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California First-Year Law Students Examination. Essay Questions and Selected Answers
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1 California First-Year Law Students Examination Essay Questions and Selected Answers June 2011
2 The State Bar Of California Committee of Bar Examiners/ Office of Admissions 180 Howard Street San Francisco, CA (415) South Hill Street Los Angeles, CA (213) ESSAY QUESTIONS AND SELECTED ANSWERS JUNE 2011 FIRST-YEAR LAW STUDENTS EXAMINATION This publication contains the essay questions from the June 2011 California First- Year Law Students Examination and two selected answers for each question. The answers received good grades and were written by applicants who passed the examination. The answers were typed as submitted, except that minor corrections in spelling and punctuation were made for ease in reading. The answers are reproduced here with the consent of their authors. Applicants were given four hours to answer four essay questions. Instructions for the essay examination appear on page ii. Question Number Subject Page 1. Criminal Law 1 2. Torts Contracts Criminal Law 36 i
3 June 28, 2011 California First-Year Law Students Examination Answer all 4 questions. Time allotted: 4 hours Your answer should demonstrate your ability to analyze the facts in the question, to tell the difference between material facts and immaterial facts, and to discern the points of law and fact upon which the case turns. Your answer should show that you know and understand the pertinent principles and theories of law, their qualifications and limitations, and their relationships to each other. Your answer should evidence your ability to apply the law to the given facts and to reason in a logical, lawyer-like manner from the premises you adopt to a sound conclusion. Do not merely show that you remember legal principles. Instead, try to demonstrate your proficiency in using and applying them. If your answer contains only a statement of your conclusions, you will receive little credit. State fully the reasons that support your conclusions, and discuss all points thoroughly. Your answer should be complete, but you should not volunteer information or discuss legal doctrines which are not pertinent to the solution of the problem. You should answer the questions according to legal theories and principles of general application. ii
4 Question 1 Mel suffers from a mental disorder that gives rise to a subconscious desire to commit homicide. Under the influence of the mental disorder, Mel formulated a plan to kill Herb by breaking into Herb s house and shooting him to death while he was asleep. Brent, who had never met or communicated with Mel, learned of Mel s plan. Brent knew when and where Mel intended to kill Herb, and he desired to assist Mel in the crime. On the night Mel intended to kill Herb, unbeknownst to Mel, Brent forced open the front door to Herb s house so as to effectuate Mel s entry and facilitate his killing of Herb. Mel arrived at Herb s house. He discovered the front door open and entered the house. Mel tiptoed to the bedroom and sprayed bullets into Herb s body. Unbeknownst to either Mel or Brent, Herb had died of a heart attack an hour before Mel fired the bullets. 1. Are Mel and/or Brent guilty of: a. Murder? Discuss. b. Attempted murder? Discuss. c. Conspiracy to commit murder? Discuss. 2. Does Mel have a defense of insanity? Discuss. 1
5 Answer A to Question 1 Question 1: Mel/Brent State vs. Mel a. Is Mel Guilty of Murder? Murder Homicide at common law is the unlawful killing by a person of a human being. Murder at common law is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. The element of malice aforethought can be met through (1) the intent to kill, (2) the intent to inflict serious bodily harm, (3) depraved heart/indifference, or (4) felony murder. Most jurisdictions break murder into two degrees, first-degree murder and seconddegree murder. First-degree murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought (see supra), along with either premeditation or a death that meets the Felony Murder rule. Felony Murder exists when the death of a person occurs during the commission of an inherently dangerous felony. At common law this included Burglary, Arson, Robbery, Rape, and Kidnapping. Here, we are told that Mel desired to commit homicide and formulated a plan to kill Herb. The State will argue that the element of premeditation is present in that Mel formulated a plan to kill Herb by breaking into his house and shooting him while Herb was asleep. Mel will counter that the definition of homicide and murder includes the unlawful killing of a human being. At common law a human being was defined as a person whose major organs, such as the heart, were still functioning. Modern definitions usually state that a person is a human being until their brain ceases to function, even if their organs are still working. Here, we are specifically told that when Mel entered Herb's room and 1
6 sprayed his body with bullets that Herb had already died of a heart attack an hour before Mel fired the bullets. Thus, while Mel had the requisite intent to kill Herb, and proceeded to take a substantial step towards killing Herb by spraying Herb's body with bullets, Herb no longer met the legal definition of a human being when Mel shot him. Thus, since Mel did not commit an unlawful killing of [a] human being, as Herb was already dead and therefore no longer met the legal definition of a human being, Mel is not liable for murder. However, he may be liable for attempted murder (see infra). b. Is Mel Guilty of Attempted Murder? Attempted Murder Attempt is a specific intent crime, where the defendant must specifically intend to commit the underlying crime of murder, and has either come dangerously close to completing the crime or has taken a substantial step towards the crime of murder. Under the common law, a defendant could be liable for the attempt of the underlying criminal act if their actions came dangerously close to completing the crime. This was often referred to as the proximity test. Under the modern approach, a defendant may be liable for attempt of the underlying crime if they have taken a substantial step towards completing the criminal act. Mere preparation for attempt is insufficient. Here, the state will argue that Mel made a substantial step towards completing the act of murder when Mel entered Herb's house, tiptoed to the bedroom and sprayed bullets into Herb's body. The state will further argue that the spraying of Mel's body with bullets meets the dangerous close proximity test for murder. Specifically they will note that Mel met the element of malice aforethought when Mel showed an outward desire to cause serious bodily harm to Mel by spraying his body with bullets. Furthermore, we are told that Mel desired to kill Herb, thus meeting the intent to kill element of malice aforethought. Mel will argue that he should not be guilty of attempted murder due to a mistake of fact. Specifically, Mel will state that he believed that Herb was alive when he shot him. Mel 2
7 will state that since Herb was already dead, and no longer a human being under the legal definition, that all Mel did was commit an act of shooting at a corpse. However, the state will counter that such a mistake of fact will not prevent Herb from being liable for attempted murder, since if the facts were as Mel believed them to be, Mel would have in fact committed murder (absent a valid defense). Mel may claim that he knew that Herb was dead when he shot him, but this claim will likely fail because (a) Mel was going to kill Herb when he was asleep and would not easily know the difference between being asleep or dead except upon close inspection and (b) we are specifically told that Mel and Brent did not know that Herb had already died. Thus, because Mel took a substantial step towards killing Herb when he entered Herb's home and sprayed his body with bullets, Mel has committed attempted murder. The mistake of fact that occurred in that Mel believed Herb was alive, although Herb had recently died of a heart attack, will not relieve Herb of liability for attempted murder. Attempt merges with the completed crime, but in this case, the crime of murder was legally impossible, therefore Mel will be liable for attempted murder absent a valid defense of insanity or self-defense. c. Is Mel Guilty of Conspiracy to commit murder? Conspiracy is when two or more persons agree to commit an unlawful act or a lawful act by unlawful means. Traditionally, conspiracy required that at least two or more of the parties had the criminal intent in what is referred to as the bilateral approach. Thus if Party A & Party B agreed to commit a crime, but Party B was a police officer only agreeing to catch Party A, then Conspiracy was not present. However, some modern jurisdictions will allow conspiracy even if only one party had the actual intent to commit the crime. Conspiracy requires either an express or implied consent of the conspiring parties, and most jurisdictions require that one of the conspirators complete a step 3
