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A strategy for weight loss based on healthy dietary habits and control of emotional response to food
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1 Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(6): ISSN CODEN NUHOEQ S.V.R. 318 Original / Obesidad A strategy for weight loss based on healthy dietary habits and control of emotional response to food Yolanda Pontes Torrado 1, Ana García-Villaraco Velasco 2, Ana Hernández Galiot 1 and Isabel Goñi Cambrodón 1 1 Department of Nutrition I. School of Pharmacy. University Complutense of Madrid. 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Health. School of Pharmacy. University San Pablo, CEU (Madrid), Spain. Abstract Introduction: a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits are major causes of a negative energy balance and excess body weight. The lifestyle of the Mediterranean diet eating pattern significantly reduces risk factors for non communicable diseases. Moreover, emotions have a powerful effect on feeding behavior. There is a direct relationship between food choices (type and amount), emotions and increased energy intake. Objective: to know the emotional behavior of individuals as a function of the relation between food intake and emotions to facilitate the establishment of personalized dietary guidelines based on healthy eating habits and increase the patient fidelity until the desired weight. Subjects and methods: 99 overweight adult people (81 women and 18 men) were subjected to a weight-reduction program based on the establishment of lifestyle and healthy eating habits. The adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern and the effect of emotions on the choice of food and eating habits were determined using Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and Emotional-Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) respectively. Results: the studied population was sedentary, consumed an unhealthy diet and eating behavior was highly affected by emotions. The majority of participants, (66% of women and 71% of men) were classified as emotional eater. During the treatment program eating habits and lifestyle subjects were modified and reduced at least 10% of their body weight. Conclusion: know the relation between food intake and emotions allows to personalize the dietary strategy for weight loss in overweight and obesity. (Nutr Hosp. 2015;31: ) DOI: /nh Key words: Healthy dietary habits. Emotional-Eater. Obesity. Correspondencia: Isabel Goñi Cambrodón. Departamento de Nutrición I. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n Madrid. Recibido: 29-I Aceptado: 3-III UNA ESTRATEGIA PARA DISMINUIR EL PESO CORPORAL, BASADA EN HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS SALUDABLES Y EL CONTROL DE LA RESPUESTA EMOCIONAL ANTE LOS ALIMENTOS Resumen Introducción: el sedentarismo y los hábitos alimentarios poco saludables son las principales causas de un balance energético negativo y un exceso de peso corporal. El estilo de vida del patrón de dieta mediterránea reduce significativamente los factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles. Por otra parte, las emociones tienen un poderoso efecto en el comportamiento alimentario. Existe una relación directa entre la elección de alimentos, las emociones y el aumento de la ingesta energética. Objetivo: conocer el comportamiento emocional de los individuos para facilitar el establecimiento de pautas dietéticas personalizadas basadas en hábitos alimentarios saludables y aumentar la fidelidad del paciente hasta conseguir el peso deseado. Material y métodos: 99 personas adultas con sobrepeso fueron sometidos a un programa de reducción de peso basado en establecer unos hábitos alimentarios y un estilo de vida saludables. La adhesión al patrón de dieta Mediterránea y el efecto de las emociones en la elección de alimentos se determinaron utilizando los cuestionarios MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) y EEQ (Emocional Eater Questionnaire), respectivamente. Resultados: la población estudiada era sedentaria, consumía una dieta poco saludable y su conducta alimentaria era dependiente de las emociones. La mayoría de los participantes (66% mujeres y 71% hombres) fueron clasificados como comedores emocionales. Durante el programa de tratamiento, los participantes modificaron sus hábitos alimentarios y su estilo de vida, consiguiendo reducir el peso corporal en al menos un 10% respecto al peso inicial. Conclusión: conocer la relación entre la ingesta de alimentos y las emociones permite personalizar la estrategia dietética para disminuir el peso corporal y la tasa de abandono. (Nutr Hosp. 2015;31: ) DOI: /nh Palabras clave: Hábitos dietéticos saludables. Comedor emocional. Obesidad. 2392
2 Abbreviations BMI: Body Mass Index. MEDAS: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. EEQ: Emotional Eater Questionnaire. F1: Dishinibition factors. F2: Type of food factors. F3: Sense of guilt factors. Introduction Excess body weight is one of the modifiable risk factors of non communicable diseases 1. A sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits are major causes of these diseases. Over 44% of the population, not enough physical activity and only 14% of the population can be considered active 2. In addition, the eating habits of the population follow an unhealthy trend. A significant reduction in risk factors diseases with an increasing score for adherence to a Mediterranean diet, that is considered healthy dietary pattern, has been reported 3. A score based on a theoretically defined Mediterranean diet is an effective preventive tool for measuring the risk of mortality and morbidity in the general population. The Mediterranean diet, has been widely reported to be a model of healthy eating for its contribution to a favourable health status and a better quality of life 3-5. This Mediterranean dietary pattern incorporates most of the protective factors (fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, olive oil) but few of the adverse dietary factors (fast food, sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grain products, energy density, and partially hydrogenated or trans-fat) for obesity 6. However, research interest in this field has been focused on estimating adherence to the whole Mediterranean diet rather than analysing the individual components of the dietary pattern in relation to the health status of the population. This because food components of diet present synergistic and antagonist interactions and because people eat a mixture of foods. Moreover, the overall quality of a dietary pattern appears to affect adiposity and the risk of obesity to a greater extent than relative macronutrient quantity 2. Despite being a healthy dietary pattern, only a small percentage of the population consumes a diet with these healthy features. This trend is similar in developed populations. Therefore, determining the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is a good indicator of the quality of a diet 2,6,7. It was defined through scores that estimated the conformity of the dietary pattern of the studied population with the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern 3. On the other hand, is well known that emotions have a powerful effect on the choice of food and eating habits and some persons eat as a response to a range of negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression, anger and loneliness and emotional eating has been associated with overeating, binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and obesity. Several studies indicated why some people eat in response to both positive and negative emotions and situations Positive emotions may contribute to food consumption in normal eaters. Eating more under negative emotions may contribute to being overweight. Each subject handled differently their attitude to food. Much of people who are overweight or obese, have conditions for emotion to food choices and eating adequate amounts. The Community Pharmacy, as part of the Integrated Health and specifically the pharmacies distributed evenly throughout the country, offers the ability to positively interact with the population. The pharmacist as a health agent in daily contact with the patient, can provide information on eating habits, physical activity, overweight, obesity, eating behavior disorders, etc., thus participating in prevention and nutritional education programs. This study was conducted to demonstrate how the adoption of healthy eating habits may be effective to decrease the weight in people with overweight and obesity. In addition know the emotional behavior may facilitate the establishment of personalized dietary guidelines and increase the patient fidelity (decreasing the discontinuation rate) until the desired weight. Methods A longitudinal study during 12 months, from September 2012 to September 2013, in users of community pharmacy in the Community of Madrid, were conducted. Subjects A sample of 99 participants (81 women and 18 men) ranged in age from 18 to 75 years was included in this study. Recruitment was carried out in a community pharmacy placed in the Community of Madrid. They went voluntarily or under medical prescription to apply for dietary advice for weight loss. Patient who had diseases, were referred to the appropriate specialist units. In any case, each participant was advised by the nutritionist to report to your primary care physician The written informed consent was obtained before subjects were accepted and was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of Human Studies and the protocol was approved by the Official College of Pharmacists of Madrid. The first experimental day, weight (Kg) and height (m) were measured in all participants, using a calibrated clinical balance and a stadiometer. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and expressed as Kg/m 2. Normal weight was defined with BMI less than 25; overweight A strategy for weight loss based on healthy dietary habits and control of emotional response to food Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(6):
