text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 26, 2002
|Filing date
|Mar 29, 1999
|Priority date
|Mar 29, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Chi Kim Sides, Michael F. Angelo, Sompong P. Olarig
|Original Assignee
|Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (50), Classifications (10), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to data communications and particularly to data communication between components in a computer chassis across a network.
Presently, there are different types of data transmission systems employing existing cabled networks, or board level component traces specifically installed for that purpose. Such systems allow the automatic control and monitoring, at a distance, of components connected to the network.
These known systems generally allow a network or hardware administrator to respond to exigencies in the matter of monitoring and control of a network and its nodes. However, they exhibit a complex structure employing several individual control and monitoring modules managed by a single or several collective control modules, themselves possibly managed by a central module.
Over the years, communications technology has developed for the computer industry into what is now extensive sophistication in hardware and software systems for facilitating various types of communications. Nevertheless, extensive sophistication and advancements in many hardware and software systems can be thwarted from market or commercial applicability for many reasons. For example, if a new communications system is not compatible with an existing system, many users will not purchase the new system. Attempts for a single manufacturer to become the system to which all others must be compatible can be quite difficult to achieve and, even if successful, cost the manufacturer a great deal of investment capital. Attempts for different manufacturers to interface with each other often creates complex and expensive systems which can confuse system purchasers and installers alike, and can often making the problems worse. Also, manufacturers of systems are reluctant to develop or introduce new systems to the market when compatibility and user confusion are such big issues. Accordingly, compatibility with other existing or even future systems has been emphasized in various industries. Industry standards to accomplish compatibility goals of the data communication systems have resulted.
Despite the advancements of compatibility which result when particular industries adopt standards, another problem arises when an industry desires to change or make a transition to new standards. These new standards, for example can often provide higher speed capabilities or other significant improvements over previous standards. The new standards, however, often are not adopted because the new standard is not compatible with the existing standard. In other words, the market will not accept or is reluctant to accept, the new standard because it may require replacement of all existing systems with which the user wants to communicate. This can cause technology stagnation and inhibit rapid advancement of technology.
Home automation systems have long used special techniques for local communication over power mains. This was originally necessitated by the absence of any other type of bus over which "smart" devices could "talk" to each other. However, communication over power mains also introduces very specific problems, including those of line noise received from motors and other devices attached to the power mains, the need to ensure that the data itself does not interfere with other devices connected to the mains, and limited bandwidth. For similar reasons, low-bandwidth power-mains communications have also been used for limited data communications between smart devices and local electric utility control systems.
One example of an industry standard for building or home automation data communication systems has been the X10 or X-10 communications protocol for remote control of electrical devices which communicate across standard wiring or power lines of a building such as a home. (In general, methods of ensuring the accuracy of transmitted and received data are known as communications protocols.) The X10 communications protocol allows various home electronic devices, such as lighting controllers or switches, status indicators, security systems, telephone interfaces, computer interfaces, and various home appliances, to readily be linked together for simple control applications. The X10 communications protocol generally has a narrow bandwidth, i.e., 120 KiloHertz ("KHz"), for communicating data at a relatively slow speed, i.e., 60 bits/second.
Another industry standard for home automation has been the Consumer Electronic Bus ("CEBus") standard, which describes a local communications and control network designed specifically for the home. Like X10, the CEBus standard provides a standardized communication facility for exchange of control information and data among various devices and services in the home, such as lighting controllers or switches, status indicators, security systems, telephone interfaces, computer interfaces, stereo systems, and home appliances. The CEBus standard was developed by the Consumer Electronics. Group of the Electronic Industries Association ("EIA") and an inter-industry committee of representatives from both EIA and non-member companies. The CEBus standard generally has a wide bandwidth, e.g. 100-400 KHz, for communicating data at a relatively fast speed, i.e., 10 Kilobits/second and is significantly faster and more reliable than the X10 communications protocol. The CEBus standard also allows full networking of consumer application devices. The CEBus standard encompasses both the physical media (wires, fiber, etc.) and the protocol (software) used to create an intelligent home or office.
The newest standard for home automation is the EIA-600 standard, which is intended to handle existing and anticipated control communication requirements at minimum practical costs consistent with a broad spectrum of residential applications. It is intended for such functions as remote control, status indication, remote instrumentation, energy management, security systems, entertainment device coordination, etc. These situations require economical connection to a shared local communication network carrying relatively short digital messages.
Presently, there are different types of data transmission systems which allow computer network components to be automatically controlled and monitored at a distance. These known systems are generally connected by a dedicated network, and consist of individual control and monitoring modules at each node, which are in turn managed by a central system.
The Intelligent Platform Management Interface (or "IPMI") specification was announced by Intel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard Company, and NEC to provide a standard interface to hardware used for monitoring a server's physical characteristics, such as temperature, voltage, fans, power supplies and chassis.
The IPMI specification defines a common interface and message-based protocol for accessing platform management hardware. IPMI is comprised of three specifications: Intelligent Platform Management Interface, Intelligent Platform Management Bus (IPMB) and Intelligent Chassis Management Bus (ICMB). The IPMI specification defines the interface to platform management hardware, the IPMB specification defines the internal Intelligent Platform Management Bus, and the ICMB specification defines the external Intelligent Chassis Management Bus, an external bus for connecting additional IPMI-enabled systems.
IPMI provides access to platform management information. IPMI-enabled servers monitor and store platform management information in a common format which can be easily accessed by server management software, add-in devices or even directly from other servers.
A management bus, IPMB, allows add-in devices such as Emergency Management Cards to access platform management information, even if the processor is down. The IPMB can also be extended externally to the chassis (ICMB) to enable "system-to-system" monitoring. This allows a server to manage another ICMB-connected server even if it has no system management software or the processor is down.
Functions such as failure alerting, power control and access to failure logs are supported for systems connected to the ICMB, so multiple servers or peripheral chassis (storage and power supplies) can connect to the ICMB as an alternative to using Emergency Management Cards.
IPMI allows differentiated hardware solutions to be implemented quickly and easily. The IPMI interface isolates server management software from hardware, enabling hardware changes to be made without impacting the software. Although IPMI is not tied to a specific operating system or management application, it is complementary to higher level management software interfaces such as the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Desktop Management Interface (DMI), Common Information Model (CIM), and Windows Management Interface (WMI), which facilitate the development of cross platform solutions.
IPMI allows system managers to determine the health of their server hardware, whether the server is running normally or is in a nonoperational state. Servers based on IPMI use "intelligent" or autonomous hardware that remains operational even when the processor is down so that platform management information is always accessible. The IPMI interfaces enable platform management hardware to be accessed not only by management software but also accessed by third party emergency management add-in cards and even other IPMI-enabled servers. System-to-system monitoring or management via a connected server is becoming increasingly important as system managers deploy complex system topologies such as clusters and rack-mounted configurations. In addition, the scalable nature of IPMI enables the architecture to be deployed across a server product line, from entry to high-end servers, and gives system managers a consistent base of platform management functionality upon which to effectively manage their servers. One specific disadvantage of this approach is that additional physical connections and device support is required to interconnect these components.
The CPU normally requires a number of support chips to handle buffering of data from memory, interfacing to legacy architectures, and caching and bus arbitration. These functions are managed by custom-designed chipsets which perform a "bridging" function. More specifically, a bridging device may provide a connection between two independent buses.
FIG. 6 shows a typical design where bridging occurs between the host processor bus 622 and the PCI bus 604, between the PCI bus 604 and a standard expansion bus 606 (such as ISA or EISA), and between host bus 602 and PCI bus 604. For example, a host/PCI bridge 608 may take various actions based upon an action initiated by the CPU 626; if the CPU is performing a main memory read/write, the bridge 608 takes no action; if the CPU is targeting a device memory located on a bus behind the bridge, the bridge 608 must act as a surrogate target of the CPU's transaction; if the CPU 626 accesses a PCI device configuration register, the bridge 608 must compare the target bus to the range of PCI buses that exist beyond the bridge, and initiate a transaction message based upon the location of the targeted bus. This particular rendition shows a multi-processor implementation using two processors, 626 and 628.
The present application discloses a method and system of interchassis and intrachassis computer component command and control. The existing power rail is used for network connectivity for intrachassis command and control. An existing common power mains can be used for interchassis command and control. Further, a protocol, for example, the CEBus protocol (or a CEBus protocol modified for the particular power rail) can be used to provide interchassis and intrachassis platform management functionality. This management functionality is similar to that provided by the proposed IPMI specification. A chassis bridge controller is necessary to interface the intrachassis power rail command and control infrastructure with an exterior network. External systems (interchassis communications) can communicate to the bridge via the particular protocol over an existing common power mains as a secondary channel exterior network. However, the management functionality is implemented intrachassis, that is, it is applied to the internal components of the machine.
An advantage of the present disclosure is that a loosely coupled secondary network can be constructed without the need for new cable. This secondary network can be accessed even when the primary network is down. The use of the existing common power mains allows for easy scalability.
Another advantage of the present disclosure is that it eliminates the cost that would be incurred by building a secondary network for command and control information.
Another advantage of the present disclosure is that the burden of the external cables of a secondary network between systems is avoided. This elimination of a second set of network cables eliminates the possibility of undesirable effects such as, EMI, safety issues, and cable management
The disclosed inventions will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show important sample embodiments of the invention and which are incorporated in the specification hereof by reference, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a sample electrical configuration of some important parts of a computer according to the preferred embodiment.
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary computer system according to the preferred embodiment, with system devices divided into different classes.
FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a process according to the preferred embodiment.
FIG. 4 shows the format of a data/instruction block according to the preferred embodiment.
FIGS. 5A and 5B depict block diagrams of facilitating interchassis communication.
FIG. 6 shows a typical design where bridging occurs between the host processor bus 622 and the PCI bus 604, between the PCI bus 604 and a standard expansion bus 606 (such as ISA or EISA), and between host bus 602 and PCI bus 604.
The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiment. However, it should be understood that this class of embodiments provides only a few examples of the many advantageous uses of the innovative teachings herein. In general, statements made in the specification of the present application do not necessarily delimit any of the various claimed inventions. Moreover, some statements may apply to some inventive features but not to others.
This application shares some text and figures with the following US applications, which all have an effective filing date simultaneous with that of the present application and hereby incorporated by reference: application Ser. Nos. 09/280,314, 09/293,587 and 09/280,311.
Following are short definitions of the usual meanings of some of the technical terms which are used in the present application. (However, those of ordinary skill will recognize whether the context requires a different meaning.) Additional definitions can be found in the standard technical dictionaries and journals.
X-10 is the oldest and most widely-used home automation protocol. It uses the power lines as a transmission medium. LonWorks Echelon Corporation developed this standard for both home and industrial use, and the standard may be obtained from that company. LonWorks uses a variety of transmission media including IR, RF, coaxial cable, and twisted pair.
IEEE 1394 is a communications standard which supports real-time audio and video transmission with data rates up to 400 Megabits/sec. IEEE 1394 uses a cable consisting of three twisted pairs to connect devices in a network. The IEEE 1394 standard, which is hereby incorporated by reference, is published by, and available from, the IEEE.
CEBus is a newer standard in home automation. Like LonWorks, CEBus uses a variety of transmission media including IR, RF, coaxial cable, and twisted pair. The CEBus standard, which is hereby incorporated by reference, is published by, and available from, the Electronic Industries Association.
USB (or the Universal Serial Bus) was originally intended for use as a home automation protocol. However, it was actually developed as a protocol for computer peripherals by several manufacturers of personal computer products. The USB specification is available, as of the filing date of this application, from the USB Implementer's Forum at http://www.usb.org, and is hereby incorporated by reference.
Power rail refers to any one of the connections which provide power to each of the internal system components of a computer system. The power rail generally receives power from the system power supply, which itself is powered by a battery or an external power source.
Power mains refers to the power mains systems in common use in all industrialized countries. In the United States, for example, this would refer to the common indoor power outlets which supply current at 60 Hz and (for most circuits) about 120V; in the U.K. this would refer to the common indoor power outlets which supply current at 50 Hz and 240V.
Intrachassis refers to components of a computer system connected to a common power rail and, typically, located within a common system unit. In the context of this application, "intrachassis" includes system devices that may be physically located outside the system unit bus, but which are still powered by the common power rail, e.g., an external hard drive.
According to the preferred embodiment, a network of computer systems is provided in which various "smart" devices within each system are capable of communicating with each other over the system power rail, and between devices on different computer systems over a common power mains.
FIG. 1 shows a sample electrical configuration of some important parts of a computer 100. The case 110 encloses the motherboard 130 and power supply 120, as well as other components, such as a hard disk drive 136, a removable media drive 137, and many other possible components, not shown, such as an I/O channel interfaces, and option cards if present. The motherboard 130 includes many key components of the computer. For example, the motherboard carries one or more microprocessors (or other processing units) 134, RAM 135, and a peripheral controller 140, as well as many others which are not shown. Also mounted on the motherboard may be a temperature sensor 138 or cooling device 139, for example, a fan.
The power supply 120 preferably includes an AC connection 122, which permits power to be drawn from an AC power line, and provides power to a DC connector 132 on the motherboard. Further, the power supply preferably includes a cooling device 124 (a fan, for example) and a temperature sensor 126.
According to the preferred embodiment, the power supply incorporates a microcontroller 128 and non-volatile memory for storing a boot-up program, which is connected to the system power rail, and is capable of communicating with other devices incorporating similar microcontrollers, for example, the peripheral controller 140, over the power rail. According to the preferred embodiment, this communication is done according to the CEBus specification or a modification thereof, described above.
The exemplary functions below will be described with particular reference to the microcontroller 228 of the power supply, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the similar controllers in other system devices will function and communicate similarly. Moreover, when reference is made to any specific component communicating with another over the power rail, it will be understood that this is accomplished by use of the respective microcontrollers of those components.
In this embodiment, various system devices, including the temperature sensor 138, the cooling device 139, and the hard disk drive 136, are connected to send and receive signals over the power rail. In this manner, the controller 128 in the power supply can communicate with these system devices. Further, the system peripheral controller can be connected to communicate over the power rail.
Particular communications supported by the controller 128 include the ability to request basic status information from each device, and to command the devices to power on or off as needed. For example, the controller 128 may receive information from temperature sensor 138 indicating a high temperature, and may command cooling device 139 to turn on or adjust speed in response. An exemplary command/data format is described below.
Further, each system device has an associated identifier address which uniquely identifies that device within the system. The identifier functions to specifically identify both the type of device and the specific address of that device within devices of that type. This identifier is used to specifically identify the sender and recipient of any data or command sent over the system power rail.
This identifier is particularly advantageous when used to determine which device types are authorized to perform certain functions or to send certain commands. For example, while it may be useful for a temperature sensor, upon detection of an overheating condition, to order the power supply to shut the system down, there is almost no reason for a hard disk drive to request a system shut-down or go into a low-power mode. By identifying the class of device from which a command is sent, the receiver can determine whether or not to respond.
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary computer system according to the preferred embodiment, with system devices divided into different classes. In this diagram, each device shown incorporates a respective power communications controller (PCC), which communicates over power rail 270. In this example, power supply 210 includes PCC 215 and is designated Class 0. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 220, which includes PCC 225, may optionally be a unit distinct from the power supply 210, or they may be integrated together, as indicated by the broken box. In this example, Class 1 includes CPU/memory system 230 and PCC 235. Class 2 includes cooling device 240, for example, a fan, and PCC 245. Class 3 includes I/O device 250 and PCC 255. All devices are connected, through their respective PCCs, to power rail 270.
FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a class-based broadcast process according to the preferred embodiment. In this chart, when a command or request is sent to a certain class of device (step 305), the broadcast type is set to "class" and the "DONE" bit is cleared (step 310). Then, as long as the DONE bit remains clear (step 315), a repeated broadcast/verify routine is performed.
