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7 th. Low Level Measurements Handbook. Edition. Precision DC Current, Voltage, and Resistance Measurements
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1 7 th Edition Low Level Measurements Handbook Precision DC Current, Voltage, and Resistance Measurements
2 Low Level Measurements Handbook Precision DC Current, Voltage, and Resistance Measurements SEVENTH EDITION
3 Con t e n t s SECTION 1 Low Level DC Measuring Instruments 1.1 Introduction Theoretical Measurement Limits Instrument Definitions The Electrometer The DMM The Nanovoltmeter The Picoammeter The Source Measure Unit Instrument The Low Current Preamp The Micro-ohmmeter The Low Current Source Understanding Instrument Specifications Definition of Accuracy Terms Accuracy Deratings Noise and Noise Rejection Speed Circuit Design Basics Voltmeter Circuits Ammeter Circuits Coulombmeter Circuit High Resistance Ohmmeter Circuits Low Resistance Ohmmeter Circuits Complete Instruments SECTION 2 Measurements from High Resistance Sources 2.1 Introduction Voltage Measurements from High Resistance Sources Loading Errors and Guarding Insulation Resistance of the Test Circuit Low Current Measurements Leakage Currents and Guarding Noise and Source Impedance Zero Drift Generated Currents Voltage Burden Low Level Measurements Handbook iii
4 2.3.6 Overload Protection AC Interference and Damping Using a Coulombmeter to Measure Low Current High Resistance Measurements Constant-Voltage Method Constant-Current Method Charge Measurements Error Sources Zero Check Extending the Charge Measurement Range of the Electrometer General Electrometer Considerations Making Connections Electrostatic Interference and Shielding Environmental Factors Speed Considerations Johnson Noise Device Connections Analog Outputs Floating Input Signals High Impedance Measurement Optimization Summary SECTION 3 Measurements from Low Resistance Sources 3.1 Introduction Low Voltage Measurements Effects of Error Sources on Voltage Measurements Thermoelectric EMFs Internal Offsets Zero Drift RFI/EMI Johnson Noise /f Noise Line Cycle Interference and Line Cycle Integration Magnetic Fields Ground Loops Ways to Reduce Noise Common-Mode Current and Reversal Errors iv
5 3.3 Low Resistance Measurements Lead Resistance and Four-Wire Method Thermoelectric EMFs and Offset Compensation Methods Non-Ohmic Contacts Device Heating Dry Circuit Testing Testing Inductive Devices Measurement Optimization Summary for Low Impedance Measurements SECTION 4 Applications 4.1 Introduction Applications for Measuring Voltage from High Resistance Sources Capacitor Dielectric Absorption Electrochemical Measurements Low Current Measurement Applications Capacitor Leakage Measurements Low Current Diode Measurements Low Current Measurements of MOSFETs Light Measurements with Photomultiplier Tubes Ion Beam Measurements Photoconductive Current of PIN Photodiode Avalanche Photodiode Reverse Bias Current Measurements Current-Voltage Characterization of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) FETs High Resistance Measurement Applications Surface Insulation Resistance Testing of Printed Circuit Boards Resistivity Measurements of Insulating Materials Resistivity Measurements of Semiconductors Voltage Coefficient Testing of High Ohmic Value Resistors Charge Measurement Applications Capacitance Measurements Low Level Measurements Handbook v
6 4.5.2 Using a Faraday Cup to Measure Static Charge on Objects Low Voltage Measurement Applications Standard Cell Comparisons High Resolution Temperature Measurements and Microcalorimetry Hall Voltage and Resistivity Measurements of a Six-Terminal Bridge Sample Low Resistance Measurement Applications Contact Resistance Superconductor Resistance Measurements Resistivity Measurements of Conductive Materials SECTION 5 Low Level Instrument Selection Guide 5.1 Introduction Instrument and Accessory Selector Guides APPENDIX A Cable and Connector Assembly APPENDIX B Glossary APPENDIX C Safety Considerations Test System Safety...C-2 General Safety Considerations...C-2 INDEX vi
7 SECTION 1 Low Level DC Measuring Instruments
8 FIGURE 1-1: Standard Symbols Used in this Text Prefixes Symbol y z a f p n µ m (none) k M G T P E Z Y Prefix yoctozeptoattofemtopiconanomicromilli- (none) kilomegagigaterapetaexazettayotta- Exponent Symbol V A Ω C s W F Hz K Quantities Unit volts amperes ohms coulombs seconds watts farads cycles/s Kelvin Quantity EMF current resistance charge time power capacitance frequency temperature 1-2 SECTION 1
9 1.1 Introduction DC voltage, DC current, and resistance are measured most often with digital multimeters (DMMs). Generally, these instruments are adequate for meas urements at signal levels greater than 1µV or 1µA, or less than 1GW. (See Figure 1-1 for standard symbols used in this text.) However, they don t approach the theoretical limits of sensitivity. For low level signals, more sensitive instruments such as electrometers, picoammeters, and nanovoltmeters must be used. Section 1 offers an overview of the theoretical limits of DC measurements and the instruments used to make them. It includes instrument descriptions and basic instrument circuit designs. For easier reference, this information is organized into a number of subsections: 1.2 Theoretical Measurement Limits: A discussion of both the theoretical measurement limitations and instrument limitations for low level measurements. 1.3 Instrument Definitions: Descriptions of electrometers, DMMs, nanovoltmeters, picoammeters, source measure unit (SMU) instruments, SourceMeter Source Measure Unit (SMU) Instruments, low current preamps, and micro-ohm meters. 1.4 Understanding Instrument Specifications: A review of the terminology used in instrument specifications, such as accuracy (resolution, sensitivity, transfer stability), deratings (temperature coefficient, time drift), noise (NMRR and CMRR), and speed. 1.5 Circuit Design Basics: Describes basic circuit design for voltmeter circuits, ammeter circuits, coulombmeter circuit, high resistance ohmmeter circuits, low resistance ohmmeter circuits, and complete instrument block diagrams. 1.2 Theoretical Measurement Limits The theoretical limit of sensitivity in any measurement is determined by the noise generated by the resistances present in the circuit. As discussed in Sections and 3.2.6, voltage noise is proportional to the square root of the resistance, bandwidth, and absolute temperature. Figure 1-2 shows theoretical voltage measurement limits at room temperature (300K) with a response time of 0.1 second to ten seconds. Note that high source resistance limits the theoretical sensitivity of the voltage measurement. Although it s certainly possible to measure a 1µV signal that has a 1W source resistance, it s not possible to measure that same 1µV signal level from a 1TW source. Even with a much lower 1MW source resistance, a 1µV measurement is near theoretical limits, so it would be very difficult to make using an ordinary DMM. In addition to having insufficient voltage or current sensitivity (most DMMs are no more sensitive than 1µV or 1nA per digit), DMMs have high Low Level DC Measuring Instruments 1-3
