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Correlation between deflections measurements on flexible pavements obtained under static and dynamic load techniques
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1 Correlation between deflections measurements on flexible pavements obtained under static and dynamic load techniques Corrélation entre les déflexions de revêtements flexibles mesurées sous chargement statique et dynamique Murillo Feo C.A. Ph.D., Civil Engineering, Department of Civil and Agricultural Engineering. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. NQS Bogotá, Colombia Bejarano Urrego L.E. Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. NQS Bogotá, Colombia. ABSTRACT: Over the last 40 years several nondestructive techniques have been developed for determining the structural capacity of flexible pavements as a function of the deflections produced by the application of a load. The techniques most used in Colombia to measure pavement deflections are the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and the Benkelman beam, the first one works under dynamic loading and the second device under static loading. However, for over 10 years, the use of devices under static loading has not been recommended by several design methodologies, including AASHTO, but these are still used widely in many countries, for this reason it was necessary to establish the correlation between the deflections obtained from FWD and Benkelman beam, specially on deteriorated pavement structures; for this purpose, it was selected a section of flexible pavement road with presence of different types of deterioration. The influence of type of deterioration, the temperature of the asphalt layer and the presence of nearby drainage structures and vegetation in the measurements were evaluated. The obtained results showed that both devices have high correlation, and it is possible to obtain FWD deflections as a function of Benkelman beam deflections. RÉSUMÉ : Dans les quarante dernières années plusieurs techniques ont été utilisées pour déterminer la portance des chaussées en utilisant les bassins de déflection générée par l application d une charge. Le déflectomètre FWD est devenu aujourd'hui l appareil de référence international pour la détermination de la portance des chaussées. Cependant, en Colombie, la poutre Benkelman est la technique plus utilisée, bien que l utilisation d appareils sous charge statique n ait pas été recommandée par plusieurs méthodologies. Par conséquent, il était nécessaire d établir la corrélation entre les déflexions obtenues à partir de la poutre Benkelman et le FWD. Plusieurs tests ont été menés afin de réaliser la comparaison entre les déflections obtenues par la charge statique ainsi que la charge dynamique. Les essais ont été réalisés sur chaussée souple avec différents types de détérioration. L influence du type de déficience, la température, la végétation ont été pris en compte. Les résultats ont montré qu il est possible d établir une corrélation entre les deux appareils. KEYWORDS: Non-destructive test, Benkelman beam, FWD, deflections, flexible pavement, structural number, resilient modulus, backcalculation. 1 INRODUCTION Most of the road network in Colombia has a significant level of deterioration and therefore requires major rehabilitation projects; in general, most of these rehabilitation activities involve a new asphalt layer on the original pavement structure; knowledge and analysis of structural capacity of the pavement is essential to perform a durable and economical rehabilitation design. It is possible to quantify the structural capacity of the pavement by means of the structural number (SN), which, in this case, is obtained in function of the deflections generated on the surface of the pavement by a process of backcalculation. The most used equipment in Colombia for measuring deflections on pavement structures are the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) which works under dynamic loading and the Benkelman beam which works under static loading. The Benkelman beam was one of the first methods developed for measuring deflections on pavements, is economical, readily available and has been widely used in the world, however, its performance is slow, has high degree of uncertainty taking data and mainly it operates under a static load which does not really represent the effects exerted by moving vehicles, presenting low reliability of results. On the other hand the FWD, although it is more expensive, has a high performance, is automated and operates under a dynamic load, this is the most efficient equipment and advanced technically exists to measure the deflections of a pavement structure simulating the action of a moving load. Different associations like the AASHTO do not recommend the use of deflectometers under static load, but in several countries, including Colombia which presents damage in the most of the road network, these devices are still in use especially the Benkelman beam, not only for structural evaluation but also for design of pavement structures; this is due especially to difficult acquisition, unfamiliarity and cost of falling weight deflectometer. 393
