text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 15, 1998
|Filing date
|Dec 9, 1996
|Priority date
|Dec 9, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gene F. Young, Roy M. Stevens, Larry C. James
|Original Assignee
|Intel Corporation, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (32), Classifications (9), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to multiprocessor computer systems having multiple data cache memories and a shared memory and, more particularly, to multiprocessor computer systems employing directory-based protocols for maintaining cache coherency.
The past several years have seen near exponential increases in the performance, speed, integration density, and capacity of computer systems. These improvements coupled with the decrease in costs for computer systems, have resulted in more expansive utilization of computer systems the development of more sophisticated and resource intensive computer applications. According to recent historical trends, application memory requirements double yearly. Although the costs for computer systems and components has steadily declined in recent years, high speed RAM memory utilized in system main memory and cache memories remains one of the highest cost components within most computer systems.
System and cache memories, used primarily for the temporary storage of data, application software and operating system software, are also being utilized within more sophisticated multiprocessor systems for the storage of parity bits, cache coherency state information, and error detection and/or correction syndrome bits. These additional memory requirements of multiprocessor systems, and the higher memory demands of advanced operating systems and applications, result in an increased demand, and cost, for high speed RAM.
More efficient methods for utilizing high speed system and cache memory, and for reducing system and cache memory requirements, are desired.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and useful method for improving memory utilization within a computer system employing directory-based cache coherency.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a method wherein cache state information is maintained within a dedicated cache memory thereby reducing system memory requirements.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a method for reducing the number of coherency operations within a directory-based cache memory system employing a cache memory for the storage of cache state information.
There is provided, in accordance with the present invention, an improved method for performing state cache line replacement operations in a multiprocessor computer system including plurality if data cache memories, a shared system memory, a state cache memory, and employing a centralized/distributed directory-based cache coherency system for maintaining consistency between lines of memory within the shared system memory and the plurality of data cache memories. Such a multiprocessor computer system is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/762,636, filed concurrently with the present application. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/762,636, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Caching State Information Within a Directory-Based Coherency Memory System," by Gene F. Young, Roy Stevens, and Larry James, is assigned to NCR Corporation.
Information concerning the state of a line of memory is maintained within the state cache memory and in the data cache memories. Each data cache memory contains a data cache memory line state with each line of memory saved within the data cache memory, the data cache memory line state being any one of the MESI (Modified-Exclusive-Shared-Invalid) states: MODIFIED, EXCLUSIVE, SHARED, or INVALID. The state cache memory contains a system memory line state for a predetermined number of lines of memory saved within the system memory, the system memory line state being any one of the following states: SHARED BUS A, SHARED BUS B, SHARED BOTH, OWNED BUS A and OWNED BUS B.
The method for performing state cache line replacement operations includes the following steps: establishing a default system memory line state of SHARED for lines of memory represented in said state cache memory; reading the system memory line state for a previously stored state cache entry prior to a replacement of said previously stored state cache entry, said previously stored state cache entry being associated with a line of memory stored in said shared memory and at least one data cache memory; and performing a castout operation to update the line of memory within said shared memory and assigning a data cache memory line state of SHARED to said line of memory in each data cache memory containing said line of memory if said system memory line state for said previously stored state cache entry is OWNED (OWNED BUS A or OWNED BUS B).
The described method reduces the number of coherency operations caused as a result of replacements in the state cache memory. Since most lines of memory are in a shared state, setting the default state to a shared state, rather than a uncached state, reduces the number of invalidate coherency operations which must be performed during state cache line replacements.
The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and the attached drawings.
FIG. 1 is a simple block diagram representation of an eight-processor super high volume (SHV) symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) computer system employing currently available commodity components.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram representation of system memory 105A and a cache memory for the storage of state information.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram representation of state cache memory 203 of FIG. 2 providing more detail concerning the structure and operation of state cache 203.
FIG. 4 is a table illustrating reductions in replacement memory line coherency operations for three possible default memory line states in accordance with the present invention.
FIGS. 5A and 5B provide a coherency state table for a three bit directory based memory having an "Uncached" default state in accordance with a traditional replacement procedure.
FIGS. 6A and 6B provide a coherency state table for a three bit directory based memory having a "Shared Both" default state in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 7A and 7B provide a coherency state table for a three bit directory based memory having a "Shared Agent A" default state in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
NCR Corporation has developed an advanced multiprocessor architecture utilizing system techniques pioneered by NCR while also advantageously making use of standard high volume (SHV) components, such as Intel Pentium Pro processors, PCI I/O chipsets, Pentium Pro chipsets, Pentium Pro bus topology (P6), and standard memory modules (SIMMs and DIMMs). Through careful integration of NCR system techniques with standard SHV components, NCR is able to deliver world class scalability and feature content while still capitalizing on SHV and without the disadvantages associated with full custom development. One implementation of this architecture is shown in FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is seen an eight-processor SMP system formed of two four-processor building blocks or complexes, identified by reference numerals A and B. Each complex is seen to include identical structure and components, which are identified by reference numerals ending in either an A or a B, for complex "A" and "B", respectively.
The portion of the system contained in complex A is seen to include up to four processors 101A connected to a high-bandwidth split-transaction processor bus 103A. Associated with each processor 301A is a cache memory 321A. A system memory 105A is connected to bus 103A through an advanced dual-ported memory controller 107A. The processor bus 103A is connected to the first port of memory controller 107A. The second memory controller port connects to a high bandwidth I/O bus 115, also referred to herein as an expansion bus, which provides connection for multiple PCI I/O interfaces 109A. All of these components, with the exception of advanced memory controller 107A, are currently available commodity components. For example, processors 101A may be Intel Pentium Pro processors and busses 103A and 115 may be Pentium Pro (P6) bus topology.
The advanced memory controller (AMC) 107A manages control and data flow in all directions between processor bus 103A and I/O bus 115. The I/O bus may contain P6 to PCI I/O Bridges and another AMC ASIC for connectivity to another processor bus, as will be discussed below. The AMC 107A also controls access to a coherent DRAM memory array. The AMC as presently implemented consists of a control and data slice ASIC pair.
As stated earlier, complex B has a construction identical to complex A. The two complexes are interconnected by expansion bus 115, allowing for communication between the processors 101A and 101B, system memories 105A and 105B, as well as shared I/O devices, cache memories, and other components.
Within each complex, the processors use a bus snooping protocol on the processor bus. Bus snooping is a method of keeping track of data movements between processors and memory. There are performance advantages to this system with a small number of tightly-coupled processors. If a processor needs data that is available in the data cache of another processor on the same bus, the data can be shared by both processors. Otherwise, the data must be retrieved from main memory 105A or 105B, a more time consuming operation which requires system bus traffic. This method enhances system performance by reducing system bus contention.
The characteristics of the NCR architecture shown in FIG. 1 include:
Capitalizes on industry SHV architecture and supporting commodity chips (IOB. etc.)
Dual ported memory controllers 107A and 107B permit connection and utilization of dual buses, each operating at 66 MHz with a bandwidth of 64 bits and capable of sustained data transfer rates of 533 MB/s.
Dual bus approach provides greater scalability through a reduction of bus loadings and provision of a private processor to memory path that can operate independent of IOB to IOB traffic.
Additional processors and I/O devices can be connected to the expansion bus 115.
The system as described is able to fill High Availability Transaction Processing (HATP) and Scaleable Data Warehouse (SDW) server needs, while capitalizing on the computer industry's SHV motion.
In any system employing a data cache memory, and particularly a system employing multiple data cache memories and multiple levels of data cache memories, data from a given memory location can reside simultaneously in main memory and in one or more data cache memories. However, the data in main memory and in data cache memory may not always be the same. This may occur when a microprocessor updates the data contained in its associated data cache memory without updating the main memory and other data cache memories, or when another bus master changes data in main memory without updating its copy in the microprocessor data cache memories.
To track the data moving between the processors, system memory modules 105A and 105B, and the various data cache memories, the system utilizes a hybrid of memory and cache based coherency. Coherency between system memory and caching agents, i.e., system bus processors with first and possibly second level data caches, is maintained via a combination centralized/distributed directory-based cache coherency.