10 FIGURE 1-2: Theoretical Limits of Voltage Measurements 1kV 10 3 Noise Voltage 1V Within theoretical limits mV 1µV 1nV 1pV Near theoretical limits Prohibited by noise Ω 1kΩ 1MΩ 1GΩ 1TΩ Source Resistance input bias current 1 when measuring voltage and lower input resistance compared to more sensitive instruments intended for low level DC measurements. These characteristics cause errors in the measurement; refer to Sections 2 and 3 for further discussion of them. Given these DMM characteristics, it s not possible to use a DMM to meas ure signals at levels close to theoretical measurement limits, as shown in Figure 1-3. However, if the source resistance is 1MW or less, or if the desired resolution is no better than 0.1µV (with low source resistance), the signal level isn t near theoretical limits, a DMM is adequate. If better voltage sensitivity is desired, and the source resistance is low (as it must be because of theoretical limitations), a nanovoltmeter provides a means of measuring at levels much closer to the theoretical limits of meas ure ment. With very high source resistance values (for example, 1TW), a DMM isn t a suitable voltmeter. DMM input resistance ranges from 10MW to 10GW several orders of magnitude less than a 1TW source resistance, resulting in severe input loading errors. Also, input currents are typically many picoamps, creating large voltage offsets. However, because of its much higher input resistance, an electrometer or high impedance SMU instrument can make voltage measurements at levels that approach theoretical limits. A similar situation exists for low level current measurements; DMMs gener- 1 Input current flows in the input lead of an active device or instrument. With voltage meas ure ments, the input current is ideally zero; thus, any input current represents an error. With current measurements, the signal current becomes the input current of the measuring instrument. However, some background current is always present when no signal current is applied to the instrument input. This unwanted current is the input bias current (often called just the offset current) of the instrument. The source and test connections can also generate unwanted offset currents and offset voltages. A leakage current is another unwanted error current resulting from voltage across an undesired resist ance path (called leakage resistance). This current, combined with the offset current, is the total error current. 1-4 SECTION 1
11 FIGURE 1-3: Typical Digital Multimeter (DMM), Nanovoltmeter (nvm), and Electrometer Limits of Measurement at Various Source Resistances 1V 10 0 Noise Voltage 1mV 10 3 Electrometer DMM nvm 1μV 1nV pV mΩ Ω 1kΩ 1MΩ 1GΩ 1TΩ Source Resistance PΩ ally have a high input voltage drop (input burden), which affects low level current measurements, and DMM resolution is generally no better than 1nA. Thus, an electrometer or picoammeter with its much lower input burden and better sensitivity will operate at levels much closer to the theoretical (and practical) limits of low current meas urements. 1.3 Instrument Definitions A number of different types of instruments are available to make DC measurements, including electrometers, DMMs, nanovoltmeters, picoammeters, source measure unit (SMU) instruments, low current preamps, micro-ohmmeters, and low current sources. The following paragraphs discuss and compare the important characteristics of these instruments The Electrometer An electrometer is a highly refined DC multimeter. As such, it can be used for many measurements performed by a conventional DC multimeter. Additionally, an electrometer s special input characteristics and high sensitivity allow it to make voltage, current, resistance, and charge measurements far beyond the capabilities of a conventional DMM. An electrometer must be used when any of the following conditions exist: 1. The task requires an extended measurement range unavailable with conventional instruments, such as for detecting or measuring: Currents less than 10nA (10 8 A). Resistances greater than 1GW (10 9 W). Low Level DC Measuring Instruments 1-5
12 2. Circuit loading must be minimized, such as when: Measuring voltage from a source resistance of 100MW or higher. Measuring current when input voltage drop (burden) of less than a few hundred millivolts is required (when measuring currents from sources of a few volts or less). 3. Charge measurement is required. 4. Measuring signals at or near Johnson noise limitations (as indicated in Figure 1-2). Electrometers have four functions: voltmeter, ammeter, ohmmeter, and coulombmeter. Voltmeter Function The input resistance of an electrometer voltmeter is extremely high, typically greater than 100TW (10 14 W). Furthermore, the input bias current is less than 3fA ( A). These characteristics describe a device that can measure voltage with a very small amount of circuit loading. Because of the high input resistance and low input bias current, the electrometer voltmeter has minimal effect on the circuit being measured. As a result, the electrometer can be used to measure voltage in situations where an ordinary multimeter would be unusable. For example, the electrometer can measure the voltage on a 500pF capacitor without significantly discharging the device; it can also measure the potential of piezoelectric crystals and high impedance ph electrodes. Electrometer voltmeters are also used to measure the resistivity of high resistance semiconductor materials. Ammeter Function As an ammeter, the electrometer is capable of measuring extremely low currents, limited only by theoretical limits or by the instrument s input bias current. It also has a much lower voltage burden than conventional DMMs. With its extremely low input bias current and minimal input voltage burden, it can detect currents as low as 1fA (10 15 A). Because of this high sensitivity, it s suitable for measuring ion beam current, dark current of photodiodes, gate leakage current, and current output of mass spectrometers and other devices. Ohmmeter Function An electrometer may measure resistance by using either a constant-current or a constant-voltage method. If using the constant-current method, the electrometer s high input resistance and low offset current enables measurements up to 200GW. When using the constant-voltage method, the electrometer applies a constant voltage to the unknown resistance, measures the current, and then calculates the resistance. This is the preferred method because it allows the unknown resistor to be tested at a known voltage. An electrometer can measure resistances up to 10PW (10 16 W) using 1-6 SECTION 1
13 this method. The constant-voltage method is used to measure the resistivity of insulators and the insulation resistance of devices such as cables, connectors, and printed circuit boards. Coulombmeter Function Current integration and measurement of charge are electrometer coulombmeter capabilities not found in multimeters. The electrometer coulombmeter can detect charge as low as 10fC (10 14 C). It s equivalent to an active integrator and, therefore, has low voltage burden, typically less than 100µV. The coulombmeter function can measure lower currents than the ammeter function can because no noise is contributed by internal resistors. Currents as low as 1fA (10 15 A) may be detected using this function. See Section for further details. The coulombmeter function can be used with a Faraday cage to measure charge on objects or can be used to measure capacitance using a DC voltage The DMM Digital multimeters vary widely in performance, from low cost handheld digit units to digit high precision system DMMs. Although there are many models available from a wide variety of manufacturers, none approaches the theoretical limits of measurement discussed previously. These limitations don t imply that DMMs are inadequate instruments; they simply point out the fact that the vast majority of measurements are made at levels far from theoretical limits, and DMMs are designed to meet these more conventional meas urement needs. Although low level measurements are by definition those that are close to theoretical limits, and are thus outside the range of DMMs, advances in technology are narrowing the gap between DMMs and dedicated low level instruments. For example, the most sensitive DMMs can detect DC voltages as low as 10nV, resolve DC currents down to 10pA, and measure resistances as low as 100µW and as high as 1GW. Although these characteristics still fall far short of the corresponding capabilities of more sensitive instruments like the electrometer described previously, all the measurement theory and accuracy considerations in this book apply to DMM measurements, as well as to nanovoltmeter, picoammeter, electrometer, or SMU instrument measurements. The difference is only a matter of degree; when making measurements close to theoretical limits, all measurement considerations are vitally important. When measuring at levels far from theoretical limits, only a few basic considerations (accuracy, loading, etc.) are generally of concern The Nanovoltmeter A nanovoltmeter is a very sensitive voltage meter. As shown in Figure 1-3, this type of instrument is optimized to provide voltage measurements near the theoretical limits from low source resistances, in contrast to the electrometer, which is optimized for use with high source resistances. Compared to an electrometer, the voltage noise and drift are much lower, Low Level DC Measuring Instruments 1-7
