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The challenges of monitoring a distributed system
I remember the first time I deployed a system into production. We built a custom content management website backed by a single SQL Server database. It was a typical two-tier application with a web application and a database. Once the system was deployed, I wanted to see if everything was working properly, so I ran through a simple checklistRead more →
Asynchronously unload the dishwasher
In a previous blog post, I discussed a very complex and intricate process: how my family unloads our dishwasher using a chain of responsibility. We examined a happy-path scenario in which each person hands a dish to the next. Every step takes the same amount of time, and the process hums along like clockwork. You can almost hear us singing "Whistle While You Work" while we gleefully put away dishes.Read more →
Putting your events on a diet
Anybody can write code that will work for a few weeks or months, but what happens when that code is no longer your daily focus and the cobwebs of time start to sneak in? What if it's someone else's code? How do you add new features when you need to relearn the entire codebase each time? How can you be sure that making a small change in one corner won't break something elsewhere? Complexity and coupling in your code can suck you into a slow death spiral toward the eventual Major Rewrite. You can attempt to avoid this bitter fate by using architectural patterns like event-driven architecture. When you build a system of discrete services that communicate via events, you limit the complexity of each service by reducing coupling. Each service can be maintained without having to touch all the other services for every change in business requirements.Read more →
NServiceBus on .NET Core - It's time
During Build 2017, Microsoft released .NET Core 2.0 Preview 1. While we previously determined it was too early to seriously consider adopting .NET Core, with this release we now believe that the current platform can support a comprehensive, reliable, and production-ready version of NServiceBus. As a result, we are happy to say NServiceBus 7 will support .NET Core 2.0 running on any of the supported platforms.Read more →
Azure Storage Persistence now faster in NServiceBus 6
If you're using Azure Storage Persistence and haven't upgraded to NServiceBus 6 yet, get ready for a tremendous performance boost for your application when you do---especially if you make use of sagas.Read more →
Batch Dispatch #1
Welcome back. Over the last few months, the Particular Slack channels have been awash with interesting links, thoughts, and blog posts. Here are the ones that bubbled to the surface.Read more →
How to build a Babel fish in NServiceBus
I'll admit it: I'm a huge fan of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. I've voted for Zaphod Beeblebrox in more than one election and had a cat in college named The Ravenous Bugblatter Beast (Rav, for short). True to her name, she was an adept and ruthless hunter of cockroaches.Read more →
The new and improved NServiceBus testing framework
Tests are the life blood of many large codebases. They protect you from introducing bugs and in some cases, are instrumental in your code's design. Because of this, maintaining those tests is every bit as crucial as the underlying code that it tests. Like the rest of the project, your tests should be clear, concise, and consistent with your code style. Otherwise, tests might fall into disrepair and end up in a large bucket called technical debt, never to be heard from again.Read more →
RabbitMQ updates in NServiceBus 6
The new RabbitMQ transport for NServiceBus 6 has one overriding theme: speed. Although we've added a few other features as well, the biggest news is how much faster we've made the new version of the RabbitMQ transport. We've redesigned the message pump to be more efficient, so it can handle more incoming messages. Outgoing messages are sent faster. We've even contributed changes to the official RabbitMQ Client project to increase its performance. Almost everything we've done was focused on making your systems faster and more efficient.Read more →
Batch Dispatch #0
Happy holidays to all of you readers out there! Lately, several of our staff members have been active in the community, sharing valuable insights into building distributed systems. We thought we'd take this opportunity to share some of those resources, as well as other fun stuff, with you. With a bit of async/await, Azure Service Bus, AngularJS, code-driven visualizations, and even a throwback to the Commodore 64, there's something in here for everyone. We hope you enjoy!Read more →
NServiceBus on .NET Core - Why not?
.NET Core is out. Officially. After a lot of waiting, it's finally a real, finished, RTM thing, and as developers who are passionate about the .NET ecosystem, we're very excited about it. How cool is it to know that we can write code in C# (or VB.NET, or F#, etc.) and have it run on Windows, Linux, and even macOS? So why on earth doesn't NServiceBus support .NET Core yet? Well, good question.Read more →
Async/await tips and tricks
Many .NET developers have been busy upgrading their code to take advantage of the async and await keywords. These keywords make asynchronous programming a lot easier by allowing us to represent a call to an asynchronous method almost as if it were a synchronous one. We just add the await keyword, and the compiler does the hard work of dividing the method into sections and keeping track of where to resume execution once async work completes. However, it's difficult to hide all the complexity of asynchronous programming behind a couple keywords, and there are a host of pitfalls and gotchas that you should be aware of. Without proper tooling, it's all too easy for any one of them to sneak up and bite you.Read more →
Upgrading NServiceBus handlers to async/await
In order to support the async/await keywords in NServiceBus 6.0, we had to make the first ever breaking change to the message handler API. We realize that this is a big change, and it's not one that we made lightly. The move to async/await required that the Handle method signature return a Task instead of void. At the same time, we replaced IBus with context-specific parameters to make it clearer which messaging operations are available from within a message handler. In order to make the conversion process as easy as possible, we've prepared a screencast that demonstrates how to convert a message handler from the previous syntax to the async-enabled API in NServiceBus 6.0.Read more →
A new era for MSMQ scale-out
Scaling out a web server is easy. All you have to do is stand up a bunch of web servers behind a load balancer like HAProxy and you're covered. Unfortunately, it hasn't been quite as easy to scale out MSMQ-based NServiceBus systems. That is, until now.Read more →
A promise is only as good as the code that makes it
When I make a promise to someone, I do my best to keep it. If I'm pretty sure I won't be able to do something, I don't make any promises about it. Instead, I say I'll try to address it eventually. It's all about managing expectations. In some ways, a promise is like a software interface — a kind of contract between the other person and me. With asynchronous computations, we make promises in software too. They are similar to the promises you and I make, representing operations that haven't happened yet but are expected to happen in the future. In JavaScript, for example, there is an explicit Promise construct. In .NET, this is done with the System.Threading.Task class. Unfortunately, not everyone takes promises seriously — both in real life and in software.Read more →
MSMQ performance improvements in NServiceBus 6.0
MSMQ was the very first NServiceBus message transport, and while not overly flashy, it got the job done. You could almost call MSMQ a finished product because, while it's updated with each Windows release, it doesn't really change much. It's solid, reliable, dependable, and overall, it Just Works™. One of the biggest changes we made in version 6.0 of NServiceBus (V6) is that the framework is now fully async. The thing is, the MSMQ's API in the .NET Framework hasn't been updated to support async/await, so what could we do for the MSMQ transport in NServiceBus? Make it go faster anyway. That's what.Read more →
NService... umm, where's the bus?
With the upcoming version 6 of NServiceBus, we bid the IBus interface farewell and in its place, welcome a new wave of context-specific interfaces that are more intuitive and easier to test.Read more →
NServiceBus Sagas, Simplified
In the 1960s, Shigeo Shingo, a Japanese manufacturing consultant from Saga City, Japan, pioneered the concept of *poka-yoke*, a Japanese term that means "mistake-proofing." In a nutshell, *poka-yoke* involves saving time and cutting waste by reducing the possibility of defects. Although some number of mistakes will always occur, processes can be put in place to catch those mistakes before they turn into actual customer-facing defects. This is a model we've been trying to follow with NServiceBus -- not only with regards to our internal development processes, but also in our efforts to guide developers toward building message-driven systems. Through countless API design decisions over the years, we've been making it ever easier to use NServiceBus the right way and ever more difficult to use it wrongly. This way, developers naturally fall in to a pit of success.Read more →
Latency is zero
Upon the return from my visit with the newly-discovered Ossian society, it happened that my ship capsized and I was marooned for a time on a tiny deserted island somewhere in the Caribbean Sea. One might think that the biggest problem with being marooned would be finding food for survival, but that was not the case on this island. Coconut and pineapple trees grew all over, and as luck would have it, I stumbled across a hidden cache of rations likely left behind by Spanish explorers or pirates. Among the supplies were dried and preserved meats and a collection of rum in glass bottles. The biggest problem when stranded, after finding food and shelter, is keeping one's own mind occupied. One day, I took a discarded rum bottle, inserted a note, and threw it into the sea.Read more →
What does your particular system look like?
