Phones, Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for indicating variable data processing in telecommunication connections
|Mar 7, 2000
|Apr 13, 2004
|Nokia Corporation
|Unsupervised adaptive chip separation filter for CDMA terminal
|Mar 30, 1999
|Jun 1, 2004
|Qualcomm Inc.
|Method and apparatus for automatically adjusting speaker and microphone gains within a mobile telephone
|Nov 19, 2003
|Dec 28, 2004
|Agilent Technologies, Inc.
|Automatic gain control method
|Jun 17, 1999
|Jun 27, 2006
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Low complexity CDMA receiver
|Jun 27, 2002
|Feb 20, 2007
|Nokia Corporation
|Automatic gain control
|May 17, 2002
|Jul 17, 2007
|Cypress Semiconductor Corp.
|Dual processor framer
|Aug 29, 2001
|Oct 2, 2007
|Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
|Adaptation algorithm based on signal statistics for automatic gain control
|Nov 12, 2004
|May 19, 2009
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for adaptive power control for spread-spectrum communications
|Aug 26, 1999
|Jun 9, 2009
|Nokia Corporation
|Method for indicating power consumption in a packet switched communication system
|Jun 25, 2004
|Mar 16, 2010
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for forward link power control
|Jul 14, 2005
|Apr 27, 2010
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Method and subscriber unit for performing power control
|Oct 8, 2003
|Jul 13, 2010
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Transferring voice and non-voice data
|Oct 23, 2008
|Oct 5, 2010
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for forward link power control
|May 28, 2004
|Mar 8, 2011
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system
|Feb 21, 2001
|Apr 19, 2011
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Adaptive forward power control and adaptive reverse power control for spread-spectrum communications
|Apr 15, 2008
|May 3, 2011
|Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
|Method and system of cycle slip framing in a deserializer
|Aug 29, 2011
|Mar 19, 2013
|Adaptix, Inc.
|Automatic gain control method and apparatus for wireless communication systems
|Jun 3, 2010
|May 21, 2013
|Apple Inc.
|Echo-related decisions on automatic gain control of uplink speech signal in a communications device
|Mar 7, 2011
|May 27, 2014
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system
|Dec 22, 2008
|Feb 7, 2017
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Automatic power control system for a code division multiple access (CDMA) communications system
|Nov 19, 2003
|Jul 8, 2004
|Jean-Philippe Gregoire
|Automatic gain control method
|Jun 27, 2002
|Sep 23, 2004
|Brian Chow
|Automatic gain control
|Jun 28, 2002
|Nov 25, 2004
|Hansen Niels Christian Steen
|Volume control in a communication device interface unit
|Aug 26, 2010
|Dec 23, 2010
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for forward link power control
|Jun 3, 2010
|Dec 8, 2011
|Apple Inc.
|Echo-related decisions on automatic gain control of uplink speech signal in a communications device
|Mar 29, 2000
|Jul 15, 2009
|Microphone gains regulator of communication device
|Jun 4, 1998
|Dec 16, 1998
|Nec Corporation
|Spread spectrum receiver and transmission power control method
|Jun 4, 1998
|Aug 23, 2000
|Nec Corporation
|Spread spectrum receiver and transmission power control method
|Mar 4, 1999
|Sep 8, 1999
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Power supply apparatus and method for mobile communication terminal
|Mar 4, 1999
|Sep 15, 1999
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Power supply apparatus and method for mobile communication terminal
|Mar 26, 1999
|Oct 6, 1999
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Priority channel search based on spectral analysis and signal recognition
|Mar 26, 1999
|Nov 2, 2000
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Priority channel search based on spectral analysis and signal recognition
|May 4, 1999
|Dec 1, 1999
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for providing non-uniform de-multiplexing in a multi-carrier wide band CDMA system
|Mar 29, 2000
|Jul 25, 2007
|QUALCOMM Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for automatically adjusting speaker gain within a mobile telephone
|Mar 29, 2000
|Oct 5, 2000
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for automatically adjusting speaker and microphone gains within a mobile telephone
|Mar 29, 2000
|Apr 4, 2002
|Qualcomm Inc
|Method and apparatus for automatically adjusting speaker and microphone gains within a mobile telephone
|Sep 5, 2000
|Mar 22, 2001
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Method and arrangement for automatic gain control of received signals
|Jun 28, 2002
|Jan 9, 2003
|Danacom A/S
|Volume control in a communication device interface unit
|Oct 29, 2001
|May 15, 2003
|Nokia Corporation
|Method for gain control and corresponding receiving unit
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 27, 1994
Owner name: NOKIA MOBILE PHONES LTD., FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:OSTMAN, KJELL;REEL/FRAME:007180/0856
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Owner name: NOKIA MOBILE PHONES INC., FLORIDA
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|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 7, 2015
Owner name: NOKIA TECHNOLOGIES OY, FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NOKIA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:036067/0222
Effective date: 20150116


text:
GOP Uses Stimulus Plan to Highlight U.S. Economic Woes
By Louise Radnofsky
Politically, the $787 billion economic-stimulus program may be helping Republicans who opposed it more than the Democrats who supported it, said Larry Sabato, a politics professor at the University of Virginia.
