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Nauplius. Population biology of the hermit crab Paguristes tortuga e Schmitt, 1933 (Anomura, Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, Ubatuba, Brazil
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1 . 8(2), , 185 Population biology of the hermit crab Paguristes tortuga e Schmitt, 1933 (Anomura, Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, Ubatuba, Brazil Mantelatto 1, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Departamento de Biologia FFCLRP/Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Bandeirantes, 39 - CEP , Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. Abstract The population of the infralittoral hermit crab Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 from Anchieta Island was studied with emphasis on its seasonal abundance, seasonal size-frequency distribution, sex ratio, recruitment and reproductive period based on juveniles and ovigerous female ratios, respectively. The animals were collected monthly by Scuba diving from January to December 1998 on the infralittoral rocky shores and sandy areas of South, East, Small Beaches and/or Wind Bay of Anchieta Island. Total mean hermit crab size, measured as shield length, was 4. ± 1.18 mm for males, 3.16 ±.98 mm for non-ovigerous females, and 3.72 ± 1.7 mm for ovigerous females. This island population differed in size-frequency distribution (bimodal) when compared to populations of the same species from other localities. Continuity in recruitment and reproduction was observed, with a high incidence from November to March (spring to autumn). The species P. tortugae presented sexual dimorphism in size, with a higher growth rate observed in males. Three individuals exhibited an abnormal gonopore position. The sex ratio pattern (anomalous) changed seasonally. Key words: Anomura, hermit crab, Paguristes, population biology Introduction Decapod crustaceans present a high number of living species that inhabit a wide variety of biotopes. Consequently, this group represents promising study because the establishment of these animals in such environments derives from the evolution of adaptative population strategies. Thus, the Anomura represent a highly significant group among marine crustaceans, comprising more than 8 species of the hermit crabs of the world and have undergone considerable revision (Ingle, 1993). Hermit crabs represent an important portion of the many intertidal and moderately deep benthic communities, where they play an important role in the marine food chain (Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998). Despite of this situation, the population aspects of hermit crabs have been poorly studied. Of 46 hermit crab species recorded in Brazilian waters, 21 were recorded on the northern coast of São Paulo State, 14 of them belonging to the family Diogenidae and 7 to the family Paguridae (Melo, 1999; Mantelatto et al., 1). The genus Paguristes is represented by more than species distributed in all tropical and subtropical oceans, occurring from the intertidal zones to moderate depths (Provenzano, 1978). Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 is a relatively common species distributed in the Western Atlantic from Florida to Brazil (as far south as Santa Catarina State) (Rieger and Giraldi, 1997; Melo, 1999). This species has been studied concerning to systematic descriptions (Forest and Saint Laurent, 1967; Tommasi, 1967), post-embryonic development (Hebling and Negreiros-Fransozo, 1983), population structure and shell occupation (Negreiros-Fransozo and Fransozo, 1992), fecundity (Negreiros-Fransozo et al., 1992; Mantelatto et al., 2), shell utilization pattern, and reproductive aspects (Gandolfi, 1996; Mantelatto and Dominciano in press). Despite the reports about Brazilian shore populations of this species, they represent promising
2 Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Biology of Paguristes tortugae 186 material for study on comparative population biology and ecology with specimens from different areas. In addition, three groups of hermit crabs in particular (i.e., the genera Pagurus and Paguristes, and the Pylopagurus-like species), have been a difficult group to study because there are many still-undescribed species and considerable identification problems among specialist and nonspecialists alike (Hendrickx and Harvey, 1999). Hermit crabs have also been included in numerous reports of decapods from Central and South America (see Haig and Harvey, 1991 in review). However, few species have received more than brief attention. In Brazil, several studies on the population structure of hermit crabs were carried out in the Ubatuba region (São Paulo State) for Pagurus criniticornis (Dana, 1852), Pagurus brevidactylus (Stimpson, 1879), Clibanarius antillensis Stimpson, 1859 and Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc, 182) by Negreiros-Fransozo et al. (1991), Dardanus insignis (de Saussure, 1858) by Fernandes-Góes (1997), Calcinus tibicen (Herbst, 1791) by Fransozo and Mantelatto (1998), Loxopagurus loxochelis (Moreira, 191) by Martinelli et al. (in press), Petrochirus diogenes (Linnaeus, 1758) by Bertini and Fransozo (), and Paguristes erythrops by Garcia and Mantelatto (1). In this report, we describe the population structure of P. tortugae in the infralittoral region of Anchieta Island (Ubatuba), São Paulo State, Brazil, with respect to seasonal abundance, seasonal sizefrequency distribution based on shield length as a measure of animal size, recruitment and reproductive period based on juveniles and ovigerous female ratios, respectively. Material and Methods Study Area Anchieta Island (23 o 33 S and 45 o 5 W) was recently declared an ecological reserve of São Paulo State. The island has a total area of about km 2, located landwards, and separated from the coast by a m long and 35 m deep canal. There are six small beaches, and almost the entire shore area is rocky, with an irregular surface and areas with large boulders. This area is important in view of the significant anthropogenic activity, which has led to the expansion of the tourist center (Mantelatto and Garcia, 2). The physical and chemical features of this area have been described by Medeiros (1992), however scientific information about the crustacean fauna from this location is scanty. Sampling Hermit crabs were obtained monthly from January to December 1998 on the infralittoral rocky shores and sandy areas of South, East, Small Beaches and/or Wind Bay of Anchieta Island. Except for January and July (with one site sampled), at least two of these sites were sampled monthly as a function of ocean conditions permitting access and diving activities. Specimens were captured during the daytime by three people using SCUBA diving methods over a period of min over the same area of about 85 m 2. This methodology provided large amounts of material from this area and thus was considered efficient for the hermit crab population study (Mantelatto and Garcia, 2). Analysis Animals were frozen and transported to the laboratory where they were carefully removed from their shells and measured for cephalothoracic shield length (CSL = from the tip of the rostrum to the V- shaped groove at the posterior edge). Sex was determined from the gonopore position (on the basis of the 3 rd and 5 th pair of pereopods for females and males, respectively). Measurements were made with a caliper rule (.1 mm) or with a camera lucida. The specimens were grouped into.5 mm size class intervals from 1. to 8. mm. The reproductive condition of the population was expressed as the percentage of females carrying eggs relative to the total number of females collected (Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998). The chi-square
