text:
1-866-777-1360M-F 6am - 4:30pm PST
- Home
- Signs
- Wall Signs
- First Aid Kit (with red cross) - Wall Sign
Most orders ship the same day. More | Click here to pay with a purchase order
For more information on this product, call us at 1-866-777-1360
Product Description
First Aid Kit (with red cross) - Wall Sign
Placing a First Aid Kit with red cross wall sign up in your facility will help ensure employees and guests know exactly where this kit is located. When someone is injured it is often essential to be able to treat them fast in order to keep them safe and minimize any danger. If people can't find the first aid kit they will waste valuable time looking for it rather than providing the treatment that is needed.
Having a red cross on this wall sign helps it to really stand out better so it will catch people's eye and stick in their mind. People instantly recognize the Red Cross symbol and associate it with medical care so this is the perfect wall sign for any facility that has a first aid kit kept in the area. You can place this wall sign just above the kit itself, on a cupboard door or anywhere else that will indicate where the actual kit is located.
- Mounted on a durable 3mm PVC signboard
- Industrial, long-lasting materials
- Custom signs available, please call 1-866-777-1360
- No set-up charge & no extra charges for customization
Warranty Information
At Creative Safety Supply, we guarantee the quality of our products. If you're unsatisfied with your purchase, you can return new, unopened items within 30 days of purchase for a full refund. That way you can feel confident the products you order will meet your expectations, or you'll get your money back.
For full warranty information, please visit our warranties page.
Product Reviews


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Product Description
Oxford Precision OXD3151000K 0.7-1.5" DIAL BORE GAUGE
Oxford Precision OXD3151000K 0.7-1.5" DIAL BORE GAUGE
DescriptionOxford Precision™ Dial Indicating Bore Gauges
Suitable for rapid, accurate measurement of size, concentricity, wear, taper, etc., in a wide range of bores. For workshop and inspection use. All models have one fixed and one moving anvil and a self-adjusting centre shoe. A datum point' can be set by using a setting ring of a known diameter or a micrometer. Zero' the gauge to this datum point by rotating the bezel to align zero' with the indicator. To check a bore is within tolerance, the limit hands can be fixed as required. All anvils are spring loaded to expand into the bore. For accurate reading ensure the stem of the gauge is parallel to the axis of the bore. This can be checked by 'rocking' the gauge back and forth until the smallest diameter is found. All models have interchangeable anvils to cover a range of bore sizes.
Last Updated @ 10/6/2015 9:22:14 AM
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Payment can be made to us using one of the following methods
Deposit to our Bank Account
Our Bank Account
Account Name : A MATRIX MARKETING
Maybank A/C NO : 5127-7210-0590
Public Bank A/C No: 31-7376-1231
We normally ship every working day by Poslaju and Skynet and we work very hard to fulfill all orders within 2-3 business days of receiving payment. We think you and #39;ll be happy with the speed of our shipment! Orders shipped to destinations within West Malaysia usually have a delivery time of 2 - 5 business days after shipment. Orders shipped Sabah and Sarawah usually take between 2-7 days to arrive depend on the types of courier services and shipping companies, although sometimes a bit longer.
We will contact you shortly after your confirmed order to arrange for shipping via your contact information provided. Alternatively, you may want to email us at email@example.com to let us know your preference.
Self Collection (Pick-Up)Customers can also arrange to pick up from our office with no delivery charge. Self Collection have to be prearranged in advance, by appointment only. Orders are usually ready the next business day, email will be sent once the order is ready. Prearrangement can be made thereafter. Self collect hours are10.30am-1.00pm and 2.30pm-5.30pm weekdays only
Defective/Wrong Items or Didn and rsquo;t Receive
If you receive an item and it and rsquo;s broken, has a defect, not working or the wrong item, call us and we and rsquo;ll arrange for a replacement to be sent right away. Please contact us within 5 days of receipt of the item.
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Damaged merchandise must be reported within 5 days however if you and rsquo;ve signed for the item and lsquo;free and clear and rsquo;, we have no claim on the shipping company. Be sure to sign for items only when you see no visible damage to the shipment. Please contact us within 5 days and we and rsquo;ll arrange for reshipment.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Justin Timberlake Reuniting With *NSYNC at VMAs: Report
Justin Timberlake will reunite with his former *NSYNC bandmates J.C. Chasez, Lance Bass, Joey Fatone and Chris Kirkpatrick at Sunday's MTV Video Music Awards for what the New York Post is calling a "special performance." (You mean like this one?) Timberlake is receiving the Michael Jackson Vanguard Award (not to be confused with this one, either), so it's possible this will be one of those ego-stroking things. Either way, exciting!


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Clive Palmer's fledgling Palmer United Party has been plunged into crisis, with Mr Palmer accusing one of his own parliamentarians of lying to the Senate, of not speaking to him for over a month, and of doing nothing for the Tasmanians who elected her.
He has also claimed Jacqui Lambie is planning to set up "an alternate political party".
The unprecedented attack will ensure the outspoken Tasmanian will formally sever ties with the party, severely weakening PUP's balance-of-power advantage and slashing public confidence in the party's capacity to deliver.
The full frontal attack via press release at 6.30pm on Wednesday came after Senator Lambie had been stripped of her deputy leadership and party whip roles for allegedly failing to attend party meetings and for disloyalty.
'Mr Palmer's statement claimed Senator Lambie had "lied to the Senate during a rant about him" and had "done so to cover up her own misgivings".
"Jacqui Lambie has not brought forward one proposal to the party about Tasmanians, the people who elected her, or about veterans," he said.
"She just wants to have a fight about nothing which is not a rational way to behave as a respectable senator."
In Parliament, Senator Lambie claimed Mr Palmer had slandered her by questioning her state of mind. She also said the leader was under stress because of legal battles he was involved in.
Weeks of infighting and public slights between the pair culminated in Senator Lambie breaking ranks to vote against a surprise deal that PUP had struck with the Abbott government on financial advice laws back in July.
In a body blow to the government, Senator Lambie joined Labor and the Greens in a new alliance of independents to scuttle the government's controversial financial advice changes.
The non-PUP member of the original four-vote bloc, the Motoring Enthusiast Party's Ricky Muir, also broke away on the crucial vote.
It gave Labor the numbers to scuttle all of the regulations put in place since June by Finance Minister Mathias Cormann. The changed had watered down the former Labor government's Future of Financial Advice laws.
The new voting bloc, wrangled by independent Senator Nick Xenophon in conjunction with Labor Senator Sam Dastyari, said they were moving to restore protections to consumers that had been diluted by the Coalition.
It was only possible with the support of Senator Lambie and Senator Muir. A jubilant Senator Dastyari kissed Senator Lambie on the cheek after the late-night vote.
Speaking earlier on Wednesday, Senator Lambie explained why she had decided to break ranks and overturn her original support for the changes.
"The first couple of weeks of being up in the Senate were very difficult, we were all trying to find our way. Well I've found my way now," she said.
"Sometimes when you make a wrong [decision] you have to go back in there and make it right, and that's exactly what I'm doing now."
Senator Muir made a similar argument, explaining he would err on the side of consumers and he did not like the way it was rushed through the Senate before rookie senators such as himself had time to understand what was going on.
Financial Services Council chief executive John Brogden warned against the move.
"The market impacts of an immediate disallowance would create a legal quagmire, millions of dollars in business disruption costs and reduce affordability and accessibility of financial advice to Australians," he said.
But Labor Senator Dastyari described the push as "a coalition of common sense".
"We've put together a group of senators who've said 'Enough's enough, there have been too many victims of financial crime and the last thing we should be doing is watering down protections for consumers'.
"These regulations by Mathias Cormann were returning us to the bad old days of financial planning where a handful of crooks, criminals and conmen dominated the industry."
Senator Palmer was scathing of Senator Lambie's decision, saying "we're just having one member who's having a few problems".
"She knows in her heart that she fully believes in everything that we stand for – that's why she hasn't resigned – and we hope that she can reconcile all those things in the coming days," he said.