Have you ever been pulled in to a software project and had to figure out how everything works? Often, your options are limited to either sifting through piles of documentation or diving into thousands of lines of code. Unfortunately, the documentation probably became obsolete as the software grew and evolved and, while the code is accurate by definition, it requires a lot of concentration to trace through and figure out how everything fits together. …Read more →
The network is reliable
In the spring of that year, my travels brought me upon a previously undiscovered civilization. The people called themselves Ossians, and they lived in an isolated collection of villages in a remote part of South America. Being remote as they were, their level of technology was understandably primitive. But I was surprised by the locals' recent obsession with new forms of communication. It all started, they told me, when one of them discovered that by attaching a rope between two clay pots and stretching the rope taut, a voice uttered into one side could be heard on the other. (I neglected to tell them that even as a boy I had done this very thing with tin cans.)Read more →
NServiceBus 6.0 Public Beta
We've been hard at work on the next major version of NServiceBus for a long time, and we're really excited to show it to you for the first time today! With major improvements in performance, top-to-bottom async support, and an even cleaner API, this version takes NServiceBus to a whole new level. And as of today, NServiceBus 6.0 is now available for public beta.Read more →
What Starbucks can teach us about software scalability
In 2004, Gregor Hohpe published his brilliant post "Starbucks Does Not Use Two-Phase Commit." When I read it, my time working at Starbucks during my college years suddenly became relevant. Over the years, I gradually realized there's even more that programmers can learn from the popular coffee chain. Although many people may want to build scalable software, it can be much harder than it first appears. As we work on individual tasks, we can fall into a trap, believing all things are equally important, need the same resources, and happen synchronously in a predefined order. It turns out they don't—at least not in scalable systems, and certainly not at Starbucks.Read more →
NSBCon 2015: Platform-Oriented Architecture
In the second keynote of NSBCon 2015, Ted Neward introduces the concept of Platform-Oriented Architecture (POA) as the logical successor to the currently used SOA/REST architectural approaches. POA is a developer-focused approach that has an established communication backplane, an entity definition, a built in agent model and a set of expectations around various execution topics. Ted also talks about the relationship between POA and operating systems, programming languages, and database engines.Read more →
NSBCon 2015: Top Mistakes Using NServiceBus
One of the great things about NServiceBus is that it is so flexible. But with that flexibility comes the opportunity to do inadvisable things. What kind of things, you ask? At NSBCon 2015, Kijana Woodard shares the top mistakes (14 in all) that, in his opinion, developers routinely make when using NServiceBus. From row-based database operations instead of set-based ones to using callbacks as a permanent solution, Kijana covers a myriad of different issues that are inadvertently, or possibly intentionally, introduced to many NServiceBus projects. Watch Kijana's NSBCon 2015 presentation and learn how to avoid the pitfalls that many developers make.Read more →


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What to Tell Your Children about Sex (7 of 10) by Stan Coffey
This content is part of a series.What to Tell Your Children about Sex (7 of 10)
Series: Timeless Values for Today's Family
Stan Coffey
Exodus 20:14
We have been talking about ''Timeless Values For Today's Family'' and today we come to the seventh of the Ten Commandments. We have been talking about these timeless values that we were taught when we were younger and how we want to pass these values on to our children.
As we look at these high school kids today we are reminded of the kind of world that they will grow up in. and the kind of world that confronts them and has confronted them as they have gone through the years of elementary school and middle school and high school and what they will face as they get to college. And today more than ever we live in a day that knocks and makes fun of this seventh commandment, ''You shall not commit adultery.'' It is just old fogy; it is not in vogue to observe what God says about keeping your self-pure for marriage and being faithful to your partner after you are married. In the media, on television, in the newspapers, on the newsstands, everywhere we look we are bombarded by the idea that it is all right to do whatever you like where sexuality is concerned.
I want you to know that God is not an old fogy. God is not saying don't have fun. He is not saying I am going to withhold something good from you. God is saying that His gifts come with boundaries. His gifts come with specification. God created sex not Hugh Hefner and Playboy magazine. So don't think it is strange to hear a sermon on sexuality coming from a pulpit. We have heard the lies that Satan tells through the media and every other way. We need to hear what God says in His Word because God invented sex and God said it was good.
But you know, God invented water. And too much water in the wrong way will drown you. God invented fire and fire can bless or fire can burn. And it is that way with sexuality. When you play football or basketball or baseball, you have to have some rules. If ...
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This is a continuation of the blog below. I like this theory. here are some random examples of a character seeing a person who they had wronged. 1) Juliet. Remember how Harper appeared out of now where to Juliet and Jack in the Jungle? We all know that Juliet wronged Harper. (Yes, I know, Harper may not be dead, but Juliet was sure surprised to see her) 2)Ben- When as a boy, he saw his mom. Young ben was always told by his dad (nice fellow he is) that Ben killed his mother, and therefore Young Ben would believe he wronged his mother. 3) Michael seeing Libby on the Boat. (If the island can stop a bullet in manhattan, smokey can do his impersonation thing on a boat a few miles off shore) 4) Jack seeing Christian several times. 5) Ecko- Yemi 6) Kate (this is audio) hearing Wayne speak through Sawyer Can anyone else come up with other examples? 7) Hurley seeing Charley at the nuthouse. (Yes, I know he is nuts and sees people who are not there, but perhaps Hurley felt he wronged Charley by not going with him, after all there is a reason Hurley was carrying a guitar case on 316)
I am not throwing in Walt sightings, b/c Walt is "special"


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A certificate of deposit (or CD) is an investment product which entitles the holder to a certain amount of interest on a deposited amount of money. All CDs have an expiration date which tells the bearer when the full amount of interest on the CD will be available. Basically, it is an IOU issued by a bank which states that if you give them your money, you will get it back after a certain period of time with some interest paid. CD's are available at almost every bank and you can open one by just contacting a local bank branch. However, there are a few things you need to do before you can open a CD
Things You'll Need
- Minimum deposit
- Computer with Internet
- Calculator
Decide how much money you would like to deposit into the CD. Many CD's have minimums which can range from $500 up to thousands of dollars. If you have the funds to meet a minimum deposit, decide how much of that will go into a CD (i.e. if you have $2,000 you can either place the entire sum into one CD or in several, which can have different maturity dates).
Calculate how much money you will get at the end of the period. A CD usually posts an interest rate and an expiration date (it could be from one month to five years). Use this information to determine what your earned interest will be.
Decide on the best interest rate for you is. Obviously, a larger interest rate is better, but if your bank doesn't give an interest rate which keeps up with inflation, then the money will lose value. Inflation usually runs about 2% to 4% per year so make sure your interest rate is above that.
Search for the best CD for you. Don't just put your money in a CD because your bank offers it. The Internet is full of sites which will give you the best interest rates. Look at Bankaholic.com or Bankrate.com for a list of that day's best CD interest rates. Do your homework to make the most money in the least amount of time.
Stagger the maturity dates if you are investing in several CDs. For example, suppose you have $2,000 to invest. You may want to put $500 in a CD that matures in one year, $500 in a CD that matures in two years, $500 in one for three years, and $500 in a four-year CD. Interest rates are usually higher when the maturity date is further out, but since there is an interest penalty of three to six months of interest for early withdrawal, not committing one lump sum in a single CD will make some money easier to withdrawal if needed for an emergency.
Tips & Warnings
- If you like the CD and the rate and want to keep your money in it past the maturity date, inquire about automatic renewal of the CD. Many banks offer this service in order to keep your money with them. Remember, if you chose to renew, you will have to wait until the next maturation date to withdraw the funds.
- CDs are not like money market accounts. Once you deposit your money into the account, you will not be able to get it back until the CD matures unless you are willing to pay a penalty.
Related Searches
- Photo Credit Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
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text: Photo:YouTube Two students from Los Alamatos High School posted a YouTube video of their teachers reading tweets about themselves! Always be careful about what you post, you never know what kind of way those tweets can be taken! WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW! ON AIR: Weekdays, 7-10pm Contact Call 1-800-520-1027 Text 41027 Reply STOP to cancel. Standard text message and data rates apply. Social


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|Fitness & Nutrition
Varied-BPM workout music mixes for runners, joggers, and power walkers, from the creator of Podrunner, the world's most popular workout mix series. These professionally designed, multi-week series are your training partner for 5K, 8K, and 10K runs, and much more. ====Play any fixed-BPM Podrunner mix at *your* preferred speed with the new Podrunner Shift app! Skip intros, download, sort, search, view info, and play Podrunner mixes, all in one convenient place.