3 if BMI values were between 25 and 29.9, while obesity was defined with a BMI higher than The initial body weight and changes in this parameter was weekly determined throughout the experimental period to calculate the loss in weight until the loss of at least 10% of the initial weight, which was the target. It was expressed in kg and percentage of the initial body weight. Procedure At baseline, the dietitian completed a general medical questionnaire assessing lifestyle, health conditions, smoking habits, sociodemographic variables, history of illness, medication use, culinary habits, food preferences and aversions, toxic habits, eating habit between meals, habitual serving size, etc. Moreover, also other questionnaires related with physical activity pattern and emotional eating were conducted. For the assessment of adherence to the Mediterranean diet with 14-item was conducted, in a face-to-face interview with the participant, (Table I). The 14- item tool was developed in PREDIMED study that is a large trial of nutritional intervention for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, conducted in 11 Spanish recruiting centers 2. The 14-item screener of Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) includes 12 questions on food consumption frequency and 2 questions on food habits considered characteristics of the Spanish Mediterranean diet. One point is given for each target achieved. The total MEDAS score ranges from 0 to 14, with a higher score indicating better Mediterranean diet accordance. The value 0 was applied when the condition was not met. MEDAS score > 9 represented strict accordance with the healthy dietary pattern and a score > 7 (mid-range value) represented modest accordance 12. Finally, each participant filled out a questionnaire on emotional eating for use in cases of obesity, named Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ). This questionnaire have been developed and validated in order to assess many aspects of the motivation to eat that may be susceptible to impair adequate food intake and body weight control 8. This questionnaire classifies individuals as a function of the relation between food intake and emotions. Such information will permit personalized treatments by drawing up early strategies from the very beginning of treatment programs. EEQ contains 10 questions each of which have 4 possible replies: Never, sometimes, generally and always. Each reply was given a score of 1 to 4. 1 corresponds with the lower score and 4 with the healthier the behavior. For the clinical practice, the subjects were classified in four groups attending to the score obtained: Non-emotional eater, with a score between 0-5; low emotional eater, with score between 5-10; emotional eater, with score between 11-20; very emotional eater, with score between EEQ questions were grouped to meet three emotional aspects of participants: 1) Disinhibition factors (F 1 ), group of questions that refer to the lack of control in terms of eating; 2) Type of food factors (F 2 ), includes questions related with the type of food that patients eat more frequently in given situations; 3) Sense of guilt factors (F 3 ), questions refer to the sense of guilt felt by individuals when they look at the weighing scales or eat forbidden foods. The information collected in the questionnaires formed the basis for the establishment of a customized diet program, particularly adapted according to the effect of emotions on the choice of food and eating habits. The program was based on the dietary and lifestyle patterns of Mediterranean diet 2. Each participant received instructions (orally and in writing) on culinary techniques, size of portions, guidelines for the purchase of food and personal recommendations on physical activity. In addition, was established the biweekly schedule to review and update the guidelines and weekly weight control. Once achieved the goal of weight loss (> 10% of initial weight), quarterly reviews were scheduled to complete the period of four years, considered optimal for the consolidation of habits 13. Statistical analysis Paired t-tests were used to analyze the differences in the data at the baseline and the 12-month changes. ANOVA was applied to analyze the differences in the data between the groups. Results were expressed as mean and standard error. Two-sided p <0.05 was considered significant (95% confidence intervals). Statistical analysis was performed using STATGRAPHICS Plus 5.1. Results The distribution of participants by sex and age was indicated in the Table I. The majority were females (82%) and the age of the major part of women and men ranged between 41 and 65 years old. Most of men and women were aged between 41 and 65 years, followed by the population between 18 and 40. All participants went to the community pharmacy for help to lose weight because they thought that their weight was excessive. Subsequent measurement of weight and height and BMI calculation confirmed that all patients had overweight and the majority could be classified as obese people. Most of the men presented obesity type I (BMI between 30 and 35 Kg/m2) and 11 % presented morbidly obese. However, the majority group of women (41.98 %) were classified as overweight, 35.8 % had type I obesity, and only 4.9 % presented morbidly obese, (Table I) Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(6): Yolanda Pontes Torrado et al.
4 Table I Initial characteristics of participants 1 Men Women Total Number of participants Age (year): >65 Weight (Kg) Weight situation (%): Normopeso (BMI: Kg/m 2 ) 2 Overweight (BMI: Kg/m 2 ) Obesity (BMI: > 30 Kg/m 2 ) - Type I: (BMI: Kg/m 2 ) - Type II: (BMI: Kg/m 2 ) - Morbid: (BMI: > 40 Kg/m 2 ) BMI (Kg/m 2 ) a b Physical activity sedentary sedentary sedentary MEDAS ±0.37 a 6.30±0.18 b 6.22± Results were expressed as mean ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences between men and women (one-way ANOVA. P < 0.05). 2 BMI: Body mass index. 3 MEDAS: Mediterranean diet adherence screener Other important characteristic of the studied population was the sedentary lifestyle. Only 10% of women and 5% of men did some slight activity, but not enough so that they could be classified as active people. Taking account the common physical activity, people could be classified as very sedentary 14, (Table I). Only a small percentage of the population consumed a diet according to the characteristics of a healthy dietary pattern. Poorly suited eating habits that had a serious impact on the degree of adherence rate to Mediterranean diet pattern were detected. The most common defects in eating habits were overeating between meals; lack of time to make the purchase and preparation of food, so that participants quite often resorted to the use of ready meals, cheeses and sausages; and realization of one family meal per day. According to the questionnaire results MEDAS (Table II), most participants used olive oil for cooking and more than 60% consumed 4 tablespoons or more. The women ate more fruit and vegetables than men, although only 45% complied with the recommendations. Consumption of sauteed vegetables was similar in both groups. Men (80%) daily ate at least one serving of red meat and only 44% chose poultry or rabbit. However, almost 50% of women reached the MEDAS target on consumption of red meat and 75% chose poultry or rabbit. The women ate less legumes, industrial bakery and fish than men. The consumption of nuts was not common in this population. Regarding the consumption of drinks, only 5% and 20% of women and men respectively, drank seven or more glasses of wine per week. Men also drank more sweetened and/or carbonated beverages than women although it should be noted that in both groups, a high percentage take these beverages and only 64% of women and 50% of men achieved the target of MEDAS. Attending to the results of EEQ, the majority of participants, (66% of women and 71% of men) were classified as emotional