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Review of Quartz Analytical Methodologies: Present and Future Needs
- Paul Cuthbert Harrell
- 2 years ago
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1 ~ Review of Quartz Analytical Methodologies: Present and Future Needs Floyd A Madsen, Mike G Rose, and Rick Gee United States Department of labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Salt lake Technical Center, 1781 South 300 West, Salt lake City, Utah A review of analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative detennmation of crystalline silica is presented The three prevalent forms of crystalline silica-quartz, cristobalite, and tridyrnite-are alluded to Performance and popularity of present quartz analytical methods such as X-ray diffiaction (XRD), inftared (JR) spectroscopy, d I try ill tr ted us m g Pr ficl' Anal "'; 0,~C al T tin an co omne are us a ency es g (P A T) Pr da Alth gh b tial -" L'- ogram ta ou su stan Improvements m pec,-or- mance have been made smce the 1970s, quartz PAT sample results still continue to display high imprecision (>20% coefficient of variation) Past and present analytical methods are detailed in terms of theory and use, and strengths and weaknesses are discussed Methods include gravimetric, chemical, microscopic, atomic absorption, XRD, JR, and colorimetry Methods for determining bulk materials such as thermal analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance are bnefly discussedresults of a survey regarding international use of analytical methods for quartz are displayed Both in the United States and internationally, the most popular methods are XRD and JR Performance criteria such as detection limits, precision and accuracy, and potential future trends are shown using international data Future needs for enhancing quartz analysis, such as a comprehensivevalu atlon of direct-on-filter techniques, an attempt at consensus for tndymite analysis, a consensus for defining analytical performance parameters for quartz in general, and a continued examination of methods for analyzing bulk materials for quartz, are suggested MADSEN, FA; ROSE, MC;CEE, R: REVIEW OF QuARTZ ANAlYllCAl METHODOlOGIES: PRESENT AND FUTURE NEEDS Am OccuP ENVIRON HvG 10(12): ; 1995 A variety of analytical methods have been used to assess occupational exposures to airborne concentrations of quartz ill the workplace and to charactenze quartz content ill b lk a1s I h U d S th 0 S r u maten n t e mte tates, e ccupatlon al a,-ety d al h Ad (OSHA) h SafC d an He t ml~stratlon, t e ~ille ~ty an Health ~dmimstratlon (MSHA), and the Natlonal Instltut~ for?ccupatl~nal ~afety and ~ealth (NIOSH~ have be~n actlvely illvolved ill USillg, evaluatlng, and advancillg analytlcal methodology for determinations of quartz Other countries have also progressed in their attempts to assessand categorize a substance that is very prevalent in mining and general industry The progress of quartz analysis in the United States is reviewed, methods used internationally are presented, and future enhancements are suggested History: United States Approximately 82 million American workers (including agricultural workers) are potentially exposed to crystalline silica (primarily quartz) dust each year (1) Because of the importance of monitoring to the protection of such a large number of workers, numerous analytical methods have been developed for the analysis of Crystalline silica by the three governmental (2-11) entitles The high illc1dence of mlne-related 111nesses and h d h hi all b h d r r bli h azar s as stonc y een t e nvillg,-orce,-or esta s illg medical, health, and safety programs in government and industry To address hazards related to toxic substances and their identification in the western region of the United States, the Occupational Health Field Station (Ft Douglas, Utah) of the US Public Health Service in the 1940s provided industrial hygiene analytical support This support function eventually became a part,ofniosh With the passage of the OSHA Act ill 1970, the fa c ility and most 0 f the s ta:ff were eventually transferred to OSHA MSHA, OSHA, and NIOSH continued to aid in the development of exposure assessment techniques for quartz and other toxic substances Development of assessment techniques followed two tracks: li h I f fi di h al h h ds 1 To accomp s 1tS ro es 0 ill ng e t azar ill the k I d rt OSHA d MSHA' bili wor p ace an suppo illg an s a ty t 0 regulate the work environment, NIOSH searched for sampling and analytical methodology and demonstrated technical feasibility for use in workplace monitoring 2 To support the enforcement of federal OSHA regulations, the OSHA Salt Lake Analytical Laboratory analyzed sampies and provided technical assistance to federal compliance officers Methods development for quartz and other substances at the laboratory addressed primarily OSHA's analytical needs for enforcing compliance with state-of-the-art equipme~t MSHA also provided similar support through their own analytical and regulatory network Whil OSHA d MSHA h e an concentrate on t elr own needs (le, the best SC1entlfically supportable evidence for poss1ble use ill the federal courts), NIOSH research IS broader ill scope and caters to both public and private analytical laboratory settings NIOSH methods may cover substances not regulated by OSHA and also may contribute to the needs ofmsha In tenns of employee protection, the regulatory jurisdiction of MSHA is mining operations OSHA covers general industry and construction For both MSHA and OSHA, compliance air samples are generally obtained from employees with the highest potential exposure, and compliance air samples for quartz are among those samples most often exceeding the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) APPLOCCUPENVIRONHYG 10(12) DECEMBER AIH SSDI X(95)OO
2 992 FA Madsen et al APPLOCCUPENVIRONHYG I Wh~t Is ~uartz? In discussing the analysis of crystalline silica, the focus will be b h b d -i: on quartz ecause It IS t e most a un ant surlace miner, al amounting to almost 20 percent in the earth's crust Quartz, specifically the form stable below 573 C, is called alpha quartz The toxicological response to alpha quartz in occupational settings is particle size dependent, with the health risk most often associated with the respirable size range The common names silica, flint, and sand are often applied to quartz The use of common names should be avoided because they can confuse the issue For example, the term silica is not synonymous with quartz but corresponds to the chem- ical silicon dioxide, which includes quartz, cristobalite, tridymite, exotic high pressure forms (eg, stishovite, coesite), amorphous silica, silica fume, and fumed silica, Regulated Toxic Forms of Crystalline Silica: Quartz, Cristobalite, and T ridymite Because alpha quartz is the most abundant toxic form of silica, it is the form most often addressed in industrial hygiene (IH) analytical laboratories around the world Cristobalite is a high temperature form of silica It is not thermodynamically stable at room temperature, but can be frozen out as a metastable form by rapid cooling to room temperature Volcanic explosions can release cristobalite dust into the atmosphere At ambient temperatures near the earth's surface, quartz is more stable than cristobalite Accordingly, cristobalite is rare in the environment, but can be produced industrially by treating silicacontaining materials with high temperatures (>14700C) About 4 percent of the nearly 2000 bulks analyzed for silica during the National Occupational Health Survey of Mining by NIOSH have contained greater than 1 percent cristobalite(12) Primary and secondary standard reference materials (also called certified reference materials) exist for both quartz and cristobalite Tridymite is another high temperature (>S70 C) form of a material that is primarily silica Tridymite is also metastable at room temperature Tridymite formation, however, requires the presence of a mineralizer or flux such as sodium oxide In nature it is found less frequently than cristobalite It is unclear whether tridyrnite is a low sodium (low alkali) silicate or an impure silica The potential for a variable composition makes it difficult to obtain a consensus on the creation of a tridyrnite standard reference material and consequently the evaluation of its toxicity and laboratory analysis It is potentially found in industry, but very few data exist on tridyrnite because of the analytical problems it presents Occupational exposure to the three substances is regulated by OSHA, with tridymite and cristobalite having lower PELs than alpha quartz Quartz Analysis Relationship to Structure When a compound can have different crystal structures, they are jointly referred to as