August 28th, 2008
Episode 35 of 72 episodes
The final week is here, and with it a special negative split workout. Congratulations on all of your hard work! Plus tip from Coach Jenny Hadfield (jennyhadfield.com) BPM CHART: 5 min. warmup @ 137-142 BPM 29 min. @ 157 BPM 1 min. @ 146 BPM 29 min. @ 157-170 BPM 1 min. @ 146 BPM 3 min. cooldown @ 142-137 BPM PLAYLIST: 01. Ali Kay - Firewire (Dub Mix) 02. Bartet - Hipnotik (Gables Dance Mix) 03. Tonske - Heavy Sticks 04. Jon Delerious - No Warning (Come Make Me Dub) 05. Chris Zimmer - Crazy Drummer 06. Fernando Ehrhardt - Fancy 07. Juan Bartet - Mutation (DJs Remix) 08. Ali Kay - Electro Lift (High Energy Mix) 09. Mark Quail - Frostbite 10. Ali Kay - Jack Me Killer (Khan Edison Mix) == Links to original tracks at podrunner.com/intervals == Music copyright c the respective artists. All other material c2008 by Podrunner, LLC. For personal use only. Any unauthorized reproduction, editing, exhibition, sale, rental, exchange, public performance, or broadcast of this audio is strictly prohibited.
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Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


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Space debris has damaged a window of the ISS
Astronaut Timothy Peake posted may 12 Internet the Windows the window of the International space station with a crack that has formed due to space debris. Rush explained that sometimes this happens, but the ISS is equipped with good protection system (for example, the window, took the blow, multi-layer), and therefore the life of the space station crew safe. However, scientists are increasingly talking about the fact that space debris is a huge problem for near-earth space. Read more about it the correspondent of "MK" talked with the Professor, doctor of technical Sciences and chief researcher of the research Institute "Kosmonet" Andrey NAZARENKO.
photo: pixabay.com
– Until recently, the General public is not particularly interested in the topic of space debris, – the expert speaks, – but that all changed after the events of 2009, when I first faced two space satellites. It was an American machine "Iridium 33 and Russian satellite Cosmos-2251", which at the moment is not used. As a result of their collision formed a huge number of pieces — about 2 million — some of which are still flying around the earth.
– At what height from the Earth there is the greatest probability of collision with space debris?
– At an altitude of 700-900 km, the ISS flies at a distance of approximately 400 km from Land, where the danger of a collision much less. The fact is that space debris out there are attracted to the earth's atmosphere and then burn it. However, the risk of cosmic "accident" is still there. About 10 years ago I ran the calculations and it turned out that at a distance of 400 km from the Earth the probability that a piece of debris breaks through the wall of the spacecraft, is about 1 incident in 15 years. Fortunately, on the ISS that did not happen.
– And what are the consequences of such collision?
– Of course, and depressurization of the station, and the risk for crew life. You understand — the force with which a piece of space debris is only about 1 centimeter crashed into the obstacle on the near-earth orbit, roughly comparable with the force of a collision between two cars at speeds of 50-60 km/h And the farther man explores space — the more around the Earth of garbage, which is at a distance of 700-900 km from the planet is thousands of years old.
Help "MK"
28 968 km/h is the average speed of space debris (about 20 times faster than the speed of sound);
7 mm is the size of a crack on the window of the ISS from a collision
with a small fragment of debris;
10 cm — at this size of the fragment of space debris when hit
in the ISS there is a threat to the life of astronauts.Related posts:


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Mediterranean Palace, Playa De Las Americas
Mediterranean Palace Reviews
Add a review
09 February 2017
Good location
Christine Mann, Beverley
Hotel was in a good location for bars and beach. Hotel room was a little tired but not bad. Plenty of choice for breakfast but not for evening meal. Food sometimes was cold if went to eat after 8 pm. Variety of vegetables were very poor and not much choice not what I expected for a 5 star hotel.
The best thing about my stay was ...
Great location close to the beach and bars
24 January 2017
Great location very friendly great pool area
Jacqui, Doncaster
Really great location , staff very friendly pool area brilliant only negative was our room was very noisy could hear singers until 0130 am from bars opposite
The best thing about my stay was ...
09 November 2016
Good location
Jool & co, United Kingdom
The rooms were a bit tired but very clean. Staff polite and helpful...comfortable stay. We would stay again.
The best thing about my stay was ...
Great location
22 September 2016
Location perfect, hotel dated
Georgina, Uk
The location of this hotel is perfect, the staff are brilliant and the pool is lovely. The rooms however majorly let this hotel down. It is in desperate need of a refurb. I don't believe it should be a 5* hotel for this reason.
The best thing about my stay was ...
14 September 2016
A bit dated
Lucy, Cheltenham Gloucestershire
The whole hotel is very dated it has such good potential and you can tell it was once an amazing hotel with everything there. Now the rooms are tierd, breakfast was cold, the top floor pool is no longer in use, crazy golf is a absolute mess! It's such s shame however pool is nice. Drink and food prices at hotel bar are sky high!!! You even have to pay for your fridge in your room if you wish to use it, and also have to pay to use the gym
The best thing about my stay was ...
Location is perfect
23 May 2016
Excellent hotel
This is our third stay at the Mediterranean Palace and once again we have no negative comments to make.
The best thing about my stay was ...
The position of the hotel is very hard to beat. About half way between Los Cristianos and Las Americas. Situated to some lovely beaches, restaurants and bars.
22 April 2016
Nice relaxing break
Geoff Megarity , Northern lreland
Just back from a nine night stay at the Med Palace. As a lot of reviews are saying rooms are getting a bit dated and worn for a five star hotel. One disappointing aspect is that to use the fridge in your room you have to pay. On the positive side hotel clean and tidy with a fantastic pool area. They have a good activity teams who are full of fun and energy. Each Tuesday they have a bouncy castle for kids in the pool. We stayed bed and breakfast and there was a great selection of hot and cold food,all very tasty. Hotel is in a great location for beach,shops and restaurants and there are plenty of good restaurants near by . All and all a very enjoyable break bou would say four star not five star.
The best thing about my stay was ...
Great location
06 April 2016
pretty poor
Room very old and bathroom very tired and dirty. Hairdryer was an absolute joke. Breakfast was good and nice pool area
The best thing about my stay was ...
10 February 2016
Mediterranean Palace
Charlotte , Ireland
Stayed here with my husband for week. Entrance to hotel lovely but rooms a bit dated. Expected more for 5 star hotel. Buffet area was great and a huge choice. There was a lot of building work going on in resort while we were there. Every morning noise from about 7am. Other than that had a great holiday staff very helpful
The best thing about my stay was ...
18 January 2016
Beautiful relaxing hotel
Bg Kieran, Ireland
Lovely holiday and weather beautiful which added to a great holiday
The best thing about my stay was ...
Service and quality of food
18 January 2016
Mediterranean Palace
Liza, Jersey
The hotel itself was lovely, although the rooms need attention and are disappointing. Do not get a room at the front of the Hotel to avoid early morning awakenings from bottle trucks. The staff are polite and the breakfast buffet is amazing.
The best thing about my stay was ...
The pool area and entrance is stunning as is the buffet.
30 November 2015
Holiday November 2015
Andy, UK
Great position close to a wonderful beach, lots of amenities and very nice helpful staff. The building itself is in need of a bit of renovation.
The best thing about my stay was ...
The position of this hotel couldn't be better.
16 October 2015
Good but not 5*
Shane , London
Good but it needs updating. Especially the bedrooms. And would tea and coffee facilities be too much to ask for in the rooms. Otherwise lovely place.
The best thing about my stay was ...
09 October 2015
Love it here
Georgia, U.K.
Always enjoy staying here. Aqua gym is the best thing going there :). Decided to upgrade to sea view as there was road works outside on the mountain view and was really worth the money. Beautiful view. Great house keeping. Thanks for a enjoyable holiday wish I didn't have to come home!!
The best thing about my stay was ...
Aqua gym
05 October 2015
yvonne fletcher, Ludlow Shropshire
Reception area best I,ve seen in a hotel , but the room we stayed in needs a little up dating. Looking forward to our next visit.
The best thing about my stay was ...
pool area
05 October 2015
Med palace hol
David holmes, Birmingham uk
Stunning hotel great location buffet breakfast good spotlessly clean
The best thing about my stay was ...
Great location
17 September 2015
Great hol
Keano, Dublin Ireland
Great breakfast pool area very good
The best thing about my stay was ...
13 May 2015
George woods, Liverpool
We had a very pleasant stay close to every think we needed it could not have been better thank you .
The best thing about my stay was ...
30 April 2015
April 2015
William Cahalan, Co Clare, Ireland
Excellent in all respects except for the volume of noise from external sources in the room and generally in the hotel. There is a high level of ambient noise everywhere in the hotel and the pool area. There are no quiet corners to sit and read (or write). The level of the music for the aqua aerobics and Zumba was on occassion horrendous.