2 Proceedings of the 18 th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013 Therefore, it is important to determine the degree of correlation between these two devices to be able to obtain FWD deflections as a function of Benkelman beam deflections. 2 DEFLECTOMETRY The deflection of an asphalt pavement structure is the vertical displacement of the surface in response to application of an external load. When this load is applied on the surface, all layers are deflected, developing stress and strain in each layer, as shown in Figure 1. The shape and dimension of the deflection basin covers important information about the structural characteristics of both the pavement and subgrade. Deflections measured towards the end of the basin reflect the condition of the subgrade, while the measurements taken in the center of load application reflect the condition of the surface layer.figure1 shows the evaluation of the pavement according to the length (Lo) and a maximum depth (Do) of the basin. Type Do Lo EVALUATION I Low High Good subgrade soil/ Good pavement II High High Poor subgrade soil/ Good pavement III Low Low Good subgrade soil/poor pavement performance IV High Low Poor subgrade soil /Poor pavement performance Figure1.Characteristics of deflection basin 2.1 Admissible deflection value wheree: elastic modulus of the materials, μ: Poisson's ratio, d: deflection of the pavement structure, σ: stress on each layer of the structure, ε: strain, and D: layers thickness.there are several backcalculation methodologies, most of them carried out in function of the deflections obtained only under dynamic load including the AASHTO and SASW methodology which was used for the analysis of the deflections obtained from FWD.( Murillo et al, 2009). There exist few methodologies developed from deflections under static load, because these procedures do not simulate adequately the real effects of moving loads. Mario Hoffman, in 1975, presented a methodology based on the "Hogg Model", which was used in the present study for backcalculation procedure based on the deflections obtained using the Benkelman Beam. Figure 2.Algorithm backcalculation of M R- AASHTO AASHTO Methodology (for FWD) The guide for designing of pavement structures AASHTO establishes a procedure to calculate the resilient module (M R )and thereafter the effective structural number (pavement structural capacity) as shown in the flowchart of Figure 2. The maximum values of deflection for design purposes estimated by Hveem (1995) are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Maximum deflection values estimated by Hveem, Type of pavem ent structure Thickness (mm) 3 BACKCALCULATION METHODOLOGY Maximum deflection value (microns) Concrete pavement Cement treated base Asphalt pavement Asphalt pavement on base course (plant mixed) Asphalt pavement on base course (plant mixed) Asphalt pavement on base course (In situ) Surface treatment pavement Table 2 shows the basics of back calculation methodology.the back calculation outputs are the modulus of elasticity of the pavement structure, effective structural number of the pavement layers, and subgrade soil resilient modulus. Table 2. Representation of back calculation methodology DIRECT CALCULATION E, Di,μ d,σ,ε BACKCALCULATION E,σ,ε d, Di,μ wheremr: resilient modulus of the subgrade (psi), P: applied load (pounds), r: distance from the center of the load (inch), d r : deflection at a distance "r" from the center of the load (inch), a e : radius of the bulb of pressure representing the subgrade level (inch), a: radius of the loading Ring (inch), D: thickness of the pavement structure above the subgrade (inch), Ep: equivalent modulus of all pavement layers above the subgrade (psi), d 0 : deflection at the center of the load plate, adjusted to a temperature of 20 ⁰ C (inch), p: pressure of load plate (P/πa2).The effective structural number (SN eff ) is calculated based on the total thickness of the pavement and its effective modulus as shown below. (1) 394
3 Technical Committee Session II / Comité technique Session II where H T :total thickness of the pavement structure (in), Ep: equivalent modulus of pavement structure above the subgrade (psi) Hogg Model Methodology (for Viga Benke.) In 1944, Hogg presented the mathematical solution of the model which is known by his Figure 3. Scheme of Hogg mode name. This assumes that Hoffman, Mario the pavement layers are characterized by a thin plate with a certain bending stiffness. The subgrade is represented by an elastic, linear, homogeneous and isotropic medium (Figure 3).Hoffman, in 1977, presented the computerized solution of the model, which is summarized below in Figure 5. negatively causing transverse and block cracks by the action of the root system. Figure 4.Study area. Road network at Universidad Nacional de Colombia -Bogotá Figure 5. Methodology of Hogg Model for calculation of subgrade