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Reference Ontologies Application Ontologies: Either/Or or Both/And?
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1 Reference Ontologies Application Ontologies: Either/Or or Both/And? Christopher Menzel Texas A&M University The distinction between reference ontologies and application ontologies crept rather unobtrusively into the recent literature on knowledge engineering. A lot of the discourse surrounding this distinction notably, the one framing the workshop generating this collection of papers suggests the two types of ontologies are in some sort of opposition to one another. Thus, Borge et al. [3] characterize reference ontologies (more recently, foundational ontologies) as rich, axiomatic theories whose focus is to clarify the intended meanings of terms used in specific domains. Application ontologies, by contrast, provide a minimal terminological structure to fit the needs of a specific community. Reflecting their minimal nature, Masolo et al. [7] refer to such ontologies as lightweight ontologies. An application ontology can be lightweight in a second respect as well, namely, that it may not necessarily take the form of fully-fledged axiomatic theory. Rather, it might only be a taxonomy of the relevant domain, a division of the domain into a salient collection of classes, perhaps ordered by the subclass relation. Importantly, though, for an application ontology to fit the needs of a specific community needn t require representational accuracy. In the worst case (from a reference ontology perspective), to fit the needs of a community is just to represent uncritically what people in that community think about the ontology s domain. The preceding paragraph is perhaps a good first cut, but it strikes me that the distinction between reference ontologies and application ontologies has not been clearly made. To clarify the distinction and its significance is my goal in this short paper. I conclude that, in fact, the distinction is not really an opposition; rather, reference ontologies and application ontologies reflect different aspects of a single methodology for ontology development. 1 Reference Ontologies There appear to be three central characteristics of reference ontologies (ROs). We examine these in turn. Theoretical Focus on representation The first characteristic of ROs is their theoretical focus on representation. ROs are constructed without any particular concerns for computational efficiency. Consequently, ROs avail themselves of (at least) the language of full first-order logic. Specifically, ROs avail themselves of: Arbitrary n-place predicates; 1
2 Full classical negation; Unbounded, arbitrarily nested quantifiers. The focus of ROs on representation is most clearly indicated in their generally unapologetic use of full first-order languages. The three features above are particularly noteworthy, as unrestricted use of any of them can render complete deductive procedures intractable, even undecidable. Philosophical inclination toward realism The second feature of ROs is that their inclination toward philosophical realism. There are generally two elements of this realism: Metaphysical realism; Epistemological realism. According to metaphysical realism, the World (Reality, What There Is) exists objectively in itself, independent of any mind. According to epistemological realism, the World is knowable by us. Thus, the philosophical standpoint underlying most ROs is that the World and its properties are there to be discovered. This implies, in turn, that the World, being objective and knowable, puts constraints on what we can say about it. Thus, in our ontologies can get it wrong. An RO is right just insofar as it accurately reflects, as far as it goes, the way the World is. This leads to our third feature of ROs. Methodological emphasis on Truth Because our ROs can be wrong, there is in the construction of an RO a good reason to place a strong methodological emphasis on Truth. This has two practical implications: The central function of an ontology is to represent the World accurately and comprehensively; hence: The quality of an ontology a function of its accuracy and comprehensiveness. ROs are all about getting the world or some important piece of it right. An ontology of time purports to describe its actual nature, to proffer the sober metaphysical truth on such matters as whether time is discrete, continuous, some combination of the two; whether there are timepoints or intervals, or both, and so on. Consequently, the quality of an ontology is judged along two dimensions: its accuracy i.e., whether what it purports to be the case is in fact the case and its comprehensiveness i.e., whether it takes in a sufficiently broad spectrum of facts as to be significant. 2 Application Ontologies Corresponding to our three features of reference ontologies are three salient features of application ontologies (AOs). 2
3 Theoretical Focus on Reasoning Unlike ROs, AOs are typically designed with some sort of computational application and hence its attendant expressive limitations in mind. Consequently, AOs are usually expressed in the language of some computationally tractable sublogic of full firstorder logic (see, e.g., [6]). Such languages typically support: Reasoning about classes and slots through the use of unary and (limited) binary predicates; Conjunction and disjunction, but not negation; Limited quantification (e.g., wide-scope universal quantifiers only) Philosophical inclination toward pragmatism/ instrumentalism/constructivism Unlike the strong realism underlying ROs, for AOs, take a far more pragmatic view of the world, both metaphysically and epistemologically. Specifically, the metaphysical presumption underlying a typical AO is the falsity, or at least the irrelevance, of metaphysical realism. The objects and structures we encounter in the world those parts of it that matter to ontology, anyway are social constructs, products of the evolving interaction between conscious, intelligent human agents and, at best, a substrate of unknowable Dinge an sich. The corresponding epistemological presumption is that, even if metaphysical realism is true and there is an ultimate metaphysical reality to the world, that underlying reality probably unknowable anyway. Hence, what we can be said to know is simply what works. Methodological emphasis on fidelity Methodologically, the central emphasis of an AO must be on fidelity, i.e., to be a faithful expression of the concepts/intuitions of relevant domain experts or sources. All that matters to an AO is how relevant domain experts conceptualize a given domain. The question of any sort correspondence between that conception and an objective external world is idle philosophical speculation with no bearing on the quality of the ontology, which is determined entirely by the extent of its fidelity. On the face of it, these two approaches two ontology are profoundly different. However, the starkest differences are philosophical; indeed, those differences are probably irreconcilable. However, important as those differences might be conceptually, at the end of the day what we are engaged in is knowledge engineering. And as engineers, I suggest the following tendentious (not to say controversial) thesis: the only components of the two approaches that ultimately matter are the theoretical and methodological. These, I will argue are compatible, indeed complementary. 3 Pitfalls An observation that suggests the complementarity of the two approaches is that, adopted separately, each risks serious pitfalls for which the other serves as a corrective. 3.1 Pitfalls of the Reference Ontology Approach Realist Rigidity The first pitfall of the RO approach is realist rigidity. That is, the strong realist bias of this approach can deaden sensitivity to the conventional nature of socially constructed domains. Truth be told, it is difficult to reject a fairly strong form realism with regard to our best 3
4 physical theories. Intuitively, physics has gotten a lot of things pretty close to right, and has done so since Newton. As long as we restrict our attention to objects that are neither too massive, too small, nor moving too fast, Newton s laws describe their physical properties with extraordinary precision. And, though things get admittedly dicier conceptually, contemporary relativity and quantum mechanics handle the rest with remarkable accuracy. Surely, it seems, the physicists have gotten things largely right. However, the bulk of domains with which ontologies have to do are laden with objects that, while objective in some sense, can only be considered a species of human artifact money, universities, , laws, and so on. And the natures of these entities, what they are in a given domain, is to a large extent malleable. Consequently, there is often no single correct ontology for these domains, and hence often no way to reconcile related ontologies of these domains that have different origins. The excellent paper by Vandenberghe et al. [11] in this volume makes this point with great cogency with respect to legal ontologies from different countries: An ontology-based approach should enable the investigator to give the system a query in his language ( does the director of this company have previous convictions? ) and get a reliable answer in English that is affirmative if the Vorstand of the Gesellschaft has a Vorstrafe...While shared ontological commitment facilitates understanding, we encounter here a serious difference