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Maximum Ages of Groundfishes in Waters off Alaska and British Columbia and Considerations of Age Determination. Kristen M. Munk
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1 Maximum Ages of Groundfishes in Waters off Alaska and British Columbia and Considerations of Age Determination Kristen M. Munk Reprinted from the Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin Vol. 8 No. 1, Summer 2001
2 The Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin can found on the World Wide Web at URL:
3 Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 8(1): Copyright 2001 by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Maximum Ages of Groundfishes in Waters off Alaska and British Columbia and Considerations of Age Determination Kristen M. Munk ABSTRACT: The longevity in some groundfish species in the eastern North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea is remarkable. Maximum ages of some species are relatively young: walleye pollock and lingcod are 28 and 25 years, respectively. Some Sebastes species are frequently aged to be over 100 years old, with some areas producing more than a few specimens aged years old. The oldest fish recorded from Alaska, and possibly for all of the North Pacific, is a rougheye rockfish Sebastes aleutianus captured May 2000 in southeastern Alaska, visually aged from a sagittal otolith transverse section to be 205 years old. This paper consolidates and updates the maximum ages achieved by many groundfishes collected primarily during commercial and research harvest operations north of approximately 48 N latitude in the eastern North Pacific Ocean (Aleutians, Gulf of Alaska, nearshore and inshore waters of Alaska and British Columbia) and Bering Sea, and describes typical age-determination process and error which produced these age estimates. INTRODUCTION Fisheries research and management depend upon age data. Age data are critical to characterizing fish populations to produce effective management strategies (Boehlert 1980; Archibald et al. 1981; Hoenig 1983; Boehlert and Yiklavich 1984; Leaman and Beamish 1984; Boehlert 1985; Leaman 1991). Maximum age allows estimation of mortality (Hoenig 1983). A compilation of maximum ages allows comparison of species of functional similarity, with species-assemblage interdependence requiring shared consideration (Adams 1980). Updates of maximum age estimates provide contemporaneous data, which reflect dynamics of fish populations and technology and promote advances in associated theory. Age structures are widely collected from groundfish stocks for research and management needs. These samples continue to document and occasionally extend the known life span of these fishes. Some of these life spans range from approximately 20 years old within Gadidae and Hexagrammidae to over 100 years old for many species within the genus Sebastes. Routine age reading (ageing) interprets patterns of annual growth that occur within the chosen age structure. Interpretations are made in accord with criteria standardized by the international Committee of Age- Reading Experts (CARE 2000), a consortium of age readers at several government agencies and academic institutions bordering the eastern North Pacific Ocean. In large part these interpretation criteria are based upon methods documented in Chilton and Beamish (1982), with parallels to age-determination methods by many earlier researchers (Reibisch 1899; Rollefsen 1933; Tåning 1938; Chugunova 1963; Christensen 1964). There is broad utilization of age data (e.g., Bechtol and Yuen 1995; Bechtol 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2000; O Connell et al. 1998, 1999, 2000; Cartwright 2000) and support of ageing practices (Archibald et al. 1981; Boehlert and Yoklavich 1984; Leaman and Beamish Author: KRISTEN M. MUNK is a fishery biologist with the Mark, Tag, and Age Laboratory of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, P.O. Box 25526, Juneau, Alaska 99802, Acknowledgments: Employees of the Groundfish Program of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, who provide thousands of otoliths every year to the Age Determination Unit in Juneau Bill Bechtol, Cleo Brylinsky, Kamala Carroll, Meg Cartwright, Susan Domenowske, Willy Dunne, Deidra Holum, Tory O Connell, Beverly Richardson, Grace Thornton, Mike Vaughn, and others. Andrea Bowen, Joan Brodie, Willy Dunne, Claudia Echavarria, William A. Foster, Curtis McNeill, Christine Schmale, and Ruby Young past and present age-readers of the Age Determination Unit. Bill Bechtol, Cleo Brylinsky, Scott Meyer, Mike Vaughn, Cal Blood, Jon Heifetz, Allen Andrews, Craig Kastelle, John Butler, Bob Mikus, Tory O Connell, Paul DeSloover, and Karen Charles for information included in this document. Shayne MacLellan from the Pacific Biological Station, and Delsa Anderl from the Sand Point Lab special thanks for numerous updates of maximum ages from samples collected in British Columbia and Alaska waters. Bill Bechtol, Shayne MacLellan, Susan Shirley, and an anonymous reviewer for critical reviews of this document and helpful comments. 12
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5 Maximum Ages of Alaska and British Columbia Groundfishes and Considerations of Age Determination Munk ) that incorporate the visual inspection of the sagittal-transverse otolith section. Objective validation of the visual interpretation of these growth patterns is incomplete for all species, but extension of this knowledge to similar species is convincing, with application of age data for non-validated species routine. Efforts to validate visual interpretation of growth patterns must continue, and do. A compilation of maximum ages for 48 groundfishes captured in proximity to British Columbia and Alaska and current to December 2000 are presented. A brief discussion of the conventional age-reading processes and aspects of inherent error is offered to provide perspective to these reported maximum age estimates. METHODS Sample Collection and Technique Age structures such as otoliths, fin spines, and fin rays are routinely randomly collected from fish captured in waters in the northern latitudes of the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea and sent to centralized age-reading facilities in British Columbia, Washington, and Alaska. Extracted structures are cleaned of tissue and stored in a variety of containers, dry or immersed in a solution of glycerin or alcohol (depending upon the agency collection standard or reading technique requirements). For a few species, primarily fin spines or fin rays are collected and examined to produce age estimates. Pigmented zones (early years) and ridges (later years) on the external surface of the dorsal fin spine of Squalus acanthias are interpreted and counted as annuli (Ketchen 1975; Chilton and Beamish 1982). Fin rays of Ophiodon elongatus and Gadus macrocephalus are the preferred age structure at some, but not all, facilities and are sectioned immediately dorsal of the ray s basal ridge, which adjoins the distal pterygiophore. The sagittal otolith (otolith) has long been utilized for producing estimates of age for many groundfish species (Reibisch 1899; Rollefsen 1933; Tåning 1938; Chugunova 1963; Christensen 1964; Williams and Bedford 1974; Beamish and Chilton 1982; Chilton and Beamish 1982; MacLellan 1997; CARE 2000). Otoliths may be cleared (made less opaque through use of a clearing solution) and the surface examined for annuli. Reading the otolith surface may underestimate age (Reibisch 1899; Williams and Bedford 1974; Chilton and Beamish 1982; Boehlert and Yoklavich 1984; Wilson and Boehlert 1990), therefore reading laboratories must thoroughly consider all species or growth characters before using surface age-reading techniques. Otoliths may be thin-sectioned; however, this technique is not common for production age-reading. The most common production reading technique used in revealing all growth events is termed break and burn. This process utilizes an otolith transverse section prepared by first breaking an otolith on a lateral dorsoventral axis through the core, and passing one half through an alcohol flame until lightly charred (Christensen 1964). Some reading labs may break (or cut) otoliths and bake them to induce similar charring of the proteinaceous winter zone. Age-Structure Growth-Pattern Interpretation The charred half-section is examined using reflected light. The resultant dark zones in a simplified pattern of repeating light and dark zones are enumerated as annuli, based upon periodically reviewed, standardized reading criteria (CARE 2000). These latter criteria are a mixture of both objective measurements of relatively consistent features that are compared to established mean dimensions for a species, and also subjective pronouncement of visual cues. Few, if any, groundfish species across their range of ages may be wholly visually aged utilizing objective criteria. Age reading is described as an art and not a science (Williams and Bedford 1974), and as expected, the inherent terminology describing this recognition process, and used throughout this manuscript, is subjective and without a history of rigorous objective study. Growth patterns in age structures reflect variation within and between species and populations (Rollefsen 1933, 1934; Williams and Bedford 1974) and sexual dimorphisms (unpublished data). Growth patterns are generally described by age readers as fast-growth type, those fish from generally shallower, more variable waters and tending toward moderate life spans (approximately years), and slow-growth type, generally from deeper, more stable waters and tending toward greater life spans (much greater than 50 years). This simplified explanation compares presumed fast versus slow somatic growth tendencies of a species to the proportional spacing of annular growth zones, which yield quite different patterns within an age structure. Fast growth may confound the reading process by producing noisy patterns, an accumulation of visually strong growth increments within an annulus that when enumerated exceed the likely age of the fish. Growth rates, and therefore subsequent spacing of annuli, may decrease at different rates after the rapid growth of the early years and necessitate a change in interpretation of succeeding growth increments.