8 towards the completion of the agreed-to crime. However the smallest step, or even mere preparation, will suffice. Here, we are told that Mel intended to kill Herb. Furthermore, we are told that Brent desired to assist Mel in the crime. The State will argue that the element of implied consent for conspiracy to commit murder existed by virtue of the fact that Brent assisted Mel by forcing the door of Herb's house open to facilitate Mel's killing of Herb. The state will further argue that the conspiracy was conspiracy to commit murder because Mel intended to kill Herb and Brent committed a step in furtherance of the conspiracy by helping Mel get into Herb's house (see definition of murder supra). Mel will argue that he never met or communicated with Brent. Furthermore, although Brent helped facilitate Mel's planned killing of Herb by forcing open Herb's door, it was done unbeknownst to Mel. Mel will additionally argue that the facts do not indicate that Mel or Brent ever mutually agreed to commit a crime. There is no evidence that their actions were coordinated, discussed, or that they were even in each other's presence. Conspiracy requires a mutual meeting of the minds to commit a crime. While Brent desired to help Mel kill Herb, there is no evidence that any agreement existed between them. The mere fact that Brent wanted to help Mel does not rise to the level of conspiracy. Mel will be found not liable for conspiracy to commit murder. State vs. Brent a. Is Brent Guilty of Murder? Accomplice liability occurs when a person either aids, abets, or assists a person in the commission of a crime. Here, we are told that Brent desired to assist Mel in his plan to kill Herb. Although Brent did not communicate this desire to Mel, Brent did provide assistance for the planned murder when Brent forced open the door of Herb's house. 4
9 This likely would incur liability for murder as an accomplice but for the fact that Herb was already dead. Since Herb was in fact not a human being, under the legal definition, when Mel shot him, it was legally impossible for Brent to be an accomplice to murder when Mel shot Herb (see discussion supra of Mel liability for murder). However, Brent may be liable for attempted murder (see infra). b. Is Brent Guilty of Attempted Murder? Accomplice liability occurs when a person either aids, abets, or assists a person in the commission of a crime. Here, we are told that Brent desired to assist Mel in his plan to kill Herb. Although Brent did not communicate this desire to Mel, Brent did provide assistance for the planned murder when Brent forced open the door of Herb's house. Brent took a substantial step towards his plan to help Mel commit murder when he forced open the door of Herb's house. Brent will claim that he is not liable for attempted murder in that he never communicated with Mel, never discussed his desire to help Mel, and his actions to open the door were done unbeknownst to Mel. Brent will then state that he could not be an accomplice without Mel's conscious knowledge of his assistance. The state will counter that accomplice liability occurs when a person aids, assists, or abets another's criminal act. Furthermore, the state will be able to show that Brent was present the night that Mel shot Herb and helped facilitate Mel's entry and shooting of Herb. Based on these facts, Brent will be liable for attempted murder as an accomplice who assisted Mel's efforts to kill Herb. c. Is Brent Guilty of Conspiracy to commit murder? As discussed supra, Brent never met with Mel, or even acted in concert. While conspiracy does not require an express agreement to commit a crime, there must be a meeting of the minds to commit a criminal act as implied by circumstantial evidence, or implied consent. Here, we are told that Brent never communicated with Mel, and that 5
10 his actions on the night Mel shot Herb was done unbeknownst to Mel. It is not enough for Brent to simply desire to help Mel. As discussed supra, Mel and Brent did not have an implied or express agreement to commit a crime, and thus Brent is not liable for conspiracy to commit murder. Question 2: Does Mel have a defense of insanity? Mel's ability to successfully mount a defense of insanity revolves in part on the insanity approach used in Mel's jurisdiction, and the facts presented here. The four major insanity approaches used by most jurisdictions are (a) M'Naghten Test, (b) Irresistible Impulse, (c) MPC test, and,(d) Durham Product Test. (a) M'Naghten Test Under the M'Naghten Test, a defendant may be found not guilty by reason of insanity if his actions were the product of a mental disease or defect such that he did not know right from wrong or was unable to understand the nature of his actions. The M'Naghten test is used in the majority of jurisdictions. Here, we are told that Mel's mental disorder caused him to have a subconscious desire to commit homicide. We are further told that under the influence of the mental disorder, Mel planned to kill Herb. The facts do not indicate that Mel did not understand right from wrong, or was unable to understand the nature of his act. In fact, his pre-planning seems to indicate that he knew his act was wrong. It is unlikely that Mel would be found not guilty by reason of insanity under the M'Naghten test. (b) Irresistible Impulse Under the irresistible impulse test, the defendant may be found not guilty by reason of insanity if their actions were the product of a mental disease or defect such that the defendant was unable to control his actions. In this approach, the defendant may know 6
11 that their actions were wrong, but the mental disease or defect they had caused them to be unable to resist the criminal act. It has been stated that such a defendant would be unable to resist performing the criminal act even if there was a policeman standing at their shoulder. Here, we are told that Mel's subconscious desire to commit homicide was due to a mental disorder, and that under the influence of the mental disorder, Mel planned to kill Herb. It is possible that the desire that Mel experienced was so overwhelming that he was under an irresistible impulse to commit the killing of Herb. Further testimony is likely needed to establish this, but it is possible that the desire was so strong that Mel would be found not guilty by reason of insanity because he was unable to resist the desire to kill due to Mel's mental disorder. (c) MPC Approach The MPC (Model Penal Code) approach combines the M'Naghten Test and the irresistible impulse test such that a defendant may be found not guilty by reason of insanity if they were either unable to understand right from wrong or were unable [to] resist performing the criminal act as discussed in the Irresistible Impulse test supra. Here, we are told that Mel's subconscious desire to commit homicide was due to a mental disorder, and that under the influence of the mental disorder, Mel planned to kill Herb. It is possible that the desire that Mel experience was so overwhelming that he was under an irresistible impulse to commit the killing of Herb. The MPC approach allows irresistible impulse and thus if shown, Mel would be [found] not guilty by reason of insanity under an MPC approach Further testimony is likely needed to establish this, but it is possible that the desire was so strong that Mel would be found not guilty by reason of insanity because he was unable to resist the desire to kill due to Mel's mental disorder. 7
12 (d) Durham Product Approach Under the Durham Product approach, defendant may be found not guilty by reason of insanity if their criminal act was the product of a mental disease or defect. This approach has been criticized as being too broad and is rarely used in state jurisdictions. Here, we are told that Mel's subconscious desire to commit homicide was due to a mental disorder, and that under the influence of the mental disorder, Mel planned to kill Herb. If it is shown that Mel's actions were a product of his mental disorder, and that he was unable to prevent himself from acting, he would likely be found not guilty by reason of insanity under the Durham approach. 8
