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1 eleje.qxd :27 Page 63 KANITZIA Journal of Botany Kanitzia 15: , Szombathely, 2007 DATA TO THE VEGETATION BIOLOGY AND COENOLOGICAL RELA- TIONS OF ALLIUM URSINUM L. STANDS IN EASTERN TRANSYLVANIA KOVÁCS J. ATTILA Berzsenyi Dániel Fõiskola, TTMK, Növénytani Tanszék, 9701-Szombathely, Pf. 170 Abstract Kovács J. A. (1007): Data to the vegetation biology and coenological relations of Allium ursinum L. stands in Eastern Transylvania. - Kanitzia: 15: The analysis of Allium ursinum s. l. stands in the natural forest vegetation of the Eastern Transylvanian area, concluded that this species realize high abundancy-dominancy values (A-D: 3-5) and strong coenological relations especially in the Lathyro-Carpinion alliance with peculiar 'Dacic' (Transylvanian) characteristics. The plant communities of the deciduous forests in the hilly area (oak-hornbeam and hornbeam-beech mixtures) like Lathyro hallersteinii-carpinetum and Carpino- Fagetum contain the most widespred and representative stands of the wild garlic in the region, followed by the mountain plant communities of the beech woods and beech-spruce mixed forests like Symphyto cordatae-fagetum and Leucanthemo waldsteinii-fagetum. The riparian and the floodplain forest communities contain rare, local and mostly fragmentary stands of the wild garlic. The stationary observations in three different sites (two in the Transylvanian Basin and one in the Carpathian area) indicate that the available water, soil moisture and humid microclimate, followed by soil rich in nitrogen and absence of aluminium, are the most important ecological factors for the forming of monospecific stands of Allium ursinum. The allelopathic activity of the wild garlic may also be important. Through its soil-mediated and volatile compounds it may influence other herbaceous plants, inhibing germination and growth. Due to its characteristic vegetation bio-logy and interspecific relations, leading to the formation of monospecific stands, the species may become locally invasive. Key words: Allium ursinum, wild garlic, stands, plant community, coenological relations, Eastern Transylvania Introduction The increasing interest manifested in the biodiversity and the wild genetic resources of medicinal plants needs more and more scientific investigation, related not only to the chemical content, but also to the biology, ecology and coenology of the species and populations. The species Allium ursinum L. (commonly names: ramson, wild garlic, bear's garlic) were used by the traditional medicine since a long time especially its aerial parts and the bulbs (Allii ursini herba, Allii ursini bulbus) as an antifungal, antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic agent (ALLEN & HATFIELD 2004, CARLSON 2007, SZABÓ 2005). The pharmacological studies evaluated its anti-infective, antimicrobial, antioxydant and anticancer properties and several clinical studies have focused on its potential effect in preventing cardiovascular diseases (SOBOLEWSKA et al. 2006, CARLSON 2007). Reports on chemical composition of the wild garlic evidenced the presence of many sulfur compounds (cysteine sulfoxides, divinyl sulfides, thiosulfinates), flavonoids and lectins and its allelopathic influences also (DJURDEVIü et al. 2003, SOBOLEWSKA et al. 2006). 63
2 eleje.qxd :28 Page 64 Allium ursinum L. (sensu lato) is a perennial plant, widely distributed in Europe (but mostly absent in the North and in the evergreen Mediterranean region), which develops a characteristic garlic-like smell and flavour in the biotopes. It is present in various deciduous woodlands (ex. floodplain forests, oak-hornbeam, hornbeam-beech mixed woods) and mixed beech-fir and beech-spruce forests, preferring damp shadow places, meso- and eutrophic, neutral to moderately acid soils of the hilly and the mountainous vegetation belt, being part of the Corydalis ecological group. The species forms dense populations (synusia, facies) where which the other species are either sparsely present or absent. It is generally considered as a central-european floristic element, with subatlanticsubmediterranean characters (SOÓ 1973, KEVEY 1978, OBERDORFER 1994). Taxonomically the species Allium ursinum L. makes place in the Sect. Ophioscorodon (WEBB, 1980, STACE 1997) characterized by narrow naked bulbs, with only a few parallel fibres at the base, with 2-3 elliptical and basal leaves, with narow petioles up to as long as the blade, with stamens shorter than tepales. It differs from A. victorialis (Sect. Anguinum) which presents almost cylindrical bulbs, clustered on a short rhizome, leaves 2-3 narowly lanceolate to broadly elliptical, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, stamens longer than tepales. Many Floras recognize the variability of the species Allium ursinum by the presence of two infrataxa: subsp. ursinum whose pedicels are scabrid with numerous papillae, widespred in West and Central Europe, and the subsp. ucrainicum KLEOPOW & OXNER whose pedicels are represented by smooth (WEBB 1980) distributed mostly in East and South-East Europe, with a pontic-mediterranean character (ZAHARIADI 1966, CIOCÂRLAN 2000). The chromosome number for both subspecies is indicated as 2n: 14, when for the other Allium species frequently it is 2n: 16. Many transitional populations between these subspecies have been reported also (SOJAK 1968, ZAHARIADI 1966, DR«GULESCU 1995). Recently, CZEREPANOV (1995), KRICSFALUSY & BUDNIKOV (2007) recognize only one taxon, the Allium ursinum L. (s. l.) whithout any infraspecific taxa. Related to the biological diversity and the gene pool stability of Allium ursinum in Europe, the botanical literature indicates as less frequent in Eastern Europe (DR»GU- LESCU 2003, OPREA 2005, ZAHARIADI 1966) that in Central and Western European regions (ADLER et al. 1994, OBERDORFER 1994). For this reason, its presence have been considered regionally/locally aboundant (KEVEY 1978) in Transdanubia, relatively rare (DR«GULES- CU 2003) in Central Transylvania, relatively frequent (PÁLFALVI 1999) in Eastern Transylvania, or even as a nearly threatened plant, like in the Ucrainian Carpathians (KRICSFALUSY & BUDNIKOV 2007). The necessity of the evaluation of natural populations and stands of the wild garlic, the conservation of its biotops and of the gene pool inside of deciduous mesic forests in Transylvania constitue a main task for vegetation biology and coenology. The present survey have been organized in order to contribute with new data and to elucidate some actuall aspects of its coenotic relations and to establish the conservation priorities concerning this species in the eastern part of Transylvania (Romania). Materials and methods The investigation continues our studies related to the vegetation survey, coenological evaluation and distribution of various vegetation units in the Eastern part of 64
3 eleje.qxd :28 Page 65 Transylvania (KOVÁCS 2004), with the characteristics of the studied area also: relief, soils, climate etc. Phytogeographically the study is focused to the nemoral and the boreal belt of vegetation, especially the hilly (subcarpathian) region of the Eastern part of the Transylvanian Basin, and the mountain area of the East Carpathians, actually being part of the counties territories Maros (Mureç), Hargita (Harghita) and Kovászna (Covasna). The hilly and the mountainous landscape, the climate and the soil conditions offer favourable biotope conditions to maintain the wild garlic (Allium ursinum) populations and stands. Although its presence in this region have been mentioned by various floras and studies (SIMONKAI 1886, SOÓ1940, ZAHARIADI 1966, DR«GULESCU 2003, OPREA 2005 etc), the ethnobotanical reviews (BUTUR«1979, PÁLFALVI 1999), data related to its vegetation biology and by coenological relations are discontinuous. Nowadays, natural scientist and tourists frequently met people collecting wild garlic herba in the field, but the scientific studies and theses (DANCIU 1974, KOVÁCS AL. 1981, KOVÁCS J. A. 1975, NECHITA 2003 etc.) present rare or sporadic data about its coenology and vegetation structures. It whoud be necessary to answer the question: are the wild garlic populations and stands in a decreasing or in an increasing phase of vegetation in the studied area? Therefore we organized vegetational studies using the itinerary and the stationary methods. The itinerary survey regards the forests in the hilly and in the mountainous area, the stationary observations have been organized in three different sites, two in the hilly area [Szenterzsébet (Eliseni), Szentábrahám (Avr»meçti)] and one in the mountainous area [Vargyas (Vârghiç)] where observations related to the local environmental factors and several biological characters (germination, growth etc.) referring to the wild garlic, were made. In the coenological analysis we have used the concenpt of the coeno-ecological species groups (SOÓ 1973, ELLENBERG et al. 1992) and the standard procedures of the Braun-Blanquet method. The relevé size of plots ranged between m 2. The individual relevés were analysed in synoptic tables, using the constancy-class (K%) values. For the registration of the abundancy-dominancy (A-D) values registration in the field we used the more common notation in Europe, the modified Braun-Blanquet scale. The modified Braun-Blanquet scale used: r = rare individuals (1-2) + = cover < 5%, individuals < 5 1 = cover < 5%, individuals < 50 2m = cover < 5%, individuals > 50 2a = cover 5-15%, various individuals 2b = cover 15-25%, various individuals 3 = cover 25-50%, various individuals 4 = cover 50-75%, various individuals 5 = cover , various individuals The field investigation were carried out during the last decade, mostly in , when we applied itinerary and stationary succesive studies on the coenologically representative sites with wild garlic (Allium ursinum). 65