eater, because both men and women reached values around 11, although the group of women had slightly higher values. The distribution of participants according to the emotional response to food was indicated in Figure 1. Score values were indicated in the table III. From the score obtained and based on the grouping of the questions after principal components analysis, three important aspects could be identified for treating patients. They were desinhibition (F 1 ), type of food chosen (F 2 ), and guilt (F 3 ). As was indicated in Table I, the initial weight and BMI for men were higher than the initial values of women, so the degree of obesity was higher in the male group. The weight loss expressed as Kg lost was of higher for men (12.9 Kg and 9.2 kg in males and females respectively). However, weight loss as percentage of initial weight was exactly the same for both groups (Figure 2). We also have to take into account that women needed less time (3 to 6 months) to achieve the goal of weight loss (> 10%), while the group of men needed between 6 and 12 months to achieve this objective. Discussion All participants in the study were overweight and obese people. They were sedentary, consumed an unhealthy diet and were also people whose eating behavior was highly dependent on the emotions aroused A strategy for weight loss based on healthy dietary habits and control of emotional response to food Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(6):
5 Table II Participants who achieve each target of the MEDAS 1 score, and accordance of food consumption with the Mediterranean diet 2 Achievement of MEDAS target Questions Target Women (%) Men (%) 1. Do you use olive oil as main culinary fat? Yes How much olive oil do you consume in a given day? (including frying, salads, etc) 3. How many vegetable servings do you consume per day? (consider side dishes as a half a serving) 4. How many fruit units do you consume per day? (including natural fruit juices) 5. How many servings of red meat, hamburger or meat products do you consume per day? 6. How many servings of butter, margarine, or cream do you consume per day? 7. How many sweetened and/or carbonated beverages do you drink per day? > 4 tablespoon/d (1 tablespoon: 13.5g) > 2 servings/d (1 serving: 200g) > < < < How many wine do you drink per week? > 7 glasses How many servings of legumes do you consume per week? (1 serving 150 g) > How many servings of fish or shellfish do you consume per week? (1 serving g of fish or 4-5 units or 200 g of shellfish) > How many times per week do you consume commercial sweets or pastries < How many servings of nuts do you consume per week? (1 servings 30 g) > Do you preferentially consume chicken, turkey or rabbit meat instead of veal, pork, hamburgers or sausage? Yes How many times per week do you consume vegetables, pasta, rice or other dished seasoned with sauce of tomato, onion, garlic, or leek with olive oil? > MEDAS, Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. 2 Accordance of food consumption with Mediterranean diet is defined as achieving >9 targets of MEDAS (3) Table III Degree of emotional eater in overweight and obese people 1 2 F 1 2 F 2 2 F 3 Total Men 7.00 ± 0.88 a 2.06 ± 0.40 a 1.56 ± 0.50 a ± 1.23 Women 6.75 ± 0.41 a 2.40 ± 0.20 a 3.62 ± 0.24 b ± 0.63 Total 6.80 ± ± ± ± Results were expressed as mean ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences between men and women (one-way ANOVA. P < 0.05). 2 F 1 : Dishinibition factors; F 2 : Type of food factors; F 3 : Sense of guilt factors. by food. Therefore, to establish the dietary guidelines was necessary to consider not only the energy balance (energy intake and energy expenditure) but also the eating behavior of each patient. All people in this study were identified as overweight or obese patients, based on their BMI. BMI was used to assess the degree of overweight or obese at baseline, but also as a guide to measure the effectiveness of treatment for weight loss. BMI and body weight were used to monitor the weight loss and to determine the effectiveness of therapy. The initial goal was to reduce body weight by approximately 10 percent of the initial weight. This objective was achieved by the major part of patients Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(6): Yolanda Pontes Torrado et al.
6 men women to 5 6 to to to 30 Fig. 1. Emotional response of participants at baseline 1. 1 Score values: 0-5: Non-emotional eater; 6-10: Low emotional eater; Emotional eater; 21 30, Very emotional eater 8. Guidelines recommend gradual weight loss for the treatment of obesity, indicative of a widely held opinion that weight lost rapidly is more quickly regained. However, Purcell et al 15 demonstrated that the rate of weight loss does not affect the proportion of weight regained after a long period of time. Furthermore, if losing weight is accompanied by nutrition education and establishing habits of healthy lifestyle, the chances that patients do not leave the weight loss program may be higher. In the present study, only 12% of women took less than three months to lose weight agreed on; most men and almost 50% of women need more than six months. These results were expected since we wanted to promote progressive changes in habits and lifestyle, to consolidate more strongly these changes. Physical activity is an integral part of weight loss program because modestly it contributes to weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Moreover, regular physical activity and a prudent diet can reduce the risk Initial Final Initial Final (Weight, kg) Initial Final (BMI) Initial Final Loss weight (Kg) Women Men Loss weight (percentage of the initial weight) Fig. 2. Weight loss of participants in 12 months 1. 1 Different letters indicate significant differences between men and women, (One-way ANO- VA, P A strategy for weight loss based on healthy dietary habits and control of emotional response to food Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(6):
7 of premature death and disability from a variety of conditions including coronary heart disease, and are strongly related to the incidence of obesity 16. Changes in physical activity habits were significant. At baseline, 90% of the population was sedentary or very sedentary, while at the end, almost all participants (90%) included daily activities such as climbing stairs, play a sport or avoid taking the bus. Know the degree of emotion experienced by each participant with food could be used as an effective tool for driving change in food habits required to correct dietary defects of obese people. Moreover, it is important that the treatment program requires a greater frequency of contacts between the patient and the dietitian and to know the emotional behavior of participants lead to more successful weight loss and weight maintenance. Emotional eating was conceptualized as eating in response to negative affect. Many obese people in times of distress, use food as an emotional defense which, in turn, leads to obesity. On the other hand, a lot of obese persons engage in excessive eating in response to negative emotions, while normal weight persons have more adaptive coping mechanisms and do not eat in response to emotional distress. Consequently, emotional eating research, particularly in adults, has often focused on obese populations. Obviously there are a variety of affective factors that can alter the feeding behaviour, including anxiety, depression, anger, and boredom. Moreover, is interesting take in account that dietary restrained eaters are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of stress on health, trough influences on food intake 17. The implementation of the emotional eater questionnaire allowed differentiation three types of emotional factors and to knowledge the personality of patients facilitated establish healthy guidelines customized and adapted to each person. The distribution of the sample in the four diagnostic groups: no emotional; little emotional, emotional and very emotional, according to the total points scored in EEQ, was indicated in the figure 1. All participants were emotional eaters, but only 4.76 percent of the total sample showed the highest degree of emotionality. The first factor, F 1 grouped the questions that refer to discontrol in terms of eating and corresponds to a tendency to lose the control over eating behavior and overeat amounts of food in response to a variety of cues and circumstances. When F 1 is high has already been described how the inability to control food-related impulses and cravings is determined by the individual character of each person. These patients showed a greatest need to develop self-control in the face of impulses since these were precisely the patients who will have greatest difficulty in achieving weight loss. The second factor, F 2 included questions related with the type of food that patients eat most frequently in given situations. Food with high calorie content, such as ice cream, biscuits and chocolate were closely related with decontrol and were used to