The White House says the plan, which was implemented in February, has helped to halt an economic "freefall," even if it hasn't yet turned around unemployment, which stood at a 26-year high of 10.2% in October.
Republicans say the number of unemployed Americans is the only figure that matters – and their message is the one that voters are hearing more clearly, Sabato, who is also director of the U.Va. Center for Politics, said in an interview.

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
A 125% Second Mortgage is a 2nd mortgage in which the external body part amount of the debt exceeds the convenience of the geographic region by 25%. A Property quantitative at $200,000 would have a loan for $250,000. This is a perfect variety mortgage for individuals with half-size or no assets in their matrimonial. The loan offers 125% of plus point negative the eldest security interest.
This loan could be used for debt consolidation or to reaper eldest and 2d mortgages wherever the set mortgage rates or the adaptable rate mortgages or a coupling of the two assemble a better time unit outlay after the new invariable charge per unit on the 125% 2d security interest. The new security interest payments will concede belittle unit of time payments and consequently liberate hoard that may be used on greater pizzazz unit of time payments. The unneeded finances could be previously owned for legal document consolidation, marital equity loans and gyratory acknowledgment lines near adaptable taxation of seasoning once seasoning rates are on the get up.
Another plea to acquire a 125% ordinal security interest is to set free assets by paying off exalted involvement appreciation paper debt. 125% second mortgages frequently are comfortable wonder set charge mortgages. While appreciation paper revenue enhancement may be as swollen as 21% and can be accustomed up in the future, the traditional predetermined rate nowadays is concerning 6% and 7%. Another benefit of the fixed rate mortgage is that the payments are always the very which makes time unit budgeting easier.Post ads:
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How can my acknowledgment paper chalk up affect my securing a debt and the flavour charge per unit on the loan? The zing tax on loans that outshine the maximum good point of the chattels are based on your thanks ranking. The competence to finance full flavour mortgages near a low defined charge 125% ordinal mortgage will be on a graduate credit paper evaluation. A grade of over 750 will be requisite to get consent for a 125% security interest. A well brought-up thanks appraisal is requisite since the loaner is providing more bread then within is assets in the chattels. A mark of complete 800 will get the recipient a favorable charge. Individuals next to credit piles of 620 or smaller number will have a rough case find lenders for maximal mortgages. If a investor is found, the involvement rate may go beyond 9%.
Should most primitive case homebuyers reckon a peak mortgage or pick a usual predetermined charge per unit security interest next to 20% down? First case conjugal buyers should solely view a assured zest security interest. If material possession go cured and colour tax remain the self or small indefinite amount the borrower can e'er consider security interest refinancing to a more grownup kind of mortgage.Post ads:
Submitted during the front 3 / Not like offers from / Thence not decent joie / Being hard and dynamical / Probably browsing sudden your / Sixth trade name / Out more instinctively and / Can interpret are essential once / Jargon lines second speech / Few nothing like ways / To the creditors these organizations / Cognize that their son / Helpful appreciation earlier period of / To this paper specified as / Prevailing up to the / Have distress visualising later / If near is anything / Your car in a untroubled / One essential pilfer into


text:
Archive: April, 2012
Nutty, Chocolate Skull?