13 Answer B to Question 1 Criminal law rules apply to this question. Mel v State: Murder Under majority of jurisdictions, murder is divided into 1 st - and 2 nd - degree and is defined as a homicide committed with malice. A homicide is the killing of [a] human being by another human being. Here, Herb was already dead before Mel shot him; thus a homicide could not take place since you cannot kill someone who is already dead. Thus Mel is not guilty of murder. Mel v State: Attempted Murder Attempt is where D acts with the intent to complete a specific unlawful act and performs an overt act which constitutes a substantial step towards the commission of that crime. The crime of murder is defined as a homicide committed with malice. Murder type Malice can be proven by one of four mens rea of a deliberated and premeditated intent to kill, felony murder, intentional infliction of serious bodily injury, or wanton and willful disregard for human life. The type two are usually 1 st -degree murder and the latter 2 nd - degree. Intentional murder requires that D deliberates, which means they are capable of reflecting; here Mel had quite some time to think about his plan with a cool mind; thus Mel deliberated. Premeditation requires that D in fact deliberated before acting, which we are told that Mel planned carefully; thus he premeditated. Then, finally, the facts tell us that he desired to kill Herb coupled with shooting Herb's body all demonstrated intent, that is, a desire to kill Herb. All the elements are present for murder except that a homicide did not in fact take place; it was frustrated by Herb already being dead. Attempt - Here, we are told that Mel desired to kill Herb, that he formulated a plan to kill him while he was asleep. These facts demonstrate an intent to commit a specific unlawful act [murder]. In addition, we are told that Mel takes a gun to Herb's house, 9
14 goes inside and shoots Herb's body. This is clearly a substantial step towards the commission of the unlawful offense. All the elements for attempted murder are present. Whether Mel is guilty of attempt will depend on the jurisdiction due to disputed impossibility. Factual impossibility - if the jurisdiction uses factual impossibility then Mel will be found guilty since it does not excuse specific intent crimes - crimes where D intentionally acts with the intent to complete a specific crime. Factual impossibility occurs where facts unknown to D prevent him from completing the crime he intended. Here, Mel was prevented from completing his murder of Herb only because Herb was already dead. Legal impossibility - this is a defense against specific intent crimes. This occurs where D believes he is committing a crime which in fact does not exist and thus no crime occurred. Here, Mel believes he is killing Herb who is already in fact dead; thus he did not commit the crime of murder. So, whether Mel is found guilty of attempted murder will depend on the jurisdiction and whether they use factual or legal impossibility as a defense against specific intent crimes. Brent v State: Murder An accomplice is someone who intentionally aids, abets or encourages another to commit a crime. Here, it could be said that Brent aided Mel by making sure that Herb's house was open so that Mel could complete the murder. However, for Brent to be guilty of murder as an accomplice, a murder had to have occurred and since no homicide occurred, Brent cannot be charged with murder. Brent v State: attempted murder Attempt- supra Homicide - supra Murder -supra Accomplice - supra 10
15 If Mel can be charged with attempted murder because a legal impossibility defense is available in the jurisdiction, then Brent will also likely be guilty since he was an accomplice even though Mel did not know about his assistance. Brent did intentionally assist by opening the door to Herb's house for Mel with the specific intent that Mel kill Herb as the facts tell us was his desire. Mel & Brent: Conspiracy A conspiracy occurs where two or more people genuinely agree to commit an unlawful act and at least one performs an overt act in furtherance of the agreement. Here, we are told that Mel was not aware of Brent's assistance in trying to commit the murder, Brent was secretly helping him; thus there never was an agreement between the two. Without an agreement, they cannot be guilty of conspiracy. Mel: Insanity Defense An insanity defense would excuse Mel's unlawful conduct. Under M'Naghten a person is insane where medical or mental illness causes a defect in reason such that at the time of D's actions he is unable to understand the wrongfulness of his conduct or to appreciate the nature and quality of his actions. Here, it appears that Mel appreciates the nature and quality of his actions. He wants to kill Herb and appears to understand that shooting will kill him, so that part of his conduct does not fit an insanity defense. The part we are uncertain about is whether he understands that his acts are wrong. While the facts do not clearly point this out, we are told that he went to kill Herb at night and snuck into his room. These actions seem to indicate a desire to hide one's conduct which would insinuate an understanding that the acts were wrong. Thus, it is not likely that Mel will have an insanity defense under M'Naghten. However, Mel might have a defense under the Model Penal Code [MPC] Insanity Defense if he s being tried under a jurisdiction that follows it instead of the M'Naghten rule. The MPC states that where due to mental defect, D lacks the substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his acts and to conform his conduct to the law. Here, Mel might be able to argue that due [to] his mental illness, he was unable to conform his 11
16 actions to the law, the mental illness left him without the ability to control his actions despite knowing they were wrong. Mel might have an insanity defense under MPC, but not under M'Naghten. 12
17 Question 2 Paula has owned property in a relatively undeveloped area near the top of Black Mountain for many years. Six years ago, Telephone Company erected a cell phone transmission tower on Black Mountain not far from Paula s property. Four years ago, Paula built a cabin on her property and began to spend most of her free time there engaging in bird watching and other outdoor activities. Last year, Telephone Company leased space on the tower for an emergency alert siren and agreed to install the siren and to test it regularly. The site was chosen because it allows the siren s warning to carry farther than from any other site. Telephone Company promptly installed the siren. Since its installation, it has tested the siren for a five-minute period weekly. The resulting sound is so loud as to cause Paula to stop whatever she is doing and cover her ears. It also greatly reduces the local bird population. Two months ago, Paula sent a letter to Telephone Company outlining the effects of the siren and demanding that it cease its activities. Telephone Company has not responded to Paula s demand. Does Paula have any claim against Telephone Company? Discuss. 13
18 Answer A to Question 2 Nomenclature: Paula = P; Telephone Company = T P v. T - P may be able to sue T for the following outlined torts if all the elements outlined below are satisfied and there are no valid defenses from T on each of the torts. 1. Nuisance - Nuisance can be established either under the private nuisance theory or the public nuisance theory as outlined below. a. Private Nuisance is present when there is a volitional act on part of the defendant that causes an unreasonable and substantial inference with the use and enjoyment of the plaintiff's property. 1. Volitional Act - is present when the defendant affirmatively undertakes an act. Here, T leases space on the tower for an emergency alert siren. In addition, T agreed to test the siren regularly. Therefore, it can reasonably be argued that there was a volitional act on part of T. 2. Unreasonable and Substantial Interference - is present when an ordinary reasonable person suffers an interference that [is] substantial and one that is unreasonable under the circumstances. Here, T's act that may be considered unreasonable would be the installation of the tower and thereafter the installation of the siren on the tower and testing it regularly. Here, P may argue that the siren did not exist 4 years ago when P built a cabin on her property. Therefore, P's argument would be that T's building of the siren on the tower was an unreasonable conduct. Usually, coming to a nuisance is not considered as a defense; however, court may consider it as a factor in determining whether the conduct of the defendant was unreasonable under the circumstances. Here, T decided to install the emergency siren at the said location because that specific location allowed the siren's warning to be carried farther than from any other site. An emergency siren is typically installed to warn people of an 14