14 and the current noise and drift are much higher. Input resist ance is usually similar to that of a DMM and is much lower than that of an electrometer. As is the case with electrometers, nanovoltmeters are just as easy to operate as DMMs. Their distinguishing characteristic is their voltage sensitivity, which can be as good as 1nV down to a few picovolts. Most nanovolt meters aren t multifunction instruments and are correspondingly less complex than electrometers The Picoammeter A picoammeter is an ammeter built along the lines of the ammeter function of an electrometer. When compared with an electrometer, a picoammeter has a similar low voltage burden, similar or faster speed, less sensitivity, and a lower price. It may also have special characteristics, such as high speed logarithmic response or a built-in voltage source The Source Measure Unit Instrument Source measure unit (SMU) instruments, including Keithley s SourceMeter SMU instruments, combine measuring and sourcing capabilities and can provide four basic functions: measure voltage, measure current, source voltage, and source current. These functions can be used separately or together in the following combinations: simultaneously source voltage and measure current or simultaneously source current and measure voltage. The addition of four-quadrant sourcing functions makes these instruments more convenient and versatile than using separate instruments for applications such as generating I-V curves of semiconductors and other types of devices. Some SMU instruments may have a number of electrometer-like characteristics that make them suitable for low level measurements. For example, they provide very high input resistance (typically 100TΩ or more), minimizing circuit loading when making voltage measurements from high impedance sources. Their current measurement sensitivity is also similar to that of the electrometer picoammeter typically as low as 10fA. Instruments with triax connectors also allow making extremely low noise measurements; banana jacks are usually available for more generalpurpose or high throughput production test measurements. Sweep capabilities are another important advantage that many of these instruments offer. Either voltage or current can be swept across the desired range at specified increments, and the resulting current or voltage can be measured at each step. Built-in source-delay-measure cycles allow optimizing measurement speed while ensuring sufficient circuit settling time to maintain measurement integrity. SMU instruments can display resistance measurements directly, as well as voltage and current. Unlike a digital multimeter (DMM), which can make a measurement at only one point, an SMU instrument can generate a family of I-V curves, because it has a built-in source. This is especially useful when 1-8 SECTION 1
15 studying semiconductor devices and making materials measurements. When used as a current source, an SMU instrument can be used in conjunction with a nanovoltmeter to measure very low resistances by automatically reversing the polarity of the source to correct for offsets The Low Current Preamp Some SMU instruments, including SourceMeter SMU instruments, may have a remote low current preamp. With this design, the sensitive amplifier circuitry is separate from the SMU instrument. This makes it possible to place the most sensitive part of the instrument very close to the device being tested, thereby eliminating a major source of error, the noise and leakage from the cables themselves The Micro-ohmmeter A micro-ohmmeter is a special type of ohmmeter designed especially for making low level resistance measurements. Although the techniques used for making resistance meas urements are similar to those used in a DMM, micro-ohmmeter circuits are optimized for making low level measurements. The typical micro-ohmmeter can resolve resistances as low as 10µW. Measurements made using the micro-ohmmeter are always performed using the four-wire technique in order to minimize errors caused by test leads and connections. The typical micro-ohmmeter also has additional features such as offset compensation and dry circuit testing to optimize low resistance measurements. Offset compensation is performed by pulsing the test current to cancel offsets from thermoelectric EMFs. The dry circuit test mode limits the voltage across the unknown resistance to a very small value (typically <20mV) to avoid puncturing oxides when testing such devices as relay contacts, connectors, and switches The Low Current Source Low current sourcing is important in a wide range of applications from R&D to production, including semiconductor, electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and superconductor tests. Low current sources are designed to output a specified current through the DUT and apply whatever voltage is required to force that current. Key considerations for using a low current source include the maximum current, minimum current and step resolution, output settling time required, and the level of voltage compliance needed. It must also have a level of noise acceptable for the application and sufficiently high output impedance. If the source s output impedance is only 100 higher than the resistance of the DUT, then the actual current through the DUT will be off by 1%. Although it s possible to create a current source from a voltage source and series resistor, such homemade solutions have several drawbacks, including no voltage compliance and unpredictable output. Low Level DC Measuring Instruments 1-9
16 1.4 Understanding Instrument Specifications Knowing how to interpret instrument specifications properly is an important aspect of making good low level measurements. Although instrument accuracy is probably the most important of these specifications, there are several other factors to consider when reviewing specifications, including noise, deratings, and speed Definition of Accuracy Terms This section defines a number of terms related to instrument accuracy. Some of these terms are further discussed in subsequent paragraphs. Table 1-1 summarizes conversion factors for various unit specifications associated with instruments. TABLE 1-1: Specification Conversion Factors Number of time Portion constants to settle Percent PPM Digits Bits db of 10V to rated accuracy 10% V 2.3 1% mv % mv % mv % μv % μv % μv % nv % nv 20.7 SENSITIVITY - the smallest change in the signal that can be detected. RESOLUTION - the smallest portion of the signal that can be observed. REPEATABILITY - the closeness of agreement between successive measurements carried out under the same conditions. REPRODUCIBILITY - the closeness of agreement between measurements of the same quantity carried out with a stated change in conditions. ABSOLUTE ACCURACY - the closeness of agreement between the result of a meas urement and its true value or accepted standard value, taking into account the uncertainty of the standard value. RELATIVE ACCURACY - the closeness of agreement between the result of a measurement and its true value or accepted standard value but without taking the uncertainty of the standard value into account. ERROR - the deviation (difference or ratio) of a measurement from its true value. Note that true values are by their nature indeterminate SECTION 1