crystalline polymorphs of that compound Quartz, cristobalite, and tridyrnite are crystalline polymorphs of silica, differing in their respective fixed large-scale periodic patterns Amorphous silica has a more random largescale arrangement At the atomic level, these polymorphs, silica-containing glasses, many silicate minerals, and other common materials have the silicon atom located in the center Quartz PAT Results-Variability ()~~ ~ Minimum Sample Loadings PAT Round # FIGURE 1 PAT results for quartz: variability of a tetrahedron of oxygen atoms That SImilarity of chemistry and structure is the major cause of the analytical problems facing the laboratory analyst The route of analysis often requires exploiting the unique differences in the physics and chemistry of these materials Analytical laboratories have different resources of equipment, personnel, and time available Techniques and methods used to analyze IH air samples include gravimetric analysis, chemical analysis, colorimetry, atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy, microscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) Laboratory Performance The Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) Program was initiated to evaluate and improve performance in IH analytical labs Quartz is one of the substances used in the PAT Program, and resultant performance of many analytical labs gives an indication of the magnitude of analytical problems associated with quartz Quartz samples are generated and distributed quarterly to participating labs Results are compiled for each round and consensus between labs is explored Rounds 1 through 30 were conducted prior to 1974 (with fewer than 40 labs participating in analyzing quartz) when colorimetry was thedominant method used Participation in quartz analysis grew from about 40 labs at round 30 to about 125 labs at round SO before decreasing to the current 93 in round 117 The true values and the control limits for the PAT Program are derived from a smaller set of about 60 reference labs Figures1 (derived tom Reference 13) and 2 (derived from Reference 14) show overall imprecision data for reference labs participating in the ~AT Program analyses for quartz Overall imprecision includes contributions from both the within-lab imprecision and the ~ariability in overall recovery between labs Recoveries are dependent on problems associated with instrument calibration and sample losses in handling Central to instrument cali~rations is how well the respirable fraction corresponds to the standard reference material used Laboratories in the ~)?AT Program have access to the same standard reference material Figure 1 shows that over time precision has improved Because the true result is by consensus, accuracy has also improved Some of the apparent improvement is due to drift in analytical methodology and changes in standard refer~nce materials, matrix, PAT sample preparation, evaluation approach, and laboratory participation
3 APPLOCCUPENVIRONHYG ~ Review of Quartz Analytical Methodologies 993 PAT Program- Recent Rounds % CV Substance D Silica III Asbestos Lead ~ TCE Round # FIGURE 2 PAT results: recent rounds Figure 2 compares the percent coefficients of variation (CVs) of recent PAT reference lab results for quartz, asbestos, metals, and the organic solvent trichloroethylene (not included in rounds 113 and 114) Even for the reference labs, the overall imprecision associated with quartz analysis and asbestos is very high compared with other analytes (averaging about 24% for all quartz sample loadings compared with 3 to 6% coefficients of variation for metals and organic compounds) The acceptable range for quartz in PAT results for round 114 even included a negative mass for quartz for the samples with the lowest quartz loading,(15) a physical impossibility resulting from the large spread The control limits are defined as the mean :t3 times the standard deviation; therefore, negative control limits will always occur when the relative standard deviation exceeds 33Y3 percent Large relative standard deviations are more common for quartz analyses at the lower sample loadings The early data for quartz tended to indicate an asymmetric distribution typical of lognormal distributions, but recendy have appeared more symmetric Starting in round 108 (not shown) the statistical evaluation of quartz results has cha~ged from assuming lognormal to normal distributions This calculational change has made the lower control limit less stringent (14) The change to a normal distribution is encouraging; it indicates that the accumulation of sampling and analytical errors is now primarily additive rather than multiplicative This may be due to the elimination of various sources of systematic error which tend to be multiplicative; however, the large imprecision compared with other analytes in the PAT Program demonstrates there is still room for improvement Sources of High Imprecision and Poor Performance Both sampling and analytical error may contribute to poor performance The PAT results are not immune to sampling error, and improvements in performance may require changes in sampling Evidence of problems associated with samplingrelated poor performance includes the following: 1 PAT samples for quartz are made from air suspensions deposited on polyvinylchloride filters Minor variability and error associated with generation and handling are possible Ad~tional large variations can occur The PAT Program typically uses hght-colored materials that are virtually in- visible on the filters When dark material was included in the NIOSH collaborative tests, occasional leakages to back-up pads were noted(16) Dust shaken loose from the filters during transit is generally not analyzed A significant fraction of the dust may occasionally remain in the styrene case used for transport and storage 2 Analytical problems are generally associated with the high degree of attention still necessary throughout the quartz analysis Great care is necessary for the preparation of sampies and standards from suspensions Matching of standard and sample particle size is of critical importance Some f ul till interpretation 0 res ts 1S S requ1re, d and t he application of self-absorption corrections, background corrections, interference stripping, and peak integration is not uniform among participating labs Precisionand Accuracy: Improvements The PAT Program does not currendy direcdy test within-lab analytical imprecision Limited data from sets including sampies with similar masses of quartz indicate that average withinlab analytical imprecision amounts to over half of the overall imprecision(13) Ifmatched samples were routinely provided to participating labs, average within-lab imprecision could be more readily assessed The average within-lab precision determined for matched samples in the/pat Program can dii er significandy from the within-lab precision for individual labs When labs receive results back from the PAT program, they should assess their performance and make necessary corrections in methodology Participating labs may apply the criteria used by Shulman et al(13) for an independent measure of in-house precision when similar loadings are included within or between PAT rounds Alternately, labs may purchase duplicate sets from the PAT Program for measuring within-lab precision For quartz analysis, it is strongly recommended that labs monitor analyte recoveries and within-lab imprecision using an in-house quality assurance program Lab quality control samples (QCs) for most soluble analytes are prepared from spikes of well-behaved homogeneous solutions of known composition Preparation of quality control filter samples for quartz in the mass range of 20 to 200 ILg is difficult Laboratory-generated quartz aerosols are not suitable for accurately spiking filters at these low levels, and weighing such low mass spikes introduces unacceptable error in QC preparation As a result, quartz QCs are normally prepared from liquid suspensions of quartz Even so, great care is necessary to reduce inhomogeneity in the suspension(16) in order to prepare accurate QCs With practice, in-house quality control data may show better performance than that indicated by the PAT Program Quartz Method~: Historical Because anatyt1cal methods evolve over time to make use of new techn1ques and technology, the early methods used at government and private laboratories seem primitive by today's standards Each method has its area of applicability as well as strengths and weaknesses In the case of crystalline silica, the early methodologies are still used elsewhere to some extent Others have taken on new roles in the analysis of crystalline silica; for example, the Talvitie cleanup(3s-11,17) is still com