combat negative emotions since their consumption was associated with the production of endogenous opiates and serotonin, both directly involved with the emotions 18. Lastly, the third factor, F 3 refers to the sense of guilt and fear felt by individuals when they look at the weighing scales or the consumption of forbidden foods. It has been described how food was converted into a conflict between guilt and pleasure in more emotional individuals 19. Males showed higher values of F 1 and F 2 than women, while F 3 was higher in the group of women, indicating that factors related to guilt and fear affected more the usual feeding behavior of women in this study. F 3 to be the least important factor but it could be more remarkable for some persons and useful in clinical practice since it was related to the early prediction of binge eating disorders. As is known, overweight and obesity are consequences of a negative energy balance and some studies have shown that high adhesion to the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower BMI. These data were in line with previous findings reporting a lower risk of obesity and diabetes prevalence among PREDIMED study participants with high adherence to the MEDAS-derived PREDIMED score 20. In addition, effective nutritional interventions required information of the extent to which the diet of population adheres to the MD and of the specific subgroups that mostly deviation from this healthy dietary pattern. The potential public health benefits from promoting a healthier lifestyle at all age but especially ages years, are substantial 21. Thus, the quality of the diet consumed by the studied population was evaluated. The MEDAS adequately ranks individuals according to the adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet. It is a general indicator of quality of the whole diet and it allows the provision of immediate feedback to the patient. Moreover, it is a good tool to change dietary habits 3, that was one of the main objectives of this work. The goal could be achieved by changing the size of the portions, frequency of intake or cooking methods.to maintain an adequate energy balance for a healthy body weight was necessary to consider not only the caloric density of food consumed, that is, type of food consumed, but also the size of the ration. At present, the size of portions of food commonly served is increasing. This trend, originally only in the United States, has rapidly swept through the word as part of the process of globalization and a possible cause of the high prevalence of obesity. Only 2% of the population reached a MEDAS score on strict accordance with the Mediterranean diet, and around 20 % attained a modest accordance. The majority (78%) showed no accordance with the healthy dietary pattern. It is possible that 9 point cutoff be a very rigorous goal, but even if was considered 7-point cutoff (the mid-value of the score range), the results were no good because of around 80 % of people followed an unhealthy dietary pattern. At baseline, the diet of participants was unhealthy, both in the group of men as in women. MEDAS index 2398 Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(6): Yolanda Pontes Torrado et al.
8 values were higher in the group of women. Around 25% of women and 17% of men showed mid-range values, and only 2.5% of women had values considered strict accordance with Mediterranean dietary pattern. The score of MEDAS also gives specific information on the consumption of typical foods of the Mediterranean diet, such as nuts, legumes, and olive oil, and also inquires about the consumption of foods that do not fit the traditional Mediterranean diet, such as sugary soft drinks and pastries. MEDAS was positively associated with nutrient and food intakes considered healthy, including vitamins, dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, vegetables, fruits, whole grain cereals, nuts, and fish. There was an inverse relationship between MEDAS score and intakes of sodium, saturated fat, sugared beverages, and refined cereals 22. The more detailed analysis of the responses to ME- DAS questionnaire allowed to know the main usual dietary problems of individuals. Table II shows the percentage of participants meeting the MEDAS targets and achieving accordance with the Mediterranean diet. More than 97% of individuals met the targets for using olive oil as the main cooking fat and eating foods sautéed in olive oil. Men and women only agreed habits related to the consumption of olive oil that was in accordance with the Mediterranean diet. The specific answers to the 14-point of MEDAS questionnaire were indicated in the Table II. In general, the main dietary defects were a low consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes and fishes. While an elevated consumption of red meat, sweetened and/or carbonated beverages, commercial sweets or pastries, butter, margarine, or cream, were observed. In conclusion, the program followed for losing weight based on establishing healthy lifestyle habits (diet and physical activity) and knowledge of emotional behavior of subjects with food, was effective and the participants achieved the target of lost weight in a relatively short period of time. Acknowledgement This study was supported by the project GR3/14 UCM-Santander 2014 References 1. WHO Technical Report Series, 894. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneve León-Muñoz LM, Guallar-Castillón P, Garciani A, López-García E, Mesas AE, Aguilera MT et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern has declined in Spanish adults. J Nutr 2012; 142: Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, Ros E, Covas MI, Fiol M et al. Cohort profile: Design and methods of PRE- DIMED study. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41: Guallar-Castillón P, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Tormo MJ, Sánchez MJ, Rodriguez L, Quirós JR et al. Major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in middle-age persons from a Mediterranean country: The EPIC-Spain cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22: Miitjavila MT, Fandos M, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Borrego S, Estruch R, et al. The Mediterranean diet improves the systemic lipid and DNA oxidative damage in metabolic syndrome individuals. A randomized, controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2013; Dalen JE, Devries S. Diets to prevent coronary heart disease Am J Med 2014; 127: Bhupathiraju SN, Tucker KL Coronary heart disease prevention: Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns. Clin Chimica Acta 2011; 412: Garaulet M, Canteras M, Morales G, López-Guimera G, Sánchez-Carracedo Corbalán-Tutau MD. Validation of a questionnaire on emotional eating for use in cases of obesity; the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ). Nutr Hosp 2012; 27 (2): Melbourne Academic Mindfullness Interest Group. Mindfullness-based psychotherapies: A review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations. Aust NZJ Psychiatry 2006; 40: Wansink B. Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers. Annu Rev Nutr 2004; 24: Wansink B, Painter JE, North J. Bottomless bowls: why visual cues of portion size may influence intake. Obes Res 2005; 13: Sánchez-Taínta A, Estruch R, Bulló M, Corella D, Gómez-García E, Fiol M et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet and reduced prevalence of clustered cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of 3204 high-risk patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: Wadden TA, Neiberg RH, Wing RR, Clark JM, Delahanty LM, Hill JO, Krakoff J et al. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Obesity 2011; 19 (10): WHO Energy and protein requirements: Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation. Technical Report Series No Geneva Purcell K, Sumithran P, Prendergast L, Bouniu C, Delbridge E, Proietto J. The effect of rate of weight loss on long-term weight management: a randomisede controlled trial. 2014; Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2 (12): King GA, Fitzhugh EC, Bassett DR, McLaughlin JE, Starth SJ, Swartz AM, Thompson DL. Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and occupational activity to the prevalence of obesity. Int J Obes 2001; 25 (5): Wardle J, Steptoe A, Oliver G, Lipsey Z. Stress, dietary restraint and food intake. J Psychosom Res 2000; 48 (2): Butryn ML, Thomas JG, Lowe MR. Reductions in internal disinhibition during weight loss predict better weight loss maintenance. Obesity 2009; 17 (5): Patel KA, Schlundt DG. Impact of moods and social context on eating behavior. Appetite 2001; 36: Serra-Majem L, Roman B, Estruch R. Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. 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(SACRAMENTO, Jan. 30, 2013) – Leaders of the California Restaurant Association (CRA) San Diego County chapter will host a press conference at noon Thursday at OB Noodle House, 2218 Cable St., to herald the release of a new economic impact study.