A directory-based cache coherency scheme is a method of keeping track of data movements between the processors and memory. With this approach to data coherency, a memory status table identifies which processors have which lines of memory in their associated data cache memories. When a processor requests data, the status table identifies the location within main memory or processor data cache where the most current copy of the data resides. The advantage of this method is that no additional work must be performed until a processor needs data that resides in a data cache that cannot be accessed through snooping. Directory-based cache coherency is most effective with a large number of tightly-coupled processors on a system bus.
The centralized/distributed directory-based cache coherency scheme employed in the system shown in FIG. 1 consists of two directory elements. The central element within the directory scheme resides in state cache memories 203A and 203B associated with system memory modules 105A and 105B, respectively. This element is referred to as the Memory Line Status Table (MLST). Each active (cached) memory line within system memory includes a corresponding entry in the MLST. This corresponding entry contains information indicating whether or not a memory line is cached, and if so, whether it is exclusively owned by one processor (or bus), or shared across multiple processors (or buses). The directory scheme and MLST can be set up to identify memory line ownership by system bus or by processor. The "bit-per-bus" MLST distinguishes ownership on a bus basis, while the more granular "bit-per-processor" MLST distinguishes ownership on a processor basis. Note that the distinction is specific to a memory design and hence transparent to any other device on the system bus.
Distributed directory elements reside locally within each processor's data cache directory. The element associated with a particular processor is referred to as its Processor Line Status Table (PLST). Each cache line has a corresponding entry in the PLST. From the local processor's perspective, this entry contains information indicating whether or not a line contains a valid copy of a main memory line, and if so, whether or not modifications to that line must be broadcast to the rest of the system. From the system's perspective, each processor's PLST is a slave to special system bus cycles known as Memory Intervention Commands (MICs). These cycles query the PLST as to the local state of a particular line, and/or tell the PLST to change that local state.
The Modified-Exclusive-Shared-Invalid (MESI) cache coherency protocol is a hardware-implemented protocol for maintaining data consistency between main memory and data cache memories. A typical implementation of the MESI hardware cache coherency protocol requires the utilization of cache controllers having the ability to:
1. use the same line size for all caches on the memory bus;
2. observe all activity on the memory bus;
3. maintain state information for every line of cache memory; and
4. take appropriate action to maintain data consistency within the cache memories and main memory.
MESI represents four states which define whether a line is valid, if it is available in other caches, and if it has been modified. Each line of data in a data cache includes an associated field which indicates whether the line of data is MODIFIED, EXCLUSIVE, SHARED, or INVALID. Within the Processor Line Status Table each cache line is marked in one of the four possible MESI states:
MODIFIED (PM)--This state indicates a line of data which is exclusively available in only this cache, and is modified. Modified data has been acted upon by a processor. A Modified line can be updated locally in the cache without acquiring the shared memory bus. If some other device in the system requires this line, the owning cache must supply the data.
EXCLUSIVE (PE)--This state indicates a line of data which is exclusively available in only this cache, that this line is not Modified (main memory also has a valid copy), and that the local processor has the freedom to modify this line without informing the system. Exclusive data can not be used by any other processor until it is acted upon in some manner. Writing to an Exclusive line causes it to change to the Modified state and can be done without informing other caches, so no memory bus activity is generated. Note that lines in the (PE) state will be marked (MO) in the MLST, as will be described below.
SHARED (PS)--This state indicates a line of data which is potentially shared with other caches (the same line may exist in one or more caches). Shared data may be shared among multiple processors and stored in multiple caches. A Shared line can be read by the local processor without a main memory access.
When a processor writes to a line locally marked shared, it must broadcast the write to the system as well.
INVALID (PI)--This state indicates a line of data is not available in the cache. Invalid data in a particular cache is not to be used for future processing, except diagnostic or similar uses. A read to this line will be a "miss" (not available). A write to this line will cause a write-through cycle to the memory bus. All cache lines are reset to the (PI) state upon system initialization.
In accordance with the MESI protocol, when a processor owns a line of memory, whether modified or exclusive, any writes to the owned line of memory within main memory will result in an immediate update of the same data contained within the processor's data cache memory.
The Memory Line Status Table marks a memory line in one of three possible states: NOT CACHED (MNC), SHARED (MS), and OWNED (MO). The letter M distinguishes these states from PLST states, which are identified by use of the letter P. Additionally there are bus and/or processor state bits indicating sharing or ownership on either a bus or processor basis.
NOT CACHED (MNC): Indicates that no cache has a copy of that line. All memory lines must be reset to the (MNC) state upon system initialization.
SHARED STATE (MS): Indicates that one or more caches potentially have a copy of that line.
OWNED STATE (MO): Indicates that one and only one cache potentially has a copy of that line, and that the data in memory potentially does not match it (Memory data is referred to as stale).
Note the word "potentially" used in the definition of the shared and owned states. There are several situations in which the MLST does not have the most up-to-date information about a particular memory line. For example, the MLST may mark a line as shared by two particular processors since it saw them both read it. However, both processors may have long since discarded that line to make room for new data without informing the MLST (referred to as "silent replacement"). The MLST will naturally "catch up" to the latest state of a particular line whenever an access to that line by some master forces a MIC. In this example, a write by a third processor to this line will initiate a (now superfluous) MIC to invalidate other cached copies, and will bring the MLST up-to-date. Note however that the MLST always holds a conservative view of the state of cache lines. That is, a line that is owned or shared by a processor will always be marked correctly in the MLST. "Stale" information in the MLST takes the form of lines marked owned or shared that are no longer present in any processor's data cache.
There are three distinct MIC operations employed within the system described above in order to maintain coherency between system memory and the data cache memories:
INVALIDATE (MBI) This cycle is initiated to cause all data caches with an addressed line to go to the invalid state (PI). It normally occurs in response to certain memory operations that access a line marked shared (MS) in the MLST. Unlike the other MIC operations, an MBI does not require feedback from any PLST as to the current state of the addressed line in a local cache. Rather, the MBI simply requests invalidation of a line if it is present in the cache. Although an MBI requires no logical feedback, it does require a positive acknowledgment from the targeted processor(s) to complete the cycle. This simply indicates that the processor has accepted the invalidate address and is ready for another.
CASTOUT INVALIDATE (MBCOI) This cycle is initiated to cause a cache with a potentially modified copy of an addressed line to cast it out to system memory and to go to the invalid state (PI). It occurs in response to certain memory operations that access a memory line marked owned (MO) in the MLST. If the owning cache has the line in the modified (PM) state, it supplies the data and goes invalid. If the owning cache has the line in the exclusive (PE) state, it acknowledges the MBCOI and goes invalid, but does not supply the data. If the owning cache no longer has the line it simply acknowledges the MBCOI to complete the cycle.
CASTOUT SHARED (MBCOS) This cycle is to cause a cache with a potentially modified copy of an addressed line to cast it out to system memory and to go to the shared state (PS). It occurs in response to certain memory operations that access a memory line marked owned (MO) in the MLST. If the owning cache has the line in the modified (PM) state, it supplies the data and goes to shared. If the owning cache has the line in the exclusive (PE) state, it acknowledges the MBCOS and goes to shared, but does not supply the data. If the owning cache no longer has the line it acknowledges the MBCOS to complete the cycle. Note that in the last case the MLST goes to shared (MS) even though the line is not cached. This is because the MLST cannot distinguish a line that is exclusive (PE) in the owner's cache from a line that is invalid (PI).
As stated above, the MLST includes additional bus and/or processor state bits indicating sharing or ownership on either a bus or processor basis.
The Bit-per-Bus Protocol uses three memory state bits per line to indicate the current state of the line. One bit indicates shared or owned, and the other two depict which bus (A or B) or buses (A and B) have the line shared or owned. Bus ownership indicates that one of the processors on that bus owns the line. Six states are possible: UNCACHED, SHARED BUS A, SHARED BUS B, SHARED BOTH, OWNED BUS A and OWNED BUS B. Note that a line can be owned by only one processor and therefore by only one bus. A shared line can be shared by one or more processors on each bus.