4 994 FA Madsen et al APPLOCCUP=-E_~IR~~~C}~ ~ 1 mon for removing difficult interferences from bulk and air samples in preparation for colorimetric and X-ray tech- h d al rnques (18-20)T ec rnques use to ass1st ill an YZillg quartz ill the past were somewhat nonspecific These included gravimetric, chemical, and microscopic techniques The microscopic or petrographic techniques are less common today Microscopic analysis for quartz is a powerful technique,(21) but requires well-trained individuals Gravimetric Evaluation ghin g dust does not confirm the Presence of The Process of wei quartz; all part1culate collected (often other minerals) has weight and can be a positive interference For this reason, gravimetric measurements are useful primarily to monitor unidentified respirable dust exposures (OSHA PEL = 5 mg/m3) and to screen samples so that the more time-intensive and therefore more expensive analyses are only performed when significant potential exposures are indicated Weight measurements may also be included as a first step for any of the following methods Chemical Methods Chemical methods are rarely stand-alone methods, but are part of another method Chemical treatments are used to remove nonsili ca contaminants pnor to microscopy, co I onmetry, etc Several examples follow In a small number of matrices, a simple acid wash can be used to remove easily soluble minerals(22) such as calcium carbonate A drawback to this cleanup occurs when ionic fluorides are a part of the matrix: the HF formed can also remove the crystalline silicas Some materials that are not acid soluble, such as graphite, volatiles, and organic material, can be removed by heating;(s7) h I nl d owever, SlInp e matnces are not commo y encountere More vigorous chemical treatments have been developed to make use of slight di1 erences in the chemical reactivity of minerals to remove noncrystalline silica and some minerals The Talvitie treatment is a common example of a di1 erential chemical method used to minimize interferences including some silicate minerals A sequence of reactions including a hot phosphoric acid wash is used to preferentially dissolve everything except the quartz The technique has to be "tuned" to the specific apparatus used in the analysis A simple gravimetric weighing of the residue would ideally give the mass of quartz in the sample; however, many substances are as resistant as quartz to the Talvitie treatment The procedure may be stopped at this point when the Talvitie treatment is used to clean up samples, or additional steps can be used leading up to a colorimetric detennination,(3,10,17) The removal of interferences is generally not complete and the analysis can show poor precision due to low recoveries resulting from loss of the smaller particles of quartz and high recoveries resulting from silicate residues(19) Another common example is the potassium pyrosulfate fusion(19) The sample is treated with a molten salt which dissolves a great many metal oxides and leaves the quartz intact The melt is cooled and the solubilized metals are dissolved in water, leaving the quartz dust which can be analyzed by the methods that follow Great Britain's Health and Safety Executive Uses this approach for some bulk samples(22) Microscopy Methods DUST COUNTING Dust samples were collected in 95 percent ethanol or isopropanol using an impinger and counted using a microscope(2) Impingers were cumbersome and limited employee movements, and the use of volatile flammable alcohols presented a fire hazard PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS The petrographic microscopy technique is subjective, but it is also extremely sensitive when conducted by a well-trained individual, and in certain cases this method can have excellent results in the analysis of bulk I sam~ :s (21) B y v1ewillg a we II-pr~pared samp I e (eg, a fter TalV1tie treatment) through the microscope ~ne can discern the quartz as blue-yellow particles when v1ewed between crossedpolarizers Th~ color depends on the ~rie~tation o~the crystalline fragments ill relation to the illuminating polanzed light The optical technique norm~y ~equires e~tensive sampie prepara~on and cleanup Anal?,S1S d~ne microscop1cally by the tedious process of counting part1cles The method su1 ersfrom a difficulty (often inability) in distinguishing silica forms for the small particles involved in air samples; microscopy is useful down to about 05 IJm The image of the sample ~s two-dimensi~nal; the third dim~nsion must be estimate~ It 1Sone method ill use for the analys1s of bulk samples by Bntish Columbia (23) Petrographi<;: microscopy has limited applicability and require~ particles that are large eno~gh ~o ~scern ~he colors descnbed above and must also cons1st pnmarily of sillgle crystallite ~a~ents Cryp~ocrystalline and ~crocrysta;lline <:Iuartz (eg, tnpoli) are matenals where the part1cles cons1st oftighdy bound aggregates of many quartz crystallites in random orientations and cannot be detennined by this method A Ab tomlc sorption Analytical methods(9) which used the principle of AA as the end detector for quartz were almost identical to the colorimetric method Samples were prepared using a hydrofluoric acid/ phosphoric acid treatment, and instead of fonning a colored complex, samples were then analyzed by AA for total silicon The amount of quartz potentially present was calculated using a gravimetric factor The method su1 ered from interferences and lack of specificity, and was very imprecise at levels below 50 IJg quartz Quartz Methods: Current Today in the United States the more accepted methods are colorimetric, XRD, and IR techniques The MSHA and NIOSH IR methods for quartz in coal dust are very similar;(s,7) subde di1 erences are noted in the sample preparation IR and XRD methods are well documented(s,11) and have been thoroughly tested(16) To examine how popular the three methods are, and how well they perform, PAT Program data were compiled and presented in graphic form Figure 3 (derived from Reference 13) shows that the three analytical techniques (colorimetric, XRD, and IR) dominate Other methods, such as AA, (9) have been used sparingly (shown as "Other" in the figure) The colorimetric procedure predominated for analysis of quartz until about 1974 or round 30 of the PAT Program Approximately 30 labs consistendy used the colorimetric procedure until recendy dropping to 15
5 l APPLOCCUPENVIRONHYG Review of Quartz Analytical Methodologies ~ j 60 '0 40 ~ 20 PAT Sam p Ie A n a Iys is Methodology Used Other IR m XRD 0 Colorimetric R 40 d 50 # oun FIGURE 3 PAT Program participation by methodology In the Unl ted Stat XRD th t I d es, IS e mos popu ar proce ure, with IR coming in second Comparing the precisio~ trends indicated in Figure 1 with h h d I ds 3 d t e met 0 0 ogy tren ill FIgure emonstrates how well the three techniques compare in terms of overall precision Figure 1 shows historical data of variability in quartz analysis for minimum sample loading (a worst case scenario) Pooled coefficients of variation showed large imprecision in the beginning when the colorimetric procedure was used extensively The colorimetric method was used primarily until round 30 As XRD and IR became more popular, the overall precision has gradually improved This corresponds to technical and procedural improvements in all three analytical techniques and not necessarily the decreased use of the colorimetric procedure over time For these three methods, appropriate standard reference materials are used for calibrations whenever possible, or secondary standards are substituted which are traceable to standard reference materials Powder XRD The most popular and precise method for quartz analysis is XRD Because exposure limits (pels, threshold limit values, recommended exposure limits, etc) are for specific crystalline forms of silica, a method using the unique three-dimensional crystalline (lattice) structure of each polymorph would have the greatest advantage XRD relies on the large-scale crystalline structure of quartz Because crystalline substances such as quartz have different layering depending upon different perspectives of the crystal, XRD provides several additional analytical peaks The most sensitive quartz peak is sufficient to distinguish it from cristobalite, tridymite, amorphous silica, and the vast majority of silicate minerals Three additional quartz diffraction peaks are usually available for analysis and provide quantitative confirmation These alternate analytical lines are usually sufficient to resolve most interferences, but chemical treatments can be used when needed In this method, the intensity of diffracted X rays is compared with the intensities observed for known amounts of respirable quartz reference material of comparable particle size distribution To illustrate the