4 eleje.qxd :28 Page 66 The nomenclature of species follows CIOCÂRLAN (2000), SIMON (2000) and OPREA (2005). The classification of the vegetation units and the community description was made in accordance with the code of phytosociological nomenclature (BORHIDI 2003), with special regards to the deciduous forests in a broad sense in Europe (DIERSCHKE 2004, KOVÁCS 2004). Results and discussion Syntaxonomical ordering QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Pawlowski in Pawl. et al Symphyto cordatae-fagion (Vida 1959) Täuber Symphyto cordatae-fagetum Vida Leucanthemo waldsteinii-fagetum (Soó 1964) Täuber 1987 QUERCO-CARPINETALIA Moor 1977 Lathyro-Carpinion Boçcaiu Lathyro hallersteinii-carpinetum Coldea Carpino-Fagetum Pauc» 1941 ALNO-FRAXINETALIA Moor 1975 Alnion incanae Pawlowski in Pawl. et Wallish 1928 Alnenion glutinosae-incanae Oberd Aegopodio-Alnetum V. Kárpáti, I. Kárpáti et Jurkó 1961 Short characterization of the plant communities 1. Symphyto cordatae-fagetum (Table 1.) The mountainous eutrophic-mesotrophic beech forests, characteristics for the South-East Carpathians have a large distribution in the studied area, developed on various rocks, mostly on volcanic, chrystalline, conglomerate and calcareous substrate, especially on mesic sites. In the subcarpathian region this type of vegetation appears only fragmentary, being present only on the north exposition of the high hills. Stands with Allium ursinum belonging to this vegetation type have been identified in the following places: Valley of Sikaszó (Zetelaka, Zetea), Siklódi-kõ (Siklód, Çiclod), Valley Visa (Ratosnya, R»stolni a), Nagyhagymás-Naskalát Mts. (M ii H»ghimaç-N»çc»lat) area and, in the neigbourhood of the Valley of Vargyas (Cheile Vârghiçului). This last site, the Hidegaszó-Vargyas valley (Homoródalmás, Mereçti) was considered as one representative site that express a special coenological relation of the Allium ursinum stands (Table 1.). For the floristic composition of this plant community it is important that wild garlic (Allium ursinum) populations with a high abundancy-dominancy (A-D: 3-5; 55-85%) realize here a coenological 'facies' varied from the monodominant to the codominant stage. The coeno-ecological species group expressing with a high fidelity the mountaine biotope condonditions are composed by the following species: Allium ursinum, Dentaria glandulosa, Hepatica transsilvanica, Symphytum cordatum, Pulmonaria rubra, Helleborus purpurascens, Aconitum moldavicum. The habitat is edificated by the general Fagetalia elements also: Dentaria bulbifera, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Anemone nemorosa, Salvia glutinosa, Galeobdolon luteum. 66
5 eleje.qxd :28 Page 67 The biotop is in the vicinety of a humid rocky valley and a mountain defile in which the Allium ursinum populations realize a smaller cover (A-D: 1-2b; 5-25%) and are accompanied by characteristic species for gorges like: Mercurialis perennis, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Aruncus dioicus, Lunaria rediviva. Comparing the East Transylvanian community floristic composition dominated by Allium ursinum stands with the Central-European coenoses on mesic alluvial soils like Querco-Ulmetum resp. Ficario-Ulmetum (Oberdorfer 1994), the floristical-coenological differences are pregnant (significant differences regarding the tree layer and the herb layer composition). Nevertheless, succesive stationary observation (Vargyas, Vârghiç) demonstrated some particularities and similarities in the ecology of the sites. Allium ursinum is sensitive to the water content and to the drought and, as a characteristic plant of the forest herb layer, can form easily monospecific stands if the avaible water sources permits. Its populational structure is specific, as in spite of the very high domination of adult plants, the seedlings and the juvenile individuals are not supressed. These features/properties of the specific vegetation biology conditioned by the soil moisture contribute to realize a characteristic coenotic relations also in the East Transylvanian mountainous conditions. 2. Leucanthemo waldsteinii-fagetum The beech and spruce mixed woods (formely called Chrysanthgemo rotundifolio-piceo-fagetum) are localized in the mountainous region (about m s. l), at the contact of the Carpathian beech forests with spruce woods. There, in less mesotrophic habitats, some Allium ursinum stands have been observed also, like in valleys of the Nagyhagymás-Naskalát Mts. (H»ghimaç Mts., Naçcalat Mts.), alongside the mountain streams of the Csík Mts. (ex. Uz-valley, Csinód etc.) (PÁLFALVI 1999, KOVÁCS 2004). The tree layer of these coenoses are characterized and dominated by the species Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Acer pseudoplatanus. The herb layer presents characteristic species like: Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Telekia speciosa, Adenostyles alliariae, Cicerbita alpina, Aegopodium podagraria with a participation of the Allium ursinum stands, locally abundant (A-D: 2b-3), but generally less representative than in the former phytocoenoses. The participation of the wild garlic in this mountain community is also conditioned by the soil water regim, the humid climate of the mountain valleys. It was observed that the mountainous people, the pastoral life contributes to the spreading of the ramson populations also (Gyimes Mts, Csík Mts.). 3. Lathyro hallersteinii-carpinetum (Table 2.) The mixed oak-hornbeam natural forests with Transylvanian resp. Dacic characteristics (called formely Querco petraeae-carpinetum Borza 1941) occupy large territories in the Transylvanian Basin, and in the Eastern Subcarpathians also, especially on the Küküllõ Plateau (Podiçul Târnava) or on hilly area. In our survey, we identified extensive stands of Allium ursinum especially in the hilly region along the Nagyküküllõ river valley (Valea Târnava Mare), in the forests situated in the neighbourhood of the localities Újszékely (Secuieni), Újlak (Uilac), Szenterzsébet (Eliseni), Alsóboldogfalva (Bodogaia) etc. 67