"When people are going through difficult times in a workplace, you should stand by them. We don't want to make her life more difficult than it already is."
Senator Cormann told the Senate Labor's disallowance motion had nothing to do with protecting consumers against unscrupulous financial planners.
"This is about the commercial interest of the Labor Party's main shareholder, the union movement. This is what this is about," Mr Cormann said.
"[The union movement] have never liked small business financial advisers and they have used their preferential and privileged access to the previous government to make life for small business financial advisers and their clients as hard as possible."
If crossbench and opposition senators disallow the Coalition's roll-back of Labor's financial advice laws, as they plan to, laws put in place by the Gillard government will apply. Here's what that would mean for consumers.
Consumers would have to "opt-in"
Planners who receive ongoing fees from their clients would be required to obtain written consent from their customers every two years. This "opt-in" rule was scrapped by the Coalition, amid backing from banks and the advice industry, who argued it was unnecessary red tape. But the change had support from groups representing consumers and not-for-profit super funds, who argued it was needed to make sure advisers were providing a worthwhile service to the client.
The "best interest" duty
Advisers would have to satisfy a tougher legal duty to act in the best interests of their clients. Labor's rules included a "catch-all" provision, which said a planner must take "any other step ... in the best interests of the client" that would be reasonable. Industry critics and the Coalition argued this was too broad and could leave advisers unnecessarily exposed to lawsuits. The "catch-all" provision was scrapped in the Coalition's FOFA roll-back, but the Senate could bring it back into force.
Conflicted payments
There would be tighter restrictions on the types of payments that banks and wealth management companies can make to financial advisers. The clearest type of conflicted payment (a commission or kick-back to a planner) is already banned and this will remain the case. But Labor's FOFA rules also threatened other types of remuneration that critics say are "conflicted". For instance, the previous FOFA rules threatened what are known as "volume rebates" – wholesale bonuses to financial planning dealer groups based on their sales.
Bonuses for bank tellers
Banks may also have to change the bonus structures they use to pay their branch staff, known as the "balanced scorecard". Under this model, which is used by all the major banks, staff are assigned revenue targets as a "key performance indicator" when they are being assessed for bonuses. Sales are not their only KPI – they must also meet goals relating to customer satisfaction goals and risk. But critics say bonuses such as these can encourage a sales culture. The Finance Sector Union says the "balanced scorecard" may have fallen foul of the previous government's FOFA rules.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Can the results of a form be placed in a table?Asked by RickyRocket on August 16, 2015 at 11:09 AM
JotForm Support
Perhaps you meant creating a tabulated Report using the form's submission data.
Please check HTML Table Listing Report (link: https://www.jotform.com/help/209-How-to-create-an-HTML-Table-Listing-Report ).
Perhaps this will work for you already.
Let us know if you need further assistance.


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The Original Rice Krispies Treats Squares
Recipe by Bec6206
This is the recipe for the original rice krispies treats squares...It never fails! Plus, it is a great way to use up a box of cereal! For best results, use fresh marshmallows. I have replaced the butter once with Mott's Healthy Baking butter or oil substitute (it was basically an unsweetened apple sauce) and they still turned out great!
Top Review by Connie Lea
Thanks for posting this great recipe. I also bought Rrice Krispies with no recipe on the box. You'd think I'd remember how after making this tons of times in the past 60 years, but, of course, I didn't. Anyway - yummy and as usual I had to eat the first one while it was still gooey and falling apart. They set up if you can wait awhile. Great for kids and not so young kids.
See Discussion:107 Reviews 2 Tweaks
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1419.54 ml Rice Krispies
- 44.37 ml butter or 44.37 ml margarine
- 283.49 g packageregular marshmallows or 946.36 ml miniature marshmallows
Directions See How It's Made
- Melt butter in a large saucepan over low heat.
- Add marshmallows and stir until completely melted.
- Remove from heat.
- (It would be perfect to be measuring out all of the cereal at this time, having it ready in a large bowl.).
- Working quickly, add rice krispies cereal, and stir until the cereal is well coated.
- Using a buttered spatula or waxed paper, press the mixture evenly into a greased 13 by 9 by 2 inch pan (or whatever pan you have on hand).
- When the treats are cooled, cut into squares.
- Serve, and enjoy!


text: NexCen May Shutter Bill Blass RTW Unit Blass line designed by Peter Som seen as hindering sale of trademark. By Vicki M. Young on September 11, 2008 The Bill Blass ready-to-wear line designed by Peter Som could be in danger of closing. The existing Bill Blass operation is worth more without the unprofitable high-end designer business, known as Bill Blass Couture, because of losses that would have to be assumed by a new owner if the rtw unit were retained. Sources peg the losses sustained by that business at more than $1 million a year. WWD logo To Read the Full Article SUBSCRIBE NOW Already a Subscriber? Log in. Tap into our Global Network Of Industry Leaders and Designers load comments blog comments powered by Disqus


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Tags: 550 employees, AOL, layoffs, Patch.
Posted 08/08/2013 at 4:59 PM
Posted 4 years ago
AOL owned news service, Patch, will be laying off 550 employees. According to AOL CEO Tim Armstrong, these employees are not being fired, they're being "impacted". So now you're an "impact" if you get fired. Many Patch sites are expected to go dark, along with this action. Will Patch survive this? Only time will tell.
You must be logged in to post a comment.


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Voyeur : November 2010
Have you ever thought about becoming a Forex Trader? We are offering you the chance to attend a Forex Trading Seminar for FREE... These Forex seminars will show you how you can get started regardless as to whether you choose to trade full time or part-time as a positive addition to your income. No Forex Trading experience is necessary. To book your free ticket call free on 1800 065 353 or visit www.knowledgetoaction.com.au Learn what the smart money is doing... Please note: Our Seminars are purely educational in nature, we do not advise or tip and any trades shown in any seminar are for educational illustration purposes only. Please make sure that you understand the risks involved. You must understand the risks involved and consider the appropriateness of trading, having BOOK NOW FOR FREE SEMINAR Between the 13th Dec 2010 & 16th Jan 2011, no matter how long you park, you will pay no more than $148* *TERMS & CONDITIONS Planning a holiday? We have put a cap on our parking this Christmas. Park & Fly -- The smart traveller's choice! Book online to secure your spot now! parknfly.com.au 1300 13 PARK 1008 Botany Rd, Mascot, NSW 2020 Smart Trave Smart Traveller XMAS PARKING SPECIAL
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This Black Ammunition To Go Women's T-Shirt (Medium) has a Pink Ram Skull with Revolvers. The back of this shirt has Ammotogo.com in a modern stylish script. All the women at Ammo To Go are wearing this one. This is a 100% Cotton Tultex Fine Jersey Short Sleeve T-Shirt.
Thank you for being part of the AmmoToGo community! We are constantly evaluating our suppliers and our products, and your feedback is very helpful in doing so. By including your email address below, we are able to follow up with you, help solve any issues, and learn from you what our community likes and doesn't like.


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City Parks in England
Browse 5,117 attractions, meet 185 travelers, 79 tour guides and discover 10,068 photos
Travelers are voting St. James's Park, Hyde Park and Speaker's Corner as the best of 121 city parks in England. Also popular are Allensford in Newcastle upon Tyne, Clapham Common in London Borough of Lambeth and St James's Park in London. Want more? Check out our map of city parks in England or these 80 city parks in London.