19 impending emergency and an important factor of installing such a siren is to test it regularly. Comparing the utility of T's conduct with that of P's utility in observing birds and engaging in other activities, it is likely that a court may not consider such an activity as unreasonable under the circumstances. Furthermore, facts indicate that the siren rings for 5 minutes every week. Although during those 5 minutes, P has to stop doing anything that she is doing and cover her ears, a 5 minute inconvenience for the larger good of the community may not be considered as a substantial interference. It is unlikely that P may be able to present arguments for unreasonableness and substantial interference. However, if P is able to show this to the jury, then we move ahead. 3. Use and Enjoyment - is the typical activities that are performed by ordinary reasonable people that present any use to the property and the enjoyment of the plaintiff. Here, P began to spend most of her free time at the said property engaging in bird watching and other outdoor activities. Such activities undertaken by P that may potentially be interfered with due to the defendant's act may be utilized to show that the defendant's act was impairing the use and enjoyment of P because she could not perform those activities when the siren rang. 4. Plaintiff's property - For a nuisance claim it is essential that the property belong to the plaintiff or that the plaintiff be a land occupier of that property. Here facts indicate that P owned the property. There are no discussable issues in this regard. For any tort, it must be shown that there exists causation between the defendant's act and the injury suffered by the plaintiff. Such causation can be shown to exist by showing that actual causation exists because the defendant's act was the but for cause of the plaintiff's injuries and proximate causation can be shown to exist, if foreseeability is established that the defendant's cause would result in those injuries or harm to the plaintiff. Here, but for the defendant's act of testing the siren, P would not have to stop doing whatever she is doing and presumably the loss of bird population can be established due to the siren. It can also be argued that there is no causal link between the siren and the disappearance of the birds, but it is not done so here in absence of 15
20 such facts. Furthermore, it can reasonably be argued that a person may have to cover their ears and in order to do so may have to stop doing what they are doing, and therefore such harm to the plaintiff is foreseeable. Also an argument can be made that birds would be scared of loud noises and it may cause them to move away. Causation is not an issue here. Necessity - Public necessity is a defense if the defendant did an act for the greater good of the public and in effect caused a tort to the individual plaintiff. Here, the arguments presented above for the reasonableness and the importance of the emergency siren may be utilized and may prove to be a proper public necessity in this case. It is likely that P may be able to sue T on [the] basis of a private nuisance. However, the biggest hurdle [is] with the showing the unreasonableness and the substantial interference element of this tort. If P is able to pass that hurdle, then an appropriate action can be maintained for this tort. b. Public Nuisance is present when the defendant's volitional act causes an interference with the health, safety and the property rights of the community at large. Usually, an action for a public nuisance is actionable only by a public representative. However, if the individual defendant suffers harm that is distinct from the harm suffered by the community at large, then an individual defendant may be able to sustain such an action. Here, the volitional element arguments will be similar to those described above. The main issue is whether P suffered a harm that was distinct from that suffered by the community at large and whether that harm was substantial as to have a cause of action. Here, the arguments for substantial will be similar as private nuisance. P will argue that her harm was different from that suffered by the community at large because she was engaged in bird watching and that facts indicate that due to the presence of the siren and its use on a regular basis, the local bird population was reduced. The facts do not indicate whether anyone else was engaged in such an activity and that they suffered such a loss. In addition, it can reasonably be argued by P that due to the location of the 16
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text:
Mother in school gun incident kept as baseball coach
The mother arrested for having a loaded gun at school during a meeting with her child's principal is now under scrutiny on the baseball field.
Bonnie Trahan coaches Little League in Anderson. The league decided to keep her as coach, despite the arrest.
The Brooklyn Little League has taken a hit from some Anderson parents because of Trahan's actions off the diamond. In fact, a few parents pulled their kids off the team.
One father, James, took his daughter out of the league when he learned Trahan was allowed to keep coaching.
"I felt like this was a risk that was not acceptable to take just to play softball," James said.
Last week, Anderson Police arrested Trahan for bringing a loaded .40-caliber Glock to a meeting with the principal at her child's school. Trahan, in an interview with Eyewitness News last week, called it a mistake.
"I just completely forgot that I had it on me. I have it on me all the time," Trahan said.
"I think it shows bad judgement on somebody's part to take a gun into school, loaded," James said. "Are they gonna be exercising that same judgement on the ball field if they don't like something?"
The president of Brooklyn Little League, Rob Wolfgang, placed Trahan on probation, but kept her as a coach, after meetings with parents, board members and Trahan herself. Wolfgang says none of the the boys' families she coaches left the team or felt she was a threat.
But a few other parents in the league want her off the field.
"If I felt just one smidgen that you was any threat to anybody, you would have to step down. But in my heart of hearts and knowing her the way I do, that's just not the case," Wolfgang said. "Would it have been a different case had it been somebody brand new to the league that I didn't personally know? I probably would have suspended them."
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"That's what I heard, 'We know her and we're friends.' Okay, so you're friends. What does that have to do with my kid's safety? 'Well, she wouldn't hurt anybody,' but yet she took a loaded gun to school and put it on the desk of the principal," James said.
Trahan was arrested on a felony charge of possessing a firearm on school property. No guns are allowed at the Brooklyn Little League ballpark because that's also property of a school.
The Little League president says he's getting new signage to post at the park, so all parents are aware of the rules.

subset: commoncrawl


text: In short, we had another solid quarter with a 24% increase of net earnings over the previous quarter to about $1.3 million, or $0.05 per basic share and $0.04 per diluted share. Revenues increased about 20% over the previous quarter to $4.6 million and net production increased by about 12% to 569 BOE per day.I'd like especially point out though that our production was 72% oil, 6% gas/liquids. Revenue in earnings growth continue to be driven by growing oil production at Delhi Field, and our Louisiana Light Sweet pricing there for crude oil averaged $115 in the quarter compared to about -- almost $106 in the prior quarter. In the fiscal second quarter we just completed, our net income from operations was about $2.4 million and that's a sequential improvement of about 25% from the prior quarter. Now let's just talk about some of the specific assets that we have, which would obviously start with Delhi Field. Gross production there increased 13% over the prior quarter and got to a level of 4,946 barrels per day or about 366 barrels a day net to us. Gross production for the year ago quarter was only 920 barrels a day. So we've seen a very dramatic increase over the last year and since it all resulted in capital expenditures of 2009 and 2010. Now at Delhi crude oil that was sold there for $115 during the quarter was a quaint 22% premium over WTI Cushing. This difference in oil price is creating substantial incremental value for the company. I would like to note that our June 30, 2011 reserves for Delhi in our SEC filing were based on a flat oil price of less than $95 per barrel, some $20 less than what we actually received in this last quarter. Read the rest of this transcript for free on seekingalpha.com


text:
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This is from the main forums but I thought it would be fun to see what people here have to say:
"Scout, Caster, Pet. Which class would you want next?
Stemming from this translation by Reinheart, Yoshida asked which class would you want next?
A scout class (thief)
A new caster class (RangedDD+Debuff)
A pet class (Pet user+Debuff)
Other suggestion"
I'd like to see Summoner. There needs to be a pet class in this game bad. But thief would be nice if they brought back treasure hunter :)


text:
$ 500.00
Hydrex Philanthropic is a humanitarian endeavor founded by Peter Beaton Inc's founder, Darcy Creech, as a means to help solve the world's contaminated drinking water crisis. 100% of sales of all Hydrex watches and wristbands goes directly to Compassion International to build water wells in underserved communities in Africa and Haiti. To date we have transformed communities in Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Togo, and Haiti.