6 eleje.qxd :28 Page 68 The tree layer of these coenoses is edified by the species Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Cerasus avium, followed frequently by the shrub (bush) layer composed by Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Viburnum lantana, Carpinus betulus etc. In the herb layer the wild garlic Allium ursinum realize sometimes monodominant stands of several hectares (A-D: 3-5) or interesting coenoses with Stellaria holostea, Vinca minor, Arum maculatum, Corydalis solida, C. cava, Symphytum tuberosum, Isopyrum thalictroides, Silene dubia, Waldsteinia geoides etc. The floristic composition of the herb layer can be appropriate to the Central- European Carpinion forests, but several differential taxa (Helleborus purpurascens, Erythronium dens-canis, Scilla bifolia agg,, Dactylis polygama, Lathyrus hallersteinii, Waldsteinia geoides) indicate the Transylvanian (Dacic) coenological characteristics, expressed by the alliance of the Lathyro hallersteinii-carpinion. The valuable natural genetic sources of the woods with wild garlic in the Eastern part of the Transylvanian Basin presently is affected by strong human influences. It is important to establish territories as 'sites for special scientific interests' (SSSI), to maitain and to conserve the wild garlic forests for studies and for medicinal purposes. In this direction we initiated the first step at the Forest Administration and at the regional hunter associations. 4. Carpino-Fagetum (Table 3). The submontane and the hilly hornbeam-beech forest conserved and stocked the most important wild garlic stands in the area of Eastern Transylvania. The Allium ursinum stands have been recorded inside of the Carpino-Fagetum plant community, in mesic habitats of eutrophic-mesotrophic brown soils of the forests in the neighbourhood of the following localities: Kibéd (Chibed), Makfalva (Ghindari), Siklód (Çiclod), Szakadát (S»c»dat), Lövéte (Lueta), Székelyudvarhely (Odorheiu-Secuiesc), Vargyas (Vârghiç), Erdõfüle (Filia), Kõrispatak (Criçeni), Kismedesér (Mediçoru Mic), Rugonfalva (Rug»neçti), Gagy (Goagiu), Andrásfalva (Andreeni), Szentábrahám (Avr»meçti), Oklánd (Ocland). The tree layer of the plant community is structured by Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Acer platanoides, Cerasus avium, Tilia cordata. The layer of shrubs is sporadic and composed by the species: Lonicera xylosteum, Daphne mezereum, Ligustrum vulgare, Fagus sylvatica etc. The herb layer composition is dominated by Allium ursinum stand as a facies (A-D: 3-5), followed by the vernal flora of the Transylvanian (Dacic) Carpinion species group: Helleborus purpurascens, Erythronium dens-canis, Dentaria bulbifera, Scilla bifolia agg., Dactylis polygama, Vinca minor etc. The stationary analyses of the most representative stands of Carpino-Fagetum put in evidence that for the stable populations of Allium ursinum the most important environmental factors are: the mesic biotope, the spring water level, a good texture, an eutrophic-mesotrophic soil status and neutral to weakly acid soil reaction. In the studied sites with well balanced environmental conditions, the Allium ursinum stands present something like a polycormon structure, but reproducing by seeds, using a narrow ecological amplitude of the plant community. It was demostrated, that in the same population, without well developed vigurous and generative plants (shoots with inflorescence), can be observed seedlings, juvenile plants, senile plants and virginal individual plants can be 68
7 eleje.qxd :28 Page 69 observed ensuring the stability of the population. The demographic pattern of the Allium ursinum contributes to conserve the homeostasis of the plant community. Like the former community, a part of the stands (ex. Kismedesér (Mediçoru Mic), Szentábrahám (Avr»meçti) have been proposed to be protected, maintained and conserved for scientific and practical purposes. 