pot~ntiallevel of involvement for analysis of one sample, FIgure 4 IS the X-ray data for a sample prepared from settled dust on a hotel patio in Yakima, Washington The setded dust (particles 90% of which were greater than 150 ILm) consisted primarily of material resulting from the eruption of Mt St Helens, and subsequent analysis assisted in evaluating the hazard to cleanup and lumber salvage crews This sample required considerable physical and chemical preparation The sample was ground and sieved to <45 ILm and an aliquot was weighed out and then treated with a customized Talvitie wash procedure optimized to clean up this specific matrix with a minimum loss of cristobalite It was then deposited on a silver membrane and analyzed for cristobalite and for three different diffraction angles (lines) for quartz Peak intensities, best determined by peak area, are shown having computer software- I se ected illtegranon limits, and represent an early stage of data evaluation The tertiary quartz line (peak on far right of Figure 4) shows how interferences can be compensated for by stripping out an interfering peak The primary and secondary quartz analytical peaks still have minor interferences that could not be chemically removed At this stage of the analysis, the sample appe~rs to ~ontain approximately 3 percent quartz and 6 percent cnstobalite ~ uruts can have a l~ng, usefu~ lif~ span over which the lrutlal cost c~n be depreciated Uruts I? use 20 years aft~r manufacture are common: Compared WIth o~er met~ods ill comm~n use, XRD requires the most expenslve equipment, appr?xlm~tely ~~75,000 per urut, which ma~ be offset by off~nng WIde UtilIty for quartz an~ o~her crystalline substances It IS al~o useful for general qualitanve an~ysis of subs~anc~s found ~nthe workplace :rhis can be particularly effective ill dete~rung the COr:nposl~on o~ unknown su~stanc~s en~ountered ill IH illspecnons, illcluding dry chemical spills discovered on loading docks, materials at construction sites where employees are reporting symptoms indicating exposure to toxic material, and residues remaining after an industrial explosion or fatality The knowledge gained by use ofxrd can assist the IH to assign causes and prevent recurrences Sample preparation is normally time intensive to achieve an even thin-layer deposit of the sample for optimum presentanon to the X-ray beam Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is used to dissolve and remove the organic matrix of the fliter used to collect the sample and any organic materials collected during sampling A vacuum flitration system enclosed in an exhaust hood is used to fliter out the dust in the THF onto silver membrane fliters which are dried on a warm, nonsparking hot plate (Alternately, a muffie furnace or low temperature asher can also be used in place of the THF treatment) Calibration standards are prepared in a similar manner using isopropanol suspensions Partial shielding from the X-ray beam occurs in the case of small quartz particles that fill surface pores in the silver membrane The net effect of this shadowing is a reduction of analytical sensitivity at low quartz loadings Nonlinear calibration curves may be necessary to achieve good quantitation at low loadings New refinements to XRD sample presentation include a rocking geometry proposed to improve upon the precision and accuracy limitations imposed by the particle statistics(24) A new approach, direct-on-fliter (DaF), which reduces the
6 996 FA Madsen et al APPLOCCUPENVIRONHYG SK1785A SK178~A ACID (H3PO'l) WASHE:D MCR XRD SCANS Of" 17-SE:P-82 09:09~0 USING XRAY3A PHILIPS MODE:L APD 3~00 AIR VOL 100 L [3 BULH SAMPLE: WT= '1'180 UC AC CAL COUNTS AT '1'1,36 DEC PRI CRIST PRI QUARTZ SEC QUARTZ TERT QTZ PE:AK = 2196 PE:AK = 266'1 PE:AK = 208'1 PE:AK = ~01'1 LOW LIMIT' 2126 LOW LIMIT = 2608 LOW LIMIT' 2016 LOW LIMIT' '1998 UP LIMIT = 22'10 UP LIMIT = 2692 UP LIMIT = 2106 UP LIMIT = ~0'I8 "INT TIME: = 1 INT TIME: = 1 -NO~M CNTS NO"M CNTS '1 INT TIME: = ~ NO"M CNTS INT TIME: = ~ NO~M CNTS = 2206 E:ST UC = 2639 E:ST UC = 1092 E:ST UC = 1~72 E:ST UC = 173,3 59 X (::) 24 X (::) 35 X (::) 39 X (::) G ~ U) I Z :J 0 U ~-1- "INT TIME: (8E:C/002 DE:CSTE:P) T "" FIGURE 4 XRD scan of Mt, -NO~MALIZE:D St Helens COUNTS sample (CNTS/SE:C) 'I O- THET " SC" NS NG J ~ amount of sample preparation, is currently used at some labs Because this method is based on the bonding parameters of Concepts involving OOF will be discussed below quartz, microcrystalline quartz can be analyzed In theory, no In our experience, XRD appears to have more general two compounds have the same absorption spectrum In pracapplicability and is more flexible for quartz analysis than other tice, the IR spectra of different substances with similar bonding methods In addition to quartz and cristobalite, substance such can share common absorption bands This is an advantage for as zinc oxide, vanadium pentoxide, Portland cement, and qualitative analysis of new or unknown pure substances beother crystalline compounds can be confirmed or analyzed cause information from the IR spectrum provides clues in IR5 t making educated guesses of the compound's structure At the pec roscopy, di d fi al same time, It IS a sa vantage or quantitative an YSIS because IR spectroscopy allows o?e to dist~ngulsh s~ca (no~ Just it indicates that interferences are possible These bonding paquartz) from many other nunerals This method IS sensitive to rameters are similar for the crystalline and noncrystalline forms the small-scale structure of quartz because it measures the vi b ration al energy re 1 ate d to t he atonuc ' masses 0 f s illcon and f ili o s con dioxide because the tetrahedral SiO structure is 4 b d h d b di Th 1 common t 0 all th ese su b s t ances E ac h sill con a t om IS suroxygen, 1 d on strengt,an b fir 1 h on d f ng symmetry e samp h e IR IS rounded by four oxygen atoms 1ocate d at corners 0 f a tetrapace m a eam 0 Ig t, an 1 any quartz IS present t e h d d h ill e ron, an eac oxygen atom Joms two s con atoms Th us light IS absorbed at the wavelength corresponding to these diffi 1 di h diffi alli ill fi ',,It IS ICU t to stinguis erent cryst ne s ca orms WIth specific, VIbratIons h The h decrease 1 m h the amount 1 hof IR light I R at the an alytlc al pea k at 798 cm -1 (12 um 5 ) M any scates ill transnutted throug t e samp e at t ese wave engt s IS a mea- h,mil ah dral h' h f th t f rt t also ave SI ar tetr e SIO 4 structures w IC can mtersure 0 e amoun 0 qua z presen (25-28), The Lambert-Beer law predicts a linear relationship be- fere WIt? the det~~nation of quartz An IR absorption tween the sample absorbance and its concentration For true ~att~rn IS shown m FIgure 5 (~ter Reference ~9) for quartz (Q linearity, the sample must be a homogeneous solution of m FIgure 5) Patterns and their clos~ proxlnuty to qu~rtz are uniform thickness (b) and the light must be monochromatic also shown-here the amorphous silica (A), cnstobalite (C), This law is approximate for quartz analysis because it is not and kaolinite (K), a significant interference strictly applicable for particulate samples where parts of the IR Understanding the sample matrix is an important considerbeam pass through agglomerates and aggregates of the IR- ation in IR analysis Certain sample matrices found in the absorbing species, and parts pass between the absorbing parti- workplace have known interferences Chemical or heat treatcles Low quartz loadings and sample inhomogeneity can yield ments are the most direct approach used to remove interferlower absorbances than this linear relationship indicates ences The IR method is less expensive, but is also less specific
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Dubai, Mar 22: Former captain Rahul Dravid feels it will be tough for Team India when they travel to South Africa to play a three-Test series later this year.
India will tour South Africa in November this year to play three Tests, seven One Day Internationals and two Twenty20 Internationals. South Africa are the current number one Test side in the world.
"South Africa are really a good side at the moment. Their bowling attack is probably one of the best in the world. It is going to be a tough series for India. We have a few months to prepare for it," Dravid was quoted as saying by Dubai's "Gulf News" newspaper on Friday. Dravid is in Dubai to play a Twenty20 tournament.
Dravid said it was important for India to find three good fast bowlers and a wrist spinner to succeed in South Africa.
"The key to do well in South Africa is to have a good bowling attack for those conditions. If India can have three good fast bowlers followed by a wrist spinner, then it will be effective. Getting that balance right (three fast bowlers) might make the difference," he added.

