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"like the Romans" ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE BAROQUE NEOCLASSICISM ROMANTICISM REALISM IMPRESSIONISM POST-IMPRESSIONISM ART HISTORY: GRADE 11 'The Last Judgment' (tympanum),
St. Lazare at Autun, France Arched area below the arch and above the lintel of a doorway (entrance of the church) -Romanesque art is often associated with the church.
-Intended to help the people understand the teachings of the church (Didactic). The blessed goes to the heaven The sinners go to hell What do you see in this tympanum?
How does the left and right differ? They're happy They're being sent to hell They're being
lifted up. Use arrow keys to navigate Frescoes ("Fresh"): Painting on wet plastered wall. Bayeux Tapestry 'Battle of Hasting' -Battle of Hasting: One of the most important historic event.
-Wool embroidered frieze (230 feet long and 20 inches high) decorated the Bayeux Cathedral.
-Documentation of the battle with soldiers, horses, weapons, shields, towns, animals, and invasion fleets. Note the attention to detail: different weapons, patterns on clothes, animals Notre-Dame-la-Grande,
Poitiers, France Do you think the Church looks better with the helmets? What element of Roman architecture do you see? -stone vaults
-rounded arches -Better acoustic
-Eliminate danges of fire -Barrel-vaulted (small windows, heavy, dark)
-The exterior has more sculpture than many Romanesque churches
-Feature of Romanesque churches and castles: Towers, cones, thick walls, stone materials, and small windows. Where else have you seen that? Disney Castle "Ugly" "Created by barbarians" (Goths) 1150-1515 1100-1250 Perspective
Detail: Smoke Wrinkling of clothes influenced by architecture- paintings started to show sense of depth
-Use of gold is an element of Gothic painting (i.e. Illuminated Manuscripts) Unity is the key concept in Gothic architecture -Interior and exterior belong together and emphasis is equal
-Structure, aesthetics, purpose and meaning are fused together to create a sense of wholeness
-This unity is astonishing because it took several generations to complete the buildings. Flying buttresses: Why? -The use of flying buttresses (flying arches combined with tower buttresses) eliminated the need for heavy, solid Romanesque walls and allowed for the construction of a self-supporting skeletal structure.
-This allowed huge winow walls of stained glass. Giotto vs. Duccio Duccio
What detail has Duccio used to make the scene seem more human and believable? 3 things that's different from
Giotto and Duccio's painting? 1. Use of perspective by Giotto (objects gets smaller as it is further away from the foreground.
2. Landscape: Giotto observed from real life.
3. Facial expression much more exaggerated by Giotto. A: Medici family Florence, Italy Duomo, Cathedral of Florence Flippo Brunelleschi Compare the interior.
What are
some similiarities and differences? San Lorenzo
Florence, Italy Notre Dame
Paris, France Claude Monet The Rouen Cathedral Can you tell what time of the day it is? 1 2 3 4 5 Edouard Manet Pierre Auguste Renoir Auguste Rodin Donatello David, 1430-1432 Gothic style architecture began in 1140 outside Paris, when Abbot Suger needed to expand his small church to accommodate the many pilgrims who were visiting the chapel.
The main concern was the light.
Windows replaced walls
The flying buttresses allowed distribution of the weight
Rose windows were placed over the main portal at the ends of the transept "Rebirth" Ruling family: Dome was built as two shells, one inside the other. The shells were linked with ribs and supports to support each other.
140 feet in diameter and rises 300 feet above the floor.
Used basic geometrical shapes and simple proportions (Gothic interiors are elaborate and decorative but Brunelleschi simplified) Greatest sculptor of his time
Combination of Classical style and Renaissance expression
First life-size freestanding nude statue since the ancient times Masaccio The Tribute Money, 1427 Masaccio used light never done before: one source of light (coming from the right)
Use of atmospheric perspective to add sense of depth
Single vanishing point of the building (right above the Christ's head). High Renaissance Short period in Rome and Venice
Primary center was Rome
During the High Renaissance, artists began to be viewed as geniuses rather than craftsperson's. -Believed that artists created under divine inspiration
Unlike Early Renaissance artists that replied on formulas, scientific perspective, ratios and proportions to structure their work, High Renaissance artists disregarded those rules and let their feelings dictate their style. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarroti Pietà, 1499-1500
Earliest masterpiece
The folds of the drapery and the feeling of flesh are superbly handled.
Pyramidal compositions
Carved from a single block of marble -Triangular composition-Angel points to the infant John the Baptist-Leonardo leads the viewer from one figure to another and it finally rests on the face of the Virgin-Dramatic contrast of light in the background: Chiaroscuro -Woman sits in a relaxed position-Landscape in the background that shows distance with a technique called sfumato (hazy effect by blending colours)-Mona Lisa's smile and identity have been the subject of endless speculations-This painting must have been a particular favourite of Leonardo's because he carried it with him until he died. Raphael
Embodies perfectly the spirit of the High Renaissance.
Important figures are depicted here: Socrates, Pythagoras, Euclid, Bramante, Michelangelo, Leonardo (as Plato).
Raphael includes himself as a bystander (right corner). Believe that colour and mood
There are up to 30-40 glazes
Displayed brushstrokes to add texture (painterly) Titian Northern Renaissance Bound Slaves How is the Northern Renaissance art different from the Italian Renaissance?
Artists used everyday objects
Great attention to detail
Oil paint was a new innovation (allow broad range of colour and value)
Focused on powerful sense of realism, unlike the Italian Renaissance that returned to the aesthetics and ideals of classical antiquity. Albrecht Dürer Jan van Eyck Hans Holbein Left: French Ambassador to England, Jean de Dinteville
Right: Bishop Georges de Selve
Objects in the paintings are virtual catalog of the two men's interests and possessions
Lower left foreground- elongated shape The French Ambassadors, 1533 Leader of German Renaissance
Attempted to raise the status of art in Germany and the rest of northern Europe
Believed that, like Leonardo da Vinci, through looking truth is revealed.
The pose is Italian, but the line is still German (Hair is not treated as a mass but as individual lines) the younger Symbols:
- Raised hand and the dog is a symbol of Fidelity
- Clogs set aisde symbolize the couples standing on holy ground
- Peaches riping on the chest symbolize Fertility -Van Eyck was a witness: "Jan van Eyck was here in 1434"
-The convex mirror not only shows the back of the couple, but it also shows Van Eyck and another person, as well. Who? Significance? Mona Lisa, 1503-1506 Virgin of the Rocks, 1485 The School of Athens, 1510-1511 Arnolfini Portrait, 1435 Exuberant Emotional Power & Seriousness Gianlorenzo Bernini The Ecstasy of St. Theresa, 1645-1653 Captures the Baroque spirit
The sculpture commemorates a mystical event involving St. Theresa. Pain caused by an angel of God stabbing her with fire-tipped arrow.
Show the weight and lightness of the robe. Caravaggio Deposition of Christ, 1602-1604 Tightly composed group
The black background creates intense drama
Contrasts: Light and dark; life and death; hunched figures with erect; horizontal and vertical and diagonal
The exaggerated darks and lights are called tenebrism Artemisia Gentileschi Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, 1625 Followed Caravaggio's extreme lighting technique
Single light source- the candle
Foreshortening of the maidservant Baroque Ceiling in Rome Figures in the ceiling that appears to be floating and soaring.
A mark on the floor indicated where the figures can be viewed most accurately
Stucco (plaster) figures also were contained
the relief made it seem like the figures were tumbling out of the picture
Shows opening into the heaven. Sloping vault ceiling adds to the 3-dimensional appearance Judith Leyster
Boy with Flute, 1635
Balance of the boy and the instruments hung on the wall
the boy is self-absorbed in playing the flute
Self-portrait, 1630
Very animated
Shows that she enjoys what she does-Cheerful figures are remarkable Peter Paul Rubens The Lion Hunt, 1616 Boils with violent activity
The straight swords stabilize the writhing composition and lead the viewer's eyes to the central area.
Foreshortening is handled with mastery Jan Vermeer Woman holding a balance, 1664 The foreground object, rumpled cloth, is somewhat out of focus. The focus is one the woman
The light bounces of the woman's red dress onto the table
Painting in the background: Christ on Judgment Day; This gives new meaning to the pearls and gold. Pearls: rep earthly possessions that account for nothing in the end. -Woman is pregnant- celebration of life-Double significance is often seen in Vermeer's work Rembrandt van Rijn Group portrait very popular in Holland-Life size (11 feet high)
Each person depicted here pays and they all expect equal treatment in attention
Some men were disappointed because only their eyes and top of his head can be seen The Shooting Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (The Night Watch), 1642 Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez Combines the formality of a royal group portrait and the casual scene in his studio
The painter represents himself
The king and queen is reflected in the mirror on the far wall
The artist's goal is to show countless ways a light can be reflected (lights coming for multiple directions) Las Meninas (The Maids of Honour), 1656 Jacques Louis David Roman story to arouse passion for French unity-Story of love and patriotisms. Rome against Alba- the three brothers make an oath even tho one of the brothers is married to an Alban, as well as one of the sisters at the right.