TABLE 1______________________________________Memory State Bits for Bit-per-Bus ProtocolOBA STATE BIT DEFINITIONS DESCRIPTION______________________________________000 MNC - Not Cached; Not owned or shared001 MS - Shared; Shared on Bus A010 MS - Shared; Shared on Bus B011 MS - Shared; Shared on Buses A and B100 x - (not a valid state)101 MO - Owned; Owned by Bus A110 MO - Owned; Owned by Bus B111 x - (not a valid state)______________________________________
The Bit-per-Processor Protocol has an MLST consisting of n+1 bits per line (n is equal to the number of processors) to indicate the current state of that line. One bit indicates whether the line is shared (MS) or owned (MO), and the other n bits depict which processor or processors have the line cached. A particular processor is numbered Pi, where i=0 to n-1. All Pi, where i is even, are on bus A, and all Pi, where i is odd, are on bus B. Processor ownership indicates which processor (only one) owns the line. A shared line can be shared by one or more processors on either or both buses.
TABLE 2______________________________________Memory State Bits for Bit-per-Processor ProtocolO P0 . . . Pn - 1 STATE BIT DEFINITIONS______________________________________0 all zeros MNC - Not Cached0 one or more set MS - Shared1 only one set MO - Owned1 more than one set x - (not a valid state)1 all zeros x - (not a valid state)______________________________________
As described earlier, the MLST containing state information associated with system memory 105A or 105B is maintained within state cache memories 203A and 203B, respectively. The state cache memories are sized to store state information for only a portion of the memory lines included in system memory in recognition that rarely will all of system memory be utilized (cached) at any one time. The structure and operation of an exemplary state cache memory 203A is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.
FIG. 2 shows system memory 105A having a size, for example, of one gigabyte (229 bytes) divided into 33,554,432 (225) million memory blocks or lines, each line having a size of 32 bytes. Data stored within memory 105A is accessed by submitting a 29-bit address 201. The 25 most significant bits within the address, identified as "X" bits, identify the memory block or line number. The next 4 address bits, identified as "W" bits, point to the word within the memory block, while the least significant address bit "B" identifies the byte within a word.
The cache memory 203A providing for the storage of state information includes two sections identified as the "cache tag RAM" 205A and the "cache data RAM" 207A. Each line entry within state cache memory 203A contains state information saved to the cache data RAM and a four bit tag stored within the cache tag RAM.
State cache memory 203A is indexed by a subset of the total number of memory address bits. The remainder of the address bits, or tag bits, are part of the contents for each entry in the storage device. The index bits define the number of entries in the state cache, and the tag bits determine the number of memory lines which can contend for the same entry in the state cache. The index bits plus the tag bits define the total number of memory lines which can be supported. In essence, the reduction in state storage is defined by the number of tag bits. For example, if the number of tag bits is four, then the state storage requirements for this concept are one sixteenth that of the traditional architecture.
More detailed information concerning the structure and operation of the state cache 203A is shown in FIG. 3. Entries within the state cache are accessed by submitting the same address 201 used to access main memory 105A. The four most significant bits within the address are identified as tag bits, and the next 21 address bits are identified as index bits. These 25 address bits are the same bits identified as X bits in FIG. 4, and which are used to identify memory blocks within main memory 105A.
During a state cache read operation, the index field of the address is used to specify the particular entry or line of cache to be checked. Next, the tag bits of the address are compared with the tag of the selected cache line. If there is a match, a cache hit occurs and the state bits associated with the selected cache line are retrieved.
To store state information within the state cache memory, the index field of an address is used to identify a particular entry or line of cache for tag and state information storage. The first four address bits are saved to the cache tag RAM while the state information associated with the address are saved to the cache data RAM. Optionally, error detection and/or correction syndrome bits or parity bits could be included in the state cache memory.
The state cache, as described, is a direct mapped cache. Note, however, that the state cache can be associative, sectored, or direct mapped as with data caches.
The operation of the memory system is as follows: When a read or write operation is requested of the system memory, the state cache is accessed to determine the coherency cycles necessary, dependent on the protocol. If the tag information in the state cache match the corresponding bits of the memory address, then the corresponding coherency cycles are performed and the state updated. If there is not a tag match, then coherency operations for the default state are performed (possibly none), and the new line address and state are allocated to the state cache. Possibly an existing entry will be replaced by the new line. Coherency operations may be required to bring the replaced line state to the default state. These replacement coherency operations are the performance cost for reducing the amount of state storage, but as mentioned above are negligible for a reasonable state cache size and typical workload. Note that the state cache can be associative, sectored, or direct mapped as with data caches.
The memory space saving provided though use of a state cache memory is illustrated in the following example. Consider the system, described earlier, having one gigabyte of memory and a 4-bit coherency state field required per line of memory. The basic coherency block or line of memory is 32 bytes. To store the 4 bit state for all of memory would require 16 MB of state memory (32 million lines times 4 bits per line). If each entry in the state memory contains a 4 bit tag, the state memory would contain 8 bits of information per line which is double the traditional amount. However, only one sixteenth as many lines are needed due to the 4 bit tag. Therefore, the total state memory required is 2 MB which is only one eighth of the traditional amount. The tradeoff is possible replacements of the state cache entries which are relatively few. In this example, the state cache is equivalent to a 64 MB data cache (2 million entries, each representing 32 byte lines).
One disadvantage which arises from the utilization of a memory state cache as above-described process is that additional coherency actions resulting from replacements of cached state entries may interfere with normal transfers. The present invention provides a method for reducing the number of coherency operations caused as a result of replacements in a directory based memory state cache.
As stated earlier, when information about an address which is not stored in the state cache is needed, a previously stored state cache entry must be replaced to allow allocation of the new address. The current state of the art protocols restore the system state of the memory line (basic coherency element) to noncached (not shared or owned). This involves invalidate and castout operations to the processor data caches.
In the directory based cache coherency system thus far described, and in many similar systems, it should be recognized that most state cache lines are marked as shared after a warm-up period. It is thereby possible to reduce the number of coherency operations as a result of replacements by defining a default memory state of shared. Thus the replacement algorithm employed to handle operations resulting from replacements of cached state entries must only insure the shared state. Since most lines of cache are in the shared state this means no invalidates, and the data caches continue to retain the memory information in the shared state. If the replaced line is in an owned state, then a castout operation will be generated, but again the line can transition to the shared state in the data caches.
The tradeoff for this method is that when a line is allocated to the state cache in an ownership state (caused by write misses), invalidates will be necessary to all the possible sharers of that line in all the data caches. However, write and read misses cause allocates which cause replacements. If less than half the number of misses are write cycles then there will be more replacement invalidates saved than invalidates caused by write cycles since read cycles allocate shared entries in the cache.
As an example, consider a directory based memory system with 3 bits of state information per memory line (coherency element) for two caching agents. Six of the eight possible states typically used are: uncached, shared agent A, shared agent B, shared both, owned agent A, and owned agent B. FIG. 4 provides a table showing the replaced line operations for the traditional algorithm and the claimed method with a "Shared Both" or a "Shared Only" default state. Note a shared agent A or shared agent B default has merit if one agent has faster or higher priority access to memory; thus invalidates would be quicker for allocates to the state cache.
For the Shared Both default state protocol, replacement actions are required only if the entry is in an ownership state, and the agents are allowed to keep the lines in the shared state locally. For the "shared A" default state protocol, invalidates are required to agent B if the line is "Shared by Agent B" or "Shared by Both". However, less extra invalidates are required while allocating to the state cache for this case. The table provided by FIGS. 5A and 5B shows the coherency state table for a three-bit directory based memory with an uncached default state. The tables shown in FIGS. 6A-6B and 7A-7B show the coherency states for "Shared Both" and "Shared Agent A" default states. The states which cause some additional invalidates are shown in bold font. For the "Shared Both" default case, a write miss will cause an invalidate to the opposite agent and a DMA write will cause invalidates to both agents. For the "Shared A" default case, a write miss by agent A will only cause a local coherency cycle, and a DMA write will only invalidate agent A. Therefore less invalidates occur for this case. (Note: if the I/O interface is local to either agent then invalidates can be handled locally for that agent, for a local snooping protocol, with the memory invalidating the opposite agent).
It can thus be seen that there has been provided by the present invention a new and useful method for improving memory utilization within a computer system employing centralized/distributed directory-based cache coherency and a state cache memory. The described method reduces the number of coherency (invalidate) operations caused as a result of replacements in the state cache memory.
Although the presently preferred embodiment of the invention has been described, it will be understood that various changes may be made within the scope of the appended claims.