subset: commoncrawl


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Todd James Grimshaw is a central character in Coronation Street, who appeared from 2001 to 2004, made two guest returns in 2007 and 2011, then again full-time from 2013 onward in which he took on a villainous role. However the character began to tone down in 2015, and his role isn't villainous anymore.
He is the son of Eileen Grimshaw and the younger half-brother of Jason.
He is played by Bruno Langley, who also portrayed Adam Mitchell in Doctor Who.
In his original stint in the series, Todd wasn't really villainous. He gave up his studies and got together with Sarah Platt and was thinking of adopting her daughter Bethany. However he soon discovered he was gay and had an affair behind her back with a nurse at a hospital where he worked as a porter. Sarah was angry and distraught, and the stress lead to them losing their son Billy who was born prematurely. Unable to face the backlash from Coronation Street residents, Todd left for London to continue his studies in 2004.
The character made a return in 2007 for Jason's wedding to Sarah and they made up and put their bad feelings behind them. Todd made a return for Easter weekend in 2011, and it was apparent he was embarrassed by his roots and didn't want to stick around long. He got annoyed by his mother's carry on when she got drunk in the pub and hoped to make a quick getaway. Todd eventually made up with Eileen, before leaving for London once again.
Todd returned in late 2013 and it was clear he had changed for the worst. It was revealed the reason for his quick comeback was because he had stolen money from a boyfriend which was intended for a holiday. To help Todd Eileen paid the man off and he left.
Todd took interest in local gay nurse Marcus Dent, who was in a heterosexual relationship with Maria Connor and a father figure to her son Liam. Todd began to manipulate Marcus and they had an affair. This was later discovered by an upset Maria and Marcus found himself thrown out. In an act of cruelty, Todd later dumped Marcus after getting bored of his mind games, much to the disgust of his family. Marcus did manage to make up with Maria as she understood how manipulate and evil Todd could be, but Marcus chose to leave the street for a new life.
Todd's family grew tired of his antics and when he tried to invite them for a meal to the local restaurant the Bistro, they didn't show up. Leaving the place, he wandered off and ended up being mugged and badly beaten. His family felt guilty and Eileen invited Todd back to stay with her and it appeared they finally made peace. But unaware to them, Todd had felt betrayal and the trauma of his injuries led to his plans for revenge.
Todd managed to manipulate Jason into thinking that his girlfriend Eva was having an affair with Jason's father Tony Stewart. Jason caught them both embracing at a bar and started attacking Tony, but discovered that they were planning to surprise him that Tony was buying a flat for the pair of them. This caused an angry Eva to leave Jason and move away, leaving him heartbroken. Todd still managed to put on the façade of the caring brother.
When Eileen began internet dating, Todd posed as a businessman named "Jeff" claiming to be from Dubai.


text: theresa - Unregistered April 28, 2011 9:48 PM well done 2 Tommy for his podium at brands the race was brill!!! i feel Tommy is his own person & feels thats why he has so many fans i think he will do good at oulton, but he did smash his bike up so i don"t think u can call it last years hm plant honda!! good luck 2 him & hope 2 see him on the podium. 3 agree 0 disagree


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The NHRA heads to Las Vegas this weekend for the Lucas Oil Las Vegas Nationals at The Strip at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.
It's the penultimate round of the NHRA's Countdown to 1, with the season set to close with the Automobile Club of Southern California NHRA Finals at Pomona, Calif., on Nov. 12-15.
In the third year of the NHRA's Countdown to the Championship format, championship battles in two of the four classes in the Full Throttle Drag Racing Series are still wide-open, topped by the clash in Funny Car, where seven drivers are still legitimately in title contention.
Robert Hight squeaked into the Countdown in controversial fashion at the Mac Tools U.S. Nationals in Indianapolis and didn't score an outright event win during the NHRA "regular season." But by winning the first two Countdown rounds at Carolina and Dallas, the driver of one of the John Force Racing Ford Mustangs vaulted into the points lead of the Countdown to 1. He holds a slim 13-marker advantage over his JFR teammate Ashley Force Hood.
Force Hood briefly took the lead after the Mid-South Nationals at Memphis Motorsports Park, but Hight regained the top spot three weeks ago at the Virginia Nationals.
"The first two weeks of the Countdown couldn't have been any better for us," Hight said. "We won them and went from worst to first, so it's very exciting for me. It's something I never thought was going to happen. I never lost faith in my team. You dream big, but this is huge."
John Force ranks just ninth in the standings, but drag racing's biggest personality can't be upset with the fact that his drivers are 1-2 with two events left in the 2009 championship. Force pulled out all the stops to lift Hight out of a midseason slump, even temporarily swapping cars with his charge for one round.
"John Force, he's not a tuner, but he definitely knows how to shake things up," Hight said. "Whatever he did, it's worked."
Funny Car has enjoyed the most parity among NHRA's four pro classes in 2009, with the top seven drivers all scoring at least two event victories. Regular-season points leader Tony Pedregon is third, 35 points behind Force Hood, and seventh-ranked Bob Tasca III is only 102 points out of the top spot.
Ron Capps leads all Funny Car drivers with five event wins in 2009, but he's dropped from second to fourth in the standings during the Countdown to 1.
"Robert [Hight] is very strong right now, but he's not untouchable; the same goes for Ashley," Pedregon said.
In Top Fuel, Tony Schumacher is gunning for his sixth consecutive -- and record-extending seventh overall -- title, and "The Sarge" has come on strong in the Countdown, amassing 367 points in the past four events compared to 309 for Cory McClenathan and 300 for regular-season leader Antron Brown.
Schumacher leads Larry Dixon by 47 points and McClenathan by 68.
Three drivers dominated the proceedings leading into the Countdown, with Dixon scoring six event wins to Brown's five and Schumacher's four. McClenathan took his only event of the season in the Countdown-opening Carolina Nationals and has vaulted from fifth to third in the standings, while Brown has dropped from first to fourth after notching only 236 points in the four Countdown events to date.
Brown tested at LVMS last week and hopes the time spent will help him and the Matco Tools team regain their regular-season form.
"We're just 81 points out and haven't used all our test days, so we wanted to take advantage of that and get in some track time, which will hopefully put us in position to race for this '09 Top Fuel championship at Pomona in a few weeks," Brown said.
In Pro Stock, Mike Edwards has been utterly dominant in the Countdown, vaulting from third to first with two wins and 454 points scored in the first four events. He's pulled out to a 128-point advantage over Greg Anderson, who has jumped from fourth to second. Meanwhile, regular-season pacesetter Jeg Coughlin has faded to fourth in the standings after a series of terrible results.
Edwards can clinch the Pro Stock title if he leaves Las Vegas with a 151-point cushion. He scored the maximum of 150 points in the most recent round, the Virginia Nationals.
Pro Stock Motorcycle is the scene of the second-closest championship battle, with Hector Arana locked in a tight race with Ed Krawiec.
Arana has jumped from third to first by winning two of the three PSM events in the Countdown, and he leads regular-season chart topper Krawiec by 28 points. Michael Phillips has made a big jump from seventh to third in the points and was the most recent PSM winner in the Mid-South Nationals at Memphis, but he lies 165 points behind Arana.
Earlier this year in the SummitRacing.com Nationals at LVMS, Schumacher triumphed in Top Fuel, Capps was victorious in Funny Car and Coughlin was the winner in Pro Stock. The motorcycles did not race there in the winter.
John Oreovicz covers open-wheel racing and other motorsports for ESPN.com.