Clearly indicates the importance and honour of patriotisms over love Oath of Horatii, 1784-1785 Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Cool and undramatic
Included Classical geniuses from various periods: Phidias, Pindar, Aeschylus and Apelles, Raphael, Leonardo, Fra Angelico and Poussin, Shakespeare and Moliere (similar idea as School of Athens) Apotheosis of Homer, 1827 Back to classicism Greek/Roman
Antiquity Francisco Goya Third of May, 1808 Slaughter of Spanish rebels by French soldiers
Depicts incredible inhumanity of human beings toward each other
Compare brush strokes, edge of colour, emotional feling and sense of action with David's The Oath of Horatii Theodore Gericault Raft of Madusa, 1818-1819 Michelangelo's influence and Gericault's Romantic spirit
Gericault was always interested in humanity's struggle with nature
Painting build around 2 pyramids. One of the dying, dead and tragic figures, and the other of hope and struggle. Eugene Delacroix Goya Gericault Bernini Caravaggio Gentileschi Liberty Leading the People, 1830 Inspired by the 1830 insurrection in Paris
Allegorical figure of liberty holding the French flag-Shows the horror and violence of fighting
Triangular composition
Included his self-portrait: Businessman in the front with a gun Joseph Mallord William Turner Snow Storm: Steam-boat off a harbour's mouth, 1824 Sun Rising through Vapour, 1807 His later works are nonrepresentational
Composition of swirling colour and light
Pure movement of masses of colour without representational meaning
Violent action is achieved without portraying people or things
No one at this time knew anything of nonrepresentational painting, so he added the representation of a ship
This work anticipates the Impressionist movement
When Calude Monet spent time in London in 1870, the work of Turner profoundly impacted him and the rest of the Impressionists. Adjective that describes the styles of:
-Romanticism Everyday See & Experience Working class Powerful treatment of simple workers and their daily tasks
Simple design, but powerful and fitting for the subject.
Realism in colour, form and simplicity.
Doesn't glorify or unnecessarily embellish the peasant women.
Millet's simple dignity of his subjects has a direct influence on van Gogh's paintings. The Gleanders, 1857 Jean François Millet Honoré Daumier He deals with the public where he finds them in their urban environment, his subjects did not pose for him
He used grids to transfer drawings from his smaller sketches. Because he used thin layers of paint, the grids are often visible. The Third Class Carriage, 1862 Natural light Instant Colour of light We don't see the stones that the Cathedral is made out of, but instead we see the light on the surface of the Cathedral.
He recorded different lights in more than 30 canvases-Colour and light became a new way of seeing The Railway, 1873
Flatness that is fascinating (women's face)
Painting appears to be "cropped" in all four corners
Snapshot of the woman and child. She looks like she'll go back to reading after this glance.
Unfinished look (very much different from Realism, Neoclassicism) The Waitress, 1878
Later work- he leaves his flatness and even patches of colour
Adopts the looser, longer strokes and vibrating colour of the Impressionist.
The arrangement of the figure is that the painting looks instantaneous. Dance at the Moulin de la Galette Montmartre, 1876
Flickering light filters through the trees and speckles the people with bits of sunshine
No use of black, but shadows are tinged with blue In the Meadows, 1892
In his later works, he combined the two styles: classic form of balancing objects and shimmering effects of impressionism
Cool colours used for shadow
Figures blend softly with the background; there is no outline
He transformed the instantaneity of Impressionism into a powerful, three-dimensional work
Rodin left his sculptures seemingly unfinished
Critics and patrons often rejected his work that they commissioned The Thinker, 1878-1889 Design Composition Explore Georges Seurat He palced his figures extremely carefully
Colour is applied in tiny dots, each about a size of a pencil eraser. From distance the viewers eyes mix these two colours to create a new colour (i.e. blue + red= purple)
This technique is called pointillism (similar to the mosaic idea)
Same technique is used in television screens and prints Paul Cézanne Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1904 He painted using flat, squarish patches or planes of colour
Colours and values are distributed over the picture plane to produce a visual balance
Though the painting seems dominated by mountain, the whole painting is equally treated with relatively small, squarish, flat abstract planes of colour Still Life with Apples and Peaches, 1905 Uses colour to build form
Distortion: Vase, bowl, arrangement of the fruit, but everything is done purposely to produce better design.
Design of the painting was more important to Cézanne than the imitaion of the original still life.
Vincent Van Gogh Contrasts Seurat's calculated painting technique
Lots of movement of the brushstrokes add activity to the landscape. The stars not only glow, but they move violently.
The moon appears to provide stability to the sky Starry Night, 1889 Paul Gauguin Religious experience important to Gauguin
Flattened image
Used stained-glass window colours-Modeling and perspective are minimal The Vision After the Sermon (Jacob wrestling with the angel), 1888 La Orana Maria, 1891
Used the native figures as religious icons
Mary and Christ
Two women standby as if in worship
Gauguin incorporates colourful and symbolic forms with a Tahitian setting to produce a unified painting What did the Impressionist learn from the Realist? Between late 18th century to early 19th century, in the Western world, three different art styles dominated: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism.
Neoclassicism had its base in France (ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte)-Napoleon had a particular taste, favoured the classical Greek and Roman art. Passion Emotion For test artist's intention
techniques used
treatment of subject
use of colour Writing section: Example: artist's intention
techniques used
treatment of subject
use of colour
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Art History: Romanesque-Impresssionism
Grade 11 Art
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text: Homes for the Homeless06.Feb 2016 Employee Beware!! 1.50 1.50 Support from ManagementThere is no room to grow in the company. The administration has no compassion for its workers. Company Homes for the Homeless City Bronx, New York Are you a Current or Former Employee? Former job since 2014 Position Others Department Others

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Topic VI. Water: Question Preview (ID: 31301)
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An underground rock formation that contains water
|a) Ground water
|b) Surface Water
|c) Watershed
|d) Aquifer
Introduction of inorganic plant nutrients into a body of water
|a) Water Shed
|b) Polution
|c) Recharge Zone
|d) Artificail Europhication
Accumulation of larger and larger amounts of toxins within tissues of organisms at each succesive trophic level
|a) Thermal Pollution
|b) Bioaccumulation
|c) Water Shed
|d) Water Pollution
Process in which salt is removed from water
|a) Desalinization
|b) Evaporation
|c) Aquifer
|d) Pollution
Water that seeps down through the soil and is stored underground
|a) Surface Water
|b) Ground Water
|c) Aquifer
|d) Thermal Pollution
Pollution discharged from a single source
|a) Point Pollution
|b) Thermal Pollution
|c) Water Pollution
|d) Recharge Zone
Area on earth where ground water orginates
|a) Wilderness
|b) Acid Shock
|c) Smog
|d) Recharge Zone
Fresh water found above ground in lakes
|a) Surface Water
|b) Pool
|c) Lake
|d) Underground Water
Entire area of land that drains into a river
|a) Smog
|b) Evaporation
|c) Watershed
|d) Pollution
Introduction of foreign substances into water that degrade it's quality
|a) Thermal Pollution
|b) Water Pollution
|c) Nonpoint Pollution
|d) Point Pollution
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|The last appearance Trey Turner made at BaitBuddies.com was released in 2011(made in 2009) when veteran porn star Jessie Colter introduced him to his first gay sex experience. After that appearance, as we have done with many guys, we sent Trey off on his new career as a gay4pay porn star where he went on to make a lot of movies. About a year ago he decided he needed a respite from porn, so he bowed out of the adult business and hasnВ't done a movie in over a year. But, he always kept up with the videos on BaitBuddies.com (our models get complementary memberships), and came across AlejandroВ's video В– a straight Latino dude who was turned out gay4pay by porn star Drake Jaden on BaitBuddies.com. After watching AlejandroВ's video, he was super horny for the dude and decided to call Caruso to see if he would hook him up. Caruso agreed, with a condition, it had to be on camera for the site. Trey quickly agreed as he was ready to ease his way back into the business anyway. So, Caruso contacts Alejandro and makes him an offer he canВ't refuse, but itВ's also conditional, he has to get fucked this time by TreyВ's 8В" cock. What Alejandro didnВ't know is that Trey is a powerhouse, a massive dude, all muscle from his legs to his torso, arms and shoulders and can throw one major, hard, pounding fuck. I always thought that if I ever needed a bodyguard or a bouncer, he would be the man. I canВ't imagine the damage he could do by leaning into a single punch. Anyway, the dude is so powerful when he fucks, that Caruso warns him more than once to be gentle with AlejandroВ… and he is. As the action begins, he takes Alejandro in his arms as they start off with a madly hot make out session. They strip each other down revealing two sexy, muscular bodies which they mutually caress. Trey takes the initiative and gets on his knees and starts sucking AlejandroВ's 7В" uncut cock. They swap places and Alejandro returns the favor by giving his new hunky buddy a hot blow job. Next Trey puts Alejandro on his hands and knees and and says В"let me taste that assВ", as he licks AlejandroВ's sweet hole and jams his tongue into his hot, tight ass, saying В"you taste so goodВ". He soon picks up a bottle of lube, drips some on AlejandroВ's hole and starts fingering the boy, lubing him up real good for the onslaught of his 8В" cock. Once AlejandroВ's hole is lubed up, Trey starts pushing his cock in and soon enough is fucking that boy silly. ThereВ's lots of moaning and Trey is saying В"take my cockВ… take my cockВ". By the look on AlejandroВ's face you can tell heВ's liking getting fucked. He later tells Caruso it was a bit painful in the beginning, but once the pain went away, it was great! The boys now switch places, this time Trey is on his back and Alejandro shoves his cock into him and starts fucking him. Alejandro asks Trey В"you like that cockВ" and Trey replies В"yeah, I love that cockВ". Soon Alejandro is pumping away hard in the other dudeВ's ass, and tells Trey В"shoot that loadВ… cum for meВ". This triggers TreyВ's orgasm and he moans loudly as he shoots a big load of hot white spunk all over his stomach. Trey then licks his own cum off his hand and goes back for seconds, dipping his fingers in a pool of his cum and eating it. В"Tastes goodВ" Caruso asks, В"yeahВ" says Trey. Seeing this brings Alejandro to the edge В– he pulls out of TreyВ's hole, rips off his condom and jacks his cock furiously until he shoots an equally big load all over Trey. Caruso asks В"gonna taste hisВ", and Trey just scoops up some cum and eats it, then goes back for another serving and shows us AlejandroВ's cum on his tongue before he swallows it down. Then off to the shower where Caruso continues the video with their conversation about the scene they just shot. A great comeback!