between similar projects in the natural sciences or medicine, and the legal domain. In the sciences, the underlying philosophical realism assumes convincingly that there is the possibility to agree on the relevant classification. The one shared reality sees to this. In law, the parliaments of the individual member states can create divergent realities. While German and UK law will agree that an extended prison sentence handed out by a court is a previous conviction and Vorstrafe respectively, it cannot be taken for granted that UK law recognises the equivalent of a German legal term such as Strafbefehl. If such a Strafbefehl is recorded against the name of the company director, should the system return an affirmative or a negative answer to our initial query? The answer, of course, is that there is no objectively correct answer, only one that is determined pragmatically based on the interests of [some] group of users with clearly defined goals [REF, p 30]. Full First-order Obfuscation The second pitfall of the RO approach is full first-order obfuscation. Full FOL is a double-edged sword for the construction of ontologies. On the one hand, its great expressive power enables ontology developers to capture the ontological structure of a given domain in great detail and with exceptional clarity. The classic Ontolingua bibliography ontology [8], for example, is still an excellent example of a clear, well-structured ontology. A basic bibliographic item, or BIBLIO-THING, is elegantly defined in terms of a text of some ilk, an agent, an organization, a timepoint (the items publication date) a document, and a reference: (subclass-partition BIBLIO-THING (setof biblio-text agent organization timepoint document reference)) 4
5 The predicate subclass-partition in turn is clearly defined in terms of the predicates of the underlying KIF ontology, e.g., (iff (SUBCLASS-PARTITION?C?class-partition) (and (instance-of?c class) (instance-of?class-partition class-partition) (forall?subclass (=> (member?subclass?classpartition) (subclass-of?subclass?c)))) where, of course, the predicates here are either KIF primitive or defined ultimately in terms of KIF primitives. On the other hand, it is relatively easy to write axioms in first-order logic, there is a danger of over-first-orderization, i.e., of trying to axiomatize too much. This can manifest itself in two ways. The first is rather innocuous: one can simply write more axioms than are necessary for one s purposes in a given domain. The second is more serious: one can attempt to axiomatize domains that are not really amenable to formalization. This can give an illusion of clarity and rigor, when in fact it may just introduce subtle obscurity. The Standard Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) [REF], for example, is an ambitious attempt to provide an axiomatization of a large class of higher level concepts to serve as a common conceptual base for ontological engineering. Many of the concepts are critical to this task class, relation, number, process and, of these, most are reasonably axiomatized. The axioms for many other concepts, however, obfuscate rather than illuminate. A pervasive problem with SUMO is its tendency to glibly axiomatize concepts that are notoriously controversial. Moreover, in many cases, these concepts are known to present serious theoretical challenges to axiomatization. SUMO essentially ignores these difficulties, and hence their axiomatizations of these concepts provide only an illusion of clarity and rigor where in fact there is little or none. For example, semantic notions like content and information, and intentional notions like interpretation, agency, and belief are widely-known to be exceedingly difficult and problematic to characterize axiomatically. SUMO blithely brings all five together in a single, rather astonishing axiom: (=> (and (instance?interpret Interpreting) (agent?interpret?agent) (patient?interpret?content) (instance?content ContentBearingObject)) (exists (?PROP) (holdsduring (EndFn (WhenFn?INTERPRET)) (believes?agent (containsinformation?content?prop))))) The apparent rigor here might lead one to think this axiom clarifies how these notions interact. However, it is useless without robust supporting axioms that give substance to the constituent concepts. SUMO s supporting axioms are woefully inadequate. The believes relation, for instance, is axiomatized as a relation between agents and formulas, or more generally, linguistic things, a characterization widely recognized and acknowledged as untenable, 1, certainly not without a con- 1 Two well-known problems immediately come to mind. First, the approach is not obviously able to do justice to the intuition that people who speak different languages cannot have the same beliefs; since Es regnet and It is raining 5
6 siderably richer account than SUMO provides. Again, we find that the ContainsInformation relation holds between a ContentBearingObject and a Proposition: (domain containsinformation 1 ContentBearingObject) (domain containsinformation 2 Proposition) A notable special case of this is the ContentBearingObject is a sentence: (=> (instance?sent Sentence) (exists (?PROP) (and (instance?prop Proposition) (containsinformation?sent?prop)))) Yet there is in SUMO no useful theory of propositions at all, no axioms about their nature and structure. Most critically, perhaps, there are no comprehension axioms of any sort that relate propositions to the sentences that allegedly express them in a way that enables us to reason meaningfully about them. For instance, SUMO tells us that both sentences and propositions have truth values, yet one cannot even infer from SUMO that if a sentence is true then the proposition it has as its content is true. And the frightfully difficult concept of truth itself (see, e.g., [9]), while occurring in many axioms, is not itself axiomatized even to the extent that one can prove that a proposition cannot be simultaneously true and false! 3.2 Pitfalls for the Application Ontology Approach The AO approach faces significant theoretical and practical dangers of its own, notably, what I refer to as pragmatic disarray and blindspots and monsters. Pragmatic Disarray As just noted, an excessive commitment to realism can lead to a certain sort of ontological inflexibility. But there is an equal and opposite danger that can arise from a studious avoidance of realism, namely, an overemphasis on the conventional element in human conceptualization in the formation of ontologies. The construction of an effective ontology has both an empirical and a critical side. The empirical side involves careful attention to and recording of domain experts characterizations of a given domain. The critical side involves anterior analysis of those conceptualizations for consistency and adequacy, and adequacy involves, at least, getting things right in some reasonably robust sense. If one rejects realism in all its forms, then it is difficult to justify putting any constraints (beyond mere consistency) on the acceptability of the conceptualizations of domain experts the customer is always right. This in turn can lead to tolerance of poorly constructed ontologies that ultimately hinder the ontological enterprise. are different linguistic items, a German speaker who believes the former believes something different than the English speaker standing next to her under an awning in a downpour. More seriously, taking linguistic entities to be the objects of intensional attitudes does not yield a satisfactory account of so-called de re beliefs, i.e., beliefs about specific individuals. Suppose there is someone whom John believes to be a spy. The natural SUMO representation of this is (exists?x (believes John (spy?x))). But clearly, the content of John s attitude is not something involving the variable?x, but some specific individual. Now perhaps the intuition SUMO s creators were trying to capture (the actual document notwithstanding) is that the formula (spy?x) here is serving as a term denoting a proposition. But then we face the problem taken up next. 6
7 Blindspots and Monsters As just seen, use of highly expressive languages is no guarantee against either sloppiness or lack of content. However, such languages at least give the ontological engineer the power, if not the ability, to write rich and precise axioms. The expressively weak languages commonly used in the development of application ontologies, however, can encourage inaccuracy and sloppiness. Thus blindspots and monsters: the engineer can miss important classes and connections. This in turn could lead to the introduction of fictional, or at least underaxiomatized and hence largely useless, classes. Interestingly, despite the expressive capacities of its full-first order framework, SUMO suffers from this problem as well. When it moves away from higher-level concepts for which it borrowed heavily from existing, focused axiomatizations, 2 one finds only a rather overwhelming and disjointed array of axioms superficially relating one SUMO term to another. Where rich expressive capacity isn t even available, there is an even greater tendency toward the creation of this sort of superficial ontology. 4 Rapprochement Pitfalls are, after all, avoidable. And as already suggested, the pitfalls of each our two approaches is generally best avoided by looking to the strengths of the other. Let us expand on this briefly in this final section. 