First, the broadcast is initialized and sending is initiated (step 320). Then, as long as ACKs are received from devices that have received the broadcast (step 325), the broadcast process continues to wait, saving the list of responding devices as the acknowledgments are received (step 330). As each ACK is received, a delay timer is reset, and the next ACK is waited on (step 335). If the timer expires without receiving another ACK, an assumption is made that the broadcast is done and the initial broadcast loop is left.
Next, the same broadcast is resent (step 340) and an OK bit is set to a default 1 (step 345). The process then waits for device responses as above (step 350, looping at step 365). As the process receives responses, as long as the responses are the same as those received earlier and saved in step 330 (step 355), the looping continues. If anything different is received, the OK bit is cleared (step 360). The process continues after all information is received.
The status of the OK bit (step 370) is checked. If it is set, the DONE bit is then set as well (step 375); if not, the DONE bit is left cleared. The process then loops back (step 380) to step 315. If the DONE bit is set, the routine is finished (step 385) and ready for the next broadcast (looping back to step 305). If the DONE bit is clear, the entire broadcast sequence is retried (looping back to step 315).
FIG. 4 shows the format of two data/instruction blocks according to the preferred embodiment. FIG. 4a shows a generic command format. In this block, the select ID includes both the device class ID and the unit ID. Next in this block is a read/write bit, indicating the type of transmission. Finally, the function portion of the block indicates the function to be performed.
Typical functions of the preferred embodiment include enumeration, which could be specified for individual units, device classes, globally, or exclusively. An "assign" function would allow devices to be assigned specific class and unit IDs. An "exit" or "enter" function to change the authentication mode allows the device to be switched between authenticated and unauthenticated command, or to have the authentication key assigned or changed. A "Get Status/Value" function allows the device to be polled for its current status, e.g. the current speed of the cooling device or the current temperature of the system. Finally, a "Set Status/Value/Parameter" function allows the status of the device to be changed, e.g. changing the speed of a cooling device or powering down a hard drive.
FIG. 4b shows an authenticated command format, which is the same as the generic command format with an additional field for authentication. This field contains an authentication code or key, and can support standard hashing mechanisms, public/private key encryption schemes, and secret sharing and handshaking.
FIGS. 5A and 5B depict block diagrams of a network facilitating interchassis communications. As described above, the preferred embodiment provides a network of nodes, wherein each node is preferably as described above. According to the preferred embodiment, each of the nodes can be linked over a common high speed network or networks, but is also configured to communicate over a common power mains. In FIG. 5A, each chassis is as described in FIG. 2. However, interchassis communication is facilitated by the use of the common power mains 502 as a means for each UPS 220 to communicate. Communication among UPSs 220 and a Central UPS 504 can take place. Therefore, the power mains itself serves as a secondary (or even tertiary) means of communication. Since the power supply of each node incorporates a PCC 215 and each UPS also incorporates a PCC 506 enabling communications over power systems, each node is capable of communicating with each other node over any common power mains. In addition, according to the preferred embodiment, the power supply PCC 215 in each node can act as a bridge to allow communications over the power mains to the individual devices on each node's power rail.
In FIG. 5B an external network 508 is depicted along with a loosely coupled network 510 created by a modem connection across an existing phone system. The phone system acts in the same way as the common power mains. It is capable of relaying command and control functions across existing common phone wires to other nodes on the network.
This system provides an advantage to systems in networks or in a loosely coupled system by utilizing the power mains as an additional command and control channel messaging mechanism. this mechanism is necessarily closely associated with the application of electrical power to any of the member nodes in a network. Therefore, further refinement of quorum validation routines is allowed in that loss of node power does not necessarily have the same symptoms to observing nodes as does loss of messaging via the primary command and control channels (the primary network).
One current methodology for quorum validation is to send messages to other nodes to obtain mutual consent on the agreed-upon list of network members. Loss of messaging between any nodes (or group of nodes) in a network is the cause for the remaining network nodes to attempt to obtain mutual consent on an agreed upon list of network members. The preferred embodiment provides a secondary command and control channel that is independent of the current network and is closely associated with the application of system power to a failed node. In general, if communications are lost over the power mains, the node has been removed from the power mains and is therefore down.
The innovative power mains secondary channel can be implemented using a variety of current protocols, including CE-Bus, X-10, LonWorks, Intelligent UPS communication protocols, and ICMB/IPMI. When a member of a quorum loses connectivity, a connected member of the quorum could communicate with the disconnected member via the power mains, or with objects closely associated with the power mains.
By using the preferred power mains secondary channel, surviving members can, for example, use the information in any of the following ways:
Soft power switches (i.e. the on/off generates a system management interrupt which signals the system to prepare for a power off) could be used to signal a critical time window in which other nodes attempt to re-arbitrate the quorum token object. This may or may not have operating system cooperation on the node being powered down;
If a node becomes unresponsive over the primary network communications channel, surviving nodes can force a power-cycle reset on the unresponsive note, by sending a "restart" command to that node's power supply. Given the much higher fault rate of system software than hardware, a power cycle reset is a very effective strategy for restoring a node to normal operation; and
If a node becomes unreachable by both primary and secondary (power mains) communication channels, it has been removed from the power mains and will not be part of a rogue sub-network.
In the presently preferred embodiment, the components within each node of the secondary network communicate through the power rail of the node (intrachassis communication). The nodes of the secondary network communicate through the common power mains which exists in the facility in which the nodes operate (interchassis communication). For both types of communication, the CEBus protocol (or a modification to meet the specifics of the power rail network) can be used. A chassis bridge controller is used as an interface between the power rail of a node on the secondary network and the existing common power mains. In this manner components within a node can communicate with components within the other nodes of the network. Such communication allows the individual components of a node on the secondary network to be controlled by a central node (usually the systems manager). The systems manager can perform platform management type command and control function. These functions, in the presently preferred embodiment, are similar to those defined in the IPMI specification.
According to a disclosed class of innovative embodiments, there is provided a computer system comprising at least one microprocessor; a power supply connected to provide power to said microprocessor from a power mains connection; a network interface through which said microprocessor can perform data communications at a first maximum data rate; and a power-line communication interface through which data communications can occur over said power mains connection, at a rate which is less than one percent of said first maximum data rate.
According to another disclosed class of innovative embodiments, there is provided a network of computer systems, comprising: a plurality of computer systems, each having a user input device, a microprocessor which is operatively connected to detect inputs from said input device, random-access memory which is connected to be read/write accessible by said microprocessor, one or more cooling devices, an output device operatively connected to receive outputs from said microprocessor, a power supply connected to draw power from a mains connection and to supply power through a power rail to said microprocessor, said memory, and said cooling devices; and a chassis bridge controller connected as a signal interface between said power rail and said power mains; and a high-speed network connecting said computer systems and allowing communication therebetween; wherein said computer systems are connected to said power mains system, and are capable of communicating therebetween over said power mains.
According to another disclosed class of innovative embodiments, there is provided a system of hardware management in a computer system, comprising: computer system components connected to a power rail, including a user input device, a microprocessor which is operatively connected to detect inputs from said input device, random-access memory which is connected to be read/write accessible by said microprocessor, and an output device operatively connected to receive outputs from said microprocessor, non-volatile storage which is connected to be read/write accessible by said microprocessor and at least one cooling device; a power supply connected to said power rail and an external power source to provide power to said computer system components; and a chassis bridge controller connected as a signal interface between said components connected to said power rail and said external power source; wherein said power rail facilitates command and control communications between said computer system components and between said computer system components and said power supply.
According to another disclosed class of innovative embodiments, there is provided a method of hardware security management in a computer network, comprising: operating a plurality of computer systems connected to a high-speed network and to power mains; allowing communication between said computer systems across said network and also over said power mains; and using a chassis bridge controller to facilitate communications between the components of said computer systems and said plurality of computer systems.
According to another disclosed class of innovative embodiments, there is provided a method of hardware management, comprising the steps of: operating a computer system with components connected to a power rail and a power supply connected to said power rail and an external power source to provide power to said components and a chassis bridge controller connected to as a signal interface between said power rail and said external power source; using said power rail to facilitate command and control communications between said components and between said components and said power supply; and using said chassis bridge controller to facilitate communications between said components and power supply and other components external to said computer system.
As w ill be recognized by those skilled in the art, the innovative concepts described in the present application can be modified and varied over a tremendous range of applications, and accordingly the scope of patented subject matter is not limited by any of the specific exemplary teachings given.
In one contemplated alternative, an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) unit can be configured to provide a bridge from power-mains communication (as described above) to a phone line connection or a network interface card (NIC).
In the sample computer system embodiment the user input devices can alternatively include a trackball, a joystick, a 3D position sensor, voice recognition inputs, or other inputs. Similarly, the output devices can optionally include speakers, a display (or merely a display driver), a modem, or other outputs.
The presently preferred embodiment of this disclosure relies on the CEBus protocol or a modification thereof. However, it is possible that other currently existing protocols, for example, X-10, can be used to achieve substantially similar results. It is also possible that a faster protocol could be developed which can take advantage of the disclosed methods and apparatus.
A secondary network utilizing power mains connectivity is described for the presently preferred embodiment. The topology of this power mains network can vary according to the wiring of the facility or facilities in which it is used. The power mains network, for example, can be hub and spoke, daisy chained, or some other connectivity scheme. In addition, the scope of the network need not be limited to a particular room, circuit, power mains junction box, or building installation. Instead, the service area of the present embodiment extends at least to the detectability distance of the command and control signals. Further, it is possible that the command and control signals can be boosted to increase the service area of the secondary network.
In the presently preferred embodiment, the command and control signals are described as functions implemented in the IPMI platform. However, a modification of the existing IPMI platform, functions from another management platform, a new set of functions, or some combination of functions and platforms can be utilized by the presently preferred embodiment.
Additional general background, which helps to show the knowledge of those skilled in the art regarding the system context, and of variations and options for implementations, may be found in the following publications, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In particular, many details may be found in the books from MindShare, Inc., including PROTECTED MODE SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE, CARDBUS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, EISA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, ISA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, 80486 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, PENTIUM PROCESSOR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, PCMCIA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, PLUG AND PLAY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, PCI SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, USB SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, and PENTIUM PRO PROCESSOR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference, and in the PENTIUM PROCESSOR FAMILY DEVELOPER'S MANUAL 1997, the MULTIPROCESSOR SPECIFICATION (1997), the INTEL ARCHITECTURE OPTIMIZATIONS MANUAL, the INTEL ARCHITECTURE SOFTWARE DEVELOPER'S MANUAL, the PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS 1996 databook, the PENTIUM PRO PROCESSOR BIOS WRITER'S GUIDE (version 2.0, 1996), and the PENTIUM PRO FAMILY DEVELOPER'S MANUALS from Intel, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
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|Method and apparatus for a low data-rate network to be represented on and controllable by high data-rate home audio/video interoperability (HAVi) network
|Aug 20, 1998
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|Premises gateway and premises network interfaces for accessing subscriber premises equipment and communication networks using ring suppression
|Aug 17, 1989
|Apr 4, 1990
|Remote control system, especially for lighting, in spaces incorporating controllable distribution zones with a variable configuration
|Jul 11, 1991
|Jan 15, 1992
|Multi-power transceiver apparatus mounted in a power distribution network
|Jun 19, 1992
|Dec 22, 1993
|EURO CP s.a.r.l.
|Methods for addressing an operation unit and for connecting two operation units with each other; operation unit and installation therefor
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
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|Mar 29, 2001
|Jan 28, 2003
|Intel Corporation
|Power supply with interface to determine power requirements of devices coupled thereto
|Mar 29, 1999
|Aug 19, 2003
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for locking/unlocking via platform management bus
|May 16, 2000
|Dec 16, 2003
|Intel Corporation
|Method for remotely accessing component management information
|Sep 17, 2002
|Apr 6, 2004
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, Lp.
|Integrated circuit device/circuit board connection apparatus
|Jan 8, 2003
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|Dell Products L.P.
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|Feb 20, 2001
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|Sony Corporation
|Device and method for switching receiving/recording device in a broadcasting connection/point-to-point connection bus enviroment
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|Sep 11, 2003
|Jun 5, 2007
|Angelo Michael F
|Method and apparatus for providing security for a computer system
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|Method and apparatus for initializing multiple security modules
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|Jul 1, 2008
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|Sep 9, 2005
|Aug 18, 2009
|Emc Corporation
|Data storage system having plural storage processors in a single chassis
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|Oct 19, 2010
|Intel Corporation
|Systems, apparatus and methods capable of shelf management
|Jan 26, 2004
|Apr 19, 2011
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for operating multiple security modules
|Jun 19, 2009
|May 15, 2012
|American Megatrends, Inc.
|Managing IPMI sessions
|May 4, 2012
|Oct 16, 2012
|American Megatrends, Inc.
|Managing IPMI sessions
|Dec 17, 2009
|Nov 13, 2012
|Emc Corporation
|System and method for approximating ambient temperature
|Mar 23, 2006
|Apr 22, 2014
|Dspace Digital Signal Processing And Control Engineering Gmbh
|Comparison of interfaces between software components
|Jan 11, 2006
|May 13, 2014
|Dell Products L.P.
|Power over ethernet powered management and diagnoses of information handling systems
|Sep 30, 2011
|Nov 29, 2016
|EMC IP Holding Company LLC
|System and method for controlling fan speed
|Feb 20, 2001
|Sep 27, 2001
|Yuji Kimura
|Information processing device, method thereof and recording medium
|Jun 26, 2001
|Dec 26, 2002
|Simon Tsang
|System and method for establishing and managing communications between mangement protocol different system
|Apr 18, 2001
|Feb 6, 2003
|Litwin Louis Robert
|Method for providing security on a powerline-modem network
|Aug 7, 2001
|Feb 13, 2003
|Larson Thane M.
|System and method for providing network address information in a server system
|Nov 24, 2003
|Jun 3, 2004
|Miller Joseph P.
|Integrated circuit device/circuit board connection apparatus
|Jan 8, 2003
|Jul 8, 2004
|Dell Products L.P.
|System and method for interpreting sensor data utilizing virtual sensors
|Jun 30, 2004
|Dec 16, 2004
|Dell Products L.P.
|System and method for interpreting sensor data utilizing virtual sensors
|Jun 11, 2003
|Jan 27, 2005
|Larson Thane M.
|Intercoupling apparatus for server computer systems
|Aug 1, 2003
|Feb 3, 2005
|Neufeld E. David
|Method and apparatus to provide secure communication between systems
|Sep 11, 2003
|Mar 17, 2005
|Angelo Michael F.
|Method and apparatus for providing security for a computer system
|Jan 26, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Angelo Michael F.
|Method and apparatus for initializing multiple security modules
|Jan 26, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Angelo Michael F.
|Method and apparatus for operating multiple security modules
|Jul 28, 2004
|Feb 2, 2006
|Udayan Mukherjee
|Systems, apparatus and methods capable of shelf management
|Jan 5, 2005
|Feb 23, 2006
|Sun Microsystems France S.A.
|Method and apparatus for using a USB cable as a cluster quorum device
|Jan 13, 2005
|Feb 23, 2006
|Sun Microsystems France S.A.
|Method and apparatus for using a serial cable as a cluster quorum device
|Nov 10, 2004
|May 11, 2006
|Dell Products L.P.
|Method, system, and software for determining platform management functionality
|Nov 12, 2004
|May 18, 2006
|Inventec Corporation
|Multiplexed computer peripheral connection switching interface
|Nov 15, 2004
|May 18, 2006
|Wooi Teoh Gary C
|Intelligent platform management bus switch system
|Sep 2, 2005
|Aug 31, 2006
|Asoka Usa Corporation
|Internal powerline power supply method and system
|Aug 3, 2005
|Mar 8, 2007
|Wellsyn Technology, Inc.
|System of managing peripheral interfaces in IPMI architecture and method thereof
|Jan 11, 2006
|Jul 12, 2007
|Dell Products L.P.
|Power over ethernet powered management and diagnoses of information handling systems
|Mar 23, 2006
|Jun 4, 2009
|Dspace Digital Processing And Control Engineering
|Comparison of Interfaces Between Software Components
|Dec 30, 2010
|May 31, 2012
|Inventec Corporation
|Computer chassis system
|Jul 25, 2013
|Jun 4, 2015
|Zte Corporation
|Data transmission method and system
|Sep 9, 2005
|Nov 5, 2008
|Remote based intellectual platform management interface testing system and method
|Jul 12, 2006
|Jun 24, 2009
|Funai Electric Co., Ltd.
|Optical disk recording/reproduction apparatus having hard disk device incorporated therein
|U.S. Classification
|710/129, 340/310.01
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 29, 1999
Owner name: COMPAQ COMPUTER CORPORATION, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SIDES, CHI K.;ANGELO, MICHAEL;OLARIG, SOMPONG P.;REEL/FRAME:009872/0755
Effective date: 19990311
|Oct 29, 2001
Owner name: COMPAQ INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, L.P., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:COMPAQ COMPUTER CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:012394/0055
Effective date: 20010620
|Jan 21, 2004
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.P., TEXAS
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:COMPAQ INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, LP;REEL/FRAME:015000/0305
Effective date: 20021001
|Sep 26, 2005
|Fee payment
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|Sep 28, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 1, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 26, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 13, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140326