Seed Points Appreciated!!!
|2015-08-14 05:23:02
|363.50 MB (381,154,857 bytes)
|Num files
|1 files


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Okay, her new actually have issue 5. Slight numbering mistake occurred last time :/
Which Way?
Basically, I decided it's time I don't just draw animatronics using PicsArt(a.k.a the app every single Five Nights at Frisky's character was drawn in). What I mean is...should I attempt drawing the humans in Five Nights at Frisky's 6? Because the minigames in it aren't the old fashioned arcade-style mini games. No, these are intended to be 3D cutscenes and mini games. What would you rather have?
Want your OC Featured in the Upcoming "Jessi's Life" Mini-Series?+More info
Well? Do you? Basically, your character will be a friend of Jessi in school. They will visit his house, maybe get in a few fights, get annoyed by Jessi's 43 siblings, you know, the basics. Just tell me below!
Now, for more info:
The series will be realesed in Early August-October. It will be a series of "episodes" discussing Jessi and his childhood. This was thought of by me, but I never really considered creating it until my good friend The Non-Zomboss insisted I creat a roleplay story, and when he recommended it, I decided to bring it to life! So...yeah! If you want to see all of his siblings, read the one article here:User blog:SpringThing14/SpringThing Weekly-Issue 5 (Yes, that is the issue number mistake XD)
5,U2 is, in fact, Five Night at Frisky's 5:Update 2
Yes! Shawdoyboy192 was right! This will be a new, canon update. In 2020, something new was changing Frisky's! It was even more modern technology! And what'd didn't we need? That old technology from new Frisky! Why not make a 2.0 that's glass and lights up all over the place? And knows more? And can talk to kids? Well, that's what all this is about! New Frisky is angry! How is he, though? He's a scrapped robot! Hmm....tricky.
This update will be survival of the angry! However, some old 1989 friends will be coming in. Some from another location...........one you haven't seen...
You will be surviving in a house in Arizona, as an 11 year-old boy named Morris. You were lost...abandoned by your family....and this is the only place where you won't feel the scorching day's heat! Or have crows peck at your dry, dehydrated body. But it doesn't matter, as you will most likely face death anyway.
There's still some electricity left in this old solar-powered home...all you need to do is look for a phone to call someone. If there isn't one, you'll have to keep looking. Sadly, you're wasting your time in that because...no ending spoilers. This will be made after FNAF:FC 6.
Get hyped!
That's all for this week's issue. Hope you enjoyed!


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Can I use a recipe intended for a cast iron skillet (http://www.recipezaar.com/51550) if I don't have a skillet?
I know that cornbread is best made in a skillet. But since I do not have one, would it work okay to use this recipe (omitting the part where you butter the skillet and heat it up) with a regular baking pan? Or should I find a recipe meant for a regular baking pan? Thank you!


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Jonas today won his discrimination suit against Newcastle United – which we reported on earlier today.
Jonas has claimed £2M in compensation but another hearing is to be scheduled to determine the compensation.
Jonas was and is a very popular player at Newcastle United who had his very best game for the club when it really mattered – and he made one and scored one in our 2-0 win over West Ham last May.
Not only we he the Man of the Match on that day – but he was named the top player in Europe for that last weekend of the Premier League last season.
And Jonas is cheering on the lads to beat relegation this season.
Jonas Gutierrez – scoring his final gaol for Newcastle
Only five minutes remained of his Newcastle career
But we need more characters like Jonas in the side – and it seems like at the moment we have too many wimps playing in the side – unfortunately.
Congratulations to Jonas on another win!
Wonder if he sees himself as a coach in the future – maybe at Newcastle?
I am a geordie thanks newcastle fans for your support. I love The city. I hope WE stay up. Come on The toon. Once a geordie always a geordie
— Jonas Gutierrez (@elgalgojonas) April 14, 2016


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Their first product is a palatable form of santonin — an antiparasitic used to treat intestinal worms, a common affliction in mid-19th century America. Combining their skills, Pfizer, a chemist, and Erhart, a confectioner, blend santonin with almond-toffee flavoring and shape it into a candy cone. The "new" santonin is an immediate success and the company is launched.
You are here
Company history
As demand for painkillers, preservatives, and disinfectants soars during the Civil War, Pfizer expands production of tartaric acid (used as a laxative and skin coolant) and cream of tartar (effective as both a diuretic and cleansing agent) as well as other vital drugs to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morphine, chloroform, camphor, and mercurials, which, in addition to medicinal applications, are used in the emerging field of photography, the new medium photographer Mathew Brady employs to chronicle the Civil War.
The company now has a substantially increased product line and 150 new employees. To accommodate this growth, it buys and renovates a post-Revolutionary-era building at 81 Maiden Lane in Manhattan and moves its headquarters there. The site carries the Pfizer name for nearly a century.
Pfizer soon becomes America's leading producer of citric acid. As new drinks like Coca-Cola™, Dr. Pepper™, and Pepsi-Cola™ gain popularity, demand for citric acid soars. It becomes Pfizer's main product and the launching pad of its growth in the decades to follow.
Spurred by America's westward expansion and its own growing number of clients west of the Mississippi, Pfizer opens offices and a warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, its first location outside of New York.
However, the agreement stipulates that Charles Pfizer can buy William Erhart's share at half its inventory value — an option Charles Pfizer quickly exercises, consolidating ownership of the company in his hands.
A statement made by Charles Pfizer at the company's 50th anniversary celebration reveals where the company stands as it moves into the 20th century and into an increasingly competitive marketplace: "Our goal has been and continues to be the same: to find a way to produce the highest-quality products and to perfect the most efficient way to accomplish this, in order to serve our customers. This company has built itself on its reputation and its dedication to these standards, and if we are to celebrate another 50 years, we must always be aware that quality is the keystone."
Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240,000 shares of new common stock were offered to the public
He serves as President from 1906 to 1941 and briefly as Chairman in 1941. He is the last member of the Pfizer/Erhart family to be actively involved with the company.
Company sales exceed $3 million.
Anderson, who had joined Pfizer in 1873 as a 16-year-old office boy, would remain Chairman until 1929.
Spurred by this invention, Kane goes on to develop a new deep-tank fermentation method using molasses rather than refined sugar as raw material—the process that will ultimately unlock the secret for large-scale production of penicillin.
A celebration at the Brooklyn plant, which has 306 employees, marks the milestone.
Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic properties of the penicillin mold, an event destined to make medical history and to change the course of Pfizer´s future.
William Erhart (right) is named the new chairman, Emile Pfizer continues to serve as president, and John Anderson's son, George, becomes senior vice president.
Encouraged by this success, Pfizer pushes ahead in 1938 with production of vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. From vitamin B-12, the company moves on to vitamin A, and by the late 1940s, Pfizer will become the established leader in the manufacture of vitamins.