6 14 Articles Verification of Pattern Interpretation Many processes have been used to corroborate the visual, subjective interpretation of growth patterns. Marginal increment analysis examines and measures the progression of new growth at the leading edge of the otolith from samples collected throughout a year. Discrete annular zones within growth patterns have been individually validated for some groundfish species through chemical time-stamping of growth (Cass and Beamish 1983; McFarlane and Beamish 1987). Extreme longevity in some fish has been supported for some species by measuring disequilibria in the radionuclide pair 210 Pb: 226 Ra (Bennett et al. 1982; Campana et al. 1990; Fenton et al. 1991; Kastelle et al. 1994; Butler et al. 1995; Fenton and Short 1995; Kastelle et al. 2000). Cailliet et al. (2001) presents a thorough listing of maximum ages of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean species, cross-referenced to species agevalidation methods. The measurement of anthropogenic radiocarbon from atmospheric testing of nuclear devices has also been used to corroborate longevity in fish for specimens with birth dates between 1955 and 1985 (Kalish 1995). Age-Reading Error Most age reading facilities reread a portion of age structures to assess the ability to reproduce the age estimate. These precision estimates describe the difficulty inherent to ageing a species (Kimura and Lyons 1991) and can only be considered a proxy for the actual age of the fish if the annular growth pattern has been validated. General or tailored formulations are used to describe and document process error (Shewhart 1931; Abell et al. 1989) or error in age estimates (Beamish and Fournier 1981; Chang 1982; Sharp and Bernard 1988; Kimura and Lyons 1991; Campana et al. 1995). Estimates of precision (error) may indicate (1) consistency of age-reading criteria within or between readers and/or labs, (2) the need for additional reading of the sample if error limits are transgressed, (3) bias within or among samples, and (4) trends in producing age estimates. Variables that affect reading error may be speciesspecific or growth-specific (fast versus slow). Examples of variables leading to interpretation errors are (1) Misidentification of the first annulus generally results in an error of one year. This can be important to the overall count in young fish and inconsequential in old fish. (2) Misinterpretation of the leading edge of growth (otolith margin) may result in an error of one to a few years. This can be important to the overall count in young fish and is of decreasing importance in increasingly older fish. (3) Misidentification of a transition zone (the pattern produced during gradual or rapid changes to a slower growth rate). This may result in serious error in generally young to moderately old fish (roughly, age 6 30 years). Ease in consistently detecting transition zones is often species-specific. (4) Misidentification of a compressed zone (not identifying a zone of growth as closelyspaced, compressed annuli), an error potentially compounded by the number of compressed zones within the age pattern. This can potentially result in substantial error (overestimating or underestimating age) even in older fish. In contrast, misinterpretation of the number of annuli within a recognized compressed zone will result in a smaller error that predictably will always underestimate the age of the specimen. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Family, scientific, and common names, along with age validation of species in this study, are presented in Table 1. Many of the species have verified growth patterns that are referenced in CARE (2000). An updated compilation of maximum ages determined for 48 species of groundfish is presented in Table 2. This listing consolidates both new and previously reported maximum age estimates for fish captured north of 48 N latitude, with the inclusion of 3 maximum ages from southerly specimens of species which occur in northern waters but are not extensively sampled, to provide a meaningful indication of maximum age. Five species (including the 3 southerly specimens) for which higher maximum ages are reported for populations south of 48 N latitude are listed in Table 3. All are learned estimates of age and therefore are approximations of the life spans of the species. All maximum age estimates were produced using a broken and burned (for the majority) or thin-sectioned otolith except for Squalus acanthias, which utilized a dorsal fin spine. All specimens came from randomly sampled commercial or research harvest operations except those provided from
7 Maximum Ages of Alaska and British Columbia Groundfishes and Considerations of Age Determination Munk 15 Table 1. Taxonomic listing of groundfish species and common names, and species age-validation information. OTC = oxytetracycline, MIA = marginal increment analysis, Ra = radionuclide. Family Species Common Name Age Validation Source Anoplopomatidae Anoplopoma fimbria Sablefish OTC Beamish and Chilton 1982 Ra Kastelle et al Gadidae Gadus macrocephalus Pacific cod OTC CARE 2000 Theragra chalcogramma Walleye pollock Hexagrammidae Hexagrammos decagrammus Kelp greenling Ophiodon elongatus Lingcod OTC Cass and Beamish 1983 Pleurogrammus monopterygius Atka mackerel MIA Anderl et al Pleuronectidae Atheresthes evermanni Kamtchatka flounder A. stomias Arrowtooth flounder Eopsetta jordani Petrale sole Errex zachirus Rex sole Hippoglossoides elassodon Flathead sole Hippoglossus stenolepis Pacific halibut OTC IPHC 1998 Microstomus pacificus Dover sole Pleuronectes asper Yellowfin sole P. bilineatus Rock sole OTC CARE 2000 P. quadrituberculatus Alaska plaice P. vetulus English sole OTC CARE 2000 Scorpaenidae Sebastes aleutianus Rougheye rockfish Ra Kastelle et al S. alutus Pacific ocean perch Ra Kastelle et al S. babcocki Redbanded rockfish S. borealis Shortraker rockfish Ra Kastelle et al S. brevispinis Silvergray rockfish S. caurinus Copper rockfish S. ciliatus Dusky rockfish Ra CARE 2000 S. crameri Darkblotched rockfish S. diploproa Splitnose rockfish Ra Bennett et al S. elongatus Greenstriped rockfish S. entomelas Widow rockfish MIA CARE 2000 S. flavidus Yellowtail rockfish OTC CARE 2000 S. helvomaculatus Rosethorn rockfish S. maliger Quillback rockfish S. melanops Black rockfish OTC CARE 2000 S. melanostomus Blackgill rockfish S. miniatus Vermilion rockfish S. mystinus Blue rockfish S. nebulosus China rockfish S. nigrocinctus Tiger rockfish S. paucispinus Boccacio Ra A. Andrews, Moss Landing Marine Lab, pers. comm. S. pinniger Canary rockfish Ra CARE 2000 S. polyspinis Northern rockfish Ra Kastelle et al S. proriger Redstripe rockfish S. reedi Yellowmouth rockfish S. ruberrimus Yelloweye rockfish Ra A. Andrews, Moss Landing Marine Lab, pers. comm. S. variegatus Harlequin rockfish S. wilsoni Pygmy rockfish S. zacentrus Sharpchin rockfish Sebastolobus alascanus Shortspine thornyhead Ra Butler et al. 1995; Kastelle et al Squalidae Squalus acanthias Spiny dogfish OTC Chilton and Beamish 1982; Beamish and McFarlane 1985
8 16 Articles Table 2. Maximum ages of 48 groundfishes encountered in the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea north of 48 N latitude. Asterisks indicate updated ages. Non-extensive sampling or anecdotal reference to larger fish possibly suggest an understimation of maximum life span for some species ( ). Reports reference some specimens as older ( ); however, the age of record is reported here. Higher maximum ages from more southerly populations are given in Table 3. Maximum Specimen Capture Species Age (years) n Year Location Source Sablefish 94* >10, Aleutian Islands NMFS 1 Pacific cod 25* >1, Kachemak Bay ADF&G 2 Walleye pollock 28 >10,000 unknown Bering Sea McFarlane and Beamish 1990 Kelp greenling 18* Northern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Lingcod 25* >10, Northern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Atka mackerel 15* >5, Aleutian Islands NMFS 1 Kamchatka flounder 33 > Bering Sea Zimmerman and Goddard 1996 Arrowtooth flounder 23 >1, Gulf of Alaska Turnock et al Petrale sole 35* >6, British Columbia CDFO 3 Rex sole 27* > Gulf of Alaska NMFS 1 Flathead sole 27* >1, Bering Sea NMFS 1 Pacific halibut 55 >10, Bering Sea IPHC 1998 Dover sole 53* >1, Gulf of Alaska NMFS 1 Yellowfin sole 34* > Bering Sea NMFS 1 Rock sole 26* > Bering Sea NMFS 1 Alaska plaice 31* > Bering Sea NMFS 1 English sole 22 >1, British Columbia Chilton and Beamish 1982 Rougheye rockfish 205* >10, Southern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Pacific ocean perch 98 >10, s Aleutian Islands Heifetz et al Redbanded rockfish 106* >1, Southern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Shortraker rockfish 157* >10, Northern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Silvergray rockfish 81* >10, British Columbia CDFO 3 Copper rockfish 50 > Prince William Sound Meyer 2000 Dusky rockfish 67 >10, Kodiak Meyer 2000 Darkblotched rockfish British Columbia Archibald et al Splitnose rockfish 86 > British Columbia, West Coast Bennett et al Greenstriped rockfish 54* Southern SE Alaska ADF&G 4 Widow rockfish 60* >3, British Columbia CDFO 3 Yellowtail rockfish 64 >10,000 unknown British Columbia Chilton and Beamish 1982 Rosethorn rockfish 87* > Southeastern Alaska ADF&G 2 Quillback rockfish 90* >10, Southern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Black rockfish 50 >10, Kodiak Meyer 2000 Blackgill rockfish 87* >1, West Coast south of 48 N NMFS 5 Vermilion rockfish 60* West Coast south of 48 N CDFO 3 Blue rockfish 30* > West Coast south of 48 N ODFW 6 China rockfish 78* >1, Southern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Tiger rockfish 116* >1, Southern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Bocaccio 46* > Gulf of Alaska Meyer 2000 Canary rockfish 84* >5, British Columbia CDFO 3 Northern rockfish 57 >1, Aleutian Islands Heifetz and Clausen 1991 Redstripe rockfish 55* >2, British Columbia CDFO 3 Yellowmouth rockfish 99* >4, British Columbia CDFO 3 Yelloweye rockfish 118* >10, Southern SE Alaska ADF&G 2 Harlequin rockfish 43 > British Columbia Chilton and Beamish 1982 Pygmy rockfish 26* > British Columbia CDFO 6 Sharpchin rockfish 58 > Gulf of Alaska Heifetz et al Shortspine thornyhead 89 >1, s Prince William Sound Bechtol 2000 Spiny dogfish 66 >1,000 unknown British Columbia Chilton and Beamish Delsa Anderl, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Seattle, personal communication. 2 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) Age Determination Unit, Juneau. 3 Shayne MacLellan, Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (CDFO), Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, personal communication. 4 Mike Vaughn, ADF&G, Sitka, personal communication. 5 John Butler, NMFS, La Jolla, personal communication. 6 Bob Mikus, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), Newport, personal communication.