modulus 5 MEASUREMENT DEVICES where A: radius of the contact circular footprint, P: load on the double rim (1/2 of the load on back axle. Example 80 KN / 2 = 40KN), p: inflation pressure, R: distance which deflection D R is measured, D 0 : maximum deflection, D R : deflection at a distance R, R 5 : distance from the geometric center of the double rim along until obtaining the relation D R /D 0 =0.5, lo: characteristic length of the deflection basin, S 0 : stiffness for theoretical point load, S: stiffness of the pavement, E 0 : modulus of subgrade (kg/cm 2 ). I, K, M, X, Y, A, B, C: numerical coefficients developed for the model (see Ref 5). The effective structural number (SN eff ) is calculated depending on the characteristic length and the modulus of subgrade as shown below: 5.1 Benkelman beam Benkelman beam (Figure 5) is a device which operates on a simple lever arm principle, the unit consists of a rigid support beam, pivot, one or two measurement probe beams and dials indicator. It is a convenient and practical device for measuring deflection of flexible pavements under the action of wheel loads and works in conjunction with a suitable loaded vehicle (back axle loaded with 80 KN).The probe beam is placed between the dual tires of a test vehicle, and deflection is measured as the vehicle passes over the test area to beyond the end of the probe beam..... (2) where E 0 : modulus of subgrade (MPa), l 0 : characteristic length (cm). It is possible to calculate the equivalent modulus of pavement layers by means of Ullidtz proposal. 4 STUDY AREA The study area is located on the campus of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Bogotá, it includes three sections of flexible pavement structure which are part of the road network of the university, these are: the main Ring road with a length of 2375 meters, vehicular access Calle 53 with length of 480 meters and vehicular access Transversal 38 with a length of 280 meters. The deflection measurement was taken in 66 points, as shown in Figure 4.The area presented various types of damage including longitudinal failures, fatigue cracking (alligator cracking), interventions of asphalt patching, edge cracking and small potholes. Moreover vegetation influence is quite evident Figure 6.Benkelman beam (two-part probe beam) The measurements were taken at 0 (Lo), 75, 150 and 300 cm, the end of the two probe beams were separated 25 cm each other, which means the readings were estimated at 0, 25, 75, 100, 150, 175, 300 and 325 cm from the center of load application. The temperature was taken with a manual thermometer. 395
4 Proceedings of the 18 th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris FWD The falling weight deflectometer, FWD works by dropping a controlled weight and transmitted to the pavement structure through a circular plate as shown in Figure 6. A set of geophones (deformation sensors) mounted radially from the center of the load plate measure the deflection in response of load pulse. The distribution of deflection sensors are shown in Table 3. The FWD used in the tests was model JILS-20, programmed with a load pulse of 9000 pounds and three impact tests at every point. The equipment had an infrared sensor to measure the temperature of the asphalt layer. Figure 6.FWD a) Equipment mounting b)load cell and deflection sensors system Figure 7. b)deflection basin-fwd, CL 53. a) b) Table 1. FWD - Sensor configuration Figure 7c) Deflection basin-benkelman Beam, Ring road (K K1+150). FWD Geophones configuration FWD Sensor number # 9 # 1 (do) # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5 # 6 # 7 # 8 Offset from FWD load plate (cm) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 5.1 Deflection basins Figure 7 shows representative results of deflection basins acquired in the study. The tendency of the deflection curves are deep and of short length, which means that the subgrade corresponds to a poor quality soil and deficient pavement performance.it was observed that the deflection basins obtained from the Benkelman beam are much deeper (12 to 232 mm -2 ) than those obtained using FWD (31,29 to 164,14 mm -2 ) giving more critical quality of the structure, although largely this is due to static charging system (Figure 8); that is, the analysis performed with the Benkelman Beam is more unfavorable, being that a deeper deflection curve indicates a deficient performance not only of the pavement structure but also of the subgrade. Figure 7d) Deflection basin-fwd, Ring road ((K0+600-K1+150) Figure 8. Typical deflection basin throughout the area, obtained using Benkelman beam and FWD Figure 7. a) Deflection basin -Benkelman Beam, CL