17 RANDOM ERROR - the mean of a large number of measurements influenced by random error matches the true value. SYSTEMATIC ERROR - the mean of a large number of measurements influenced by systematic error deviates from the true value. UNCERTAINTY - an estimate of the bounded interval around the measured value, which is likely to contain the true value. Precision is a more qualitative term than many of those defined here. It is often applied in the context of repeatability or reproducibility, but it shouldn t be used in place of accuracy Accuracy One of the most important considerations in any measurement situation is reading accuracy. For any given test setup, a number of factors can affect accuracy. The most important factor is the accuracy of the instrument itself, which may be specified in several ways, including a percentage of full scale, a percentage of reading, or a combination of both. Instrument accuracy aspects are covered in the following paragraphs. Other factors such as input loading, leakage resistance, electrostatic interference, and thermoelectric EMFs may also have a serious impact on overall accuracy. These and many other important measurement considerations are discussed in detail in Sections 2 and 3. Measurement Instrument Specifications A typical expression of accuracy is ±(gain error + offset error). However, manufacturers can use different formats to express accuracy, so it can be difficult to compare instruments. Gain and offset errors are sometimes combined into a specification that expresses accuracy in terms of a percentage and counts or parts per million. The graph in Figure 1-4 shows the relationship of the offset and gain errors over a measurement range. Note that the offset error is constant over a particular range. When the reading is at a lower percentage of full scale of range, the offset error is the dominant term. When a reading is taken near the full-scale value of a selected range, the gain error becomes significant. Instrument accuracy is often specified as a percentage of reading, plus a percentage of range (or a number of counts of the least significant digit). For example, a typical DMM accuracy specification may be stated as: ±(0.005% of reading % of range). The percentage of reading term represents the gain error and the percentage of range term is the offset term. Accuracy may also be specified in ppm (parts per million). Typically, this accuracy specification is given as ±(ppm of reading + ppm of range). For example, the DC voltage accuracy of a higher resolution DMM might be specified as ±(25ppm of reading + 5ppm of range). Low Level DC Measuring Instruments 1-11
18 FIGURE 1-4: Relationship Between Offset and Gain Errors Error vs. Percentage of Measurement Range Offset Error Max. Gain Error Max. Gain Error 0% 50% 100% Reading as a % of Full Scale Resolution The resolution of a digital instrument is determined by the number of counts that can be displayed, which depends on the number of digits. A typical digital electrometer might have digits, meaning five whole digits (each with possible values between 0 and 9) plus a leading half digit that can take on the values 0 or ±1. Thus, a digit display can show 0 to 199,999, a total of 200,000 counts. The resolution of the display is the ratio of the smallest count to the maximum count (1/200,000 or % for a digit display). For example, the specification of ±(0.05% + 1 count) on a digit meter reading volts corresponds to a total error of ±(5mV + 1mV) or ±6mV out of 10V, or ±(0.05% of reading % of range), totaling ±0.06%. Generally, the higher the resolution, the better the accuracy. Sensitivity The sensitivity of a measurement is the smallest change of the measured signal that can be detected. For example, voltage sensitivity may be 1µV, which simply means that any change in input signal less than 1µV won t show up in the reading. Similarly, a current sensitivity of 10fA implies that only changes in current greater than that value will be detected. The ultimate sensitivity of a measuring instrument depends on both its resolution and the lowest measurement range. For example, the sensitivity of a digit DMM with a 200mV measurement range is 1µV. Absolute and Relative Accuracy The absolute accuracy is the measure of instrument accuracy that is directly traceable to the International System of Units (SI) through the primary standards at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or 1-12 SECTION 1
19 other National Metrology Institute (NMI). Absolute accuracy may be specified as ±(% of reading + counts), or it can be stated as ±(ppm of reading + ppm of range), where ppm signifies parts per million of error. Relative accuracy specifies instrument accuracy without taking the uncertainty of the standard into account. As with absolute accuracy, relative accuracy can be specified as ±(% of reading + counts) or it may be stated as ±(ppm of reading + ppm of range). Transfer Stability A special case of relative accuracy is the transfer stability, which defines relative instrument accuracy over a very short time span and narrow ambient temperature range (typically within five minutes and ±1 C). The transfer stability specification is useful in situations where an instrument is used in conjunction with a more accurate standard to transfer a quantity value to a third device. Calculating Uncertainties from Instrument Accuracy Specifications Instrument accuracy specifications can be expressed in a variety of ways. To illustrate how to calculate measurement uncertainty from instrument specifications, here are three examples of calculations one measuring voltage and two measuring resistance. Example #1: DC Voltmeter Accuracy Calculation Input Signal = 1.5V Voltage Range = 2V Accuracy Specification = ±(25ppm of reading + 5ppm of range) The potential error contribution based on the specifications is calcu lated as: Error = ±[1.5V( ) + 2V( )] = ±[(37.5V 10 6 ) + (10V 10 6 )] = ±47.5V 10 6 = ±47.5µV Thus, the reading in this example could fall anywhere within the range of 1.5V ± 47.5µV, an uncertainty of ±0.003%. Example #2: Calculate the Accuracy of a Resistance Measurement Made Using a DC Voltmeter and a Current Source This example shows how to calculate the accuracy of a resistance measurement that is made using two separate instruments, a voltmeter and a current source. First, the accuracy of each instrument is found separately. Then, the expected resistance accuracy is calculated using the root-sum-square (RSS) method. Device to be measured = 20Ω resistor using 100mA test current Low Level DC Measuring Instruments 1-13
20 Current Source Accuracy: Current Output = 100mA on 100mA range Accuracy Specification = ±(0.066% of output + 20µA) Error ( I) = ±[(100mA ) + 20µA] = ±(66µA + 20µA) = ±86µA Voltage Measure Accuracy: Input Signal = (20W 100mA) = 2V Accuracy Specification of 2V Range = ±(0.012% of reading + 300µV) Error ( V) = ±[(2V ) + 300µV] = ±(240µV + 300µV) = ±540µV Because R = V/I, the error of the resistance can be calculated using the following root-sum-square equation: R = I 2 + V 2 R I V Substituting the calculated I and V values into the equation: Total resistance uncertainty = 86µA µV 2 = or ±0.0901% 100mA 2V Example #3: Calculate the Accuracy of a Resistance Measurement Made Using an SMU Instrument For calculating the resistance accuracy for an SMU instrument, use the summation method. With this method, the accuracy of the source and measurements are found separately and then added together. For higher accuracy measurements, use the Source Readback function of the SMU instrument to measure the source output. In this case, both the current and voltage measurement accuracy specifications are used in the uncertainty calculation of a 20Ω resistor with 100mA test current: Current Measure Accuracy (Source Readback enabled): Input Signal = 100 ma on 100mA range (this is the current output) Accuracy Specification = ±(0.055% of reading + 6µA) Error% = ±0.061% Voltage Measure Accuracy: Input Signal = (20Ω 100 ma) = 2 V Accuracy Specification of 2V Range = ±(0.012% of reading + 300µV) Error% = ±0.027% Total resistance uncertainty using Source Readback = ±(0.061% %) = ±0.088% The preceding examples are simplified to demonstrate calculating uncertainties from product specifications and combining them when using multiple instruments. In formal practice, the calculation involves reducing the system uncertainties to a single standard deviation, combining these uncertainties, then expanding the final system uncertainty to describe the 1-14 SECTION 1
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The output signal may be of the same form as the input signal, i.e. V in produces V out
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ICAN of Greater Cincinnati is very proud to announce
that we will be sponsoring a sneak preview of Ricki
Lake's upcoming documentary "The Business of Being
Born" right here in our area!
What: Special Benefit Screening of "The Business of
Being Born"
When: November 17th
Time: Movie begins at 10:30am, Panel Discussion begins
at noon.