9 Maximum Ages of Alaska and British Columbia Groundfishes and Considerations of Age Determination Munk 17 sport harvests (Meyer 2000; Bob Mikus, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, personal communication). These groundfishes are a mixture of relatively fast, moderately fast, and slow growth types. For the oldest specimens, the progression of growth throughout is generally described as relatively rapid in the early years (large zone width), followed by either a gradual (moderate zone width) or sudden shift (large, then small zone width) to slow growth. These growth types present a mixture of pattern difficulties for reading, which are generally species-specific. Some species are considered generally easy to read, with good likelihood of achieving an estimate closely approximating the actual age of the fish, whereas others may be considered moderately easy to difficult to read. For these specimens, the greater uncertainty results in a concomitant increase in the estimated age range. Generally, older specimens are easier to read because the full range of growth transitions is visible, except for patterns showing extremely slow growth in later years with very closely spaced annuli, which challenge the limits of optical resolution. In other words, an age-reader can easily identify a specimen that is old to very old; however, estimating the actual year of birth is more difficult. The number of specimens sampled and read to produce these updates of maximum age is important. With very small sample sizes, older specimens likely would be encountered with a modest increase in sample size; Hoenig (1983) speculates that after 200 animals are examined the possibility of extending the maximum age for a species decreases. In Table 2 total sample size was difficult to approximate (amongst all contributing facilities); however, gross approximations of the number of specimens examined are given, which in almost all cases exceed Hoenig s threshold of 200 fish. More effort at resolution of this detail was made for known smaller sample sizes. Confamilials generally may achieve similarly long life spans. A review of maximum ages of Scorpaenidae further suggests a commonality within species assemblages (Table 4; Figure 1). Shelf (i.e., continental shelf) assemblages of pelagic rockfish are generally considered fast-growth types and had maximum ages of 64 (Sebastes flavidus) and 67 (S. ciliatus) years. Shelf assemblages of demersal rockfish and assemblages of slope (i.e., continental slope) rockfish are considered slow-growth types. The 2 highest ages for the demersal shelf rockfish were 116 and 118 years for S. nigrocinctus and S. ruberrimus, respectively. The 2 highest ages for slope rockfish were 157 and 205 Species Assemblage Pelagic Shelf (<300 m) Demersal Shelf (<300 m) Slope (>300 m) Maximum Age (years) Figure 1. Maximum ages of Scorpaenidae species, grouped by species assemblages. All maximum ages are used, including those from West Coast stocks.
10 18 Articles Table 3. Maximum age estimates for specimens collected south of 48 N latitude whose maximum ages exceeded those for the same species collected north of 48 N latitude. Maximum Age (years) n Specimen Capture North South (South Harvest Species of 48 N of 48 N 48 N) Year Location Type Source Blackgill rockfish 87 >1, California commercial NMFS 1 Blue rockfish 30> Oregon sport ODFW 2 Darkblotched rockfish >1, s Oregon sport ODFW 2 Dover sole >10, Oregon sport ODFW 2 Vermilion rockfish 60> West Coast unknown CDFO 3 Shortspine thornyhead 89 >100 >1, Oregon unknown Butler et al John Butler, NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center, LaJolla, personal communication. 2 Bob Mikus, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), Newport, personal communication. 3 Shayne MacLellan, Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (CDFO), Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, personal communication. years for S. borealis and S. aleutianus, respectively. The demarcation of shelf versus slope assemblages of adult rockfish can be approximated by the 300-m depth contour; however, the actual distribution among species within assemblages can vary (Kramer and O Connell 1988). Gerking (1957) and Pauly (1979) suggested a relationship of increasing longevity in fishes inhabiting stable, cold, deepwater environments. Many of the slope rockfish species reported here were sampled less intensively in waters near Alaska and British Columbia, suggesting that an increase in the maximum ages for the species and a decrease in the mortality rate might be expected with a modest increase in the number of samples examined (Hoenig 1983). The potential for age-reading error can be a significant factor when utilizing age data (Richards et al. 1992). Generally, most species are aged with relative comfort in final assignments of age. The rougheye rockfish recently aged to be 205 years old was moderately difficult to age and had 2 potential types of error. The otolith had a region approximately one-third of the way through its growth pattern (at about 65 years) where the pattern appeared ambiguous, and the number of annuli in this region could have been overestimated. The actual age of this fish could be younger than 205 years, but it was determined to be at least 170 years old, which would still be a maximum age for this species. The otolith also had many vague compressed zones. The number of very closely spaced annuli within the compressed zones could have been underestimated. If so, the actual age of the fish may have been underestimated, and the fish is older than 205 years. This update of maximum ages for many groundfish species in the eastern North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea is noteworthy not just for the extension of maximum ages of fish, but also because many of these fish were captured within the past 10 years. These increases may reflect changes in population dynamics, perhaps due to management strategies, or changes in the environment, sampling effort, or age-reading conventions. Perhaps more likely it reflects the cumulative effects of increased sampling and reading of age structures, as well as increases in or redistribution of harvests to deeper and previously unexploited waters. Regardless, the extreme longevity, particularly in many scorpaenids, and subsequent harvest of these stocks begs comparison to the mining of nonrenewable resources, which suggests that preservative measures in addition to conservative management practices be effected. LITERATURE CITED Abell, M. T., S. A. Shulman, and P. A. Baron The quality of fiber count data. Applied Industrial Hygiene 4: Adams, P. B Life history patterns in marine fishes and their consequences for fisheries management. Fishery Bulletin 78(1):1 11. Anderl, D. M., A. Nishimura, and S. A. Lowe Is the first annulus on the otolith of the Atka mackerel, Pleurogrammus monopterygius, missing? Fishery Bulletin 94: Archibald, C. P., W. Shaw, and B. M. Leaman Growth and mortality estimates of rockfishes (Scorpaenidae) from B.C. coastal waters, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Beamish, R. J., and D. A. Fournier A method for comparing the precision of a set of age determinations. Cana-
11 Maximum Ages of Alaska and British Columbia Groundfishes and Considerations of Age Determination Munk 19 Table 4. Rockfish assemblage classifications. Shelf-pelagic rockfish assemblage Black rockfish Blue rockfish Dusky rockfish Widow rockfish Yellowtail rockfish Shelf-demersal rockfish assemblage Canary rockfish China rockfish Copper rockfish Quillback rockfish Rosethorn rockfish Tiger rockfish Yelloweye rockfish Slope rockfish assemblage Blackgill rockfish Bocaccio Darkblotched rockfish Greenstriped rockfish Harlequin rockfish Northern rockfish Pacific ocean perch Pygmy rockfish Redbanded rockfish Redstripe rockfish Rougheye rockfish Sharpchin rockfish Shortraker rockfish Shortspine thornyhead Silvergray rockfish Splitnose rockfish Vermilion rockfish Yellowmouth rockfish dian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38: Beamish, R. J., and D. E. Chilton Preliminary evaluation of a method to determine the age of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39: Beamish, R. J., and G. A. McFarlane Annulus development on the second dorsal spine of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and its validity for age determination. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42: Bechtol, W. R. 1998a. A synopsis of life history and assessment of Cook Inlet rockfish. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Regional Information Report 2A98-40, Anchorage. Bechtol, W. R. 1998b. Prince William Sound walleye pollock: current assessment and 1999 management recommendations. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Regional Information Report 2A98-41, Anchorage. Bechtol, W. R Prince William Sound walleye pollock: current assessment and 2000 management recommendations. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Regional Information Report 2A99-33, Anchorage. Bechtol, W. R Rockfish assessment in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Regional Information Report 2A99-34, Anchorage. Bechtol, W. R., and H. Yuen Abundance and composition of flatfish in Kachemak Bay, Alaska. Pages in Proceedings of the international symposium on North Pacific flatfish, Alaska Sea Grant Report AK-SG-95-04, Fairbanks. Bennett, J. T., G. W. Boehlert, and K. K. Turekian Confirmation of longevity in Sebastes diploproa (Pisces: Scorpaenidae) from 210 Pb/ 226 Ra measurements in otoliths. Marine Biology 71: Boehlert, G. W Size composition, age composition, and growth of canary rockfish, Sebastes pinniger, and splitnose rockfish, S. diploproa, from the 1977 rockfish survey. Marine Fisheries Review 42(3 4): Boehlert, G. W Using objective criterian and multiple regression models for age determination in fishes. Fishery Bulletin 83(2): Boehlert, G. W., and M. M. Yoklavich Variability in age estimates in Sebastes as a function of methodology, different readers, and different laboratories. California Fish and Game 70(4): Butler, J. L., C. Kastelle, K. Rubin, D. K.-H. Heijnis, L. Jacobson, A. Andrews, and W. W. Wakefield Age determination of shortspine thornyhead, Sebastes alascanus, using otolith sections and 210 Pb: 226 Ra ratios. National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Administrative Report, La Jolla, LJ Cailliet, G. M., A. H. Andrews, E. J. Burton, D. L. Watters, D. E. Kline, and L. A. Ferry-Graham Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes: do deepdwellers live longer? Experimental Gerontology 36(3 4): Campana, S. E., K. C. T. Zwanenburg, and J. N. Smith Pb/ 226 Ra determination of longevity in redfish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47: Campana, S. E., M. C. Annand, and J. I. McMillan Graphical and statistical methods for determining the consistency of age determinations. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124: CARE (Committee of Age-Reading Experts) Manual on generalized age determination procedures for groundfish. <http://www.psmfc.org/care/>. Cartwright, M. A The 1996 sablefish survey results for the Southern Southeast Inside and Northern Southeast Inside management areas in Southeast Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Regional Information Report 1J00-10, Juneau.