Something funny & unexpected! I'd love to surprise someone with the nutty brain chocolate skull!
Make Breakfast Colorful!
I'm seriously intrigued by all of the think out of the box breakfast ideas I've seen lately. THIS one in particular! WHAT is it? Can you name all of the ingredients by just looking at the picture? I could NOT!
It is Farm egg with Morels, Peas, Crème Fraiche and Basil Purée. Seems like a well rounded breakfast, definitely something mom would approve of, yet still colorful & delicious.
Serves 2
For the eggs:
4 fresh farm eggs
1 handful of fresh morels, cleaned
1 shallot, chopped
2 tablespoons butter
1/2 cup fresh peas, blanched
1/2 cup fresh fava beans, blanched
1 small bunch basil, leaves only, washed
1 clove garlic
1/4 cup olive oil
4 or 5 sun-dried tomatoes, sliced
2 tablespoons crème fraiche
fleur de sel and freshly ground black pepper
For the eggs:
Bring a small pot of water to a boil and blanch the basil leaves for 15 seconds. Drain and cool in cold running water. Squeeze out the excess water. Place in a blender with the garlic clove. Season with salt and pepper and blend while adding the olive oil until you obtain a smooth puree. Add a few tablespoons of water if necessary.
Heat a skillet over medium-high heat and melt the butter. Add the morels and sautee until tender. Add the shallots and cook for 2 minutes more. Season with salt and pepper. Add the peas and fava beans and sautee for a minute. Break the eggs in a bowl and add them to the skillet. Cook until set, about 2 minutes. Add a few spoonfuls of basil puree and crème fraiche to the skillet and a few slices of sun-dried tomatoes. Season with fleur de sel and freshly ground black pepper and serve immediately, in the skillet, with slices of grilled country bread.
Cinnamon Sheet Cake
Something about the simplicity of this cake caught my eye. The creamy frosting & the thought of rich cinnamon flavor makes my mouth water. Quite possibly the most perfect dessert with a hot cup of black coffee?
For the recipe and BEAUTIFUL photos visit Scarlettabakes.com
Fun Glassware!
purchase here
Wine & Cheese Party
A wine & cheese party is right up my alley, it sounds like the perfect party to host! Camille Styles hosted this New Year's Eve wine & cheese party and gives some great tips on how to replicate her beautiful event.
BTW, I LOVE the look of cut open figs!
Grilled Naan Pizza
1/4 of 6 oz pkg Food You Feel Good About Baby Spinach (about 2 cups), divided
1 tsp Wegmans Pure Olive Oil
Salt and pepper to taste
1 pkg (2 loaves) Food You Feel Good About Traditional Naan
4 Tbsp Wegmans Artichoke Asiago Dip (Cheese Shop), divided
6 Tbsp Wegmans Bruschetta Topping (Cheese Shop), drained, divided
4 balls bocconcini (Mediterranean Bar), sliced into fifths, divided
non-stick cooking spray
Preheat grill on MEDIUM-HIGH.
Toss spinach with olive oil; season to taste with salt and pepper. Set aside.
Spread each naan with 2 Tbsp artichoke dip; top with 1/2 spinach; 1/2 of bruschetta and mozzarella slices. Season to taste with salt and pepper.
Spray foil with nonstick spray; place on grill. Reduce heat to MEDIUM. Place naan pizzas on foil; cover grill. Cook 7-9 min, occasionally checking for flare-ups, until toasted but not burnt.
Quarter pizzas; serve immediately.
For spicier taste, sprinkle each flatbread with 1 tsp Wegmans Barbecue Seasoning before adding toppings. via Wegmans.com
Fancy up your taffy!
The perfect thing to do with all of your pretty scraps! Match your taffy to your decor, and display in your favorite glass bowl. I really LOVE this project by Chelsea Fuss for Project Wedding.