3 . 8(2), , 187 test (χ 2 ) was used to evaluate the sex ratio and to compare male and female percentage per month. The size distribution frequency was analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Normality test (KS). The mean size of individuals of both sexes was compared by the Mann-Whitney Sum test. All used tests are in accordance with the methods described by Zar (1996). Results There were no significant differences between number and size of the specimens from the four sampled areas on Anchieta Island and therefore the data were pooled for analysis. A total of 2429 individuals (mean, and minimum to maximum shield length) of P. tortugae were obtained, represented by 92 males (4. ± 1.18 mm, 1. to 7.8 mm), 495 non-ovigerous females (3.16 ±.98 mm, 1.1 to 6.2 mm), and 842 ovigerous females (3.72 ± 1.7 mm, 1.8 to 6.7 mm). The mean size of males was significantly larger than the mean size of females (P <.1). Three males presented anomalous characteristics in gonopore position. Two of them with a normal pair of gonopores on 5 th pereiopod and one gonopore on the left 4 th pereiopod, and the third abnormal male presented a pair of gonopores on the 5 th pereiopod, one gonopore on the 4 th and another on the 3 rd pereiopod. These abnormal individuals were included in the male category because they presented a pair of pleopods on the first two abdominal segments. The KS test indicated that female data (KS =.1; P <.1) and male data matches (KS =.58; P <.1) varied significantly from the pattern expected for a population of normal distribution. There was a conspicuous bimodal size distribution for males and ovigerous females and an unimodal distribution for non-ovigerous females (Table I and Figure 1). Male modal size ranged from 3. to 3.5 and from 4.5 to 5. mm of CSL. Non-ovigerous females showed a modal size ranging from 2.5 to 3. mm and ovigerous females a modal size ranging from 2.5 to 3. mm and from 4. to 5. mm of CSL. Males reached a larger size than females since only males occurred in the largest two size classes. Monthly CSL values were, in general, bimodal and slightly asymmetrical. Recruitment into the zone studied (by specimens which belong to the previously defined size class < 1.8 mm CSL, based on the smallest ovigerous females size) occurred in all months (Figure 2). Number of individuals males (N = 92) ovigerous females (N = 842) non ovigerous females (N = 495) Cephalothoracic shield length (mm) Figure 1: P. tortugae: Size frequency distribution of individuals collected from Anchieta Island during January to December Overall sex ratio (proportion of males =.82 : 1.) was significantly different from the expected 1:1 sex ratio (χ 2 = 24.7; P <.5), and the proportion of males clearly increased with larger sizes in P. tortugae. Analysis of reproductive activity indicated by the presence of ovigerous females, revealed that spawning period extended along all months, with a high occurrence of ovigerous females (more than 5 % of mature females) that peaked throughout summer, except for October (41.6 %). This condition was a strong indicator of high reproductive activity (Figure 3). The first spawn occurred among females belonging to the mm CSL size class, whereas the proportion (5. % or more) of ovigerous females was clearly increased with larger sizes in P. tortugae (Figure 4).
4 Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Biology of Paguristes tortugae January Males (N = 18) Ovigerous females (N = 16) Non ovigerous females (N = 7) July N = 11 N = 14 N = 11 February N = 61 N = 57 N = August N = 143 N = 176 N = 87 Number of individuals March N = 71 N = 83 N = 24 5 September N = 71 N = 76 N = 4 April N = 65 N = 1 N = October N = 62 N = 185 N = 87 4 May N = 61 N = 61 N = November N = 8 N = 123 N = 5 June N = 57 N = 78 N = Figure 2: P. tortugae: Monthly size class frequency distributions. 4 4 December N = 116 N = 1 N =
5 . 8(2), , 189 Table I: P. tortugae: Size frequency distribution of hermit crabs collected on Anchieta Island from January to December The values indicate the number of individuals and the percentage in relation to the total specimens captured. Size classes Males % Non ovigerous % Ovigerous % Total % (mm) females females Total Ovigerous fem ales Non ovigerous females % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% % % % % Jan Feb M ar Apr M ai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 3: P. tortugae: Percentage of non-ovigerous and ovigerous females during the study period (1998). % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% % % % % Ovigerous females Non ovigerous females Cephalothoracic shield length (mm) Figure 4: P. tortugae: Percentage of non-ovigerous and ovigerous females as a function of size (CSL).
6 Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Discussion Biology of Paguristes tortugae 19 The sampling methodology used in this study, that provided large amount of specimens from irregular surfaces, revealed an abundant population of P. tortugae in the region of Anchieta Island. This population consisted of specimens of different sizes, with high potentiality for reproduction and growth on a large scale. Paguristes tortugae is sexually dimorphic in relation to size, with males reaching larger cephalothoracic shield lengths than females, corroborating the pattern reported for this species from other sites (see Negreiros-Fransozo and Fransozo, 1992 and Gandolfi, 1996). This condition was well documented for other hermit crab species (Ameyaw-Akunfi, 1975; Bertness, 198; Blackstone, 1985; Lowery and Nelson, 1988; Asakura, 1992; Martinelli et al., in press; Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998; Manjón-Cabeza and García-Raso, 1998). According to Abrams (1988), three factors can interfere in the sexual dimorphism of hermit crabs: 1) the difference in energy available for growth, with males growing more because they do not expend energy in egg production, but use their full energy for structural metabolism; 2) the larger reproductive effort exhibited by males may be due to their ability to fertilize more than one female; 3) males of larger dimensions have a greater chance on obtaining females for copulation as a function of intraspecific fights. All these factors can interfere in the size of P. tortugae males. The high number of individuals of P. tortugae in the study area was probably related to their