5 Technical Committee Session II / Comité technique Session II Figure 9 shows that presence of damages such as block and transverse cracking (mostly caused by tree roots) strongly affect the measurement resulting deflection values lower than average. The Benkelman beam technique is more susceptible to this cause. Figure 12. Maximum deflection value profile (d 0) - Ring road. Figure 9.Deflection basin on areas affected by block cracking In areas intervened with asphalt patching also the curve tends to be shallower than the average (Figure 10). In contrast, Figure 11 shows that on areas with longitudinal failuresthe deflection measurements resulted be higher than average, over 0.8 mm. The presence of other type of damage or drainage structures also caused high deflection measurements, over 1 mm. Figure 12 clearly shows deflections obtained from both devices follow the same trend. Both deflection profiles obtained using the Benkelman and FWD are outside the range of the maximum allowable deflection. The deflection values furthest from the trend correspond to test points affected by transverse cracking (usually caused by tree roots), mainly those measurements values obtained with the Benkelman beam. Table 4. Maximum deflection - average per section MAXIMUM DEFLECTION NORMALIZED TO 20 O C SECTION Benkel. Beam FWD Position on the road 0,01 mm 0,01 mm Acceso Cl 53 [K0+000 K0+480] Acceso Trans. 40 [K0+000 K0+280] Anillo vial [K0+600 K1+150] Anillo vial [K1+200 K1+750] Anillo vial [K1+800 K2+350] Anillo vial [K0+000 K0+550] The average of maximum deflection values (Do) is around 0.8 mm, which means a pavement structure of low stiffness and subgrade of low-bearing capacity. As shown in Table 4, the section in best condition is the Ring road [K1+800 K2+350]. 5.3 Comparison between Benkelman beam and FWD measurements Figure 10. Typical deflection basin on areas with asphalt patching interventions The correlation between the deflection data obtained from FWD and Benkelman beam is shown in Figure 15. Equations (3) and (4) were obtained in order to convert Benkelman beam deflections to FWD deflections taking into account falling weight deflectometers simulate better the real effects made by moving loads. Figure 11.Typical deflection basin on areas with presence of longitudinal cracks 5.2 Maximum deflection value(d 0 ) The pavement structure of the test roads has an asphalt layer thickness of 100 mm on average, according to Table 1 the permissible maximum deflection value corresponds to 42,5 mm -2. Figure 14 shows the maximum deflectionprofile in the Ring road and the permissible value. Figure 12. Correlation between deflections obtained with Benkelman beam and FWD... (3). (4) where FWD: maximum deflection value (Do) obtained fromfwd normalized to a standard temperature of 20 C (68 F), B = 397
6 Proceedings of the 18 th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013 maximum deflection value (Do) obtained frombenkelman beam normalized to a standard temperature of 20 C (68 F).The correlation equations (3) and (4) are optimal for deflections measurements taken on flexible pavement structures of low stiffness, it is possible to use them in deteriorated structures, preferably without presence neither transverse nor block cracking (especially that caused by surrounding vegetation). These equations are recommended for deflections between 0.3 and 1.8 millimeters. 5.4 Subgrade soil modulus Both subgrade soilresilientmodulusand effective structural numbers obtained using AASHTO methodology prove to be higher than those obtained using the methodology of the Hogg Model; that is the results obtained with the Benkelman beam still are more unfavorable just as in the analysis of the deflection basins. Table 5. Subgrade soil modulus obtained in each section SECTION Position on the road SUBGRADE MODULUS (Mpa) BENK. BEAM c (%) FWD c (%) Acceso Cl 53 [K0+000 K0+480] Acceso Trans. 40 [K0+000 K0+280] Anillo vial [K0+600 K1+150] Anillo vial [K1+200 K1+750] Anillo vial [K1+800 K2+350] Anillo vial [K0+000 K0+550] AVERAGE c: Variation coefficient As shown in Table 5, on average in all test area, the modulus of subgrade were 40,5MPa (5880 psi) obtained using the Benkelman Beam and 61,6 MPa (8931 psi) with FWD. Thesesubgrade modulus values correspond to a fine-grained soft soil such as fat clays and silts. 5.5 Effective structural number (SNeff) On average, the effective structural number (SNeff) was 1,6 obtained using the methodology of the Hogg Model for Benkelman beam measurements and 2,4 obtained using AASHTO methodology for FWD measurements; it is demonstrated that the structural assessment carried out with the Benkelman beam is more critical than the one carried out with the FWD, this is because the deflections obtained usingbenkelman beam are higher for being taken under static load. As shown in Table 6, these effective structural number values are very low, representing the low pavement structural capacity and the need for implementation of a rehabilitation project. 6 CONCLUSIONS Table 6. Effective structural number obtained with both techniques EFFECTIVE STRUCTURAL NUMBER, SECTION Position on the road SNeff BENK. BEAM c (%) FWD c (%) Acceso Cl 53 [K0+000 K0+480] Acceso Trans. 