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|Jun 11, 2002
|International Business Machines Corp.
|Split pending buffer with concurrent access of requests and responses to fully associative and indexed components
|Jul 20, 2001
|Jul 30, 2002
|I.P. First L.L.C.
|Result forwarding cache
|Aug 24, 2000
|Aug 20, 2002
|Unisys Corporation
|Directory based cache coherency system supporting multiple instruction processor and input/output caches
|Dec 22, 1999
|Feb 11, 2003
|Intel Corporation
|Cache states for multiprocessor cache coherency protocols
|Dec 31, 1997
|Jul 1, 2003
|Unisys Corporation
|Directory-based cache coherency system supporting multiple instruction processor and input/output caches
|Feb 10, 2003
|Feb 17, 2004
|Intel Corporation
|Cache states for multiprocessor cache coherency protocols
|Jun 11, 2003
|Oct 24, 2006
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Ensuring orderly forward progress in granting snoop castout requests
|Jun 29, 2006
|Jan 5, 2010
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for dynamically controlling power management in a distributed system
|Jun 29, 2006
|Nov 2, 2010
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus to dynamically adjust resource power usage in a distributed system
|Nov 29, 2006
|Sep 27, 2011
|Intel Corporation
|System and method for aggregating core-cache clusters in order to produce multi-core processors
|Nov 29, 2006
|Apr 3, 2012
|Intel Corporation
|Conflict detection and resolution in a multi core-cache domain for a chip multi-processor employing scalability agent architecture
|Aug 10, 2011
|May 1, 2012
|Intel Corporation
|System and method for aggregating core-cache clusters in order to produce multi-core processors
|Sep 1, 2011
|Apr 15, 2014
|Fujitsu Limited
|Computer system having a cache memory and control method of the same
|Oct 30, 2009
|Jul 15, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Data storage management using a distributed cache scheme
|Aug 8, 2011
|Oct 25, 2016
|Arm Limited
|Apparatus and method for shared cache control including cache lines selectively operable in inclusive or non-inclusive mode
|Dec 29, 2014
|May 2, 2017
|Patent Navigation
|Conditional RFID
|Jun 11, 2003
|Dec 16, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Ensuring orderly forward progress in granting snoop castout requests
|Apr 9, 2004
|Dec 23, 2004
|Sun Microsystems, Inc.
|Multi-node computer system implementing speculative proxy transactions
|Jun 29, 2006
|Jan 3, 2008
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus to dynamically adjust resource power usage in a distributed system
|Jun 29, 2006
|Jan 3, 2008
|Krishnakanth Sistla
|Method and apparatus for dynamically controlling power management in a distributed system
|Sep 7, 2006
|Mar 13, 2008
|Sodick Co., Ltd.
|Computerized numerical control system with human interface using low cost shared memory
|Nov 29, 2006
|May 29, 2008
|Krishnakanth Sistla
|Conflict detection and resolution in a multi core-cache domain for a chip multi-processor employing scalability agent architecture
|Nov 29, 2006
|May 29, 2008
|Krishnakanth Sistla
|System and method for aggregating core-cache clusters in order to produce multi-core processors
|Feb 27, 2006
|Mar 5, 2009
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Bus controller
|Oct 30, 2009
|Jun 9, 2011
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Data storage management using a distributed cache scheme
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 4, 1997
Owner name: NCR CORPORATION, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:YOUNG, GENE F.;STEVENS, ROY M.;JAMES, LARRY C.;REEL/FRAME:008404/0209
Effective date: 19970127
|Mar 14, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 2, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 13, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 19, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 27, 2010
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 11
|Aug 27, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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text:
Grand Beach Hotel Miami
Overlooking a 200 foot arch of spectacular beach, Grand Beach Hotel – Miami Beach knows how to make the most of its surr...
Key Biscayne plus 5 nights
From £2,418
Call us 9am - 9pm Mon - Sun 01342 331798
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Wedding from £1,080
Click a photo to enlarge
Secluded weddings
Just six miles off the coast of Miami is Key Biscayne, a serene island paradise that feels a world away from the bustling urban center just beyond the bridge in Downtown Miami.
The secluded island of Key Biscayne, Florida can be reached via the scenic Rickenbacker Causeway crossing beautiful Biscayne Bay. Palm tree lined streets and breezy island temperatures make Key Biscayne the ideal spot for private weddings.
Wedding Days and Times
Weddings performed Monday through Sunday. Weddings at Key Biscayne are suitable for up to 10 people.
|Key Biscayne Includes:
|Assistance in obtaining a marriage license including applicable fees and taxes before the wedding
|Taking care of the pre-registration of the marriage at the courthouse to save time during the application
|Recording the marriage at the courthouse and prepare documents for Apostille which will be mailed to home address of couple
|Civil beach wedding ceremony
|Assistance of an English speaking wedding planner
|Bridal bouquet, colour of choice (surcharge of $100 for orchids)
|Recorded music of choice
|Small Caribbean style decorated table with one bottle of chilled sparkling wine and glasses
|Professional photographer (80 - 100 High resolution, digital copies of photos, available within 1 week)
|2 Quality pictures professionally retouched and enhanced delivered within 4 weeks after choices are submitted
|4 Quality pictures professionally retouched and enhanced delivered within 4 weeks after choices are submitted
|1 picture of choice, printed on metal ( 25x20 cm ), sent to home address
|Wedding licence obtained and paid for locally ($100)
|Please note a 50% deposit is required to book the wedding date
|From £1,080
|From £1,550
|From £1,660
You do not need to be a resident of Florida to apply for a marriage licence. No minimum residency applies to overseas couples. (I.e. you are not required to be in Florida for a minimum number of days.)
Age - You should be 18 years and older to apply for a marriage licence.
Prior Marriage - Persons who were previously married and divorced need to bring their decree absolute with them to the courthouse as they will need to supply the date their last marriage ended.
The current fee for a marriage licence is $93.50.
Florida Wedding Licence
At least 24 hours before your wedding day you need to apply for a Florida marriage licence. This is a very simple process which you can complete as a couple together. The cost of the wedding licence is not included in the cost of your wedding package.
Applicants can fill out on-line their credentials in advance to save time at the courthouse
If arranging the licence on arrival, you will need to travel to the courthouse to purchase the licence. The nearest courthouse to South beach is Miami Beach Court House, 1130 Washington Ave, Miami Beach FL 33139.
Please do not worry; your wedding planner will go through the procedure of this very simply procedure once you have arrived. The marriage licence is valid for 60 days from the day of issue; you will be given your wedding license prior to leaving the courthouse. You should give the wedding license to the Minister on the day of your wedding. The Minister will then be responsible for posting the Marriage licence back to the courthouse to have it validated. This will become the official Marriage Certificate. This process should take between 4 – 6 weeks and will be posted directly back to the couple's home address.
Couples will require the following necessary documents
Failure to produce correct documentation may result in having to delay the wedding pending the correct documents being presented.
These are three of our favourite hotels in Miami which are ideal for a wedding or honeymoon, but there are plenty of other great options available to choose from – please call us for details.
Overlooking a 200 foot arch of spectacular beach, Grand Beach Hotel – Miami Beach knows how to make the most of its surr...
Key Biscayne plus 5 nights
From £2,418
Located in the heart of South Beach, the National is iconic art deco hotel. The guest rooms and suites were designed as ...
Key Biscayne plus 5 nights
From £2,898
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text:
In the Kelvin timeline, the Klingon bird-of-prey was a 23rd century military starship in use by the Klingon Empire around beginning of the 2260s decade.
History and specificationsEdit
These birds of prey were similar to those in use in the prime reality, such as the IKS Muqtovor commanded by General Chang. (TOS - The Spectrum War comics: "Issue 1", "Issue 2")
The alternate reality bird-of-prey had a notable design variant, a group of ships using a standard bird-of-prey hull adapted with the advanced future technology of the enhanced Narada. (TOS - The Khitomer Conflict comic: "Part 2")
|This article is a stub relating to a starship or vehicle. You can help our database by expanding on it.
|Bird-of-prey classes
|Romulan birds-of-prey
|2150s • late-2150s bird-of-prey • 22nd century • 23rd century (alternate reality) • 24th century • T'varo • T'Liss • Vas Hatham • Temar Vastaram
|Reman birds-of-prey
|Klingon birds-of-prey
|22nd century • 23rd century (alternate reality) • B'rel • Chuq'Beh • D12 • D'Gavama • E4 • E6 • G2 • Khitomer • K'vort • QuD • Z'gavasta • Z'gavva • Klingon bird-of-prey • QulDun • Norgh • Ki'tang • Hegh'ta


text:
Do You Believe You Have A Look A Like Somewhere In The World?