Where: Mariemont Theatre, 6906 Wooster Pike, Mariemont
Cost: Free; suggested donation of $8 per person at the
Please help us spread the word about this important
one-time-only event!
All donations will go toward helping ICAN of Greater
Cincinnati expand our outreach efforts in the
Cincinnati and Norther Kentucky areas, and will help
us defray the costs of bringing this film to our area.
The concession stand will be open for our screening.
If you've never been to the Mariemont Theatre, they
offer some unusual and delicious concession choices!
For more information about "The Business of Being
Born", you can visit the website at
For more information about ICAN, visit
proud mama to: DD (8/02), DS (12/03), DS (11/06), DS (9/09) and EDD 11/1
proud mama to: DD (8/02), DS (12/03), DS (11/06), DS (9/09) and EDD 11/1
TF, BF, CD, HS, AP'ing Mama!
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Overview Edit
The Business Software Alliance is a nonprofit trade association dedicated to promoting a safe and legal digital world. It represents the commercial software industry and its hardware partners before governments and in the international marketplace. Its programs foster technology innovation through education and policy initiatives that promote copyright protection, cybersecurity, trade and e-commerce.


text:
Ha the CARLIN ...
Small dog very charismatic. This muggle with these mimics and his crunchy boil is the joy of many people, just see all the sites reporting his exploits and share daily clownings.
Having a sponsor on behalf of IODA, I created a keychain representing these traits caricaturally. I think that one finds well his profile while finesse ...
Good work at all.
Injectable materials easily: PLA / ABS
Not in "Z" 0.2mm or less.
Feed speed 50 / 100mm / s
Bed support: Yes
Support: Yes (55 °)


text:
|<< Previous book
(A book in the Breakaway series)
A novel by Michelle Davidson Argyle
Two years after watching her kidnappers go to prison, Naomi Jensen is still in love with one of them. Jesse will be released in a few years, and Naomi knows college is the perfect distraction while she waits. But when her new friend Finn makes her question what is right and what is wrong, she begins to wonder if Jesse is the one for her ... until she discovers he's out on parole. Naomi must sort through her confusion to figure out where love and freedom truly lie - in Finn, who has no connections to her past, or Jesse, who has just asked her to run away with him.
**Pieces is a companion to The Breakaway and can be read independently, if desired.**
**Pieces is a companion to The Breakaway and can be read independently, if desired.**
Similar Books by other authors...
Used availability for Michelle Davidson Argyle's Pieces
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
February 2013 : USA Paperback
|Title: Pieces (a Breakaway Novel)
Author(s): Michelle Davidson Argyle
ISBN: 1-936850-85-0 / 978-1-936850-85-3 (USA edition)
Publisher: Rhemalda Publishing
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
February 2013 : USA Paperback
|Title: Pieces: The Breakaway
Author(s): Michelle D Argyle
ISBN: 0-9899700-3-5 / 978-0-9899700-3-7 (USA edition)
Publisher: MDA Books
Availability: Amazon UK
Kindle Editions
February 2013 : USA, Canada, UK Kindle edition
|Title: Pieces (The Breakaway Book 2)
Author(s): Michelle D Argyle
Publisher: MDA Books
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages


text:
Surya Makarla wants to
13th -22nd July, 2011, A bike ride from BOston to Washington DC - connected from Vienna Austria. AIDS Ride 2012 will
Welcome to the cause! We're excited to have you, and hope you'll get involved and spread awareness by inviting your friends to join. AIDS Ride is organised by a set of NGOs significantly, B'Care USA Inc. B'Care International is a grassroots registered (BIC 117 of 2003), non-profit, charitable NGO from India since 2003 with status as an extra-provincial registered (NEQ: 1164063951) nonprofit…
Breakfast reception at the Embassy of Canada, Mexico City
Our Bikes donated kids of Eva Arounda Rodridge, Mexico City
Tony Clement, Canadian Health Minister and Ron at the Canadian Reception
Canadian federal Health Minister promoting AIDS Ride 2010 tshirt
AIDS 2006, Giri Makarla with a portrait work of Surya Makarla


text:
INDIANAPOLIS (AP) — The Colts have resigned quarterback Peyton Manning to a long-term deal that could keep him in Indianapolis for the rest of his career.
The team did not release terms of the deal Saturday, but it is believed to be for five years.
The Colts have set a Sunday afternoon news conference to discuss new the deal.
In a statement released by the team owner Jim Irsay said he was "thrilled to have the deal done."


text:
McCall's 2054; ©1985; Boys' and Teen Boys' Robe or Jacket and Pajamas: Robe A, B with loops or jacket C has extended shoulder line, bands, patch pockets and tie belt. Pullover pajama top A, B, D has extended shoulder line, collar, front vent and long sleeves. Pants have elastic in waistline casing and front fly fastened with snap fasteners.
Also issued as P958.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
- Moonwishes Sewing and Crafts Size 14-16
- New Vintage Studio Size 7-8, FF
- allthepreciousthings on Etsy14 - 16 FF
- RomasMaison Size Large UNCUT
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


text:
trick jumping
Surprise, surprise! At this tutorial I'm not going to tell anything by myself, but I'll give you a website(I'm sorry its english only) includind text and videos. Well, at first I'll tell you something: Strafejumping is a technique to move faster than read more
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America was once their country. They sense they are losing it. And they are right.
The healthcare bill has Indian outsourcers salivating.
A north eastern Indian town known to be the Land of Dawn-lit Mountains is caught in some unfinished India-China border business.
On the 22nd death anniversary of Raj Kapoor on June 2, Monojit Lahiri pays homage to India's greatest showman.
A 'new improved' package of the same ghisa-pita product is what we're talking about."
There is no justification for the onerous fees, nor the retroactive application of the rules to surrender the Indian passport.
Global remittances keep families and some nations afloat.
Nitin Nohria, who specializes in leadership and organizational change, has been named the 10th dean of the Harvard Business School. Harvard President Drew Faust lauded Nohria as "an
1985, what a year. Mikhail Gorbachev took power in the Soviet Union, Microsoft shipped its first version of Windows 1.0, the cartoon Calvin and Hobbes was born
Chicago's Abbott Labs has bought the domestic healthcare business of India's Piramal Healthcare Ltd., for $3.72 billion. The deal makes Abbott the largest pharmaceutical company
Health benefits of common herbs and spices in the Indian kitchen.
Peace between the Ambani brothers?
$14.6 billion for India's 3G mobile spectrum.
