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Links for Keyword: Evolution
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Carl Zimmer With fossils and DNA, scientists are piecing together a picture of humanity's beginnings, an origin story with more twists than anything you would find at the movie theater. The expert consensus now is that Homo sapiens evolved at least 300,000 years ago in Africa. Only much later — roughly 70,000 years ago — did a small group of Africans establish themselves on other continents, giving rise to other populations of people today. To Johannes Krause, the director of the Max Planck Institute for Human History in Germany, that gap seems peculiar. "Why did people not leave Africa before?" he asked in an interview. After all, he observed, the continent is physically linked to the Near East. "You could have just walked out." In a study published Tuesday in Nature Communications, Dr. Krause and his colleagues report that Africans did indeed walk out — over 270,000 years ago. Based on newly discovered DNA in fossils, the researchers conclude that a wave of early Homo sapiens, or close relatives of our species, made their way from Africa to Europe. There, they interbred with Neanderthals. Then the ancient African migrants disappeared. But some of their DNA endured in later generations of Neanderthals. "This is now a comprehensive picture," Dr. Krause said. "It brings everything together." Since the 1800s, paleontologists have struggled to understand how Neanderthals are related to us. Fossils show that they were anatomically distinct, with a heavy brow, a stout body and a number of subtler features that we lack. The oldest bones of Neanderthal-like individuals, found in a Spanish cave called Sima de los Huesos, date back 430,000 years. More recent Neanderthal remains, dating to about 100,000 years ago, can be found across Europe and all the way to southern Siberia. © 2017 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 23809 - Posted: 07.06.2017
By Sandrine Ceurstemont Bird or beast? A cuckoo seems to have learned how to mimic the sounds made by the pig-like peccaries it lives alongside, perhaps to ward off predators. The Neomorphus ground cuckoos live in forests in Central and South America, where they often follow herds of wild peccaries so they can feed on the invertebrates that the peccaries disturb as they plough through the leaf litter. Ecologists have noticed that when the cuckoos clap their beaks together they sound a lot like the tooth clacks the peccaries make to deter large predatory cats. To find out whether this is just coincidence or evidence of mimicry, Cibele Biondo at the Federal University of ABC in Brazil and her team analysed the cuckoo and peccary sounds, and compared them with the beak clapping sounds made by roadrunners – close relatives of the ground cuckoos. Logically, the cuckoos should sound most similar to roadrunners, given that the two are closely related. But the analysis suggested otherwise. "The acoustic characteristics are more similar to the teeth clacking of peccaries," says Biondo. She suspects that cuckoos have something to gain by imitating the peccaries, particularly in the dark, dense forests where predators rely on hearing as much as vision. "Cuckoos may deceive predators by making it appear that peccaries are present when they are not," says Biondo. © Copyright New Scientist Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 19: Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 15: Brain Asymmetry, Spatial Cognition, and Language
Link ID: 23802 - Posted: 07.04.2017
By Michael Price Whether it's giving to charity or helping a stranger with directions, we often assist others even when there's no benefit to us or our family members. Signs of such true altruism have been spotted in some animals, but have been difficult to pin down in our closest evolutionary relatives. Now, in a pair of studies, researchers show that chimpanzees will give up a treat in order to help out an unrelated chimp, and that chimps in the wild go out on risky patrols in order to protect even nonkin at home. The work may give clues to how such cooperation—the foundation of human civilization—evolved in humans. "Both studies provide powerful evidence for forms of cooperation in our closest relatives that have been difficult to demonstrate in other animals besides humans," says Brian Hare, an evolutionary anthropologist at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, who was not involved with the research. In the first study, psychologists Martin Schmelz and Sebastian Grüneisen at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, trained six chimps at the Leipzig Zoo to play a sharing game. Each chimp was paired with a partner who was given a choice of four ropes to pull, each with a different outcome: give just herself a banana pellet; give just the subject a pellet; give both of them pellets; or forgo her turn and let her partner make the decision instead. © 2017 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 23753 - Posted: 06.20.2017
Ian Sample Science editor Fossils recovered from an old mine on a desolate mountain in Morocco have rocked one of the most enduring foundations of the human story: that Homo sapiens arose in a cradle of humankind in East Africa 200,000 years ago. Archaeologists unearthed the bones of at least five people at Jebel Irhoud, a former barite mine 100km west of Marrakesh, in excavations that lasted years. They knew the remains were old, but were stunned when dating tests revealed that a tooth and stone tools found with the bones were about 300,000 years old. Why we're closer than ever to a timeline for human evolution Read more "My reaction was a big 'wow'," said Jean-Jacques Hublin, a senior scientist on the team at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. "I was expecting them to be old, but not that old." Hublin said the extreme age of the bones makes them the oldest known specimens of modern humans and poses a major challenge to the idea that the earliest members of our species evolved in a "Garden of Eden" in East Africa one hundred thousand years later. "This gives us a completely different picture of the evolution of our species. It goes much further back in time, but also the very process of evolution is different to what we thought," Hublin told the Guardian. "It looks like our species was already present probably all over Africa by 300,000 years ago. If there was a Garden of Eden, it might have been the size of the continent." © 2017 Guardian News and Media Limited
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 23723 - Posted: 06.08.2017
James Gorman Darwin's finches, those little birds in the Galápagos with beaks of different sizes and shapes, were instrumental in the development of the theory of evolution. Similar birds had large and small beaks and beaks in between, all related to what kinds of insects and seeds they ate. From one ancestor, it seemed, different adaptations to the environment had evolved, giving the birds that adapted a survival edge in a particular ecological niche — evolution by natural selection. Biologists who came later went on to identify the genetic changes that had produced different beak shapes. Now another group of finch-like birds has provided a similar example, but of a different kind of evolution, one driven not by the demands of the environment, but by the demands of female birds. Their preferences in color and pattern caused the evolution of different species of seedeater, all with the same behavior and diet, but with males that look different. That's a process called sexual selection, which Darwin also wrote about. Leonardo Campagna, a researcher at Cornell University and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, and a group of scientists from the United States and South America investigated nine species of southern capuchino seedeaters, doing full genomes for each one and reported their findings in Science Advances. They found that the DNA of all the species is remarkably similar, as are the birds. All the females look alike and all of the species feed on grass seeds plucked from grass stalks of living plants. Only the males are different. They have a wide variety of colorations and their courting songs are also distinct. Dr. Campagna and the other researchers found that differences between species DNA were all minimal, ranging from as little as 0.03 percent to as great as 0.3 percent. All the species showed variation in the same area, DNA that appeared to have a role in regulating genes for the pigment melanin. © 2017 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 12: Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 8: Hormones and Sex
Link ID: 23660 - Posted: 05.25.2017
Elle Hunt About 150 years ago, and "almost a lifetime" either side, Charles Darwin was beleaguered by the problem of the peacock's tail. Just the sight of a feather, he wrote in April 1860, "makes me sick!" The plumage of the male bird represented a hole in his theory of evolution. According to Victorian thinking, beauty was divine creation: God had designed the peacock for his own and humankind's delight. In, On The Origin of Species, published the previous year, Darwin had challenged the dominant theory of creationism, arguing that man had been made not in God's image but as a result of evolution, with new species formed over generations in response to their environment. But beauty, and a supposed aesthetic sense in animals ("We must suppose [that peahens] admire [the] peacock's tail, as much as we do," he wrote), took Darwin the best part of his life to justify – not least because the theory he eventually landed upon went against the grain of his entire worldview. Sexual selection was of strategic importance to Darwin, says Evelleen Richards, an honorary professor in history and philosophy of science at the University of Sydney: it was a naturalistic account for aesthetic differences between male and female animals of the same species, shoring up his defence of natural selection.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 5: Hormones and the Brain; Chapter 12: Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 8: Hormones and Sex; Chapter 8: Hormones and Sex
Link ID: 23642 - Posted: 05.22.2017
Shelby Putt How did humans get to be so smart, and when did this happen? To untangle this question, we need to know more about the intelligence of our human ancestors who lived 1.8 million years ago. It was at this point in time that a new type of stone tool hit the scene and the human brain nearly doubled in size. Some researchers have suggested that this more advanced technology, coupled with a bigger brain, implies a higher degree of intelligence and perhaps even the first signs of language. But all that remains from these ancient humans are fossils and stone tools. Without access to a time machine, it's difficult to know just what cognitive features these early humans possessed, or if they were capable of language. Difficult – but not impossible. Now, thanks to cutting-edge brain imaging technology, my interdisciplinary research team is learning just how intelligent our early tool-making ancestors were. By scanning the brains of modern humans today as they make the same kinds of tools that our very distant ancestors did, we are zeroing in on what kind of brainpower is necessary to complete these tool-making tasks. The stone tools that have survived in the archaeological record can tell us something about the intelligence of the people who made them. Even our earliest human ancestors were no dummies; there is evidence for stone tools as early as 3.3 million years ago, though they were probably making tools from perishable items even earlier. © 2010–2017, The Conversation US, Inc.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 2: Cells and Structures: The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Link ID: 23594 - Posted: 05.09.2017