Wow. I had to do a double-take of Ashlee Simpson when I saw her in this recent photo on PopSugar. I totally thought that it was Kate Hudson!
I have one of those pretty generic looking faces where everyone is always telling me that I'm a dead ringer for someone they know. Since this happens so often to me, the question constantly comes up, about whether or not you believe that somewhere in the world, there is another person who looks like you. What do you think?


text:
EFLO Energy, Inc. is pleased to announce the annual results of the reserve estimation and economic evaluation (NI-51-101 compliant).
The following summarizes certain reserve information based on an independent assessment by Deloitte LLP ("Deloitte") effective August 31, 2013 using pricing forecasts effective June 30, 2013 (the "EFLO Deloitte Reserve Report").
The EFLO Deloitte Reserve Report was prepared in accordance with definitions, standards and procedures contained in the Canadian Oil and Gas Evaluation Handbook ("COGE Handbook") and National Instrument 51-101 Standards of Disclosure for Oil and Gas Activities ("NI 51-101").
EFLO Energy,
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Schlumberger has announced an agreement to acquire a majority (51%) equity interest in Eurasia Drilling Company Limited.
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Magma, LeveLock Standard Round Mount, 7/8" - 1", Grill Mounting Hardware
The iBoats Experience
Boats for SaleBrowse thousands of constantly-updated listings and search by location, brand, and boat type See more...
AdviceConnect with our expansive community and tap into the knowledge base of the most dedicated boaters around. See more...
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This mount combines the versatility of our popular "LevelLock " all-angle quick release cam-action mount for instantaneous leveling with our sturdy vertical out-over-the-water round rail mount. This mount is made entirely of 18-9 stainless steel & 356 anodized aluminum to outlast even the most severe marine environments. Quickly disassembles for stowage without tools leaving no hardware on the rail. Use with single mount tables and gourmet series grills.
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If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
Learn more about our returns policy
Description: Teaching Music to Students with Special Needs is a practical guide to and reference manual on teaching music to children with special learning needs. Thoroughly grounded in the latest research in music education, this book addresses special needs as a concept in the broadest possible sense, including physical disability, mental disability, and multiple disability, to equip teachers with practical, proven, research-based curricular strategies that are also grounded in both best practice and current special education law. A common thread throughout the book is the necessity of and advantage to a team-based approach, and the authors offer concrete, readily implementable tips for music teachers on approaching and learning to collaborate with special educators, teacher educators, and mainstream classroom teachers in all educational settings. Importantly, this book also includes extensive curriculum development ideas, lesson plans, and observation and fieldwork ideas. Throughout, the book argues that teaching children with special learning needs actually has much in common with teaching any other diverse group of students; best practice is to move away from a labels-focused approach with micro-tailored lesson plans to a more broadly conceived strategy that concentrates instead on larger pedagogical aims. Chapters address the full range of topics and issues which music educators face when teaching music to children with special needs, including parental involvement, student anxiety, field trips and performances, and assessment strategies. The book concludes with an up-to-date section of resources and technology information for music teachers. Teaching Music to Students with Special Needs is a critical resource for all in-service music teachers, music teacher educators, and students in music education.
Limited time offer:
Get the first one free! (?)
All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $26.95Copyright year: 2011Publisher: Oxford University Press, IncorporatedPublication date: 2/9/2011Binding: PaperbackPages: 288Size: 6.00" wide x 9.00" long x 0.75" tall Weight: 0.748Language: English
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Aaron Carter Wants Hillary Duff Back [Photos]
(Getty Images)
Aaron Carter wants Hilary Duff back. No, this is not 2001, Carter is just still talking about his one time flame. "I started dating Hilary on my 13th birthday," Carter recalled a while back. "I was dating her for like a year and a half, and then I just got a little bored, so I went and started getting to know Lindsay, dating Lindsay." Lindsay Lohan, of course.
He apparently still regrets that move, not that we can blame him. Carter retweeted a picture of Duff then tweeted, "Don't be that stupid douche that loses the love of your life forever.. Like me..."
Adding, "I'll spend the rest of my life trying to better myself to get back to her. I don't care what ANY of you think." He ended his emotional rant with "That tweet just gave me an anxiety attack." Duff recently split from hubby Mike Comrie, so, he does have a chance (in theory) but there's been no word from Duff at this point.
Don't be that stupid douche that loses the love of your life forever.. Like me...
— aaron carter (@aaroncarter) March 5, 2014
I'll spend the rest of my life trying to better myself to get back to her. I don't care what ANY of you think. 🙉
— aaron carter (@aaroncarter) March 5, 2014
Kane is joined by co-hosts Riley, Rose, Intern John and producer Erick. The high-energy, fast-paced program features music, conversations on the latest news and hot topics, Hollywood news, contests, call-in interaction with listeners, plus interviews with the biggest celebrities in music and pop culture. The show features signature segments such as "War of the Roses," "Hollywood," "The Tea," "John's Justice," "Ghosted" and "Moron Madness."
Kane Cares! We'd love to hear about your event or organization. Use this link to send us your information!


text:
AIHA Marketplace Features Five New PublicationsAIHA debuted five new publications at AIHce 2016 in May. The new titles, which are available via the
AIHA Marketplace, include:
The IAQ Investigator's Guide, 3rd edition. This guide discusses initial investigation, HVAC overview and inspection, considerations for special indoor environments, risk communication, and report preparation. The guide's eleven appendices provide readers with guidelines, checklists, and forms to assist in IAQ investigations.
Workplace Violence Primer and Guideline for Industrial Hygienists.This new guideline details the problem of workplace violence, including bullying and harassment at work, and describes how the industrial hygiene approach to hazard identification can be used to help control workplace violence. The authors discuss the extent of the problem of workplace violence, its effects on workers and organizations, prevention, and control measures.
2016 ERPG/WEEL Handbook.This emergency reference presents a clear overview of two important, well-established sets of exposure limits: the ERPGs and WEELs. Recommended values for each series are contained in this handy booklet, along with other important information. This handbook should always be used in conjunction with the documentation provided in each full set of ERPGs and WEELs.
Realizing the Full Business Value of Product Stewardship.This publication provides a foundation for an overarching value strategy for product stewardship that can help professionals build a solid business case and gain the support of top management, ensuring adequate resourcing and staff to meet the business strategy.
Health and Safety for Museum Professionals(resale title). This publication covers health and safety concerns, precautions, and remedies for all areas of museum work. This reference is intended for conservators, exhibit producers, collection managers, curators, and administrators in all disciplines. Topics include the overarching issues of safety program planning and implementation, specific hazards that may be encountered in work situations related to cultural property, and the nature of the health issues posed by these hazards.
Inspire the Next ?Generation of IHsAIHA's IH Professional Pathway program was introduced earlier this year to help industrial hygiene professionals better understand their career options and refresh the way the profession is presented to the next generation. The program was created to align AIHA's resources and development opportunities with the various career stages of the profession. The resulting program encourages and supports the attainment of credentials such as certifications and registrations.
Learn more about the IH Pro Path program and access outreach materials to help you share the profession on AIHA's
website. While you're there, please take the IH Pro Path challenge and, in 200 words or less, describe your job as if you were talking to a school-age child or a non-practitioner in a social setting. Responses to the challenge will be part of an initial, informal step toward the validation of several upcoming AIHA initiatives.
Sneak Peek: Upcoming eLearning OpportunitiesAIHA's eLearning opportunities are intended for professionals seeking an alternate educational setting. Virtual learning provides the same standard of learning and level of technical content, but is primarily administered online. Following is a sampling of AIHA's upcoming webinars and eLearning courses.