text:
Alias: The Agents of the Unknown, The Faceless, The Boogeyman, Assassins of Adam
Alignment: Chaotic Neutral
Species: Human
Age: 73
Occupation: Assassin, Drones
Affiliation: Adam's Group, Outis
Powers: Undead Physiology, Supernatural Regeneration, Toxikinetic Combat, Audible Inundation, Psychic Communication, and Alien Mind.
Abilities: Enhanced Assassination and Hunting, Stealth Tactics, Enhanced Condition, Enhanced Combat, Blindsight, and Sonography,
Motto and Creed: "We are silence, we are the dark, your time has come if you're our mark, "
Quotes: "We slumber in Earth, but rise on occasion. Resurrected through a mystical ring to execute a task. We have no recollection of our past lives. We are genetically engineered to perform the most demanding assassinations without any remorse. We have been called the boogeyman, the faceless, the unknown, but you have deserved the right to call us 'Outis'. We have no identity, just a purpose and that's how we prefer it to be."
"When you are our target, you will never be free. You will always be hunted until you can join us when you take your nap deep under. The voices in your head is our hold on your psychological stability. You have already lost and now it's up to you to realize it and make it easier for all of us."
"We bear no malice, no motivation, no goals; we only have obedience to our master."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|News & Events Upcoming Events Past Events What the Press is Saying
~ Restaurant Wine
"These are beautifully balanced,
finely flavored Pinot Noirs. The Sanchietti bottling is truly excellent:
very distinct in character, full bodied, and long on the palate, with
intense fruitiness (plum, raspberry, cherry), with overtones of violet,
toast, tobacco, and oak. The Freestone Hill is exceptional: a supple,
full bodied, crisp, moderately rich wine, with complex flavors (plum,
violet, blueberry, toast, tobacco), and a very long finish."
"A supple, complex, finely flavored Chardonnay, with white peach, roasted nut, lemon peel, toast, and spicy oak aromas/flavors. Long finish...4 stars." [2006 Rued Vineyard Chardonnay]
~ Burghound
"A reserved, even discreet but elegant, pure and layered nose of violets, blueberry and red pinot fruit that offers subtle spice notes gives way to equally reserved, pure and detailed middle weight flavors that are well-balanced, nicely intense and deliver much better than average length. Stylistically, this is almost a hypothetical blend of 50% California pinot and 50% Beaune 1er as the reserve I mention extends not only to the quality of the tannins but also to the mildly austere finish that speaks of the Beaune. Lovely stuff and recommended if you enjoy your pinot in a more restrained style...91 points." [2006 McDougall Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"A gentle touch of wood frames ripe, pretty and layered aromas that feature notes of violets, blue and red berry fruits and a hint of underbrush that continues onto the delicious, round and forward medium-bodied flavors that possess solid mid-palate sap, all wrapped in a finish that delivers fine if not truly exceptional length. A lovely and relatively understated wine that is definitely worth considering...90 points." [2006 Devil's Gulch Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"A ripe and moderately spiced nose features notes of violets, plum and a touch of blackberry that is also picked up by the lush, round and notably rich medium-bodied flavors that retain a good sense of shape and overall balance. If the depth improves with a few years in bottle, my score will be conservative...88 points." [2006 Freestone Hill Pinot Noir]
"This understated and notably elegant offering features ripe and complex fruit but here the fruit is less obviously so than its Freestone Hill stable mate. The medium weight flavors are delicious, detailed and finely delineated and there is an underlying sense of restraint yet the flavor profile does not use austerity to achieve this. In sum, while the finish is not as complex as the nose, I very much like the sense of balance and length here. Definitely worth a look...90 points." [2006 Sanchietti Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"A slightly sweet and highly seductive nose of spice, sandalwood, fresh red berry fruit and soy notes introduces soft, round, forward and attractively textured barely middle weight flavors that possess an agreeable sappiness on the solidly dry finish. This offers lovely balance and aside from the relatively showy nose, is actually understated and refined plus there is no detectable warmth. In sum, this is pure and delicious without being obvious...90 points." [2006 Dutton Ranch Pinot Noir]
~ Wine Enthusiast
"The Freestone Hill bottling is one of Dutton-Goldfield's biggest and most powerful Piot Noirs, and the '06 is nearly as stunning as the magnificent '05. It just explodes in the mouth with succulent cherry and raspberry pie, mocha and spicy anise and pepper flavors, with fabulous complexities from smoky oak. Terrific now, but the tannins will hold it for a decade...94 points and Top 100 Cellar Selection." [2006 Freestone Hill Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"Marked by rich acids and tannins, this is a youthful Pinot that needs brief time in the cellar, or decanting, to let it soften and mellow. The tightness doesn't prevent the massive cherry, black raspberry, vanilla, cola and Asian spice flavors from shining through. Give this high quality wine until the summer of 2009...93 points."[2006 McDougall Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"A broad structure of acids, oak tannins and minerals gives this wine the architecture to stand up to its vast richness. Exotic and powerful, it offers a blast of green apples, pineapples and mangoes, with a doughnut sweetness of vanilla and cinnamon...91 points." {2006 Rued Vineyard Chardonnay]
"...brings the same deft touch he displays with Pinot Noir to this lush, elegant wine. It has the structure of a gentle Merlot, but with the wild cherry and raspberry, date nut cake, cocoa, pepper and clove flavors that make it so distinctive and savory. This is consistently one of the best Zins from RRV...92 points." [2006 Morelli Lane Vineyard Zinfandel]
"Try this as a refreshing alternative to Chardonnay. It's drier and more tart than most RRV Chards, but otherwise is similar in the oak-infused pineapple, peach, pear, orange and spice flavors and rich, creamy texture...90 points." [2006 Shop Blanc Pinot Blanc]
"The wine is rustically spicy, peppery
and briary, with sandpaper tannins, but hey, it's Zinfandel, not Cabernet,
and it's a really good one. Dry and brawny, it shows rich wild berry,
tobacco, tabasco and carob flavors, and will pair well with game,
beef tamales or mushu pork...90 points." [2006 Russian
River Valley Zinfandel]
~ Robert Whitley
"The nose offers complex aromas of violet, black tea and black cherry, leading to a firm, balanced palate that still leaves the impression of youthful shyness, with firm tannins and hints of Asian spices on the finish...93 points." [2006 Sanchietti Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"...beautifully balanced, with well-developed aromas and delicate nuances that are often lost in showier vintages. This Dutton-Freestone pinot shows complex red and black fruit, a lovely sandalwood spice scent, subtle leafy aromas, and length in the mouth that may surprise you. Better yet, it's likely to improve over teh next few years as it loses its primary fruit and secondary aromas emerge...91 points." [2006 Freestone Hill Pinot Noir]
"...exhibits the classic Russian River aroma profile of lemon custard and brioche, with good richness and palate weight and mouth-watering acidity. The flavors linger on the palate, with hints of spice and vanillin that provide an attractive complexity on the finish. A very classy California Chard...91 points." [2006 Rued Vineyard Chardonnay]
~ Wine & Spirits
"Grown on a hillside vineyard adjacent to Point Reyes, this wine has the briskness of fruit and fine acidity this cool site usually gives, though it's rounder in this vintage, a little plump in the middle. The red fruit is fragrant and pretty, part of the structural strength of the wine...93 points." [2006 Devil's Gulch Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"Fresh green pear and pineapple flavors run through this soft, rich wine. It carries its fair share of alcohol, enough to stand up to roast veal...90 points and a Year's Best Chardonnay." [2006 Dutton Ranch Chardonnay]
"Black cherry flavors deepen the middle
of this wine, while lighter, sweet strawberry flavors brighten the
edges. It's soft and round, a clean zin to serve with duck rillettes...90
points and a Year's Best Zinfandel." [2006 Morelli
Lane Vineyard Zinfandel]
~ The Wine News
"Brilliant yellow-gold hue. Fresh aromas of peach, sliced apple, cinnamon and new oak. Zaftig peach, apple and toasted oak flavors with just enough acidic structure to balance the rush of sweetness in the fruit-driven finish..94 points." [2006 Rued Vineyard Chardonnay]
"Dense garnet hue. Classic pinot noir aromas of red raspberry, vanilla and wild cherry with secondary nuances of pomegranate and jasmine. Juicy flavors of red raspberry and black cherry with hints of cola. Silky tannins and impressions of red licorice in the raspberry-driven close...93 points." [2006 Dutton Ranch Pinot Noir]
"Black-garnet hue. Mixed aromas of black cherry, dark honey, cola and violets. Ample black cherry fruit and red licorice with a lick of mocha. Elegant finish with a lingering, toasted oak nuance...93 points." [2006 Devil's Gulch Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"Black-garnet hue. Earthy aromas followed by fresh cherry, vanilla, tea and glove leather scents. Tasty, juicy black cherry fruit and plum with well-integrated, combed tannins. Rich, lasting finish with caramel and mocha accents...94 points." [2006 Freestone Hill Pinot Noir]
"Deep garnet hue with a feathered rim. Fresh plum and black cherry aromas. Round, supple red and black fruit with dusty, flinty mineral accents. Excellent length and weight with chalky black cherry fruit, charred oak and a spicy clove zing in the close...93 points." [2006 Sanchietti Vineyard Pinot Noir]
"Pale garnet hue. Exotic tea, orange peel and clove aromas. Tart cherry and tea flavors with flinty, mineral-like accents and supporting fine-grain tannins and crisp acids. Youthful, compact finish with a range of dried fruit and mineral notes...90 points." [2006 McDougall Vineyard Pinot Noir]
~ Connoisseur's Guide to California Wine
"Contemporary Zinfandel has increasingly become more and more defined by alcohol and high ripeness, but here is a happy reminder of the heights that the grape can reach when it is not pushed to the limit. Dense, deep and absolutely loaded with classic berry-like fruit, this wine delivers all of the richness we could want and does so in a nicely balanced package without raisiny compromise. Its lasting finish shows a good spike of tannins and nary a trace of heat, and all signs point to a terrific future...93 points." [2006 Morelli Lane Vineyard Zinfandel]
"Incisive ripe-cherry fruitiness governs
all aspects of this very well-made youngster, while carefully fit
oak provides a sweetening boost in richness from beginning to end.
Medium-full-bodied and supple in feel with nicely placed acids providing
brightness and bounce to its lengthy finish, the wine hints at refinement
yet to come and will repay those willing to wait for a few years with
a deep and well-polished Pinot Noir that tempts richness with grace...91
points." [2006 Dutton Ranch Pinot Noir]
~ Quarterly Review of Wines
"Fresh, ripe, black cherry nose; plush, supple, elegantly knit, black fruit and nutty oak flavors...4 stars." [2006 Freestone Hill Pinot Noir]
~ Dan Berger's Vintage Experiences
"Bright citrus/juniper fruit with astounding depth without oak or malolactic aromas apparent. About as complete a Chardonnay as you will ever taste. Should compare with the best of Burgundy...Exceptional." [2006 Rued Vineyard Chardonnay]
"Traces of black pepper and violet amid some wild spice and forest floor notes. From an ultra-cool vineyard, it has perfect acidity for aging. Akin to a great Gevrey-Chambertin. Unique. Will be better in a year and will age 10+...Exceptional." [2006 Devil's Gulch Vineyard Pinot Noir] ~ Dan Berger's Vintage Experiences
"Just a bit less exotic, with tobacco and Burgundy notes, traces of cumin and dried tarragon. An infant, but will develop...Exceptional." [2006 Freestone Hill Vineyard Pinot Noir] ~ Dan Berger's Vintage Experiences
~ Newspapers, Websites and Blogs
"The scent is rich with dark fruit, charcuteries, and spices, stable and barrel. The taste is round, rich and with silky, ripe, aromatic fruit, good balance and hints of strawberry, cranberry, flowers, cherries, cocos, wild strawberries and barrel...92 points (++)." [2006 Dutton Ranch Pinot Noir] ~ Dina Viner (Sweden)
"...plum and creamy, cherry aromas. There is solid, bright red fruit on the palate, which offers grippy tannins and citrus zest on the lingering finish... 2 stars." [2006 Dutton Ranch Pinot Noir] ~ San Francisco Chronicle
"An elegant, complex wine that has good acid but still manages to be juicy Aromas and flavors of black cherry, cherry, herbs and black pepper. Great balance. Long finish...4 stars and Wine of the Week." [2006 Dutton Ranch Pinot Noir] ~ Press Democrat
"Intensely fruity with cherry, strawberry, and raspberry notes, this Pinot had moderate alcohol and beautifully integrated oak tannins...Hot Pick, High End Red." [2006 Freestone Hill Pinot Noir] ~ Sommelier Journal
"This stylish wine comes from a region
better known for chardonnay and pinot noir. It is surprisingly light
in body and texture, with enticing blueberry fruit, a hint of cake
spice and impressively refreshing acidity...Recommended."
[Cherry Ridge Vineyard Syrah] ~ The Washington Post
Top 10 Mother's Day Wine. [2006 Dutton Ranch Pinot Noir] ~ NovusVinum.com
Release Wines