The best thing about my stay was ...
Pool area and excellent friendly staff
10 March 2015
Judith, Essex
This hotel was slightly tatty when I stayed there 16 year ago and nothing has been done since. It is incredibly tatty and old fashioned. Bathrooms were disgusting, smelt like a men's public toilet - I heard one guest asking the maid for a bucket and bleach so he could clean his own!
The best thing about my stay was ...
Location and wifi


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Claire Messud's new novel, The Burning Girl, feels somehow different from anything she's done before...
Condition: Standard
All Product Details
--The New York Times Book Review
"This book is destined to become a classic."
--Joan Borysenko, author of Minding the Body, Mending the Mind
Drawing on fascinating case histories from his own practice as well as medical techniques he has observed in his travels around the world, Dr. Weil shows how the mechanisms of self-diagnosis and self-regeneration have worked to resolve life-threatening diseases, severe trauma, and chronic pain. But spontaneous healing is also the essential element in the maintenance of our basic daily health. The book outlines an eight-week program that each of us can use to alter our diet, avoid environmental toxins, and reduce stress in order to enhance our innate healing powers.
The best medicine does not merely combat germs or suppress symptoms, but rather works hand in hand with the body's natural defenses to manage illness. Building on this fundamental truth and tapping into the intricate interaction of mind and body, Dr. Weil arrives at a major new synthesis of conventional and alternative medical treatments. At once practical and inspirational, Spontaneous Healing gives each one of us the power and the wisdom to draw on the sources of health we hold within.


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Fantasy 3D Art designs 2015
High Quality screen resolution images and Wallpapers range download for free for your desktop background. 3D Fantasy Art Design Gallery: free fantasy art pictures digital artists images. 3d fantasy arts, graphic art pictures 3d Chess game wallpaper. Get Free Download Latest Wallpapers, Pictures, Photos, Pics for your PC, Laptop and iPhone.


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Sam Webb: Take me back to your high school season. How did things go for you?
Barret Benson: "It went really well this year. As a team, we started out really strong, kind of faded toward the end of the season but we did a lot better overall than we did last year. I thought it was a good individual season, made progress. It was successful."
Sam Webb: Do you remember what your individual stats were?
Barret Benson: "I averaged 13.5 points and I want to say 10 rebounds or 9.5 rebounds, something like that."
Sam Webb: Pretend you're a coach or a scout and you're watching yourself. How did your game progress over the year?
Barret Benson: "I would say developed my body a lot more, developed my jump shot and be more comfortable attacking the lane instead of just being more back to the basket player."
Sam Webb: I recall, and I saw you first at the Michigan camp last summer. How was that experience for you?
Barret Benson: "It was a great experience playing against high-level competition. It is always good to go against good guys like that."
Sam Webb: What do you think of lavall jordan? What is your connection like with him?
Barret Benson: "He is a real nice guy. It is good talking with him. I expect to have a real good relationship with him throughout this process."
Sam Webb: Is Michigan recruiting you pretty hard? It seems like they were paying a lot of attention to you.
Barret Benson: "They have been recruiting me pretty hard. I haven't talked to them in a little bit but I am expecting a few calls from them come June 15th."
Sam Webb: What schools have you received offers from so far?
Barret Benson: "DePaul, Loyola, Penn State, Oregon State, and Indiana. (edt note: since this interview was conducted Purdue also extended a scholarship offer.)"
Sam Webb: Have you visited all of those schools?
Barret Benson: "I have visited Indiana, DePaul, Loyola, but not Penn State or Oregon State."
Sam Webb: I know it's very early for you but are you starting to favor any of those schools yet?
Barret Benson: "No, not really, we've got a lot of time."
Sam Webb: I spoke to Skylar Nash and he said you guys went up to Michigan for the home football opener. What was that experience like?
Barret Benson: "It was exciting there. The fans, you know they love football in Michigan, they love football. It was a great experience, all those people, they packed the place. It was crazy."
Sam Webb: Did you get a chance to watch them much during the basketball season?
Barret Benson: "Yeah, I watched a lot of the games on TV and during the tournament as well."
Sam Webb: What do you think of their program, their style of play, that kind of thing?
Barret Benson: "I think it is a great style of play. They are really successful at what they do and it is very interesting to watch them play."
Sam Webb: I know you do this with every school that you're looking at, but how do you think your game would translate to their offense. Where do you think you would fit in?
Barret Benson: "I think I would help out getting boards, running, the floor, and just adding an offensive threat in the post for them as well."
Sam Webb: Are you going to be camping attending Michigan's elite camp again?
Barret Benson: "I haven't decided yet. I'm not sure what my summer plans are yet."
Sam Webb: Last but not least, other than to win, what are your goals for this AAU season?
Barret Benson: "Just become a better overall player, keep developing my body and my game just the best I can be."


text:
Style:BA Black DIPA
Malts:Pilsner, Flaked Oat, Munich, Cara Pils, Black Malt, Chocolate, Roasted Barley
Hops:Columbus, bobek, Centennial
Barrel aged on Chardonnay Barrels. Black Maria is an American inspired Black IPA. It is black as an stout and hoppy as an IPA. The beer has been brewed with a good amount of highly roasted Carafa Malts, but with a relatively low amount of caramel and chocolate malts. This way we get the burned bitter and delicate chocolate notes in the beers, that goes well with the bitter and fruity aromas of the hops. The lack of caramel and chocolate results in less residual sweetness that you normally pick up from an Stout. For the hops we wanted some hops that could stand up against the Carafa malts. Therefore we used a mix of Columbus, Centennial, Galaxy and Cascade for the hop profile.
Words from our label designer Kasper about the label:
The label shows the inner yard of the Copenhagen Police Yard folded out on 4 pictures with a quote and a name merged together. The shitty tree on the neck-wrap stands in contrast to the main labels monumental expression. The police is as fake as the quality of the wood. The label is dedicated to police commander Bjarne.
Brewer: To Řl
Style: Black IPA
Alcohol Content: 8.1%
Seasonal: No
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text:
The "conscious pilot"—dendritic synchrony moves through the brain to mediate consciousness
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Cognitive brain functions including sensory processing and control of behavior are understood as "neurocomputation" in axonal–dendritic synaptic networks of "integrate-and-fire" neurons. Cognitive neurocomputation with consciousness is accompanied by 30- to 90-Hz gamma synchrony electroencephalography (EEG), and non-conscious neurocomputation is not. Gamma synchrony EEG derives largely from neuronal groups linked by dendritic–dendritic gap junctions, forming transient syncytia ("dendritic webs") in input/integration layers oriented sideways to axonal–dendritic neurocomputational flow. As gap junctions open and close, a gamma-synchronized dendritic web can rapidly change topology and move through the brain as a spatiotemporal envelope performing collective integration and volitional choices correlating with consciousness. The "conscious pilot" is a metaphorical description for a mobile gamma-synchronized dendritic web as vehicle for a conscious agent/pilot which experiences and assumes control of otherwise non-conscious auto-pilot neurocomputation.
KeywordsConsciousness Gamma synchrony Gap junctions Dendrites Neural correlate of consciousness NCC Cognition Volition Connexin Brain EEG Electroencephalography Action potentials Spikes Integrate and fire Integration Computer worm Neuron Neural networks Neurological models
1 Introduction: Gamma synchrony and the "conscious pilot"
Cognitive brain functions are accounted for by information processing in networks of neurons—"neurocomputation." In each neuron, dendrites and the cell body/soma receive synaptic inputs and integrate them to a threshold for axonal firings as outputs—"integrate and fire." Cognitive brain functions are thus understood as "neurocomputation" in networks of "integrate-and-fire" neurons.
Despite this understanding, an explanation for conscious awareness eludes modern science. Illustrating this point, philosopher David Chalmers [1] has characterized non-conscious cognitive brain functions as the "easy problems," including the brain's abilities to non-consciously discriminate, categorize, and react to sensory stimuli, integrate information, focus attention, and control behavior. Non-conscious easy problem cognitive functions are largely habitual and also expressed as "zombie" modes [2] or "auto-pilot" [3].1 Chalmers explains that the so-called easy problems are not really that easy but at least seem directly amenable to "neurocomputation," i.e., the brain's integrate-and-fire neurons and synapses acting like "bit states" and switches in computers. Neurocomputation can explain non-conscious easy problem, zombie mode, and auto-pilot processes.