AIHA's new audience-participative webinar,
The Worst Plant: A Virtual H&S Audit, will take attendees on a tour of "the worst plant in the world" through a collection of photographs of various regulatory compliance issues. As photos are shown, the webinar instructors will quiz participants on the issues and where they might be found in OSHA regulations. This webinar will be held on Tuesday, Aug. 16, at 2 p.m. ET.
Learn more or register.
On Sept. 16, another new AIHA webinar will introduce key thought processes and mechanisms to aid EHS professionals in making decisions that support their organization's vision and goals around sustainability.
Sustainability Concepts and Tools for Responsible Decision-Making: An Introduction for the EHS Professionalwill use the product life cycle approach to highlight key considerations and opportunities for practitioners to reference in the selection of materials, goods, and services pertinent to their business. For further details, please visit the AIHA
Earn 46 contact hours with AIHA's self-paced
Exposure Assessment Strategies and Statisticscourse, which introduces key concepts such as exposure groups, sampling designs, interpretation of exposure monitoring data, Bayesian statistics, and dermal exposure assessment. Prior to attending this course, participants should have a working knowledge of exposure assessment and hands-on experience with exposure monitoring. More information is available form the AIHA
See the
full listof AIHA webinars and eLearning courses.
Registration Is Now Open for AIHA Fall ConferenceRegistration and housing recently opened for AIHA Fall Conference 2016, which will be held Oct. 24–25 at the Grand Hyatt in San Antonio, Texas. The conference will include tracks such as enterprise risk assessment and management, emergency response and preparedness, and management and leadership. The new "Thought Leader" track will return for its second year at the conference, and will include sessions focused on new challenges, new hazards, and new technologies.
Pre-conference education will be held Saturday and Sunday, Oct. 22 and 23, and post-conference education will be held Wednesday, Oct. 26.
Visit the Fall Conference
websitefor more information or to register..
The Synergist Receives Award of Excellence
The Synergistwas honored in the
APEX 2016 publications competition, an annual contest that recognizes excellence in graphic design, editorial content, and overall communications effectiveness. For its November 2015 issue,
The Synergistreceived an Award of Excellence in the "Magazines & Journals – Print Over 32 Pages" category. The cover article was "Ill Wind: Climate Change and Industrial Hygiene."
This is the eighth consecutive year that
The Synergisthas received an APEX Award of Excellence.
Winners' Circle
Eileen Kirkpatrickof Washington and
Reginald Ringgoldof Florida are the second-quarter 2016 winners of the online survey drawing that appears in the
Synergist Weeklye-newsletter. Both are lucky recipients of $200 American Express gift cards. Remember to take the online survey for your chance to win!
Subscribe to SynergistNOWSince its launch in May, the new
SynergistNOWblog has featured posts on topics such as OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard and GHS deadline, NIOSH's health hazard evaluation program, and lead exposure assessment at military firing ranges.
SynergistNOWis written by and for experienced IH/OHs, researchers, academics, and AIHA leaders. The blog is available to everyone with an interest in the IH and OEHS fields, but even AIHA members must subscribe.
Learn more.
Dates and Deadlines
August 16AIHA webinar: "
The Worst Plant: A Virtual H&S Audit."
September 16AIHA webinar: "
Sustainability Concepts and Tools for Responsible Decision-Making: An Introduction for the EHS Professional."
September 19–22AIHA's
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygienecourse in Columbus, Ohio.
September 26–30
Comprehensive Industrial Hygiene Reviewcourse in Ann Arbor, Mich.
October 3–5AIHA's
Exposure and Chemical Monitoring - Beyond IH Fundamentalscourse in Columbus, Ohio.
October 24–25AIHA
Fall Conferencein San Antonio, Texas.
For a complete list of events, visit AIHA's
thesynergist | TOC | NEWSWATCH | DEPARTMENTS | COMMUNITY


text:
Northwell Health in New York State is expanding telehealth services across its enterprise of 21 hospitals and 550 outpatient facilities that include physician practices, imaging centers, laboratories, surgical centers, skilled nursing facilities, home healthcare and medical/air ambulance services.
The organization is working with telehealth vendor Avizia and also has made an undisclosed equity investment in the company. The investment and other funding that Avizia has acquired brings its total capital to $18 million.
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text:
Bunn-O-Matic Velocity Brew 10-Cup Thermal Carafe Home Coffee Maker in Black/Stainless
Sold Out
The Bunn BT Velocity Brew 10-Cup Thermal Carafe Home Brewer features a unique sprayhead to ensure an even, complete coffee flavor extraction. For better brewing, water is kept at the optimal brewing temperature in an internal hot water tank. This means it,s ready to brew when you are and delivers delicious, hot coffee in about 3 minutes.
- Brews 4 to 10 cupsin about 3 minutes
- Double wall, vacuum insulated thermal carafe keeps coffee warm for up to 2 hours
- Unique sprayhead ensures even, complete coffee flavor extraction
- Stainless steel internal hot water tank keeps water heated to optimal brewing temperature of 200F
- Double-wall carafe design provides durability and is dishwasher safe


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The air-conditioned conference hotel comprises accommodation units of various sizes spread over 6 buildings. Facilities include a foyer, a safe, a lift, a bar, a restaurant and a WLAN access point as well as a fully equipped business centre offering conference facilities with top-of-the-range technology, secretarial assistance, meeting rooms, an email and Internet service as well as a selection of office and computer equipment for hire.Studios, executive suites (apartments with 1 bedroom), ambassador suites (apartments with 2 bedrooms), family suites and apartments (with 3 bedrooms) are all available. Business travellers are able to make use of the executive club floor that features luxurious studio suites and executive rooms. All rooms are fully equipped and offer the highest levels of comfort, making every stay a memorable one. Each comes with an en suite bathroom, a direct dial telephone, satellite/ cable TV, a minibar and a double or king-sized bed.
Travel along Al Ittihad Street in the direction of Sharjah and take a left straight after Dubai police headquarters onto Emirates Street. At the second set of lights, take a left; the hotel lies directly on this corner.


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John Mayer Meets the Parents
Now that he's probably about to make the old man a grandpa, it's about time that John Mayer met face-to-face with Jennifer Aniston's father.
Star Magazine reports that Mayer, 31, took a major leap in his reignited relationship with Jen yesterday, sitting down to a meal with her dad, 75-year-old Days of Our Lives actor John Aniston and his second wife, Sherry Rooney.
The summit took place at the Beverly Hills Hotel's Polo Lounge. A witness tells the mag that "Jen's dad seemed very impressed with John and the two got on real well," even though the little punk had his paws all over his daughter the whole time.
"They couldn't keep their hands off each other," a source revealed. At one point Aniston, 37, "was even seen feeding him a vegetable off her fork." The meal included cocktails, a shared salad and fish entrees for the young lovebirds.
Mayer only let his cool veneer slip when Jen slipped off to powder her nose.
"How am I doing?" he asked his possible future in-laws before confessing, "I am a wreck."
Mayer admitted to Pa Aniston that the nerve-wracking experience "feels like Dancing with the Stars."
That's right, Mayer; and if you keep groping at his daughter in front of him, it might be just as dangerous as Dancing With the Stars too.


text:
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Description: The design section of any bookstore offers a variety of beautiful graphic anthologies, heady academic tomes, and monographs of "celebrity" designers. These books often lead us astray by focusing on visuals and theory, instead of how and why designers arrive at outcomes.The Design Method is a short, functional, relatable book that will help designers clarify their understanding of the nature of design; learn methods for—consistently—creating good design; and find ways to persuade clients to trust in their counsel. It's not a lofty book. It's an affordable resource that feels like a sit-down with someone who has real answers to share.To start, author/creative director Eric Karjaluoto makes the case for why designers need to stop confusing vocation with art and use an organized process to tackle design projects. He then goes on to describe the smashLAB method with advice on how to apply a thoughtful, functional design process to your own design practice.Opinionated, accessible, and practical, The Design Method provides a treatise for disciplined, rational design and an actionable method for achieving it. Designers who read this book will feel emboldened by a more definitive and logical way of working.
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All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $29.99Copyright year: 2014Publisher: Pearson EducationPublication date: 8/13/2013Binding: PaperbackPages: 240Size: 5.50" wide x 8.00" long x 0.50" tall Weight: 0.638Language: English
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As Apple CEO Tim Cook argued: "If you put a key under the mat for the cops, a burglar can find it, too."