Bruce Bower Fossils of a humanlike species with some puzzlingly ancient skeletal quirks are surprisingly young, its discoverers say. It now appears that this hominid, dubbed Homo naledi, inhabited southern Africa close to 300,000 years ago, around the dawn of Homo sapiens. H. naledi achieved worldwide acclaim in 2015 as a possibly pivotal player in the evolution of the human genus, Homo. Retrieved from an underground chamber in South Africa, fossils of this species were thought to be anywhere from 900,000 to at least 1.8 million years old (SN: 8/6/16, p. 12). A younger age for H. naledi resolves one mystery about these cave fossils. It doesn't, however, answer questions about how long ago the species first appeared and when it died out. What is now known is that H. naledi bodies somehow ended up in Dinaledi Chamber, part of South Africa's Rising Star cave system, between 236,000 and 335,000 years ago, an international team reports in one of three papers published May 9 in eLife. Paleoanthropologist Lee Berger of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg headed the team. Geoscientist Paul Dirks of James Cook University in Townsville, Australia, directed the dating effort. In the first paper, two methods of measuring the concentration of natural uranium and other radioactive elements, and damage caused by those elements over time, provided key age estimates for three H. naledi teeth. A thin sheet of rock deposited by flowing water just above the fossils was also dated. |© Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 201
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 23591 - Posted: 05.09.2017
Bruce Bower NEW ORLEANS — A relatively small brain can pack a big evolutionary punch. Consider Homo naledi, a famously puzzling fossil species in the human genus. Despite having a brain only slightly larger than a chimpanzee's, H. naledi displays key humanlike neural features, two anthropologists reported April 20 at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Those brain characteristics include a region corresponding to Broca's area, which spans parts of the right and left sides of the brain in present-day people. The left side is typically involved in speech and language. "It looks like Homo naledi's brain evolved a huge amount of shape change that supported social emotions and advanced communication of some type," said Shawn Hurst of Indiana University Bloomington, who presented the new findings. "We can't say for sure whether that included language." Frontal brain locations near Broca's area contribute to social emotions such as empathy, pride and shame. As interactions within groups became more complex in ancient Homo species, neural capacities for experiencing social emotions and communicating verbally blossomed, Hurst suspects. Scientists don't know how long ago H. naledi inhabited Africa's southern tip. If H. naledi lived 2 million or even 900,000 years ago, as some researchers have suggested (SN: 8/6/16, p. 12), humanlike brains with a language-related area would be shocking. A capacity for language is thought to have emerged in Homo over the last few hundred thousand years at most. |© Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2017.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 19: Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 15: Brain Asymmetry, Spatial Cognition, and Language
Link ID: 23541 - Posted: 04.26.2017
Elle Hunt Inches above the seafloor of Sydney's Cabbage Tree Bay, with the proximity made possible by several millimetres of neoprene and a scuba diving tank, I'm just about eyeball to eyeball with this creature: an Australian giant cuttlefish. Even allowing for the magnifying effects of the mask snug across my nose, it must be about 60cm (two feet) long, and the peculiarities that abound in the cephalopod family, that includes octopuses and squid, are the more striking writ so large. ADVERTISING Its body – shaped around an internal surfboard-like shell, tailing off into a fistful of tentacles – has the shifting colour of velvet in light, and its W-shaped pupils lend it a stern expression. I don't think I'm imagining some recognition on its part. The question is, of what? It was an encounter like this one – "at exactly the same place, actually, to the foot" – that first prompted Peter Godfrey-Smith to think about these most other of minds. An Australian academic philosopher, he'd recently been appointed a professor at Harvard. While snorkelling on a visit home to Sydney in about 2007, he came across a giant cuttlefish. The experience had a profound effect on him, establishing an unlikely framework for his own study of philosophy, first at Harvard and then the City University of New York. The cuttlefish hadn't been afraid – it had seemed as curious about him as he was about it. But to imagine cephalopods' experience of the world as some iteration of our own may sell them short, given the many millions of years of separation between us – nearly twice as many as with humans and any other vertebrate (mammal, bird or fish)
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 17: Learning and Memory
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development
Link ID: 23429 - Posted: 03.30.2017
By Lizzie Wade Ask any biologist what makes primates special, and they'll tell you the same thing: big brains. Those impressive noggins make it possible for primates from spider monkeys to humans to use tools, find food, and navigate the complex relationships of group living. But scientists disagree on what drove primates to evolve big brains in the first place. Now, a new study comes to an unexpected conclusion: fruit. "The paper is enormously valuable," says Richard Wrangham, a biological anthropologist at Harvard University who was not involved in the work. For the last 20 years, many scientists have argued that primates evolved bigger brains to live in bigger groups, an idea known as the "social brain hypothesis." The new study's large sample size and robust statistical methods suggest diet and ecology deserve more attention, Wrangham says. But not everyone is convinced. Others say that although a nutrient-rich diet allows for bigger brains, it wouldn't be enough by itself to serve as a selective evolutionary pressure. When the authors compare diet and social life, "they're comparing apples and oranges," says Robin Dunbar, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom and one of the original authors of the social brain hypothesis. Alex DeCasien, the new study's author, didn't set out to shake up this decades-long debate. The doctoral student in biological anthropology at New York University in New York City wanted to tease out whether monogamous primates had bigger or smaller brains than more promiscuous species. She collected data about the diets and social lives of more than 140 species across all four primate groups—monkeys, apes, lorises, and lemurs—and calculated which features were more likely to be associated with bigger brains. To her surprise, neither monogamy nor promiscuity predicted anything about a primate's brain size. Neither did any other measure of social complexity, such as group size. The only factor that seemed to predict which species had larger brains was whether their diets were primarily leaves or fruit, DeCasien and her colleagues report today in Nature Ecology & Evolution. © 2017 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 13: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 9: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Link ID: 23416 - Posted: 03.28.2017
by Helen Thompson Aside from being adorable, sea otters and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins share an ecological feat: Both species use tools. Otters crack open snails with rocks, and dolphins carry cone-shaped sponges to protect their snouts while scavenging for rock dwelling fish. Researchers have linked tool use in dolphins to a set of differences in mitochondrial DNA — which passes from mother to offspring — suggesting that tool-use behavior may be inherited. Biologist Katherine Ralls of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and her colleagues looked for a similar pattern in otters off the California coast. The team tracked diet (primarily abalone, crab, mussels, clams, urchins or snails) and tool use in the wild and analyzed DNA from 197 individual otters. Otters that ate lots of hard-shelled snails — and used tools most frequently — rarely shared a common pattern in mitochondrial DNA, nor were they more closely related to other tool-users than any other otter in the population. Unlike dolphins, sea otters may all be predisposed to using tools because their ancestors probably lived off mollusks, which required cracking open. However, modern otters only take up tools when their diet requires them, the researchers report March 21 in Biology Letters. |© Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2017.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 23386 - Posted: 03.22.2017
By Colin Barras What a difference 1000 kilometres make. Neanderthals living in prehistoric Belgium enjoyed their meat – but the Neanderthals who lived in what is now northern Spain seem to have survived on an almost exclusively vegetarian diet. This is according to new DNA analysis that also suggests sick Neanderthals could self-medicate with naturally occurring painkillers and antibiotics, and that they shared mouth microbiomes with humans – perhaps exchanged by kissing. Neanderthals didn't clean their teeth particularly well – which is lucky for scientific investigators. Over time, plaque built up into a hard substance called dental calculus, which still clings to the ancient teeth even after tens of thousands of years. Researchers have already identified tiny food fragments in ancient dental calculus to get an insight into the diets of prehistoric hominins. Now Laura Weyrich at the University of Adelaide, Australia, and her colleagues have shown that dental calculus also carries ancient DNA that can reveal both what Neanderthals ate and which bacteria lived in their mouths. The team focused on three Neanderthals – two 48,000-year-old specimens from a site called El Sidrón in Spain and a 39,000-year-old specimen from a site called Spy in Belgium. The results suggested that the Spy Neanderthal often dined on woolly rhinoceros, sheep and mushrooms – but no plants. The El Sidrón Neanderthals ate more meagre fare: moss, bark and mushrooms – and, apparently, no meat. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 23331 - Posted: 03.09.2017
By Andy Coghlan In primates such as humans, living in cooperative societies usually means having bigger brains — with brainpower needed to navigate complex social situations. But surprisingly, in birds the opposite may be true. Group-living woodpecker species have been found to have smaller brains than solitary ones. Cooperative societies might in fact enable birds to jettison all that brainpower otherwise needed on their own to constantly out-think, outfox and outcompete wily rivals, say researchers. Socialism in birds may therefore mean the individuals can afford to get dumber. The results are based on a comparison of brain sizes in 61 woodpecker species. The eight group-living species identified typically had brains that were roughly 30 per cent smaller than solitary and pair-living ones. "It's a pretty big effect," says lead researcher Richard Byrne at the University of St Andrews in the UK. Byrne's explanation is that a solitary life is more taxing on the woodpecker brain than for those in cooperative groups, in which a kind of group-wide "social brain" takes the strain off individuals when a challenge arises. Group-living acorn woodpeckers in North America, for example, are well known for creating collective "granaries" of acorns by jamming them into crevices accessible to the whole group during hard times. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 19: Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 15: Brain Asymmetry, Spatial Cognition, and Language