The "hard problem" according to Chalmers is the question of how the brain produces conscious control and experience, i.e., phenomenal awareness with subjective feelings, composed of what philosophers call "qualia." The hard problem refers to the fact that conscious control and experience do not naturally derive from neurocomputation. Without addressing the hard problem per se, neuroscientists aim to identify a "neural correlate of consciousness" (NCC), brain systems active concomitantly with conscious experience [4]. This paper presents a new model of the NCC as a mobile integrator moving through dendritic/somatic input/integration layers of the brain's neurocomputational networks.
A key point is that non-conscious auto-pilot modes (easy problems, zombie modes) and conscious control and experience (hard problem) are not always separate and distinct. At times, non-conscious auto-pilot modes become driven or accompanied by conscious experience. For example, we often perform complex habitual behaviors like walking or driving while daydreaming, seemingly on auto-pilot with consciousness somewhere else. But when novelty occurs we consciously perceive the scene and assume conscious control—consciousness is able to "tune into and take over" non-conscious processes. So rather than a distinction between non-conscious auto-pilot modes on the one hand and conscious experience on the other, the essential distinction is actually between cognitive neurocomputation which at any given moment is, or is not, accompanied by some added fleeting feature (the "conscious pilot") which conveys conscious experience and choice.
The best measurable feature correlating with consciousness (i.e., the NCC) is coherent electrical activity in a particular frequency band of the electroencephalogram (EEG).2 The EEG records tiny brain-generated voltage fluctuations from scalp or brain surface electrodes, producing a complex continually varying signal.3 An important parameter is the degree of coherence or phase synchrony among voltage fluctuations recorded from different electrodes at any specific EEG frequency. Phase synchrony at various EEG frequencies can occur locally within one brain region, between neighboring and long-range regions, or globally distributed among many spatially separated brain regions.
In the late 1980s, Wolf Singer and colleagues [5, 6] found specific, phase-synchronized EEG in cats' visual cortex which was strongly correlated with particular visual stimulation. The phase synchrony they found occurred at around 40 Hz, in the gamma frequency band of the EEG, and became known as "coherent 40 Hz" (gamma covering the range from 30 to 90 Hz). Subsequent studies have shown gamma synchrony in various brain locations correlating with conscious perception, motor control, language, working memory, face and word recognition, sleep/wake and dream cycles, and binding—the issue of how neurocomputational representations occurring in different brain regions and at slightly different moments are bound together in a unified conscious percept [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19].4
Location and distribution of gamma synchrony within the brain can change dynamically, shifting on timescales of hundreds of milliseconds or faster [7, 20]. Specific modalities of conscious content reflect particular locations/distributions of gamma synchrony. For example, conscious smell occurs when odorant molecules induce gamma synchrony among olfactory bulb dendrites [21, 22, 23]. With conscious pleasure and reward, gamma synchrony is occurring in ventral tegmentum and nucleus accumbens [24].
When we are conscious of our surroundings, neurocomputational sensory arousal activity ascends via thalamus to cortex and then through other cortical areas in feed-forward and feedback circuits.5 These bottom-up and top-down recurrent neurocomputational networks are proposed to represent the world and mediate consciousness, e.g., in a "global workspace" [25, 26, 27]. But thalamocortical arousal is neither necessary nor sufficient for consciousness. We often process sensory information non-consciously while on auto-pilot, e.g., while we drive, walk, or engage in other habitual behaviors. In these situations, thalamocortical arousal and sensory processing continue without consciousness (and without gamma synchrony) [28].6 And consciousness occurs without thalamocortical arousal, e.g., in internally generated conscious states like memory recall and daydreaming owing to ongoing cortical–cortical dynamics [28].
The best measurable correlate of consciousness is long-range (e.g., cortical–cortical) gamma synchrony. In animals and surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia, gamma synchrony between frontal and posterior cortex is the specific marker which disappears with loss of consciousness and returns upon awakening [29, 30].7 In what may be considered enhanced or optimized levels of consciousness, highest amplitude, frequency, and phase coherent gamma synchrony have been recorded spanning cortical regions in meditating Tibetan monks [31].
What are the brain boundaries of gamma synchrony? Using depth electrodes in animals, gamma synchrony has been found between cortical hemispheres and between cortex, thalamus, other sub-cortical regions and even spinal cord [32]. Consciousness may require some critical threshold of gamma-synchronized neurons, e.g., long range (frontal–posterior, bi-hemispheric, corticospinal, ventral tegmentum–nucleus accumbens, etc.), critical number, or distribution. Gamma synchrony and consciousness seemingly redistribute and move together around the brain, able to tune into and assume control of otherwise non-conscious functions.8
As a metaphor, consider a passenger airplane cruising on auto-pilot. The conscious pilot is present but not directly in control nor consciously aware of the cockpit view or instrument readings. Perhaps he/she is reading a magazine, chatting in the main cabin or even sleeping and dreaming. Suddenly turbulence occurs or an alarm sounds. The conscious pilot "tunes in and takes over," directing his/her attention to the view and instrument readings in the cockpit and assuming motor control of the plane and correcting course or elevation to avoid the turbulence. When the situation is resolved, the auto-pilot resumes monitoring and control, and the conscious pilot returns to previous activities, perhaps visiting with a flight attendant in the galley.
In the metaphorical airplane, the auto-pilot tending to the easy problems is the on-board flight computer and instruments. In the brain, non-conscious auto-pilot modes are accounted for by (e.g., thalamocortical) neurocomputation, i.e., the brain's neuronal firings and synaptic transmissions acting like "bit states" and switches in computers.
What about the conscious pilot? Gamma synchrony is the logical candidate, correlating with consciousness and moving and redistributing throughout neurocomputational brain networks. Fully alert, attentive consciousness involving thalamocortical sensory arousal accompanied by gamma synchrony is the conscious pilot in the cockpit, perceiving the view and instrument readings and controlling the plane. Daydreaming, conscious memory, and other internally generated states would be gamma synchrony in various cortical areas, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, etc.—the conscious pilot occupied elsewhere while the auto-pilot flies the plane.9
But gamma synchrony (like consciousness) does not directly ensue from neurocomputation.
2 Neurocomputation: The computer-like brain and the brain-like computer
In the past half century, brain function has been understood in the context of how computers operate, and development of computers has benefited from knowledge of brain function—"neurocomputation."
In computers, discrete electron states in silicon represent fundamental information units (e.g., "bits") which interact, receive inputs from other states, and—according to some form of logic—produce outputs. With feedback, flows of inputs and outputs scale up to networks of networks which, like brains, solve problems, simulate reality, and regulate complex behaviors.
In the brain, discrete neuronal states enabling computation were established by Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal [33] who showed the brain to be composed largely of individual filamentous neuronal cells, or neurons, subsequently demonstrated to communicate with other neurons by chemical synapses.10 Cajal's discrete neurons eclipsed the previous view of Italian scientist Camillo Golgi that the brain was a threaded-together reticulum or mesh-like syncytium of uninterrupted filamentous neuronal processes.
Axonal firings or spikes do not dissipate once triggered ("all or none") and are thus comparable to both digital outputs and inputs in computers, e.g., binary bits which convey information. In most approaches, dendritic integration beyond synaptic weighting is considered purely passive summation of weighted spike inputs and otherwise ignored. Recordings from single neurons in the brains of animals and occasionally humans show correlations between spike frequency and specific perceptions and behaviors [34]. Axonal spikes/firings are viewed as the primary currency of neurocomputation and the NCC [35]. With weighted synaptic connection strengths, neurocomputational networks of spiking neurons can account for complex non-conscious cognitive auto-pilot functions.12
McCulloch and Pitts [36] were among the first to abstract integrate-and-fire neurons for use in computer design. The McCulloch–Pitts model neuron had multiple inputs and a single output (Fig. 1b). Inputs were integrated by passive summation to a threshold which, when reached, triggered an all-or-none binary output. With addition of adjustable input strengths, artificial neurons (e.g., the "perceptron") arose, leading to self-organizing artificial neural networks and brain-like computers capable of adaptive learning [37]. Brain function and the computer were wed.