text:
Romance Complicated Full Movie Watch Online HD Quality Download Free . Bollywood movies 2016.
Romance Complicated Full Movie Watch Online HD Quality Download Free.
Short Summary:
Romance Complicated 2016 is one of the Best Bollywood Movies of 2016. Release Date of this Film is 15 jan,2016. in the Country of USA, Furthermore Genres of this Hindi Film are . Movie Director is Dhwani Gautam. In addition, Writer of this Action Picture is Dhwani Gautam. Film Star cast are Dhwani Gautam, Haresh Daghiya, Shweta Dhasmana, Umang Acharya. Languages Of this Movie Are English and Hindi. watch more Simliar Movies by Genres: Action,Adventure,Horror,Crime,Romance,Comdey,Animated,Biography Mystery,Sci-fi,Thriller,Sport,Fantasy,Drama,Family,History.


text:
PLASTICA: Bento Box
These are the neatest things...can be used for lunches...as organizers...and I don't think a lot people have even heard of them...Highly recommend.
Snack Packs are for those discriminating shoppers who, as their website describes, "love the convenience of plastic snack and sandwich baggies but we hate the waste."Added 8 Years Ago from Freshsnackpack
It's hilarious that I was cleaning my room and picking up a whole bunch of old movie ticket stubs (I like to keep them) and thinking I've got to figure out a better way to store them. Viola! Perfect timing.