4.1 Getting It Right The philosophical approaches of both views share in common some notion of on ontology getting it right. For the realist, this means accuracy in representing an objective, external world. For the pragmatist, this means fidelity to the concepts and intuitions of domain experts and other relevant sources. These are really complementary sides of the same coin. As noted, only the most radical social constructionist denies the reality of an external world; at the same time, and only the most extreme realist would deny the human origins of a vast array of social concepts. The social world is in many ways conceptually malleable and contingent, and could have been constructed in very different ways. However, it could not have been constructed in any way we please. While the world does not determine the bulk of our social constructions, it nonetheless constrains them in very general, structural ways: How we characterize our mentality or categorize psychological dysfunction is in large measure our doing, but we cannot but see ourselves as conscious beings; there is surprising variability in how we can categorize the human body and its parts and functions, but we cannot but see ourselves as (at least, partly) material; we can t see the blood in our veins as a smooth liquid rather than a gas or solid; we cannot but see this material thing as larger or smaller than that other material thing; or (for normal perceivers) to see the world as colored rather than shades of gray; we could not have constructed light to be faster than it is, or gravity to repel rather than attract. Indeed, it is this underlying, objective structure, together with our own general capacities for rationality, creativity, and organization, that jointly give rise to the relatively stable and objective character of our laws, conventions, institutions and other social constructions. The realism of the 2 In the interest of full disclosure, I should note that I am largely responsible for the axiomatization of the SUMO structural ontology of classes and relations. I believe it is reasonably well axiomatized, and I believe I can say this without much conceit, as most of the axioms are drawn from well known sources. Among the other reasonably well axiomatized theories in the SUMO, I include the mereotopology ontology, which borrows liberally from [10], [1], and [2], and the ontology of holes, taken largely from [4]. 7
8 RO approach therefore undergirds and supports the robust pragmatism of the AO approach. We can unabashedly embrace both. 4.2 Complementarity and Expressive Power The representational frameworks of the two approaches complement one another nicely as well. We found opposite and equal dangers: for the RO approach, obfuscation and the illusion of clarity; for the AO approach, blindspots and monsters. Obfuscation arises when one adds unnecessary (and perhaps inaccurate) complexity and detail. The weaker frameworks of the AO approach force one toward a measured simplicity say all that you need to say, but no more. On the other hand, both blindspots and monsters occur when one misses or misrepresents information about a domain that should have been captured. The conscientious knowledge engineer is compelled to express content as richly as possible. But even a conscientious engineer will not typically be as clear about the classes and logical connections in a domain as she would be were she using a more expressive representational framework. With a full first-order language at one s disposal, such an engineer is forced to think through different representational options at a level of detail that is impossible in the (far) weaker, computationally tractable languages of the AO approach. The two representational frameworks can thus be complementary; thinking in terms of the the expressively weaker systems helps to keep one using a stronger framework focused; similarly, use of the stronger frameworks pushes one using a weaker framework toward greater accuracy and comprehensiveness. 4.3 A Balanced Methodology The reflections above yield a more balanced methodology than is found in the RO and AO approaches alone. The AO is right to focus on the concepts and intuitions of domain experts, but the justification for that focus requires the realism of the RO approach. Domain experts are experienced in their domains. Through that experience they have become attuned not only to the interplay of their own concepts with respect to that domain, but also to the objective constraints on those concepts imposed by the world. Hence, the concepts of the domain experts are likely to be appropriate to and effective in that domain, i.e., to be true in the pragmatists sense. At the same time, however, the RO approach also tempers the AO here: because there is an objective reality underlying the concepts of the domain experts, there is room for critique the experts might be wrong, or at a minimum their concepts less effective vis-a-vis the underlying reality than they might be otherwise. To cite a simple example, categorizations of mental dysfunction have changed dramatically over the past century in ways that are quite obviously more effective for the treatment of mental illness. The simples and most straightforward explanation of this is simply that modern categorizations better reflect the underlying structure of human mentality. On the representational side, every application ontology should begin as a reference ontology. That is, the first order of business must be to express the structure of the domain at hand without any expressive constraints to help ensure accuracy and completeness. At the same time, reference ontology development proceeds always with an eye toward the application ontology and the corresponding expressive limitations of its computationally tractable framework, thereby hindering the tendency toward full first-order obfuscation. 8
9 5 Conclusion In conclusion then, our two approaches to ontology development are actually two sides of a single methodology. Any opposition between the two approaches arises from the error of considering either approach to be complete in itself. Considered together, their complementarity is evident. The realism of the RO approach both tempers, and is tempered by, the social constructionism of the AO approach: many of the concepts in a given ontology are mind-dependent, social constructions, but constructions emerging out of knowable, mind-independent, underlying reality. Similarly, we can only hope to reason automatically within the computationally tractable representational framework of an AO ontology. But we best ensure the effectiveness of an application ontology by drawing it out of a comprehensive, overarching full first-order reference ontology rather than constructing it from scratch within its own expressively limited framework. References [1] Borgo, S., Guarino, N., and Masolo, C., A Pointless Theory of Space Based on Strong Connection and Congruence, in L. C. Aiello and J. Doyle (eds.), Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, [2] Borgo, S., Guarino, N., and Masolo, C., An Ontological Theory of Physical Objects, in L. Ironi (ed.), Proceedings of the Eleventh International Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning, Cortona (Italy), 1997, [3] Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., and Oltramari, A., Ontology Roadmap, URL=http://wonderweb.semanticweb.org/deliverables/documents/D15.pdf. [4] Casati, R., and Varzi, A., Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MIT Press, [5] Guarino, N., Understanding, Building and Using Ontologies: A Commentary to Using Explicit Ontologies in KBS Development, International Journal of Human and Computer Studies, 46 (1997), [6] Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P., and van Harmelen, F., From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: The Making of a Web Ontology Language, Journal of Web Semantics 1(1), URL=http://www.cs.vu.nl/~frank/postscript/JWS03.pdf. [7] Masolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Oltramari, A., Schneider, L., The Wonder- Web Library of Foundational Ontologies, Preliminary Report (ver. 2.0, ), Laboratory for Applied Ontology, URL=http://www.loa-cnr.it/Papers/WonderWebD17V2.0.pdf. [8] Gruber, T., The Bibliography Ontology, [9] Martin, R. L., Recent Essays on Truth and the Liar Paradox, Oxford: Clarendon Press, [10] Smith, B., Mereotopology: A Theory of Parts and Boundaries, Data and Knowledge Engineering, 20,
10 [11] Vandenberghe, W., Schafer, B., and Kingston, J., Ontology Modelling In The Legal Domain Realism Without Revisionism?, this volume. 10
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Ebony PrincessFavorites [+]
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Running Time: 90 minutes
Released: 05/2008
Studio Name: Heatwave Entertainment
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Best Of :: La Vida
Every region of this great country has its own way of serving the all-American hot dog. In Arizona and throughout the Southwest, we live and die by Sonoran hot dogs. When guests come into town boasting about the merits of a hog dog "dragged through the garden," we take them directly to Nogales Hot Dog, on the southwest corner of Indian School Road and 20th Street. Open only during the evenings, the hot dog spot — okay, it's really a makeshift stand with a tent and a few picnic tables — serves a prime example of our regional dog. Each wiener comes topped with pinto beans, tomatoes, onions, and a mayo spread. You also can hit the condiment table to add salsas, cheese, and other toppings as you see fit.