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Chinnor Beer Festival offers great live music, lovely real ales and ciders, and tasty food. Money raised is used to support Chinnor youths and youth groups.
Great news! The Chinnor Beer Festival will be back on Saturday 26th August 2017
The next Chinnor Summer Beer Festival will take place at: White's Field, Mill Lane, Chinnor OX39 4RF, on: Saturday 26th August, starting at 12:00! Of course, the Cheeky Tiki Cocktail Bar will be back too!
Countdown to the next summer beer festival
in 29 days, 12 hours, 19 minutes, 11 seconds
Watch this space for more details!
The Chinnor Beer Festival – Chinnor's premier family event
The first Chinnor Beer Festival was held in August 2009. It proved to be a fantastic local community celebration. Summer Beer Festivals have been held ever since. It is a not-for-profit event and all proceeds are used to support youth groups and young people in the village. More than £26,000 has been raised so far.


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Luke & I are going to be on a plane to Mexico!
What's even more exciting is that our families & so many of our good friends are going to start making the trek down right as we are, too. We've been spending a lot of time with various friends & family that are coming along with us & naturally that is all that we can talk about. My mind is just blown away by how soon it is going to be here. It really seems like not that long ago when we picked a location, picked a date, then started planning this wedding... when in reality it was almost a year ago - oh how time flies.
I've also already started practicing packing my bags, you know, just to make sure that everything fits :)
(from our engagement photos - by Linnea)


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Tags: Amazon, Delivery, Los Angeles, New York, packages, parcels, postal service, Sunday, USPS.
Posted 11/11/2013 at 1:03 PM
Posted 4 years ago
What does a company do to find more time to quickly get its deliveries to its customers?
Amazon has found the answer: Deliver packages on Sunday.
Amazon are primed and ready as they have, according to reports, been already spending just about $14 billion dollars widening its warehouse capabilities, over a three year stratagem. Even those who buy products only costing $25 dollars to $35 dollars are getting free deliveries.
The United States Postal Service and Amazon have struck up a deal so that all customers, beginning first with the metropolises in the Los Angeles and New York vicinities, will have the option of Sunday delivery.
The implications for the shopping malls and neighborhood stores, is that their monopoly over weekend shoppers now has staunch competition from Amazon.
In 2014, Amazon's customers in other big cities in the United States like Phoenix, New Orleans, Dallas, and Houston will also have the choice of Sunday delivery.
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Eagle scout
How to request congratulatory letters for Eagle Scouts
Jack's Eagle Scout shadow box - finally - 3 1/2 years later..... made using spray adhesive to black foam board and foam weather stripping (sticky on both sides) to add height. Certificate in frame and it can all be disassembled later if wanted. The sash is folded around foam board without adhesive. Love my Eagle Scout! (uploaded from my photos - Missy Parmenter)
Personalized Eagle Scout Gift Boy Scout by RobinsPrimitiveNest
Rocks for the Eagle Scout Court of Honor tables. ~ Troop 404 Lima, PA
How to get politicians, astronauts, celebrities, and other recognizable figures to send congratulatory letters to your Eagle Scout!
Eagle Scout Court of Honor centerpieces
A slice of fresh wood engraved with Morgan and Ryan's names was put out at the ceremony for guests to leave a loving message for them to remember their wedding day which can easily be displayed in their home. Photo Credit: John Mathis Photography
Eagle Scout Celebration Cakes cakepins.com
eagle scout court of honor ideas | Eagle Court of Honor
centerpieces eagle scout ceremony - Bing Images
Eagle Court of Honor Display Table wish I had thought of this when my brother had his.
Scout awards. Nice reminder of all the hard work and commitment. Framed by Frameworks of Utah.
Letters of congratulations for the new Eagle Scout - I like how my sons letter was used as the banner - 6 of the 30 were from my 2 boys
EDITABLE Eagle Scout Court of Honor Invitation, Boy Scout Invitation, DIY Digital Invite, Court of Honor Announcement, Eagle Scout Printable
My second sons quilt I made for his Eagle Scout Court of Honor!
- Eagle Scout cake