text:
Important information regarding cookies and www.localenterprise.ie
By using this website, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with the LEO Cookie Policy.
Join us on the road to success …
Border Region (Cavan, Louth, Leitrim, Sligo, Monaghan and Donegal)
Regional Ambassador: Margaret Reilly of CTR Manufacturing Ltd and Grand Designs Kitchen & Bedroom
Venue: Radisson Farnham Estate Cavan, Co. Cavan
Date: Wednesday, October 19th 2016
Click here to find the venue on Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/N7MHLeCzGi82
Time: 12.15pm for registration, finishing at 3pm (lunch included)
Book your #NWED place today at https://www.localenterprise.ie/Cavan/Training-Events/Online-Bookings/National-Women-s-Enterprise-Day-2016-Border-Region-Event.html
Inspiring stories of strong female role models over lunch at Farnham Estate
Keynote Speaker: Mairead Lavery, Editor of Irish Country Living magazine and Patricia Callan of the Small Firms Association
Journeys of successful entrepreneurs from the region.
Cost per ticket (half day): €30, which includes lunch at Radisson Farnham Estate
Questions? Please phone LEO Cavan on (049) 4377200
Enable Enterprise Culture
SME Online Guide
Over 80 Government supports for start-ups and small businesses
Find Your Local Enterprise Office
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There are 31 Local Enterprise offices located in Ireland. Each available to provide support for small businesses.