For years, Tacos Atoyac was the bar against which we judged all other street-style Mexican eats. The no-frills restaurant served everything we could have asked for from a taco: affordability, simplicity, and lots of flavor. That's why we were devastated to hear the restaurant had closed suddenly and indefinitely in March. Taco enthusiasts wondered whether we'd ever find an acceptable replacement for the restaurant's near-perfect beer-battered fish taco. Thankfully, the drought didn't last long. In May, we were thrilled to hear that co-owner Pablo Lopez had reincarnated the beloved spot under a new name, Restaurant Atoyac Estilo Oaxaca — same location, same menu. If we close our eyes while biting into one of the carne asada burros, it's almost as if nothing changed.
If you've never dined on the patio at Los Sombreros, then you've been missing out on one of the more romantic dining spots in town — not that the inside of the converted brick house that this restaurant calls home is a bad option. No matter where you sit at this dining spot, you're sure to have a memorable meal. Chef-owner Azucena Tovar uses her impeccable talent to craft modern Mexican cuisine that blends traditional flavors with her own personal style, traveling to Mexico City every year for inspiration. Some of her standout dishes include mole poblano, huitlacoche quesadillas, and hibiscus enchiladas — in short, not the kind of fare you'll find at just any ol' Mexican joint.
It may be small, but what this Mesa restaurant lacks in size is more than made up for in soul. The family-run restaurant came into being after months of hard work from Marco, Jinette, and Edmundo Meraz, who renovated the mid-century building themselves and even inherited some of the cacti out front from family and friends. The menu includes a wide selection of wheat flour empanadas, which range in flavors from traditional to the more unexpected. On the savory side, don't miss the Boricua, which combines rice, pigeon peas, and ham hock cooked in sofrito sauce. And for a standout sweet, try the fig cheese and caramel, which contains local figs, mozzarella, and South American-style dulce de leche. The rest of República Empanada's entrées are worth a try, too, particularly the arroz con pollo, seasoned with capers, olives, peas, celery, cilantro, onions, and red bell peppers. Don't forget, you can also wash down your meal with one of the many craft beers available by the bottle.
When you know that Phoenix Burrito House comes courtesy of the De la Cruz family — they're the folks behind Zócalo Mexican Grille and El Sol Mexican Cafe & Bakery in Chandler, Mangos Mexican Cafe and Bakery in Mesa, and Méjico in Central Phoenix — then it should come as no surprise that Phoenix Burrito House is such a solid new spot. The restaurant took over the former home of The Fry Bread House, adding a little south-of-the-border charm to the Melrose District. We love the restaurant's tortillas, which are soft, chewy, and offer just the right amount of stretch. They're particularly enjoyable when wrapped around ingredients such as pork in green chile sauce and Phoenix Burrito House's spicy shrimp.
If you're at Los Olivos only for the chips and salsa and a margarita, you will not be disappointed. This restaurant delivers from that first perfectly crisp, salty chip. But we dare you to stop at just chips — soon you'll be ordering a cheese crisp, maybe some corn sopas from the friendly staff, and from there it's just a hop and a skip down the menu to a giant selection of every classic Mexican dish imaginable: chimichangas, fajitas, enchiladas. There's nothing nouveau about this place. It's a collection of Sonoran classics made for decades and served in a crazy series of connecting cavernous rooms. Our favorite spot is the underwater-esque lounge. As long as Los Olivos keeps the chips coming and the tequila flowing, we're good.


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With a market cap of has a large market cap size. Automatic Data Processing, Inc. (NASDAQ: ADP) has been on the stock market since its IPO date on the 4/6/1983. Automatic Data Processing, Inc. is in the Business Software & Services industry and Technology sector. Average volume for Automatic Data Processing, Inc., is 1652.46, and so far today it has a volume of 1364000. Performance year to date since the 4/6/1983 is 5.34%.
To help you determine whether Automatic Data Processing, Inc. is undervalued the following values will help you decide. P/E is 26.95 and forward P/E is 21.57. PEG perhaps more useful shows that Automatic Data Processing, Inc. has a value for PEG of 2.57. P/S ratio is 3.37 and the P/B ratio is 8.87. The P/Cash and P/Free cash flow is 12.25 and 74.24 respectively.
At the current price Automatic Data Processing, Inc. is trading at, 87.63 (-0.65% today), Automatic Data Processing, Inc. has a dividend yield of 2.42%, and this is covered by a payout ratio of 63.70%. Earnings per share (EPS) is 3.25, and this is looking to grow in the next year to 12.49% after growing 12.40% this past year. EPS growth quarter over quarter is 15.10%, and 8.50% for sales growth quarter over quarter.
The number of shares outstanding is 449.28, and the number of shares float is 449.28. The senior management bring insider ownership to 0.10%, and institutional ownership is at 78.90%. The float short is 1.26%, with the short ratio at a value of 3.43. Management has seen a return on assets of 3.50%, and also a return on investment of 22.80%.
The ability for Automatic Data Processing, Inc., to deal with debt, means it current ratio is 1.1, and quick ratio is 1.1. Long term debt/equity is 0.45 and total debt/equity is 0. In terms of margins, Automatic Data Processing, Inc. has a gross margin of 43.20%, with its operating margin at 19.00%, and Automatic Data Processing, Inc. has a profit margin of 12.80%.
The 52 week high is -8.18%, with 16.43% being its 52 week low. The 20 day simple moving average is -1.74% and the 200 day simple moving average is 1.21%.
Disclaimer: Remember there is a risk to your investment, this is not a recommendation, nor personal advice, never invest more than you are able too loose.


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I am an FTM (first time mom) who is the second oldest mommy on the board.
My road to motherhood is a little different from most of yours. After throwing myself into work and waiting for Mr. Right (who didn't come), I decided I wanted to adopt. When I was younger, I thought I would have three or four children and if not, I would be fine without a child if I didn't have any after 40. However, God had a different plan for me.