Link ID: 23328 - Posted: 03.08.2017
Tina Hesman Saey Humans and Neandertals are still in an evolutionary contest, a new study suggests. Geneticist Joshua Akey of the University of Washington in Seattle and colleagues examined gene activity of more than 700 genes in which at least one person carried a human and a Neandertal version of the gene. Human versions of some genes are more active than Neandertal versions, especially in the brain and testes, the researchers report February 23 in Cell. In other tissues, some Neandertal versions of genes were more active than their human counterparts. In the brain, human versions were favored over Neandertal variants in the cerebellum and basal ganglia. That finding may help explain why Neandertals had proportionally smaller cerebellums than humans do. Neandertal versions of genes in the testes, including some needed for sperm function, were also less active than human varieties. That finding is consistent with earlier studies that suggested male human-Neandertal hybrids may have been infertile, Akey says. But Neandertal genes don't always lose. In particular, the Neandertal version of an immunity gene called TLR1 is more active than the human version, the researchers discovered. Lopsided gene activity may help explain why carrying Neandertal versions of some genes has been linked to human diseases, such as lupus and depression (SN: 3/5/16, p. 18). Usually, both copies contribute equally to a gene's total activity. Less robust activity of a version inherited from Neandertals might cause total activity to dip to unhealthy levels, for instance. |© Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2017
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 23272 - Posted: 02.24.2017
By NICHOLAS ST. FLEUR The tale of the Tasmanian tiger was tragic. Once numerous across Tasmania, the doglike marsupial was branded a sheep killer by colonists in the 1830s and hunted to extinction. The last of its kind, Benjamin, died in a zoo in 1936, and with it many secrets into the animals' lives were lost. The striped creature, which is also known as the thylacine, was hardly studied when it was alive, depriving scientists of understanding the behavior of an important predator from Australia's recent biological past. Now, for the first time, researchers have performed neural scans on the extinct carnivore's brain, revealing insights that had been lost since the species went extinct. "Part of the myth about them is what exactly did they eat, how did they hunt and were they social?" said Dr. Gregory Berns, a neuroscientist at Emory University and lead author on the study, which was published Wednesday in the journal PLOS One. "These are questions nobody really knows the answers to." Dr. Berns's main research pertains to dogs and the inner workings of the canine brain, but after learning more about Tasmanian tigers, he became fascinated by the beasts. With their slender bodies, long snouts and sharp teeth, Tasmanian tigers looked as if they could be related to dogs, wolves or coyotes. But actually they are separated by more than 150 million years of evolution. It is a classic example of convergent evolution, in which two organisms that are not closely related develop similar features because of the environment they adapted to and the ecological role they played. To better understand thylacines, Dr. Berns spent two years tracking down two preserved Tasmanian tiger brains, one at the Smithsonian Institution and the other at the Australian Museum. Their brains, like those of all marsupials, are very different from the brains of placental mammals. The biggest difference is that they lack a corpus callosum, which is the part of the brain that connects the left and right hemispheres. © 2017 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 2: Cells and Structures: The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Link ID: 23131 - Posted: 01.21.2017
Claudia Dreifus Geneticists tell us that somewhere between 1 and 5 percent of the genome of modern Europeans and Asians consists of DNA inherited from Neanderthals, our prehistoric cousins. At Vanderbilt University, John Anthony Capra, an evolutionary genomics professor, has been combining high-powered computation and a medical records databank to learn what a Neanderthal heritage — even a fractional one — might mean for people today. We spoke for two hours when Dr. Capra, 35, recently passed through New York City. An edited and condensed version of the conversation follows. Q. Let's begin with an indiscreet question. How did contemporary people come to have Neanderthal DNA on their genomes? A. We hypothesize that roughly 50,000 years ago, when the ancestors of modern humans migrated out of Africa and into Eurasia, they encountered Neanderthals. Matings must have occurred then. And later. One reason we deduce this is because the descendants of those who remained in Africa — present day Africans — don't have Neanderthal DNA. What does that mean for people who have it? At my lab, we've been doing genetic testing on the blood samples of 28,000 patients at Vanderbilt and eight other medical centers across the country. Computers help us pinpoint where on the human genome this Neanderthal DNA is, and we run that against information from the patients' anonymized medical records. We're looking for associations. What we've been finding is that Neanderthal DNA has a subtle influence on risk for disease. It affects our immune system and how we respond to different immune challenges. It affects our skin. You're slightly more prone to a condition where you can get scaly lesions after extreme sun exposure. There's an increased risk for blood clots and tobacco addiction. To our surprise, it appears that some Neanderthal DNA can increase the risk for depression; however, there are other Neanderthal bits that decrease the risk. Roughly 1 to 2 percent of one's risk for depression is determined by Neanderthal DNA. It all depends on where on the genome it's located. © 2017 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 16: Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavior Disorders
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 12: Psychopathology: The Biology of Behavioral Disorders
Link ID: 23128 - Posted: 01.21.2017
By Victoria Gill Science reporter, BBC News Researchers have used camera traps to film tool-use that is unique to chimpanzees in Ivory Coast. The footage revealed that the clever primates habitually make special water-dipping sticks - chewing the end of the stick to turn it into a soft, water-absorbing brush. Primate researchers examined the "dipping sticks" and concluded they were made specifically for drinking. The findings are reported in the American Journal of Primatology. Lead researcher Juan Lapuente, from the Comoe Chimpanzee Conservation Project, in Ivory Coast, explained that using similar brush-tipped sticks to dip into bees' nests for honey was common in chimpanzee populations across Africa. "But the use of brush-tipped sticks to dip for water is completely new and had never been described before," he told BBC News. "These chimps use especially long brush tips that they make specifically for water - much longer than those used for honey." The researchers tested the chimps' drinking sticks in an "absorption experiment", which showed that the particularly long brush-tips provided an advantage. "The longer the brush, the more water they collect," said Mr Lapuente. "This technology allows Comoe chimpanzees to obtain water from extremely narrow and deep tree holes that only they - and no other animal - can exploit, which [gives] them a superb adaptive advantage to survive in this dry and unpredictable environment." © 2017 BBC.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 23075 - Posted: 01.10.2017
By Drake Baer Convergent evolution is what happens when nature takes different courses from different starting points to arrive at similar results. Consider bats, birds, and butterflies developing wings; sharks and dolphins finding fins; and echidnas and porcupines sporting spines. Or, if you want to annoy a traditionalist scientist, talk about humans and octopuses — and how they may both have consciousness. This is the thrust of Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness, a new book by the scuba-diving, biology-specializing philosopher Peter Godfrey-Smith, originally of Australia and now a distinguished professor at the City University of New York's graduate center. The book was written up by Olivia Judson in The Atlantic, and you should read the whole thing, but what I find mesmerizing is how categorically other the eight-tentacled ink-squirters are, and how their very nature challenges our conceptualizations of intelligence. "If we can make contact with cephalopods as sentient beings, it is not because of a shared history, not because of kinship, but because evolution built minds twice over," Godfrey-Smith is quoted as saying. "This is probably the closest we will come to meeting an intelligent alien." (He's not the first to think so: The Hawaiian creation myth holds that octopuses are the only creatures left over from an earlier incarnation of the Earth, making them more proto-terrestrials than extraterrestrials.) © 2016, New York Media LLC.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 17: Learning and Memory
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development
Link ID: 23020 - Posted: 12.26.2016
By STEPH YIN Inuit who live in Greenland experience average temperatures below freezing for at least half of the year. For those who live in the north, subzero temperatures are normal during the coldest months. Given these frigid conditions, anthropologists have wondered for decades whether the Inuit in Greenland and other parts of the Arctic have unique biological adaptations that help them tolerate the extreme cold. A new study, published on Wednesday in Molecular Biology and Evolution, identifies gene variants in Inuit who live in Greenland, which may help them adapt to the cold by promoting heat-generating body fat. These variants possibly originated in the Denisovans, a group of archaic humans who, along with Neanderthals, diverged from modern humans about half a million years ago. "As modern humans spread around the world, they interbred with Denisovans and Neanderthals, who had already been living in these different environments for hundreds of thousands of years," said Rasmus Nielsen, a professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley and an author of the paper. "This gene exchange may have helped some modern humans adapt to and conquer new environments." The new study follows earlier research by Dr. Nielsen and colleagues, which found genetic mutations that might help the Inuit metabolize unsaturated fatty acids common in their diet of whales, seals and fish. In this study, Dr. Nielsen's team focused on another distinct region in the Inuit genome, which seems to affect body fat distribution and other aspects of development. The researchers compared the genomes of nearly 200 Inuit with genomes of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern populations around the world. © 2016 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 13: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment; Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 9: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Link ID: 23011 - Posted: 12.23.2016