Windsor Great ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksEngland
Windsor Great Park is a large deer park of 5,000 acres, to the south of the town of Windsor on the border of Berkshire and Surrey in England.…1
Bristol Castle ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksEngland
Castle Park is a public open space in Bristol, England, managed by Bristol City Council. It is bounded by the Floating Harbour and Castle Street to…1
Bushy ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksTeddington Middlesex, London, EN, England
Bushy is the second largest Royal Park, with an area of 1,099 acres. Located to the north of Hampton Court Palace, and is home to…1
Wellington Country ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksEngland
Wellington Country Park is a country park in Berkshire, around Riseley, near Reading.1
Painshill ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksLondon, England
Painshill Park (also referred to as "Pains Hill" in some nineteenth century texts), near Cobham, Surrey, England, is one of the finest remaining…1
Eastside City ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksBirmingham, England
Eastside City Park is an urban park currently under construction in Birmingham, United Kingdom, projected to cover at least 6.75…
Betts ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksAnerley, Penge, London, England
Betts Park is a public park in Penge, London Borough of Bromley, England. It has a number of attractions, including part of the old Croydon Canal.…
Platt Fields ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksManchester, England
Platt Fields Park is a large public park off Wilmslow Road in Rusholme, Manchester, England. It is home to Platt Hall, and was originally known as…
Poole ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksEngland
Poole Park is an urban park adjacent to Poole Harbour in Poole, Dorset, England. The park was opened during the Victorian era and has remained…
Sydenham Wells ParkRecreation / Outdoor City ParksLondon Borough of Lewisham, London, England
Sydenham Wells Park is located in Sydenham, south east London. The park is owned by the London Borough of Lewisham and maintained by Glendale. Wells…


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2012-04-04 - Aspiring Finnish heavy metal newcomers BATTLE BEAST just uploaded the pilot episode of a tour blog. The band will sharing their impressions of their upcoming tour with NIGHTWISH.
Check it out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOWMvG5FOj4 and be prepared for more.
Make sure to catch BATTLE BEAST live:
10.04.12. S Göteborg - Lisebergshallen
11.04.12 DK Copenhagen - Falconer Theater
13.04.12 NL Amsterdam - Heineken Music Hall
14.04.12 D Düsseldorf - ISS Dome
16.04.12 B Brussels - Forest National
17.04.12 F Paris - Bercy
18.04.12 F Nantes - Zenith
20.04.12 F Lyon - Halle Tony Garnier
21.04.12 LU Luxembourg - Rockhal
23.04.12 D Frankfurt - Jahrhunderthalle
24.04.12 CH Zurich - Hallenstadion
25.04.12 IT Milano - Forum
27.04.12 AT Vienna - Gasometer
29.04.12 HU Budapest - Budapest Arena
30.04.12 CZ Prague - Tesla (T-Mobile Arena)
01.05.12 D Leipzig - Arena
03.05.12 D Hamburg - o2 World
05.05.12 D Nürnberg - Arena
06.05.12 D Stuttgart - Schleyerhalle
|Groupes similaires
BATTLE BEAST - summer dates & headline shows!
2017-07-11 12:30 - Finnish heavy metallers BATTLE BEAST with front woman Noora Louhimo announce additional summer shows as well as a second European headline run in November 2017. Détails
BATTLE BEAST - last week of the tour is runni
2017-04-03 14:00 - Finnish heavy metallers BATTLE BEAST are still touring Europe with MAJESTY and GYZE successfully. Détails
BATTLE BEAST - shows moved to bigger venues!
2017-03-16 17:30 - The beast has become unstoppable! Finnish heavy metal warriors BATTLE BEAST will upgrade some concerts of their current tour with MAJESTY and GYZE to bigger venues. Détails
BATTLE BEAST - charts & European tour!
2017-03-03 14:30 - Finnish heavy metallers, BATTLE BEAST have entered the charts in several countries. Détails
BATTLE BEAST - release music video!
2017-02-20 16:00 - For all of you, who haven't got their pain yet, BATTLE BEAST has released another musical taster in the form of a music video for the album's title track today. Détails
BATTLE BEAST - album out now, track-by-track!
2017-02-17 12:00 - BATTLE BEAST unleash their long-awaited fourth studio album »Bringer Of Pain«, today via Nuclear Blast. The third and final track-by-track video is online! Détails
BATTLE BEAST - second track-by-track clip!
2017-02-15 18:00 - Only two days to go until BATTLE BEAST will unleash their new album »Bringer Of Pain«. Reason enough for the band to reveal the second part of their track-by-track series. Détails
BATTLE BEAST - first track-by-track clip!
2017-02-13 18:00 - BATTLE BEAST's brand-new studio album »Bringer Of Pain«, will be released this Friday through Nuclear Blast. First part of a track-by-track online! Détails
BATTLE BEAST - first show sold out!
2017-02-10 14:00 - BATTLE BEAST will embark on an extensive European tour in march! All of the tickets for one of the shows have been completely snapped up already! Détails
BATTLE BEAST - third album trailer launched!
2017-02-03 14:00 - The release of BATTLE BEAST's new studio album is only two weeks away. That's why it's time for their fans to get another »Bringer Of Pain« lesson today! Détails


text:
login with
first solid foods
hi moms! when did you start your infant on solids (single grain cereal)? we haven't tried yet but she doesn't seem satisfied with bottles.
How old is your baby? I started around 6 months.. maybe before with tastes here and there.. if mild things.. But when they really started to enjoy them was when they were able to sit up mostly for a while on their own.. have fun!!!
she is 4 months this week! We are going to start on single grain cereal soon, i think she is ready, sits with support, good on tummy, rolls over etc. Dad wants to wait a bit but my instinct is she is ready!
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About Camille
Current: Middletown, Connecticut
Birth: February 20
On Moms.com since: Mar 31, 2014
First time mom of a 4 month old baby girl! Her dad and I are loving and learning the joys of parenthood.
All Recent Camille's Posts


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the site.
This step is elective but will seriously multiply your chances of getting interest from other Christian members on the site. Write about yourself, your interests and upload some good photos of yourself.
Utilise our website's sophisticated search to spot members who match your desired requirements. Or just leaf through listings of Christian singles and spot singles that seem interesting.
Identified someone who could be a good match? Send them a few words or just a wink and take it from there. With a little luck you'll be on your way to an amazing adventure.
You won't regret it


text:
Product Description
The Imitation of Christ
Thomas à Kempis --
Narrated by Chris Knufke
(7 CDs)
The Great Catholic Spiritual Classic Finally Available on CD!
The words of Our Lord in Saint Luke's Gospel, "If any man will come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow me" were meant for all people of all times and places.
Yet how often in our modern world of comfort and convenience are these challenging words of Our Lord forgotten, along with all concern for eternal destiny, even by Christians? Now, more than ever, Catholics need a sure guide to steer them along the true path of the Gospel.
True Classic Finally available on CD
The Imitation of Christ, by the saintly Thomas à Kempis, speaks to true Christian souls of all generations, reminding them of the shortness of time and the length of eternity. For 500 years this timeless work has been a powerful tool for the sanctification of countless Catholic souls.
Since its publication in 1418, The Imitation of Christ has been second in popularity only to the Bible with Catholics and Christians of all creeds. The late Fr. John Hardon, S.J. said of the Imitation, "Its basic theme is that, since Jesus Christ is true God and true man, by imitating Christ as man, the Christian becomes more like Christ who is God.
Indispensable Guide
An important part of the spirituality of many saints, the Imitation was the sole spiritual reading of the youthful Saint Therese, the Little Flower, who loved it so much she knew it by heart. The famous theologian and spiritual writer Father Garrigou-Lagrange said of the universal appeal of the Imitation, "The true mysticism of which it speaks is accessible to all, if they are willing to follow the way of humility, the cross, continual prayer, and docility to the Holy Spirit.
The tremendous fruits of the wisdom contained in the Imitation are well within the reach of every truly Catholic soul, and this newly re-mastered audio version lets you enjoy this indispensable guide at home, at work, or even as you drive.
A Mystical Masterpiece
As you listen to the rich baritone of long-time favorite Chris Knufke, you'll understand why the original audio version has been a best-seller for many years. Now, the audio CD version makes this great spiritual classic more accessible than ever before. No serious Catholic can afford to ignore the timeless teachings of this mystical masterpiece.