During several of my nightly gallbladder attacks, I started to imagine my life with a little girl. My brain said I couldn't do it alone, but my heart disagreed and I decided to go forward. That was April 2010. I was approved to adopt by October 2010 and had a beautiful girl placed with me on my birthday - Nov 3, 2010. Sadly, her birth mother changed her mind about relinquishing her rights and I had to give her up the day after Thanksgiving. I loved those three weeks because I knew I could be a good mother.
The loss was indescribable, but I was hopeful that I would have another girl placed with me quickly. Little did I know it would take over a year for it to happen.
So much changed in that year. My company was bought and I was asked to relocate. I didn't because I wanted to finally put me and my future family first. So, I chose to be unemployed while waiting for a child. Before anyone says anything about being unemployed and getting a child, I make a poopload of money on the sale. That was June 2011.
I waited and waited...
Some health issues arose during the fall and I ended up having to have a total hysterectomy with a vertical incision January 23, 2012. My parents came out to take care of me and my sister was going arrive on February 3 to make sure I was okay. She is a surgeon and feels medically responsible for everyone.
On February 2, I got a call from the adoption agency asking if I would be available the next day for a meeting. They didn't want to get my hopes up, but a little girl was born January 31st and her parents were unable to take care of her. They would be signing papers February 3 in the morning.
I got the call at 12:20 pm. The papers was signed and I would be a forever mommy that afternoon. I met my Isabella at 3:00 pm. I knew the moment I saw her that she was the girl I had been dreaming of since my early twenties. She fit perfectly in my arms and my life. My parents were here with me and my sister was arriving later that night. My, was she surprised.
My friends pointed to the irony that I had a hysterectomy one week before getting my almost 9 lb baby. God knows timing! I was so tired and sore!
My Isaboo is the joy of my life. I have enjoyed the luxury of staying home with her for four months and I am increasingly wary of having to go back to work. But, alas, I will.
Iam happy to be a part of this community because I have learned and laughed so much these past months.


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My 80 something year old mother, my 27 year old daughter, and I spent a delightful couple of nights at the Inn on the Alameda. The staff was wonderful, the breakfast delicious, the room clean and well appointed, and the restaurant very good. The location is perfect, my 80 something year old mother had no problem walking to the plaza in Old Town, and it was easy to cruise the galleries along Canyon Road. We really had nothing that we could have hoped for that was not delivered by the staff, accommodations, and setting of the Inn on the Alameda. The wine and cheese hosted by Oscar, was a great opportunity to meet some of the other guests. On a pair of sister's recommendation, we ate there the following night and tipped our hat to Chef Jen who delivers a very good meal at a very reasonable price. Thanks to all who helped make our stay so delightful.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Nestled in the heart of Santa Fe, New Mexico, between the historic Plaza and the art-filled galleries of Canyon Road, the Inn on the Alameda is the ideal downtown Santa Fe lodging location. With this cozy inn as your home base, you can explore our town's unique attractions, unique museums, fine dining, distinctive boutiques and local festivities. An ample continental breakfast with organic. vegan and gluten-free selections is included with every stay, as is a relaxing afternoon wine hour daily. Wi-fi and parking are always free, and one pet under 30# is welcome with a nightly fee in pet-specific rooms. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Expedia, Booking.com, Travelocity, Orbitz, TripOnline SA, Hotwire, Priceline, Sabre Hospitality Solutions, Cancelon and getaroom.com so you can book your Inn on the Alameda reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Inn On The Alameda Hotel Santa Fe
- Hotel On The Alameda
- On The Alameda Hotel
- Inn Alameda


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Big Story
Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'PlayStation Lobby' started by FLOWCity, Aug 20, 2013.
This might sound weird, but with all the footage I've seen of SP and MP.....I'm a fan of the lighting effects.
Make Shadowfall one word Ginger Snaps.
Some damn sexy screens..
does anyone know how many players there will be in each match ?
Fun fact: DLC multiplayer maps are free
So hyped for ps4.
Those are some sexy screenshots. After seeing that MP trailer though Killzone just got bumped up a few notches.
Game looks beautiful. Honestly rivals Pikmin 3.
Call me interested all of sudden
just 24...i was expecting 32 like kz2
This looks amazing.
It looks like shit.
this game is looking really good. the downloadable maps being free so everyone can use them, that in this day and time, is just awesome.
Never played any KZ MP before do they normally have dedicated servers or is it peer to peer?
Looks amazing. Never realized Killzone could be this vibrant.
What is this, N64?
But seriously, I see colors! This is incredible!
Dem flowers doe.
Does anyone else see a lot of similarity between the graphics and lighting in this and in Infamous. Almost seems like they used the same engine. That being said this looks amazing and im much more excited than I was before. Most impressive (exclusive) launch title.
For all of the reasons we've been given today: ditto.
Why is it not brown? It should have more brown.
Wow, I didn't know it looked so good
xbox board ripping this game apart, sad a great game is being tossed aside because its exclusive.
Nothing against the actual Xbox, but the Xbox boards are a god damn joke here. there were like 5 threads today of people saying "we won".
ms had a press conference?
So many colors, I love it! Gone with the drab gray and brown. It looks amazing!
Im getting more excited about this game the more I see.
Sent from my Nexus 7 using Tapatalk 2
Yeah I was just reading that. I got a message relling me not to troll, and all they do is make threads saying Sony sucks, fuck Sony. SDF blah blah blah. Best reason to get a PS4 you ask? Check the xbox forums.
O.O Looks awesome ! My god I can't damn wait ! this wowed me.
This and Infamous: Second Son are the best looking next-gen-games yet. Really fantastic what they do with the PlayStation 4 this early in the live cycle. Just wait for Naughty Dog and Santa Monica games
u live in lebanon man ??
I'm here for vacation, but I love lebanon and I don't want to go back go back to the U.S. I'm Lebanese, and it feels like home.
Very sexy.
just asking to know if u will order ps4 while u in lebanon , cuz i live in jordan and am curious to know if amazon can deliver to the middle east countries , glade u enjoying lebanon
Looks stunning can't wait to play the game
So quick details that I've gathered through this thread and my interwebbings...
Up to 24 players
10 maps at launch
Free DLC maps
Customizable playmodes
All guns unlocked from beginning
Challenges rather than XP
3 classes
8 modes in Warzone as opposed to the 4 in KZ2/3
Only concern is being able to find a 'standard' match. BF3 custom servers led to always stumbling into some weird variant, where 90% of the time I'll probably just want to play by a baseline of standard rules.
if all guns unlocked from the beginning what do we got when level up and stuff ??
They said that there will be "Standard Servers" or "Official One". I think those will have standard rules. Just like in Killzone 2, I guess.
All weapons unlocked is fine. This stupid imbalance because of leveling up in multiplayer-games has to stop.
They said something about then being able to choose what you specialize in... so maybe attachments? Scopes, silencers, recoil reduction, etc. Just speculating.