Pfizer succeeds so well in the production of citric acid by fermenting sugar that a pound of citric acid, which had cost $1.25 in 1919, tumbles to 20¢, and Pfizer is widely recognized as a leader in fermentation technology.
In a risky maneuver, Pfizer's senior management invests millions of dollars, putting their own assets as Pfizer stockholders at stake, to buy the equipment and facilities needed for this novel process of deep-tank fermentation. Pfizer purchases a nearby vacant ice plant, and employees work around the clock to convert it and perfect the complex production process. In just four months, Pfizer is producing five times more penicillin than originally anticipated. Penicillin is a turning point in human history—the first real defense against bacterial infection.
Most of the penicillin that goes ashore with Allied forces on D-Day is made by Pfizer. The company's contribution to the war effort is heralded nationwide and earns Pfizer the coveted Army-Navy "E" Award on April 17, 1943.
John L. Smith fills the office of President.
Pfizer scientists begin an intensive quest to find new organisms to fight disease.
Terramycin® (oxytetracycline), a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is the result of the Company's first discovery program, becomes the first pharmaceutical sold in the United States under the Pfizer label. Pfizer begins expansion into overseas markets and the International Division is created.
Terramycin also marks the beginning of the Pfizer Pharmaceutical Sales Force. Upon its approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration on March 15, 1950, eight specially trained Pfizer pharmaceutical salesmen waiting for word at pay phones across the nation move into action to get inventory to wholesalers and to educate physicians about Pfizer's first proprietary pharmaceutical product. These men are the vanguard of a sales and marketing organization that will come to be recognized as the best in the industry.
While other companies keep their international employees on a short leash, Pfizer gives its international people tremendous autonomy, enabling them to make critical decisions immediately, rather than waiting weeks, or even months, for the home office to respond. This formula proves to be remarkably successful in the years ahead.
The division opens its 700-acre farm and research facility in Terre Haute, Indiana.
Roerig remains an integral part of Pfizer's outstanding marketing division.
Pfizer partners with Japan's Taito to manufacture and distribute antibiotics. Pfizer acquires full ownership of Taito in 1983.
International personnel increases from 4,300 in 1957 to over 7,000.
The Company signals its increasing commitment to research by consolidating its medical research laboratory operations in Groton, Connecticut.
Pfizer begins a decade of substantial growth and establishes new World Headquarters in midtown Manhattan.
John McKeen, whom he succeeds, remains chairman of the board, a position he holds until 1968, when Powers assumes full leadership of the company.
Vibramycin®(doxycycline hyclate), the company's first once-a-day broad-spectrum antibiotic is introduced and quickly becomes a top seller.
The Central Research Division is established, combining pharmaceutical, agricultural, and chemical R&D worldwide. It eventually grows to include research centers on three continents. In an era of unprecedented advances in medical discovery, Pfizer makes a long-term investment in research that will pay off years later.
Recognizing that the key to Pfizer's future growth lies in its ability to discover and develop innovative pharmaceuticals, Chairman Ed Pratt increases the company's Research and Development budget from about 5 percent to 15 to 20 percent of sales. He also leads the ongoing battle for intellectual property protection worldwide to encourage and safeguard innovation. As a result of his pioneering efforts, Pratt is named as chairman of the President´s Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations during both the Carter and Reagan administrations.
Pfizer establishes a microbiology laboratory for soil screening in Nagano, Japan. The site is expanded in 1985 into a major discovery laboratory complex where researchers are part of worldwide teams seeking novel ways to circumvent the inflammation process in diseases like arthritis and asthma, and new non-addictive analgesics to manage pain.
Pfizer introduces Minipress® (prazosin HCI) in the United States, for the control of high blood pressure.
Feldene® (piroxicam) becomes one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory medications in the world and, ultimately, Pfizer's first product to reach a total of a billion United States dollars in sales.
Glucotrol® (glipizide), for diabetes, is launched.
Pfizer introduces Unasyn® (ampicillin sulbactam), an injectable antibiotic.
During the next few years, the division introduces several breakthrough products, including Dectomax® (doramectin).
Pfizer launches Procardia® XL (nifedipine) extended-release tablets, an innovative once-a-day medication for angina and hypertension.
Diflucan® (fluconazole), a powerful antifungal, is launched in the United States and 15 additional countries. Originally approved for systemic fungal infections, in 1994 it receives a new indication in the U.S. for vaginal candidiasis. The single-dose Diflucan® tablet is a welcome alternative to the existing treatments that requires topical applications of cream for a week or more.
Pfizer has a triple rollout of major new medicines: Zoloft® (sertraline hydrochloride) for treatment of depression, Norvasc® (amlodipine besylate) for control of angina and hypertension, and Zithromax® (azithromycin) for respiratory and skin infections.
Sharing the Care provides medicines to more than one million eligible low-income and uninsured patients throughout the United States.
Pfizer increases its presence in the Far East by building a pharmaceutical plant in Dalian, China and expanding throughout growing markets in the Pacific Rim.
Cardura® (doxazosin mesylate) is introduced in the United States for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH).
Pfizer continues its reign as most admired in 1998.
Pfizer invests more than $3.3 billion in research and development.
Pfizer and the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation partner to establish the International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) to help eliminate blinding trachoma. Learn more about Trachoma and the International Trachoma Initiative.
Pfizer takes the drug discovery process to a new level of efficiency with the opening of the Discovery Technology Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Utilizing the emerging knowledge of gene families, the Center's mission is to evolve new, more efficient models for discovering drug candidates. These candidates have an increased potential to survive the rigors of drug development.
Pfizer investment in research and development exceeds $4 billion for the first time. Learn more about Pfizer's commitment to research.
Pfizer and the Ministry of Health of South Africa sign a Memorandum of Understanding to establish the Diflucan® Partnership Program. Learn more about the Diflucan® Partnership Program.
Pfizer opens the largest building in the world dedicated to the discovery of new medicines for human and animal health on its Groton, Connecticut research campus.
In June 2001, Hank McKinnell announces a new mission for Pfizer—to become the world's most valued company to patients, customers, colleagues, investors, business partners, and the communities where we work and live. In July, he announces a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and training center on the campus of Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention.
Pfizer launches Geodon® (ziprasidone hydrochloride), a new antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Pfizer becomes the first U.S. pharmaceutical company and first top-ten company on the New York Stock Exchange to join the U.N. Global Compact, an international network that promotes good corporate citizenship by fostering partnerships between companies, U.N. agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), trade unions and academic institutions.
Pfizer invests an industry leading $5.1 billion in research and development and launches Vfend® (voriconazole), an orally and intravenously administered antifungal indicated for treatment of serious fungal infections.
The Pfizer Foundation announces the launch of a three-year initiative to provide grants to support training and capacity building for HIV/AIDS in developing countries. Twelve organizations receive grants through the International HIV/AIDS Health Literacy Grants Program.
Hank McKinnell, CEO and Chairman of Pfizer, announces the Global Health Fellows program at the World AIDS Conference in Barcelona - a call to action for Pfizer colleagues to volunteer in developing countries for up to six months on HIV/AIDS projects. In 2003, the first eighteen Global Health Fellows are sent into the field.
On April 16, 2003 Pfizer Inc and Pharmacia Corporation combine operations, bringing together two of the world´s fastest-growing and most innovative companies. Learn more about the Pfizer/Pharmacia merger.
Pfizer launches Relpax® (eletriptan HBr), a medication developed specifically for the treatment of migraines.
Pfizer´s Sharing the Care drug-donation program celebrates its 10th anniversary.
Caduet® (amlodipine besylate and atorvastatin calcium), the first single pill that treats both high blood pressure and high cholesterol, is launched.
Pfizer Helpful Answers®, the pharmaceutical industry's most comprehensive prescription medicines access initiative is launched, enabling America's 45 million uninsured to obtain Pfizer medicines free or at significant savings.
The Infectious Diseases Institute, a new medical facility providing state of the art training and treatment of HIV/ADS and other infectious diseases, opens its doors on the grounds of Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. Pfizer Inc and the Pfizer Foundation, as part of a unique public-private partnership with a number of organizations, contribute more than $15 million to support construction of the building.
Pfizer launches Lyrica® (pregabalin), the first treatment approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat two distinct forms of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and adjunctive treatment of partial onset seizures in adults with epilepsy.
Pfizer launches Eraxis™ (anidulafungin), a new medicine to treat certain infections caused by Candida, a yeast-like fungus that can cause serious infections in hospitalized patients or patients with compromised immune systems.
Chantix™ (varenicline), a prescription medicine to help adults stop smoking, is launched by Pfizer.
In July 2006, the Pfizer Board of Directors names Jeffrey B. Kindler Chief Executive Officer. Kindler succeeds Hank McKinnell, who will remain Chairman of the Board until his retirement in February, 2007.