text:
AMC for an existing WordPress website.
Budget ₹1500-12500 INR
To maintain and manage an existing hosted WordPress site. To incorporate theme changes, new updates, new plugins, suggestions on improvement, minimum downtime, fast response for requested changes.
23 freelancers are bidding on average ₹9392 for this job
Hi, Greetings! Hope you are doing well. We are looking for long term mutually beneficial association. It is quality that matters in IT Software and We believe, to provide 100% bug free work to our clients. More
I am new on this platform but have a ability to do the any task in a few times because I have excellent experience in Wordpress. I believe my abilities would be perfect for your venture. I can finish this job within th More
Hi I have read your job description extremely carefully , so now don't need to worry we will give PROFESSIONAL work in MINIMUM PRICE and I am absolutely sure that our team can do the job very well but I have couple of More
we are expert with wordpress see our work here , we can manage all the things mentioned for amc Ecommerce(magento work) (Gift delivery magento ecommerce) https://mashoonya.com/ http://exhibeportable.com/ https:/ More
We are among the TOP 0.037% freelancers from the total 18,368,731 freelancers in the site. Greetings, Hope you are fine. I have gone through your requirement. I have worked in more then 500+ websites/ web portals. More
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Hi, We are a team of 20+ professionals working as different teams under development of WordPress, Magento, Joomla, PHP. We are 5 year + exp in Web design and development services. Our website packages start from More


text:
Our good friend Pat surprised us all this weekend (but mostly Simon who was away the day they arrived) with these beautiful Hanford Cycles embroidered wool jerseys. He had them made specially for Simon's custom bicycle customers but you needn't necessarily be one (although we'd love if you were) to own one of these beautiful sweaters. Once the pre-orders have been doled out we will have a few left for sale. Let us know if you're interested.
Below are some photos of Simon's most recent bikes. In addition to the frame and forks he also creates custom racks and stems.
Simon Firth has been building frames in Philadelphia for over twenty years, beginning under the tutelage of Stephen Bilenky of Bilenky Cycle Works in north Philadelphia. He stayed on as a frame-builder for thirteen more years. In 2010 he decided it was time to go out on his own under the name Hanford Cycles. Named after his home town, a suburb of Stoke-On-Trent in the middle of England, Simon's designs owe a lot to classic English touring and randonneuring bikes made from the 1930s to 1950s in nearby Nottinghamshire. He's also influenced by what the French were making during this time as well. He doesn't limit himself to only this style of bike so has fabricated single speed, cross, mixte, and Dutch style step-though frames. One thing that is consistent with all his bikes is they're made from steel tubing. You'll not get an aluminum (or is that aluminium?), titanium, or carbon fiber frame from him. Simon has made 18 frames as Hanford Cycles and before he starts number 19 he'll be focusing on our in-shop small wheel cargo bike (the one without an official name at the moment but referred to as the "20/20.")
If you're interested in having Simon build you a custom bicycle email him at email@example.com or stop in and have a chat.SaveSaveSaveSaveSave


text:
As major-conference tournaments prepare to tip off this week, there are many teams on the NCAA tournament bubble that need to step up to secure their invitation to the Big Dance.
For some teams, the week ahead could simply require winning one conference tournament game. Others aren't so lucky as their quest for NCAA tournament inclusion will require several wins to vault them into the field of 68.
In the latest Bubble Tracker video, USA TODAY's Reid Cherner and Tim Gardner talk up several of those teams -- and what they need to do to make their spot in the NCAA tournament more secure.
Disagree with the guys? Be sure to let them know in the comments at the bottom of this post.
Then enjoy the conference tournaments and prepare your brackets for Selection Sunday.
First-place votes in parentheses.
Football coaches' poll
Sign up for Campus Rivalry e-mail alerts


text:
podcast show notes
it's easy to start eating vegan: yummy plants 101
Rebecca has been a featured speaker at the NYC Vegetarian Food Festival, Vegetarian Summerfest, and Paris Vegan Day. She is now the author of a new book titled It's Easy to Start Eating Vegan! YUMMY PLANTS 101. This book is jam packed with everything the newbie vegan needs to get started.
Rebecca demystifies the vegan diet with tips, charts, recipes, and explanations of all those weird grains you, as a new vegan, have never heard of. The book's plethora of valuable info is effectively presented and easy to digest. This is the nuts and bolts guide that I wish I had when I became vegan. Need to know exactly where you get your protein? It's in the book. Need some tips on how to stock a vegan pantry? Also in the book. Looking for some super tasty recipes that take less than an hour from start to finish? Guess what? Yup, in the book.
Rebecca's S'mores Pudding was calling out to me, so I tested it out. Made with frozen bananas (a good vegan always has a stash of frozen bananas), coco powder, and vegan marshmallows and grahams, it took about 5 minutes, and was tasty. I wanted mine a little sweeter so I added a touch of agave and a bit of vanilla, and I topped it with some slightly roasted Dandies.
s'mores pudding
A quick dessert that's elegant for company.
Note: If you can't find vegan marshmallows in your area, you can buy Sweet and Sara through her website or Dandies vegan marshmallows online through Amazon.
2 medium frozen bananas
3 tablespoons cocoa powder
4 tablespoons unsweetened non-dairy milk
1⁄2 cup mini vegan marshmallows
3 graham crackers
Sliced almonds for topping
Add frozen bananas to blender. Pulse and slowly add milk. Minimal processing is best. Add cocoa powder, graham crackers, and 1⁄2 cup of marshmallows. Continue to pulse until mixture has the desired consistency, chunky or smooth. Transfer mixture into serving dish and top with sliced almonds and mini-marshmallows. Chill for 1 hour before serving.