At the same event, the San Diego City Council will announce a regulation rollback that will allow local restaurants to add sidewalk cafés. San Diego City Council President Todd Gloria, Councilwoman Lorie Zapf and Councilman Kevin Faulconer are slated to attend the event Thursday.
The restaurant industry is the largest contributor of taxable retail sales in the City of San Diego, with every dollar spent in restaurants creating an additional $0.63 spent in the greater San Diego economy.
"We look forward to continuing our work with city leaders in finding ways to streamline the regulatory process for restaurants and other small businesses," said Brigantine Family of Restaurants President Mike Morton Jr., who also heads the CRA San Diego County chapter.
Current city regulations require restaurant owners to pay as much as $12,000 in city fees to add outdoor dining, on top of construction costs, making the venture cost-prohibitive for many small businesses. Restaurant industry leaders have worked to produce a proposal for ways cut the bureaucratic red tape that has made operating a restaurant in San Diego more challenging than necessary.
Steven Yeng, owner of OB Noodle House is one such operator who would be affected by restructuring how sidewalk cafes are permitted and processed.
"As we looked into expanding an outdoor dining space, it was immediately evident that the process was cumbersome and costly," Yeng said, noting that he recently joined the CRA as he became better aware of this and other regulatory issues that could be improved through collaborative development. "It's important for restaurant owners to work together and speak with a unified voice, knowing that the city is open and willing to work together."
For more information, go online at calrest.org/sandiego.

subset: commoncrawl


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Master of Science in Electronics and ICT Engineering Technology
In this master's programme you learn to correctly assess the workings and impact of various electronic technologies. You learn to design and implement existing analogue and digital electronic systems and leverage this knowledge to complex information and communication systems.
Intelligent Electronics option
In the Intelligent Electronics option you will use a combination of hardware and software to develop and implement so-called embedded systems (e.g. cell phones, MP3 players, digital cameras, etc.). You learn to take into consideration limitations in the areas of I/O possibilities, memory, speed and energy consumption.
Internet Computing option
The Internet Computing option adopts a more broadly distributed approach to developing computer applications. The advantages to this are high reliability, scalability, high performance, easy maintenance, low cost price, etc. Examples of applications based on this approach include web-based and internet applications like search robots and voice-over IP, as well as e-commerce, enterprise resource management, and user applications in the area of info-/edu-/entertainment.
This is an initial master's programme and can be followed on a full-time or part-time basis.
Add an in-company or project-based learning experience to your master's programme
You can augment your master's programme with the Postgraduate Programme Innovation and Entrepreneurship. This programme is made up by a multifaceted learning experience in and with a company, with an innovative engineering challenge as the central assignment. It is carried out in a team setting, has a distinct international dimension, and usually requires a multidisciplinary approach. Entrepreneurs and students alike are encouraged to innovate, transfer knowledge and grow. It is a unique cross-fertilisation between company and classroom.
Career paths
On completion of the programme, you will be an industrial engineer with a broad foundation of general skills and technical knowledge. At the same time, you will be familiar with the fascinating world of information processing, which plays a crucial role in many social sectors. Often, you will also play a key role in the development of a variety of digital media applications ranging from modern consumer products (positioning and navigation systems; smartphones; digital audio and video) to custom stand-alone or networked applications.
An increased fee (€ 6000) is not applicable for students who come from countries belonging to the European Economic Area (EEA), the regular fee is €890
This school offers programs in:
- English
Last updated January 25, 2017


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Toll Free: (888) 223-2545
Customer ServicePress 3
Hardware SpecialistPress 2
Hours:9:00 am - 8:30 pmM-F Eastern Time
Imposing, yet refined, Grandeur's Windsor entrance set exudes Beaux Artes style. Inspired by P & F Corbin's "Mantua" pattern of 1905, the back plates are exquisitely detailed with neo-classical motifs. The graceful lever handles add a pleasingly modern touch, and are ADA compliant as well.Grandeur's vintage designs are enhanced with high-tech mechanics, resulting in silky smooth, trouble-free operation unlike anything you've ever experienced. Created expressly for modern, pre-drilled doors, installation is quick and easy for professionals or home owners alike. Exceptional solid brass forgings and a 10 year warranty make Grandeur entry hardware the perfect choice for your fine home.Door set dimensions: Portofino levers are 4 5/8" L. Backplates are 8 11/16" H x 2 5/8" W.Latch dimensions: Backset is 2 3/8" or 2 3/4" - specify when ordering. Latch case: 1" diameter. Latch face plate: 2 1/4" H x 1" W.Deadbolt specs: Decorative face plates are 4 3/16" H x 2 5/8" W. The deadbolt has a pick-resistant Schlage C keyway and a 1" throw. Multiple sets on one order will be keyed alike unless otherwise requested. To key individually or to match a specific key number, please call to place your order.This set will fit doors from 1 3/4" - 2" in thickness, with a minimum 5 1/2" center to center boring for the latch and deadbolt. A "thick door kit" for doors from 2" - 2 1/2" in thickness is available for a small fee. Please call for details.
How to install this product in a typical situation.
All Site Contents ©2015, House of Antique Hardware, Inc. Antique-By-Hand® is a registered trademark of House of Antique Hardware, Inc.


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Calling Essent for support is fast, simple and toll-free. Live representatives are always happy to assist you with your questions and concerns.Get live assistance by phone, Mon - Fri 8:30am- 5:30pm (EST) by dialing 1-800-559-9959.
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Essent is the leading provider of fully-integrated business management software solutions and services for process-intensive industries and the largest trading network for the promotional products industry. The Essent family of fully-integrated products and services combines best practices, business processes, software automation, and network communications to deliver unparalleled, unified business management solutions. Since 1980, Essent has offered the systems, service, software, and support critical to success in today's highly-competitive marketplace.


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A few years ago I was looking for the right word to describe the IT Help Desk. I attended a meeting to talk about it and so many words were thrown around, "support" and "help" or "service" and many more. While these are great words, they just didn't seem right to me. I left the meeting not satisfied …
Tag Archive: Captain Philips
Mar 25
Service? Support? Help?… these are good enough anymore.
Message From The President, News
by Mike Little
Tags: Capitan Philips, Captain Philips, Help Desk, US
Upcoming Events
Mid-Ohio September Chapter Meeting with Special GuestSeptember 15 @ 11:30 AM - 4:00 PM
Mid-Ohio September Social EventSeptember 15 @ 4:00 PM - 7:00 PM


text: Universal Power Group, Inc. (NYSE Amex: UPG), a Texas-based distributor and supplier of batteries and related power accessories and a third-party logistics provider, today announced financial results for the third quarter and nine months ended Sept. 30, 2011. For the third quarter, UPG reported net income of $0.2 million, or $0.04 per diluted share, on net sales of $25.0 million, compared with net income of $0.9 million, or $0.18 per diluted share, on net sales of $28.3 million in the third quarter of 2010. "Our results for the third quarter were impacted by decreased sales to our largest customer as well as industry-wide supply disruptions resulting from the closure of a number of battery production facilities throughout China. Even so, UPG continues to be profitable as we work to grow our revenues from core batteries and related power accessories," stated Ian Edmonds, UPG's President and Chief Executive Officer. "We are working to mitigate the impact of these factors on future results by shifting some of our manufacturing processes to unaffected areas in China and other parts of Asia. However, we expect a larger impact on fourth quarter sales than we experienced in the third quarter. We have continued the integration of our acquisition of ProTechnologies, and that business is on track to be accretive to our earnings by the end of the year. We are also working on new products for introduction at key industry trade shows over the next few quarters, which gives us renewed optimism as we drive future results." Third Quarter and Nine Month Results Net sales for the third quarter fell 11.6 percent, to $25.0 million, from $28.3 million in the third quarter of 2010. Net sales of batteries and related power accessories to customers other than ADT Security Services and its authorized dealers grew 10.6 percent, to $22.6 million in the third quarter of 2011, compared to $20.4 million for the third quarter of 2010. Net sales to ADT Security Services and its authorized dealers in the third quarter of 2011 were $2.4 million, a decrease of approximately 69.4 percent from $7.9 million in the same quarter of the prior year.