Warren Buffet again raves about Ajit Jain, head of Berkshire's reinsurance business, who is often tipped as Buffet's successor
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A University of Maryland study reports that contrary to widespread belief foreign workers earned more than U.S. tech professionals. The study "Are Foreign IT Workers Cheaper? U.S. Visa
May 22, 2010: Air India flight from Dubai to Mangalore overshot a hilltop runway, killing 158 people. May 12, 2010: Afriqiyah Airways plane en route to Tripoli, Libya,
The United States Air Force has discharged Lt. Robin Chaurasiya under its "don't ask, don't tell" policy after she revealed that she is gay. In December, she
Jordan Romero, 13, has become the youngest person to climb Mount Everest. Romero, who is from Big Bear, Calif., scaled the 29,035-foot (8,850-meter) mountain from the northern
Fashion photographer Indrani Pal Chaudhri claims she is in a lesbian relationship with American actress and popsinger Lindsay Lohan. Chaudhri told the New York Post: We have been
A former Vietnam War veteran has renounced his U.S. citizenship and is seeking political asylum in India. Jeff Knaebel, who claims to be inspired by Mahatma
Bengaluru is the best Indian city for expatriates, according to a global survey. The Worldwide Quality of Living survey 2010 compiled by HR consultancy Mercer for 2010 ranked
Tea Party leader Mark Williams apologizes to Hindus for mocking "the terrorists' monkey god."
Viswanathan Anand beats back a challenge to win the World Chess title again.
Niki Haley overcame allegations of marital infidelity to lead the Republican primary.


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The Poisoning (2013)
Genre: Drama, Horror, Thriller
Country: USA
Release: 2013
Directors: Zachary Eglinton
Stars: Jose Luis Gonzalez, Patrick Thomas Gorman, Matt Mercer, Mollie Pratt
Duration: 84 min
IMDB | Views: 841
Matt, with the assistance of his new friend Riley, is moving out to Los Angeles California to fulfill his dream of making movies. Everything is off to a good start! That is until Matt's ...


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Christchurch: It was indeed the gift of the Millennium. Hosts New Zealand did the impossible as they beat defending champions and strong contenders Australia by four runs to clinch the Women's World Cup 2000 at the BIL Oval on Saturday.The champagne bottles were out and the Kiwis were into early Christmas celebration as the mighty Aussies were brought down - their first ever defeat in the tournament - despite the magnificent effort of man-of-the-match Belinda Clark.Australia chasing a fairly easy target of 185 runs for victory after restricting New Zealand to 184 were bowled out for 180 runs with five balls to spare. Katrina Keenan, Rachel Pullar and Clare Nicholson shared the bowling honours by claiming two wickets apiece.Australia began disastrously when they lost the wicket of consistent performer Lisa Keightley with no runs on the board. Vice-captain Karen Rolton soon followed as Australia were reduced to two for two in the third over. Belinda Clark and Cherie Bambury then added 83 runs to revive the innings.But the fall of Cherie's wicket saw a procession of Australian batsmen to and from the pavilion. Belinda Clark fought a lone battle with wickets tumbling around her. The fall of Belinda's wicket gave the hosts the upper hand. The match, however, went to the wire with the Aussie tail waging a grim battle. Belinda top scored on 91 runs off 102 balls with eight hits to the fence.Australia required four runs from the final over, which was bowled by Clare Nicholson with almost all the Kiwi hearts beating a skip. Clare Nicholson struck of her very first delivery and the New Zealand women were cock a hoop with joy. This was sweet revenge for New Zealand as they had lost Australia in the final in the 1997 edition at India.Earlier, New Zealand batting first on winning the toss were bowled out for 184 in 48.4 overs. Kathyrn Ramel made 41 runs from 63 balls with three hits to the fence, while Rebecca Rolls (34 runs, 47 balls, six fours), Debbie Hockley (24) and Emily Drumm (21) contributed usefully.The only consolation for the Aussies was that opener Lisa Keightley was crowned as the man-of-the-series.
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Change of Address Fraud — What You Need to Know
Did you know that change of address cards — available at any post office for when you're switching addresses — can create major headaches for you? The reason is address fraud.
Identity thieves have been known to use change of address cards to reroute mail, capturing personal information along the way. Unlike the U.S. Postal Service's online change of address forms — which require verification with a minimal bank withdrawal — the physical cards only need a signature and aren't even compared with any known signature records. Because the cards can be mailed into a post office, identity thieves don't have to risk showing up in person and can divert mail almost immediately.
In an effort to shut down change of address fraud scams, the U.S. Postal Service now sends a "move validation letter" to both an old and new address when a change is filed. The letter includes a toll-free number to call if the change wasn't authorized.
However, those letters take at least a few days to arrive, and sometimes a few weeks. In the meantime, mail is being sent to the "new" address. That mail can include bank statements, credit card bills, retirement account statements, personal correspondence and other items that could give a thief plenty of information for creating a profile on a victim. With that data, the thief might sign up for new credit cards, make changes to the victim's financial accounts or engage in medical identity theft.
Here are some ways to spot this address fraud and squelch it as quickly as possible:
Look for changes in your mail volume. Most people have days where they don't get any mail. But with the prevalence of direct mail marketing, bills and statements, it's rare to have no mail at all for more than a few days. If your mail volume has dropped to nothing for an extended period, call your local post office to ask whether a change of address form has been filed for your address.
Check your credit report. Although some charges take time to show up on your credit report, it's often possible to see whether new accounts have been opened recently or if credit checks have been done. If you see any fraudulent activity, report the situation immediately to the credit bureaus. Also, call your credit card issuers and banks to put them on alert that fraud may be occurring. In addition, take the time to place a credit freeze.
File a report. If your identity is compromised by a change of address scam, immediately call the Postal Inspection Service or report the incident online. It takes only a few minutes to fill out the online form. (This creates a record of the complaint, which will be helpful for submitting to credit card companies or banks.)
Limit your incoming mail. Regardless of whether you've been hit by identity theft, it's often advisable to reduce the amount of sensitive information delivered through the mail. You can do this by switching to electronic-only bank and credit card statements.
Although change of address fraud is less common than some other methods of identity theft, it can be a real pain. With our identity theft services, you can minimize the risk of becoming a victim and get help if trouble strikes.
Image courtesy of Flickr user theilr.
Heidi Daitch
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text: Dangeruz (feat. Lady Gaga)Producer(s) Dangeruz This box: view • talk "Disco Girl" is a song sung by rapper, Dangeruz that samples the chorus from "LoveGame". LyricsEdit Insert the lyrics. Retrieved from "http://ladygaga.wikia.com/wiki/Disco_Girl_(song)?oldid=71432" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Samples Lady Gaga Add category Cancel Save


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Claire Messud's new novel, The Burning Girl, feels somehow different from anything she's done before...
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Organized geographically, the 200 recipes in Martha's American Food include main dishes such as comforting Chicken Pot Pies, easy Grilled Fish Tacos, irresistible Barbecued Ribs, and hearty New England Clam Chowder. Here, too, are thoroughly modern starters, sides, and one-dish meals that harness the bounty of each region's seasons and landscape: Hot Crab Dip, Tequila-Grilled Shrimp, Indiana Succotash, Chicken and Andouille Gumbo, Grilled Bacon-Wrapped Whitefish, and Whole-Wheat Spaghetti with Meyer Lemon, Arugula, and Pistachios. And you will want to leave room for dessert, with dozens of treats such as Chocolate-Bourbon Pecan Pie, New York Cheesecake, and Peach and Berry Cobbler.