Pfizer launches an online site to provide up-to-date, user-friendly information on the status of its U.S. post-marketing commitments - studies conducted after a medicine receives regulatory approval and designed to provide additional information about the medicine's safety, efficacy or optimal use. This initiative is the first of its kind for a pharmaceutical company.
To help address critical gaps in malaria treatment and education, Pfizer announces the launch of Mobilize Against Malaria.
Pfizer launches a new Medicine Safety Website to help healthcare professionals and patients make better informed decisions about treatment options.
Grameen Health, an affiliate of Grameen Bank, the pioneering micro-financing organization in Bangladesh that shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for its work to alleviate poverty, partners with Pfizer to identify sustainable models for healthcare delivery in the developing world.
Pfizer launches its Global Regenerative Medicine Unit. The unit is dedicated to understanding the biology of stem cells and the opportunity these cells provide, to discover and develop a new generation of regenerative medicines that may prevent disability, repair failing organs and treat degenerative diseases.
Pfizer enters into an agreement with Medivation to develop and commercialize an investigational medicine, Dimebon, for treating Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease.
Learn more about the Wyeth acquisition and what it means for patients, physicians, customers and investors. The merger of local Wyeth and Pfizer entities may be pending in various jurisdictions and is subject to completion of various local legal and regulatory obligations.
Pfizer takes a new and unique approach to biomedical research, a move intended bring more innovative medicines to more patients more quickly. Specifically, Pfizer creates two distinct research organizations: The PharmaTherapeutics Research & Development Group, which focuses on discovery of small molecules and related modalities; and The BioTherapeutics Research & Development Group, which focuses on large-molecule research, including vaccines. Learn more about Pfizer's Research and Development organizations.
Pfizer launches Toviaz (fesoterodine fumarate), a prescription medicine used in adults to treat symptoms of a condition called overactive bladder.
Pfizer enters into major licensing agreements with two Indian-based pharmaceutical companies — Claris Lifesciences Ltd. and Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. — to enhance medicinal availability to underserved populations around the world and add new non-Pfizer medicines to the company's existing portfolio of established products.
Because patient participation in clinical trials is the key to progress in medical research, Pfizer enters into a collaboration with Private Access, an innovator in privacy-enhanced search technology, to create a new online community aimed at increasing clinical trial awareness and participation.
As apart of the acquisition of Wyeth in 2009, Pfizer initially implemented a two-division structure for research and development (BioTherapeutics and PharmaTherapeutics) to ensure the progress and steady integration of both legacy organizations. Due to the speed and effectiveness of that integration, Pfizer progresses to this new model while maintaining the same breadth and research programs. Learn more about Pfizer's Research and Development organization.


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How To Remember "Games Of Thrones" Many, Many Characters
I'm obsessed with "Game of Thrones," but it's really hard to keep track of the characters because there are just so many. This cheat sheet should come in handy for those of you who don't have John DeVore, former "Mind Of Man" and GoT diehard, on speed dial. I will never get Douche King and Captain Beard confused again. [Owl Under My Cowl]


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Product Spotlight
Featured Research
Quick Stats
You are here
Save Mart Appoints Steve Junqueiro Prez; Unified Names Christine Neal S.V.P./Treasurer
Save Mart Supermarkets has appointed Steve Junqueiro president, reporting to chairman and c.e.o. Bob Piccinini. Junqueiro will retain the title of c.o.o.
Save Mart Supermarkets has appointed Steve Junqueiro president, reporting to chairman and c.e.o. Bob Piccinini. Junqueiro will retain the title of c.o.o.
"Over the course of the last year, Steve Junqueiro has demonstrated great leadership as we relaunched the Lucky banner and began developing a new Save Mart Supermarkets family," said Piccinini. "He has helped me and the executive team to build on the company's strengths and has focused with passion on leadership development, operational efficiency, and companywide communication."
Junqueiro was appointed e.v.p. March 2007, and was named c.o.o. May 2008. He continues to lead the company's administrative, operations, merchandising, marketing, strategic planning, and distribution efforts. A 35-year employee, he has worked his way up the organization from his start as a produce clerk. He has also been actively committed to many charitable causes and regularly supports a variety of industry events and issues.
In another high-profile grocery industry executive move, Unified Grocers has appointed Christine Neal to the position of s.v.p. of finance and treasurer of the company. She will continue to report to Richard Martin, e.v.p. of finance and administration and c.f.o.
"Christine has been a pivotal part in Unified's overall strategic planning, business development and growth," said Al Plamann, president and c.e.o. of Unified. "Over the past several years, she has played a leading role in the negotiation and management of the company's lines of credit, the results of which ensured Unified's capacity to finance our Stockton, Calif. distribution center expansion and the acquisition of Associated Grocers, Inc. [in Seattle]. Recently Christine negotiated additional bank participation in Unified's credit lines, which gives the company financial strength for new opportunities."
Neal has served as treasurer since joining Unified in 2003. She is responsible for strategic planning activities and also manages the company's capital structure, which includes lending arrangements and shareholders' equity, as well as overseeing the cash management, tax, and payroll departments. In addition to her current responsibilities, Neal is establishing a centralized risk oversight function on a companywide basis.
Prior to joining Unified, Neal acquired a wide range of financial experience within the food industry, including as a financial consultant to Unified Grocers. She was also c.f.o. for the California Restaurant Association and controller for Gelson's Markets, a premier upscale retail grocery chain in Southern California.


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Free Adobe Photoshop CS5 Tutorial – Merge to HDR Pro
In this Adobe Photoshop CS5 free tutorial we will take a look at using the Merge to HDR Pro. HDRI (High Dynamic Range Imaging) is the process of taking multiple exposures and merging them together into a single 32 bit image.
Adobe Photoshop Training Orlando Florida
Posted in: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe TrainingLeave a Comment (0) →


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Fashion and Modernity
This book tests the very definition of modernity and enhances our understanding of the role of fashion in the modern world. From top hats to locomotives, dresses to retail outlets, fashion is a prism through which modernity reflects and refracts. Breward and Evans bring together an organic collaboration of voices on this subject. The collection ranges from such topics as James Morrison (1789-1857), the Napoleon of Shopkeepers; to dress in the Stuart era; The Mannequin Parade, 1900-1925; and clothing the London actress (1860-1914). From the relationship between clothing and forensic sciences, to the play of performance, parasexuality, and the celebrity, Fashion and Modernity offers an enlightening look at fashion and the modern age.
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Nelson Mandela Oral presentation: heroes and villains July 18, 1918 in Mvezo
Changed name
Escaped arranged marriage Nelson Mandela His job 18 years
Other members too
Hard work
1 visitor every 6 months Prison: Robben Island Most famous prisoner
1990- free
1991- ANC leader
1994- president Mandela: president 1942- lawyer
1944- joined ANC
Goal: stop apartheid
Arrested for treason black white Apartheid black white black and white Sharpeville People: against apartheid
69 shot dead
ANC= banned
Mandela: leader secret army Honours 1993- Nobel Peace Prize
Book: A long walk to freedom Other facts Mandela Day
Nickname= "Madiba"
South African bills
Future? The End Family
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S is for Soul Sister
Soul Sister Revue
Sunday, July 27, 2014 from 11:30 AM to 12:00 PM (PDT)
Who's Going
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3 of your friends are going. Share it to get more people on board! Share
Sara Haughty
San Francisco, California
San Francisco, California
Luke Picard
London, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Rick Vespucio
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Event Details
For a night of tales and poetry, join the Soul Sister Revue at the NYC Poetry Festival on Governors Island's Colonel's Row. Readers include Nadia Alexis, Iman Byfield, Safia Jama, Ed Toney, and host Cynthia Manick. Soul Sister Revue is a reading series for established and emerging poets who write in the narrative tradition of storytelling. This event is free and open to the public!
Visit http://newyorkcitypoetryfestival.com/ for more information.
Have questions about S is for Soul Sister? Contact Soul Sister Revue
When & Where
Governors Island
10 South St, #7
New York,
Sunday, July 27, 2014 from 11:30 AM to 12:00 PM (PDT)
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Soul Sister Revue
S is for Soul Sister
Things to do in New York, NY


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From Randolph AFB: Exit the main gate onto FM 78 and turn right. Travel for 0.9 miles and turn right on FM 1518. Go straight for about 2 miles. Turn left on Ray Corbett Drive. The community will be straight ahead.
From the Forum: Take IH-35 North. Take exit at FM 1518 and turn right. Continue for 3.6 miles and turn right on FM 78. Travel on FM 78 for 0.4 miles and turn left on FM 1518. Go straight for about 2 miles. Turn left on Ray Corbett Drive. The community will be straight ahead.
If Using a GPS Device please use: 12000 Ray Corbett Drive, Schertz, TX 78154. This will get you to Ray Corbett Middle School and we are located directly behind it.