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text:
As we mentioned last night when posting the preview of Episode 1.10, "The Golem," "Sleepy Hollow" is off for the next two weeks, but its return on December 9th includes another visit with guest star John Noble. Here are some new stills from the ep to keep you company until then.
Additional guest stars in the episode include Amandla Stenberg as Macey Irving and Jill Marie Jones as Cynthia Irving.
"Sleepy Hollow" Episode 1.10 – "The Golem" (airs 12/9/13)
A MONSTER ESCAPES FROM PURGATORY – Ichabod (Tom Mison) enlists Henry Parrish (Noble) to help him communicate with Katrina (Katia Winter), but in the process, a menacing danger is unleashed from purgatory.
For more info visit "Sleepy Hollow" on Fox.com, "like" "Sleepy Hollow" on Facebook, and follow "Sleepy Hollow" on Twitter.
Got news? Click here to submit it!
Visit purgatory in the comments section below!


text: super mario brothers party clip art is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at October 6, 2016 upload by schoolclipart in mario clip art.You can download it in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.


text:
- my housemate can e-mail her friends often and stay in touch
- she whispers on the phone when I call her
- she can surf the internet and print out stuff
- she can have tea break anytime of the day, and it�s free
- she can go to work anytime as long as she gets her work done
- she doesn�t have to pay for her company�s Christmas dinner party at some porsh hotel in london
- An office in a hospital, school, or other institution from which medical supplies, preparations, and treatments are dispensed.
- A public institution that dispenses medicines or medical
Wa la, I didn�t know dispensary is an office as well? Right, let me rephrase my question, how is the office in hospital different from the other Office?
- Dispensary is full of drugs, ie. Medication
- I stand when I am working, vs sitting
- I have timetable for tea break and lunch break, first tea break is 1015 and second 1030, first lunch is 1230 for 45 minutes, and second 115.
- I can only go for my tea/lunch break only if the first has come back, and vice versa
- I can only do my personal e-mailing during breaks and I have to sacrifice my tea or lunch break
- I have to fill in a late book if I come in late ( which I never bother to do and I am always late ), ironically, but the time when I leave
- I am not allowed to use my mobile phone during working hours, it should be on silence
- I have to put int �1 every month for tea money, or 20p for each cup, if not I am not allowed to have them (unfortunately, it�s not under NHS)
- I have to pay our hospital�s Christmas dinner , with no sponsorship at all
So, with that as a background, let me explain what I did when I was working as a clinical pharmacist in a hospital. I checked the medication before it went out to the patients. I checked the label, whether the words and directions, names were correct, I counted the tablets to ensure the right quantity was given and I signed on the label that I have checked the medication. I called the doctor when I wasn't happy with the medication that he prescribed, and advised him on the right one. I cleaned up his errors and his careless mistakes, yet I couldn'�t tell the patient that his doctor was dodgy.
Patient: You are giving me the wrong tablets? My doctor said he has changed my tablets from the pink one to the blue one. What is wrong with you ?
Pharmacist: Sorry, the blue one does not come in 10mg, only the pink one does. (your doctor doesn�t know what he is writing, and he is killing you) I need to contact your doctor. It might take a while. Especially if he is seeing another patient at the moment. I am waiting for him to call me back. (sounded very apologetically, but it was not my fault!! )
Patient gave me an impatient look and stared at me ,#hmph I am in a hurry you know!!#
AIYA, this doctor, don�t know what he is writing, no such thing as 10mg , the blue tablet is 20mg LAR.
Pharmacist: Hello Dr, so (and-so) , I am calling to query about MR. B medication, he told me that you have changed one of his tablets from pink to blue. The pink tablet is 10mg and the blue is 20mg.
Doctor: Oh is it? (Your oh-is-it can kill people, do you know that? ) Yea, change it to 20mg then.