That can be said about either. The real problem is pre-pubesant, immature and instigating folks creating reassurance/troll bait threads. And then theirs the fanboys.
You can eliminate most of it by making the forum private but then you'd have to charge for maintenance and mods (in the sense to keep trolls and idiots at bay via personal info).
Those graphics!
Looked really cool and all, I have a feeling I may end up with Ghosts for my FPS MP, to be honest, I thought the MP trailer for it was decent enough, and everyone I used to play COD with on 360 is planning on moving to PS4, but I will definitely love to get my hands on this!


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Chevrolet S10 Blazer Questions
Get answers to questions about your Chevrolet S10 Blazer at RepairPal. Find solutions, diagnose problems and get back on the road.Refine by vehicle
I want to remove the drive shaft to the front differential to improve my gas mileage. Can I drive the vehicle without any damage to the transmission, transfer case or differential?
will it start out of time
no spark replaced coil,battery starter,wires cap and roder
I was driving my blazer one night and went to start it the next day and well it still sits where I parked it now a week ago. I get the engine to turn over and my husband checked the fuel lines and pump and all is clear. He also tried to get it to turn over by adding gas to the injectors but still the engine will not start.. I have checked the distribator and I get still a turn over but no start .... what can I do?
what could cause the thorttle body to dump alot of gas into it ,when you run it for a few minutes an turn it off an then try to crank it an then it dump to much gas into thorttle body ?
heat core replaced, fan too, ran fine for 6 months, now I changed out my termastat still running hot, it was leaking a small amount, so I put some radator leak stop and drove it for 20 min., running nice and putting out good heat with no leaks, the next morning I started it up no leaks but started to over heat right away
i have a 4.3 liter,high idle when it first starts then after it calms down it idles rough just wonder what options could cause this
1991 chevy blazer s-10 4.3 v-6 truck was running prefectly well went home after a day of driving shut the truck off went bact to crank but will not start..vehicle is getting fire and gas but will not start
i need help to find cank shaft position sensor
i chainged plug wires and plugs but it still misses but not as bad when it idles no miss but when you put it in gear and drive it misses on my s10 blazer
i hit a drain pipe with the front passenger side wheele and now it sets back toward the door and its not centered in the wheele well could it be a bent tie rod? or is it something else?
could a bad coolant temp sensor, egr or map sensor cause lack of power, slow pickup of speed when I slowing let off on the pedal. I get a pop through the TBI when I gun it and want to stall. and also been wanting to stall and rough idling. please,want some one answer me.
I bought a 93 chevy s10 blazer in the fall and it ran alright after i changed the plugs on it untill winter hit. now when the engine gets up to running temp. it just wants to die. The only way to keep it going is to pretty much floor it but oncve u let off it stalls out. i already changed the fuel filter and made sure the cap was tightned down. I really don't know what else to check?
actually an 89 but that was to old for the selection list but anyway i just changed the front seal due to a fluid leak all went as well as that could but now it doesn't shift into overdrive with any regularity please offer any advise that may help thank you
alway the same,popping through carburetor, lack of power on acceleration, slowly pickup speed if I let go of accelerator pedal out slowly. I get poor mpg about 10miles per gallon. are 4.3 bad on gas. thanks
engine is loaded up with fuel, i can bring the rpms up for a few seconds and the engine will run and idle normally, about half of the time,mostly during cold weather, this happens and will not clear up even after several minutes, or driving several miles, i've replaced the temp sensor on the intake(for the fuel)that seemed to help last year, i've replaced it again -no help this time, engine has been replaced(low mileage rebuilt),trans is rebuilt, new fuel pump, new plugs&wires,etc.
no diagnostic codes stored, recent code came up as faulty speed sensor,nothing any other times.
trying to remove this tranny and i'm seeking some helpful tips on how to get this out of the compact working space
fml!! lol so the wipers on my 1990 blazer stoped working and i tryed replacing the motor and fuses. i think it may be a short? any thoughts or maybe how much im looking at paying for it to be fixed? thanks in advace to thode who respond!
fuel is not getting to the engine. the fuel pump was changed. but their is still no fuel getting to the engine. the car starts only briefly, then shuts down.where is the fuel relay switch? what could it be wrong now ?
How do I install a turn signal switch and is there a diagram showing the order in which to install
I'm trying to fix my fan switch. how do I break down the dash
After driving for 20 mins highway or 40 mins city, the temperature gauge on the dash is all the way up and blinking, however theres no steam and still heat inside the cab, hoping I dont have to replace the rad, temp gauge sending unit works fine and has been tested, any advice is greatly appreciated, thanks!
it has 244000 thousand on it. it was running fine now it has a hell of a miss.at a light it seems to run so rough the whole tuck shakes to know end and almost wants to stall out but it dosent new plugs,wires and new cap and rotor button and still runs ruff.the cap is a little loose think the whole in distrubitor is stripped.so i got another distributor from junk yard and rebuilt it hopefully thats what it is?
i shift into 4 low easily, but i have to push the rocker button back and forth several times to lock in high. sometimes it will kick out of 4 wheel high after abs system has activated.
will a 1988 back window from a 2 door chevy fit on a 1994 chevy blazer
The transfer case will not shift into four high. I've been told it is a solenoid or motor that does the transfer. I need to know where it is located, and what it looks like.
Blower motor runs on high, sometimes. Where is the resistor located on my 93 S-10 Blazer. Thanks!
When I hit the 4 wheel drive switch it does not engage
my daughters blazer stalled going on the freeway entrance and will not start now I think it may be the fuel pump, but I wanted to check if the fuse is good first
I haven't drove my truck in over a month cuz im too scared. By the front right tire it makes clanking noises. A friends mom said it may be the U Joint. I need to know how to tell if its the U Joint and how to fix it.


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Dickson Watch & Jewellery
Website: http://www.dickson.com.hk/
Address: #01-001/003 Suntec City, 3 Temasek Boulevard Singapore 038983
Contact: +65 6336 4871
Dickson Watch remains a hit with Singapore locals and tourists for the outstanding quality and selection it provides. This luxury boutique showcases pieces of jewellery crafted with rare and beautiful materials, as well as timepieces that merge innovative design with traditional craftsmanship. Bulgari, Chopard and Longines are among the international brands stocked here, and new labels are introduced at an ever-increasing rate. As cocktail hour approaches, add polish with an oversized quartz ring. The boutique's refined atmosphere and attentive staff help smooth the decision-making process. View Fullscreen Map
Search ComeSingapore for articles, events and directories matching your keywords.


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|1,614 sq. ft.
|Property type
Live like Romans with the comforts of home in this beautiful, spacious apartment. Centrally located in charming Monti neighborhood, steps from Santa Maria Maggiore and a short stroll to the Colosseum. Easily sleeps six with new luxe kitchen, modern bathrooms, laundry and building elevator. Lovely custom furniture by local artist.- The 1500 sqf apartment, on the third floor of a historic building, comfortably sleeps six among three bedrooms: one with a queen bed, one with a double bed and one with two twin beds. Beds feature hand-made linens.