5. Aegopodio-Alnetum This plant community has fragmentary distribution in the reserch area. It can be observed alongside the rivers and brooks, walleys, wet places and small depressions mainly in the hilly region. The stands usually are situated near the hornbeam-beech mixture woods, beech forests, or in the transitional zone from these to the alderwoods. In the present survey only a few coenoses we recorded with Allium ursunum like: Maros (Mureç) river bank (Ratosnya, R»stoli a), walley of Vargyas (Vargyas, Vârghiç), the stream Ing (Szentábrahám, Avr»meçti). The tree layer of the analysed woods is edificated by Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus betulus, Salix alba. The shrub layer in some places can be also significant: Sambucus nigra, Frangula alnus, Daphne mezereum, Padus racemosa. In the herb layer, the Allium ursinum population presents lower domination than in other communities, but the average combined A-D (Abundancy-Dominancy) values (A-D: 1-3) confirme the coenotic structure of a 'facies'. The dominancy of Allium ursinum is followed by a series of herbaceus species: Galium aparine, Aegopodium podagraria, Corydalis cava, Ranunculus ficaria, Caltha palustris, Paris quadrifolia, Festuca gigantea, Symphytum officinale, Carex brizoides, Filipendula ulmaria, Urtica dioica etc. The herbaceous species composition shows that near the alliance characteristics hygrophilous and nitrophilous species can be found also, what reflects well the biotope features, like the humid climate of the valleys, mesic-fertile soils. The field observations realized annually in some stationary sites [Vargyas (Vârghiç), Szentábrahám (Avr»meçti), Szenterzsébet (Eliseni)] demonstrated a series of common features in the vegetation biology of the wild garlic. The most important are the following: the seed germination depends on the temperature values of the late winter time and in the early spring period. For a good germination relatively low temterature is necessary, which generally occurs in the late winter time or in the early spring. The first shoots, leaves and inflorescences are developed in the population also under a relatively low temperature, in early spring (Aprile-May). The allelopathic activity influenced the establishment of the individual plants, because they influences other herbaceous plants from the herb layer by soil and the volatile compounds, which inhibit the other species seed germination and growth. The plant individuals can accumulate forming abundant populational structure, monospecific stands, so in the new stand structure several distinguished plant categories can be present: seedlings, juvenile plants, senile plants, generative plants (with inflorescences) and vegetative plants. The plant individuals are sensitive to extreme ecological factors, like drought or very unbalanced microclimate conditions. In the formation of local pure stands, the most important ecological factors are related to the available water, the soil moisture, the humid microclimate, followed by the fertile soil, rich in nutrients, especially in N, the absence of the soil alluminium. Inside of forest community, the stands of Allium ursinum 69
8 eleje.qxd :28 Page 70 arrive to be an adequat ecological indicator. In the whole vegetation biology of Allium ursinum the factors determining the intraspecific relations are relatively less important than the interspecific relations, leading to form the characteristic monospecific stands. Conclusion The analysis of Allium ursinum s. l. stands in the natural forest vegetation of the Eastern Transylvanian region, respectively in the 'Subcarpathian' and in the 'East Carpathian' area, concluded that the species realize high abundancy-dominancy values (A-D: 3-5) and higher coenological relations especially in the Lathyro-Carpinion alliance with particular 'Dacic' (Transylvanian) characteristics. The plant communities of the deciduous forests in the hilly area (oak-hornbeam and hornbeam-beech mixtures) like Lathyro hallersteini-carpinetum and Carpino-Fagetum contain the most widespred and representative stands of the wild garlic in the region, followed by the mountain plant communities of the beech woods and beech-spruce mixed forests of Symphyto cordatae- Fagetum and Leucanthemo waldsteinii-fagetum. The riparian and the floodplain forest communities contain rare, fragmentary and locally stands of the wild garlic. The stationary observations in three different sites [Vargyas (Vârghiç), Szentábrahám, (Avr»meçti), Szeterzsébet (Eliseni)] indicated that the development of balanced populational structure of Allium ursinum, respectively in the forming of the monospecific stands, the most important ecological factors are the available water, the soil moisture, the humid microclimate, followed by fertile N rich soils and absence of soil aluminium etc. In this process the allelopathic activity has also a main contribution, Allium ursinum individuals influence other herbaceous plants of coenose via soil and volatile compounds, which inhibit the other species seed germination and plant growth. The individual plants can densily accumulated forming abundant structure of distinguished categories: seedlings, juvenile plants, senile plants, vegetative and generative plants (shoots with inflorescences). Due to this characteristic vegetation biology, and the interspecific relations leading to monospecific stands, the species may become locally invasive. Syntaxonomic tables Table 1. Symphyto cordatae-fagetum Number of relevés K Slopes (degrees) Cover tree layer (%) Cover herb layer (%) Diagn. ass. - facies Fagus sylvatica V Allium ursinum V Symphyto cordatae-fagion Dentaria glandulosa 1 2m 2a - 1 IV Hepatica transsilvanica 1 2m - 2m - III Symphytum cordatum II Pulmonaria rubra II Helleborus purpurascens m - II Aconitum moldavicum II 70