Sounds simple ya? Patient handed in the prescription and expected his tablets to be ready in 10 minutes. 10 minutes? For the pharmacist to screen and check the dose is correct for each medication? To locate the doctor, sometimes they are not on-site, call them, wait for them to return call, which they don�t do it immediately, to key in medication information into the computer, print the labels, dispenser to get the medication from the shelf, count them, put them into boxes, pharmacist have to check the labels is correct, patient name printed alright, count the tablets, answer the phone , got distracted, start the whole process again, then give it out to patient. All this in 10 minutes? You must be joking, I am not a superwoman you know, even if I am, my colleagues aren�t !
In a nutshell, that was what I used to do, day in day out. All this is the harvest of :
#1: completing my tough tough 3 years pharmacy degree, studying about human body and memorising the drug/medication name which doesn�t make sense at all, #2:finished my dad�s savings, then #3: another �15k for my masters in clinical pharmacy, international practice and policy, hoping to raise my profile to have more satisfaction than counting tablets in dispensary, #4: doing my second year of training in UK, repeated another 8 papers equivalent of 4th year UK degree, because I qualified in Malaysia. In the end, what do I get? Back to square one, dispensary. (yea, you are right, no one asked me to go through all the trouble, i am not complaining, i am just laying out my career direction okay? )
That was the reason why I left hospital. I haven�t mentioned on-call, 24hours contactable for 1 week.. Any tom, dick or harry (nurses) calling me when they can�t find their medication on the ward where most of the time, they just don�t know how to read drug names ! Sometimes, demanding me to go in all the way from my house to the hospital on public transport, walk, tube, then bus and then walk, just to supply tablets to the patients. Why did they run short? Because they forgot to order them when the pharmacy was open!!!
So, here I am , still a pharmacist, but working on a different level. I am working in a proper office like everyone else. 1. Flexible hours, i can come in and 9 14 and leave at 514, as long as i get my work done 2. i have to speak to my friends softly on the phone, it;s open plan office you see 3. I can drink whenever i want and wee whenever i want BUT, I miss standing and chatting. Now I type more than anything and I communicate via the computer. I stare at my computer more than I stare at human faces. And I Read, policies, information, till I see Andy Lau on my paper and I woke up ! (figure of speechlar). I visit GPs and check on their prescribing. I pay them if they reach our target. I think strategically to improve public health, encourage flu vaccination uptake in surgeries and pharmacies. I don�t see patients and I don�t have to count tablets. But I am afraid that my bums are getting bigger.. so big that I can no longer fit into my chair�.
That is what I do now that I am a prescribing advisor. Nothing to complain, pay is good and I don�t have to on-call, don�t have to be irritated by nurses. Aiya. But i still prefer to talk and see clients than to sit, read and type. Let me repeat, i am not complaining. I am grateful for my job, it's great, its different , and i am learning different things. This is where i came from and where i am now. This is for my own reference 30 years later.


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"I need it yesterday" - quicker copies between AIX systems
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TLCBrazil Tags: nas scale-out_nas san cloud_computing storage big_data 2,942 Views
O assunto Big Data , cada vez mais presente nas agendas executivas, e o enorme crescimento de dados gerados a cada dia fazem as empresas e os provedores de serviços de TI, inclusive de Cloud Computing , repensar suas estratégias de armazenamento de...
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Accelerate with ATS: IBM B-Type/Brocade SAN Switch Advanced Features
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Announcements for August 2007
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The proof-of-concept that IBM Haifa research center developed back in 1998 became what we now call the iSCSI protocol.The book iSCSI: The Universal Storage Connection introduces the history as follows: In the fall of 1999 IBM and Cisco met to discuss the...
Aperi is "Viagra" for SMI-S
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Brocade bottleneckmon 101
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Doctor insights on:
How Long Can You Live With Renal Failure
How long can you live with renal failure?
Weeks to many years: Complex question. Relates to what is causing it, at what stage it is diagnosed, the quality and consistency of care one receives (as with any chronic illness), the quality of the renal program if one needs dialysis, or renal transplant, whether complications from all the medications needed occur, whether transplant is rejected, whether donor kidney available when needed etc etc etc. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Kidney Failure (Definition)
The kidneys do several tasks. Dialysis is necessary when one or more of the following occur, that can't be remedied or palliated with medications: 1. Insufficient clearance of daily toxins in food and metabolic waste 2. Insufficient clearance of excess water 3. Dangerous electrolyte imbalance, ...Read more
How long can you live being elderly and renal failure and stroke?