For more information on each water project, please visit www.HydrexPhilanthropic.org


text:
Book online with select Franklin Medical Group physicians
Home > Patients & Visitors > Saint Mary's Amenities
The difference between an experience that is good and one that is exceptional often comes down to the little things. At Saint Mary's, you'll find we've thought of lots of little extras to make visiting us convenient and comfortable for you and your family members.
Whether you are craving a quick snack, a comforting cup of coffee or a satisfying meal, everything you need is located within the walls of Saint Mary's Hospital.
You will find this open café conveniently located in the main lobby. Jazzman's is a great place to grab a quick pick-me-up. Their menu includes hot and cold coffee drinks, tea, smoothies, yogurt parfaits and fresh baked goods. High-top tables and free WiFi are available.
Jazzman's Hours
Monday to Friday: 7 AM - 6:30 PM
Our Caféteria offers healthy and satisfying options for breakfast, lunch and dinner. The Caféteria is located on the basement level of the O'Brien building Be sure to check out the daily specials on the chalkboard near the entrance. You'll also find:
Check our daily specials and convenient hoursin the Cafeteria.
Cafetéria Hours – Open Daily
Breakfast: 6:30 - 10 AMLunch: 11 AM - 1:30 PM
Afternoon Snacks: 1:30 - 4:30 PM (snacks, sandwiches and beverages) Dinner: 4:30 - 9 PM
*Weekends and Holidays the Café is closed from 1:30 - 4:30 PM
Located on the basement floor of the O'Brien building, the SUBWAY® Restaurant at Saint Mary's Hospital serves all of your favorite sandwiches, wraps, salads, hot soups, and cookies. Debit and credit cards (American Express, Discover, Visa, and MasterCard) are accepted. The restaurant can be reached at 203-709-5846.
SUBWAY® Hours
Monday to Friday: 9 AM - 8 PM
Saturday & Sunday: 10 AM - 8 PM
Vending machines with snacks and beverages can be accessed around the clock. They are located on the basement level and throughout the hospital for your convenience.
Still hungry? Visit the About Waterbury page for a list of area restaurants.
Conveniently located off the main lobby, the friendly staff at the Auxiliary Gift Shop will help you find the perfect gift for a loved one or yourself. Their ever-changing selection of goods includes:
Shop Hours
Monday to Friday: 9 AM - 7 PMSaturday & Sunday: 11 AM - 6 PM
Saint Mary's Chapel welcomes all who seek a peaceful, quiet space for prayer or reflection. The beautiful chapel is adjacent to the hospital's main lobby and is open daily. Mass times are as follows:
*Mass is televised daily to patient rooms on Channel 69.
For more information, please visit the Spiritual Care page.
Send a greeting to a Saint Mary's patient.
Like us on
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Call 203.709.6000
Sign up today for a FREE subscription to Saint Mary's health magazine, and read the current issue online.


text:
The following is part one of a two-part conversation with the CRA Fresno chapter Lifetime Achievement Award winner Erna Kubin-Clanin. A full list of Best of the Valley award recipients can be found at the bottom of this story.
Chef, Restaurateur and Hotelier Erna Kubin-Clanin's philosophy on life is summed up in the words of Oscar Wilde which hang above the kitchen door of her restaurant: "I have the simplest of tastes; I want only the best." This philosophy combined with her wide range of artistic and culinary talents have produced The Estate by the Elderberries – Erna's Elderberry House Restaurant, Château du Sureau, Villa Sureau and Spa du Sureau.
Born in Vienna, Austria, Erna attended the Academy of Fine Arts majoring in Theatre Design. Pursuing her artistic talents in England she subsidized her education by working as a tea girl at the world-renown Claridge Hotel. In 1962, at the age of 20, she received an art scholarship to the New York Academy of Art in Manhattan and immigrated to the United States. She completed her studies the following year at UCLA.
In 1969, Erna began to pursue her career in the restaurant industry when she opened Scorpio's in Westwood, Los Angeles. After eight years of hard work and success, Erna relocated to the Sierras and acquired the lease for the Redwood Inn located adjacent to the Wawona Hotel in Yosemite National Park and introduced visitors to prix fix, five-course dining and a unique blend of European and nouvelle cuisines. In 1983, when her lease with Redwood Inn could not be renewed, Erna purchased a property in Oakhurst, and built her own restaurant. Erna's Elderberry House Restaurant was born.
Patrons often asked Erna, "How did you decide on the name Erna's Elderberry House?" The property the restaurant sits on was blanketed with beautiful elderberry bushes when Erna purchased it in 1984, so she felt it was fitting. It was highly unusual to launch a restaurant in such a rural location – particularly one serving in a classical setting the kind of fine, fresh food that patrons expect from more sophisticated places such as San Francisco, New York, Paris or Vienna. It was a true diamond in the rough in California's Gold Country. Guests arrived through wrought-iron gates and were graciously shown into a home that sparkled with fine crystal and crisp linens. Freshly cut flowers and warm sunlight streaming through high cathedral windows bathed the restaurant and its patrons in the gentle glow of Old World charm. A visit to Erna's Elderberry House was akin to the feel of the French countryside.
In the spring of 1987, Craig Claiborne visited Elderberry House. Renowned as one of the best food critics of his time, the New York Times writer was an unexpected surprise. Erna recalls the day as if it were yesterday, "After his first dinner, he asked to speak with me. He said, "I just had the most extraordinary dinner and would like to talk more to you. My name is Craig Claiborne." I almost jumped out of my skin! I remember every word we exchanged. He stayed for three days at a local inn (Château du Sureau was not yet open). He cooked with me and helped make a recipe to share with his readers. He was one of three or four critics that if they wrote about you, you made it. Craig Claiborne was the most respected critic. His story came out in the May issue of the New York Times. The very next day I received calls from all over the world about making reservations at Elderberry House. Germany, London, New York; he put Elderberry House and Oakhurst on the map."
"Foodies" traveled from all over the world to visit Erna's Restaurant and took with them memorable dining experiences. However, there were virtually no hotels to stay at in the area, only some small tourist-type motels down the road, or the Ahwahnee hotel in Yosemite Valley, an hour and a half away.
Erna saw the need for a hotel to accompany her now world famous restaurant and set about building the Château du Sureau. It took six years of prospective lenders and backers, and plans with builder, Gary Browns.
Erna and Gary worked side by side, without the hiring of an architect, drawing and redrawing and redesigning – first for 30 room, then six rooms, and finally settled on 10. The process was painstakingly slow and often created sleepless nights, but in April of 1990 ground was broken on Château du Sureau and opened proudly to greet its first guests on May 10, 1991.
Guests raved about the Château and the restaurant, but wanted more. In 1999, the 2000 square foot Villa Sureau opened to guests that wanted a more exclusive experience, with an around the clock butler, two grand bedrooms with marble baths and a whirlpool tub, steam shower, luxurious towels and fine cosmetics. Two tall glass doors open to a large sunny terrace framed with French iron rails – circa 1840 – a perfect place for breakfast al Fresno.
Erna felt her masterpiece was nearly complete, but was missing one element to complete her idea of total relaxation, a spa. She realized the need for spa services at her Estate and a new project 'hit' the drawing board. In November 2005, Spa du Sureau opened to provide guest with a full body and mind pampering experience.