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A Levels: Health & Social Care (A Level equivalent)
Why study Health & Social Care (A Level equivalent)?
This course combines academic study with practical experience and is an ideal choice if you're hoping to pursue a career in health, early years education or social work. The research, evaluation and problem-solving skills you'll develop will be valuable preparation for Higher Education courses.
What will I study?
The course focuses on clients' needs, professional services (provision and legislation), working in health and social care, human development and supporting individuals who use the services. There is an opportunity to tailor portfolio content to prospective career choices, which has proved an invaluable asset for our students to prepare for their futures.
How will I be assessed?
By coursework portfolio and external examinations.
This is a rigorously academic course with half of the work being assessed by coursework. You must be prepared to allocate time outside of lessons to plan and prepare what could be seen as challenging material. Sufficient time must also be given to wider subject reading.
What are the entry requirements?
At least five GCSEs at grade 4 or above; must include English, Mathematics and a Science, or other equivalent qualifications.
What Havant adds to this
We have excellent links with local health, early years' education and social care providers, who provide an interactive experience for our students. This is in the form of focus groups, presentations and visits. We fully encourage student involvement in various volunteer projects to provide a practical application to the subject and enhance their learning experience.
Your destinations with this course


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- Aug 08, 2016
- by Brian J
Welcome to Project-H! We are a purveyor of artisanal, free range, 2D love, aka hentai. This is our new site, complete with new releases and new restocks of your favorites! We have aheago, paizuri, tentacles and more, all for digital download or physical edition.
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Growth, biomass partitioning, and water-use efficiency of a leguminous shrub (Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla) in response to various water availabilities
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
- Citations
- 219 Downloads
Responses of the endemic leguminous shrub Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla, to various soil water supply regimes were studied in order to assess water stress tolerance of seedlings. Two-month-old seedlings were grown under water supply regimes of 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% water field capacity (FC), respectively, in a temperature and light-controlled greenhouse. Plant height and leaf number were measured monthly over a 4-month period, while water use (WU), water-use efficiency (WUE), leaf relative water content (RWC), biomass production and its partitioning were recorded at the end of the experiment. Seedlings exhibited the greatest biomass production, height, basal diameter, branch number, leaf number, and leaf area when soil content was at 100% FC, and slightly declined at 80% FC. These parameters declined significantly under 60% FC water supply, and severely reduced under 40 and 20% FC. RWC, WU and WUE decreased, while the ratio of root mass to stem mass (R:S) increased in response to decreasing water supply. Water stress caused leaf shedding, but not plant death. The results demonstrated that B. faberi var. microphylla seedlings could tolerate drought by reducing branching and leaf area while maintaining a high R:S ratio. However, low dry mass and WUE at 40 and 20% FC suggested that the seedlings did not produce significant biomass under prolonged severe water deficit. Therefore, before introducing B. faberi var. microphylla in vegetation restoration efforts, water supply above 40% FC is recommended for seedlings to maintain growth.


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Posts Tagged 'The 21st-Century Innovation Rocket'
The 21st-Century Innovation RocketWednesday, June 22, 2011, 7:00 am 1 Comment
The innovation funnel is a visual representation that people are familiar with when discussing how companies move from ideas to products. And it accurately reflects the narrowing of possibilities that occurs over time: Every crazy idea you can imagine makes it into the top of the funnel; as the ideas are analyzed, fewer and fewer move down the funnel. And only a select few exit the funnel and become products. But is the funnel the right shape for 21st-century innovation?


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Aleph Number:
Collection is open for research.
Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection.
All or portions of this collection may be housed off-site in Duke University's Library Service Center. The library may require up to 48 hours to retrieve these materials for research use.
Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library to use this collection.
The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to Duke University. For more information, consult the copyright section of the Regulations and Procedures of the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
[Identification of item], Timothy H. O'Sullivan Photographs, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.
The Timothy H. O'Sullivan Photographs were received by the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library as a purchase in 1972.
These and other photographs by western expeditionary photographers were purchased from Lowdermilk's bookstore in Washington, D.C. prior to its liquidation.
This collection was previously processed by Bill Erwin in 1982. Erwin conducted a great deal of research used to identify photographs made by western expeditionary photographers. Every effort was made to retain both the organization and informational aspects of his work except when they conflicted with more modern practices.
Information folders contain copies of earlier catalog records and bibliographic information for related sources including sources in which these photographs have been published.
Additional folders contain photocopies of photographs annotated by the National Archives, and reference prints made from copy negatives held in this collection.
Quotation marks were used to indicate information taken directly from the photographs.
When photographs were identified as O'Sullivan's by comparison with negatives held at the National Archives the relevant negative number has been provided.
Processed by Chris Black, November 24, 2004
Encoded by Chris Black, Michael Shumate
Completed September 2006
Accession is described in this finding aid.
During his brief career, Timothy H. O'Sullivan made many compelling photographs, and in doing so established himself as one of the most important figures in early American photography. This collection includes thirty-five gold-toned albumen prints, resulting from glass plate negatives O'Sullivan made as he photographed the American west for the King and Wheeler surveys between 1868 and 1873. The geological and geographical features of Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming are the subjects most heavily represented in this collection. The collection also contains four photographs of mining operations and two photographs of the Zuni Pueblo in New Mexico. The collection is arranged into two series: the
Clarence King's Expedition officially bore the title: "The Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel." King planned to explore a hundred-mile wide swath from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains across the Great Basin to the Rocky Mountains, eastern Colorado to the California line. This collection includes nine photographs from King's expeditions in 1868 (1), 1869 (6), and 1872 (2).
In 1871, George Montague Wheeler, topographical engineer, took charge of "The Survey of the Territory of the United States West of the 100th Meridian." The field work conducted for this survey involved fourteen trips during 1871-1879. The primary object of the survey was to complete topographical mapping of the country, much of it largely unexplored, but the scope of the work eventually extended to include exhaustive investigation of geological, zoological, and ethnological matters. Publication of the definitive
More so than other western expeditionary photographers, Timothy O'Sullivan explored alternative strategies of photographic composition. O'Sullivan created unique compositions through the conscious ordering and visual presentation of bold forms, which emphasized the abstract qualities of the landscape. Several photographs in this collection reveal the formal qualities of O'Sullivan's photographs. These images contrast with the great volume of more picturesque landscapes made by other western expeditionary photographers, although O'Sullivan did make a number of photographs that emphasized natural beauty over form. O'Sullivan was also interested in recording evidence of human interaction with the environment. For example THO.P17 juxtaposes the passing of geological time with evidence of recent human explorations. A photograph also contained in this collection, and of intrinsic interest, THO.P15, reveals visible brush strokes providing evidence of the technique used to coat glass plate negatives.
The following collections in the Duke University David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library may contain related material:
(source: similar to No. 123 in
(source: comparison with Plate 63, Vol. I, of bound photographs of King Survey, National Archives)
National Archives Number: 77-KN-16
(source: In American Frontiers, p.69)
(source: by comparison with THO.P3)
(source: In American Frontiers, p. 100, but from a different angle)
(source: similar to No. 102 in Timothy O'Sullivan, America's Forgotten Photographer, p. 176.
(source: different angle from view in Timothy O'Sullivan, America's Forgotten Photographer, p.178)
(source: comparison with Plate 51, Vol.1, of bound photographs of King Survey, National Archives. Original negative number was 72.)
(source: the lower left corner of this photograph matches part of the scene in the view on p. 99 in American Frontiers. Silting on the edges of the river is identical.)
copy negative available: THO.N9
copy negative available: THO.N12
Appears as a print in Wheeler's Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundreth Meridian Vol. I, p. 40 (plate II).
National Archives number: 106-WB-29
copy negative available: THO.N22
National Archives Number: 106-WB-13
National Archives number 106-WB-27
National Archives number 106-WB-47
National Archives number 106-WB-12
National Archives number 106-WB-65
copy negative available: THO.N33