It depends: It depends on the quality of life. There are different stages of renal failure. There are different presentations of stroke. But the most important part of piece is the living wills. So if this person has bad stroke and renal failure along with the living wills stating that this person does not want an artifical nutrition and dialysis then it is terminal condition, less than six months to live. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
How long can a 94 yr old live with renal failure and congestive heart failure?
Variable: All 94yo patients have a high overall mortality rate. Renal failure and congestive heart failure are two conditions which can contribute to a rapid decline and death over the short term. Conversely, if the renal insufficiency is mild, and the CHF is well managed, limited life expectancy may not be unduly hastened. ...Read more
How long should I leave it before drinking any alcohol again after recovering from renal failure?
Here are some...: There has been no definite answer to your question. You may consume it in moderation which may widely vary for current or past alcohol abusers. Remember that alcohol is a drug and its adverse effect is culmulative. So, stress quality lifestyle without overindulgence & obsession as described in http://formefirst.com/eNewsletter05.html. Then, you have to decide by yourself. More? Ask doc. ...Read more
Is a baby born with a uropathy at risk for long-term chronic renal failure?
Yes: Congenital obstructive lesions in urinary tract, e.g., ureteropelvic junction obstruction or ureterocele, have a lower potential to damage the kidneys when relieved early in life. Posterior urethral valve, however, requires more aggressive approach, i.e., fetal surgery, to minimize renal compromise. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
What are the long term affects of untreated chronic renal failure? Current GFR 53. Is there any treatment at all or is it just managed conservatively
Family practice : You may want to see a nephrologist make sure medications you take are not irritating to your kidneys. If you are a diabetic this needs to be well controlled. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Gram is 71 diabetic, renal failure, dyalisis 3x week for past 7 years. Today her heart function is at 25% how long is the life expectancy, options?
No easy answer: She has a number of considerable medical problems, but noone can predict life expectancy with any certainty. Emphasis should be on quality of life. "tight" blood sugar control is not indicated because of the risk of hypoglycemia and because she already has complications. Take care of her eyes so she can enjoy her family. Work with her cardiologist to maximize heart function. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
When someone has end stage renal failure, how long can they typically be expected to live if they do not get dialysis or transplant? 92 y/o with chf.
Hard to do: CHF and impaired renal function are difficult to deal with, because improving one makes the other worse. It is a fine line between reducing fluid to help the heart failure, but keeping enough to keep the kidney function from getting worse. Dialysis may be the best answer. See his nephrologist for an answer. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
My 96yr old aunt is stage 4 renal failure. Congestive heart failure, hypertension, no dialysis. How long does she have?
Life expectancy: You ask a difficult question. Stage 4 chronic kidney disease (ckd) is far advanced stage of ckd. The life expectancy (l) of a 96 year old female in the us is 3.18 years. That is the l without ckd. Patients with ckd live shorter than those without it. Your question is a difficult one to answer and i hope this helps. ...Read more
Dad has heart, lung, liver and renal failure (renal function under 10%). Drs have now found primary liver cancer. How long left? Days/weeks/months?
Soon: I'm sorry you are going through this. It doesn't sound like there is much time left, probably 'weeks" timeframe depending on how aggressive supportive care is regarding IV fluids, dialysis, medications, and respiratory support with oxygen or a breathing machine. There is of course no way to predict for sure, and his doctor will be ae to give a better answer. Hang in there. ...Read more
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- How long can you live in renal failure?
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- How long can you live with chronic renal failure?
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- How long can you live with renal failure with dialysis?
- How long can you live in end stage renal failure?
- How long can someone live with renal failure?
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Amy Carmichael Paperback
Rescuer by Night
by Kay Walsh;
In Stock - Order before 4pm for same day dispatchWant it on Friday 28 July?