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Cost of bugs in the modern business is often so high that you don't have right to make mistake.
It is especially important for systems that are vital for the company - whether it is a specially developed software or enterprise-ready information system.
So if you develop the software and need to include testing as integral part of the product development life cycle, we can perform professionally software product testing for you.
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If you need to perform comprehensive testing of a software product to analyze the errors, make unique tests or specific types of tests, as well as anything associated with testing, simply contact us.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Used 2002 Nissan Van Values
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Nissan Prices and Values: New Nissan models include the Altima, Maxima, Armada, Murano, Titan, Pathfinder and Sentra. Nissan SUVs also include the Xterra and CrossCabriolet. Base prices, for models such as the Pathfinder, may appear surprisingly affordable. Used Nissan values vary by model, while the Leaf's book value is subject to frequent updates. Nissan deals change monthly.
When shopping for a car, how important is fuel efficiency?
Select a used 2002 Nissan Van model
(2018 - 1998)
2002 Nissan Quest
The 2002 Nissan Quest is a minivan with seating for seven and it comes standard with airbags, ABS, child safety locks, and front and rear air-conditioning.


text:
Rent Criminal Law for the Criminal Justice Professional 2nd edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Norman M. Garland. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
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text:
Here is a demonstration of SUPERPLEXUS CIRCLES, a 24" diameter commission for a private collector. Playtime is about an hour for a player to get to the end, if you don't fall off! CIRCLES is meant to be challenging, though doable. It was my second private commission and was lots of fun to make from birch aircraft plywood, acrylic, Jatoba, and stainless steel. Filmed and edited by Angelica Tercero.
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Ghost Light on Graveyard Shoal is the twenty-first History Mystery.
- Rhoda Midyette
- Miz Midyette
- Tom Midyette
- Harlan Swanson
- Margaret Midyette
- Pauline Midyette
- Thelma Midyette
- Pearl Kimball
- Willie McGheen
- Jake Piggott
- George Kimball
- Old Ma' Kimball
- Doc Folb
- Erskine Piggott
Chapter-by-Chapter Summary
Chapter One: Shipwreck!
Rhoda Midyette is waken up by her mother in the middle of the night. Rhoda immediately fears for her father, thinking that he would be the only reason for waking her up. Her father is the keeper of the surfmen, men who were like a lifeguard in 1895 along the coast. However, her father is alright. Apparently, there is a very bad shipwreck, and Harlan Swanson, another surfman has come by to say that the survivors have been clinging to wreckage for a while, and the Rhoda and Mama need to leave for the station to help them there. Rhoda asks about her sisters, Margaret, Pauline, and Thelma, but is reassured by her mother. Mama and Rhoda quickly dress, and head for the station. The two head for the beach, and Rhoda sees how horrible the storm is. She looks for the boat, and finally spots them on the crest of a wave. However, soon they dip down into the trough, and Rhoda starts worrying. But, Mama points out the work that has to be done, and they quickly speed towards the beach, where they meet Harlan and Willie McGheen, "the least experienced of the crew[. They] stayed onshore during surfboat rescues to help launch and recover the surfboat and to aid the wreck survivors." Jake Piggott arrives on scene. Mr. Piggott has a salvage business, like many of the island men, however he is the sole person for salvaging to be his only job. Rhoda sees the men rowing towards shore, but is horrified when she sees a giant wave approaching the surfboat. The wave collapses on the boat, capsizing it, and flinging the occupants out.
Chapter Two: Pearl
Rhoda and Mama run towards the beach. The group of men on the beach and idle and worried. No one can swim out because of the ferocity, but everyone wants to do something. When the rescue crew and survivors start being pulled out by the current, Willie swims out to help them, despite the warnings and alarm. Harlan immediately remembers the Lyle gun, which sends out pieces of floating driftwood to the survivors to cling to, and the men can reel them back in. After a few tries, Harlan and Jake start pulling. Harlan bitterly mumbles that they could use Willie at this moment, and Mama and Rhoda help. After reeling in two sailors, another line is launched. The crew starts arriving onto shore, carrying the sailors. Rhoda is relieved, and is extremely proud of Harlan, but Mama beckons Rhoda, and the two travel towards the station to cook. The ship was the Anna Ebener. The sailors can't communicate well because they are Norwegian, but all eat. Rhoda wishes for the men to hurry, as she needs to ask Mr. Kimball about something, who is talking to Daddy. Mr. Kimball is very reliable, and Daddy's best friend. He's first on the team, as he's the most skilled. The conversation finally ceases, and Rhoda jumps at the opportunity. She asks about Pearl Kimball, her best friend. Mr. Kimball says she's not doing great, and invites Rhoda over to cheer her up. When Rhoda arrives, she is surprised to find how pale and thin Pearl has become. Pearl normally is feisty and energetic, and Rhoda is disturbed. But, the visit goes well. Pearl tells Rhoda that she walked all the way to the beach and back, but barely made it back to her bed. Rhoda scolds, but is relieved that Pearl is still spunky. However, Pearl is resigns, and tells Rhoda that she could die.
Chapter Three: Mystery Light on the Cape
Rhoda is appalled, and asks Pearl why she thinks that. Pearl tells her of a hospital in Norfolk that could help her, but that the cost of staying, the doctor bills, and the transportation is extremely expensive. At this point, Pearl says she doesn't want to talk about the sickness, and Rhoda tells the story of the Mangled Mariner, a ghost story that is very popular in the island. In the story, a wrecker lures a ship to shore, and purposefully wrecks it on the bar. The wrecker then kills all of the remaining crew, so as there is no inquiries about the things he steals. Rhoda ends the folk tale with the thought that his ghost roams the shore, looking for the wrecker. Pearl asks for another story, and Rhoda tells her of their fathers' pact. When they were young, they made a pact to always help each other. They each found a perfect whelk shell, and carved it so it would make a great whistle that could be heard all over the island. One time, Mr. Kimball got stuck up in a tree when a wild hog escaped. He called for help, three long whistles, and throws rocks at the hog until it leaves. Pearl starts laughing, soon has a coughing fit. Rhoda consoles her, but her eye is caught by a strange light on the beach, swaying back and forth. She is scared, fearing the mangled mariner, but remembers it is only a story. Then, the light disappears.
Chapter Four: Footprints in the Sand
Rhoda hurries home, planning on going back to the beach in the morning. She struggles with this decision, knowing she will get two hand whips for being late for school, but ends up tricking her sisters. Thinking their sister is grabbing an essay, Rhoda races for the beach, and finds footprints and the markings from a mule and cart. She is shocked to figure that the mysterious light must be a wrecker. A wrecker would tie a lantern to the mule's neck so to make ships think it is another ship in a harbor. But, when the ship tries to sail into the harbor, it capsizes on one of the treacherous bars.
Chapter Five: Wrecker!
Rhoda is greatly disturbed, thinking that someone she could know would purposefully trying to wreck ships, possibly even being responsible for others' deaths. When Rhoda examines the beach for more clues, she finds a very unusual whelk shell, with a hole at the top. She assumes this could be a whistle, and blows it, scaring away the birds. She laughs, and thinks how great a present this would be for Pearl. She hides it in the hollow of a tree, growing in the nearby forest. Though the whips sting her hand, Rhoda is extremely excited about the shell. Thelma, Pauline, and Margaret plead to go with her to Pearl's but are sent home. Pearl is reading a magazine, wishing for a certain green velvet dress for her stay at Norfolk. Rhoda is ecstatic to hear Pearl will get the treatment, but Pearl is worried about leaving, stating she'd rather die among family than in a strange hospital far away. Worrying, Rhoda distracts her with the thought of the shell, and promises to bring it to her as soon as she polishes it. She then tells her about her theory of the wrecker. Old Ma shuffles in, scolding the girls for their assumptions and false accusations. She reprimands them, saying the only case of a wrecker that was proven, was when the mangled mariner wrecked. The girls are in awe, and even more so, when Old Ma stated she'd seen him herself.
Chapter Six: The Ghost of the Mangled Mariner
After Old Ma's retelling of the story, except with more detail, the girls discuss wreckers for a few more minutes. Pearl starts falling asleep and Rhoda takes her leave. On her way home, Rhoda tries to make light of the story, and stands at the spot where she sees the light, at the top of Graveyard Shoal and wonders about the mystery so far.
Chapter Seven: Bad Winds Blowing
Rhoda runs home, looking for her father. Daddy just left for the station, and when Rhoda arrives, she sees them practicing a drill. She tries to speak to her father, but loses her courage, and Daddy gets really mad, saying that she shouldn't be selfish and interrupt him just to see him. Rhoda starts crying and runs towards the stable. She strokes the stations' horse, Sadie, who hauls equipment down to the beach during an emergency. When she enters the stable, she smells a strong smell, like something burning. Harlan is raking out hay, and treats it lightly, but both Harlan and Rhoda look around. Rhoda finds that the smell is very strong about Sadie, but Harlan consoles her. Rhoda tells Harlan about how she never sees her father anymore and how he thinks of her as a child. Harlan comforts her, and Rhoda races towards the beach. In the dim light of the setting sun, she sees a light coming toward her.
Chapter Eight: A Heap of Money
It starts raining, and Rhoda bolts for home. She finds a lone, friendly mutt on her porch, and assumes it's the Piggott's dog. She finds an empty pouch around his neck, and returns the dog to Erskine Piggott, a young boy. Erskine insists that his father, Jake Piggott, gave the dog to Harlan, but Rhoda doesn't believe him, and tells him to make sure to give the pouch to his father.
Chapter Nine: An Illicit Deal
Saturday, Market Day, finally arrives. Mama lets each child pick out one sweet. Lucy Piggott, rude and bossy, gloats over at Rhoda, saying she got two beautiful dresses. Rhoda ignores her comments, but wonders where Jake got the money. Rhoda, despite her mother's strict rule, eavesdrops on a group of surfmen near the counter. She learns of the Mary Bradshaw, which wrecked recently. A mother and her child were lost, as well as some of the crew and other passengers. Rhoda is sadden by the loss, but is interrupted by her mother calling her. They leave the store, after Rhoda purchases a green velvet ribbon for Pearl that will match her dress for her trip to Norfolk. She sees Mr. Kimball and runs up to him, but realizes he is having an extremely important conversation with Jake Piggott. Mr. Kimball is distracted, and Jake is angry at her interruption. Mr. Kimball absentmindedly is surprised about Rhoda's knowledge of Norfolk, and says it depends on circumstances, still gazing at Jake walking away. Rhoda is greatly disturbed by Mr. Kimball's suspicious behavior, and leaves. She realizes she forgot to give him the ribbon. Later that day, after a visit with Pearl, Rhoda leaves to go home, late at night. She pass Mr. Kimball's shed and hears voices inside that she recognizes as Mr. Kimball and Mr. Piggott. They are arguing about a certain amount of money, and Mr. Piggott says, "Either you take my price, Kimball, or I go to Tom Midyette and blow the whistle on you. So, you see, you ain't got a choice." She wonders if Mr. Kimball is the wrecker.
Chapter Ten: Showdown in the Fish Shack
Rhoda gasps, and almost gets caught, but manages to hide in the shadows. She worries about Pearl, and tells herself that if Pearl finds out, she might die. She has a hard time sleeping when she gets home, and then hears a dog howling. She is surprised as no dogs live on her side of the island, but in the morning, she finds Jake Piggott's hound tied in a thicket. She realizes that the dog is Harlan's, thinking he hides him here because he is lonely, and can't house him in the station. When Rhoda sees the pouch on his collar, she thinks that Harlan must have gone to a lot of trouble to retrieve it. Later that day, Rhoda ventures out to Mr. Kimball's fish shack. Inside she finds a giant thing covered in white canvas. When she pulls it off, she sees a giant lantern, perfect for wrecking. She is in shock, but manages to say that she needs to tell her father. Pearl walks up behind her, and asks Rhoda what she means. Surprised, Rhoda asks Pearl what the lantern is for, and learns it is railway equipment, with the name stamped on the side. Rhoda accidentally implies her father stole it, and Pearl storms away, furious. However, she only gets so far, and then collapses to the ground, unconscious.
Chapter Eleven: Emergency!
Rhoda carries her to the shack and leaves her in the care of Old Ma. Racing to the station, Rhoda finds Mr. Kimball, after interrupting the fire drill, to her father's chagrin. Rhoda realizes this might be the only time to talk to her father about the wrecker, however when she asks to talk to him privately, Daddy becomes very angry, and she runs into the stable, crying. Surprised to find Harlan in the stable, he comforts her by telling her father is busy, but still loves her. With confidence, Rhoda confides in Harlan all her suspicions about the wrecker. Harlan leaves to talk with Daddy, and Rhoda finishes Sadie's stall. However, Rhoda starts worrying if this is a coincidence or not. She realizes that she can find out how. Racing up to her father's private quarters, Rhoda finds the log books and looks up the person on shift when she saw the light. She finds Mr. Kimball was on shift at the time, and is about to check the next time she saw the light, when she hears Daddy coming up the stairs.
Chapter Twelve: A Rat in a Trap
Rhoda is caught by her father for sneaking into his quarters, but he doesn't see the logbook. Daddy tries to apologize, and after tears all around, they hug. Rhoda wants to talk about Mr. Kimball, but worries her Dad will find her snooping. That night, Harlan stops by. When Rhoda mentions she saw the light on the night of the wreck of the Mary Bradshaw, Harlan says that Mr. Kimball asked to trade shifts with him. Rhoda asks to tell Daddy, before any more lives are claimed, but Harlan says they don't have enough evidence, and that it will be hard, since Daddy and Mr. Kimball are such close friends. They devise a trap. Rhoda will hide in Mr. Kimball's fish shack, waiting for Mr. Kimball to grab the lantern. Harlan will be on the beach, waiting for the wrecker, and will fetch Daddy.
Chapter Thirteen: Mr. Kimball's Confession
After school, Rhoda visits Pearl. Pearl at first accuses Rhoda of accusing her father, and when Rhoda tries to apologize, she only explains, making Pearl madder. In the end, they agree to not talk about it. After running to the shack, she hides inside, but is shocked to find Pearl behind her. Rhoda hears voices, and the two hide, though Pearl has no idea why. They hear Mr. Kimball and Jake Piggott talking about the nice profit both will make when the deal is finished. Mr. Kimball is antsy, and asks Jake if the buyer will honestly have no idea where the lot is from. "Didn't I tell you so on Saturday? Don't worry, Kimball. Your dirty secret is safe." Mr. Kimball only says, "It had better be." Jake uses this as an opportunity to tease him, saying if he's worried about getting in trouble with the patrol. Pearl starts trembling. The two exchange more guilty remarks. Soon, Rhoda finds this deal has nothing to do with ships, but with the railway equipment. Pearl runs after the two men outside, and asks what's going on. Mr. Kimball is shocked, and Jake starts swearing at the girls. Mr. Kimball picks him up and shakes him, saying "You're talking about my daughter and the daughter of my best friend, Piggott. If you know what's good for you, you'll watch your tongue." After Jake slinks away with the wagon, Mr. Kimball explains that after he was fired from his job at the railway company, he stole some equipment because he was mad. He had tried to hide it, but is selling it to pay for Pearl's visit to Norfolk. Both start crying, and hugging, and Pearl forgives him. But, when Mr. Kimball says that Harlan is on beach patrol, Rhoda is shocked and realizes that nothing is adding up. She wonders if she even saw the light, but then sees the light coming right towards her.
Chapter Fourteen: Treachery
Rhoda sees Harlan as the wrecker, and realizes a ship is about to wreck. She runs towards the forest. Grabbing the whelk shell, she gives it three long blasts, signaling trouble. Harlan looks up and sees her, Sadie rears and runs away, and Mr. Kimball hears the signal and comes running. Harlan chases after Rhoda, trying to hurt her, and Rhoda runs towards Mr. Kimball. Shouts sound from the lower end of the beach, and Harlan runs into the woods. Mr. Kimball is proud of Rhoda, but hurries to the station. When the two arrive, they are shocked to find Mr. Piggott reporting a ship sinking, the very ship sinking Rhoda had saved. She realizes that once Harlan wrecks a ship, he uses the dog to signal Jake, who tells Daddy. However, Jake think only that the ship sank, and doesn't know about Harlan's wrecking. Daddy immediately blames himself, saying that Harlan had a bad attitude, and was trouble. Rhoda is surprised at the flattery heaped on her, and says she was scared. She is surprised by Daddy's telling her that even he is scared when they go out for a rescue. The two hug, and Rhoda realizes that her father loved her all along, even if sometimes he forgot to show it.
The epilogue is a letter written to Pearl from Rhoda. Rhoda is ecstatic that Pearl will be home by September and is already feeling better. When Mr. Kimball told Daddy the story, Daddy wouldn't let Mr. Kimball resign, and he is still a surfsman. The fate of Harlan is slightly ironic. His ship wrecked trying to head for the mainland, not knowing how treacherous the waters are in a storm. Rhoda confides in Pearl that now, she feels stronger and braver, and though she won't ever be the same, she will always be Pearl's friend.