Order now and begin your own Imitation of Christ
- Reading the Holy Scriptures
- How to Acquire Inner Peace
- Resisting Temptations
- Loving Jesus Above All Things
- Bearing with the Faults of Others
- The Wonderful Effects of Divine Love
- Why we ought to Deny Ourselves and Imitate Christ
- With what great reverence Jesus Christ is to be received
- Gratitude for the Grace of God
- How the Truth Speaks within Us
- And much more...
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 16, 2010
|Filing date
|May 24, 2006
|Priority date
|Dec 13, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Laurent Vaissié, James Francis Brennan, III
|Original Assignee
|Raydiance, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (2), Classifications (18), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The application is a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/112,256, filed on Apr. 22, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,349,452, entitled "Bragg Fibers In Systems For Generation Of High Peak Power Light," which, in turn, claims the benefit and priority of U.S. provisional patent applications:
Ser. No. 60/635,734, filed on Dec. 13, 2004, and entitled "Bragg Fibers For The Generation Of High Peak Power Light," and
Ser. No. 60/636,376, filed on Dec. 16, 2004, and entitled "Bragg Fibers In Systems For The Generation Of High Peak Power Light."
The above patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to producing high-energy ultrashort optical pulses, and, in particular, to the use of Bragg fibers for stretching or compressing these pulses in an ultrashort-pulse laser system. Bragg fibers may also be used in the delay lines of optical amplifiers and for the delivery of high peak power pulses of light.
a. Ultrashort-Pulse Laser Systems
Ultrafast laser technology has been known and used for over 20 years. Chemists and physicists developed ultrafast lasers for the purpose of measuring extremely fast physical processes such as molecular vibrations, chemical reactions, charge transfer processes, and molecular conformational changes. All these processes take place on the time scales of femtoseconds (fsec, 10−15 sec) to picoseconds (psec, 10−12 sec). Carrier relaxation and thermalization, wavepacket evolution, electron-hole scattering, and countless other processes also occur on these incredibly fast time scales.
Optical science using ultrafast, ultrashort optical pulses has seen remarkable progress over the past decade. While definitions vary, in general "ultrashort" generally refers to optical pulses of duration less than approximately 10 psec, and this definition is used herein. Numerous applications of ultrashort pulses have been developed that would be otherwise impossible or impractical to implement with other technologies. With ultrashort pulses, researchers have investigated many highly nonlinear processes in atomic, molecular, plasma, and solid-state physics, and accessed previously unexplored states of matter. For example, coherent ultrashort pulses at wavelengths as short as 2.7 nm have been generated through harmonic upconversion.
Many applications of ultrashort-pulse ("USP") lasers make use of the very high peak power that each pulse momentarily provides. Although the average power from the laser may be quite moderate and the total energy within a pulse small, the extremely short duration of each pulse yields a peak, nearly instantaneous power that is very large. When these pulses are focused on a tiny spot, the high optical power is sufficient to ablate many materials, making a USP laser a useful tool for micromachining, drilling, and cutting. If needed, the precision of the material removal can even exceed that of the beam focus, by carefully setting the pulse intensity so that only the brightest part of the beam rises above the material ablation threshold. The material ablation threshold is the amount of energy density, or fluence, needed to ablate the material, often on the order of 1 J/cm2. Optical pulses containing a much greater energy density are generally considered to be "high-energy" and this definition is used herein.
Ablation with a USP laser differs from longer duration pulse ablation techniques since most of the energy deposited on the surface by the ultrashort optical pulse is carried away with the ablated material from the machined surface, a process that occurs too rapidly for heat to diffuse into the surrounding non-irradiated material, thus ensuring smooth and precise material removal. For most materials, light pulses having a duration less than approximately 10 psec are capable of this non-thermal ablation when the pulse energy exceeds the ablation threshold of the material. Pulses with durations longer than about 10 psec can also ablate material if the pulse energy is greater than the ablation threshold, but thermal damage to the surrounding non-irradiated regions can occur.
Researchers have demonstrated non-thermal ablation techniques by accurately machining many materials, such as diamond, titanium carbide, and tooth enamel. In one interesting demonstration, USP lasers have been used to slice safely through high explosives; this is possible because the material at the focus is vaporized without raising the temperature of, and detonating, the surrounding material. Surgical applications also abound where ultrashort pulses are especially effective because collateral tissue damage is minimized. For example, researchers at Lawrence Livermore National laboratory have used ultrashort pulses to remove bony intrusions into the spinal column without damaging adjacent nerve tissue. Ophthalmic researchers have shown that USP lasers cut a smoother flap from a cornea than standard knife-based techniques and provide more control of the cut shape and location. There are numerous other applications as well. For the purposes of this invention, the term "ablation" used herein will refer to non-thermal ablation as discussed above and enabled by USP lasers, unless expressly indicated otherwise.
Nearly all high peak-power USP laser systems use the technique of chirped pulse amplification ("CPA") to produce short-duration, high-intensity pulses. Optical CPA was proposed by Mourou and others in the 1980s, as an extrapolation from previous CPA techniques used in radar microwave applications. Chirped pulse amplification is used to increase the energy of a short pulse while keeping the peak power of the pulse below a level that can cause damage to the optical amplifier. In this technique, the duration of the pulse is increased by dispersing it temporally as a function of wavelength (a process called "chirping"), thus lowering the peak power of the pulse while maintaining the overall power contained in the pulse. The chirped pulse is then amplified, and then recompressed to significantly re-shorten its duration.
By lengthening the pulse in time, the overall pulse can be efficiently amplified by an optical amplifier gain medium while the peak power levels of the chirped pulse remain below the damage threshold of the optical amplifier. The more a signal can be stretched, the lower the peak power, allowing for the use of either lower peak power amplifiers or more efficient amplifiers, such as semiconductor optical amplifiers. The CPA technique is particularly useful for efficient utilization of solid-state optical gain media with high stored energy densities, where full amplification of a non-chirped short duration pulse is not possible since the peak power of the pulse is above the damage thresholds of the amplifier materials. Techniques for generating ultrashort pulses are described in, e.g., Rulliere, C. (ed.), Femtosecond Laser Pulses, (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988).
A typical CPA system is illustrated in
Typically the compression is done with bulk optical elements involving prism and grating pairs or combinations thereof. Pulse-compression techniques of amplified chirped pulses have been well studied; see, e.g., the diffraction grating compressor discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,822,097, issued to Tournois. Pulse compression has also been explored in standard optical fibers, where the nonlinear optical interactions in the fibers are exploited to produce 'soliton compression'. These soliton techniques rely on the optical nonlinearities of the fiber to broaden the pulse spectrum and shorten the pulse duration. Soliton compression is typically used to compress pulses that are of the order of a few picoseconds in duration to sub-picosecond durations and the pulses energies are typically well under a few hundred nanoJoules for compression in optical fibers.
This current state of the art CPA for ultrafast systems is sufficient to satisfy the technical and performance requirements for many research applications of USP laser technology. However, there are some practical problems associated with commercializing applications of USP laser technology that have prevented USP technology from gaining mainstream acceptance.
For example, in standard silica optical fibers, the high peak power of a compressed high-energy pulse increases nonlinear optical effects in the fiber, such as self-phase modulation and stimulated Raman scattering, which distort the pulse and generally prevent pulse re-compression. (Raman scattering shifts the wavelength of a portion of the incoming light to a longer color and thereby separates that energy from the original signal.) Kerr effect nonlinearities, which include self-phase modulation, can cause pulse spectrum breakup, self focusing and catastrophic failure in the fiber. One method of reducing the nonlinear effects in an optical fiber compressor is to increase the effective area of the propagating mode to decrease the peak power in the fiber, but this technique has been limited to producing pulses with a maximum energy of only a few μJ.