9 eleje.qxd :28 Page 71 Fagetalia sylvaticae Daphne mezereum II Dentaria bulbifera 2b 2m - 2a 1 IV Euphorbia amygdaloides 1 1 2m - 1 IV Anemone nemorosa 2m - - 2a 1 III Salvia glutinosa III Mercurialis perennis 2m - 2m - 2m III Actaea spicata III Circaea lutetiana III Galeobdolon luteum 2m m III Aconitum vulparia - - 2m 1 - II Isopyrum thalictroides II Astrantia major - 2m - - 2m II Anemone ranunculoides II Corydalis cava II Paris quadrifolia II Querco-Fagetea Lonicera xylosteum III Dryopteris filix-mas III Galium odoratum - 2m III Impatiens noli-tangere II Athyrium filix-femina II Glechoma hirsuta II Neottia nidus-avis II Galanthus nivalis II Lathraea squamaria II Pulmonaria officinalis II Arum maculatum II Aegopodium podagraria III Campanula persicifolia II Scrophularia nodosa II Acerion s.lat. Acer pseudoplatanus III Ulmus glabra II Aruncus dioicus II Polypodium vulgare II Variae Rubus idaeus III Asplenium trichomanes III Chrysosplenium alternifolium 2m II Geranium phaeum II Polystichum aculeatum II The place and data of relevés: 1-5: Vargyas (Vârghiç), Homoródalmás (Mereçti), 'Hidegaszó- Vargyas valley', surface 400 m 2, cover 100%, Exp. W, alt m ( , ) 71
10 eleje.qxd :28 Page 72 Table 2. Lathyro hallersteinii-carpinetum Number of relevés K Slopes (degrees) Cover tree layer (%) Cover herb layer (%) Diagn. ass. - facies Quercus petraea 2b 2b 2a 2b 3 3 V Carpinus betulus 2b b 2b V Allium ursinum V Lathyro-Carpinion Cerasus avium III Tilia cordata II Erythronium dens-canis 2m 2m - - 2m 1 IV Stellaria holostea - 2m + 2m + - IV Scilla bifolia agg III Dactylis polygama III Carex pilosa 2m - - 2m - - II Geum urbanum II Vinca minor 1 2a II Querco-Carpinetalia/Fagetalia Anemone nemorosa IV Corydalis solida - 2m IV Isopyrum thalictroides IV Symphytum tuberosum - 2m 1 2m - 1 IV Helleborus purpurascens III Lilium martagon III Aconitum vulparia III Euphorbia amygdaloides III Mercurialis perennis III Galium odoratum III Asarum europaeum II Hepatica nobilis II Dentaria bulbifera II Lathyrus vernus II Astrantia major II Querco-Fagetea Acer campestre m - + IV Corylus avellana III Ligustrum vulgare III Viburnum lantana II Crataegus monogyna II Ranunculus ficaria 1 2a + - 2m - IV Pulmonaria officinalis III Arum maculatum II Primula veris II Galanthus nivalis + 2m II Festuca gigantea II Brachypodium sylvaticum II 72
11 eleje.qxd :28 Page 73 Variae Cornus mas II Prunus spinosa II Euphorbia epithymoides II The place and data of relevés: 1-3. Szenterzsébet-Újlak (Eliseni-Uilac) 'Kérõ' alt. 480 m, ( ; ); ; 4-6. Alsóboldogfalva -Szenterzsébet (Bodogaia-Eliseni) 'Egereskút', alt. 510 m, ( ; ) Table 3. Carpino-Fagetum Number of relevés K Slopes (degrees) Cover tree layer (%) Cover herb layer (%) Diagn. ass. - facies Fagus sylvatica V Carpinus betulus 2a 2m 2a 1 1 2b V Allium ursinum V Lathyro-Carpinion Tilia cordata r IV Cerasus avium III Carex pilosa IV Erythronium dens-canis - 2m 2m 1-1 IV Scilla bifolia agg. 2m - 2m III Stellaria holostea - 2m III Dactylis polygama 2m 2m - - 2m 1 IV Helleborus purpurascens III Vinca minor - - 2m 2m - 2m III Querco-Carpinetalia/Fagetalia Quercus petraea m III Acer pseudoplatanus III Dentaria bulbifera IV Symphytum tuberosum - 1 2m 1-1 IV Galeobdolon luteum IV Euphorbia amygdaloides IV Galium odoratum m 2m IV Salvia glutinosa III Anemone nemorosa III Isopyrum thalictroides III Corydalis cava III Lathyrus vernus III Impatiens noli-tangere III Hepatica nobilis III Ranunculus auricomus agg III Ajuga reptans II Querco-Fagetea Acer platanoides IV Lonicera xylosteum III 73
12 eleje.qxd :28 Page 74 Daphne mezereum III Galanthus nivalis III Pulmonaria officinalis III Aegopodium podagraria III Neottia nidus-avis III Arum maculatum II Lilium martagon II Scrophularia nodosa II Lapsanna communis II Campanula persicifolia II Alliaria petiolata II Variae Galeopsis speciosa II Galium aparinae II The place and data of relevés: 1-2: Kismedesér (Mediçoru Mic) 'Magos' (alt. 700 m), 'Herczegláz', ; ); ; 3.-4: Szentábrahám (Avr»meçti) 'Solymosi-láz' ('Demeter'), alt. 670 m, ( ); 5: Siklód (Çiclod) 'Mt. Siklód', alt. 890 m, ( ); 6. Rugonfalva (Rug»neçti) 'Koparcz', alt. 680 m, ( ; ) REFERENCES ADLER, W., OSWALD, K., FISCHER, R. (Ed.) (1994): Excursionsflora von Österreich. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart und Wien. AGUIAR, C., AEDO, C. (2006): De Novarum Flora Lusitana Commentarii - VII. 24. Allium ursinum L. subsp. ursinum: confirmacao da presenca em Portugal. Silva Lusitana 14 (2). ALLEN, E. D., HATFIELD, G. (2004): Medicinal plants in folk tradition: an ethnobotany of Britain and Ireland. Timber Press, Cambridge. ANDERSSON, E. M. (1993): Aluminium toxicity as a factor limiting the distribution of Allium ursinum L. Annals of Botany 72: BORHIDI, A. (2003): Magyarország növénytársulásai. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. BUTUR«, V. (1979): Enciclopedie de etnobotanic» româneasc». Editura Çtiin ific» si Enciclopedic», Bucureçti. CARLSON, M. (2007): Garlic: What we know and what we don't know. Arch. Intern. Med. 167: CIOCÂRLAN, V. (2000): Flora ilustrat» a României. Edit. Ceres, Bucureçti, pp CZEREPANOV, K. S. (1995): Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). Cambridge University Press, pp. 6. DANCIU, M. (1974): Studii geobotanice în sudul Mun ilor Baraolt. Rezumatul tezei de doctorat, Bucureçti. DIERSCHKE, H. (2004): Sommergrüne Laubwälder (Querco-Fagetea s.lat.) in Europa - Einführung und Übersicht. Tuexenia 24: DJURDJEVIüÜ, L., DINIÜ, A., PAVLOVIü, P., MITROVIü, M., TESEVIü, V. (2003). Allelopathic potential of Allium ursinum L. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32 (6): DR«GULESCU, C. (2003): Cormoflora judeþului Sibiu. Editura Pelicanus, Braçov. ELLENBERG, H. (1982): Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer Sicht. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. ELLENBERG, H. WEBER, E. H., DÜLL, R., WIRTH, V., WERNER, W., PAULISSEN, D. (1992): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. 2. Aufl. Erich Goltze Göttingen. 74
13 eleje.qxd :28 Page 75 ENO, S. (2006): National Vegetation Classification survey for Newhall Glen Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No ERNST, O. H. (1979): Population biology of Allium ursinum in Northerm Germany. The Journal of Ecology 67 (1): HÖHN, M. (1998): Vascular flora of the Kelemen (C»limani) mountains on side of the Maros (Mureç) river drainage area. Mentor Kiadó, Marosvásárhely. JANDL, R., KOPESZKI, H., GLATZEL, G. (2004): Effect of a dense Allium ursinum L. ground cover on nutrient dynamics and mesofauna of a Fagus sylvatica (L.) woodland. Plant and Oil 189 (2): KARPAVIÈIENÉ, B. (2003): Intensity of generative and vegetative reproduction of Allium ursinum. Botanica Lithuanica 9 (1): KEVEY, B. (1978): Az Allium ursinum L. magyarországi elterjedése. - Bot. Közlem. 65 (3): KEVEY, B., CZIMBER Gy. (1982): Az Allium ursinum növényföldrajzi szerepe a Szigetközben. Keszthelyi Agr. Egyet. Mosonmagyaróvár Mezõgazd. Kar. XXIV (8): KOVÁCS, AL. (1981): Flora çi vegeta ia Mun ilor Bodoc (jud. Covasna). Aluta. Studii çi Com. Muz. Sf. Gheorghe, XII-XIII, KOVÁCS, J. A. (1974): Contribu ii fitocenologice din Masivul Rez (jud. Harghita) I. Asocia ii forestiere. Studii çi Cercet. Biol. Veget., Bucureçti, 25 (1): KOVÁCS, J. A. (1975): Contribution to the study of vascular plants from Rez Massif. Travaux de la Station Stejarul, Ecologie Terrestre et Génétique, ( ): KOVÁCS, J. A. (2004): Syntaxonomical checklist of the plant communities of Szeklerland (Eastern Transylvania). Kanitzia J. Bot. Szombathely 12: KOVÁCS, J. A., LUPAÇCU, GH., TÓTH, E. (1978): Caracterizarea ceno-ecologic» a speciei Vinca minor L. Probleme de ecologie terestr». Ed. Acad. Bucureçti, KRICSFALUSY, V., BUDNIKOV, G. (2007): Threatened vascular plants in the Ucrainian Carpathians: current status, distribution and conservation. Thaiszia. J. Bot. Košice 17: NYÁRÁDY, E. Gy. (1944): Kolozsvár és környékének flórája. DR. BEREI SOÓ REZSÕ közremûködésével. Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület Növénytára, Kolozsvár, pp NECHITA, N. (2003): Flora çi vegeta ia cormofitelor din masivul H»çmaç, Cheile Bicazului çi Lacul Roçu. Bibliotheca Historiae naturalis II, Piatra Neam, 383 p. OBERDORFER, E. (1994): Pflanzensoziologische Excursionflora. 7. Auuflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 1050 pp. OPREA, A. (2005): Lista critic» a plantelor vasculare din România. Editura Univ. "A. I. Cuza" Iaçi. OROIAN, S. (1998). Flora çi vegeta ia Defileului Mureçului între Topli a çi Deda. Casa de Editura Mureç, Tg. Mureç, 426 pp. PÁLFALVI, P. (1999): A medvehagyma (Allium ursinum L.). Erdélyi Nimród, 1 (2), pp. 26. PUXBAUM, H., KÖNIG, G. (1996): Observation of dipropenyldisulfide and other organic sulfur compounds in the atmosphere of a beech forest with Allium ursinum ground cover. Atmospheric Environment 31 (2): RYCHNOVSKÁ, M., BEDNÁ, V. (1998): Floodplain forest: herb layer as indicator of its ecological status. Acta Univ. Palackianae Olomucensis, Biologica 36: SANDA, V., POPESCU, A., DOLTU, M. I. (1974): Contribu ii la cunoaçterea vegeta iei din bazinul mijlociu al Târnavei Mari. St. Com. Muz. Brukenthal Sibiu, Çt. nat. 20: S«M«RGHI AN, M. (2003): Caracterizarea fitocenologic» a f»getelor din Valea Gurghiului. Marisia, Studia Sci. Nat. Tg. Mureç 27: SCHNITZLER, A., CARBINIER, R., JOSÉ-MIGUEL S.-P. (1991): Variation in vernal species composition in alluvial forests of the Rhine valley, eastern France. J. Veget. Sci. 2:
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If you love Twizzler and are fan of Malia 2, then you will be head over heels for Fireside! Our snuggly fur lining combined with our favourite spotty fabric and lightweight EVA sole makes Fireside one of our favourite new slippers for AW16. Heel height 2cm
Based on 6 reviews

subset: commoncrawl


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- julienne
I. noun
Etymology: French, short for potage à la julienne, probably from Julienne woman's name
Date: 1841
1. a consommé containing julienned vegetables
a. food (as meat or vegetables) that has been julienned
b. a preparation or garnish of julienned food <a julienne of leeks> • julienne adjective II. transitive verb (-enned; -enning) Date: circa 1930 to slice into thin strips about the size of matchsticks <wash and julienne the carrots>
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.