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Tags: Android, apps, google play, launches, mobile, Neighborhood, Nextdoor, Smartphone, smartphones, Social App, tablet, Tablets.
Posted 08/22/2013 at 10:42 AM
Posted 4 years ago
Nextdoor, a neighborhood-based social networking app that has proven popular on iOS, is now available for Android users.
Nextdoor is a private social network for more than 18,000 neighborhoods across the United States, and the two-year-old startup is now branching out to even more users. Previously only available as a web app and for Apple devices, the service will now welcome Google Play users into its private communities and allow them to share information with neighbors, get police updates, arrange get-togethers, and swap baking recipes, keeping good old community spirit alive for the social media generation.
While it is probably more in keeping with neighborhood spirit to just walk the ten yards to your neighbor's front door and chat face-to-face, nobody really does that anymore. And they've no need to; especially when they can simply login to the app and discuss community goings on from the comfort of the couch.
"We believe that we are becoming the lifeline of the neighborhood," said CEO of Nextdoor Nirav Tolia to CNET. "We are becoming that essential information source that keeps you notified of all the things that are happening around you."
Usage of the app is based on your address and the first person in your area to use it is required to set up boundaries for the catchment area. That person will also be asked to name the neighborhood and give reasons as to why they wish to invite neighbors. How members of the community choose to use the app is really up to them, but it does offer a good way to communicate with people you are not overly familiar with without having to share personal information.
Nextdoor says that the new app will work with 96 per cent of Android users, and the expansion into the Google Play Store comes just months before the company takes operations internationally, Nirav Tolia saying that Nextdoor is in talks with "dozens" of governments worldwide.
If you want to get more involved with what's going on in your community, you can download Next door now from the Google Play Store.
You must be logged in to post a comment.