There is another problem with using a standard silica optical fiber to stretch the optical signal. The standard dispersion for optical fiber is on the order of 17 psec/nm/km at 1550 nm (picoseconds of delay or temporal stretch per nanometer of wavelength per kilometer of fiber). To get the three orders of magnitude of stretch in the example above would require tens of kilometers of fiber. For this reason, commercial applications are generally only able to stretch a 1 psec pulse to about 200 psec, which does not allow for sufficient amplification for many applications. (It is possible to stretch such a pulse to 1 nsec by the use of a folded bulk grating configuration, but that still requires an internal optical path length of many meters. In addition, the folding process requires difficult optical alignments.)
Compression is also a problem, and the greater the stretching, the more compression is required. While optical gratings can also be used to compress optical signals, there are also limitations on the size of such gratings, thus limiting the amount of compression that can be achieved. Thus, the size of the USP laser system rapidly becomes prohibitive for many applications compared to its performance. For these reasons, in many cases commercial applications have been tabled due to the lack of practical USP laser sources. The need exists for well-packaged, turnkey USP laser systems that are cost effective, robust, and compact.
b. Bragg Fibers
Bragg fibers have been studied since the 1970s, e.g., Yeh, Yariv, & Marom, "Theory of Bragg fiber," Journal of the Optical Society America 68 (9), pp. 1196 (September 1978), but were not made until the late 1990's, when they became the subject of more recent investigations. See, e.g., Engeness, Ibanescu, Johnson, Weisberg, Skorobogatiy, Jacobs, and Fink, "Dispersion Tailoring And Compensation By Modal Interactions In Omniguide Fibers," Optics Express 11 (10), pp. 1175-1196 (19 May 2003) and Fink, Ripin, Fan, Chen, Joannopoulos, & Thomas, "Guiding Optical Light In Air Using An All-Dielectric Structure," J of Lightwave Technology 17 (11), pp. 2039-2041 (November 1999). Bragg fibers may also be known as Omniguide fibers, after one manufacturer. Many researchers have studied Bragg fibers for use as links in long-haul fiber optic communications systems, since the fibers were predicted to have very low intrinsic optical losses.
A typical Bragg fiber consists of at least two substantially annular rings surrounding an inner core filled with gas or liquid, each ring having a distinct refractive index. A pair of such substantially annular rings of differing refractive index is commonly referred to as a "bilayer." In some versions, the rings are formed from alternating regions of high contrast refractive index material, for example alternating layers of high and low dielectric materials. A radial light ray from the fiber center encounters a structure that acts as a planar dielectric stack reflector, also known as a Bragg mirror, which can reflect light effectively within a given range of wavelengths. It is generally considered better to have more rings, for example, 7 or 9 bilayers, to enhance the reflective properties of the waveguide and reduce losses.
Recently, researchers such as Fink et al., have developed design tools and manufacturing processes to produce Bragg fibers with desired dispersive characteristics, which enable them to be used for dispersion management in optical communications systems, for example to provide very low dispersion or to compensate for unwanted dispersion during transmission of long haul telecommunication signals. Patents and publications on such developments based upon Fink's work include U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,911 by Fink et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,728,439 by Weisberg et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,788,864 by Ahmad et al.; and published U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 20020176676 by Johnson et al.
Fink and others have demonstrated that light can propagate in these fibers with very low optical losses and low nonlinearities, and modeling results have shown that the dispersion of these fibers can be tailored to range over several orders of magnitude. Depending on the number and configuration of the ring cores around the core of the fiber, very high dispersion parameters may be obtained in such fibers by introducing a "defect" or "aberration" in one or more of the annular rings, for example, an irregular ring thickness in the periodic annular ring distribution.
The present invention uses Bragg fibers or other photonic bandgap fibers in a USP laser system in the stages of stretching, amplification, and/or compressing of light, for example, to obtain ultrashort pulses with high peak powers. Bragg fiber can be fabricated with very high dispersions, even greater than 10,000 psec/nm/km, which can be used for pulse stretching, e.g., from 1 psec to 1 nsec or more, or compressing, from 1 nsec to 1 psec or less.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of producing an ultrashort high-energy optical pulse, comprising generating a chirped optical signal; amplifying the chirped optical signal; and compressing the optical signal into an ultra-short duration optical pulse, wherein at least one of the steps of generating the optical signal and compressing the optical signal includes introducing the optical signal into a Bragg-fiber waveguide, the waveguide comprising an inner core region in which the optical signal is confined, and a plurality of concentric annular regions of differing refractive indices surrounding the inner core region.
Thus, introducing an optical signal into a Bragg-fiber waveguide to stretch (chirp) it before amplifying it, or introducing an amplified chirped signal into a Bragg-fiber waveguide to compress it, or doing both are all within the present invention.
In some embodiments, concentric substantially annular regions may have alternating refractive indices of higher index to lower index, or vice-versa, such that the Bragg-fiber waveguide has a dispersion greater than 10 ps/nm/km. The inner core may be filled with gas, e.g., ambient air, which allows linear compressing of high-energy pulses without the pulses passing through optical windows. The use of substantially annular regions, as opposed to non-annular microstructured regions, allows straightforward manufacture of the waveguides, although microstructured regions, which act as annular regions, may also be made.
The present invention also provides a method of delivering an ultrashort high-energy optical pulse to a surface, comprising: generating a chirped optical signal; amplifying the chirped optical signal; compressing the optical signal into an ultrashort duration optical pulse; and delivering the ultrashort optical pulse to a work surface with a Bragg-fiber waveguide, the waveguide comprising an inner core region in which the optical signal is confined, and a plurality of concentric annular regions of differing refractive indices surrounding the inner core region.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a diffractive optical element ("DOE"), an optical element that changes amplitude, phase and/or polarization of a light beam using diffraction properties of light, as opposed to refraction, or a sub-wavelength gratings ("SWG"), a particular type of DOE, may be used to transmit light into or out of a Bragg-fiber waveguide. Such a DOE can be used to tailor the launched mode and polarization, which is output from conventional bulk optics or silica fibers into the Bragg-fiber waveguide, or the diffractive optic may be used to shape the output from the Bragg-fiber waveguide for appropriate launching into other system subcomponents.
Thus, Bragg-fiber waveguides can be used in a high-energy USP laser system, with the Bragg-fiber waveguides designed to have very high dispersion of one type to stretch pulses and very high dispersion of an opposite type to compress pulses. Using Bragg-fiber waveguides of high dispersion allows the optical signals to be stretched and compressed with relatively short lengths of Bragg-fiber waveguide, thus avoiding the necessity for the long lengths of traditional silica fiber or large optical gratings, allowing for extremely compact high-energy USP laser systems to be built.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a method of providing essentially dispersion-free time delays in a USP laser system comprises the steps of: generating a chirped optical signal; regeneratively amplifying the chirped optical signal with an optical loop containing an essentially dispersion-free Bragg-fiber waveguide, the waveguide comprising an inner core region in which the optical signal is confined, and a plurality of concentric annular regions of differing refractive indices surrounding the inner core region; and compressing the optical signal into an ultrashort duration optical pulse.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a method of stretching an optical signal using the present invention uses Bragg fibers, fiber Bragg gratings, and/or modulators for stretching and Bragg fibers for compressing light pulses in a USP laser system to obtain ultrashort pulses with high peak powers.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of optimizing the dispersion of the optical pulse by producing an ultrashort high-energy optical pulse, comprising generating a chirped optical signal; amplifying the chirped optical signal; and compressing the optical signal into an ultra-short duration optical pulse, wherein at least one of the steps of generating the optical signal and compressing the optical signal includes introducing the optical signal into a Bragg-fiber waveguide, the waveguide comprising an inner core region in which the optical signal is confined, and a plurality of concentric annular regions of differing refractive indices surrounding the inner core region.
Various embodiments of the invention include a CPA system comprising a photonic bandgap fiber. The photonic bandgap fiber may be configured for changing dispersion, compression, or stretching of an optical pulse. In some of these embodiments, additional components are included to further optimize the temporal dispersion of the optical pulse.
In various embodiments, dispersion is optimized by selecting components with approximate opposite dispersion characteristics, manufacturing components with opposite dispersion characteristics, or adding additional components to have an accumulative effect of opposite dispersion characteristics. System optimization may result in the approximate cancellation of the dispersion characteristics.