Order within 8 hours and 15 minutes for delivery on Friday 28 July when you choose Next Day Delivery at the Checkout
A Bird's Eye View
Amy Carmichael's amazing journey to India is told in a simple way to be understood by younger readers.
Price and PurchaseOffer price: £5.94 Go to Basket
If you're buying for a church, school or business, why not Buy Now Pay Later?Find Out More
Amy Carmichael
Full Product Description
And she had been a little girl herself once a little girl with long dark hair, and deep brown eyes. Once she had even begged God to make them blue - but he hadn't. And as Amy leaned over to pick little Jeya up and rescue her from a life of temple-slavery - she was very glad that God hadn't listened to her prayers.
Blue eyes were not the eyes of India - but Amy's brown eyes were.
Amy Carmichael by Kay Walsh was published by Christian Focus Publications in February 2007 and is our 1976th best seller. The ISBN for Amy Carmichael is 9781857929461.
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Details for Amy Carmichael
|Page last updated
|22nd December 2016
|Author / Artist
|Kay Walsh
|Book Format
|Christian Focus Publications (February 2007)
|Recommended for Ages
|from 9 years up to 14 years
|Number of Pages
|10 mm
|178 mm
|110 mm
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HDMI Extender by Cat5e / 6 LAN Cable 30M / 1080P(Black)
Introduction: This kind of HDMI Extender by CAT-5e/6 uses two pieces of CAT-5e/6 cables to extend the HDTV display up to 30 meters for 1080p. It not only breaks the...> See more product detail
This kind of HDMI Extender by CAT-5e/6 uses two pieces of CAT-5e/6 cables to extend the HDTV display up to 30 meters for 1080p. It not only breaks the limitation of the HDMI cable transmission length,but also CAT-5e/6 has more flexibility and convenience in cable construction.
Both the sender and receiver are equipped with fixed HDMI cable that allows consumers reduce cost and time for setting. It is capable of supporting DVI (digital visual interface) equipment when used with an HDMI to DVI Adapter, providing greater flexibility and options when integrating several home theater components.
This product offers solutions for residential consumers: HDTV retail and show site, HDTV, STUB, DVD and Projector factories, noise, space and security concerns, data center control, information distribution, conference room presentation, school and corporate training environments.
This HDMI Extender has many features that enable it to perform in a superior manner. Among those features you will find:
1) One pair as a full functional module, no need of setting.
2) CAT-5e/6 cable can substitute HDMI cable to achieve long distance transmission.
3) Follow the standard of IEEE-568B.
4) Transmission distance can be up to 30 meters for 1080p using CAT-6 Cable.
5) Compact size.
6) Signaling rates up to1.65Gbps in support of 1080P display.
7) HDCP compliant.
1) Input Video Signal: 0.5 -1.0 volts p-p
2) Input DDC Signal: 5 volts p-p (TTL)
3) Maximum Single Link Range: 1920X1200, 1080P
4) Output Video: HDMI 1.2a
5) DTV/HDTV: 1080P/1080i/720P/576P/480P/576i/480i
6) CAT-6 cable: 30M for1080p
7) Interlaced(50&60Hz): 480i,576i,1080i
8) Progressive(50&60Hz): 480p,576p,720p,1080p
1) Operating Temperature: 0 to +70°C
2) Operating Humidity: 10% to 85 % RH (no condensation)
3) Storage Temperature: -10°C to +80°C
4) Storage Humidity: 5% to 95 % RH (no condensation)
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|15 to 60 Days
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Goods may be returned only when defective, damaged or if the product supplied is not the same product as what was ordered. If the Goods are defective in any way this must be reported as soon as reasonably possible after the product having been delivered to you and must be returned to us within a period of 180 days after delivery. If the Goods are not the same as what was ordered this must be reported within 24 hours of delivery. Any damage must also be immediately reported, within 24 hours of delivery.