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Manufacturing Area
Category: Multimeters
Overview – Handheld Signal level meter This handheld signal level meter is specially designed and manufactured for catv system installation and testing. It tests catv signal levels in both channel a ...Keyword : Signal Level Meter
Category: A/V Accessories
● 5.6" large monochrome CRT screen display ● Dual screen, display data and picture simultaneously ● Analog signal test ● Auto scan, voltage test ● Nylon carry bag, convenient for maint ...Keyword : CATV broadcast
Category: Communication Equipment
Description BD503 Handheld Optical Power meter is a self-developed test instrument which is widely used for installation, operation and maintenance of fiber-optic network. It features smart appearance ...Keyword : optical power meter | fiber optical power meter | mini power meter | handheld optical power meter | power meter
Category: Electric Meters
TLD7002 Handheld Laser source series is microprocessor-controlled intelligent Handheld Laser source. It can be used to test the usual single-mode optical fiber connector loss,a single-mode fiber-opt ...


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I just posted the new Target store coupons that we got for this week. The Horizon Snack Crackers coupon combines perfectly with a sale in the Publix Grocery Advantage Flyer. You can get them for only $.50 each at stacked coupons!
At Publix:
BUY TWO HORIZON SNACK CRACKERS 6.5 – 7.5 oz – on sale 2/$4
use one $1/1 Horizon Snack Crackers Target Store Coupon
use one BOGO Horizon Snack Crackers, Sandwich Crackers or Snack Grahams printable manufacturer's coupon *max value $4.29* (preclipped)
Net Price: $1 ($.50 each!)
Never miss another hot coupon, deal or freebie again! "Like" Couponaholic .NET on Facebook, Follow us on Pinterest, Follow us on Twitter, Follow us on Instagram or Subscribe to our Daily Email Newsletter!


text: North Louisiana Projects Before State Bond Commission By John Lee October 18, 2011 12:42 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Photo by Miran Rijavec/Flickr Funding for a number of north Louisiana capital outlay projects will be on the table when the State Bond Commission meets later this week. One of the larger area projects on the list for Thursday's Bond Commission meeting is $9-million in Priority-5 future funding to replace the North Louisiana Crime Lab. There's $1.2-million for a second phase of infrastructure rehabilitation at Camp Minden in Webster Parish and more than $6-million in Priority-5 future funding for improvements there. Heading east, there's about 7-million dollars for residence hall renovation and library projects at Grambling State University and a little over $17-million — most of that priority five — for renovations and improvements at the University of Louisiana-Monroe. Filed Under: Grambling | north louisiana crime lab | state bond commission Category: Ark-La-Tex News Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of 710 KEEL Fort Polk Soldiers Headed for Iraq Channing Tatum Says His 'Gambit' Movie Is Undergoing a 'Bit of a Rethink' Why Donald Trump's Newest White House Hire Has Everybody Googling Queen's 'Bohemian Rhapsody' John Heard, Star of 'Home Alone' and 'Big,' Dies at 72 Recommended For You ZergNet Best of the Web ZergNet


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Michael Simpson Jr Photographer
SThaoModel Female Madison, Wisconsin, US
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- Internships /
- Management /
- Client Management - Rookie Managers Wanted (Entry Level)
Similar Internships
Management TraineeSignature
ENTRY LEVEL - Customer Relationship Manager - NO EXPERIENCE NECESSARYFlorida Business Consulting
ENTRY LEVEL MANAGEMENTFlorida Business Consulting
Sales Account ManagerFlorida Business Consulting
Human Resources ManagerDani Felt Consulting
ManagementArmstrong World Industries
managementThe Blackstone Group L.P
Sports and Entertainment Management InternSport and Entertainment Management
Client Management - Rookie Managers Wanted (Entry Level)Bookmark This
Proof Management
31800 Northwestern Hwy
Farmington Hills, MI
Posted: October 15 2015
Always be on the alert for potentially fraudulent job postings online - never send money to a potential employer.
DescriptionClient Management - Rookie Managers Wanted (Entry Level)
Under moderate supervision, acts as liaison between the business customer and the client within specific sectors of business. The Client Management team is responsible for all aspects of new and previous customer acquisitions through sales.
This position is entry-level sales to potential customers. All successful trainees will be cross-trained into a management capacity within weeks. These employees will also be trained in human resources within 1 - 2 months, in preparation for our national expansion.
We don't hire managers. We train top-performers into management.
Manage new business accounts' satisfaction and knowledge of our client.
This job involves in-person sales to business owners.
Act as a mentor / coach / supervisor to subordinates.
Consult with customers to complete a needs assessment.
Trains the customer on use and feature functionality the client's website.
Communicates the customer's needs/expectations to appropriate personnel.
Notifies supervisor / management team of any application issues.
Interacts with the our Sales & Marketing Management team on various issues.
Supervise customers on placing orders.
Analyze market to determine approach to new or existing customers.
Developing professional expertise. Working with coaches to further develop management and leadership skills.
General knowledge of supervising employees.
General knowledge of human resources.
Able to successfully train and mentor.
Able to train customers to increase customer retention and satisfaction
Able to communicate with customers and provide outstanding customer service.
Able to meet aggressive deadlines.
Self starter, willing to learn and increase knowledge.
Typical office setting with environmentally controlled conditions. Although most duties will be performed with national renowned big box retail chain.
Team environment with individual accountability.
One-on-one coaching and training with the management team
Group training and role-play scenarios.
Dedicated human resources to assist employees in reaching their goals.


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commercial property for rent or lease, Industrial Space For Lease.
Mora Missouri, Commercial & Industry Space for lease or rent
Agents, Owners
Mora (MO) commercial property for lease, rent, and leased investments.
Find Mora industrial buildings for lease, retail rentals, & shops. Locate a Mora warehouse lease and any real estate for lease / investment, including industrial properties to rent and sale.
Some Mora commercial businesses may be more productive and efficient if they have adequate office area. In some areas the monthly lease on such Mora areas can very often make up a substantial amount of a small company's budget. Sometimes it's feasible to share facilities like conference rooms with other Mora tenants, to reduce costs. Consider different options before taking out a long-term lease on a large workplace when the possibility may exist that your Mora business could outgrow the areas quickly. Consider short-term rentals for companies that are growing and in transition.
Search Mora real estate and space for sale, lease and rent
While scouting suitable property you need for your Mora business, negotiating terms and conditions, expenses, maintenance & repairs costs, sub-lease options, and real estate liability can be involved, by having a professional Mora broker, you can save on time and stress by letting an experienced, knowledge professional do your bargaining for you. It's also wise to hire your own Mora real estate attorney to look over the final contract before committing to a long-term and legally binding contract. Early termination of lease contracts can be expensive.
Your long term Mora business plan and real estate commitment should be aligned as most real estate leases and investments are long in duration. Business leaders need to anticipate future growth and requirements of the Mora business to be positioned for the best and worst scenarios. Define the spaces you need and make sure the area can be designed to incorporate all requirements. Will the layout satisfy Mora employee expectations and will any possible employee relocation, or commute, to a new venue be achieved to everyone's satisfaction. Consider proximity to Mora facilities and amenities such as shopping, health care, childcare, etc.
Gilliam (Saline), Climax Springs (Camden), Smithton (Pettis), Miami, Bourbon (Crawford), Saint James (Phelps), Iberia (Miller), Plato (Texas), Fort Leonard Wood (Pulaski), Lynchburg (Laclede), Houston
in Mora Missouri (MO) (Pettis)