From the North (or Randolph Air Force Base) – Travel south on Anderson Loop 1604 to I-10. Pass under I-10 and turn left (East toward Houston) on the I-10 access road. Stay on the I-10 frontage road (do not get on the highway) and in 0.5 mile, turn right on Weichold Rd. The community will be 0.25 mile on your left.
From Downtown – Travel East on I-10 (toward Houston) and exit Anderson Loop 1604 (exit 587). At the stop light, continue straight on the I-10 frontage road (do not get on the highway) and in 0.5 mile, turn right on Weichold Rd. The community will be 0.25 mile on your left.
If using a GPS device please use: 3986 Weichold Rd , San Antonio, TX 78109. Once you have turned onto Weichold Rd. the community will be on the left had side in 0.25 miles.
My Notes:
Welcome to M/I Homes of San Antonio's newest community, Rhine Valley. This new, single family home community is located in Schertz, Texas. A part of Bexar county, Rhine Valley is on the Northeast side of town in the suburbs of San Antonio. Located just 3.5 miles from Randolph Air Force Base, as well as being located minutes from Loop 1604-IH35 and FM78, this community offers quick and easy access for it's homeowners. Rhine Valley is nestled between San Antonio and Austin, as well as the community is near Universal City, Windcrest, Live Oak and Cibolo, giving this community access to everything that San Antonio and Austin have to offer! Rhine Valley features new, single family homes in the Schertz-Cibolo-Universal City Independent School District.
Rhine Valley is a stunning new community that you will fall in love with immediately upon entering! Enter into this community through the winding roads, with a striking stone and stucco entry monument. This new community will have a large amenity area that will soon have a playground, sports courts and a spacious pavilion.
Rhine Valley will include M/I Homes Hill Country - Tristone Collection of homes with over 450 homesites available, 30 being released in the first phase! Throughout the community there are cul-de-sac home sites as well as oversized lots for you to pick the perfect home site for your needs. There will be several ranch homes available in this community with game rooms and all of them have a spacious open floor plan! All of these homes will offer Granite countertops, ceramic tile, 5 ft. garage storage and 3 sides brick included!
Featuring our Tristone Collection, Rhine Valley is building a variety of spacious floorplans. The homes' included standards include arches, rounded corners, niches, 10' ceilings, 42" cabinets and all-tile wet areas, plus you'll have extensive choices when visiting our state-of-the-art design studio to create your dream home!
Whether you're just starting your search for a new home, are a first time homebuyer, or are downsizing your home, M/I Homes of San Antonio has a home for you! With the amazing location, great amenities and stunning homes in Rhine Valley, this community has everything you could need! On top of it all Rhine Valley is located in a great school system with low taxes & low Homeowner Association fees. All new M/I Homes of San Antonio are built with a 10-Year Transferable Structural Warranty, giving you the confidence to know that we stand behind out product!


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Stand By Me by prince royce {lyrics} MP3
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"Stand By Me" w/ Lyrics - Prince Royce MP3
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Top 3: Carlito Olivero Sings "Stand By Me" with Prince Royce - THE X FACTOR USA 2013 MP3
Star Prince Royce and Carlito Olivero hit the stage side-by-side to perform the former's version of the song "Stand By Me." What did you think of the performance ...
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Stand By Me.
Ezequiel canta "Stand by me" en "La Voz Kids" MP3
Desde Nueva York llegó este dominicano a conquistar a su ídolo Prince Royce en las Audiciones a Ciegas.
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stan by me.


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Development and validation of a flax (
Flax (
Nine different RNA samples obtained from flax inner- and outer-stems, seeds, leaves and roots were used to generate a collection of 1,066,481 ESTs by massive parallel pyrosequencing. Sequences were assembled into 59,626 unigenes and 48,021 sequences were selected for oligo design and high-density microarray (Nimblegen 385K) fabrication with eight, non-overlapping 25-mers oligos per unigene. 18 independent experiments were used to evaluate the hybridization quality, precision, specificity and accuracy and all results confirmed the high technical quality of our microarray platform. Cross-validation of microarray data was carried out using quantitative qRT-PCR. Nine target genes were selected on the basis of microarray results and reflected the whole range of fold change (both up-regulated and down-regulated genes in different samples). A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained comparing expression levels for each target gene across all biological replicates both in qRT-PCR and microarray results. Further experiments illustrated the capacity of our arrays to detect differential gene expression in a variety of flax tissues as well as between two contrasted flax varieties.
All results suggest that our high-density flax oligo-microarray platform can be used as a very sensitive tool for analyzing gene expression in a large variety of tissues as well as in different cultivars. Moreover, this highly reliable platform can also be used for the quantification of mRNA transcriptional profiling in different flax tissues.
Flax (
In order to breed improved flax varieties we need to increase our fundamental knowledge of flax biology (fibre and seed formation, disease resistance, growth etc.) since many important questions remain unanswered. For example, although we know that fibre quality is related to the extremely low lignin levels found in this cell type as compared to wood fibres, we do not know how lignin biosynthesis is regulated in flax fibres
The size of the flax genome (686 Mbp) is around four times that of Arabidopsis and recently different research teams have developed reverse genetics and genomic approaches to learn more about fibre and seed formation in this economicly-important species
Results and discussion
454 Sequencing and contig assembly
In order to produce representative high-density flax (
Table 1
Details of flax samples used for GS FLX sequencing and for microarray validation experiments.
Outer tissue
Inner tissue
Vegetative phase
Vegetative phase
Green capsule phase
Green capsule phase
R = roots; L = leaves; SOV = stem outer tissues; vegetative stage; SIV = stem inner tissues; vegetative stage; SOGC = stem outer tissues, green capsule stage; SIGC = stem inner tissues, green capsule stage; S1 = seeds, 10-15 Days After Flowering (DAF); S2 = seeds, 20-30 DAF, S3 = seeds, 40-50 DAF.
Four 454 GSFLX half-runs were used to sequence the 9 samples generating 1,068,375 reads with an average length of 281 bp and a total of 287 Mb (Table
Table 2
454 GS FLX sequencing data for the 9 samples
Reads #
Average length
Bases #
Bases after clip #
After cleaning 881,950 reads were assembled into 59,494 contigs, with 132 singlets giving a total of 59,626 unigenes
Functional Characterization, GO notation
Contigs were loaded into the EST2uni database and the corresponding pipeline was used to make all annotations. BLAST analyses were used to compare flax contig sequences to 4 different databases (TAIRV7_cds, TAIRV7_pep, EMBL_plant and UNIPROT_plant; Table
Table 3
Numbers and percentages of flax unigenes showing blast hits against different databases
Number of flax unigene hits
Any database
Figure 1
Summary of predicted gene product function and location using gene ontology terms
Summary of predicted gene product function and location using gene ontology terms. The data was obtained from the set of flax unigenes derived from the assembly of the 454 sequences. A: Molecular function; B: Biological process; C: Cellular component.
Microarray Design
Analyses of the 59K unigene set allowed for several different probe design possibilities. After examination, we chose a design based upon 48K contigs as being the most representative of the 59K unigene set. Microarrays were designed according to the Roche/Nimblegen protocol based on 3' end cDNA synthesis and both annotated and non-annotated contigs were used. The final design contained 8 non-overlapping oligos (25-30 mers) per contig allowing for both qualitative and quantitative hybridization. This design is available at the GEO web site
Parameters of microarray performance
The Nimblegen array system is based upon the hybridization of a single labeled sample (derived from RNA), followed by one-channel detection. The intensity of the hybridization signal is then used to determine target concentration. In order to check the technical quality of each probe in our flax Nimblegen arrays, we performed 18 independent hybridizations on nine samples representing different tissues and/or different developmental stages (Table
Hybridization quality
Our results (GEO GSE21868) showed that all probes present on the array were capable of hybridizing successfully (signal > background) when tested on the different samples. The sensitivity of the array was demonstrated by the wide signal dynamic range obtained (log2 values of 4 to 16). The experimental metrics report (NimbleScan v2.5) was used as recommended by Roche/Nimblegen to generate summary statistics that can be used to identify any potential problems during hybridization. Most of these metrics (interquartile density, signal range, uniformity mean, uniformity CV (coefficient of variation), number of empty features on the array, mean empty, the number of random control features present on the array, mean Random) assume probe randomization on the array surface. Thus, deviation from uniformity (i.e. outside the recommended value range) across the array could suggest potential artifacts during hybridization. Metric values (data not shown) for all 18 samples analyzed were within the recommended value range indicating that hybridization quality was satisfactory.
A crucial aspect of all microarray experiments is good system reproducibility enabling direct and reliable comparisons between different experiments. Precision describes how accurately the hybridization signal intensity can be reproduced and is usually reported as a correlation coefficient, standard deviation or average replicate error between duplicated experiments using the same RNA sample
Figure 2
Microarray reproducibility
Microarray reproducibility. Scatter plot showing correlation between 2 microarray technical replicates (example shown on flax leaf sample, L). High correlations were found between all technical replicates (r = 0.98 or higher, p-value < 2.2e-16).