Best Breakfast: BJ's Kountry Kitchen
Best Fast Food/Drive Thru: In-N-Out Burger
Best Fast Casual Restaurant: Chipotle Mexican Grill
Best Mexican Restaurant: Plaza Ventana Mexican Restaurant
Best Family Dining: The Old Spaghetti Factory
Best Fine Dining: Ruth's Chris Steak House
Best Pizza: Me-n-Ed's Pizzeria
Best Sushi: Wassabi
Best Winery: Engelmann Cellars
Best Sports Bar: Dog House Grill
Best Hotel/Casino Dining: Table Mountain Casino
Best Italian Restaurant: FIVE Restaurant
Best Newcomer: Jack's Urban Eats
Best Kept Secret: The Vineyard Restaurant & Bar
Friendliest Service: FIVE Restaurant
Best Watering Hole: The Elbow Room
Most Romantic Restaurant: Cracked Pepper Bistro
Best Steak: Ruth's Chris Steak House
Best Banquet: Fort Washington Golf & Country Club
Best Catering: Pardini's Catering & Banquets
Best Hamburger: In-N-Out Burger
Best Sandwich: Sam's Italian Deli & Market
Best Country Club Dining: Copper River Country Club
Best Indian Restaurant: Elephant Lounge Indian Bistro
Best Bakery: La Boulangerie
Best Seafood: Pismo's Coastal Grill
Best Mediterranean Restaurant: George's Bar & Grill
Best Barbeque Restaurant: Dog House Grill
Beverage Purveyoy/Supplier of the Year: Coca-Cola Refreshments
Purveyor/Supplier of the Year: JD Food
Restaurateur of the Year: Vatche Moukhtarian, Cracked Pepper Bistro


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A defect in dystrophin causes a novel porcine stress syndrome
Losses of slaughter-weight pigs due to transport stress are both welfare and economic concerns to pork producers. Historically, the HAL-1843 mutation in ryanodine receptor 1 was considered responsible for most of the losses; however, DNA testing has effectively eliminated this mutation from commercial herds. We identified two sibling barrows in the USMARC swine herd that died from apparent symptoms of a stress syndrome after transport at 12 weeks of age. The symptoms included open-mouth breathing, skin discoloration, vocalization and loss of mobility.
We repeated the original mating along with sire-daughter matings to produce additional offspring. At 8 weeks of age, heart rate and electrocardiographs (ECG) were monitored during isoflurane anesthesia challenge (3% for 3 min). Four males from the original sire-dam mating and two males from a sire-daughter mating died after one minute of anesthesia. Animals from additional litters were identified as having a stress response, sometimes resulting in death, during regular processing and weighing. Affected animals had elevated plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels before and immediately after isoflurane challenge and cardiac arrhythmias. A pedigree containing 250 pigs, including 49 affected animals, was genotyped with the Illumina PorcineSNP60 Beadchip and only one chromosomal region, SSCX at 25.1-27.7 Mb over the dystrophin gene (
A novel stress syndrome was characterized in pigs and the causative genetic factor most likely resides within
Losses of market-weight pigs present economic, legal and animal welfare issues to U.S. swine producers and include dead, non-ambulatory, fatigued and injured pigs
In the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's swine research population, a novel stress syndrome was detected. Test matings were made to characterize the syndrome's physiological effects and its genetic basis. This study reports the identification of a novel porcine stress syndrome and mapping of the defect to dystrophin.
Identification and challenge of stress susceptible pigs
The original mating that produced pigs that died after transport was repeated. Five males were born and three were classified as affected when they died after administration of isoflurane anesthesia. Because isoflurane challenge seemed to elicit a stress response, this treatment was used to test pigs from subsequent suspect litters. A total of 242 piglets from 32 litters (21 sows and 13 boars) were challenged with isoflurane anesthesia and we obtained at least one plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) measurement for 192 pigs, before or after anesthesia challenge. Pigs were classified as being affected if they died during handling, transport or isoflurane challenge or had high CPK levels and an abnormal ECG (Figure
Figure 1
Electrocardiograms of normal and affected littermates.
Electrocardiograms of normal and affected littermates. Eight week-old normal (top) and affected (bottom) littermates pigs were challenged with 3% isoflurane anesthesia and heart rates were monitored for 3 minutes. The electrocardiograms are showing traces from 20 to 30 seconds after administration of anesthesia.
Mapping the stress syndrome locus
To identify the genomic region associated with the stress syndrome, the coding regions of porcine orthologs of human malignant hyperthermia (MH) genes
Additional files 1
Table S1. Human Malignant Hyperthermia Candidate Gene SNPs.
Click here for file
Figure 2
Genome-wide case/control association for stress response in pigs.
Genome-wide case/control association for stress response in pigs. The cumulative position in the genome (Mb) on the X-axis is plotted against the –Log10(p-value) for SNP associations on the Y-axis. The Bonferroni correction for genome-wide significance is a –Log10(p-value) of 6. The single most significant SNP associations are on the X chromosome.
Sequencing of the porcine dystrophin gene
The exons and flanking intron sequences of
Additional files 2
Table S2. SNPs found in the Porcine
Click here for file
Association of dystrophin SNPs with porcine stress syndrome
The SNPs in the dystrophin gene identified by sequencing were genotyped across the same pedigree and analyzed for association. The 85890_783 SNP (R1958W) was as highly associated with the stress response as the two most significant SNPs on the Illumina Beadchip (Table
Linkage disequilibrium (r2) was estimated for the SNP using Haploview 4.0 software
Figure 3
Linkage disequilbrium plot of SNPs in the dystrophin gene in the stress family (n = 250).
Linkage disequilbrium plot of SNPs in the dystrophin gene in the stress family (n = 250). The exon organization is shown above the plot, as well as the relative position of SNPs in the DMD gene. The most significant SNPs on the PorcineSNP60 beadchip (ALGA0099514 and ALGA0099513) are in complete LD with each other. The most significant SNP in the DMD gene (85890_783; marker number 8) is located in exon 41 (shown in red above).
Evaluation of cardiac and skeletal muscle for the dystrophin defect
Histopathology of affected left ventricular cardiac tissues showed evidence of myofibrillar degeneration and necrosis (Figure
Figure 4
Histopathology of left ventricular cardiac tissue from an affected pig.
Histopathology of left ventricular cardiac tissue from an affected pig. Sections from a 1 year-old affected male pig show myofibrillar degeneration (magnification = 30X). A. Fragmentation of myocytes, pyknotic nuclei (arrow) and loss of cross-striation. B. Aggregation of lymphocytes and loss of myofibrils (arrow).
Figure 5
Immunoblot for dystrophin in skeletal and cardiac muscle from 8 week-old pigs.
Immunoblot for dystrophin in skeletal and cardiac muscle from 8 week-old pigs. Pellet extract from normal and affected pigs was run in 5% SDS-PAGE and blotted with MANDYS8 monoclonal antibody which recognizes amino acids 1410–1505. Affected pigs have a reduction in dystrophin protein.
Figure 6
Immunoblot for dystrophin in cardiac muscle from 6 month-old pigs.