- Early check-in and or late check-out are permitted if communicated in advance to the host.
- Sunny and spacious living room with cable TV and wifi.
- Eat-in kitchen renovated recently, fully-equipped, including dishwasher.
- Two huge, shiny-new bathrooms, each with a roomy shower.
- Washer and dryer in apartment.
- PAYMENT OF TOURIST TAX The City of Rome mandates that we collect the city tax from each guest. Each guest will pay cash at the time of check-in (NO EXCEPTIONS!) a Tourist Tax which amounts to 3.5 Euros/Person/Day. For instance, a family of four who stays at the apartment for three nights will be due 42 Euros. You can read more about tourist tax in the following link: (URL HIDDEN)
- GOVERNMENT IDs Authorities require that we collect ID's of each guests. Within 7 days from the time the reservation is confirmed, we will collect from each guest a copy of valid Government ID. The person, whose Airbnb account has been used to complete the booking, will be responsible to collect the documents, and emailed them to us within the terms described
- CHECKIN - CHECKOUT 1.Times: Check-in is at 4.00 PM. Checkout is at 11.00 AM. Early check-in and or late check-out are permitted if communicated in advance to the host. Scheduled or potential late check-ins (after 8.00 pm) MUST BE COMMUNICATED TO THE HOST BEFORE BOOKING AND A 45 EURO LATE CHECK-IN FEE WILL APPLY. The late check-in fee must be paid at the time of arrival at the apartment and no access will be granted to the apartment until such payment is made. NO EXCEPTIONS.
- 1. Occupancy: ALL PERSONS STAYING IN THE APARTMENT MUST BE REGISTERED AT THE TIME RESERVATIONS ARE MADE. No additional guests will allowed due to the conformance. If you are found to have persons staying at the property who are not named on your Reservation Confirmation, you are in breach of contract and may be denied access to the property. No refunds will be issued if you are refused accommodations due breach of contract. In order to maintain the tranquil setting.
- 2. Waiver of Liability: we shall not accept responsibility for losses to the guests for any claims, including but not limited to: a) responsibility for personal body injury, death, accident, lost, stolen or damaged property, loss of mental or physical enjoyment, delay or inconvenience. b) Any delays or changes in schedule or itineraries incurred by any person arising out of any willful or negligent act or omission, c) the act or omissions of any party, d) monetary crisis, labor problems, economic changes, mechanical maintenance or construction difficulties or noise, climatic aberrations, local laws, novel or unexpected conditions;
- 3. Minors: Children under 18 must have proper adult supervision at all times.
- 4. Pets: Pets are NOT permitted in the apartment.
- 5. Utilities: Please turn off all electrical appliances and lights when not in use and whenever you leave the apartment.
- 6. Quiet Hours: Quiet Hours are 10 PM to 8 AM: Please keep all noise levels to a minimum during this time.
- 7. Smoking: No Smoking is allowed inside of the apartment or in the common areas of the building. No candles or fires of any kind are allowed within the apartment. A 250 Euro cleaning fee will be charged if smoke is detected in the apartment upon departure.
- 8. Laundry: You may use the washer and dryer in the apartment room. We are not responsible for any clothing damage or articles left, lost or stolen. Read and follow machine instructions.
- 9. Damage: Please report any inoperative equipment, damages, dangers or faults immediately. The registered guest is directly responsible for all negligent, accidental, intentional, or unintentional damage to the interior or exterior of the suite or to the common areas, caused by the guest, their family, or their guests, and will be charged for all repairs, replacement, and other related expenses and costs. No Smoking is allowed inside of the apartment or in the common areas of the building. A 250 Euro cleaning fee will be charged if smoke is detected in the apartment upon departure.
- 10. Behavior: Occupancy and use of premises and common areas shall not be such as to disturb or offend residents (e.g. guests may not hang towels, garments, etc. from windows, make excessive noise or commotion, etc.).
Ciao, my name is Gabriella and I am here to make your vacation truly Roman! My family has lived in the 'Quartiere Monti' for 60 years and if you stay at our apartment, you will understand why we love it so much.
Ruben Mozzi purchased this apartment in 1955
It belonged to my grandmother, Lina, who moved here from Tuscany with my grandfather and children. We are very attached to it!
It is located in the more ancient and typical part of Rome. Monti, or Rione I, is a truly Roman neighborhood in the heart of the historic center. Here, you can escape the tourist throngs and live among the locals. Browse the galleries and artisanal shops along the gentrified Via Urbana, then stop on the edge of little Piazza della Madonna dei Monti, where you can sip an aperitivo and watch Roman life unfold around the bubbling fountain. The apartment sits in the shadow of Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the city's four grand papal basilicas and is a five to ten minute walk to the Colosseum and the Roman Forum.
This apartment was an beauty tucked away on quiet side street with plenty of restaurants and markets within walking distance.
Located within a 10 minute walk from the main Train Station, it was ideal for my family.
Our only regret is we did not spend more time in Rome.
Highly recommended apartment with extremely helpful owners who speak English and Italian.
Gabriella's family apartment was a wonderful space for our two families to stay in Rome. We had 4 adults and 4 kids and used the 3 bedrooms, sofa bed and provided crib. The sofa bed was easily used as another bedroom since it had a door separating it from the kitchen which doubled as a nice gathering area. The air conditioning worked well and Netflix was available making the kids happy. While we did not cook there - so much good food in Rome! - plenty of pots, pans, plates and glassware were available as well as a microwave, stove and dishwasher. It would be great for a stay longer than ours as well.
The bathrooms were modern with the largest showers we had in Italy (still not competing with American suburbs, but I could raise both elbows at the same time!). One had fancy jets, etc. that my kid loved experimenting with.
The location was great. 15 minutes walk to the Colosseum, 2 blocks from a cab stand (metered rates, so no worries), about 3 blocks from the Metro and 10 minutes from Termini, the main train station and main Metro stop. Out the door to the left is BAR where coffee and pastries were available starting at 7am.
The only challenge we had was around laundry. You can't have all the air conditioners on and run laundry at the same time (or maybe only when it's 90 degrees F and everyone else has their AC on) without having to throw the breaker. Also, even after the 2 hour dryer cycle, laundry was still damp. We didn't see a line to use. The breaker was easily accessible by the front door and I think this is a Rome problem, not specific to this apartment. Gabriella did warn of this in advance.
All in all, a great stay in a lovely, updated apartment!
We had a wonderful stay in Gabriella's apartment. She was a lovely host and provided us with a perfect place to stay. The apartment is spacious and has a wonderful air-conditioner. The showers were great and the steam shower was an added feature. The taxi stand is just outside and there are many wonderful restaurants only steps from the apartment. The apartment is located in the Monti area of Rome. This area as we found out is the newest "cool spot". There are countless dining and quaint shops. When we return to Rome, we hope to stay at Gabriella's wonderful apartment again.
Thank you Gabriella!