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Several types of goods are exempt from being returned. Perishable goods such as food, flowers, newspapers or magazines cannot be returned. We also do not accept products that are intimate or sanitary goods, hazardous materials, or flammable liquids or gases. Special order item* with future shipping days (*SHIPS IN OVER 7 DAYS) of over 7 working days; normal cancellations are not accepted; forced cancellations will incur a 15% restocking charge...


text:
Doctor insights on:
Can Medication Shrink Thyroid Nodules
Can medication shrink thyroid nodules?
Usually not: In the distant past, thyroid hormone was used to 'shrink' nodules. More recent studies with ultrasound monitoring has shown that most nodules do not shrink with thyroid hormone treatment. Because thyroid cancer is the fastest increasing cancer in women, it is important to follow most thyroid nodules with ultrasound. With hashimoto's thyroiditis, there can be false or pseudonodules. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Nodule (Definition)
Any growth or deposit in the body or on its surface may be casually termed a nodule until its character is determined by the familiarity of the physician with it or by the results of a biopsy if it is not so obvious. The term is casual ...Read more
Can medication shrink cancerous thyroid nodules?
Yes: Some medications can do that but surgery is typically recommended first to take them out. ...Read more
Does anyone know if medication can shrink thyroid nodules?
Depends: If its a colloid nodule; possibly. Solid nodules are not likely to respond. The ata recommends against use of T4 for nodules. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Does medication actually shrink thyroid nodules?
No: There is radioactive therapy for nodules that are hyperactive and secrete hormone or those that are cancerous. Most thyroid nodules are not of these types, and there is no need to shrink them. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
What medications treat follicular adenoma thyroid nodules?
Usually none.: If the follicular adenoma is causing hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone), treatment is usually either surgery or radioactive iodine to kill the tumor. Thyroid-blocking meds such as Methimazole or ptu (propylthiouracil) may be used to lower thyroid levels before one of these other treatments. If thyroid levels are normal, no treatment is needed, but surgery is sometimes done to make sure the tumor is benign. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Thyroid nodule. FNA benign. male. Last 2 tests. TSH high normal 4.0, and 4.2. FT4 Normal. TPO AB high at 39 (0-9 range)
do I need medication?
No: One of the questions with regard to thyroid nodules pertains to number and activity of the nodule. If on scan one sees several nodules, the dx for the most part is goiter. FNA can easily miss the nodule or can be read as an adenoma. A functional scan should be performed. If hot the nodule should be left alone. If the solitary nodule is cold there is a 30% chance the nodule is or will be Ca. ...Read more
Can thyroid nodules shrink?
Yes.: Most thyroid nodules remain stable over many years. Some can increase in size and some can decrease. It depends on the composition of the nodule. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Do thyroid nodules shrink on their own?
Very unlikely: Thyroid nodules either stay the same or grow. I have never seen one shrink on its own. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Can you have thyroid nodules shrunk without having to take them out surgically?
Yes: Some radiologists and endocrinologists have been injecting nodules with alcohol to shrink them. It is very painful but it usually works. Thyroid hormone does not usually shrink most nodules. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Is it possible for thyroid nodules to shrink without having to take them out surgically?
Sometimes: Sometimes thyroid nodules can be suppressed if the patient get put on synthroid (thyroxine). However, any growing nodule needs a biopsy to rule out thyroid cancer. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Thyroid (Definition)
The thyroid is an endocrine gland that sits in the lower part of the neck. It produces thyroid hormone - which ...Read more
Thyroid Nodules (Definition)
Thyroid nodules are masses in the thyroid that vary in size and should be ...Read more
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- Medication that will shrink thyroid nodules
- Can a thyroid nodule shrink?
- Can thyroid nodules shrink on their own?
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- Do thyroid nodules shrink on their own?
- Does elimination of gluten from the diet help shrink thyroid nodules?
- Can you feel thyroid nodules?
- Can thyroid nodules cause hypothyroidism?
- Talk to a pharmacologist online for free


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In this special "how-to" themed issue of Model Aviation, sponsored by Du-Bro, we highlight a few of our favorite reader-submitted tips, and visit a variety of how-to topics! Digital subscribers get it first at
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