12 20 Articles Cass, A. J., and R. J. Beamish First evidence of validity of the fin-ray method of age determination for marine fishes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 3: Chang, W. Y. B A statistical method for evaluating the reproducibiliity of age determination. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39: Chilton, D. E., and R. J. Beamish Age determination methods for fishes studied by the groundfish program at the Pacific Biological Station. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60. Christensen, J. M Burning of otoliths, a technique for age determination of soles and other fish. Journal du Conseil Permanent International pour l Exploration de la Mer 29: Chugunova, N. I Translation of: Rukovodstvo po isucheniy vozrasta i rosta ryb (Age and growth studies in fish). Translated from the Russian by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd., Jerusalem. National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. (original work published 1959). Fenton, G. E., and S. A. Short Radiometric analysis of blue grenadier, Macruronus novaezelandiae, otolith cores. Fishery Bulletin 93: Fenton, G. E., S. A. Short, and D. A. Ritz Age determination of orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus (Pisces, Trachichthyidae) using Pb 210 -Ra 226 disequilibria. Marine Biology 109: Gerking, S. D Evidence of aging in natural populations of fishes. Gerontologia 1(5): Heifetz, J., and D. M. Clausen Slope rockfish. Pages in Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the 1992 Gulf of Alaska groundfish fishery. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage, Alaska. Heifetz, J, J. N. Ianelli, D. M. Clausen, D. L. Courtney, and J. T. Fujioka Slope rockfish. Pages in Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the groundfish resources of the Gulf of Alaska as projected for North Pacific Fishery Mangement Council, Anchorage, Alaska. Hoenig, J. M Empirical use of longevity data to estimate mortality rates. Fishery Bulletin 82(1): IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission) The Pacific halibut: biology, fishery, and management by the International Pacific Halibut Commission. Technical Report No. 40, Seattle. Kalish, J. M Application of the bomb radiocarbon chronometer to the validation of redfish Centroberyx affinis age. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: Kastelle, C. R., D. K. Kimura, A. E. Nevissi, and D. R. Gunderson Using Pb-210/Ra-226 disequilibria for sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, age validation. Fishery Bulletin 92: Kastelle, C. R., D. K. Kimura, and S. R. Jay Using 210 Pb/ 226 Ra disequilbrium to validate conventional ages in scorpaenids (genera Sebastes and Sebastolobus). Fisheries Research 46(1 3): Ketchen, K. S Age and growth of dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in British Columbia waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32: Kimura, D. K., and J. L. Lyons Between-reader bias and variability in the age-determination process. Fishery Bulletin 89: Kramer, D. E., and V. M. O Connell Guide to northeast Pacific rockfishes genera Sebastes and Sebastolobus. Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Bulletin 25, Fairbanks. Leaman, B. M Reproductive styles and life history variables relative to exploitation and management of Sebastes stocks. Environmental Biology of Fishes 30: Leaman, B. M., and R. J. Beamish Ecological and management implications of longevity in some northeast Pacific groundfishes. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin 42: MacLellan, S. E How to age rockfish (Sebastes) using S. alutus as an example: the otolith burnt section technique. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences McFarlane, G. A., and R. J. Beamish Validation of the dorsal spine method of age determnation for spiny dogfish. Pages in C. R. Summerfelt and G. E. Hall, editors. Age and growth of fish. Iowa State University Press, Ames. McFarlane, G., and R. J. Beamish An examination of age determination structures of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from five stocks in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Pages in L.-L. Low, editor. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin 50. Meyer, S. C Composition and biomass of the recreational rockfish Sebastes harvest in Southcentral Alaska, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fishery Data Series No. 00-6, Anchorage. O Connell, V., D. Carlile, and C. Brylinsky Demersal shelf rockfish. Pages in Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for Gulf of Alaska Plan Team Report to the North Pacific Fishery Management Council. Anchorage, Alaska. O Connell, V., D. Carlile, and C. Brylinsky Demersal shelf rockfish. Pages in Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the 2001 groundfish resources of the Gulf of Alaska. Report of the Gulf of Alaska Plan Team to the North Pacific Fishery Management Council. Anchorage, Alaska. O Connell, V. M., D. W. Carlile, and C. K. Brylinsky Demersal shelf rockfish. Pages in Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for groundfish resources of the Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Alaska Plan Team Report to the North Pacific Fishery Management Council. Anchorage, Alaska. Pauly, D On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters, and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. Journal du Conseil International pour l Exploration de la Mer 39: Reibisch, J Ueber die Eizahl bei Pleuronectes platessa und die Altersbestimmung dieser Form aus den Otolithen. (The number of eggs in the Pleuronectes platessa and the fixing of its age by means of the otolith). Translated by A. T. A. Dobson. Wissenschaft liche Meeresuntersuchungen/ Abteilung Kiel Neue Folge 4: Richards, L. J., J. T. Schnute, A. R. Kronlund, and R. J. Beamish Statistical models for the analysis of ageing error. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:
13 Maximum Ages of Alaska and British Columbia Groundfishes and Considerations of Age Determination Munk 21 Rollefsen, G The otoliths of the cod. Preliminary report Fiskeridire ktoratets skrifter Norwegian Fishery and Marine Investigations Vol. 4, No. 3, Bergen. Rollefsen, G The cod otolith as a guide to race, sexual development and mortality. ICES Rapports et Procès- Verbaux des Réunions 88(2). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen. Sharp, D., and D. R. Bernard Precision of estimated ages of lake trout from five structures. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8: Shewhart, W. Q Economic control of manufactured product. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Princeton, New Jersey. Tåning, Å. V Method for cutting sections of otoliths of cod and other fish. Journal du Conseil Permanent International pour l Exploration de la Mer 8(2), Copenhagen. Turnock, B. J., T. K. Wilderbuer, and E. S. Brown Arrowtooth flounder in Stock assessment and fishery evaluation (SAFE) report for the groundfish resources of the Gulf of Alaska. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage, Alaska. Williams, T., and B. C. Bedford The use of otoliths for age determination. Pages in T. B. Bagenal, editor. Ageing of fish. Unwin Bros Ltd., Surrey, England. Wilson, C. D., and G. W. Boehlert The effects of different otolith ageing techniques on estimates of growth and mortality for the splitnose rockfish, Sebastes diploproa, and canary rockfish, S. pinniger. California Fish and Game 76(3): Zimmerman, M., and P. Goddard Biology and distribution of arrowtooth, Atherestes stomias, and Kamchatka, A. evermanni, flounders in Alaskan waters. Fishery Bulletin 94: Postnote 01 Jun 11 The maximum age for rougheye rockfish listed in Table 2 was incorrectly reported in the intial full-issue printing of this article and distributed full-issue copies of this Bulletin still contain the error. The correct maximum age of 205 years appears in this online version and in all reprints of this article. Epilog Links: Info on Postnotes and Item Submission Contact Editor AFRB Home
15 The Alaska Department of Fish and Game administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you desire further information please write to ADF&G, P.O. Box 25526, Juneau, AK ; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 300 Webb, Arlington, VA or O.E.O., U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington DC For information on alternative formats for this and other department publications, please contact the department ADA Coordinator at (voice) , (TDD) , or (FAX)
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text:
Confirmation of the efficacy of Ivomec against Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in swine
Project ID: 833Funded under: IC-COST
Additional information
Bibliographic Reference: A paper published in "Mange and myiasis of livestock": Proceedings of the final conference of COST Action 833 held at the University of Bari, Italy, 19 to 22 September 2002. EUR 20647 EN (2003), pp.78-80. Euro: 35
Availability: EUR-OP reference: KI-NA-20647-EN-C Available from EUR-OP sales agents URL: http://publications.eu/general/en/publications_en.htm
Record Number: 200326794 / Last updated on: 2003-09-26
Category: PUBLICATION
Original language: en
Available languages: en