The system optimization discussed herein can be directed toward a variety of different operational parameters. For example, optimizing the CPA system such that the output pulse delivers a specified amount of power to a target surface. In various embodiments, the net dispersion of the system is optimized to control the temporal width of an output pulse, and/or control the fluence of a pulse while maintaining an approximate average pulse energy. In these embodiments, the output pulse may be optimized to ablate a material at a target surface.
In various embodiments the output pulse has a duration of less than 10 psec. In other embodiments the output pulse has a duration of less than 1 psec. Additionally, in various embodiments, the output pulse has an energy of greater than 10 nJ. In other embodiments the output pulse has an energy exceeding 100 nJ. In these embodiments, the output pulse may be used to ablate a material at a target surface. A1
Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising an optical signal generator configured to generate an optical signal; an optical signal stretcher configured to stretch the optical signal by dispersing it temporarily as a function of wavelength, thus generating a stretched optical signal; an amplifier configured to amplify the stretched optical signal, thus generating an amplified optical signal; and a Bragg fiber configured to compress the amplified optical signal to generate an optical pulse.
A method of producing an optical pulse comprising generating an optical signal; stretching the optical signal to generate a stretched optical signal; amplifying the stretched optical signal to generate an amplified optical signal; and compressing the amplified optical signal to generate an optical pulse using a Bragg fiber.
Photonic bandgap fiber ("PBF") is capable of transmitting light in hollow cores or with confinement characteristics not possible in conventional optical fibers. In general, PBFs have a cross-section microstructured from two or more materials, most commonly arranged periodically over much of the cross-section, usually as a "cladding" surrounding a core (or several cores) where light is confined. Examples of PBFs include photonic-crystal fiber, holey fiber, hole-assisted fiber, and Bragg fiber. The embodiments discussed herein in relation to Bragg fibers may alternatively include other PBFs.
The different types of PBFs can be distinguished by physical or effective properties. For example, Photonic-crystal fibers confine light by band gap effects created by a 2-dimensional hole lattice; Holey fiber also use air holes in their cross-sections, but generally the holes are larger than in photonic crystal structures; Hole-assisted fibers guide light by a conventional higher-index core modified by the presence of air holes; and Bragg fibers are formed by concentric rings of multilayer film.
The present invention uses Bragg fibers of very high dispersion to accomplish stretching, amplification, and compression of an optical pulse in a relatively small length of fiber compared to the prior art. While optical fiber amplifier technology has improved dramatically in recent years and chirping with standard silica optical fiber is common, as discussed above practical compression within optical fibers has been an elusive goal. By reducing the amount of fiber required and propagating the signal primarily in a gaseous fiber core, the present invention allows for compact USP laser systems.
As mentioned earlier, the high peak power of a compressed high-energy pulse increases nonlinear optical effects in standard silica optical fiber, such as self-phase modulation and stimulated Raman scattering, distorting the pulse and generally preventing pulse re-compression. These optical nonlinearities can also cause pulse spectrum breakup, self focusing and catastrophic failure in the fiber. Bragg fibers can be constructed that have very high dispersion, yet provide extremely low loss of the optical signal in the hollow core and very low nonlinear interactions. Using this type of fiber reduces the length of fiber needed to accomplish the compression and thus the interaction length that the pulse has with the fiber material, further reducing nonlinear optical effects.
In one embodiment, the present invention uses a Bragg-fiber waveguide with an air or gas core surrounded by a plurality of substantially concentric annular regions of material with alternating refractive indices. As before, using a greater number of bilayers, for example, 7 or 9, increases the extent to which the structure acts as a thin film stack and reflects the light in the core.
Research has shown that by introducing "defects" or irregularities into the annular regions, such that the refractive indices do not simply alternate, the dispersion of these fibers can be tailored to range over several orders of magnitude. This feature exploits a phenomenon referred to as "anti-crossings" in solid state physics and can be used to provide the high dispersion and low nonlinearities in Bragg fibers that are ideal for pulse stretching and compression in a CPA system. The irregular ring (or rings) can create a resonant mode that couples to the central mode of the fiber over certain frequency ranges. At frequencies close to the frequency at which this coupling occurs there can be large dispersions. The irregularity may be a change in thickness of one of the annular regions, or a change to the refractive index of one of the annular regions. Fink et al. have demonstrated that the depth of the defect, i.e., its position in structure, the size of the defect and the overall scaling of the structure all affect the dispersion characteristics of the fiber. Dispersion characteristics in the range of 10,000 ps/nm/km are possible.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of producing an ultrashort high-energy optical pulse, by using the Bragg-fiber waveguide in place of conventional silica fiber for stretching the signal, and/or compressing the signal in place of the more traditional components. The method otherwise follows a conventional CPA process, as shown in
While the above discussion concerns a single pulse, the present invention also includes the use of a train of pulses by multiple application of the steps of the described method. The optical signal may be generated in a variety of ways, for example, from a seed source as discussed in the prior art, or from a light source that is already chirped. For example, a constant amplitude signal may be frequency modulated to create a chirped signal. In such a case, stretching of the signal as in CPA systems is generally not required.
The stretching of the initial optical pulse may be accomplished by designing the Bragg-fiber waveguide to delay the 'redder', or longer wavelength, portion more than the 'bluer', or shorter wavelength, portion of the pulse, while compression of the amplified signal may be done with a Bragg-fiber waveguide designed to have a dispersion that is opposite that of the stretcher, where the 'bluer' wavelengths are delayed more. Of course, the CPA system could be designed to delay the bluer wavelengths in the stretcher and compress with the redder wavelengths being delayed.
In some embodiments, the concentric annular regions may have alternating refractive indices of higher index to lower index, or vice-versa. The inner core may be filled with gas, e.g., ambient air, which allows linear compressing of high-energy pulses without the pulses passing through optical windows. A common method of manufacturing Bragg fiber involves winding a bilayer sheet of material onto a mandrel and then removing the mandrel, where the bilayer is comprised of at least one layer of the high index material and one layer of the low index material. Strictly speaking, the cross-section of these realized fibers have a continuous spiral of bilayer, and thus the structure is only substantially annular as opposed to truly concentric rings, but for all practical purposes perturbation due to the spiraling can be ignored and the fibers can be considered as having concentric rings. Other methods of fabrication exist where the preform is made by an extrusion process in which a stack-of-plates, composed of alternating disks of, for example, chalcogenide glass and a polymer, is extruded through a die into both solid and hollow-core structures. Laminar flow during the extrusion forces the periodicity from an axial to a radial orientation in the final extruded preform, as described by D J Gibson and J Harrington in "Extrusion of hollow waveguide preforms with a one-dimensional photonic bandgap structure," J Appl. Phys 95 (8) (15 Apr. 2004) pp. 3895-3900.
The use of annular regions or a sheet of bilayer material, as opposed to non-annular microstructured regions, allows straightforward manufacture of the waveguides, as opposed to other specialty optical fiber waveguides that create a fiber cross-section containing a two-dimensional array of air holes by, for example, bunching microtubes together. These other fibers go by various names such as "holey" fiber, photonic crystal fiber ("PCF"), or microstructured fiber, and also use a photonic bandgap mechanism to guide light, but in a different manner than that of Bragg fibers.
Other researchers have explored the use of highly dispersive designs of PCF for use in chirped pulse amplification systems and learned that only very low output pulse energies were possible, e.g., less than 1 μJ per pulse, since the propagating light was distorted by nonlinear optical processes through the fiber. Highly dispersion PCF fiber functions by coupling an inner propagating core-mode to surface modes, which fundamentally have high optical loss, so a highly dispersive PCF fiber is necessarily also optically lossy. Thus, traditional dispersive PCF fiber suffers too much loss to be useful in USP systems. Bragg fiber does not have these losses since the high dispersion is made by coupling the core mode to a mode in the defect layer.