high reproductive effort, corroborated by the number of ovigerous females (34 % of the total individuals captured) and by the sex ratio in favor of females. Also, based on the size of the smallest ovigerous females (1.8 mm of CSL) we may infer that the sexual maturity occurs in small-sized individuals in the life cycle of P. tortugae in the Anchieta region. The smallest and the largest individuals captured (respectively 1. and 7.8 mm of CSL) were males. Negreiros-Fransozo and Fransozo (1992) found a smaller population (respectively 2. and 7.6 mm of CSL) of P. tortugae from the rocky coast of a nearby area (Lázaro Beach). However, the mean values (CSL) of males, non-ovigerous and ovigerous females were higher than those of specimens captured on Anchieta Island. It is possible that the differences were associated with the type of gastropod shell species occupied at both sites. On Lázaro Beach, individuals of P. tortugae were captured occupying Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767) shells, in opposite to the condition observed on Anchieta Island where the individuals captured were preferentially occupying Pisania auritula (Link, 187), and Morula nodulosa (Adams, 1845) shells, with S. haemastoma being occupied at a low percentage (5.5%) (Mantelatto and Garcia, 1). Considering that shell size can interfere on hermit size (Markham, 1968; Bertness, 1981), it is possible to infer that the larger sizes attained by S. haemastoma individuals can promote the greater growth of hermits from Lázaro Beach. In our study there were few juveniles smaller than 1. mm in CSL. These observations and the maximum size attained by the specimens support the hypothesis that recruitment may occur in a habitat different from that occupied by adults probably due to the need for protection and/or food resources (Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998). Alternately, the juveniles may prefer deeper sea-beds, as mentioned for Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767) by Manjón-Cabeza and García-Raso (1995). Hazlett (1983) described the daily movement of C. tibicen in St. Thomas, US Virgin Island, which may be correlated to foraging for resources and shell acquisition. The bimodality in size frequency distribution found in the present study was also reported by Gandolfi (1996), while Negreiros-Fransozo and Fransozo (1992) described a unimodal pattern for P. tortugae from Lázaro Beach. The unimodality of size frequency distributions is a common pattern observed in decapod crustaceans and usually characterizes the occurrence of slight monthly variations and may usually result from continuous recruitment without class disruption, and from mortality rates (Díaz and Conde, 1989). The pattern observed for P. tortugae in the present study, as well as in a study by Gandolfi (1996), is uncommon and may reflect recruitment pulses or behavioral differences (Díaz and Conde, op. cit.). A hypothesis to answer this question probably is defined by the life cycle of P. tortugae that occurs
7 . 8(2), , 191 over a period of years. The second peak in size distribution frequency in the last size classes corresponds to a strong recruitment of a population of individuals in the second year of life, which belonged to the first peak in size frequency distribution in the previous year, and so on. The bimodality in monthly size frequency distribution is a strong factor eliminating the hypothesis of catastrophic mortality. The sex ratio investigated in size classes of P. tortugae presented an anomalous pattern (see Wenner, 1972 for a review). This model was described for Calcinus latens (Randall, 184) and Calcinus laevimanus (Randall, 184) by Gherardi and McLaughlin (1994) and Wenner (op. cit.), respectively. Disparities in crustacean sex ratio can be related to differences in life cycle, growth rate for each sex, and sexual reversion (Wenner, op. cit.). For the studied species this pattern changed with the season, indicating that this phenomenon (sex ratio pattern) is more a function of season or habitat than of size. However, the presence of three individuals with anomalies (intersexes) needs further studies in order to clarify the questions about the reproductive cycle, the possibility of hermaphroditism, developmental abnormality and/or the feminizing of male crabs by parasites (i.e., crabs which would otherwise be males developing female characteristics) (O Brien, 1999). The sex ratio favoring females, taken together with a continuous reproductive period throughout the year and a relatively early sex maturity, favors the hypothesis of a trait associated with a considerable behavioral difference in development, as supported by the high population density detected in the study region. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to FAPESP (# 98/7454-5) for financial support and to CNPq (# 46/ 99-2) for a Scientific Initiation Fellowship to LMS. We thank Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, IBAMA and Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta for permission (Proc. # 42358/98) during sampling work. Special thanks are due to Dr. Nilton Hebling (Zoology Department, IB UNESP Rio Claro) for assistance with species identification and to the NEBECC co-workers, Jussara Martinelli and Renata Garcia, for their help during field and laboratory work. All experiments conducted in this study complied with currently applicable state and federal laws. References Abrams, P. A Sexual difference in resource use in hermit crabs; consequences and causes. Pp In: Chelazzi, G. and M. Vannini (Eds.). Behavioral adaptation to intertidal life. V. 1. New York, Plenum, Inc. Ameyaw-Akumfi, C The breeding biology of sympatric species of tropical intertidal hermit crabs, Clibanarius chapini and Clibanarius senegalensis. Marine Biology, 29: Asakura, A Population ecology of the sand-dwelling hermit crab Diogenes nitidimanus Terao. 5. Ecological implications on the pattern of molting growth. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 12: Bertini, G. and Fransozo, A.. Population dynamics of Petrochirus diogenes (Crustacea, Anomura, Diogenidae) in Ubatuba region, São Paulo, Brazil. Crustacean Issues, 12: Bertness, M. D Shell preference and utilization patterns in littoral hermit crabs of the Bay of Panama. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 48: Bertness, M. D The influence of shell-type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size (Decapoda, Anomura). Crustaceana, 4(2): Blackstone, N. W The effects of shell size and shape on growth and form in the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus. Biological Bulletin, 168: Díaz, H. and Conde, J. E Population dynamics and life history of the mangrove crab Aratus pisonii (Brachyura, Grapsidae) in a marine environment. Bulletin of Marine Science, 45: Fernandes-Góes, L. C Distribuição e biologia populacional de Dardanus insignis (Saussure, 1858) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) na região de Ubatuba, SP. 15p. Master Science Dissertation - Instituto de Biociências - UNESP - Botucatu.