Perfect location for our stay without the need of a car. Colisseum was a 15 minute walk and access to Metro and Termini was easy. Apartment was very clean and beds were comfortable. Bathrooms were very good for our our party of six. Plenty of space in the kitchen which was well kitted out. Would definitely return here and recommend the apartment as well as Gabriella who was prompt with enquiry replies and very friendly.
Thanks so much to Gabriella and her sister for making our stay in Rome so comfortable, safe and easily accessible to everything. From the initial email confirmations, to the gracious tour on our arrival, and the beautiful accommodations; we could not have chosen a better place for our first visit. The apartment easily sleeps 6 with lots of room in the kitchen and living area to relax. The bathrooms are immaculate and the showers fantastic. The building is very quiet and secure and within walking distance to all the major attractions. It also boasts great restaurants just steps from the door. Style, comfort and Space are true to its word. Thank you again for opening the doors to Casa di Lina for us.
this was the perfect place for 6 people! Large rooms, comfortable beds, and great bathrooms! There is not one bad thing we can say about our stay here!
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
3za e 4ta di Lugiio
Jul 17 2017 - Jul 31 2017
1 night minimum stay
|Notes: Rates are based on 6 guests; add $29 per night, per additional guest
1ma di Agosto
Aug 1 2017 - Aug 6 2017
1 night minimum stay
|Notes: Rates are based on 6 guests; add $29 per night, per additional guest
2nda - 4ta di Agosto
Aug 7 2017 - Aug 27 2017
1 night minimum stay
|Notes: Rates are based on 6 guests; add $29 per night, per additional guest
1ma - 4ta di Settembre
Aug 28 2017 - Sep 30 2017
1 night minimum stay
|Notes: Rates are based on 6 guests; add $29 per night, per additional guest
1ma di Ottobre
Oct 1 2017 - Oct 8 2017
1 night minimum stay
|Notes: Rates are based on 6 guests; add $29 per night, per additional guest
2nda di Ottobre
Oct 9 2017 - Oct 16 2017
1 night minimum stay
3za di Ottobre
Oct 17 2017 - Oct 22 2017
1 night minimum stay
|Notes: Rates are based on 6 guests; add $29 per night, per additional guest
4ta di Ottobre
Oct 23 2017 - Oct 31 2017
1 night minimum stay
|Notes: Rates are based on 6 guests; add $29 per night, per additional guest
My Standard Rate
1 night minimum stay
|Refundable damage deposit
|cleaning fee
* Approximate monthly rate. Actual rate will depend on the days of the month you stay.


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Coen Brothers to rewrite Angelina Jolie's Unbroken
8:00 AM on 02.26.2013 // Hubert Vigilla@HubertVigilla
The Coens will rework the WWII drama that Jolie will direct
Angelina Jolie has enlisted Joel and Ethan Coen to rewrite her WWII drama Unbroken. The film is adapted from Laura Hillenbrand's 2010 book of the same name that chronicles the life of WWII POW Lou Zamperini. According to The Hollywood Reporter, William Nicholson (Les Misérables) and Richard LaGravenese (Beautiful Creatures) both worked on previous drafts of the script.
For those unfamiliar with Zamperini, here's how THR described the events of his life:
Zamperini was a Los Angeles high school track star who raced in the 1936 Berlin Olympics. In 1943, his Air Force plane crashed in the Pacific. He survived without food and water for 47 days, enduring shark attacks, aerial attacks and hunger before washing ashore on a Japanese island behind enemy lines, where he was held as a prisoner of war for two years and tortured by his captors.
Ever since 1987's Raising Arizona, the Coen brothers have generally written their own films, though they did co-write The Hudsucker Proxy with Sam Raimi. If I'm not mistaken, Jolie's Unbroken will be the first movie they've written for another director since Sam Raimi's studio-addled Crimewave back in 1985.
[Via The Hollywood Reporter]
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DJI Phantom 4 vs. DJI Inspire
DJI is undoubtedly one of the biggest brands towering above others because of the regular improvements in its products. The company has two quadcopter series: the Phantom and the Inspire series. There's the Phantom 1, Phantom 2 (Vision, Vision+ and Phantom FC40), Phantom 3 (Standard, 4K, Advanced, and Professional) and the latest, Phantom 4. In the latter, there's the Inspire 1 RAW, Inspire 1 v2.0 and Inspire 1 Pro.
DJI Inspire 1 series is an upgrade compared to the Phantom 3 series with more features and an entirely different design. The Inspire 1 v2.0 and Inspire Pro support multiple remotes but comes with one remote, leaving you to pay for the others. The biggest contrast is the camera spec. Inspire 1 v2.0 uses the Zenmuse X3, but the Pro version comes with the Zenmuse X5. The Inspire v2.0 and Inspire 1 Pro come with detachable 4K video cameras, but the X5 has adjustable aperture and more frame-rate, offering more flexibility. Also, the X3 uses F/2.8 iris, 20mm lens that can yield a 2160p resolution, while the X5 ranges between F/1.7-F/16, 30m lens with UHD resolution. The Inspire Pro wins the camera battle.
The optical sensor for the Pro version is micro 4/3, while that of the v2.0 is 1/2.3. The camera of the Inspire v2.0 and gimbal cover for the needs of any hobbyist, but the Pro version is for professionals who want the high-resolution cameras for fast moving activities. The range is dynamic, aperture wider – for low light, and it provides great footage. The difference between the Inspire 1 Pro and Inspire 1 RAW is just the camera. The Inspire 1 RAW uses the Zenmuse X5R with better quality and bit rate. In price, the difference is very clear. The v2.0 is priced less than US$2,000, the Inspire 1 Pro over US$3,300, while the Inspire 1 RAW is well over US$5,000.
The Phantom 4 is the smartest and latest drone in the Phantom series. We compare it with the Inspire 1 Pro below.
Camera: The Inspire 1 Pro wins this without a doubt. The Phantom 4 allows ISO of 1600, while the X5 of the Pro allows for up to 25,600 – see the difference? The lens of the Inspire Pro is detachable, allowing for flexibility, unlike the Phantom 4.
Retail Cost: The Phantom 4 has the latest features in the drone technology world, yet the price is just US$1,399, making it almost US$2,000 less than the Inspire 1 Pro. To get an extra battery, the Inspire model would cost US$199, while the Phantom would go for US$169.
Specification: The Phantom 4 houses the latest technologies from DJI, which include added artificial intelligence features such as Obstacle Sensing System (OSS) and better subject tracking. The lack of this feature makes going for the Inspire 1 Pro model a step backward, especially in an era where individuals or companies want drones that can deliver parcels and live longer – by avoiding collisions.
The Inspire series is bigger and heavier than the Phantom. The size is important as accessories such as petri dishes, parachutes et al., can be attached.
The aircraft and camera of the Pro can be controlled separately using dual controllers, but the Phantom doesn't have this feature.
Battery: The Phantom 4 wins this hands down as it can stay over 25 minutes, while the Inspire 1 Pro can't go beyond 15 minutes. Users want more battery life from DJI, but the Phantom 4 satisfies the users best, for now.
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