Through sidebars about the flavors that define each region and stunning photography that brings the foods—and the places with which we identify them—to life, Martha celebrates the unique character of each part of the country. With all the dishes that inspire pride in our national cuisine, Martha's American Food gathers, in one place, the recipes that will surely please your family and friends for generations to come.
andquot;In doable dishes that favor bold spices, such as theand#160;garamand#160;masala and serranochilesand#160;inand#160;habeshaand#160;lamb chops with apple-mango chutney, and crunchy and creamy components, such as the fried pickles served with fish and chips and the shrimp salad atop corn dogs, andshy;Samuelsson deliciously showcases his knowledge of global flavors and talent for combining them in unexpected ways.and#160;VERDICTand#160;Highly recommended for adventurous and well-traveled home cooks, as well as fans of Susanand#160;Fenigerandrsquo;sand#160;Street Food.andquot;
andmdash;Library Journal
andldquo;Marcus is a great chef, a great cook, and a transformative figure in the landscape of American food. Seeing his style and his interests change over the years has been fascinating. Iandrsquo;ve watched him first hand as he eats his way through a city, soaking it all up, mind whirring. I guess this is what heandrsquo;s been doing with all that information and experience: Marcus Off Duty. Itandrsquo;s fair to say you would always be a very lucky person if you were invited over to Marcusandrsquo;s house for dinner. Now, with this book, everyone can join the party.andrdquo;
andmdash;-Anthony Bourdain
andldquo;With Marcus Off Duty, Marcus Samuelsson steps out of the restaurant kitchen and shows you how to cook the global, casual, flavorful food he loves most. Every recipe, story, and tip is not only thoughtful and imaginative, but also completely accessible. Itandrsquo;s like having your own private cooking lesson and fabulous dinner party, hosted by one of the countryandrsquo; s greatest culinary stars!andrdquo;
andmdash;- Gail Simmons, food expert, TV personality, and author of Talking with My Mouth Full
andldquo;Marcus has a gift to take unexpected flavor combinations and make them sing on a plate. His exploration of other cultures outside his own makes this book an adventure to read at home and in the kitchen.andrdquo;
andmdash;-Zarela Martinez, chef and author
andldquo;Marcus is the most interesting cook I know. He possesses a unique ability to bring the cuisine of the world to our family table. And here is the magical touch: He has the love to make it happen. Whether itandrsquo;s a perfect poached egg, a biscuit, or a spicy grilled fish, he elevates all to an amazing level. Marcus is truly that cook who can transform the basics into the stellar, yet keep it real at the same time.andrdquo;
andmdash;-Jonathan Waxman, chef and author
andldquo;Marcus teaches us inspired recipes that are approachable yet rich with the style and finesse thatandrsquo;s been his trademark. What I love the most about Marcus Off Duty is that he not only gives great recipes, but arms us with the tools and tricks to tackle them all.andrdquo;
andmdash; John Besh, restaurateur, author, and philanthropist
In this book, the chef who former President Bill Clinton says and#8220;has reinvigorated and reimagined what it means to be Americanand#8221; serves up the dishes he makes at his Harlem home for his wife and friends. The recipes blend a rainbow of the flavors he experienced in his travelsand#8212;Ethiopian, Swedish, Mexican, Caribbean, Italian, and Southern soul. His eclectic, casual food includes dill-spiced salmon; coconut-lime curried chicken; mac, cheese, and greens; chocolate pie spiced with Indian garam masala; and for kids, peanut noodles with slaw. This is an inside glimpse into how one of the worldand#8217;s top chefs cooks in his home kitchen for those nearest and dearest to him.


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AIAS South Quad Conference 2014 - Rise
American Institute of Architecture Students - Georgia Tech Chapter
Thursday, March 27, 2014 at 3:00 PM - Sunday, March 30, 2014 at 2:00 PM (EDT)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Promo Video Here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIUZ9KbP7NY
Mark your calendars for March 27-30! South Quad Conference is a once a year gathering of hundreds of architecture students from all over the Southern United States at a chosen host school; this year Georgia Tech in Atlanta, GA! Some of the events on the agenda:
-Keynote lectures featuring speakers from around the country and across the Atlantic
-Firm Tours in both Midtown and Downtown Atlanta
-Building Tours
-A design competition
-A Beaux Arts Ball
-The High Museum, MODA, and Georgia Aquarium
The American Institute of Architecture Students, Georgia Tech Chapter are proud to bring you South Quad 2014: "Rise". The theme has historical, political, artistic and social implications as Atlanta seeks to establish itself as a leading American city. There is no better place to explore as a designer today than Atlanta, and we formally invite you all to join us this coming March as we rise to the challenges presented to us, the young designers of the future.
When & Where
Atlanta - The W Hotel Midtown
188 14th St NE
Thursday, March 27, 2014 at 3:00 PM - Sunday, March 30, 2014 at 2:00 PM (EDT)
Add to my calendar


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Jhereg (1983)
by Steven Brust
Best Fantasy Novels (141)
Favorite Series (119)
Books Read in 2015 (599)
» 2 more
Books Read in 2013 (1,227)
The first in a series in a world where humans and reptilian'ish humaniforms coexist, but not peacefully.
Vlad Taltos is a human who lives among the Draegon. He becomes an assassin and works his way up the ranks, basically being a mob boss. This reminded me of a murder mystery in a fantasy setting from the Mafia's point of view. Interesting.
When I originally read this when it came out 30 years ago, it was a 4-star book for me. Fantasy with dragons the way Hammett might have written it, with politics, violence, rival gangs, upper vs lower class tensions, and a main character, Vlad Taltos, who moves between the two levels. It remains a fun read and the start of a long series, but I can now see flaws of a first novel, namely a few too many info dumps about the long history of Dragaera, characters such as a wife that pop up almost out of nowhere a quarter of the way into the book, and some major revelations about Vlad's relationship with that history that mean a lot to Vlad, but nothing at all to the reader. These would have been much more impactful after several more volumes in the series, when both the world and Vlad were more established.
You could do a lot worse for a couple days reading.
When a council member of the Jhereg's has stolen 9 million, Vlad Taltos is called in to take him down. But it's not going to be an easy task when he finds out that his target has taken refuge in one of an untouchable castle.
Trickery needs to be done, and he's on a clock.
I enjoyed this book in the sense that it was a very quick, easy, and fun read. It didn't have much substance besides introducing a new world with its specific quirks and rules. But discovering a world is always fun.
This is a particularly fun world because it holds both favorite tropes and new ideas alike. There are factions, each with their own specific trait. I love this sort of stuff because it gives rise to all sorts of underhanded politics and undercurrents.
Also, death is viewed in a particularly different way. Very interesting (more on this later).
I have a lot of problems with the book though- not massive ones, but enough to give me the impression that this book wasn't up to par.