8 Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Sousa, L. M. Biology of Paguristes tortugae 192 Forest, J. and Saint Laurent, M Campagne de la Calypso au large des côtes atlantiques de l Amérique du Sud ( ). 6. Crustacés Décapodes: Pagurides. Annales de l Institut Oceanographique, 45(2): Fransozo, A. and Mantelatto, F. L. M Population structure and reproductive period of the tropical hermit crab Calcinus tibicen (Decapoda, Diogenidae) in the Ubatuba region, São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(3): Gandolfi, S. M Padrão de utilização de conchas e aspectos da reprodução de Paguristes tortugae e Pagurus brevidactylus (Decapoda, Anomura) em costões do canal de São Sebastião, SP. 69p. Master Science Dissertation - Instituto de Biociências - UNICAMP - Campinas. Garcia, R. B. and Mantelatto, F. L. M. 1. Population dynamics of the hermit crab Paguristes erythrops (Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, Southern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdon, 81(6): Gherardi, F. and McLaughlin, P. A Shallow-water hermit crab (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridea) from Mauritius and Rodrigues Islands, with the descrition of a new species of Calcinus. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42(3): Haig, J. and Harvey, A. W Three new species of the Pagurus lepidus complex (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridae) from the eastern Pacific. Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country), 4: Hazlett, B. A Daily movement in the hermit crabs Clibanarius tricolor and Calcinus tibicen. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 3(2): Hebling, N. J. and Negreiros-Fransozo, M. L Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 (Decapoda, Diogenidae), em laboratório. Boletim de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 6: Hendrickx, M. E. and Harvey, A. W Checklist of anomuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Eastern Tropical Pacific. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 129(2): Ingle, R Hermit crabs of the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. 1 st ed., London, Chapman and Hall. 495 p. Lowery, W. A. and Nelson, W. G Population ecology of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Decapoda, Diogenidae) at Sebastian Inlet, Florida. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 8: Manjón-Cabeza, M. E. and García-Raso, J. E Study of a population of Calcinus tubularis (Crustacea, Diogenidae) from a shallow Posidonia oceanica meadow. Cahiers du Biologie Marine, 36: Manjón-Cabeza, M. E. and García-Raso, J. E Population structure and growth of the hermit crab Diogenes pugilator (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae) from the northeastern Atlantic. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(4): Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Garcia, R. B. 2. Hermit crab fauna from the infralittoral area of Anchieta Island (Ubatuba, Brazil), pp In: Briones, E.E. and Alvarez, F. (Eds.). Modern Approaches to the Study of Crustacean. In press Mantelatto, F. L. M.; Garcia, R. B.; Martinelli, J. M. and Hebling, N. J. 1. On a record of Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards) (Crustacea, Anomura) from the São Paulo State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18(1): Mantelatto, F. L. M.; Alarcon, V. F. and Garcia, R. B. 2. Egg production strategies in the tropical hermit crab Paguristes tortugae from Brazil. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 22(2): Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Dominciano, L. C. C. In press. Pattern of shell utilization by the hermit crab Paguristes tortugae (Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, Southern Brazil. Scientia Marina. Markham, J. C Notes on growth-patterns and shell-utilization of the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (L.). Ophelia, 5: Martinelli, J. M.; Mantelatto, F. L. M. and Fransozo, A. In press. Population structure and breeding season of the South Atlantic hermit crab Loxopagurus loxochelis (Anomura, Diogenidae) from Ubatuba region, Brazil. Crustaceana. Medeiros, L. R. A Meiofauna de praia arenosa da Ilha Anchieta, São Paulo: I. Fatores físicos. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 4(1/2): Melo, G. A. S Manual de identificação dos Crustacea Decapoda do litoral brasileiro: Anomura, Thalassinidea, Palinuridea, Astacidea. São Paulo, Plêiade. 551p. Negreiros-Fransozo, M. L. and Fransozo, A Estrutura populacional e relação com a concha em Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 (Decapoda, Diogenidae), no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Naturalia, 17: Negreiros-Fransozo, M. L.; Fransozo A. and Hebling, N. L Estrutura populacional e determinação do tamanho da concha ocupada por 4 espécies de ermitões (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) do litoral de São Paulo. Biotemas, 4(2):
9 . 8(2), , 193 Negreiros-Fransozo, M. L.; Fransozo, A.; Mantelatto, F. L. M.; Nakagaki, J. M. and Spilborghs, M. C. F Fecundity of Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) in Ubatuba (SP), Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 52: O Brien, J. J Parasites and reproduction. Pp In: Pearse, J. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Reproduction. San Diego, Academic Press. Provenzano Jr., A. J Larval development of the hermit crab Paguristes spinipes Milne-Edwards, 188 (Decapoda, Diogenidae) reared in laboratory. Bulletin of Marine Science, 28(3): Rieger, P. J. and Giraldi, J. L. B Calcinus tibicen (Herbst, 1791) e Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933, novo registro de Diogenidae (Decapoda, Anomura) para o litoral de Santa Catarina, Brasil., 5(2): Tommasi, L. R Observações preliminares sobre a fauna bêntica de sedimentos moles da Baía de Santos e regiões vizinhas. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 16 (1): Wenner, A. M Sex ratio as a function of size in marine Crustacea. American Naturalist, 6: Zar, J. H Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 662 pp. Received: 15 th Dec Accepted: 15 th Dec 1
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text:
The following is a post by MPFJ staff writer, Toi Williams, who is a professional personal finance blogger of Fine Tuned Finances. She has backgrounds in personal finance, sales, and real estate.
Leaving home to attend college is one of the most exciting times in a young person's life.
Families plan for years to be able to pay for tuition, books, food, and housing for the student, often utilizing federal and public loans along with money saved in 529 college saving plans to make sure all of the costs are covered.
Unfortunately, there are a number of unexpected expenses that may arise that can significantly increase the cost of a college education. Planning ahead for these expenses and including them in your budgeting can greatly increase your financial security while attending college.
Here are some of the unexpected college expenses you may encounter and tips on how to plan for them:
Expenses For Replacing Supplies
While you may believe that you have purchased an adequate amount of supplies prior to attending your first classes at college, you will quickly find that you need to purchase replacement supplies on a regular basis to ensure that you have everything that you need for each class. Pens run out of ink, pencils get broken, and paper is used up for assignments faster than you may think. It is important to plan ahead and have a budget in place that takes into account additional purchases of supplies on a regular basis.
Many students make the mistake of relying on the university supply store for all of their supply needs during the time they are attending college. Since they are already at the location to pick up their textbooks, they pick up all of the other supplies they need as well. It is important to note that the prices that are found at the campus supply store may be more expensive than what you may be able to find at local office supply stores, grocery stores, or mass merchandisers. This is especially true when shopping around the beginning of the school year in late summer or early fall. To get the best price on school supplies, take the time to shop around convenient locations and take advantage of back to school sales.
Additional Class Expenses
For many classes taken in college, the only real expense is the textbook that you need to purchase for the class. However, some classes that are necessary to complete your degree may require the purchase additional books and supplies to complete the class effectively. These additional expenses may include supplementary books, lab equipment, software programs, or special electronics. Depending on the amount of stuff you are required to purchase, these additional class expenses can take a big bite out of your budgeted funds.
When budgeting the amount of money you will need for each semester, be sure to include an additional amount to cover any unexpected expenses that may be associated with the classes. A good rule of thumb is to budget an extra $80 for each class you are taking. If there are no additional expenses for a particular class, the budgeted money can be used for another class where the additional expenses are more than $80 or saved to be used for the next semester.