What about consciousness? Some authorities contend that consciousness emerges from axonal firings as outputs of critically complex neurocomputation [34, 35] or coherent volleys of axonal spikes or "neuronal firing explosions" [38]. Others place consciousness in dendrites and cell bodies/soma of neurons, i.e., in the integration phase of "integrate and fire" [39, 40, 41].13
At the neuronal level, dendritic/somatic integration of synaptic inputs is not passive, involving complex logic functions and signal processing in dendritic spines, local dendritic regions [42, 43, 44], and intra-dendritic and somatic cytoskeletal processes [45, 46].14 Anesthetics act almost exclusively on dendritic and cell body/somatic proteins to erase consciousness, with little or no effects on axonal firing capabilities. And coherent spike volleys/firing explosions are preceded and caused by synchronized dendritic/somatic integrations. Arguably, dendritic/somatic integration is the sub-neuronal correlate of consciousness. And dendritic/somatic integration is the origin of gamma synchrony.
3 Conscious moments and gamma "sideways synchrony"
In computers, discrete operations are performed synchronously in many parallel computational elements operating at a particular clock speed (up to 3 GHz—three billion cycles per second). Does the brain have a synchronous clocking mechanism? Is consciousness a sequence of discrete events or frames—conscious moments—clocked by gamma-synchronized brain activity?
William James [47] initially considered consciousness a sequence of "specious moments'" (but then embraced a continuous "stream of consciousness"). Alfred North Whitehead [48, 49] portrayed consciousness as a sequence of discrete events termed "occasions of experience." The "perceptual moment" theory of Stroud [50] described consciousness as discrete events, like sequential frames of a movie.
Evidence in recent years suggests periodicities for perception and reaction times in the range of 20 to 50 ms (e.g., gamma EEG waves; 30 to 90 Hz) and others in a longer range of hundreds of milliseconds (e.g., theta EEG waves; 3 to 7 Hz), the latter consistent with saccades and the visual gestalt [51]. Woolf and Hameroff [41] and VanRullen and Koch [51] have suggested that the visual scene correlates with a series of fast gamma waves (each corresponding to specific visual components, e.g., shape, color, motion) riding on a slower theta wave. Freeman [52] characterized theta waves with finer-scale cortical dynamics as cinema-like frames of conscious content. Conscious perception may consist of theta-synchronized scenes, each composed of gamma-synchronized frames.15,16 Gamma synchrony can provide sequences of discrete conscious frames or moments.
Following Singer's work in the 1980s, authorities viewed particular networks of gamma-synchronized neurons as the NCC [4, 53]. But gamma synchrony fell from favor, not because it does not correlate with cognition and consciousness—it clearly does. Gamma synchrony was discounted because it does not correspond with axonal firings or spikes, the assumed currency of axonal–dendritic neurocomputation and the NCC [54]. Like other EEG components, gamma ensues from local field potentials, in turn derived mostly from synchronized dendritic and cell body/somatic post-synaptic potentials, i.e., integration phases of integrate-and-fire neuronal activity.
Phase synchrony at frequencies slower than gamma is readily explained through axonal–dendritic/somatic neurocomputation, i.e., post-synaptic potentials driven coherently by thalamic pacemaking, reciprocal connections, and recurrent feedback [55]. But at gamma frequency phase intervals (e.g., 25 ms for 40 Hz), synaptic delays, and variabilities in spike threshold, neurotransmitter release and axonal conduction times become problematic [56, 57]. The origin of gamma synchrony points in a sideways direction.
Gap junctions are direct windows between adjacent cells formed by paired collars of proteins called connexins [56, 57, 58, 59] and pannexins [60]. Neurons connected by gap junctions have continuous internal cytoplasm and synchronized membranes and "behave like one giant neuron" [61]. Membrane potentials on one side of a dendritic–dendritic gap junction induce a "spikelet" or prepotential into the opposite side, integrating dendritic potentials (along with axonal inputs) to drive synchrony [62].
In the late 1990s, experiments began to show that gamma synchrony in various specific brain regions requires dendritic–dendritic gap junction coupling of groups of neurons [63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74].17
In cortex, inter-neurons have many dendrites which form gap junction connections with up to 70 other neurons or glia [75]. Inter-neurons often have dual synapses—their axons form an inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid chemical synapse on another neuron's dendrite, while the same two cells share dendritic–dendritic gap junctions [73, 76, 77].18 Dendrites arising in all directions from cell bodies of inter-neurons in cortical layers 2 through 6 form gap junctions with inter-neurons based in all other layers. A "dendritic web" of gap-junction-connected inter-neurons pervades the cortex, extending "in a boundless manner" [78].
Primary neurons including pyramidal cells also have gap junction connections, e.g., on horizontally arrayed basal dendrites up to 200 μm away from the cell body [79]. Pyramidal cell dendrites coupled by gap junctions (including axonal–axonal gap junctions) form a continuous lateral layer through the hippocampus [80]. The extent of gap junctions between inter-neurons and primary neurons, between neuronal axons, and between neurons and glia are as yet unknown.
Neurons and glia connected by gap junctions may be viewed as subsets of Golgi's threaded-together reticulum, described as "syncytia" [75, 77], "hyper-neurons" [41, 81], or "dendritic webs" [82]. In neurocomputational network terms, dendritic webs are laterally connected input/integration layers.19
Within a potential brain-wide web of gap-junction-connected neurons and glia, gamma-synchronized dendritic webs are particular subsets determined by gap junction dynamics, i.e., openings and closings. Gap junctions which are open act to electrically couple adjoining cells, inducing synchrony. Gap junctions which are closed do not couple and do not induce synchrony. Placement, openings, and closings of gap junctions are regulated by intra-neuronal calcium ions, cytoskeletal microtubules, and/or phosphorylation via G-protein metabotropic receptor activity [86, 87]. As various gap junctions open and close, form and disappear, the topology, location, and extent of synchronized dendritic web syncytia can change and move sideways through input/integration layers of axonal–dendritic networks throughout the brain.
The number of possible dendritic webs among billions of brain neurons and glia provides a near-infinite variety of topological syncytia, representational "Turing structures" which may be isomorphic with cognitive or conscious content [88]. Fleetingly shifting dendritic webs—spatiotemporal envelopes of dendritic synchrony—can correlate with conscious scenes and frames.
In Figs. 5 and 6, outputs from dendritic web (striped) neurons may be either 1 or 0. Outputs denoted in the figures by 1* or 0* are chosen by collective integration involving all neuronal members of a synchronized dendritic web. Metaphorically, these outputs are actions of the conscious pilot, a mobile integrator.
Such two-dimensional toy network webs may extrapolate to three-dimensional complex systems of neurons and glia and extend widely throughout cortex and brain. The step transitions correspond with gamma-synchronized frames, conscious moments. Spatially and temporally, a synchronized dendritic web moving through the brain is a suitable candidate for the NCC.20
4 Agency, the "hard problem" and boundaries of consciousness
Volition, or agency, is the ability for consciousness to exert causal action, akin to free will.21 Assuming dendritic web synchrony moves around the brain as the NCC, axonal–dendritic neurocomputation in any particular area continues regardless of whether gamma-synchronized dendritic webs are in the computational pathway. But if dendritic webs are present, axonal spike outputs in that pathway may be influenced by collective integration occurring in synchronized dendrites (* outputs in Figs. 5 and 6). Arguably, collective integration in dendritic/somatic webs can regulate axonal spike outputs more intelligently and efficiently than neurons acting individually. Whether more intelligent or not, spike firing outputs from axons of synchronized dendritic web neurons can differ from those same axons' outputs when their neurons integrate and fire individually. Thus, dendritic web synchrony (and collective integration) can alter neurocomputational spike outputs, exert causal efficacy, and perform action. Dendritic webs are mobile integrators with agency, the ability to alter and control neurocomputational behavior like the conscious pilot assuming control from the auto-pilot.
Gamma-synchronized dendritic webs (or any NCC model) could provide the vehicle for an underlying process or condition which addresses the "hard problem," i.e., manifests conscious experience.22 A number of finer-scale underlying processes have been suggested.
Pockett [89], McFadden [90], and Libet [91] proposed that consciousness is inherent in the complex dynamical morphology and spatiotemporal properties of the brain's electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field from gamma synchrony EEG, the best NCC measure, is determined by dendritic webs.
Kasischke and Webb [92] suggested that consciousness may involve sub-neuronal functions ".... more refined on a higher temporal and smaller spatial scale." Such faster smaller-scale activities could include intra-neuronal calcium ion gradients [34, 93], molecular reaction–diffusion patterns, actin sol-gel dynamics, glycolysis [94, 95], ribosomes [96], information processing in cytoskeletal microtubules [97], or some other mechanism. Some suggest consciousness depends on finer-scale processes in the realm of quantum physics [98, 99]. Penrose and Hameroff [82, 100, 101, 102, 103] proposed that consciousness involves gamma-synchronized quantum computations in microtubules within dendritic webs.23 They further suggested an approach to the "hard problem" of conscious experience, proposing that precursors or components of conscious experience, or "qualia", were irreducible and fundamental features of reality (e.g., like spin, mass, or charge). Specific sets of qualia may be accessed and selected by the proposed quantum processes in microtubules [104, 105].