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Melbourne coach Paul Roos declared West Coast genuine top-four contenders after they thrashed the Demons by 93 points at the MCG yesterday.
But Eagles coach Adam Simpson has warned against getting carried away with their dominant start to the year, saying top spot and a huge percentage were not a real indication of their standing in the competition.
West Coast also suffered an injury blow, with Shannon Hurn sustaining medial ligament damage in a knee which is likely to sideline him for three weeks.
But the Eagles are riding high on confidence and Roos said it was clear their 13th-placed finish last year wouldn't be repeated.
"Last year the Eagles had a lot of injuries. A lot of people tipped them to win the premiership last year. They've got those players back so they're a top four to six side," Roos said.
"If you look at their pedigree and where they've come from, they've still got that balance of experience, their younger guys have certainly got better.
"The way they've opened up the season, their first two games have been really good."
West Coast set up their win with a dominant first term in which they kicked six goals to nil and didn't lose a centre-bounce hit-out or clearance.
Nic Naitanui set the scene, Josh Kennedy kicked four goals and Luke Shuey continued his re-emergence from injury with 30 possessions and two goals.
The Eagles replaced Fremantle on top of the ladder after increasing their percentage to 259.6.
Crushing victories over the Western Bulldogs (65 points) and Melbourne have shown how dominant they can be and given them an ideal launching pad for the year.
The Eagles have already been installed as $1.03 favourites for Saturday night's match against St Kilda at Patersons Stadium. But with their first three opponents finishing lower than them on the ladder last year, Simpson said it was important to maintain perspective.
"We're pleased with the result. But it's a long year and we haven't really been thrown into the deep end and tested just yet. I'm sure that's coming," he said.
"I don't want to sound disres-pectful to Melbourne or the Bulldogs, but there's still things that we review that aren't where we want to be.
"But maybe that's striving for perfection. It's not like we can't play any better."
Simpson warned against underrating St Kilda, pointing out that they were also undefeated and playing well.
A frustrated Roos said the thrashing highlighted the problems within his team, namely the lack of available forwards.
But he said basic errors were unacceptable and had given him a greater insight into his players.
Roos said he was building a dossier on his players so he could understand what they were capable of.
"At some point, you've got to draw a line in the sand and you've got to say these are the guys we're going to pick," he said.
"You can't become a good team unless you have those real non-negotiables."
"Last year the Eagles had a lot of injuries they're a top four to six side.""Melbourne coach *Paul Roos *