Health Insurance Expenses
Dormitories are breeding grounds for germs and all of the human interaction occurring regularly on campus ensures that illnesses will spread quickly. Recent changes to the health care laws allow students attending college to remain on their parent's health insurance policies until the age of 26. However, there are many students whose parents have lost their health insurance coverage, have parents who are unwilling to continue paying for their adult children's health insurance premiums, or are over the age where they can remain on their parents' plans. These students will have to find an alternative to ensure that they are covered by health insurance and will be able to obtain medical care when they need it.
One option is seeing if the university you are attending offers a health plan for students. These health insurance plans give the student access to on-campus health services that can treat most minor illnesses and injuries without charge. If other treatments or services are needed, the campus health providers can refer the student to the services needed without the student incurring substantial costs. Student health plans administered by the college are typically the least expensive option for obtaining health insurance and the premiums are paid directly to the college.
If the college does not offer a student health plan, you will need to consider the different individual health insurance plans available on the open market. If you are in good health, you will be able to get a reasonably priced plan that covers preventative care and reduces the price of more comprehensive treatments. With an individual health insurance plan, you have more options for doctors and medical resources, but you need to make sure that the providers participate in the plan before receiving treatment or you may find yourself facing a hefty bill.
Expenses For Learning Experiences
Colleges provide many opportunities for learning experiences that can help prepare students for the world outside of college once they have graduated. These learning experiences may include clubs, organizations, special activities, and trips. Many of these experiences will have a nominal cost that the student must pay to participate. It is important to plan ahead so you can save the money you need for these experiences before the money is due. Otherwise, you may miss out on an activity that you would have really liked to experience with the new friends that you have made.
How about you all? What unexpected college expenses have you encountered? How do you budget for these items?
Share your experiences by commenting below!
***Photo courtesy of http://www.flickr.com/photos/vauvau/5799056895/

subset: commoncrawl


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Our room was just fine. Had nice new carpeting, great beds, new bathroom fixtures. No problem with noise. TV was a little old and there were so many cabinets in the room it could have been used as a kitchenette, which was odd. Had a microwave and refrig. Didn't have a water view, but that was ok.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Enjoy the splendor of warm tropical breezes, sparkling waters and dazzling sunsets of the Ramada Waterfront located on Sarasota Bay in Sarasota, Florida. The hotel, banquet rooms, restaurant, Tiki Bar and heated outdoor swimming pool all have spectacular views of the marina. The Ramada Waterfront Sarasota is convenient to Florida's gulf coast beautiful white sand beaches including Siesta Key Beach, Lido Key and Anna Maria Island. The full service Ramada Waterfront has 85 comfortable and well-appointed guest rooms and suites. Amenities include free WiFi throughout the hotel and free parking. With over 9,000 square feet of flexible function space, the hotel is ideal for meetings, banquets weddings and other special events for up to 700 people. ... more less
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by Rascal Toys
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Impressively well-made, featuring incredibly hygienic, body safe silicone construction, the Clencher is a deviously pleasurable, incredibly intense male treat from Rascal's male-geared collection.
Taking the classic cock ring many steps further, this big, filling one-piece ring and anal probe combo fits securely over the base of the penis (around the testicles too, if desired), keeping the unit in question contained, firm and supported.
Along with those obvious enhancement benefits, the Clencher provides intense anal attention thanks to the thick, curvy prostate-loving bulb that effortlessly reaches the male g-spot, massaging naturally with movement.
Once the ring is in place, the shaft is placed to penetrate, easily resting against key male internal erogenous zones all along the nerve-ending rich anal canal.
Made of a supple yet pleasantly firm silicone with an amazingly temperature-receptive, natural feel, the Rascal is a great choice for pleasure seekers with sensitive skin, silicone is hypoallergenic and extremely hygienic.
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Cock ring portion is 1.8 inches (4.6cm) in diameter.
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text:
"Damn—what happened to the shaving cream?"
Squall took off his glasses as he walked into the bathroom, looking at one very irritated Seifer Almasy, who looked like he had been slaving away at a fight club instead of training silly cadets. He folded his lenses and set them on the counter next to his paperwork before he toed the trash can—it didn't take the blond long to see that his beloved item nestled with litter in the bin, and he grit his teeth in irritation, scrubbing away at the line of his jaw, his frown enlarged when the bothersome feel of prickliness agitated his fingertips.
"Shit, what the hell?" he cursed, rubbing his face. "Since when did we run out?"
What was it about the cocktail effect? "You're not the only one who uses it."
"Are you serious? You don't need to shave. You barely have any fur there, Mr. Kibbles." Incredulity was all too apparent, and Seifer closely eyed Squall's chin once more, not after the stubble scraped his palm. "Never seen anyone with cheeks like a baby's ass."
Strangely, exasperation was soon displayed through the downward quirk of his lips, no matter how many times he had been through this, as if the lack of shaving cream was dry catastrophe at its finest. Squall walked up to the grumbling fool and looked up to see the bloodshot eyes and scruffy chin, the mussed hair, the sardonic humor born out of aggravation, the works, and he shook his head before he reached up and brushed his fingers against the stubble that apparently was the source of the apocalypse. He could feel the surprised reaction from Seifer—whether he was to be amused the slightly confused expression on his face or withdraw was something he didn't consider determining, the flat of his palm now settled on the rough surface. Only when he perceived a persistent knee nudge his own did he meet the taller man's eyes and arch an eyebrow.
"Leave it."
"Leave it," he repeated, not protesting the hand that settled on top of his wrist. "Leave it."
There was that face again: "Squall, as much as I understand your severe lifestyle, you have to admit that me growing a golden forest is not a very reasonable thi—"
"Leave it, Seifer." A pause. "I think it's nice."
" … you what?" Surprised, the older male raked his fingers through his hair as he digested the comment, cracking that strange face that was worth billions, if the slight flaring of his nostrils didn't speak already. He scratched at his chin and narrowed his eyes at Squall.
Was it a ruse? A trick? Would there be further consequences for the idiotic side of him that wanted to believe the awkward 'fashion' compliment? "You into cavemen, or something? Or are you just fucking with my head this early in the morning?"
"Because I'm definitely laughing," he replied, shrugging his shoulders.
"Because you're definitely not kidding," Seifer countered.
"That's what I said."
" … Oh, shit. You're not kidding."
So, they both stood there, much more awkward in their chocobo boxers and unkempt states, looking as if they could take on the entire world with the golden fist of dry humor and enigmatic conclusions. Squall could feel the rough stubble under his fingertips and the idiotic consideration, and he could not help but to roll his eyes at the faintest upward tilt of Seifer's lips—it was that bemused analysis that morphed into solid sureness that must have had him scoffing; else, he would not have bothered to even think twice about withdrawing his hand from the blond's cheek, to step away and go back to being holed up in his office.