The concept of organized quantum processes in neurons and living cells has been discounted because of "decoherence," the tendency for delicate low-energy quantum processes to be drowned out by the seemingly noisy "warm, wet, and noisy" biological environment. However, recent evidence has demonstrated quantum coherence in warm biology, mediated through non-polar regions in proteins [106]. The same type of non-polar regions in microtubules and other neuronal proteins may mediate quantum effects underlying consciousness and long-range gamma synchrony in the brain.
The boundaries of consciousness thus extend inward, to finer-scale processes inside neurons, e.g., to cytoskeletal microtubules, and further still, to quantum processes in non-polar regions inside microtubules and other biomolecules. The origins of consciousness may even extend all the way down to the fundamental level of the universe [104, 105].
5 Open questions and testable predictions
The conscious pilot NCC model proposes spatiotemporal envelopes of gamma synchrony (structurally defined by gap-junction-connected dendritic webs) move through the brain and mediate consciousness. As such, the model can be falsified by testable predictions in several categories.
Gap junction dynamics and dendritic web transitions
Long-range gamma synchrony and consciousness apparently move around the brain rapidly and abruptly, like critical phase transitions [20]. The fleeting synchronized spatiotemporal transitions and precise coherence on the order of tens of centimeters and tens of milliseconds are difficult to explain by axonal–dendritic networks. In principle, gap junction openings and closings can account for rapid sideways synchrony and dendritic web movements which correlate with consciousness. Do they?
Unity of consciousness and the brain-wide web24
If consciousness correlates with dendritic web topologies, then at any one moment there should be only one dendritic web which will have exceeded some threshold for consciousness. For global synchrony (and metacognitive self-modes of consciousness), gap-junction-linked neurons and glia are required to span the brain, i.e., form a dendritic web syncytium extending frontal–posterior, right to left hemispheres, thalamocortical, limbic circuits, etc. (some possibilities are shown in Fig. 6). Using metabolic tracing, John et al. [81] showed evidence of extension of dye via gap junction channels extending through neurons and glia in both cortical hemispheres. Fukuda [78] has shown dendritic gap junction networks of inter-neurons extending "boundlessly" within cortex. Whether dendritic webs do indeed extend globally throughout the brain is empirically testable.
Gamma synchrony distinguishes conscious versus unconscious word perception [19] and ("conscious") dreams from apparently dreamless sleep [8]. Another distinction between conscious and unconscious processing occurs in subjects with lesions of certain areas of visual cortex [107]. Blindsight patients have unconscious vision, e.g., reacting cognitively to objects they do not consciously "see." Blindsight may occur in a region of brain permanently on auto-pilot, retaining axonal–dendritic neurocomputation but lacking dendritic sideways synchrony mediated by gap junctions.
Under general anesthesia with anesthetic gases, consciousness is erased along with gamma synchrony EEG while slower EEG and evoked potential activity continue. Anesthetic gases act primarily on post-synaptic dendrites, specifically on a class of ∼70 membrane and cytoplasmic proteins (including connexin 36) [108, 109]. Do sideways synchrony and consciousness selectively cease under anesthesia while axonal–dendritic auto-pilot neurocomputation continues?
Dendritic web synchrony is proposed to affect axonal spike/firing outputs via collective integration among dendrites of the web's multiple neurons. For each neuron, integration relates to spike/firing threshold—the voltage potential required at the axon initiation segment to trigger or fire an action potential spike. Naundorf et al. [110] found significant variability in spike threshold in cortical neurons in vivo compared to in vitro or simulated neurons. Are this variability and its consequent alteration of outputs dependent on collective integration among gap-junction-synchronized dendrites? Does it correlate with consciousness?
Zombie mice on auto-pilot
If specific proteins and genes are essential to consciousness, mice could be genetically engineered to lack these genes and their proteins. In principle, such mice would lack consciousness but retain non-conscious auto-pilot behavior. According to Koch [111], such "zombie" (auto-pilot) mice could be distinguished from normal, presumably conscious, mice by a reduced ability for complex spatial learning enabled by consciousness. Connexin 36 provides a test case. Using "knockout" gene technology, Hormuzdi et al. [112] generated mice lacking connexin 36, the primary dendritic–dendritic gap junction protein in cortical neurons. Connexin-36-deficient mice are viable with generally normal behavior but with markedly reduced gamma synchrony.25 In cognitive testing [113], the mice showed relatively normal exploratory and anxiety-related responses. However, they were impaired in more complex sensorimotor capacities, learning, and memory (e.g., to complex spatial environments).26 Could axonal–dendritic auto-pilot neurocomputation continue normally in connexin-36-deficient mice absent dendritic synchrony and the conscious pilot?
6 Summary—synchronized integration and the "conscious pilot"
The "conscious pilot" synchronized mobile integration model is a new candidate for the NCC. The conscious pilot refers to spatiotemporal envelopes of dendritic gamma synchrony (demarcated by gap-junction-defined "dendritic webs") moving through the brain as vehicle for a conscious agent which can experience and control otherwise non-conscious (auto-pilot) cognitive functions.
We start with the assumption that cognitive brain functions including sensory processing, motor control of behavior, learning, memory, and attention all occur either with or without consciousness. Without consciousness, cognitive functions are scientifically explained by neurocomputation in neuronal networks, i.e., the brain's axonal firings and synaptic transmissions acting like "bit states" and switches in computers. These non-conscious functions are deemed the "easy problems," "zombie modes," or "auto-pilot."27 They are not really easy but at least approachable through neurocomputation.
But consciousness—phenomenal awareness and conscious control—does not naturally ensue from neurocomputation. Science seeks to identify specific neuronal brain processes which underlie or correlate with consciousness—the NCC. The best measurable NCC is gamma synchrony EEG, coherent field potential oscillations in the range from 30 to 90 Hz. Gamma synchrony (along with consciousness, apparently) moves and evolves through various global distributions and brain regions.
But like consciousness, gamma synchrony does not ensue from neurocomputation in synaptic networks. Rather, gamma synchrony occurs via "sideways circuits"—neurons (and glia) inter-connected by electrical synapses called gap junctions which physically fuse and electrically couple neighboring cells. In particular, groups of neurons linked by dendritic–dendritic gap junctions form extensive gamma-synchronized syncytia or "dendritic webs" extending through brain regions.
Within neurocomputational networks, dendritic webs are laterally connected input/integration layers which can enable collective integration among synchronized neurons. As gap junctions open and close, spatiotemporal envelopes of synchronized neurons (dendritic webs) move and distribute rapidly around the brain as mobile integrators, vehicles for a conscious agent able to experience and control—tune into and take over—otherwise non-conscious auto-pilot neurocomputation. The conscious agent itself may be some finer-scale process extending within neuronal interiors through the dendritic web.28
As a metaphor, an airplane flies on auto-pilot while the conscious pilot is sleeping or out of the cockpit engaged in other activities. If turbulence occurs, or an alarm sounds, the conscious pilot immediately returns to the cockpit and assumes conscious perception and control of the plane. When the problem resolves, the conscious pilot may again wander off as the auto-pilot computer takes over.
In the brain, the auto-pilot is neurocomputation mediated by axonal firings and synaptic transmissions in feed-forward and feedback neuronal networks. The conscious pilot is synchronized collective integration (dendritic webs) moving and evolving sideways through input/integration layers of the same neuronal network architecture.29
Philosopher Ned Block [114] has distinguished access consciousness ("A-consciousness") and phenomenal consciousness ("P-consciousness"). "A-consciousness" involves cognitive functions which are immediately available/accessible to consciousness but lack phenomenal experience. Block's A-consciousness is thus seemingly equivalent to non-conscious "easy problems," "zombie modes," or "auto-pilot" and his "P-consciousness" comparable to the "hard problem," "conscious modes," or "conscious pilot."
Neuronal-level origins of the EEG signal are discussed in the next section. Magnetoencephalography also reflects real-time brain activity from scalp or brain surfaces. In another type of approach, needle electrodes implanted into the brain generally record axonal action potential firings or spikes of individual neurons, not EEG which derives from local field potentials ensuing from post-synaptic dendritic activities of many neurons. Other approaches including functional brain imaging, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), provide excellent spatial resolution of brain metabolic activity as measured by the BOLD signal related to blood oxygen levels. The BOLD signal may more closely reflect local field potentials and thus post-synaptic dendritic activity rather than axonal spikes [115, 116]. But fMRI and BOLD lack the temporal resolution of EEG.