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The Rock of Justice was a powerful relic that existed in the Sonic Boom Zone, crafted a very long time ago to ensure that the light would always drive back the darkness...or so Sticks the Badger claimed.
After discovering the rock (after, apparently, years of searching), Sticks presented it to her friends as a weapon to defeat Dr. Eggman's fourth and final incarnation of his Big Boy robot, however they merely dismissed it as being a part of yet another Sticks conspiracy theory. However, the rock would ultimately end up bringing about the robots final downfall when Sticks hurled it, allowing it to bounce all over, causing major damage to the bot before finally striking its power source, destroying it for good. After this incredible feat, the rock had apparently used up the last of its power and, after an emotional wake, was laid to rest...in amongst Sticks' ever-growing rock collection at her burrow. (SB: #3, #4)
It's still unknown whether the Rock of Justice truly did hold some kind of mystical power or if it was, in fact, just an ordinary rock.


text: This will be on television as a set for the second season of the GI Festival on the Pentagon Channel in May 2013. Short film directed by Sébastien Paquet documenting Jonathan Davis, lead singer of Grammy Award-winning band KORN, returning to Ramstein Air Base in Germany August 11, 2012 to visit with members of armed forces stationed there as well as those in transit from Iraq and Afghanistan. The lady you see in the video is a dear friend of mine. I'm so happy they could bring Jonathan onto base and to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center.


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Books are the best Christmas gift to give because they're so easy to wrap, intellectually stimulating, and, best of all, can be borrowed back! Here's our list of this year's standouts.
Bring up the Bodies by Hilary Mantel, for adults, £18
Just as Mantel so skilfully portrayed Thomas Cromwell for her first Man Booker-winning novel Wolf Hall, her second win sees her focus on the ill-fated Ann Boleyn. Once again the king's henchman Cromwell must take care of the king's political and marital affairs; namely his disenchantment with Boleyn once he sets eyes upon Jane Seymour. Mantel is ever the supremely erudite storyteller, bringing to life all the splendour and drama of the Tudor Age, while giving vivid detail to the often overlooked wives of the king. (Fiction). Buy it at Amazon.
NW by Zadie Smith, for adults, £16.99
Set in a mixed London neighbourhood where poverty and wealth rub up against each other, NW is a novel about divided and disjointed London lives. The story centres around two old friends; Natalie, now a barrister, and her friend Leah, increasingly irritated by the new lifestyle and patronising attitude Natalie has adopted. NW is a novel that gives voice to a lost-generation and angrily berates social injustice, enriched by Smith's consummate talent at observing and describing human behaviour. (Fiction). Available at Amazon.
Merivel by Rose Tremain, for adults, £18.99
Robert Merivel, physician, courtier to Charles II and all-round loveable rogue, makes a return to the bookshelves, 23 years on from Tremain's blockbusting series Restoration. Set during the years 1683-1685, the country is in dire financial straits, the king is ruling without a parliament and unrest is in the air. Merivel, in morose and contemplative mood, decides to set off for the court of Louis XIV at Versailles. An absorbing character surrounded with rich, historic context, makes for compelling reading. (Fiction). Available at Amazon.
Sweet Tooth by Ian McEwan, for adults, £18.99
Ian McEwan's spy novel, set in 1972, focuses on Serena Frome, a voracious reader whose passion for books embroils her in the world of spies and secret operations. Her mission is to infiltrate the British intelligentsia, recruiting writers and journalists in order to stem the tide of cultural works containing prominent anti-western bias. Serena eventually falls in love with the novelist, and starts to feel more and more uneasy with her deceitful life. (Fiction). Available at Amazon.
The Casual Vacancy by JK Rowling, for adults, £20
The world's favourite children's author enters new territory in her first adult novel that explores very real human cruelty and despair. Rape, suicide and self-harm all feature in the lives of the residents of thefictional village of Pagford; a village beset with social injustices and a factionalised Parish council. While Rowling's characters higher up the social scale err on the side of caricature, Rowling is at her best when she describes the village's troubled teenagers. (Fiction). Available at Amazon.
The Chemistry of Tears by Peter Carey, for adults, £15.99
A conservator at a London museum, Catherine Gehrig, learns of the death of her married lover. In the depths of her grief she is commissioned to build a replica of 18th-century inventor Jacques de Vaucanson's mechanical duck that supposedly ate and digested grain, to the delight of audiences. But the duck Catherine creates is far greater than the original version of it and she quickly becomes obsessed with inventions and forgeries of the past. (Fiction). Available at Amazon.
Umbrella by Will Self, for adults, £18.99
Self's novel is astonishingly void of chapters or breaks reflecting the wandering mind of Audrey D e'Ath, who is suffering from encephalitis lethargica. It was a disease that killed nearly a million people after the First World War and left many more in mental institutions. Many years later, psychiatrist Zachary Busner administers a drug to Audrey, enabling her to reawaken from her stupor, and the narrative interweaves between Audrey's trajectory and Zachary's musings on his own life. (Fiction). Available at Amazon.
HHhH by Laurent Binet, for adults, £16.99
Binet's translated debut novel is a masterpiece of historical fiction that depicts a daring assassination mission undertaken by two Czechoslovakian parachutists in 1942. The target may be Himmler's number two in the SS, Reinhard Heydrich, but he is a man who everyone believes to be far more dangerous, accounting for the title of the novel "Himmler's Hirn heisst Heydrich" (Himmler's brain is called Heydrich). The book is both a gripping read and a moving testament to the heroes of the Czechoslovakian resistance. (Fiction) Available at Amazon.
Capital by John Lanchester, for adults, £15.99
Lanchester won much praise for his journalism that elucidated the 2007/8 financial crisis. This astute analysis has lent itself well to his novel Capital. Set during such troubled times, it follows the lives of a diverse group of Londoners, among them an investment banker, anxious about the size of his impending bonus. The characters all live on the same fictional South London street and Lanchester describes the lives of a newsagent, a rogue trader and an octogenarian contemplating death in the house where she was born. (Fiction) Available at Amazon.
Lionel Asbo by Martin Amis, for adults, £16.99
Amis sets his new novel in gritty London, with descriptions of the city that bear resemblance to his earlier works, such as Money and London Fields. In this book, Lionel Asbo is the bruiser protagonist who wins £140 million from playing the lottery and quickly embarks on a lavish lifestyle. Although clearly intended as a state-of-the-nation novel, it does at times feel out of date, as Amis omits certain essential features of modern day life. (Fiction). Available at Amazon.
The Beginner's Goodbye by Anne Tyler, for adults, £14.99
The opening sentence; "The strangest thing about my wife's return from the dead was how other people reacted", leaves the reader in no doubt that Tyler's novel has an element of the supernatural about it, in similar vein to Noël Coward's Blithe Spirit. Aaron, the widower, is haunted by memories of his life spent with his wife. Tyler tackles Aaron's sense of loss skilfully, although the novella length does not allow the characters to develop as fully as they should. (Fiction). Available at Amazon.
Joseph Anton by Salman Rushdie, for adults, £25
Written Rather peculiarly in the third person, Salman Rushdie elucidates what it was like to live in hiding, after the infamous fatwa was issued. A thrilling real-life tale perhaps,yet the pomposity of the narrator, (his plight is variously described as being similar to that of Charles I, Voltaire, Socrates, Galileo and Jesus Christ) can leave a bitter taste – as can Rushdie's long-term grudges held against his second wife and the plethora of journalists who wrote him unflattering reviews. (Biography). Available at Amazon.
Country Girl by Edna O'Brien, for adults, £18
In 1960, Edna O'Brien's debut novel The Country Girls, shocked many in Ireland. Even the postmistress in O'Brien's home town in County Clare declared that the author of such filth should be kicked naked through the streets. Yet O'Brien's story of her escape from Ireland to the suburbs of Chelsea is a fascinating read, although fans of her novels will be familiar with much of what she writes. (Biography). Available at Amazon.
Patrick Leigh Fermor: An Adventure by Artemis Cooper, for adults, £25
In her biography of the legendary travel writer and war hero, Patrick Leigh-Fermor, Artemis Cooper says of him, "In Paddy's company everyone felt livelier, funnier and more entertaining, and the gift never deserted him." Indeed, his incredible life story and his role played in the Cretan resistance during World War II, combined with his modesty and insatiable appetite for life, confirms his reputation as a real buccaneer and hero. (Biography). Available at Amazon.