text:
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text:
|Kabdar Fassal
|Principal of Valor
Kabdar Fassal was an Ebonite Templar who was appointed as Principal of Valor.
Templar Edit
As Templar his favorite weapon was the khadja. [1]
Medinaat al-Salaam Edit
In 1130 Fassal believed the Senpet would make an aggressive movement against Medinaat al-Salaam and began to enhance its defenses. [2]
Ebonite Avatar Edit
In 1132 Kabdar made a strange alliance with the daughter of the Old Man of the Mountain Shala, the Yodotai Adrianna, and the Qabal Dawuud. All of them aided Zahra, another Ebonite, who had been discovered of an Avatar, to reach the City of the Seventh Star through the Sewers. [3] The avatars unleashed the prophecy called the Awakening. It fred the Goddess Shinjo, defeated the assaulters of the Shattering of the Jewel, and would be instrumental in the demise of the Immortal Caliph. [4]
Principle Edit
Kabdar Fassal was appointed as Principal of Valor by Judgment after many years stationed at Sentinel Point. [5]
A Jinn is dead by an human Edit
In 1132 after the Goddess was released during the Awakening the Jackal made an attack to gain control of the Ebon Stone, but were repelled. After the fighting at the Temple of the Black Stone, a wall collapsed by one of the Jackals' volleys showed hidden tunnels beneath. Inside one of the branch tunnels they found two corpses, Tabari, the Qabal Shadowmaster, and the other was the jinn Gathriq. Both were long-dead, locked in a final battle-pose. A black sword gripped in the hands of Tabari pinned Gathriq up against the tunnel wall. No jinn had ever died by the hands of a human. It broke the myth of Jinn immortality. [1]
External Links Edit
- Kabdar Fassal (LBS - Shadow of the Tyrant)
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Slaves of Mortals, Part I, by Patrick Kapera
- ↑ Know Your Weakness (LBS - Shadow of the Tyrant flavor)
- ↑ Promise of the Young Ones (LBS - The Awakening flavor)
- ↑ Burning Sands, The Ashalan, pp. 127-150
- ↑ Kabdar Fassal (LBS - The Awakening flavor and Boxtext and flavor)
|This article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Gary Gregory <ggreg...@seagullsw.com>
|[Lang] Source code line length
|Mon, 24 Mar 2003 23:24:56 GMT
Hello All, This discussion applies to all of Commons but source code formatting is a religious issue for some so I am happy to only address this at the [Lang] level. For our regular development (at work), we all use Eclipse's formatter with the same parameters (line length is the only factory default we changed, 145). Sun's conventions document advises to "Avoid lines longer than 80 characters, since they're not handled well by many terminals and tools." Apache's guidelines points to Sun's while asking contributors to "Please respect the style of the orginal[sic] file. Make sure that your additions fit in with that style". Lang Line length seems to be varied. I am happy to follow whatever convention but I would like to plug in a number (80 or >) if there is some unspoken convention here. Thanks, Gary
|View raw message