For analysis, the complex signal is commonly broken down into activity in particular frequency bands: delta (less than 4 Hz), theta (4 to 7 Hz), alpha (8 to 12 Hz), beta (12 to 30 Hz), and gamma (30 to 90 Hz or higher).
In the early 1980s, brain synchrony as measured by EEG was proposed as a solution to the binding problem. Von der Malsburg [117] suggested synchronized oscillations among various brain regions bound together disparate content into unified conscious percepts. Consciousness seems to require binding, but does binding require consciousness (do non-conscious cognitive perceptions and actions involve binding)? If gamma synchrony invariably accompanies consciousness and implies binding, then non-conscious "auto-pilot" processes are likely to be unbound [17]. Thus mechanisms underlying gamma synchrony, binding, and consciousness are closely related [82, 118].
In the "conscious pilot" metaphor, this would be the conscious pilot in the cockpit, monitoring the view and instrument readings and manually controlling the plane.
As measured by fMRI metabolic activity, thalamocortical activity is reduced in both sleep and anesthesia compared to conscious subjects, prompting proposed equivalence between arousal and consciousness [27]. However, sensory-evoked potentials via thalamocortical arousal circuits are used to monitor spinal cord integrity during spinal surgeries under general anesthesia and thus occur without consciousness. Thalamocortical inputs in our daily life regarding, for example, the touch of shoes on our feet, are largely non-conscious. Purposeful behavior with arousal can occur without consciousness, e.g., when driving while daydreaming or in "zombie-like" patients going into, and emerging from, general anesthesia. "Going into" anesthesia is often accompanied by an excitatory "phase 2" stage, and waking from anesthesia may involve "emergence delirium," both of which are arousal states without consciousness.
During anesthesia, increased local unsynchronized gamma frequency EEG activity ("gamma power") is elicited and enhanced by evoked potentials) [119]. In Gray and Singer's [5] seminal studies on cats, localized gamma synchrony was observed in visual cortex in response to visual stimuli under very low levels (less than half anesthetic dose) of ketamine, barbiturate, and inhaled anesthesia. Slower (sub-gamma) EEG, local unsynchronized gamma activity [30], and thalamocortical-evoked potentials continue or increase during anesthesia in the absence of long-range gamma synchrony and consciousness.
"Brainweb" of Varela et al. [120] is comparable, proposing that synchronized integration in various frequency bands in distributed brain regions comprise moments of conscious perception. The "Brainweb" assumes neuronal synchrony and connections occur via recurrent chemical synapses rather than the gap junction mechanisms discussed in this paper.
Computer worms are another possible metaphor for the conscious pilot, moving and replicating through computational networks.
Outnumbering neurons in the brain 10:1, glial cells ("glia") support neuronal information processing but also have excitable membranes, receptors, calcium ion waves, cytoskeletal microtubules, synapses, and gap junctions and are involved in information processing [121, 122]. They are included in gap-junction-connected dendritic webs described in this paper.
Signals are conveyed by depolarization waves moving along membrane surfaces of dendrites, cell body, and axons, described by the Hodgkin–Huxley [123] equations which relate ionic currents across excitable membranes with voltage potential waves traveling along their surfaces. Depolarization waves in dendrites/cell body (graded, analog) differ from those in axons (all or none, digital).
Receptor proteins (ligand-gated ion channels) on dendrite and cell body membranes receive synaptic inputs from axons of other neurons via chemical neurotransmitters, inducing ion fluxes and graded/analog voltage patterns (excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials: "EPSPs" and "IPSPs") which spatiotemporally integrate throughout the dendritic/cell body membrane to the AIS. When the integrated potential reaches threshold, an abrupt AIS membrane depolarization "fires" an action potential or spike which propagates rapidly and losslessly as a wave along the length of the axon. At the axon terminal, spikes induce release of neurotransmitters into synapses with downstream dendrites and cell bodies in axonal–dendritic networks of integrate-and-fire neurons.
Coherent spike volleys or axonal firing explosions must be preceded and caused by synchronized dendritic integration activity. Alkire et al. [27] argue generally for brain integration as the substrate of consciousness.
Many post-synaptic dendritic and somatic receptors are metabotropic, sending signals into dendritic interior cytoplasm and cytoskeleton rather than (or in addition to) changing membrane potentials. These cytoplasmic signals (chemical messengers, ion fluxes) activate enzymes, cause conformational signaling and ionic fluxes along actin filaments, and dephosphorylate microtubule-associated proteins which link and regulate cytoskeletal activity necessary for synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory [124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132]. Dendritic integration is also likely to include influence from dendrites from other neurons and glia via gap-junction-mediated synchrony ("collective integration").
The subjective experience of the passage of time may be related to the frequency of conscious moments. When we are excited, perhaps our baseline rate of conscious moments goes up from 40 to 60 Hz, and, subjectively, time slows down [102].
In hippocampus, memory consolidation depends on "sharp wave–ripple complexes," rapid 150- to 200-Hz oscillations ("ripples") mediated by pyramidal cell gap junction connections, riding on slower theta/alpha frequency "sharp waves" [133].
The seemingly instantaneous depolarization of gap-junction-linked excitable membranes (i.e., despite the relative slowness of dendritic potential waves or spikelets) suggests that even gap junction coupling cannot fully account for the precise coherence of global brain gamma synchrony [56]. Gap junctions are necessary (though not sufficient) to account for precise global gamma synchrony.
Gap junctions are prominent in embryological formation of cortical circuits [134], then decline markedly in number as the brain matures. Accordingly, gap junctions are generally overlooked in relation to higher cognition and consciousness. But gap junctions do involve primary neurons. Venance et al. [135] showed gap junctions between interneurons and excitatory neurons in juvenile rat brain, and pyramidal cells (in hippocampal slices) share axonal–axonal gap junction coupling [136]. Gap junctions between primary hippocampal neurons play a role in high-frequency oscillations, e.g., 150 Hz [137]. Pruning and sparseness of gap junctions as the brain matures may be necessary for their utility. If each brain neuron were connected by open gap junctions to three or more different neurons, the entire brain would be one uninterrupted synchronized syncytium (Penrose, R—personal communication 1998).
Connexin-based gap junctions occur between dendrites of neighboring brain neurons, between dendrites and glia, glia and glia, axons and axons, and axons and dendrites—bypassing chemical synapses [138, 139]. Among ten or more different brain connexins, connexin 36 is the primary gap junction protein between brain neuronal dendrites.
Two examples, previously mentioned: conscious experience of smell occurs when gap-junction-mediated synchrony occurs among olfactory cortex dendrites [21, 22, 23]. When consciousness involves sexual feelings, dendritic gap junctions mediate gamma synchrony in brain regions involved in pleasure and reward [24]. Via gap junction openings and closings, gamma synchrony can move around the brain to mediate consciousness.
Free will implies an additional issue of determinism not addressed here. Some types of volitional agency may be localized, e.g., in right inferior parietal cortex [140].
Functionalists could argue such underlying process is unnecessary, in which case synchronized dendritic webs per se would solve the problems of conscious experience and control.
The Penrose–Hameroff model predicts dendritic webs of approximately 100,000 neurons for discrete conscious moments, or frames, occurring every 25 ms in gamma synchrony [101].
Unity of consciousness relates to binding, e.g., of disparate visual components such as shape, color, motion, and meaning into a unified visual percept. Unity also refers to one conscious self at home in the brain. Notable exceptions are "split-brain" patients whose corpus callosum—a bridge between right and left cortical hemispheres—has been transected (a lesion which also blocks global gamma synchrony). These patients appear to have two separate consciousnesses [141].
Presumably, other connexin (or pannexin) proteins compensate during development, so the mice may not be completely devoid of gap-junction-mediated synchrony nor consciousness.
Hosseinzadeh et al. [142] showed that normal rats given the gap-junction-blocking drug carbenoxolone also have impaired spatial learning.
Block's "access consciousness" [114] would be included, in this non-conscious group, as phenomenal experience is lacking.
Functionalists may doubt the need or importance of a finer-scale process, in which case the dendritic web/mobile integrator solves the problem of conscious agent.
A benevolent computer worm moving through computational circuits is another appropriate analogy.
Thanks to Dave Cantrell for artwork and Marjan Macphee for assistance in manuscript preparation.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.


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