Immunoblot for dystrophin in cardiac muscle from 6 month-old pigs. Total protein extract from normal and affected pigs was run in 5% SDS-PAGE and blotted with MANDRA1 monoclonal antibody which recognizes amino acids 3558–3684. Affected pigs have about a 50% reduction in dystrophin protein.
We have identified a porcine stress syndrome that can be induced by transport, handling or isoflurane anesthesia. Affected animals quickly become non-ambulatory, have difficulty breathing and rarely recover. Isoflurane anesthesia was tested to elicit a stress response because we thought the stress syndrome was a malignant hyperthermia, similar to the classic porcine stress syndrome. Isoflurane is more readily available, less irritating to the respiratory system and has replaced halothane as a common anesthesia for veterinary applications. Although the response is delayed, compared to halothane, isoflurane can also induce malignant hyperthermia in swine
Dystrophin protein is usually absent by Western blot in DMD patients, while BMD patients usually have a decreased amount of normal or abnormal size protein
One of the nonsynonymous SNPs, (85890_783; ss410758971), which causes an amino acid change of arginine to tryptophan at amino acid 1958, was the most significant marker for the stress response and could possibly be the causative mutation. The SNP is in exon 41 of dystrophin, which codes for spectrin repeat 15 of the central coiled-coil rod domain
The variant T allele of 85890_783 (Trp) could be tracked to some of the founding sires and dams in the affected families. The frequency of this allele was higher than expected, based on the rate of spontaneous deaths of feeder-aged pigs in the population. Thus, if this is the causative mutation, the penetrance of this defect is not extremely high. Further studies are required to determine the causal genetic variation, the penetrance of this phenotype and if this locus accounts for losses during transportation of market weight animals.
Genetic mapping indicated the causative variation for a novel porcine stress syndrome is likely in the dystrophin gene. In addition to muscular dystrophies, mutations in human dystrophin can cause dilated cardiomyopathy, rhabdomyolosis and a malignant hyperthermia-like reaction in response to inhaled anesthesia, supporting the conclusion that this locus causes the observed phenotypes in pigs. The identification of the causative mutation in these families will allow investigation of the prevalence of this disease in commercial populations and its pleiotropic effects.
The animals were from a multigenerational Landrace-Duroc-Yorkshire composite population developed at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) by mating Yorkshire-Landrace composite females (n = 220) to either Duroc or Landrace boars selected from the industry (n = 12 boars of each breed). This population was further developed by mating female descendants (n = 10/boar) to either a Duroc or Landrace-sired boar; Duroc-sired animals were mated to Landrace-sired animals and vice versa. Subsequent matings were random except that half-sib matings were avoided. The first affected animals identified were from the 7th generation and the sire and dam were from the 6th generation of this population. Litters were evaluated through generation 11. All animal procedures were reviewed and approved by the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Animal Care and Use Committee and procedures for handling pigs complied with those specified in the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching
Identification of stress susceptible pigs
We identified 2 barrows in the USMARC swine herd that died after a 1 km transport to a research location at 12 weeks of age. We reproduced the original mating along with sire-daughter matings to produce additional offspring. To induce a reproducible stress response, pigs were challenged with 3% isoflurane anesthesia for 3 min at 8 weeks of age. During the course of this study, pigs from other litters were identified from their reactions to regular processing, weighing or transport to the sale barn at 5–8 weeks of age. Their littermates were also challenged with anesthesia and additional affected animals were identified. A stress response was usually indicated when the pigs stopped breathing after 1–2 minutes of anesthetic, when they were slow to awaken after anesthesia, or displayed rigidity and blotching during handling. Matings were continued with these related offspring to produce additional animals. This produced a final population of 250 animals containing 49 affected pigs for genetic analysis.
Sample collection and phenotyping
Pigs were challenged at 8 weeks of age with isoflurane anesthesia (3% for 3 min) and body temperature, heart rate and ECG were monitored during anesthesia. During the 3 minute isoflurane challenge, ECG wave forms were obtained using a 3-wiring system recorded at 100 Hz using a 12-bit A/D. The signal was conditioned prior to recording using both a differential amplifier and a low pass filter to ensure proper signal. Blood was collected one week before challenge and immediately after isoflurane administration on most animals (n = 192). Blood was drawn into Li-heparin tubes for the measurement of creatine phosphokinase. Plasma creatine phosphokinase was measured using a 2-part reagent system (Pointe Scientific Inc., Canton, MI) in a SpectraMax M5 microplate plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). Twenty-five μl samples were measured in duplicate and the rate of NADH formation was monitored at 340 nm and 37°C. Samples that were greater than 2500 U/L were diluted in PBS and reassayed.
Mapping the stress susceptible locus
Initially, a pedigree of 58 pigs, including 15 affected animals, was genotyped with the Illumina PorcineSNP60 Beadchip containing 64,232 SNPs and for candidate gene SNP using the Sequenom MASSARRAY® system (Sequenom, San Diego, CA). Additional pigs were phenotyped as they were generated and subsequently genotyped. In total, 250 pigs, including 49 affected animals, their parents and unaffected siblings, were genotyped with the Illumina PorcineSNP60 Beadchip (Illumina, San Diego, CA)
Genomic DNA was extracted from blood buffy coats or from tails collected shortly after birth. Exons, flanking intronic regions and promoter regions of
Western immunoblotting of dystrophin
Left ventricular and
Quantitative RT-PCR
Total RNA was extracted from 50 mg of porcine heart and
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DJN and GAR designed challenge experiments, matings to generate animals, and genotyping data analysis. DJN performed biochemical experiments. TBB and SAJ were responsible for collecting physiological data and diagnosis and RTW provided bioinformatics. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors thank Sue Hauver, Dale Janssen, Karen Shuck and Kris Simmerman for technical assistance, Sherry Kluver for manuscript preparation and the National Swine Registry for providing samples for genotyping. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mention of trade names or commercial products is solely for the purpose of providing information and does not imply recommendation, endorsement or exclusion of other suitable products by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Review: Transport Losses in Market Weight Pigs: I. A Review of Definitions, Incidence, and Economic Impact
Identification of a mutation in porcine ryanodine receptor associated with malignant hyperthermia
Frequency of the HAL-1843 mutation of the ryanodine receptor gene in dead and nonambulatory-noninjured pigs on arrival at the packing plant
Impact of the halothane gene on muscle quality and pre-slaughter deaths in Western Canadian pigs
The effects of halothane sensitivity on carcass composition and meat quality in HAL-1843-normal pigs
Effects of halothane sensitivity on mobility status and blood metabolites of HAL-1843-normal pigs after rigorous handling
PLINK: a toolset for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analysis
A method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations
Single nucleotide polymorphisms for pig identification and parentage exclusion
Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps
Delayed onset of malignant hyperthermia induced by isoflurane and desflurane compared with halothane in susceptible swine
Dystrophin and mutations: one gene, several proteins, multiple phenotypes
Mutational spectrum of DMD mutations in dystrophinopathy patients: application of modern diagnostic techniques to a large cohort
Log-PCR: a new tool for immediate and cost-effective diagnosis of up to 85% of dystrophin gene mutations
Clinical and molecular characterization of a cohort of patients with novel nucleotide alterations of the Dystrophin gene detected by direct sequencing
Genotype and phenotype characterization in a large dystrophinopathic cohort with extended follow-up
Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings of cardiomyopathy in Duchenne and Becker-Kiener muscular dystrophies
Multiple pathogenetic mechanisms in X linked dilated cardiomyopathy
Prevalence and characteristics of dystrophin defects in adult male patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Mutations in the dystrophin gene are associated with sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy–what causes the increased membrane permeability in skeletal muscle?