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San Diego, California – (The Hosting News) – March 24, 2008 – Secure service control solution provider for global business networks, Arbor Networks, has been selected by hosting, messaging, storage, DDoS protection and Internet service firm, Foreshore, for its Arbor Peakflow SP platform ("Peakflow SP").
Designed for network-wide anomaly detection and mitigation, the platform was developed to optimise critical business services for customers, in a cost-effective manner.
Derek Fage, Technical Director at Foreshore noted, "By providing intelligent visibility into our network traffic, Peakflow SP gives us three major benefits. First, the system instantly alerts us to anomalous network activity so we can address security threats and maintain the highest quality of service. Second, it provides detailed information about suspect and attack traffic so we can conduct meaningful forensics. And third, by providing insight into where traffic is coming from, it enables more accurate traffic engineering, network planning and peering analysis – all of which helps reduce our costs and optimise our services."
Since its inception in 2000, Foreshore's non-stop network infrastructure is meeting the rigorous 24/7 operational requirements of international banks, major e-retailers and electronic payment providers. In an era of global network security threats that are ever-increasing in size and frequency, DDoS detection and mitigation are critical to Foreshore's continued success – and that of its customers.
Peakflow SP is delivering the pervasive network visibility, deep application insight and comprehensive threat management Foreshore needs to surgically mitigate and report on DDoS and zero-day threats before they impact critical business services. Foreshore is also using Peakflow SP for traffic engineering to improve network performance and to deliver revenue generating managed DDoS detection and mitigation services to customers.
Rob Malan, Co-founder and Chief Technology Officer of Arbor Networks remarked, "Peakflow SP is a platform that delivers a number of benefits beyond network security. Foreshore is leveraging the broad functionality of Peakflow SP to improve network-wide visibility, security, traffic engineering and to potentially deliver managed DDoS protection services to their customers."
For more detail on how Foreshore is leveraging Arbor Networkss' Peakflow SP platform, please visit Arbor Networks' website to read the Solution Brief Case Study or download the podcast discussion Derek Fage, technical director at Foreshore.
Arbor Networks Peakflow SP protects service provider networks from security threats such as DDoS attacks, botnets and worms as well as network issues such as traffic and routing instability. Peakflow SP is delivering a unique combination of security, visibility and policy enforcement.
Arbor Networks is a provider of secure service control solutions for global business networks, including more than 70 percent of the world's Internet service providers and many of the largest enterprise networks in use today. Arbor is addressing the most strategic issues for service providers – security and service control; delivering best-in class network protection and the means for delivering revenue-generating, differentiated secure services and service plans. Arbor allows service providers to employ both flow-based and DPI- based technologies to enable measurement and protection of the entire network, from the core to the broadband edge. Arbor also maintains the world's first globally scoped threat analysis network – ATLAS – which uses technology embedded in the world's largest ISP networks to sense and report on comprehensive worldwide threat intelligence.
To learn more about Arbor Networks, please visit: www.arbornetworks.com.


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Set against the backdrop of the Civil Rights movement, Lee Daniels' The Butler, which has just opened, stars Forest Whitaker as Cecil Gaines, who escapes the cotton fields of the South to work as a White House butler during seven presidential administrations, from 1957 to 1986. The job allows Cecil to create a comfortable, middle-class life for his wife, Gloria, played by Oprah Winfrey, and their two sons, Louis and Charlie. But Cecil's commitment to the first family leads to tensions at home. Gloria turns to booze and the affections of a neighbor, while Louis defies his dad and becomes a radical activist, protesting for racial equality
|Oscar-Bait Alert: Lee Daniels' The Butler
Source:GrabNetworks (c). All Rights Reserved


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Two Universal Studios theme parks in Orlando have raised their single-entry admission fee by $1.95. As a result, a ticket to either Islands of Adventure or Universal Studios Florida costs $49.95, $40.95 for ages 3 to 9. A Bonus Pass that allows admission to both parks for up to five consecutive days, available online only, costs $99.95, and $86.95 for children. A new two-day ticket to both parks offers a third day free, and costs $94.95, $81.95 for children.
The price of the Orlando FlexTicket remains the same -- $169.95 for admission over 14 days to four parks: Universal Studios Florida, Islands of Adventure, SeaWorld Orlando and Wet 'n Wild, or $202.95 for the five-park ticket, which also includes Busch Gardens Tampa Bay. For children 3 to 9, the four-park ticket is $134.95 and the five-park ticket is $164.95.Continue reading the main story


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Egypt economy; a year after the revolution:
Bad news, Good news
The question everybody is asking now; how the economy situation is in Egypt? Is Egypt on the brink of bankruptcy or it awaits a bright future. ? Optimists go as far as to include Egypt in the second wave of emerging countries to achieve high growth rates repeating the Chinese or the Korean model!
Yet, numbers do not lie! Finance numbers given by the government last month draw a very dark picture of the economy. After real GDP rate reached 7% three years ago, it recorded 1.8% in 2011! World Bank expects real GDP to rise to reach 3.8% in 2012 and 5.5% in 2012.
Egypt also lost its half hard currency reserve after it reached $36bn in Dec 2010, it is now only $16bn. Account balance recorded deficit of $9.8bn, and it was a credit of $3.4bn just before the revolution. Tourism sector a 9% of GPD recorded the worst number at -%5.9 when compared to 2009/2010.
The already weak job market is worsening by low GDP rates due to the economic and political climate. Unemployment expected to reach 3 million against 2.7million last year. Private investments decreased from 36bn during first quarter 2010/2011 to le31 for the same period of 2010/2011 at rate of decrease 20%.
Total investments decreased from $456million to$ 431million at rate of 18%Total. Foreign debts increased by 3.9% reaching $34.9.Current account balance recorded -$9.8bn. Gross Government Debt (% of GDP): 74.21 %.
Frequent protest resulted in fleeing of investors & tourist due to instability and violence. Net FDI record for the first time a negative $65 m. during Jan- June 2011
But, some important numbers are panting a positive picture to Egypt economy! According to a study made by Dr, Heba Nasar, professor of Economy, some sectors did well during 2010/2011, for example,
Exports of with its strong 16 sectors, kept its upward direction and rose to mark- for the first time- LE 130.76bn approx.USD 22BN. in 2011, an increase of 18.5% compared to 2010 levels with an increase of more the LE 20bn 3.3bn. Imports recorded 8.1% rise when compared with -3.2% last year.
Suez canal revenues recorded a growth of 11.7% of achieved an 11.5% of real GDP. IT sector recorded 6.7% .Consumer spending which represent 4.7& of the GDP and contribute 4% in the GDP recorded considerable growth as private and public consumption rose 5% and 3.8% respectively.
Other important numbers also appear as in general revenues which rose by 16.9% to mark LE166bn, Salary tax rose by 14.4% to mark LE7.4bn in the second half of 2011. This increase contributed to income tax revenues to increase generally by 9%, indicating increase in work force salaries in both public and private sectors, it also indicates a strong labor force as there has not been large scale layoffs.
DR. Waleed Helal, president of the Chemicals and fertilizers Exports council, gives other promising numbers and points out that 6 of the top 20 Egypt exports markets of are changing. For Egyptian exports. S. Africa is now number 5 at about $ 1bn, also exports to turkey rose to $7bn, doubling 2010 exports figures and exports to china is steadily growing .
Expert's prescription for recovery of Egypt Economy
Mr. Helal explains that these changes assure the ability of Egyptian exports to achieve more growth and thanks to the perception of the Egyptian people after the revolution by the world which projects the seriousness, sprit of freedom, initiative, creation and capability of the Egyptian people.
Mr. Helal added his prescription for the recovery which include committing to the plan put two years ago to double exports, which has many incentives and contains all procedures needed to achieve target for all exports sectors, activate the Mercosur agreements with South America, concentrate efforts to develop the transportations and logistics sectors and help on building a an African commercial body. Mr. helal add two elements to his prescription , maintain relationships with Egypt large Arabic and European markets and exerting more efforts to have more commercial advantages with the US markets.
Finally, economical growth and high GPD rates are tied to security, stability, trust of government economical and political policies , changing bankruptcy and exit policies and the end the political vacuum after the election of a president next June. Password remains security and stability, and once regained, negative number will flip to be positive. This leaves Egypt with the most important challenge which is fair distribution of wealth, but that is another story!
Mohamed Buhaisi
Cairo, Egypt 19-2-2012