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Zoey print Preschool sized backpack. (Lunch Bag sold Separately)
Personalize this fun backpack with a name, three initials (triple initials), or single initial (one initial). Use the Additional Notes field to request a name or single initial.
Choose your favorite thread color - Choose a thread color by name from our solid ribbon chart.
MONOGRAM SHOWN: Diary Font with Shocking Pink Thread
Thread and Ribbon Colors: http://www.somethingyou.com/thread-and-ribbon-color-chart/
Monogram Fonts: http://www.somethingyou.com/monogram-fonts/
This product hasn't received any reviews yet. Be the first to review this product!


text:
By Sara Welch | Correspondent
The Southeast Pirates gathered around their victory bell, sending out deep tones, and alerting the scattering fans they that had won the night.
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text:
- Genomsnittlig
- Huvudrätt: £12
- Matkostnad: £25
- Öppettider
- Monday to Saturday: 09:00 - 23:00 Sunday: 09:00 - 22:30
Lovely food in charming and friendly atmosphere. Food arrived in acceptable time and waiter/waitress was very helpful would dine again.
Luke Preston
08 december 2015
från Norwich
At the buzzing Hardwick Retail Park, Frankie & Benny's Kings Lynn presents contemporary American and Italian cuisine to tired shoppers and diners in the area. Alongside gluten-free options, the menu presents a good selection of dishes for children and activity packs as well.
The Frankie & Benny's menu offers a tasty range of New York Italian classics. Legendary burgers include the juicy Brooklyn beef burger, loaded high with smoky barbecue pulled beef, and the Manhattan waffle burger topped with a sweet American waffle and drizzled with smoky barbecue sauce. There's also a wide range of pizzas and pastas, including the fully loaded mac 'n' cheese calzone, delicious Roman smoky pizza and signature F&B meatballs.
Enjoy a stateside-style breakfast, with all-American pancakes topped with bacon and syrup served with freshly ground coffee. A host of drinks are mixed at the bottle-lined bar, offering classic cocktails, world wines, and fresh milkshakes churned with your favourite ice cream flavour.
Easily accessed from the A149, Frankie & Benny's in Kings Lynn is an 8-minute drive from the Kings Lynn Rail Station.
Frankie & Benny's - Kings Lynn
Hardwick Retail Park, Paxman Road, Kings Lynn, PE30 4NA
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- Plats
- Service
- Drycker
(((** 21 december 2015 av Sarah Mallett från King's Lynn
((((( 8 december 2015 av Luke Preston från Norwich
Lovely food in charming and friendly atmosphere. Food arrived in acceptable time and waiter/waitress was very helpful would dine again.
((((( 7 december 2015 av Georgina Pryor från King's Lynn
Lovely experience nothing to much trouble, quick service nice food
((((* 22 november 2015 av Rachel Witt från King's Lynn
We all had a lovely meal and our waitress was great. Very impressed with the 200 cal pudding! It meant we could finish off with sweet without too many calories!
Tyvärr så kan du inte boka Frankie & Benny's - Kings Lynn online via vår hemsida
Erbjudanden direkt till din inkorg!
Hör om våra topperbjudanden först, och boka de bästa borden.
Du kommer snart att få tillgång till en massa bra erbjudanden
Restauranger i närheten
329m 3 recensionerTurners at Dukes Head Hotel
Turners at Dukes Head Hotel
435m 185 recensionerPrezzo - King's Lynn
Prezzo - King's Lynn
580m 279 recensionerMarket Bistro
Market Bistro
20374m 50 recensionerPrezzo - Wisbech
Prezzo - Wisbech


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This resort makes it possible to enjoy a memorable holiday on Thailand's most popular island destination. The property features a lobby, restaurant, room service, a car park and bicycle hire. The resort features 10 Family Villas, 6 pool access Deluxe Rooms, 2 Grand Suites (one with pool access), 6 Deluxe Rooms, 46 Superior Rooms and 20 Standard Rooms.
The resort is less than an 8-minute walk from the world-renowned Patong Beach and steps away from the Junceylon Shopping Center and the bustling entertainment venue Soi Bangla plus other convenient stores, banks and restaurants. Phuket International Airport is situated at a distance of approximately 35 km.
Every room is designed to meet all of guests' expectations. The Family Villas each come with 2 bedrooms with an en suite bathroom, a fully-equipped kitchen with dining room and a living room. All rooms are equipped with a direct dial telephone, satellite/cable TV, Internet access, a safe, individually regulated air conditioning, and a balcony or terrace. The en suite bathrooms are fitted with a shower, bath and hairdryer. The kitchens offer a minibar, fridge, and tea and coffee making facilities.
The entertainment at the resort includes a poolside bar (for a fee). For relaxation guests can enjoy an outdoor pool. There is also a gym at the resort.
The poolside restaurant serves both Thai and international fusion food. It is cosily situated by the beautifully designed swimming pool that stretches more than 60 m long, and creates a great ambience for guests to enjoy.
American Express, MasterCard and VISA are accepted as methods of payment.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Internet access
Tea Coffee
Individual airconditioned


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Does anyone know a linux solution not too hard to configure and maintain that will do backups of windows servers.
Basically there is a few windows 2008 boxes that needs to be backed up and a very small budget so can not go for backup exec which will fit the bill.
The solution should be a server that will have a second partition of 2 to 3 TB as empty space.
The server backup will run at night and throw the backup on that space and then the tape job will run during the day.
Though of samba share and windows nt backup but then i am not sure if I will be able to seen the tape data before the restore as specific files or folders.
Any help is most welcome.
Thanks and regards,
13 Replies
Apr 10, 2011 at 12:44 UTC
Immediate free choices popping to mind are SyncToy and BackupPC:
SyncToy with Windows Scheduler, http:/
/ community.spiceworks.com/ product/ 6807-microsoft-synctoy
BackupPC, http:/
/and http:/ community.spiceworks.com/ how_to/ show/ 1774 / community.spiceworks.com/ how_to/ show/ 1820
Robocopy and Richcopy may work:
Robocopy, http:/
/ community.spiceworks.com/ how_to/ show/ 1350
RichCopy, http:/
/ community.spiceworks.com/ how_to/ show/ 1351
Three of the four are Windows tools, BackupPC is from the Linux side. (Not sure how/why Linux enters the OP scenario.)
Few thoughts on the server backup situation in general:
- Grab a cup of coffee, and read ...
/ community.spiceworks.com/ topic/ 124762-how-do-you-guys-backup-your-servers
Apr 10, 2011 at 1:43 UTC
Niagara Technology Group (NTG) is an IT service provider.
Amanda too. There are a lot of options for this depending on your needs.
Apr 10, 2011 at 2:17 UTC
I looked at Amanda, its not the easiest to configure :-(
Apr 10, 2011 at 2:24 UTC
Niagara Technology Group (NTG) is an IT service provider.
I looked at Amanda, its not the easiest to configure :-(
Nope, not so much.
Apr 10, 2011 at 9:10 UTC
1st Post
I have used Bacula for this kind of thing in the past. It can be a challenge to setup. I think most backup solutions like this are. It has support for everything you mentioned including tape support. Very powerful. There is also a web console available although I've never played with it.
Apr 11, 2011 at 4:31 UTC
We use RoboCopy in the reverse way to use from Buffalo TeraStations through to a Windows Server (2003) and the on to another TeraStation.
It works quite well, a few points though Daylight Saving can give problems as time difference between the machines causes all files to get updated, but if you have enough bandwidth or are doing it internally and using the mirror function then it should be an easy one to try.
Apr 11, 2011 at 5:26 UTC
The free version of Syncback will work for File backups to a share.
The Server2008 backup doesn't use NTbackup anymore,what it does now is create VHD files of every drive on the server. These VHD files can be mounted as Harddrives on Windows Vista/7/Server 2008 should you need to access the files directly inside the VHDs
Apr 11, 2011 at 5:57 UTC
Outermost Systems, LLC is an IT service provider.
+1 Bacula. I've used it on a Linux server to backup itself, four other Linux servers and 4 Win 2000 VOIP servers. It can be complex, but with the complexity comes power.
Apr 11, 2011 at 7:44 UTC
Samba shares and the inbuilt windows backup routine on a schedule?
or create a virtual windows machine running on the linux server for you to restore any backups over should everything go wrong
Apr 11, 2011 at 9:16 UTC
Bacula has a Windows client and works great for file servers. It's actually one of the easiest Linux programs I've ever dealt with - there is a level of complexity, but it's well documented and doesn't assume you're stupid. BackupPC is geared more towards end-users, including letting them restore their own files, and again works great.
Apr 11, 2011 at 9:55 UTC
for a free system that while yes it is a bit complex (though has one of the best communities and forum sections that make it easier) is AMANDA you will be rather hard pressed to find a better solution
Oct 12, 2011 at 1:21 UTC
Samba shares and the inbuilt windows backup routine on a schedule?
or create a virtual windows machine running on the linux server for you to restore any backups over should everything go wrong
That's what I'm talking about. Virtualization from a linux platform. The Windows backup can have it's problems though. Cost effective solution if you can verify it's working right.
Nov 1, 2011 at 9:42 UTC
I highly recommend Debian as a stable, secure distro that will not break or cause you any fuss.
At that point, you have many options. Aside from the full-fledged apps like Bacula, Amanda, and BackupPC, which can sometimes be overkill, you have many options, depending on what exactly you are trying to do:
- Unison (cross-platform)
- Duplicity
- rsnapshot
- rsync script as an alternative to rdiff-backup, which can sometimes corrupt your backup files
- A simple bash backup script
Most of these are simple tools that can be scripted quite easily. All you need is for the linux server to be able to mount the file shares, probably through Samba.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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v Sorting out requests for vouchers
v Submitting them for approval
v Proper documentation of the vouchers
v Safe guard all church Assets and Properties
v All Administrative duties inclusive:
· Preparation of letters
· Sending, receiving and distribution of letters to appropriate quarters
· Welcoming of visitors.
v Supervise and coordinate other church staff
v Make sure the church is always clean and ready for all programmes
v Routine check on the generating set and the church buses.
v Supervise the purchase and the usage of diesel
v Staying beyond official hours as the need arises
v Receive telephone calls
v Maintain church records, confidential files and contacts.
v Send bulk SMS to workers
v Maintenance of the church properties
v Ensuring the payment of salaries to the church staff.
v Work on Microsoft Office Applications: Ms Word, Excel and PowerPoint.
v Purchase of office items, stationeries, furniture's etc
v Any other duties as assigned by the Senior Pastor.
v Marketing the company's products
v Creating new markets and clients for the company
v Submitting proposals and securing sales presentations.
v Penetrating the retail markets
v Maintaining records of clients, sales and accounts
v Securing venues for the company's programs
v Making sure that all materials needed are in-tact
v Support the publicity departments in making sure that all gadgets needed for adverts are in place
v Securing the right Advert Platforms- Radio, Television, Billboards, Banners, Posters, Handbills and T-shirts branding
v Negotiating with mini contractors for a quality job and output.
v Coordination of eligible voters
v Collect and enter eligible voters' data into the system.
v Capture the eligible voters passport photographs
v Scan the eligible voters 10 fingers
v Save the data collected
v Print out a Temporary voters card for each successful eligible voter
v Print out daily and weekly reports with statistical charts showing the total number of eligible voters registered daily and weekly.
v Give a comprehensive report on the overall program (registration exercise) in my unit with statistical charts and figures.