First, the side characters. For goodness sakes, his familiar is basically a servant that is told to shut up every other time he is talked to. And the poor creature used to call him Mommy. Or his wife. Or Daymar. All of them are just convenient and powerful characters with no depth to help him execute his oh so brilliant plans.
Second. The massive reveal. I literally was chanting to myself, no not revenge. Don't make the reason revenge. Not something that stupid. Surely this guy Meller who hoodwinked three Houses has a grander scheme than just that! But.... Nope. Wow. I am not impressed. It was not a brilliant plan. It was an obvious one.
Third. Not amused at the reveal of Vlad's heritage. It seemed like a twist that was there just to give you a shock but didn't actually have a point. Maybe it's setting up the scene for future books, but here it was rather like... Okay. Cool. There's another reason you're special. It makes me regret it a little because I always prefer the main character to win or succeed based on his or her own merits, rather than a prophecy or genetics.
I think that's the basis of the story. It tries to be impressive with schemes and plots, but the actuality of it all is quite mundane. Perhaps I would have enjoyed this book far more when I first started reading fantasy novels. Maybe I am just jaded by tropes and cannot see the brilliance of the story. Who knows.
But my absolute favorite part of this world is the death perspective. Wow. I've never seen it treated so cavalier. Absolutely fantastic. Makes assassins seem more plausible than other worlds because death can just be a warning, no biggie. Brilliant.
I also loved his wit. There are some moments I just had to stop and grin and how clever some of the lines were. My favorite might have been:
"She smiled at me. We were all friends here. Morrolan carried Blackwand, which slew a thousand at the Wall of Barrit's Tomb. Aliera carried Pathfinder, which they say served a power higher than the Empire. Sethra carried Iceflame, which embodied within it the power of the Dzur Mountain. I carried myself rather well, thank you."
I am not that entranced by this book. Sure it was fun and quick and there are parts that I really loved, but I don't need to learn more about him or this world. I probably won't pick up the sequels unless bored out of my mind.
2.5 stars rounded up. I liked it.
Reread Feb2012, review added.
I originally gave this 4 stars, although I've read it numerous times & really enjoyed it. I just never thought it had any redeeming features beyond sheer enjoyment. Now that I've read most of the rest of the series, I see on a re-read that the craftsmanship of this story demands another star.
This is not the first book in the chronology of the series, but it is the first published. Why should you read it first? Because the author couldn't have picked a better way to introduce the reader to an entirely new world & mythology. The story demands our likable anti-hero, Vlad Taltos, look deeply into another character. His search uncovers more than expected & gives us an understanding of the world that we never would have had otherwise. Not only is it entirely entertaining & fast moving, but I had no trouble at all remembering odd names & characters. Each comes alive in a way that sticks in the memory, with a depth that is incredible for the terse wording. Not just the main characters either, although there were most of a dozen of those alone. It's truly an amazing feat.
Now I REALLY want to go on to the next book, [b:Yendi|817357|Yendi (Vlad Taltos, #2)|Steven Brust|http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1302450419s/817357.jpg|1058], but I have other commitments - damn!
DNF at 76%.
No, really. I don't. I tried. It starts off amazingly and I was all set for a great read, but then it quickly became something else completely. This is pretty boring, actually. And convoluted. It's one scheme after another after another. There's a whole lot of discussion about that's going to happen, but I have just the one life. I'm not gonna waste it waiting for shit to actually happen. Things that I like in a book are seemingly present, but it still didn't work, because this book is a mess. Don't ask me to explain the plot, because I dunno.
This came highly recommended, so I felt obligated to continue, but I just couldn't anymore. You know it's bad when you can't even finish out the last 24%.
This is a DNF for now, but it's not outside the realm of possibility that I will one day (one day far away) pick this up and try again. But don't hold your breath. You'll die.
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Collects the first three adventures of the swashbuckling assassin Vlad Taltos and his smart-mouthed reptile familiar Loiosh.
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Meet First Lady's Guest for State of the Union Address
All eyes will be on Capitol Hill tonight at 9 p.m., as President Obama delivers his first State of the Union address. Another place to look will be First Lady Michelle Obama's box, located in the balcony of the House chambers. The privileged seats have made news in the past, most notably last February when a 14-year-old girl named Ty'Sheoma Bethea was invited to join the First Lady at the President's speech before Congress, for writing a letter to leaders about deplorable conditions at her school. Meet one of this evening's guests: Anita Maltbia, 64, a Kansas City native, community activist, and director of an amazing project called the Green Impact Zone...
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Renovated in 2005, this city hotel features a pleasant garden and a total of 55 rooms spread between a 6-storey main building and a 4-storey annexe building. Guests may make use of the foyer with 24-hour reception desk, a cloakroom, a safe and 2 lifts. There is also a bar and a caf�. Room and laundry services round off the facilities on offer.
This hotel is centrally located on a quiet side street in Paris' 17th arrondissement close to the Arc de Triomphe, the beautiful Parc Monceau and Rue de L�vis. Restaurants, countless shopping facilities, bars and links to the public transport network lie just a few minutes walk away (150 m - 500 m). The train station is approximately 1 km away, whilst nightclubs are situated 2 km away. Paris Orly airport can be reached in 35 minutes by making use of public transport and Charles de Gaulle airport may be reached within around 45 minutes.
The comfortable and welcoming rooms come with a bathroom with bath and hairdryer, a direct dial telephone, satellite/cable TV, Internet access, a minibar, a radio, a double bed, carpeting and individually regulated heating.
Breakfast may be selected from a buffet service.
American Express, Diners Club, JCB, MasterCard and VISA as well as other main credit cards are accepted as methods of payment.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Internet access
Double bed
Individual heating


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Stayed in the Hampshire Crown as part of the Irish Masters Swimming Team last week. Location was perfect, centrally situated between shopping and restaurants and just a few minutes from the bus station. An initial problem with our room was sorted by the best staff I have ever encountered in a Hotel. The young girl on reception was without compare. This staff was on duty all week and were constantly attentive, helpful and friendly. Breakfast was delicious and fresh. Kitchen even opened early on our last morning to make sure we were fed before leaving. My two room mates and myself will be forever grateful to the young men on receptionist who solved the bed problem and provided us with plug adaptors....and giggles for the week. Hampshire Crown - lovely Hotel, great location, amazing staff.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- For a Brabant-style welcome and hospitality you need to visit Hampshire hotel - Crown Eindhoven. The hotel with 135 rooms is in the middle of the bustling city centre with its many restaurants, trendy cafes and nightlife venues. Central station is just a stone's throw away. And in just a five minutes' walk you will find yourself at the trade centre, the Muziekcentrum Frits Philips and PSV stadium. In short, an excellent hotel for a weekend in Eindhoven. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, World Independent Hotel Promotion, Orbitz, Ctrip TA, Expedia, TripOnline SA, Travelocity, Cancelon, Hotwire, HotelQuickly, Cheap Tickets and Evoline ltd so you can book your Hampshire Hotel - Crown Eindhoven reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Eden Crown Eindhoven
- Eindhoven Eden Crown Hotel