The Letters of Samuel Beckett 1941-1956: Volume two, for adults, £26
The second volume of Beckett's letters paints a picture of a man often sick, tired and miserable. Yet this volume covers the richest period of Beckett's literary life, from the 1946 novella The End to his 1956 play Endgame, when Beckett developed his trademark style of bleak comedy. There are also moments of touching ordinariness; his delight at reading Catcher in the Rye and eating fresh pineapple for the first time. (Biography). Available at Amazon.
The Richard Burton Diaries, for adults, £23
Richard Burton kept diaries on and off from 1939 from the age of 14, until April 1983, a year or so before his death. Yet the majority of his entries occur between 1965 and 1972.These were the years of his first marriage to Elizabeth Taylor, when the couple were at the apex of their fame. Burton writes candidly about his love for Elizabeth, his troubling relationship with alcohol and the charmed circle in which he and Elizabeth lived. (Biography). Available at Amazon.
Every Love Story is a Ghost Story: A Life of David Foster Wallace by D. T. Max, for adults, £18
D T Max's biography of the life of David Foster Wallace is full of humanity and warmth. Max offers a sympathetic portrait of a man who struggled with profound unhappiness and depression, thoughtfully considering the relationship between his life and his work, particularly his magnum opus, Infinite Jest. Just as Wallace's life seems to come together,a spiral of depression returns, leading to the novel's inevitable, deeply sad conclusion. (Biography). Available here at Amazon.
The Crocodile by the Door: The Story of a House, a Farm and a Family by Selina Guinness, for adults, £14.99
Selina Guinness's fight to save her ancestral home forms the centre-piece of her memoirs. Tibradden, the Victorian family house near Dublin, avoids the property developers, thanks to Guinness and her husband's efforts. She also writes movingly about her Uncle Charles, her relationship with her husband and the other characters that were so much apart of the family home. This is a charming and triumphant memoir. (Biography). Available at Amazon.
Bertie: A Life of Edward VII by Jane Ridley, for adults, £30
"We grovel before fat Edward – Edward the Caresser", wrote Henry James bitterly, when the Prince of Wales succeeded Queen Victoria in 1901. Indeed, the public mood was not one of enthusiasm for their new king, who had rarely taken an interest in the state of the nation and enjoyed womanising and gambling. Even his own mother believed him to be unfit to be a king. Yet he proved them all wrong. This is a sympathetic insight into Bertie's childhood and a fine analysis of his reign as king. (Biography). Available at Amazon.
The Pinecone by Jenny Uglow, for adults, £18
The Pinecone is an engaging social study of the life of Sarah Losh, daughter to a wealthy landowner who, quite unusually for a Victorian woman, decided to become an architect. Despite having no formal training, she constructed buildings such as St Mary's church in Wreay, described by Pevsner as the finest Victorian church in Cumberland. Losh's own voice is sadly absent, as she followed the Victorian practice of burning her papers. Yet from her journals chronicling her building designs and short extracts from her journal in Italy, the fascinating life of the Cumbrian heiress, spinster and visionary is told. (Biography). Available at Amazon.
The Second World War by Antony Beevor, for adults, £20
Antony Beevor's account of the siege of Stalingrad published in 1998 is widely credited as forging a new way of writing history: from the perspective of the ordinary man. Keen to give us the full panorama of events in his new offering, Beevor sadly omits the personal close-ups which secured his initial popularity. Nevertheless, Beevor skilfully elucidates unfamiliar details of the conflict, such as the two thousand pedestrians killed in London during the first four months of the blackout, making this a relevant and engaging read. (History) Available at Amazon.
Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974-1979 by Dominic Sandbrook, for adults, £30
The period that Dominic Sandbrook focuses on in his book covers a particularly bleak period in British history. The subject matter – Britain in the Seventies – is depressing, yet Sandbrook manages to create a riveting read. Seasons in the Sun is the fourth in a series of books that started with Suez; each book covering a small period in detail. Sandbrook continues to be a masterly story-teller; in fact there's often more anecdote than analysis. (History). Available at Amazon.
Mrs Robinson's Disgrace: The Private Diary of a Victorian Lady by Kate Summerscale, for adults, £16.99
In 1858, a new act was passed which made divorce possible if adultery were proved against the woman. Before this, marriages could only be dissolved by an act of parliament, an unaffordable option for all but a few. Under the new law, Isabella Robinson's husband's petition was the eleventh to be lodged, after he discovered a series of her journals that intimated at affections for other men. At its heart, this is a detective story about the destruction of a marriage, with a surprising conclusion. (History). Available at Amazon.
The Day Parliament Burned Down by Caroline Shenton, for adults, £18.99
Caroline Shenton, who is Clerk of the Records at the Parliamentary Archives, write the chronicle of the day parliament burned down, October 16 1834, with great skill and expertise. The detail Shenton provides is absolutely fascinating, such as the Dean of Westminster, who refused to move the Domesday Book to safety as he had not received the Prime Minister's permission. Each chapter is headed with the successive hour of the fire, creating a wonderfully detailed and gripping read. (History). Available at Amazon.
Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II by Keith Lowe, for adults, £23
Keith Lowe chooses to take as subject matter the Western post-war experience in his latest book. "It was during this violent, vengeful time that many of our hopes, aspirations, prejudices and resentments first took shape", writes Lowe, setting the tone for a gloomy, but important read. From the ashes of war emerged a vengeful, brutal Europe and Lowe brilliantly chronicles the retribution and antagonisms that continued to haunt the continent long after Hitler had committed suicide. (History). Available at Amazon.
The Watchers: A Secret History of the Reign of Elizabeth I by Stephen Alford, for adults, £20
Stephen Alford's The Watchers begins dramatically, and of course fictionally, with the assassination of Queen Elizabeth I and an ensuing full-scale Spanish invasion of Britain - all by the end of chapter one. Alford cleverly evokes the worst-case scenario envisaged by the Queen's closest advisors in their darkest hours and the book offers brilliantly detailed examinations of the conspiracies that threatened the queen, such as the uncovering of the Babington Plot. (History). Available at Amazon.
Hiroshima Nagasaki by Paul Ham, for adults, £23
This book questions whether dropping Little Boy and Fat Man, the atomic bombs that killed and wounded 180,000 on the day and tens of thousands afterwards from radiation, was necessary to end World War II. Ham boldly asserts that the decision was not borne out of necessity alone; the Americans wanted to bomb Japan; to punish them for Pearl Harbor and the Bataan Death March. Of course, it can make for incredibly depressing reading, yet this is also an intriguing, gripping book that deserves attention. (History). Available at Amazon.
Catherine the Great by Robert K. Massie, for adults, £25
During her 34-year reign, Catherine the Great transformed Russia into a more modern, enlightened country. She brought the French philosopher Diderot to her court for six months of conversation, laid the foundations for the Hermitage collection and introduced smallpox inoculations. Yet her childhood was loveless, as was her marriage, and her three children were all taken from her at birth to be nurtured by the Empress Elizabeth. Catherine's detailed and down-to-earth memoirs and letters paint a vivid portrait of the last woman to rule Russia. (History). Available at Amazon.
Thomas Becket: Warrior, Priest, Rebel, Victim: A 900-Year-Old Story Retold by John Guy, for adults, £25
One of the most famous and controversial figures of the medieval world, Thomas Becket, takes centre-stage in John Guy's historical account. Becket's acrimonious relationship with King Henry II, resulting in the murder of Becket at the hand of four knights acting inthe spirit of Henry's wishes, is well documented. Guy details the flaws of each character without bias and in a matter-of-fact way, helpfully supplying much of the political context. (History). Available at Amazon.
In The Shadow Of The Sword: The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World by Tom Holland, for adults, £25
Tom Holland's study of the origins of Islam angered many on its publications. Yet the period covered is one of fundamental importance for understanding the world we live in today. He takes to task the historical problem of evidence; the fact that before 800AD,almost 200 years after Mohammed's death in 632AD, not much evidence existed for the beginnings of Islam. Holland reaches controversial conclusions, yet this is a work ofsensitive scholarship.(History). Available at Amazon.