text:
How much money do you need to prepare for a funeral? Contrary to popular belief, there is actually no fixed, universal fee for funerals. Like all things the cost of funerals can change with time. Depending on what kind and type of funeral you want, overall costs may vary.
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Losing a loved one is one of the most devastating events we have to deal with at one point. The demands of coping with death and arranging a funeral can take its toll. Funeral.com has prepared an infographic to help guide you through this difficult time.


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Feedback regarding the man whose wife of three years cheated two months before their wedding (March 28):

Reader: "This husband needs a lawyer before a counsellor. His wife's psychological "teasing" games are psychological abuse.

"I was married to someone like that for 14 years, and I enabled the behaviour, "hoping things would get better."

"Some cancers can't be cured. But he will need counselling after he's divorced to learn that when he later dates someone who treats him like that, he needs to bail and not hope she'll change.

"As Oprah has said, "When someone shows you who they are the first time, believe them."

"This man's already wasted seven years and life is too short to invest more time into someone who's so narcissistic."

A. Yes, counselling for him is not to save this marriage. There's no reason for him to seek the reasons for her past cheating and persistent sexual "teasing," then refusing him.

He now needs to find out why he's stayed with her.

Personal experience like yours should also help him to stop thinking she'll change, and see a lawyer instead.

He wants an exit strategy

Q. I'm 49, married for almost 24 years, and have two children (ages 21 and 14). After entering menopause at 41, I've had no interest in sex and find it very painful.

I've been to doctors/sex therapists — we've both been to marriage counselling several times.

It's all good for a year or two and then he blows up again.

Last Christmas, it was so bad that he fought with my father and told everyone present (including children) that he was just sticking around for them. We haven't had sex since early December.

I gave him an ultimatum to decide whether he's staying or going.

Last month, he said he hasn't been happy with our sex life for a long time. I was all over him after we got married; now he's tired of being "rejected."

He asked for my permission (while staying married) to satisfy his needs somewhere else. He said there was no other woman. He admitted that he's lost feelings for me.

I'm currently seeing an acupuncturist and naturopath. If this doesn't work, he says he'll go elsewhere for sex.

Do I let go of my marriage or try to work it out? I'm questioning whether I still love him.

A. Lessened libido at the onset of menopause is not uncommon. Yet he says he hasn't enjoyed sex with you for years, and has lost feelings for you.

No one likes being "rejected." But it's unclear whether you refused sex long before menopause. You also don't say if his "blow-ups" also occurred when you were still "all over him."