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3 x Sesame Street Baby Wipes 70pk
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Yankees show scrappy side in win over Blue Jays
NEW YORK (AP) The New York Yankees are built around their big boppers, and they relied on the long ball to power their way through much of April.
They proved Saturday they can win by keeping the ball inside the park, too.
Eric Chavez (FSY) broke up a potential double play that helped lead to three runs. Derek Jeter (FSY) hit a bases-loaded sacrifice fly. Starting pitcher A.J. Burnett (FSY) picked a runner off first base, and catcher Russell Martin (FSY) threw out another trying to steal third.
The Yankees did just about everything right in a 5-4 victory over the Toronto Blue Jays.
BOX SCORE: Yankees 5, Blue Jays 4
"Guys played hard. We didn't take anything for granted," manager Joe Girardi said. "We did a lot of nice little things, and that's why we won."
Curtis Granderson (FSY), Brett Gardner (FSY) and Martin also drove in runs for the Yankees, giving Burnett (4-1) just enough support. He scrapped his way through six innings despite giving up nine hits, wiggling out of jams in just about every one of them.
The right-hander struck out Edwin Encarnacion (FSY) and Mike McCoy (FSY) to strand runners in scoring position in the first inning, picked off Rajai Davis (FSY) on first base in the fifth, and watched as Martin threw out Juan Rivera (FSY) trying to steal third base to end the sixth inning.
The bullpen went the rest of the way, with Mariano Rivera (FSY) picking up his ninth save.
"I didn't feel real good all day," Burnett said. "My fastball was kind of flat. I guess I kept them down as best I could."
It was good enough.
McCoy hit his first career homer for the Blue Jays, then made an incredible fielding play in the seventh inning when he did a Fred Astaire impersonation — dancing and twirling into shallow right field — to make an over-the-shoulder basket grab of a pop by Nick Swisher (FSY).
McCoy then spun around and threw to first base to double off Robinson Cano (FSY).
"It was an outstanding play," Blue Jays manager John Farrell said. "With the homer, he got a fastball up and turned on it. It was a real momentum shift late in the game."
It just didn't shift the momentum all the way.
David Cooper (FSY) recorded his first career RBI, and Adam Lind (FSY) and Yunel Escobar (FSY) also drove in runs for the Jays, who just couldn't break through against the Yankees bullpen.
Joba Chamberlain (FSY) pitched a perfect seventh inning, and Rafael Soriano (FSY) worked around a two-out single by Lind in the eighth, and Rivera stranded a runner on second base to end it.
Kyle Drabek (FSY) (2-1) wound up making a forgettable debut in the Bronx, where his father, Doug, played his rookie season for the Yankees in 1986. The 23-year-old allowed five runs and seven hits with four walks in 2⅓ innings, losing for the first time in six starts this season.
"He just wasn't sharp," Farrell said. "He struggled with his command out there. The difference was really the walks. I'm sure he had some frustrations out there with his command."
The Blue Jays bullpen kept them in the game, allowing only two baserunners — both erased on double plays — and no hits over 5⅔ innings.
"They really gave us a chance to get back in the game," Farrell said.
Perhaps the biggest reason Toronto was in a hole to begin with was Chavez's baserunning.
Swisher led off the second inning with a bloop single to left, and Chavez drew a walk before Jorge Posada (FSY) grounded to second base. Chavez made a nice slide that prevented the Blue Jays from turning a double play, and Martin followed moments later with an RBI single that made it 1-1.
Gardner then walked to load the bases for Jeter, whose sacrifice fly gave New York the lead on what should have been the final out of the inning. Granderson then lined a base hit on an 0-2 pitch from Drabek, scoring Martin and giving the Yankees a 3-1 lead.
Lind got Toronto within a run with his sacrifice fly in the third, but Chavez — making a spot start for Alex Rodriguez (FSY) at third base — drove in a run and Gardner drove in another.
The Blue Jays couldn't climb all the way back from the 5-2 deficit.
"I don't care whether we get them by homers, bunts, walks," Swisher said with a broad smile, alluding to the scrappy run support. "So long as we get them."
NOTES: Farrell said Encarnacion (sore left wrist) has experienced no lingering effect from his injury since returning to the lineup earlier this week. ... Yankees RHP Carlos Silva (FSY) threw three scoreless innings in his first extended spring start Saturday. RHP Luis Ayala (FSY) (strained back muscle) pitched 1⅓ innings in the same game.
Copyright 2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Posted | Updated


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Resort Restaurants | Animal Kingdom Lodge
Invigorate your senses at this "spring of life." Uzima Springs Pool Bar offers cocktails, frozen drinks, salad, snacks and more!
Restaurant Info: American, Snacks, $ – $14.99 and under per adult
Find out how you can save money on dining at Walt Disney World by using one of Disney's Dining Plans.
Uzima Springs Pool Bar – All Day Menu
Menu Date: 02/2017
1/3 Angus Bacon Cheeseburger – served with Bacon – $9.99
Chicken Breast Nuggets (8 pieces) – $8.99
Pepperoni Flatbread – $8.79
Barbecue Chicken Flatbread – Tamarind Barbecue Sauce, Cheddar Cheese, Roasted Chicken, Red Onions, and Cilantro – $9.99
Vegetable Flatbread – Moroccan Chermoula and a four Cheese blend topped with Portobello Mushrooms, Roasted Red Peppers, and Caramelized Onions – $9.99
Mara Chicken Salad – Chicken Breast, Euro Greens, Onions, Lentils, Chickpeas, Cucumbers, Feta Cheese and Tomatoes with Chile Cilantro – $9.69
Hand-Carved Sandwich – Chef's choice served on a Kaiser Roll with choice of side – $9.49
Chicken Pita – Chicken Breast served on a warm Pita with Sun-Dried Tomato Hummus, Cucumber, Tomato, and mixed Greens with a Mint Yogurt Sauce – $9.49
Falafel Pita – Falafel served on a warm Pita with Sun-Dried Tomato Hummus, Cucumber, Tomato, and mixed Greens with a Mint Yogurt Sauce – $9.49
African Stew – Hearty Stew with Beef, Turkey, Ham, Carrots, Potatoes, Peas, Chickpeas, and Raisins served over Basmati Rice – $8.49
Chicken Caesar Salad – $8.49
Soup Selection
Kids' Meals
For guests ages 9 and under. Served meals served with grapes, carrots and choice of small Lowfat Milk or small Bottled Water
Hamburger – $5.99
Chicken Nuggets – $5.99
Green Salad with Chicken – with low calorie Italian Dressing – $5.99
Turkey Sandwich – $5.99
Meets Disney Nutrition Guidelines for Complete Meals without substitutions
Small Minute Maid Juice, small Nesquik Chocolate Milk, Dannon Danimals Yogurt, Cherry Gelatin or French Fries substituted upon requests
Odwalla All-Natural Lemonade – $4.49
Wild Strawberry Lemonade – $4.49
smartwater – $4.50
Zico Coconut Water – $3.79
Non-Alcoholic Specialties
Lava Smoothie – Raspberry Purée blended with Piña Colada Mix – $5.59
Strawberry Smoothie – Strawberry Purée blended with Nonfat Yogurt – $5.59
Specialty Drinks
Apple Mule – Crown Royal Regal Apple, DeKuyper Pucker Sour Apple, and fresh Lime Juice topped with Ginger Beer – $10.75
Big Island Iced Tea – Pau Maui Handmade Vodka, Sammy's Beach Bar Rum, Henderick's, Cointreau, and Sweet-and-Sour with a splash of Coca-Cola – $10.75
Black Cherry Lemonade – Grey Goose Cherry Noir Vodka, Odwalla Lemonade, fresh Lime Juice and Grenadine topped with Sprite – $9.50
Grand Margarita – Jose Cuervo Gold Tequila, Grand Marnier, Lime Juice, and Sweet-and-Sour – $11.00
Strawberry Margarita – Herradura Reposado Tequila and fresh Lime Juice blended with Strawberry Purée – $11.75
Coco-Jito – RumHaven Coconut Rum, Coconut Water, and fresh Lime Juice topped with Soda Water – $9.75
Beer, Wine, and Sangria
Can or Bottle Beer– including a selection of African Imports – $6.50-$9.00
Draft Beer – $6.00-$6.75
Indaba Mosaic – $8.00
Indaba Chardonnay – $8.00
Beso Del Sol Sangria – Red or White – $9.50
Full Bar Available
** Uzima Springs Menu and Prices are Subject to Change Without Notice **


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text: Atlassian JIRA is not only a product but is also a platform on which a lot of functionality could be added with plugins. We offer the following plugins for JIRA. If these do not fit your needs you can also ask for improvements or additional features in the issue tracker section of each plugin. Without having continuos customer feedback, none of these plugins could be in the state they are right now.


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Write Your Own Review
Customer Ratings and ReviewsClick here to write a review
stropping boardquality product , and it works
No surprisesAs usual the products sold by GW are first rate and always as described. This tool is an addendum to my sharpening schedule. I've used strops to put the finish on the finished edges of my woodworking tools as well as my finer kitchen knives and sometimes even my pocket knife gets the treatment as well. If you've never stropped, you don't know what you're missing.
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Beautifully SharpSharpening is a continual activity of the crafts person. If we want to do quality work we should sharpen to the ultimate that we can. Spending time in the process with high quality honing strops like these makes for a better experience and permits a refined edge. I am very happy with them, they work for me.
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Entry requirements
Upper 2nd Class Honours degree or equivalent in History or a cognate discipline. For further information, please see our website.
Months of entry
Course content
Our MA programme is team-taught with a rich diversity of historical research. Many modules have an interdisciplinary focus, with an appeal to the specialisms of students with a variety of backgrounds in historically-oriented disciplines.
A distinctive feature of the MA is the core module, Public History, exploring how history is communicated to a wider audience. This seeks to enhance employability, especially for those interested in pursuing history-related careers outside academia. You may also choose modules in other Humanities; disciplines likely to improve your skills, especially in foreign languages such as French, German or Latin.
Modules: Historiography; research skills 1 and 2; dissertation; plus 3 optional modules from pathways in: medieval early modern history; modern British/colonial history; modern European history; transatlantic history
For further information, please see our website.
Information for international students
Fees and funding
Qualification and course duration
part time
24 months
full time
12 months
Course contact details
- Name
- Humanities
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- Phone
- +44 (0) 23 8059 6809