"Well, I am sexy every way, if I do say so myself," Seifer remarked, rubbing his chin as he gave a cocksure look. "Very sexy—all for you, of course."
Squall raised an eyebrow. "All for me?"
No doubt.
"All for you."


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FACE THE FACT - the safe place MP3
great video from face the fact ( pre TO KILL ) ...i still love this band!!!
The Voice 2015 - Face the Facts: Team Gwen (Digital Exclusive) MP3
There is so much we don't know about Team Gwen. Did you know one artist almost failed singing class!? Watch Team Gwen match their faces to the facts in Fact ...
Face The Fact - Scattering The Marbles (Official Music Video) MP3
FACE THE FACT - Scattering The Marbles. From the album "In The Meantime...". 2011 Lyrics: Men in grey coats. Everywhere my eyes can see. They Wander ...
The Voice 2015 - Face the Facts: Team Adam (Digital Exclusive) MP3
There is so much we don't know about Team Adam. One artist has a giant crush on Jimmy Fallon, while another went on a first date with twins! Watch Team ...
Face The Fact - The Night (Between Me and You) MP3
4th track from their EP "Romeo and Juliet Are Not Dead" (2003).
Brighthaven - Face The Fact (Official Music Video) MP3
FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/BrighthavenOFFICIAL TUMBLR: http://brighthavenofficial.tumblr.com/ TWITTER: https://twitter.com/BrighthavenSWE ...
Mac Miller - Face The Fact (HD) MP3
Download: http://goo.gl/dDRta Follow Me: http://Twitter.com/RealSidders Mac Miller - Face The Facts Mac Miller - Face The Facts Mac Miller - Face The Facts ...
Yvonne Deleon - I Can't Face The Fact (Extended Club Mix 1990) MP3
My Blogger - http://funk-im.blogspot.com My All-Time Favorite Freestyle Record/Track.
Gina Go-Go "I Can't Face The Fact" MP3
Genre: House, Deep House, Disco, Pop Dance, Freestyle Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for ...
FIVE MINUTE FALL - LET`S FACE THE FACT - HARDCORE WORLDWIDE L-Y-R-I-C-S: LET`S FACE THE FACT It`cold outside "I regard myself as a soldier, ...
Face The Fact MP3
Provided to YouTube by Cargo Face The Fact · Degreed Dead But Not Forgotten ℗ Sunhill Productions Released on: 2015-06-22 Artist: Degreed ...
Face the Fact MP3
Face the Fact Written and performed by Martin Ma as GHP 2014 Guitar Minor. Additional instruments, recording, and production by Dr. Russell Brown.
Sky For Sinners - Face The Fact [HD] MP3
Watch our new Iron Maiden cover of Fear of the Dark!! : www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_WIVpl2Zic Album: Haeresy Reborn Produced by Glen Robinson & Sky ...
Waldo - Face The Fact (Official Music Video) MP3
Disclaimer: I don't own any of the music in this video, it belongs to the rightful owners: P. Stappe, P. Soderstrom, M. Karlesson, Waldo.
J. Krishnamurti - Brockwood Park 1978 - Seminar 3 - Can you face the fact that you are absolutely... MP3
J. Krishnamurti - Brockwood Park 1978 - Seminar 3 - Can you face the fact that you are absolutely nothing? Summary: Q: Is it possible to be completely free of ...
Brighthaven - Face The Fact [Full EP Stream] MP3
FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/BrighthavenOFFICIAL LYRICS: Face the fact, I'm not like you I feel no sympathy and I'm not a fool for you You've got it all ...
Dalora ft Nienke Crijns - Face The Fact (Official Preview) MP3
Dalora ft Nienke Crijns - Face The Fact Releasedate: 28.03.2014 Label: Davaro Records.
Y.B.-Face The Fact MP3
Single Off Take Notes MixTape.
Face The Fact , Castro Beer @ 27 Dezembro MP3
Suburban Represent : The Grisly Blessing , Face The Fact , Neighborz , Eisberg.
Face The Fact - The Deceiving Mask MP3
Face The Fact - The Deceiving Mask.
Tollschock - Face the fact MP3
Tollschock - Shut Down the System - Face the fact NO FEAR WE'RE HERE - WIEEEEE GEIL.
Yvonne DeLeon - I Can't Face The Fact (Live at Roseland NYC 1990) MP3
I apologize for the quality of the video and the sound but I just found this VHS tape from that night and I transferred over to my computer.
face the fact - kronos (carnevale hardcore @ sonica) MP3
2003... maybe.
Face The Fact -- Martin Ma (2nd recording) MP3
Face The Fact 2nd recording -- written by Martin Ma. Guitar and vocal by Martin Ma, audio engineering by Brad Wu. To anyone who ever felt something from this ...
Yvonne - I Cant Face The Fact MP3
Yvonne: I CAN'T FACE THE FACT 1990 Cutting Records.
Face the Fact MP3
Face the Fact is a song written and composed by Martin Ma. The song tells Martin's story of emigrating from China to US by leaving behind a lot but gaining more ...
Rebellion The Recaller - Face The Fact (Altafaan Records) (February 2015) MP3
Rebellion The Recaller - Face The Fact Altafaan Records 2015 Promo by DJLass Angel Vibes LINK MY FACEBOOK ...
All For Nothing - Face The Fact MP3
All For Nothing - Face The Fact From The Album of "To Live And Die For" Female Fronted Hardcore from Rotterdam, Holland I do not own this song/Video, ...
Face the Fact - Live @ Elsrock 2008 MP3
Face The Fact is a melodic metal band from Overijssel, Holland. This is taken at Elsrock 2008, on Saturday 30 august 2008, R.K.S.V. Rijssen Holland.
Face The Fact - Swear By The Moon MP3
New Song for 2015. Metro Detroit alternative rock band Face The Fact.


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In just a few hours, fans might finally get confirmation on whether Beyoncé had her baby, or is still waiting for the stork. The superstar will keep her promise to appear on ABC's New Year's Rockin' Eve, according to host Ryan Seacrest.
"You will see Beyoncé on the show," said Seacrest to The Hollywood Reporter. "I can't tell you too much because they don't tell me too much, but if you're a Beyoncé fan — and man, is she looking good these days — you'll want to see Beyoncé."