These are critical questions as to whether divide is really the dynamic between you two, not just the physical effect of menopause.

Most couples work out how to deal with symptoms of pain during intercourse and lessened libido. Those who can't, often find that it's the emotional relationship that interferes with overcoming those symptoms.

Though you've seen the usual menopause advisors, I suspect you and they are dealing with the tip of the iceberg, and leaving the cold divide between you two intact.

If you decide that you don't still love your husband, then there's not just "something wrong with you."

He wants an exit strategy, starting with sex elsewhere. You can't keep accepting his tantrums. Get counselling for yourself, only. Then make a decision.

Feedback regarding the woman who had sex with her ex, then got dumped (March 25):

Reader: "You wrote: "Then she can be very clear with him and herself about her reasons, and together they can decide whether resuming a relationship is possible."

"Umm ... he drove away when she tried to speak to him. He doesn't want to talk to her.

"He got what he wanted, and he's gone. She has no chance of "being clear with him" or "deciding" something with him. She's never going to be "together" with him again."

Ellie: Very likely true. But this woman isn't the experienced realist you are. She thought she loved this guy who's clearly a manipulator, and showed cruel contempt for her.

By advising her to think through her reasons for giving in, I was encouraging her to realize he's not worth her time. I hope it worked, and that your comments will, too.


text:
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- Review the control and compliance environment, and implement improvements
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You will be a qualified ACA, CIMA, ACCA accountant with at least 5 years PQE. You will have a proven track record in a change environment and have been instrumental in the process and systems improvements in your roles. You will have been through a new system selection through to implementation and roll out. It is critical that the successful candidate has got man management experience and has led a team in other previous roles. You will have a strong technical background with the ability to work at a senior level managing stakeholders. You will have a strong communication style, be self motivated and enjoy a fast paced work environment. Ideally you will have experience withing the technology sector.
What's on Offer
Competitive Salary


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Description: The third edition of Biblical Interpretation focuses on the three "worlds" of biblical interpretation--the world behind the text, the world of the text, and the world in front of the text. A fourth section helps readers combine the three worlds into an integrated hermeneutical strategy. Clear explanations of the various interpretive approaches are supported by helpful biblical examples. Key terms and study questions at the end of each chapter make this book ideal for classroom use. Succinct synopses highlight a host of distinct approaches to understanding the Bible. The third edition includes new synopses and an updated bibliography to help readers keep pace with the most recent developments in biblical interpretation.
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text:
Stoic & Genuine Retools Its Lunch Menu With Mix-and-Match Salad-Seafood Combos
You say "chowder," Stoic & Genuine says "chowda."
Mark Antonation
The freshness and variety of the catch at Stoic & Genuine, combined with the creative plating of chef Jorel Pierce, mean that the Union Station seafood stop has never been a cheap place to eat, particularly not at lunch. While Burberry scarves and camel blazers dominate the lively dining room even at the noon hour, Pierce and owners Jennifer Jasinski and Beth Gruitch have retooled the lunch menu to offer good value and light options to appeal to the power set, the tourists and the everyday downtowner alike.
Of particular note is the "I'll Have the Fish" section of the menu, which allows guests to choose from six proteins to go atop three different salads for $19.50. Seafood choices include albacore, Skuna Bay salmon, hamachi, wild-caught shrimp, diver scallops and king crab (with big-eye tuna also available for a $5 up-charge). Those get paired with either the Med, with arugula, artichokes, olives an piquillo peppers in a creamy feta dressing; the Easty, with broccoli, pineapple, peanuts and red peppers dressed in sesame-soy; or the Kale + Beets, which includes walnuts, fennel, pickled mustard seeds and maple-orange vinaigrette.
The paella moderna offers traditional flavors with updated textures.
Mark Antonation
Several sandwiches and "Maine and Mains" come in at around $15, like a tuna melt that subs out the usual gloppy tuna salad for a thick, pink slab of seared albacore, or the Bang Island mussel "chowda," which sports and entourage of plump mussels surrounding the bacon-heavy broth. Prices go up to S27 for a playful take on paella that sees saffron rice formed into crunchy fried triangles. And while a lobster roll rings in at $23, you can opt for a shrimp roll for only $9.
Of course, several raw oyster options are also available along with other diminutive crudos and "not crudos" — small plates with cooked elements. And if you're with company, you can share a cast-iron pan of cornbread, a plate of crunchy eggplant fries with tonnato sauce or some roasted Brussels sprouts.
Crunchy eggplant fries with tonnato sauce.
Mark Antonation
With so much variety to sample, keeping lunch cheap is still a challenge, especially when your server suggests a spiked granita or a chocolate-coated coconut-lime popsicle.
We may not have all been born with a silver spoon, but lunch at Stoic & Genuine — even if only for a special occasion like meeting Mom and Dad at the station after they roll into town on an Amtrak line — offers quality that's worth the occasional splurge. And it comes with a real silver spoon — the one you'll use to top your oysters with horseradish or mignonette.
Whichever varieties appear on the daily menu, S & G's oysters are always impeccably fresh.
Mark Antonation
Delicate crudos will lure you beyond a budget lunch.
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Booze-infused granitas make an excellent palate cleanser if you decide on multiple courses.
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Don't skip dessert - this ample popsicle is only $3.50.
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text: To get from Altamura to Gioia Tauro by train you can catch one of the 2 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Gioia Tauro leaves from Altamura at 07:09 and the last train departs at 22:35. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 06:18 hours. For your trip from Altamura to Gioia Tauro by train you can choose to leave from one of Altamura main stations: Altamura On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Gioia Tauro and book the best itinerary starting from Altamura.


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Giddiness at night
My father has a problem of being short of breath and giddiness at night time. He doesnt recollect why he fell down. This happens only at night time. he is a pacemaker patient and initially the problem used to be there in the morning as well. but then when we checked pacemaker and corrected it.. it was fine. Then it again started but only at night.. Pacemaker seems to be fine now but the issue has not been resolved for night time. Please suggest whom should we consult.?
Answers (1)
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Hi....., Electrical conduction disturbances make the heart beat too quickly known as tachycardia or too slowly known as bradycardia, and either of these situations may result in an inadequate blood supply to the brain, causing dizziness or lightheadedness..... If the flow to the brain is lower than usual or if the blood pressure is low, you may feel dizzy.....Consult your cardiologist....
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