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Tidningen Wired presenterar sina "2004 Wired Rave Awards" och i kategorin Renegade of the Year så går priset till Steve Jobs med motiveringen For imagining iTunes and Finding Nemo (then ditching Disney).
Steve Jobs has always prided himself on thinking different. Now the rest of the world is coming around.
As CEO of both Apple and Pixar, Jobs is setting the agenda in digital entertainment. At the start of 2003, the recording industry chastised Apple for promoting piracy with the iPod and its "Rip. Mix. Burn." ad campaign - which one record executive told Wired was like saying "Fuck you, record labels." But Jobs convinced the industry that technology was its friend. Last April, he launched the iTunes Music Store with support from the five major labels. By October, Apple had a Windows version and was on its way to a catalog of half a million songs. Sales by year's end: 30 million songs. Jobs has made the world safe for legal downloads; we will never look back.
Läs mer här: For imagining iTunes and Finding Nemo (then ditching Disney)
Adrian - har du inte login till redaxsystemet?
Jag vet inte riktigt, har inte testat. Men jag visste ändå inte om det var en sån stor nyhet hursomhelst.
Jorå - den var bra.


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VC4Africa listed Tugende, a for-profit social enterprise based in Uganda, gained USD 780,000 in additional growth funding and working capital in an investment round ..Read more
Tugende kicks off 2015 with USD 780K in new funding
Congratulations to Tugende, securing US$300,000 from investors! After this milestone they're moving on to raise their next fundraising round. Tugende is a for-profit social ..Read more


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All quotes tagged Invention
(401 quotes found)
"Inventing is a combination of brains and materials. The more brains you use, the less material you need."
"Television is an invention that permits you to be entertained in your living room by people you wouldn't have in your home."
"The hope of free man in a frightened world is the values which man puts ahead of inventions when his back is to the wall. These values are beauty, truth, goodness and having a faith, all of which are bombproof."
"These are bagpipes. I understand the inventor of the bagpipes was inspired when he saw a man carrying an indignant, asthmatic pig under his arm. Unfortunately, the man-made sound never equalled the purity of the sound achieved by the pig."
"History is the fiction we invent to persuade ourselves that events are knowable and that life has order and direction."
"What business has science and capitalism got, bringing all these new inventions into the works, before society has produced a generation educated up to using them!"


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- Falchion
- Falchion Fal"chion, n. [OE. fauchon, OF. fauchon, LL.
f["a]lcio, fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle, cf. Gr. ?????? a
ship's rib, ?????? bandy-legged; perh, akin to E. falcon; cf.
It. falcione. Cf. {Defalcation}.]
1. A broad-bladed sword, slightly curved, shorter and lighter
than the ordinary sword; -- used in the Middle Ages.
[1913 Webster]
2. A name given generally and poetically to a sword, especially to the swords of Oriental and fabled warriors. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.


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Pave Diamond Band – What Is It?
By Dirk Rendel
So you are looking for a diamond ring. Stressing the cash it would cost to blitz out that hand in some ice rocks? Well a pave diamond band may well just be what you are looking for. What makes pave diamond bands stretch your bucks when you are trying to get that oh so desirable bling effect is the diamonds that are used. Pave rings are totally encrusted over with small diamonds along the entire rings band. This gives the appearance of course as a solid diamond surface. These tiny diamonds reflect a lot of light, surrounding a center diamond in most cases.
A road comprised entirely of diamonds would never need repairs, because diamonds are forever. It is a pity that money isn't forever, because such a road would truly be sight to behold. Perhaps, Qatar will pave some roads with diamonds before hosting the FIFA World Cup, but we will have to wait until 2018 to see if this materializes. Until such time, you could invest in a pave diamond band and fantasize about the hypothetical roads of some opulent wonder state.
A pave diamond ring is aptly named, because the ring resembles a paved path of diamonds. The metallic band is hidden under small gemstones, which are symmetrically pieced together to form a continuous track across the ring.
Each diamond should be individually cut to resemble the one next to it. Like all great roads, the path of diamonds should be smooth to the touch. There should be no jagged edges which could puncture the tires of the small cars in your imagination.
The reason why a paved diamond road will never come to fruition is because of financial restraints. Even the small area of a ring should leave you questioning whether or not you can afford the expense of such an elaborate design. It is indisputable that diamonds are expensive, but always remember that the cost is measured by carat weight. A small diamond will cost considerably less than a much larger stone.
The next thing that should concern a prospective buyer is that roads need maintenance, even if they are made of diamonds. This is a valid point and there is a very good chance that some of the small diamonds might come unhinged over time. Because the diamonds are so tiny, they are easy to replace for a very reasonable price.
The best thing about a pave diamond band is that it's practical. So many diamond rings are attention seeking eyesores that get caught on everything and just look cheesy. This design is fantastic because it isn't comprised of any awkward protrusions. A good jeweler will always ensure a smooth finish that won't be uncomfortable to wear.
Imaginings of diamond roads are far-fetched, but pave diamond bands could be nice way to bring some fruition to the far-fetched ideal. To take your daydreaming to new heights you could even buy a small replica Ferrari and drive it across your pave diamond band all day.
Pave is pronounced "Pah-vay" by the way. When a pave band has diamonds which go around the entire ring, it's called a full pave. Other styles include a half pave, which is by far the most common of any pave ring. One can go a full pave diamond band without breaking the bank. It is said a full pave is pretty stunning, and I would have to agree there, as the light catch's the diamonds at any angle. The myriad multitude of diamonds along the band may seem more expensive than it really would be. This is because of course that the smaller diamonds used to create the ring are small. Bigger diamonds cost more, smaller diamonds do not, thus you get way more bling for your buck with a pave.
Another option to stretch that all mighty dollar even further would be any of the micro pave rings on the market today. These as the name would imply, are encrusted with intricate diamonds of a smaller size then a traditional pave ring. These diamonds when set by a jeweler, appear to blend into one, which creates a rather brilliant effect. The diamonds surrounding a center diamond in a pave diamond band really make an excellent backdrop for the main diamond in the ring.
Another nice aspect of a pave is that it can be uni-sex. The resale factor should you ever decide you have outgrown your ring is much better, as many pave rings can be worn by either sex, depending on what you buy. Granted many pave diamond rings are shaped for either a male or a female, but a good many could be uni-sex, if you shop carefully.
In closing id like to say this, simply put pave jewelry is breathtaking. The fact that the band is encrusted with diamonds adds major bling factor, and the fact the diamonds are smaller means you wont be spending as much of your hard-earned cash to sport your new ring. A good way to get the best deal is to comparison shop. Many online venues offer cheaper prices for jewelery, and offer you pictures of tpave diamond bands you are looking for. Search for a company that's been around for sometime and check a few places out. The more knowledge you have, the better your chances at getting more for for your money with a pave diamond band.