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castro Exclusive Residences SPA Sagrada Familia4.0 out of 5.0
This hotel is most popular for:
- Family
- Everyone
- Friends
Recent guest reviews
Enjoyed the modern apartment although front staff not very helpful and AC not that great convenient grocery store across the street as well as shops and cafes Great location
Worst hotel ever!!! Beware of lice. All my family got lice from this hotel. Not only this, the manager refused to refund us on our stay that was booked a week later. Absolutely disgusting
Nice location, near the metro and the Sagrada Familia. As described in the listing. Thanks!
Coming from a big city, my friends and I are spoiled and have high standards. The hotel/apartment has met our expectation 120 % in terms of the amenity, the gym/spa facility, and the comfort level of the room. Two minor disappointments are: the location and the part-time front desk. There is no full time front desk. You need to call the staff even during the office hour. But they are easily reachable. There are not much attractions in the area other than Sagrada Familia. But everything is in a short cab ride away. (We ended up not taking any public transportation while we were there for a week.)
Building in great area, but not much of a view. When nobody is at the front desk, you need to call a local number (an issue with foreigners with no local cell phone service). Pool is part of the Spa, so children cannot use it either. Spa is next door, and services are from a separate vendor, so cards are needed to use it. Apartments are beautifully appointed and recently renovated. However, we were given an apartment that had issues with both of our bathrooms. She tried hard to solve our issues (clogged shower and falling shower curtain rod) . We moved to apartment next door when it became available. Manager was very professional and apologetic. We appreciated her help turning a negative into a positive. Despite our issues, we would choose this property again. We had a great time in Barcelona and outside of Las Ramblas, this is an excellent location in the spring.
Hotel highlights
- Walking distance to Sagrada Familia
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Onsite dining
- Spa
Located in Downtown Barcelona within a 5-minute walk of Sagrada Familia, castro Exclusive Residences SPA Sagrada Familia is within a mile (2 km) of other popular attractions like Casa Batllo. This 20-room, 4-star apartment has 3 indoor pools along with a full-service spa and a restaurant. Located centrally in Barcelona, it's also close to Palau de la Musica Catalana and Casa Mila.
Enjoy a leisurely bite to eat at Meridian, the apartment's onsite restaurant. Continental breakfast is offered for a fee each morning from 9 AM to 11 AM.
The 20 soundproofed apartments feature kitchens, 2 bathrooms, and furnished balconies. There's space to spread out with 3 bedrooms, living rooms, and dining areas. 52-inch LCD TVs come with cable channels, and guests can stay connected with free WiFi. Memory foam beds grant a restful night's sleep, and bathrooms offer deep soaking tubs, hydromassage showers, hair dryers, and bidets. Washers/dryers, safes, and phones are other standard amenities.
Property features
Guests of castro Exclusive Residences SPA Sagrada Familia have access to a full-service spa, 3 indoor pools, and a health club. If you drive, self parking is EUR 30 per day, or you can take advantage of the airport shuttle (available 24 hours) for EUR 99.00 per vehicle one way. The front desk has multilingual staff that can help with dry cleaning/laundry, concierge services, and luggage storage. Other amenities at this spa apartment include a sauna, a rooftop terrace, and free WiFi in public areas.
Reviews from Trip Advisor
92% of guests recommend this hotelTotal of 326 reviews


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Batman on film began in serial style in 1943 (in The Batman). Wilson was the first actor to don the cape fighting Dr. Daka (J Carrol Naish) with the help of Robin (Douglas Croft) in an adventure that includes a death ray and some zombies. Humble beginnings for the Dark Knight.
The very first shot of Batman shows him sitting at his desk, leaning his chin on his hands in the Batcave and waiting to go into action. He leaves through the secret entrance via the grandfather's clock inside Wayne Manor, a tradition that would be part of all subsequent movie versions.
Alfred Pennyworth was portrayed in the comic books at the time as overweight but is tall, thin and has a mustache in the serials. The comic books adopted the changes forever transforming Alfred in print and on screen.
As directed by Lambert Hillyer, the first Batman movie has decent action scenes for its time. Sure, Batman has to use some kind of public phone to call the Commissioner, all in broad daylight, but the 15-part serial is entertaining in its own goofy way.
A second serial was released in 1949 with Robert Lowery taking over as Batman and John Duncan as Robin battling the Wizard (Leonard Penn), a villain who can become invisible. Among the interesting anecdotes from Batman and Robin are the appearances of Vicki Vale (Jane Adams) and the Bat-Signal in broad daylight.
These two serial movies may be not hold well but they reflect the times during which they were made and remain an interesting look at the beginnings of Batman on the big screen.
When Batman finally returned to the screen, it would be far removed from his original concept. Played for laughs, the Batman of the 1966 movie and the subsequent TV series (1966-68) was overweight, slow and smiled a lot. It was sometimes difficult to see a difference between the laughing Joker and the smiling Batman. Adam West obviously had fun in the title role alongside many great character actors playing the various villains. The TV series was shown twice a week with the first episode ending on a cliffhanger.
It would take another two decades for a more definitive Batman movie to be made. During the 1960's through the 1980's, Batman appeared in animation on television from Batman/Superman Hour (1968-69) to SuperFriends (1972-1986). The shows were obviously aimed at young kids and featured silly plots. Heck, Batman even solved mysteries with Scooby-Doo (1972). It would all change, live action and animation beginning in 1989.
When Tim Burton's Batman opened in June of '89, the first images were of two thugs encountering a giant bat creature on a rooftop. As they look up, huge wings opened wide and there stood the Batman. "What are you?" "I'm Batman." It was unlike anything seen before in the world of the Dark Knight.
The movie has some flaws but it did bring darkness to Gotham City. The atmosphere created by Burton and Anton Furst, production designer, redefined what Batman could be on the screen.
The lead character as played by Michael Keaton is treated seriously instead of played for laughs. He's even a little loopy. "C'mon, you wanna get nuts, let's get nuts," screams Bruce Wayne to Jack Napier, aka The Joker. In fact, it remains arguably the craziest scene involving Bruce Wayne to this day.