text: Finally, Vikrams Bheema is all set to hit the screens on January 11 th. Bheema is Vikrams long overdue and has expected on many occasions but due to some financial problems it could not hit the screen for the past two years. Vikrams last film released was Maja, released in 2006 Pongal. Now the producer of Bheema, AM Rathnam is in the final round of negotiations with Ayngaran International to bring the movie successfully for Pongal 2008. As Kamal Hassans Dasavatharam postponed for April 2008, Bheema becomes the solo fighter for Pongal with some medium budget films. Directed by Lingusamy, the film has Trisha as the lead lady of Vikram and the films music is already placed in top rank in the chart. Hope this film also will be placed well and gives a relief to AM Rathnam.


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Very nice 1968 Chevrolet C60 series truck with 16' bed w/hoist, NO RESERVE!
Price: US $10,000.00 Item location: Carter Lake, Iowa, United States
- Condition: Used
- Make: Chevrolet
- Model: Other Pickups
- SubModel: Custom Cab
- Type: Cab & Chassis
- Trim: Custom Cab
- Year: 1968
- Mileage: 86,650
- Color: Red
- Engine size: 366 Big Block V8
- Number of cylinders: 8
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Transmission: 5 speed transmission with a two speed rear end
- Drive type: RWD
- Interior color: Red
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1968 Chevrolet Other Pickups Custom CabThis auction is for my 1968 Chevrolet C60 Series truck.The pickup's loaded on the truck in the pictures are not for sale.
It has a 366 V8 gas engine, 5 speed transmission and a two speed rear axle.It has 22.5 Michelin radial tires with the rears being Super Singles.This truck was bought new by a farmer in North Dakota and I moved to Omaha with it.I have no use for it here and storing it is an issue.It was restored about 8 years ago and a few things touched up in the last year.The interior is all factory but I added the center counsel to hold a pop.I have removed the governor form the carburetor and replaced the distributor with a non governed GM High Energy.Truck runs down the HWY very nice and I would drive it anywhere.I do have a new set of the 8.25 x 20 wheels and tires if the buyer would rather have them.
No reserve, o financing, o shipping.Please bid to buy.
Please eBay message any questions.Thanks for looking!I don't think you will find a nicer one out there.


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Come take a closer look inside Valorem. Meet our people, see our beautiful office space, and understand how we work. Hear why our people choose Valorem and learn about the benefits and incredible perks that set us apart. Get to know us and start the conversation. It's the first step in becoming part of this amazing team.OPEN POSITIONS
Equal parts passion and perseverance, this team has the grit to make great things happen. The people are what make Valorem the company it is today. We know that where culture thrives, passion follows.
Create a customized development plan annually. It keeps you ahead of the curve and on the edge of technology.
You'll be working with wicked smart and talented people. There is no "B" team at Valorem.
Bikes for cruisin', dedicated time for innovation and ideation, sports tickets... Who knows what sweet perk will be next.
We love to hire based on employee referrals. When your referral comes to work at Valorem you get paid.
Adding to our culture of innovation and thought leadership, we are a veritable ideation engine that empowers employees to create, imagine and drive change.
Amanda Riesselman Program Manager
Marty Liera Solutions Consultant
Brandon Hedges Support Engineer
Ali Laub PMO Coordinator
John Patton Program Manager
Matt Smith Software Engineer
Bryan LeBaige Support Manager


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Auditory Research at Wikia
Welcome to the Auditory Research mini wiki at Scratchpad!
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This is the research corner for Xuedong Zhang
Cochlea Traveling Wave Model
Auditory Research


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Download Rummy Games Software
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