It's unlikely heavily pregnant Beyoncé will be performing on the show (although, would anyone really put it past her?), and no more has been said on the matter. But given Bey's penchant for surprises, would a live satellite greeting from the maternity ward be out of the question?
BET.com is your #1 source for Black celebrity news, photos, exclusive videos and all the latest in the world of hip hop and R&B music.


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Managing social media is a necessity these days, but it can consume. To make the biggest splash and get as many eyes on you as possible, you need to use every single platform under the sun. You also need to post throughout the day, because one post tends to disappear in the sea of other activity within minutes. Social media is a very "now" oriented thing, and few people are looking at the profiles they follow all throughout the day. So, what can you do to stay ahead of the game without wasting tons of time?
First of all, you need to look into scheduled posts. You can schedule certain posts to go out at certain times, even multiple times throughout the day. Any social media managing software can do this for you. Some, such as YouTube, even have the capability from within the platform itself. You can sit down, set up all of your posts for the day, and let them filter out automatically without having to babysit everything. It's incredibly useful and a serious time saver overall.
You should also look into automatic posting that will mirror one post from one platform onto another. For example, you can link your Twitter to your Facebook. Anything you post to the latter will then automatically post to Twitter, complete with a link for your followers to check out if they want the full scoop. While this doesn't give quite as much personal attention overall, it certainly helps you not spend as much time hunched over the keyboard to say the same things over and over again from site to site.
Finally, you may want to make a schedule for yourself as well. Get into the habit of always posting to certain sites around noon, sometime in the evening, and then before bed. By simply reminding yourself you need to promote your latest content, you'll be able to stay more relevant and get a lot more eyes on you overall.


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You can't deny the truth behind these statements… [via ebw]
You can't deny the truth behind these statements… [via ebw]
i don't get the garage clearance one.
Some people duck their heads when driving into low-clearance parking garages.
No… the clearance is only 6 feet and 7 inches (the sign says anyway).
I'm confused. Are you just being pedantic about the fact that you don't believe 6'7″ is low clearance or did you not understand what Michael said?
No, it looks like it's saying that the clearance is anywhere from 6 feet to 7 inches.
The joke is that it SHOULD read 7'6″, NOT 7′ – 6″.
7′ – 6″ implies 7 feet to 6 inches.
No, the joke is literally what it says – "I'm not sure if my car will fit, so I better duck", because of course your car will fit, it doesn't make sense to duck whenever you drive under something.
You're already under the roof of your car, therefore it is pointless to duck. It's like trying to cover up a fart by increasing the volume on the radio.
And as we all know, no human has ever done anything pointless in the whole of recorded history.
Try walking upright under a running helicopter rotor.
EXACTLY. There's no reason to duck, but some people (including me) do it anyway. The same way some people also turn their music down so that they can see the road signs better.
Should have gone to class, the correct spelling for this usage is "affect."
Thank you!
The lines to vote were Very long were I live so thus star bucks thing doesn't make sense to me.
That's okay, they'll be much shorter next time after the republicans disenfranchise everyone.
LOL. Good one.
Also don't most polling places have a bunch of ballot stations open, whereas most Starbucks have one cash register, MAYBE two open? And people under 18 and people who are not citizens can buy from Starbucks but can't vote, so of course that would affect the line.
don't worry, even if the majority of the country votes for the other candidate, the loser still wins. Enjoy being the laughing stock of the world for four years, USA
We were the laughing stock the past eight years, where have you been?
This is the most disingenuous thing I've ever seen anybody write. Get real.
Cracka please. The rest of the world had leader envy. Now we're back to being a worse joke than we were when Dubya was re-elected. (Source: have been overseas during several of the past 5 election years.)
You didn't see it, so you can't understand it? So your parents are siblings, huh?
I'm right handed and that pen thing also happens to me smh..
hello Jeff
too funny
"Attendance won't effect your grade"…
Apparently it will though…
All cables have different methods for keeping it plugged in. VGA is the last hold out of cables that required screws.
you forgot turning music down in order to find a parking spot it can go like this "maybe if i turn my music down i will be able to see better.'


text: DUBAI, May 29, 2001: Iran has condemned the "discriminatory decision adopted by the Taliban" regarding Hindus in Afghanistan where Taliban militia recently issued an edict making it compulsory for all Hindus to wear a piece of yellow cloth as an identity label. Iranian foreign ministry spokesman Hamidreza Assefi said that such moves are clear cases of religious discrimination against ethnic minorities, which is condemned in Islam. "An action of this kind goes against the progressive ideas of our religion and mars the image of Muslims around the globe," Assefi was quoted as saying. A similar condemnation was issued today by the Canadian Jewish Congress, which states in part, "We urge the Canadian government to convey to the Taliban rulers of Afghanistan the horror of all Canadians at such clear discrimination against a religious minority and to call for this odious measure to be rescinded immediately." The Congress email is email@example.com.


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Wheel powder coating
Powder coating can be defined as the process of coating metals (particularly in wheels) in order to protect them and to make them last longer. The end result has a glossy plastic finish to it, which looks really nice on cars wheels. In fact, powder coating is a lot better than traditional liquid coating because the former does not harm the environment, is easier to style with and is also more convenient to work with because it is not runny. A good powder coating job will last you for years thus it is a good investment, so you should start comparing powder coating prices immediately!
Vehicle wheels require powder coating in order to be functional. Moreover, this type of coating also makes the wheel look more appealing. Certain types of powder coats can also serve as effective corrosion barriers. Thus, this technique is particularly useful for vehicles used in architectural and marine industries, wherein the wheels are in constant touch with water. There is a wide range of powder coats to choose from, therefore you can select the texture, gloss and colour that appeals to you the most. Of course you also need to keep in mind that the powder coating prices will also vary depending upon the style and finish you choose.
During the process of powder coating, powder is applied to the metal wheels and then baked in order to transform the powder into a fluid state so that it can bond to the surface of the metallic portions of the wheel. Powder coating cannot be performed on the entire wheel, only certain areas can be powder coated therefore, it is important to educate yourself about the Do's and Don'ts associated with this process in order to end up with an impressive end result. Since powder coating is thicker than liquid paints therefore it cannot be carried out on all parts of the wheels because certain parts may not go back together after you're done powder coating them.