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National legal business DWF has advised RooGreen Ventures in connection with the management buyout of UK gym and health club Total Fitness.
The deal is backed by private equity firm NorthEdge Capital and RooGreen Ventures, who will reinvest in the business as part of the buyout, funding the continued refurbishment of the club estate and the funding of new business opportunities.
The DWF team, led by Jonathan Robinson and Vicky Ross advised Brian Davidson and Warwick Ley of RooGreen Ventures on the deal, which concludes a highly successful turnaround of the health club. Davidson and Ley joined the Total Fitness Board in December 2012, and, working with Chief Executive of Total Fitness, Richard Millman, a 14% increase in the club's membership base has been delivered with the business brought back into profit. The club currently operates 17 fitness and leisure clubs across the North of England, with over 87,000 members and 550 employees.
Jonathan Robinson, a partner in DWF's corporate and banking team, commented: "The Total Fitness brand is one of the leading health clubs in the North of England, and the business has achieved remarkable growth over the last two years. We were pleased to have advised RooGreen on this next phase, which is going to be a great opportunity to drive further profitability, increase membership and invest further in the club's future."
Warwick Ley, non-executive chairman of Total Fitness commented "The results of the last 2 plus years at Total Fitness typify the tremendous achievement by each and everyone involved against what was a highly challenging backdrop. The team has defied many people's expectations and they should be very proud of the formal endorsement of their achievements and future plans by NorthEdge. We are delighted to have worked with the DWF team once again and would like to thank them for their help on the transaction"
Deloitte (Andy Westbrook) provided corporate finance advice to NorthEdge Capital, while KPMG completed financial and tax due diligence (John Moth and Steve Heath). GunnerCooke provided legal advice to NorthEdge (Tim Hamilton and Nick Ducker), while DWF (Jonathan Robinson and Vicky Ross) advised RooGreen Ventures and management. DLA (Tim Lake) advised the vendors.


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Armchair neat freak: 10 pretty things to look at for your home
If you are not familiar with justb's Armchair Neat Freak, then let Pip Lincolne tell you more.
"Sometimes we WANT to be neat. Sometimes we WANT our houses to be full of interesting, quirky good design. Sometimes we want to know what the next big thing in pouffes is. Perhaps we need to be in touch with what's on trend, be it Ikat or Floral or Tribal or Chevron. The Armchair Neat Freak let's us do all that from the comfort of our own worn out couch, whilst we drink Milo."
Here are 10 fabulous things Armchair Neat Freak has uncovered on justb:
1. Lovely shoe storage ideas:
I do love me a pair of shoes. I am actually not game to count how many I own. They are all squirrelled away in clear plastic boxes in a number of locations. The numerous locations brought about by *necessity* and our small, small bedroom. Which is why, when I (and my bedroom) grow up, my shoes should get excited. I have LOTS of ideas for you. Yes, I do shoes. Yes, I do. Read more shoe storage ideas.
2. Princely prints to hang on your wall:
Today I thought we would fly in the face of the anti-cliche and look at some lovely prints in some lovely homes. Yes they are in frames. Yes they are in clusters even. Maybe it's a cliche. I don't care. I like it. It's good to know what you like, don't you think? Read more about prints.
3. Home offices to get you working:
I do love a bit of virtual neatness. For me, there is nothing quite like the calm thrill of casting my eyes over the internet, settling on pictures of neatness and interiors beauty that will never be emulated in my own home. Ah. So satisfying. So organized! I'm taking you to the office. I'm going to show you some of my very fave work spaces, in the hope that they will inspire you (and me!) to cuten up your place a tad more. Read about home offices.
4. Nicely done nurseries:
Aw babies. I had three babies. Yep. They are all grown up now, the youngest being 12. OMG. How the heck did that happen? Regardless of my own kids' accelerated growth, there are LOTS of babies about, still. Here are some cute pics for nursery styling. I am not a huge fan of the traditional nursery, so I've tried to divert from the usual white walls, white crib, pastel blankie drill and show you something cuter. Read more about baby nurseries.
5. Lovely laundries:
I spend a fair chunk of my time in the laundry. I do not CHOOSE to be there but a family of five produces an incredible amount of washing every week.Now, if I had a laundry like one of these, I think would become instantly super domesticated. I'd even put on an floral and frilly apron … and maybe even a ribbon in my hair. Read more about lovely laundries.
6. Beautiful beds:
We are zoning in on the bed. I want you to MAKE YOUR BED nice. Yes. Make it nice. Make it neat if you want to, but most importantly make it cute and comfy. Let's look in the bedroom. Let's jump on the bed!
7. Cool couches:
This neat freak invites you to cast your eyes across some cozy sofas, in a virtual kind of way. We've chosen some of our very favourites being sure to include a bit of contemporary, a bit of Nanna, a bit of on-trend, a bit of nostalgic classic, a bit of crazy pizzazz and even some soothing awesomeness. Read more about couches.
8. Happening holiday houses:
Perhaps you are teetering between work and holidays? Perhaps you are not on holidays at all? Perhaps you are reading this from some cosy cottage midst the cornflowers in the country. Or something. The Armchair Neat Freak does not mind where you are or what you are up to. The Armchair Neat Freak just wants to show you these great holiday-ish houses. Come neat freak with us!
9. Outdoor dining ideas:
By all means get inspired and dine outdoors. We dare you. Or you could look at these nice pictures and pretend to be outdoors, from the comfort of your Armchair. It's your call, really! Look at these pretty outdoor dining pictures.
10. Beautiful bathrooms:
The bathroom is the most important room in the house, in my opinion. It's where I get all my good ideas and it's also the only room where I can hide out, because it's got a lock on the door. Sometimes I just go in there and lock the door and PRETEND I'm doing something girly and important. Really I am sitting on the floor drinking coffee and looking at blogs on my iPad. Don't tell. Just look at other pretty bathrooms.


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Consultation outcome
A new Armed Forces Pension Scheme will be introduced from April 2015.
Read the 'Final agreement' for the new armed forces pension.
This consultation ran from31 July 2012 to
11:45pm on 7 September 2012
The final stage of the Future Armed Forces Pension consultation.
The 'Outline scheme design' document launched the final consultation phase to brief service personnel and external stakeholders.
MOD would like to thank all those who participated in the final consultation.
The Chief of Defence Staff introduces the scheme
A detailed look at the new Armed Forces Pension Scheme
Related information:
Ref: DCDS/2/2012
31 July 2012
Ministry of Defence
Part of:
Armed Forces Pension Scheme 2015
Don't include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details.