It is possible to construct such PBF fibers in such a way as to achieve the same effect as the Bragg fibers discussed herein, and thus these PBF fibers may also be suitable for use in the present invention. This can be done by surrounding the core with alternating layers of different sized holes, such that each layer of holes has a distinct diffractive index and two such layers of different sized holes forms a bilayer. Such a structure is shown in
Another fiber embodiment is shown in
The present invention also provides a method of delivering an ultrashort high-energy optical pulse to a surface. In one embodiment, shown in
Another embodiment of the present invention utilizes a diffractive optical element ("DOE"). A DOE is an optical element that changes amplitude, phase and/or polarization of a light beam using diffraction properties of light, as opposed to refraction. A particular subset of DOEs, called sub-wavelength gratings ("SWGs"), use periodic structures designed such that no diffracted orders are allowed to propagate after interaction with the structure. These structures can be approximated by an artificial medium that has been shown to create efficient antireflection structures and light polarizers. Such structures are described in the literature, e.g., Mait & Prather, eds., Selected Papers On Subwavelength Diffractive Optics, (SPIE Milestone series Vol. MS 166).
In one embodiment of the present invention, a DOE may be used to transmit light into or out of a Bragg fiber. Such a DOE can be used to adjust the mode and polarization launched from the output from conventional bulk optics or silica fibers into the Bragg fiber, or the DOE may be used to shape the output from the Bragg fiber for appropriate launching into other system subcomponents. The pulse to be launched into the Bragg fiber may come straight from an amplifier, which may include typical rare-earthed doped fiber amplifiers (e.g. Er or Er:Yb co-doped) and/or solid state amplifier systems (e.g. Nd:YAG, Cr:YAG, etc.), or the pulse may be first launched from the amplifier into other optical subsystems and then into the Bragg fiber. For better launching efficiency into select modes of the Bragg fiber (e.g., the TE01 mode for low optical loss), sub-wavelength phase grating polarization converters can be used to convert the linear polarization to circular polarization at very high efficiency (e.g. over 95%). The present invention is not dependent on using DOEs as launch elements into or out of the Bragg fiber. The DOEs as launch elements are disclosed as one of many possible methods of launching into the fibers.
Alternatively, an SWG coupling element can be used to transmit light into or out of the Bragg fiber. Such a component may also be used inside a regenerative amplifier. The efficiency of coupling the amplifier output pulses into a Bragg fiber compressor in a CPA system is very important as inefficiencies at this stage significantly increase the size and costs, both capital and operating, of the system. The combination of a mode that can be efficiently coupled and an efficient SWG for converting a linearly polarized output of a power amplifier to that efficient mode significantly increases efficiency and reduces system cost and size.
One method of controlling the polarization of a light beam with SWGs utilizes metal stripes that are deposited on a dielectric or semiconductor substrate to create a wire-grid polarizer; see, e.g., Bird and Parrish. "The Wire Grid As A Near-Infrared Polarizer", J. Optical Society of America 50 (9), pp. 886-891 (September 1960). In this case, the structure acts as a polarizer by transmitting radiation with polarization parallel to the conducting metal stripes and attenuates those that are perpendicular to the stripes. It has also been demonstrated that one can control spatially the polarization of an arbitrarily polarized input beam by locally varying the orientation of a metallic one-dimensional periodic structure in a two-dimensional plane; see, e.g., Bomzon, Kleiner, and Hasman, Optics Letters 26 (1), pp. 33-35 (1 Jan. 2001). Polarization manipulation with metal stripes relies on polarization-dependent loss and thus necessarily attenuates the incoming optical beam.
Other SWG structures can be used to transform the polarization states of incoming polarized beams. A material can be structured to exhibit an "artificial birefringence," which can be used to control the polarization of an incident beam. In this case, the grating depth is chosen appropriately to create a quarter-wave or half-wave plate; see, e.g., Cescato, Gluch, and Streibl, "Holographic Quarter Wave Plates," Applied Optics 29 (1990). The amount of polarization rotation is proportional to the angular difference between the input beam polarization direction and the SWG grating vector, as shown in
Such SWGs can be fabricated on, but are not restricted to, dielectric substrates such as fused silica or semi-conductor material (e.g. silicon or GaAs). Depending on the input polarization, the sub-wavelength structure may be created by evaporating metal wires selectively on the substrate using a lift-off technique, where the device is to be used as a polarizer, or etched into the material using dielectric or metal masking techniques commonly used in the semiconductor industry, for use as retardation plates. The master pattern may be written preferably by electron beam lithography and then reproduced by standard replication techniques. The SWG can also be combined with other DOEs integrated on the same wafer to match a desired combination of amplitude, phase and polarization for the light beam. Such a combination can include a front to back alignment of lenses with an SWG or multiplexing the SWG structure directly with another DOE.
In one embodiment, the optical signal is coupled into the circularly-polarized, higher-order TE01 of an optical fiber, for coupling into a Bragg fiber compressor. However, subwavelength gratings can be used for polarization conversion for coupling into Bragg fibers for other applications as well, especially in CPA systems to take advantage of dispersion and spatial properties of certain Bragg fiber modes.
In another embodiment of the present invention, an SWG is used to convert the polarization of a light beam after compression into an ultrashort high-energy pulse before focusing with a lens element. The lens element can be refractive or diffractive. In one embodiment, the lens and the SWG are fabricated on the same substrate.
The Bragg fiber enables very high dispersion suitable for pulse stretching or compression without adverse nonlinear effects. The Bragg fiber mode can be excited by the SWG element described herein.
The orientation of the SWG is varied spatially to map the polarization of the output beam to the desired Bragg fiber mode.
Bragg fibers can be produced by a number of methods, including chemical vapor deposition ("CVD"), liquid phase epitaxy ("LPE"), electrophoretic deposition ("EPD"), electroplating and others. Fink et al. describe certain techniques, but EPD also works well. EPD allows a uniform deposition of both metals and insulators to achieve the high contrast index of refraction needed to create a Bragg fiber and selectively induce the defects in the structure that yield the desired dispersion characteristics.
As shown in
The response time of an optical switch may range from a few nanoseconds to hundreds of nanoseconds. Each nanosecond of switching time requires about a foot of optical path, which increases the size of the amplifier delay system and associated costs. In conventional approaches, reducing the size of the optical switch requires implementing a folded cavity design that utilizes more mirrors and passive components to reflect the light many more times in a smaller package while maintaining the same optical path length. Folded cavities can use several mirrors to achieve a compact size. If each mirror is 96% reflective and the light is reflected 5 times, the overall efficiency of the delay line is approximately (0.96)5 or 81%, which may be more than the gain of the optical gain medium in a single pass. However, since a mirror is less than 100% reflective and no media transmits completely without loss, a folded cavity reduces overall efficiency each time the optical pulse is reflected off of a surface or transmitted through a media (other than the gain media). The use of Bragg fibers can reduce this problem. Long optical time delays can be accomplished in a compact space by coiling a Bragg fiber 701. The Bragg fiber used in this delay line would be designed to have low optical loss and low dispersion, which avoids distorting the pulse.
As discussed herein, Bragg fibers, as well as other photonic bandgap fibers, may be fabricated to have very high dispersions with low optical losses and may be used to perform the stretching and/or compression in a CPA system. However, in order to optimize the output of the CPA system, one should control the total dispersion of the system, which includes the linear dispersion (first-order), dispersion slope (second-order), dispersion quadrature (third-order), etc.
Various embodiments of the invention include methods of controlling the total dispersion within a CPA system. In one approach, the total dispersion is controlled by selecting one or more components that have dispersion characteristics matched, e.g. complimentary, to one or more other components of the system. In another approach, the total dispersion is controlled by manufacturing a component that has matched dispersion characteristics relative to one or more other components. In a further approach, the total dispersion is controlled by adding an extra component that has dispersion characteristics configured to adjust the total dispersion within the system to a desired value.