Accuracy describes how close to a true value a measurement lies. It can be estimated in experiments where a number of realistic targets are spiked at known concentrations into relevant RNA populations, or from comparisons with validation experiments, or by correlation of two different methods
Gene-specific quantitative qRT-PCR was used for the cross-validation of platform performance and as an assessment of microarray accuracy. We selected 9 genes reflecting up-regulated (c20715, c2491 c602), down-regulated (c2533, c3323, c4370) or equally-expressed genes (c21991, c24118, c9380) in leaf (L) samples compared with stem (SIGC) samples. Selected genes also covered a wide range of signal intensity (5.3849-14.0473). Table
Table 4
Comparison of expression levels (log2ratio) from qRT-PCR and microarray for selected target genes
Target Transcript
Gene ID
Microarray value
qRT-PCR value
Lipoxygenase LOX2
Chlorophyll a-b binding protein 3C-like
RuBisCO activase 2
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II
Calmodulin TaCaM2-1
Ubiquitin carboxyl- terminal hydrolase
Cellulose synthase
Fasciclin-like AGP 4
Gene expression was calculated as log2ratio of L
Figure 3
Correlation between qRT-PCR and microarray results
Correlation between qRT-PCR and microarray results. A statistically significant correlation (r = 0.9823, p = 2.376e-06) was obtained for all tested genes.
Differential gene expression detection
In order to see whether our flax microarray platform was able to generate biologically-useful information, we analyzed its capacity to detect specific gene expression profiles associated with different tissues, different developmental stages, and different genotypes. Firstly, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to compare expression profiles in the 9 different samples previously hybridized. Secondly, we compared the expression of 4 genes known to be involved in the process of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood formation. Thirdly, we directly compared expression profiles between inner and outer stem tissues at two developmental stages. Finally, we compared gene expression profiles in 2 supplementary flax varieties that show differences in fibre quality and disease resistance.
Differential gene expression in flax tissues and developmental stages
The results of principal component analysis (PCA) of microarray data and representative K-means profiles of tissue-/stage-specific gene expressions are shown in Figure
Figure 4
Principal component analysis (PCA) of microarray data and representative K-means profiles of tissue-specific gene expressions
Principal component analysis (PCA) of microarray data and representative K-means profiles of tissue-specific gene expressions. Variance of principal component 1 (PC1) = 41.05% and of principal component 2 (PC2) = 17.73%. Three major regions of dispersion were found representing A) root specific genes (profile 1); B) stem specific genes (profiles 2 and 3) and leaf specific genes (profile 4); and C) seed specific genes (profiles 5, 6 and 7). Genes similarly expressed in different tissues are located in the middle of the PCA figure. R: root; L: leaf; SOV: Shoot outer tissue, vegetative stage; SOGC: shoot outer tissue, green capsule stage; SIV: Shoot inner tissue, vegetative stage; SIGC: shoot inner tissue, green capsule stage; S1: 10-15 days-old seeds; S2: 20-30 days-old seeds; S3: 40-50 days-old seeds.
J-Express generated a list of 1,357 specifically expressed genes of which 609 were root-specific genes, 599 leaf-specific genes, 79 shoot-specific genes and 70 seed-specific genes. Differential expression profiles of these genes were verified by a SAM test with a FDR less than 5%. Annotated genes in these different groups were then classified into different GO biological processes and the percentages of tissue-specific gene expressions were calculated for each process (Figure
Figure 5
GO unigene annotation on microarray data
GO unigene annotation on microarray data. A - Percentage representation of differentially expressed genes from different flax tissues in different GO biological processes. B - Percentage representation of differentially expressed genes from different flax tissues in different metabolisms.
Overall, these results are in general agreement with the known physiological processes of the different organs/tissues thereby suggesting that our platform is capable of generating biologically-useful gene-expression data. For example, leaves are well known to be the plant's main photosynthetic organs and leaf structure is closely associated with its photosynthetic function and chloroplast biogenesis
Similar analyses (Figure
Differential gene expression in a targeted process
We compared the expression of four genes known to be involved in the process of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood formation characteristic of inner stem tissues
Figure 6
Expression levels of 4 genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood formation
Expression levels of 4 genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood formation. Gene expression was calculated as log2ratio of the signal intensity in each tissue
Differential gene expression between flax inner and outer stem tissues
In order to verify that our oligo-array platform could be used in future studies to provide biologically-relevant information about cell wall formation and fibre development in flax, we compared expression profiles between the heavily lignified inner stem tissues and the outer stem tissues enriched in weakly-lignified bast fibres at two different developmental stages.
The results (Additional files
Additional file 1
Analyses of differential gene expression between stem inner tissues and stem outer tissues sampled at vegetative and green capsule stages. Lists of differentially expressed genes and GO analyses (biological processes) for i) stem inner vegetative (SIV) vs stem outer vegetative (SOV), ii) stem inner green capsule (SIGC) vs stem outer green capsule (SOGC), iii) stem inner vegetative (SIV) vs stem inner green capsule (SIGC), iv) stem outer vegetative (SOV) vs stem outer green capsule (SOGC).
Click here for file
Additional file 2
Analyses of differential gene expression (selected functional groups) between stem inner tissues and stem outer tissues sampled at vegetative and green capsule stages. Lists of differentially expressed genes (selected functional groups only) for i) stem inner vegetative (SIV) vs stem outer vegetative (SOV), ii) stem inner green capsule (SIGC) vs stem outer green capsule (SOGC), iii) stem inner vegetative (SIV) vs stem inner green capsule (SIGC), iv) stem outer vegetative (SOV) vs stem outer green capsule (SOGC). Lists of differentially expressed genes and GO analyses (biological processes) for i) stem inner vegetative (SIV) vs stem outer vegetative (SOV), ii) stem inner green capsule (SIGC) vs stem outer green capsule (SOGC), iii) stem inner vegetative (SIV) vs stem inner green capsule (SIGC), iv) stem outer vegetative (SOV) vs stem outer green capsule (SOGC).
Click here for file
Similar analyses (Additional files
Comparison (Additional files
The vegetative stage (7-8 weeks) corresponds to the fast-growth stage associated with the increase in plant height and fibre lengthening above the snap point, as well as fibre cell wall thickening below the snap point
Altogether these analyses confirm that our oligo-array platform represents a powerful tool for investigating cell wall development and fibre formation in flax stems. Our arrays should also prove extremely useful for investigating other interesting biological processes in flax such as oil and seed formation, disease resistance and tolerance to abiotic stress.
Differential gene expression in contrasting flax genotypes
We used our platform to see whether the flax microarrays were able to detect differentially-expressed genes between 2 contrasting flax genotypes - Drakkar and Belinka. Drakkar produces better quality fibres than the variety Belinka, as well as being more resistant to the fungal pathogen
Additional file 3
Differentially expressed genes between Drakkar and Belinka flax cultivars. List of differentially expressed genes between Drakkar and Belinka flax cultivars. Values for up-regulated genes are represented in red and those for down-regulated genes in green colour.
Click here for file
Additional file 4
Number of differentially expressed genes between Drakkar and Belinka flax cultivars represented as GO biological process. Drakkar specifically expressed genes are represented as dark columns and those of Belinka as clear columns.
Click here for file
Since the 2 genotypes show differences in fibre quality and pathogen resistance, we focused our attention on those differentially-expressed genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and response to biotic stimuli. Fibre quality in flax is associated with both the structure of the cellulose-rich secondary cell wall and the architecture (length, diameter) of individual fibres
Figure 7
Differentially expressed genes in two cultivars, Drakkar and Belinka
Differentially expressed genes in two cultivars, Drakkar and Belinka. Differences concern genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis (A) and response to biotic stimuli (B). Log2ratio were calculated as intensity signal in Drakkar
A total of 14 genes involved in biotic stress response were up-regulated in Drakkar as compared with Belinka, while 9 genes were up-regulated in Belinka as compared with Drakkar (Figure
Overall, these results would suggest that our flax microarray platform is capable of detecting biologically-relevant differential gene expression between contrasted flax varieties. As such, our microarrays represent a powerful tool for identifying candidate genes potentially associated with quality-related polymorphism and therefore represent a valuable contribution to molecular-based plant improvement programs.
We have developed a powerful and robust high-density oligo-microarray platform for transcriptomics in flax. High correlations were consistently obtained with technical repetitions on a wide range of different samples and results were cross-validated using an independent method (qRT-PCR). The platform is capable of high discrimination and can provide biologically-useful information on specific gene expression profiles of different flax tissues, and developmental stages. Initial studies also enabled the identification of specifically-expressed cell wall- and defence-related genes in 2 different flax varieties showing contrasting fibre quality and resistance towards a fungal pathogen. These results indicate that our microarray platform can make a useful contribution towards understanding the genetic basis of plant quality in flax.