Jack Nicholson plays the Joker to the hilt and overshadows the hero; therein lies some of the problems with the original movie. The villain takes over the movie, occupying much of the screen time, and is too potent for the hero. The story is quite basic with some of the decisions looking bad in retrospect, especially the idea that one stupid gun could take down the Batplane. Kim Basinger screaming and screaming doesn't help either. There are too many scenes that stop the movie dead, particularly the long parade involving the Joker.
Yet, the '89 Batman remains a good movie overall with a nice mix of character moments and action. Given the technology at the time, some action sequences were well done such as Batman flying through the museum. The fight sequence between Batman and Joker's thugs following the escape from the museum is still pretty good. Keaton and Michael Gough as Alfred create a believable relationship. We see a little detective work when Wayne reads over Napier's file and puts together that the Joker knows much about chemistry and is behind the plot against Gotham City. And there is a great sequence in which Batman drives back to the Batcave with Vicky Vale to the rousing score of Danny Elfman, excellent from beginning to end.
The first Burton movie sets the stage for further adventures of the Dark Knight beginning with Batman Returns in 1992. This second movie brought the franchise to an area best called the Twilight Zone. Burton and Keaton returned and added Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle/Catwoman and Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot/Penguin. Batman Returns is a weird hybrid film, more a Tim Burton movie than a Batman one.
What really works in Batman Returns is the exploration of duality, especially between the Bat and the Cat. Every scene between those two characters sparkles with chemistry and danger much like the source material. As Bruce Wayne tells Selina Kyle at the end of the movie, "We're the same, split down the middle." Their relationship is complex and riveting in a Burton kind of way.
Batman Returns features two of the best brief Dark Knight moments ever, and that includes the recent Christopher Nolan movies. The close up of Batman's eyes when he confronts the Penguin near the end of the movie is pretty cool on a big screen. But the best Batman moment, what it would feel like to be the Dark Knight, comes about halfway through the movie when he is on his way to checking up on the Penguin at night. The perfect little musical notes from Elfman and the brooding face of Keaton as he drives alone in the Batmobile create a quiet and effective Batman scene.
The flip side of the movie features the Penguin and most of it doesn't work well. Through no fault of his own, DeVito is saddled with a depressed and often repulsive character. The fact that he and his team of circus thugs easily get control of the Batmobile is reminiscent of the Joker's silly gun taking down the Batplane in the previous movie. The sequence of the Penguin controlling the Batmobile plays closer to the old TV show than expected. Most of the other characters, especially Commissioner Gordon, come off as too goofy.
Tim Burton brought the Dark Knight back into the shadows in his two films. It helped bring some respect to the Batman and the world of Gotham City. Along the way, however, there are lapses of reasoning that are more obvious today. It seems like Bruce Wayne doesn't respect his one rule not to kill judging by the big circus thug in the back alley in Batman Returns that he blows up. The villains are more potent or bizarre than the Dark Knight and the characterization either takes a back seat to silliness or gets lost in weirdness.
With the giant success of Batman on the big screen, Warner Brothers wisely decided it was time to reanimate the character on television. Hiring a talented crew of writers and animators, such as Bruce Timm, Paul Dini and Alan Burnett, to create a definitive version of Batman in animation turned out to be a critical and ratings success. Many of the episodes of Batman: The Animated Series (1992-94) which became The Adventures of Batman & Robin (1994-95) and The New Batman Adventures (1997-1999) have become classics featuring some of the best stories of the Dark Knight in any form, live action or animated. The animation spawned a new technique using black backgrounds, later called "Dark Deco."
The popular animated series convinced the studio to create several direct-to-video features, including Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993 - also released briefly into theatres) that may be the best Dark Knight movie ever made, or on par with the later Christopher Nolan live action trilogy. The movie digs deep into Bruce Wayne's psyche and features a terrific Joker as well (Mark Hamill, in perfect form).
Meanwhile, on the big screen, all of Tim Burton's darker and weirder elements from his two live-action movies vanished in a hurry once Joel Schumacher took over the franchise, beginning with Batman Forever in 1995. Batman became much more normal and less dark knight in the next two movies. Val Kilmer broods quite well but his Bruce Wayne is non-expressive even if he does smile goofily at the end of one scene. Chase Meridian (a sexy Nicole Kidman) tries to analyze Batman but only in an artificial manner.
Batman Forever has some solid fighting scenes and good pace overall. Richard Grayson/Robin is introduced and fairly well handled by the script and as played by Chris O'Donnell. At least until the nod to the TV show with the obligatory corny lines by the end of the movie. Jim Carrey brings a lot of energy to his role of the Riddler, perhaps too much so, but his riddles force the Batman to be more of a detective. A bit more.
It's unfortunate that what works in some areas is undone by the loud, neon lights of Gotham City and the relentless tackiness that takes over the franchise. Starting the movie by having Batman say, "I'll get drive-thru" is a bad omen. Okay, it was aimed at a younger crowd, got it. Ummmm, but nipples on the Batsuit? The cartoonish yet violent tone and the allure of Dr. Meridian doesn't come across as kids stuff.
Tommy Lee Jones really overplays Two-Face (and that is saying a lot) as if feeling the need to upstage Carrey's Riddler. There's the Batmobile going up on the side of a building... cool, sure, but a bit too much. Speaking of the Batmobile, why is it so easy for Richard Grayson to take it for a spin? No safety precautions from Bruce Wayne? It is these kinds of sequences that prevent Batman Forever from being a dynamite Dark Knight movie.
It would only get worse, much worse in the abominable Batman & Robin two years later. When the only true real character is a supporting one, an old butler, you've got a problem. George Clooney takes over as Bruce Wayne/Batman, third actor in three movies, and he fails as either one. But watch Clooney in Michael Clayton and you get the feeling that, with the right script and director, he could have made a great Batman. But here, he is saddled with an atrocious script (wait, there was one?) and lines like "We'll have to kill her later" referring to Batgirl. Seriously?
O'Donnell returns as Robin but goes from interesting young sidekick to whiny little brat. Oh, go away already! Alicia Silverstone is introduced as Barbara Wilson/Batgirl and adds to the mess of the movie. Her character is not even faithful to the comic books where she is Commissioner Gordon's daughter. What a waste of this character. And the villains? Where do you start? Arnold Schwarzenegger as Victor Fries/Mr. Freeze and Uma Thurman as Dr. Pamela Isley/Poison Ivy have a ton of brutal corny lines while playing the characters very far removed from the source material. And the icing on the cake is Jeep Swenson as a moronic Bane, a far cry from Tom Hardy's interpretation in The Dark Knight Rises 15 years later.
Batman & Robin features Batman flying on some kind of surfboard in outer space, playing hockey and appearing live on stage in front of hundreds of people in broad daylight while showing a credit card. Its remarkable how dreadful this movie turned out to be and how it killed the franchise for almost a decade. Various incarnations were attempted from a Batman: Year One adaptation to a Batman vs. Superman idea.