In some embodiments, a stretcher and a compressor of a CPA system are selected to have opposite and matched dispersion characteristics. In some embodiments, one component is selected based on having dispersion characteristics complimentary to a combination of one or more other system components, e.g., selecting a stretcher with certain dispersion characteristics based on the combined dispersion characteristics of an optical signal generator, an amplifier, and a compressor. In some embodiments, the compressor may be selected for its dispersion characteristics based on the combined dispersion characteristics of the one or more other system components.
In another approach to optimizing system dispersion, a component is manufactured to have dispersion characteristics opposite to one or more other components of the CPA system. This allows the manufactured component to be tailored to have dispersion characteristics complimentary to one or more other system components. In an example of this embodiment, a fiber Bragg grating is manufactured with dispersion characteristics complimentary to the combined dispersion characteristics of amplifier(s) and a compressor.
In a further approach to optimizing system dispersion, an extra component having dispersion characteristics complimentary of one or more system components is added to the system for the purposes of controlling dispersion. This approach is distinguished from other methods in that the approach introduces an additional component into the CPA system. For example, in some embodiments, a fiber Bragg grating is added between an optical signal generator and an amplifier whereby the fiber Bragg grating has dispersion characteristics complimentary to one or more system components. In optimizing the total system dispersion, the effect of the additional component may be either to stretch or compress the optical signal. The addition of an additional element may allow more precise control over the total dispersion of the system relative to other methods of dispersion control discussed herein and may ultimately yield an optimized output pulse duration.
In some embodiments, both the fiber Bragg grating 860 and the photonic bandgap fiber 875 may be configured to stretch the optical signal. In other embodiments, the photonic bandgap fiber 875 may be configured to stretch the optical signal, while the fiber Bragg grating 860 may be configured to compresses the optical signal. In some embodiments, the dispersion contribution of the fiber Bragg grating 860 is less than the dispersion contribution of the photonic bandgap fiber 875. In some embodiments, the fiber Bragg grating is selected based on having dispersion characteristics matched to the total dispersion of the system.
In some embodiments, the modulator 880 may be used to approximate a Cartesian electric-to-optical converter, such as a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator, to perform arbitrary E-field modulation. Other modulator devices for this application comprise dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulators, other Lithium-Niobate devices, liquid crystals, or the like. A pre-distortion technique in which a modulator has been to correct for the residual distortion induced by a compressor has been tried in optical communications as discussed by R. I. Killey, P. M. Watts, V. Mikhailov, M. Glick, and P Bayvel, in "Electronic dispersion compensation by signal predistortion using digital processing and a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator", Photonics Technology Letter 17 (3) March 2005, pp. 714-16.
Those embodiments illustrated by
Some embodiments of the invention include, a spatial light modulator configured for introducing light in to a photonic bandgap fiber, such as photonic bandgap fiber 870 or 875. For example, in one embodiment, a spatial light modulator or other component capable of generating spatially varying birefringence is configured to select a specific mode (e.g., the TE01 mode) for introducing an amplified pulse into photonic bandgap fiber 870, where photonic bandgap fiber 870 includes a Bragg fiber.
Several embodiments are specifically illustrated and/or described herein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations are covered by the above teachings and within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope thereof. For example in some embodiments, a photonic bandgap fiber or Bragg fiber grating is disposed across a linear or non-linear gradient in order to control dispersion resulting from the fiber as well as a center of the bandwidth profile. The gradient is optionally tuned to optimize the total dispersion of the system.
The embodiments discussed herein are illustrative of the present invention. As these embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to illustrations, various modifications or adaptations of the methods and or specific structures described may become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such modifications, adaptations, or variations that rely upon the teachings of the present invention, and through which these teachings have advanced the art, are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Hence, these descriptions and drawings should not be considered in a limiting sense, as it is understood that the present invention is in no way limited to only the embodiments illustrated.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 8, 2002
|Jul 6, 2004
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Application of Yb:YAG short pulse laser system
|Jun 30, 2003
|Aug 14, 2007
|Imra America, Inc.
|In-line, high energy fiber chirped pulse amplification system
|Nov 22, 2004
|May 19, 2005
|Imra America, Inc.
|All-fiber chirped pulse amplification systems
|Feb 11, 2004
|Aug 11, 2005
|Jeffrey Nicholson
|Fiber amplifier for generating femtosecond pulses in single mode fiber
|May 16, 2005
|Dec 1, 2005
|Braun Alan M
|Compact semiconductor-based chirped-pulse amplifier system and method
|Nov 1, 2004
|Dec 8, 2005
|Ori Weisberg
|Photonic crystal waveguides and systems using such waveguides
|Dec 7, 2004
|Jun 8, 2006
|Imra America, Inc.
|Yb: and Nd: mode-locked oscillators and fiber systems incorporated in solid-state short pulse laser systems
|Mar 23, 2006
|Sep 21, 2006
|Nkt Research & Innovation A/S
|An Optical System For Providing Short Laser-Pulses
|Aug 10, 2007
|Nov 29, 2007
|Fermann Martin E
|In-line, high energy fiber chirped pulse amplification system
|Jun 3, 2008
|Sep 25, 2008
|Imra America, Inc.
|Utilization of yb: and nd: mode-locked oscillators in solid-state short pulse laser system
|Limpert et al., "All Fiber Chirped-Pulse Amplification System Based on Compression in Air-Guiding Photonic Bandgap Fiber", Optics Expess, Dec. 1, 2003, vol. 11, No. 24, pp. 3332-3337.
|Price et al., "Advances in High Power, Short Pulse, Fiber Laser Systems and Technology", Proceedings of SPIE-vol. 5709, Fiber Lasers II: Technology, Systems, and Applications, Apr. 2005, pp. 184-192.
|Price et al., "Advances in High Power, Short Pulse, Fiber Laser Systems and Technology", Proceedings of SPIE—vol. 5709, Fiber Lasers II: Technology, Systems, and Applications, Apr. 2005, pp. 184-192.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 21, 2011
|Dec 23, 2014
|The Governing Council Of The University Of Toronto
|Amplitude and phase modulation of a laser by modulation of an output coupler
|Mar 21, 2011
|Dec 27, 2012
|University Of Toronto
|Amplitude and phase modulation of a laser by modulation of an output coupler
|U.S. Classification
|398/84, 398/160, 398/193
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 24, 2006
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Christmas Scarf by Sarah Hatton
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 3 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Sarah Hatton, 2013
Christmas Scarf
The mosaic garter scarf requires only 2 balls of Rowan Big Wool and 10.0 mm needles.
Finished dimensions:
Completed scarf measures approximately 17 cm (6.7 inches) wide by 135 cm (53.15 inches) long after being lightly pressed. (Note: Imperial measurements are not provided in pattern.)
Yarn Information:
A - Glamour 036
1 skein
87 yards
B - Black 008
1 skein
87 yards


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The hotel was beautifully situated on the main canal and a quick walk to the beach. The room was cozy and quiet and breakfast was included and delicious. There is a morning canal ride the hotel offers that was amazing. We were lucky enough to see a lot of different animals, so much so that our "3 hour ride" was closer to 4 hours and ended with breakfast. Daryl also sent us to meet Ross, a guide who toured us through the area around Tortuguero Hill. It was one of the highlights of our trip and we learned so much. Tortuguero is exactly what you would expect a secluded wet forest village to be so if you are one of those "drive through" tourists it might not be the place for you. On the other hand if you enjoy spending hours outside and exploring the wildlife then it's perfect.
- Also Known As:
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The Future Secured
The future of the club has been set for another year, with the election of our soon to be new president… Andrew Metcalfe!
Andrew officially takes over the running of the club in September. As to what's happening during exams, and over the summer…
Someone will correct me pretty quick if I'm wrong, but I believe our room booking is officially expired as of last meeting. We'll continue to show up there, hoping not to get turned away, at least until the weather improves. Meetings will still be held during exams, but are likely to be more informal.
Over the summer, the meetings will be held by the totem pole in the small field in front of the library. We'll let you know who will be 'running' the meetings in the next few weeks.
Until then, good luck on your exams


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