Thus, it is essential to follow the technique of masking in order to cover the areas that do not need to be powder coated. Only the front and the back portion of the wheel have to be powder coated with the help of a powder coating gun. It is not advisable to coat the area of the wheel that would be covered by tire as it will make the area thicker, so it will be more difficult to fit the tire over it. Moreover, it is also a waste of material (powder) to coat this area. It is also advisable to not coat the bolt hole lest it would make it difficult to thread the bolt in.
There are also certain electrical parts that should not be powder coated as it would not conduct electricity, thus making it difficult to function. Thus, for parts such as alternator or starter, it should be masked and not powder coated entirely in order to prevent connections from being blocked. If required, one can take advice from an expert in order to ensure that the wrong parts are not coated.


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Aspects of both the ecology and ethology of nest building in wild bonobos were studied during 22 months over 4 years in the Lomako forest, Republic of Zaire.
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This Car Runs on Air and Nothing But [VIDEO]
Is this the car of the future? It runs on air, not gas.
Is this the car of the future? It runs on air, not gas.
According to a new survey by Direct Line car insurance, women are more likely than men to swear while driving. In fact, that's why I insist on driving during family road trips. Nearly half of all women, 48%, admit to cursing behind the wheel while only 40% of men do. We've got the top five things most likely to make us swear while driving.
General Motors says it's developing an electric car with a range of 200 miles. Would that get you to buy one?
GM has confirmed it is eliminating its third shift at the Flint Engine Operations plant next month.
Have you gotten off the hook in the past when child passengers were in your car not in a child passenger seat? Not any more. Uncle Rick wants the money.
I have been saying spring is just around the corner. Here is a sure sign.
Guerlain Chicherit, a professional stunt driver from France, became the world s first person to complete a successful car back flip. This is so cool.
Even though it was just announced that Flint Delphi East will be shutting down completely in November, UAW Local 651 President Art Reyes says it's far from over.
I stumbled upon a list of seven incredibly ridiculous traffic laws that are real, well, according to Yahoo. Sometimes it seems like these things only exist on the Internet, but they've been copied-and-pasted so many times people believe they're real. Anyway, let's not let our jaded skepticism ruin something this stupid. Here are seven U.S. traffic laws that are real, as far as we know:
After the heavy rain that fell in Mid-Michigan, causing flooding and other problems for residents, Mother Nature is about to take a potentially deadly turn. We've easily broken temperature and rainfall records over the past few days which has left the ground saturated. With no where for that water to go, what will happen when the temperatures drop below the freezing point tonight?
A Michigan State trooper says he can't believe anyone survived this two-car crash Saturday night.
This video will make your heart drop. You will also rethink where you are currently putting your kids car seat.


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Mode Door Motor
See Figure 1
The mode door determines the air flow through the air distribution system depending on the mode selected (vent, defrost, etc.). The door linkage is located on the left side of the housing and is controlled by a motor. The motor has a built-in position sensor and will stop at the position called for by the controls. The adjustment procedure starts with the motor removed from the housing.
- With the motor removed from the housing, connect the motor wiring and set the controls to the VENT mode.
- Turn the ignition switch ON , let the motor go to its vent position, then turn the ignition OFF .
- Manually move the linkage on the housing to the vent position, install the motor and attach the linkage.
- With the ignition switch ON , cycle the system through all the modes and check the operation of the linkage.
See Figure 2
- Turn the mode control knob to the DEFROST position.
- Place the side link in the DEFROST position by hand.
- Pull the cable cover down away from the side link and then clamp the cable cover.
- After adjusting the control cable, check the system for proper operation.
See Figure 3
- With the door motor removed but wiring connected, turn the ignition switch ON and set the controls to recirculate by pushing the REC button.
- Install the motor onto the blower housing.
- Hold the door in the recirculate position and attach the linkage. Turn the REC button ON and OFF to check operation of the door.
See Figure 4
- Install the air intake door motor onto the intake unit. Be sure that the intake door motor lever is installed into the slit portion of the intake door link.
- Connect the air intake door motor electrical connector.
- Turn the ignition switch to the ON position.
- Check that the air intake door motor operates correctly when the REC switch is turned ON and OFF .
See Figure 5
When adjusting the control rod, first disconnect the temperature control cable from the air mix door lever. Reconnect and adjust the temperature control cable.
- Move the air mix door lever to the left.
- Pull the control rod toward the air mix door lever to a clearance of about 0.080 in. (2.0mm) between the ends of control rod and link lever.
- Reconnect the control rod to the door lever.
- After the control rod is connected, check the control for proper operation.
This cable operates the air mix door inside the air distribution system. A control rod connects the air mix door lever and the water valve link lever on the heater core. The control rod should be adjusted first.
- To adjust the control rod, disconnect the temperature control cable from the door lever.
- The valve end of the rod is attached to the valve with a wire loop. With the rod loose at the air mix door end, move the air mix door lever and the valve lever all the way in the direction that would pull the rod away from the valve lever.
- Gently pull the rod so there is about 0.80 in. (2mm) gap between the rod and valve lever and secure the rod at the door lever.
- When attaching the temperature control lever, adjust the cable housing so the full COLD lever position will completely shut off the heat.
See Figure 6
- Move the temperature control knob to the full HOT position.


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Dark Atmospheric Black Metal from the KHORS/ULVEGR gang. This is a CD+DVD release. CD contains three new tracks 12 minutes each and DVD their (pretty interesting, I've seen it by myself) live show. "If you're looking for some moody and atmospheric heavy music, KZOHH are a great band to check out." (c) Metal Black Webzine
Atmospheric Black Metal - KHORS' fourth album "Return To Abandoned", which was originally released in 2010, already achieved a cult status in metal underground. This is proved by a number of already sold out re-issues of this album. Seven years later it is re-released by Svarga Music in noble 6-panel digipak format with 2 bonus tracks and completely new...
Pagan Black Metal - first time on vinyl mighty split of Ukrainian frontiers NOKTURNAL MORTUM. Originally released in 2001 and pressed on vinyl in 2016. Release contains great covers for WASP, GRAVELAND, BURZUM, MOTORHEAD, SLAYER.
Black/Thrash Metal - 3rd album from Norwegian band SARCOMA INC. After listening of this album we really will go to the psychopatologist, because this album torn your mind by the power of Black/Thrash.
Pagan Metal - third album of Ukrainians PAGANLAND. Carpathia-influenced Pagan Black Metal for fans of early BORKNAGAR, SKYFORGER and MANEGARM but with a Slanovic touch.


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