Dystrophinopathy presenting with arrhythmia in an asymptomatic 34-year-old man: a case report
The postoperative cardiovascular arrest of a 5-year-old male: an initial presentation of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Perioperative cardiac arrest in a patient with previously undiagnosed Becker's muscular dystrophy after isoflurane anaesthesia for elective surgery
Lethal peracute rhabdomyolysis associated with stress and general anesthesia in three dystrophin-deficient cats
Protein- and mRNA-based phenotype-genotype correlations in DMD/BMD with point mutations and molecular basis for BMD with nonsense and frameshift mutations in the DMD gene
A cysteine 3340 substitution in the dystroglycan-binding domain of dystrophin associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, mental retardation and absence of the ERG b-wave
Dystrophin: more than just the sum of its parts
Utrophin lacks the rod domain actin binding activity of dystrophin
Mapping of the lipid-binding and stability properties of the central rod domain of human dystrophin
Disease-causing missense mutations in actin binding domain 1 of dystrophin induce thermodynamic instability and protein aggregation
Missense mutations in dystrophin that trigger muscular dystrophy decrease protein stability and lead to cross-beta aggregates
Design of a high density SNP genotyping assay in the pig using SNPs identified and characterized by next generation sequencing technology
Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers
Detection of cis-element clusters in higher eukaryotic DNA
TRANSFAC: an integrated system for gene expression regulation
Postmortem proteolysis and calpain/calpastatinactivity in callipyge and normal lamb biceps femoris during extended postmortem storage
Rapid mapping by transposon mutagenesis of epitopes on the muscular dystrophy protein, dystrophin
Apo-Dystrophins (dp140 and dp71) and dystrophin-splicing isoforms in developing brain
Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT Method


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Re: Gregory S Thomas &his claim our Church fathers 1
Expand Messages
- Dear All
A tree is known by its fruits,different fabricated stories of IOC
clearly shows the moral standard and evil disposition of their bishops who lead them,what a shame that this sect of christianity has become a shame to Christ and entire christianity.
All this unambiguosly shows that there is no spiritual growth in IOC
and seeds of spiritual growth in their bishops have sown instead of
spirituality, politics and greed for power and position.Its a shame
that IOC people follow them blindly and its a shame that they still use Syriac the liturgy of Church of Antioch .They should heed to the advice of their IOC American diocese asking them not to be unchristian and a burden to people of Kerala.IOC bishops think spiritual growth is by grabbing propertities of their mother church and threating Gov,I wonder how can an IOC priest who believes in GOD can serve such an unchristian church and Jesus Christ simultaneously, as theoritically they are christian but practically unchristian.
Again this also shows the degeneration of IOC laymens ability to think himself,inability to identify truth and evil acts,teachings of their faith,Bible etc.What is IOC's relationship with Jesus Christ.When a church has spiritual growth,it will not go after materialistic claims. IOC bishops and faithful should identify lack of spiritual growth in their church,otherwise it will end up as an evil church.
Regarding late Severios Mulayirikkal who joined IOC,his mother worked at our Vayaliparambil house in Nedumbassery and father worked at our Cherai house,he had great inferiority complex because of this and he mainly because of this complex ,which created ego joined with opponents of Mor Gregorios Vayaliparambil and defected holy church,the reason for his death what I heard is he lied down on the sacred bed of St.Sleebo and never opened eyes again.
late Theopillos of IOC was a posh person,he was the only bishop in IOC who could speak English well at that time,you can find him only with rich and famous people.Poor had no place in his heart.He is one of my distant relative.
Let IOC say whatever story,the truth will prevail.
Bibu Philip Matthew
Vayaliparambil Pynadath
# 0074
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VIDEO: Zamalek concede late equaliser in 2-2 draw with Morocco's FUS
Egyptian giants Zamalek were held to a 2-2 draw after conceding late...
Egypt international Mohamed Salah scored and assisted in the 66 minutes he played during AS Roma's 4-0 win against newly-promoted side Crotone in the Serie A.
Roma's supremacy was clear in the first-half with the team enjoying 71% of ball possession, and having several attempts on Crotone's goal in the opening 15 minutes.
Roma came close to opening the scoring in the first minute when Salah's run into the box helped set up Florenzi, but his shot was wide. In the 25th minute, Stephan El Shaarawy finally opened the scoring with a low shot from inside the box. Salah passed the ball to Florenzi who found El Shaarawy in the box.
In the 36th minute, a one-two between Salah and Totti set the Egyptian up in front of goal, and he slotted home Roma's second goal of the night from the team's second shot on target. The first-half ended 2-0 in favor of the hosts.
It took Francesco Totti just three minutes after the break to set up Edin Dzeko in front of goal before the latter chipped the ball over the goalkeeper. Just nine minutes later, Dzeko netted his second goal, and Roma's fourth goal of the night.
In the 59th minute, Wojciech Szczęsny saved a penalty to keep the score at 4-0. In the 66th minute, Salah's night came to an end as he made way for Juan Manuel Iturbe.
AS Roma will travel to Turin to play Torino on Sunday in game week six of the Serie A.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
The moving party served me with an unfilled notice of motion to request an order shortening time on FL-300. The court apparently granted the OSC, but to this day have never received a copy of FL-300 with the court date on it. I did not have notice of the court date, so I wasn't able to show up. The judge granted the orders requested in my absence. I have found lot of information on how to set aside a default judgment, but little about an order on a motion with no notice. Please provide the authority to set aside a order after hearing on a motion for lack of notice.
I suggest you immediately file a new request for order to set aside the prior order. In your papers you will need to show the court that you had no knowledge of the hearing date or other particulars. I strongly suggest you hire a family law attorney to help get this problem fixed.
Good luck
What is the authority to set aside? Please provide CCP/FC or case.
This one is NOT a "do-it-yourself" project; before you spend time, trouble and money (there are filing fees and hearing fees) you should consult an experienced attorney to figure out your chances of setting the order aside, and the chances that the new order that gets made will be any more favorable to you.Ask a similar question
You said the moving party served you with an unfiled notice of motion to request an order shortening time on FL-300. Then you say that the court granted the OSC, but you say you never received a copy of the FL-300. I'm confused, if you were served with the unfilled notice, you were served. Motions need to be served and then filed, and OSC are to be filed and then served. In any event they have both been replaced with RFOs. If there was a request for an order shortening time, it may have been done on an ex-parte basis to have the matter heard sooner rather than later. What was granted exactly?
First issue is when did the court grant the order? In most cases such as set-aside, time is of the essence. If you can't afford an attorney, I would seek the assistance of the self-help center. However, these issues are very difficult to deal with, and proper points and authorities should be prepared in connection with an RFO. If you are still entitled to another bite at the apple, and I mean if, then you don't want to risk going in without all of the proper authority necessary to get you what you want, which I'm still not sure what that is.
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