But frustrated fans were able to enjoy an animated Dark Knight on television with Batman: The Animated Series continuing its run until 1999. Warner Brothers followed with Batman Beyond (1999-2001), a surprisingly effective futuristic take on the Dark Knight. In this version, Bruce Wayne is an old man who helps young Terry McGinnis in continuing the legend of the Batman. Even at his age, Wayne is quite spry in fending the odd thug and becomes the conduit in the Batcave for the new Dark Knight. An excellent direct-to-video Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker cleverly brought the Joker back from the dead, so to speak, and brought many elements from the classic Batman tales.
Batman was also featured in the Justice League (2001-2004) and the follow up series Justice League Unlimited (2004-2006) as well as a new animated version simply called The Batman (2004-2008) which borrowed an anime style. Finally, Cartoon Network's Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2009- ) is an old-fashioned fun series that is a great entry to introduce Batman to young fans.
Back on the big screen, almost a decade following the debacle of Batman & Robin, a new live action Dark Knight movie brought a new vision of Gotham City unlike ever seen before.
Batman Begins is an apt title and a huge breath of fresh air completely divorced from every version before it. When released in 2005, the movie proved you could make a Batman movie based in reality without sacrificing the drama and entertainment. What is striking is how the characters are treated with respect and feel real. It's just that the lead character wears a cape and cowl.
The casting is spot on starting with Christian Bale taking over as Bruce Wayne/Batman. There's soulfulness to his performance that had only been glimpsed before. His Bruce Wayne is a little vain in public but intense in private. His Dark Knight is actually intimidating, striking from the shadows or growling to a corrupt cop on a rooftop. The lead character is actually interesting for a change and time is spent delving on his development as the Caped Crusader. This Batman feels real, almost as if he could exist in our world.
Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox bring levity and weight to their roles while Gary Oldman as Jim Gordon couldn't be more perfect, straight out of the graphic novel pages. The villains are down to earth (even if their plans are gigantic) particularly Liam Neeson as Henri Ducard, a mentor to Wayne who turns out to be more than he lets on. Even Tom Wilkinson as Carmine Falcone electrifies in his few scenes.
Finally with Batman Begins we see some true iconic images of the Batman with great shots of him on rooftops. This is the first version of Batman that does not feel like it was mostly filmed on stages.
Batman Begins is not without its flaws, particularly involving the character of Rachel Dawes, as played by Katie Holmes. The role is not potent enough to match up to the other characters. The fighting scenes leave a bit to be desired. Yes, he is a creature of the shadows but we want to see him kick ass too. It's difficult to see how Batman defeats his opponents. And for all the time Bruce Wayne spends abroad before returning to Gotham City, it would have been nice to see a bit more training worldwide (as oppose to just the League of Shadows), including learning about science and other detective tricks.
Nolan raised the bar in the cinematic world of Batman (and influenced other franchise such as James Bond in Casino Royale). Hard to imagine he could do as well in his next outing. But The Dark Knight proved that Batman Begins was no fluke. Despite its length, The Dark Knight never feels long as themes like duality and morality are explored by various characters. Christian Bale again reprises the lead role in an understated performance. The story forces him to make difficult choices. You can feel the weight on Bruce Wayne's shoulders as he ponders the effect his alter ego has on Gotham society.
The Joker, played in an Oscar-winning performance by Heath Ledger, is an agent of chaos pitting characters against each other and imposing his will on an entire city. He simply doesn't care, wants to "watch the world burn" as Alfred (Michael Caine, once again) points out. Ledger disappears into the role, all the while not overplaying it like his predecessors. The Dark Knight features a pitch-perfect cast, including Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent/Two Face. This is the toughest role in the movie but Eckhart delivers a soulful and intense performance.
The Dark Knight has, perhaps, too many characters not allowing ample time to the transformation of Harvey Dent into Two Face. The movie also briefly shows Batman doing a bit of detective work but not enough (some of the best stories in the comic books features the Dark Knight solving problems using his mind). In fact, Bruce Wayne/Batman gets diminished quite a bit in this movie. The respect between Batman and Commissioner Gordon has grown but, here too, you wish there was more scenes with these two characters.
The Dark Knight features arguably the best Batman scene ever filmed: the Dark Knight and the Joker in an interrogation room at a police station. It brings up everything the Joker stands for, chaos, against everything Batman believes in, not taking a life. How far can the Batman go before breaking his one rule in order to save other lives? It represents Batman on many levels, perfectly captured by Nolan.
The Academy didn't nominate The Dark Knight for Best Picture because it's a comic book movie, right? But Nolan's approach seems to be more along the lines of Heat (with an homage at the beginning of the movie) that it just happens the lead character dresses up as a giant bat but otherwise things are rooted in reality to a large extent. Yes, it's not real per se but feels almost like it could happen.
How does Nolan complete his trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises? The teaser trailers hint at the emotional and physical impact of being the Batman and the continuation of themes introduced in the first two films. In complete reversal of the portrayal in Batman & Robin, Bane (Tom Hardy) is expected to be a formidable opponent for the Dark Knight, physically and mentally. Add a pinch of Selina Kyle/Catwoman (Anne Hathaway) and a mysterious French lady (Marion Cotillard) and The Dark Knight Rises promises to be a fascinating end to the current Batman on screen. One way or another, Bruce Wayne as a legend will end likely in his real death (inspiring the people of Gotham City to rise up and reclaim their city as hinted in the previous two films) or in his fake death (allowing him to retire but letting the inspiration and image of Batman to live on, symbolically and through someone else).
Where does the Dark Knight go from here? He is far too complex and popular a character in a fascinating world for Warner Bros not to revisit sooner rather than later. Hopefully, the studio has learned that putting this great franchise in the hands of real talent like Christopher Nolan rewards the fans, the moviegoers, the filmmakers and the studio. A new version of Superman will be released next year (Man of Steel) and rumors are that the WB is inching closer to a team-up of the top DC Comics characters, a la Avengers. Or, at least, a World's Finest team-up between Batman and Superman.
The world of Batman on screen has gone through various incarnations in the past 70 years of cinematic adventures. Each movie is a product of its time, for better or worse. Being able to watch each of them on Blu-ray or DVD allows you the opportunity to revisit Gotham City, imperfection and all. In the end, it is the characters and the stories that transcend time and Batman has met a number of challenges over the years. On Blu-ray, you can escape to Gotham City whether in bright daylight (the TV series), gothic (Tim Burton's), bright neon (Joel Schumacher's) or based in reality (Christopher Nolan's). There is nothing like sliding into the world of Bruce Wayne and Gotham City on home video.
- Mario Boucher
Most of the various Batman incarnations mentioned in the preceding article are available on Blu-ray and/or DVD. You can order them on Amazon.com now by clicking on the following links (BD is linked where available). They include but are not limited to:
- The Batman (1943 serial)
- Batman and Robin (1949 serial)
- Batman (1966 movie - the TV series is unavailable on disc pending a rights dispute between Fox and Warner)
- Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology (1989-1997)
- Batman: The Animated Series (1992-1994)
- Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993)
- The Adventures of Batman & Robin (1994-1995)
- The New Batman Adventures (1997-1999)
- Batman Beyond (1999-2001)
- Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000)
- The Batman (2004-2008)
- Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008-2011)
- Batman Begins (2005)
- The Dark Knight (2008)