Plant material and tissue collection
RNA extraction
Total RNA was isolated from the collected tissues. 100 mg of frozen seed samples were ground in liquid nitrogen and polyphenols and polysaccharides were precipitated
454 Sequencing and Bioinformatics
454 GS FLX technology was used to sequence 9 different RNA samples extracted from 2 distinct flax genotypes and different tissues/developmental stages (Table
Assembly and annotation
Reads from each genotype were identified, and a
Microarray design and oligo synthesis
A total of 384,168 oligonucleotides (25-mers long) were designed and used to construct high-density flax microarrays based on the Nimblegen 385K design format (Nimblegen Systems, Inc., Madison, WI, USA). This design enabled an elevated number (8) of distinct oligos to be used for each of the 48,021 contigs selected from the overall total of 59,000 contigs obtained by assembling the GS FLX sequences. Technical specifications and design files of this new platform for high-throughput analysis of gene expression in flax are publicly available on the GEO website under accession number GPL10419.
cDNA synthesis, labeling and hybridization
Double-stranded cDNA (ds-cDNA) was synthesized from 10 μg of total RNA using an Invitrogen SuperScript ds-cDNA synthesis kit in the presence of 250 ng random hexamer primers. ds-cDNA was cleaned and labeled in accordance with the Nimblegen Gene Expression Analysis protocol (Nimblegen Systems, Inc., Madison, WI, USA). Briefly, ds-cDNA was incubated with 4 μg RNase A (Promega) at 37°C for 10 min and cleaned using phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol, followed by ice-cold absolute ethanol precipitation. For Cy3 labeling of cDNA, the Nimblegen One-Color DNA labeling kit was used according to the manufacturer's guideline detailed in the Gene Expression Analysis protocol (Nimblegen Systems, Inc., Madison, WI, USA). One μg ds-cDNA was incubated for 10 min at 98°C with 2 OD of Cy3-9mer primer. Then, 100 pmol of deoxynucleoside triphosphates and 100U of the Klenow fragment (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) were added and the mix incubated at 37°C for 2h30. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.1 volume of 0.5 M EDTA, and the labeled ds-cDNA was purified by isopropanol/ethanol precipitation. Microarrays were hybridized at 38°C during 16 to 18 h with 6 μg of Cy3 labelled ds-cDNA in Nimblegen hybridization buffer/hybridization component A in a hybridization chamber (Hybridization System - Nimblegen Systems, Inc., Madison, WI, USA). Following hybridization, washing was performed using the Nimblegen Wash Buffer kit (Nimblegen Systems, Inc., Madison, WI, USA).
Data Analysis
Slides were scanned at 5 μm/pixel resolution using an Axon GenePix 4000 B scanner (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) piloted by GenePix Pro 6.0 software (Axon). Scanned images (TIFF format) were then imported into NimbleScan software (Nimblegen Systems, Inc., Madison, WI, USA) for grid alignment and expression data analyses. Expression data were normalized through quantile normalization
Quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis
cDNA Synthesis
5 μg aliquots of total RNA were treated with DNaseI using a TURBO DNA
qRT-PCR Experiment Design
Transcript levels were assessed by qRT-PCR, in assays with triplicate reaction mixtures (final volume, 20 μL) containing 5 μL of cDNA, 0.5 μM of both forward and reverse primers, and 1X DyNamo Capillary SYBR Green qRT-PCR mix (Finnzymes). qRT-PCR experiments used a balanced randomized block design, as recently advised
Additional file 5
Primer sequences used in qRT-PCR analyses. Sequences of primers used for quantifying target genes by qRT-PCR (Table
Click here for file
Relative standard curves describing the PCR efficiencies (E) for each primer pair were generated for each amplicon according to Larionov et al.
Authors' contributions
BT conceived and designed the project. BT and RT grew flax plants and provided samples. BT and BC characterized the biological materials. NR and JD managed the 454 sequencing, data assembly, conceived and constructed the database and oligo design. AL, SF and OW performed microarrays experiments. LG validated array data with qRT-PCR. SH managed manuscript preparation. All listed authors edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was financially supported by ANR (ANR-06-GPAL-017: Genolin project) and by the Pôle of competitivity Industry and Agro-Ressources. SF et YN gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the French national research agency (ANR: Genolin project). SF also acknowledges the financial support of the Nord Pas-de-Calais Region (Plant Teq project 4). BT thanks the EU for the financial contribution towards equipments acquired in the operational regional competitivity program.
Bast fiber of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): Biological foundations of its ancient and modern uses
History of the cultivation of flaxseed
Transverse tensile behaviour of unidirectional plies reinforced with flax fibres
Flax and hemp as raw materials for thermal insulations
Effects of dietary supplementation with flax during prepuberty on fatty acid profile, mammogenesis, and bone resorption in gilts
Flaxseed on cardiovascular disease markers in healthy menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
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Synthesis and photopolymerization of norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil
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Microarray analysis of bast fibre producing tissues of Cannabis sativa identifies transcripts associated with conserved and specialised processes of secondary wall development
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Microarray analysis of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) stems identifies transcripts enriched in fibre-bearing phloem tissues
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Comparison and meta-analysis of microarray data: from the bench to the computer desk
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Microarray platforms--comparisons and contrasts
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When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?
Biology: Exploring Life
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Plastid evolution
Life: past, present and future
Biology of Plants, 7th Edition
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Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes
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TOKYO, Nov 25 (Reuters) - Japanese automaker Honda Motor Co Ltd said on Monday its domestic vehicle output for October was up 12.8 percent from the same month last year at 120,900 units. Its overseas output was up 3.4 percent at 131,132 units, while globally output rose 7.7 percent to 252,032 units. Production rose 43.3 percent in Europe and 60.2 percent in Asia, continuing a trend in place for 22 straight months. In North America, production fell 9.9 percent.
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"This week, the pine trees are very tall and when it's windy, we can see it when we hit the ball. Conditions are good. But it's more softer and better than last week. Last week was very hard greens."
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"I remember a hundred lovely lakes, and recall the fragrant breath of pine and fir and cedar and poplar trees. The trail has strung upon it, as upon a thread of silk, opalescent dawns and saffron sunsets."
"I'll be smiling and laughing 10 or 20 years from now, when all the pine trees are grown up. They'll be walking down the fairway like this."
"Everything was gone or ruined, ... There were pine tree limbs going through the top of the kitchen into the bathroom."
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E. Ashworth Underwood
LOCATION: Walton-on-Thames, United Kingdom
Director, Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, London, 1946–64. Editor of Science, Medicine and History.
Primary Contributions (3)
the development of the prevention and treatment of disease from prehistoric and ancient times to the 21st century. Medicine and surgery before 1800 Early medicine and folklore Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, although much may be learned from a study of the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools of early humans, it is difficult to reconstruct their mental attitude toward the problems of disease and death. It seems probable that, as soon as they reached the stage of reasoning, they discovered by the process of trial and error which plants might be used as foods, which of them were poisonous, and which of them had some medicinal value. Folk medicine or domestic medicine, consisting largely in the use of vegetable products, or herbs, originated in this fashion and still persists. But that is not the whole story. Humans did not at first regard death and disease as natural phenomena. Common maladies, such as colds or constipation, were accepted as part of existence and...READ MORE


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Fox Searchlight today posted on Facebook another trailer for Steve McQueen's Shame. The movie starring Michael Fassbender and Carey Mulligan opens Friday; it was nominated earlier in the day by the Spirit Awards for Best International Film.
Hot Trailer: 'Shame' Red Band
11 Comments
Needs more Jason Reitman and Diablo Cody.
That dialogue was so on the nose.
And on the train seat. And the windowpane. And the bedroom floor…
That was a horrible trailer. The last one you posted was much much better.
Yeah Fassbender has a big rod, but talk about a snooze fest.
It's a "horrible trailer" because the movie itself is a horrible bore. It's more of an attempt to create an "art film" than an actual piece that packs any emotion whatsoever. Fassbender is flat and Mulligan is average. What should be at titillating is nothing short of a snoozefest.
Why would you want to be aroused from sexual addiction? Weird. This isn't Basic Instinct.
I'm pretty sure this is a remake. I preferred the original that starred Shannon Tweed and featured a predominantly saxophone based soundtrack.
A clumsy ripoff of Michael Winterbottom meets Clement Virgo meets Showtime flicks past midnight. Or, as film elites call it: devastating auteurism and visionary and provocative cinematic reflection.
Seems to be nailing the coldness and weirdness of urban life. Looks really interesting, something I'd like to watch to see where it would go, a film for adults worth watching – will morons go? Who cares? They download. I'll pay to watch this.
A lock. For a key art award.
I think it's a great teaser. Maybe you don't fully appreciate it if you've never had to take the subway to work every day.