40 [K0+000 K0+280] Anillo vial [K0+600 K1+150] Anillo vial [K1+200 K1+750] Anillo vial [K1+800 K2+350] Anillo vial [K0+000 K0+550] AVERAGE Deflections under static load are higher than those generated by dynamic load; this is due to longer duration of load application. Therefore, the results obtained from deflection values under static load do not represent accurately the effects made by moving loads (moving vehicles), so the structural analysis made using static loading equipment may generate higher costs in rehabilitation projects. -Most deflection basins obtained are deep and short extension, which means presence of poor subgrade soils and low performance of pavement layers (low structural pavement capacity). -Backcalculation of subgrade soil modulus is a simple nondestructive procedure, more practical and faster than calculation by laboratory tests; and more reliable than using correlations based on other parameters as CBR. -Exist a correlation (R 2 =0,82) between the deflections obtained from Benkelman beam and FWD. The estimated equations are recommended to use in structural analysis of low stiffness pavement. It is possible to use them on deteriorated structures, preferably without presence neither transverse nor block cracking (especially that caused by surrounding vegetation). -It was observed that presence of damages such as block and transverse cracking (mostly produced by the effect of tree roots) as well as asphalt patching interventions markedly influence the measurement, resulting deflection values lower than average. In contrast, presence of longitudinal failures as well as drainage structures nearby causedeflection measurements higher than average. It is not recommended to take deflections measurements on these areas. -The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of data obtained using Benkelman beam are higher than those obtained using FWD. 7 REFERENCES 1. AASHTO, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. 2. Beena SukumaraN Suitability of using california bearing ratio test to predict resilient modulus. RowanUniversity. 3. Crespo del Río, Ramón. Cálculo de refuerzo de firmes según el método AASHTO. AEPO, Ingenieros Consultores S.A. 4. Crespo del Río, Ramón Valores de la deflexión según el equipo de medida. AEPO, Ingenieros Consultores S.A. 5. Hoffman, Mario Estudio de evaluación estructural de pavimentos basados en la interpretación de curvas de deflexiones (ensayos no destructivos). Louis Berger Internacional Inc. 6. INVIAS - Instituto Nacional de Vías. Guía metodológica para el diseño de obras de rehabilitación de pavimentos asfalticos de carreteras. Segundaedición.Colombia, Murillo, C.; Thorel, L. & B. Caicedo. A Miniature Falling Weight device for Non Intrusive Characterization of Soils in the Centrifuge.Geotechnical Testing Journal. ISSN: (July 2009). 8. Petersen Acevedo, Miguel. Relación entre módulo resiliente determinado mediante deflectómetro de impacto y el de laboratorio. Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María. Valparaíso, Chile. 9. Sturm, H. and Skinner, Michael. Developmentofa pavement management and prioritization framework for three activemunicipal landfills. Pavement Performance Case Studies Session of the 2012 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada Fredericton, New Brunswick,
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text:
Title: The Not Knowing
Author: Willow
Summary: Josh looks after Charlie while they wait for news on Zoey.
Episode: Post season 4, '25'.
Characters: Josh and Charlie, some Sam, some ensemble.
Rating: PG
Disclaimer: They all belong to Aaron Sorkin, NBC, John Wells and many others who aren't me.
Josh turned the light on and walked into his apartment, throwing his backpack on the couch, while Charlie stood defiantly in the doorway. Josh glanced at him, walked into the kitchen and asked, "You want a drink?"
"I want to go back to the White House."
"So you keep saying."
"So let me go."
"I'm not stopping you."
"This is ridiculous," Charlie complained.
"Yes it is," Josh agreed.
Charlie closed the apartment door and stood watching Josh. "We could have just waited in our cars."
"For five hours?"
"Which wouldn't have been more ridiculous?" Josh asked.
Charlie walked into the lounge and sat on the couch. "I should be doing something," he said. He turned the television on and sat watching the news. He flicked between channels, but there was only one story being covered tonight. "I should be doing something," he repeated, more to himself than Josh.
Josh handed him a coffee. "There's nothing we can do."
"I know," Charlie sighed. He stared at the TV, at a picture of Zoey taken a couple of years ago. "Why did I let her go to the club?"
"She's a grown woman, how could you have stopped her?"
"I wanted to hit him," Charlie told Josh. "John Paul," he clarified, "I should have hit him."
"Would that have helped?" Josh asked.
"Would have made me feel better."
"No." Charlie admitted. He turned to Josh, "I'm sorry by the way."
"For what?"
"Almost hitting you, outside the club."
"Not for getting me soaking in the brook then?" Josh smiled slightly.
Charlie returned the smile. "Nah, that bit was fun."
They both watched the news for a few minutes, until the home movies of Zoey as a child start again. Charlie grabbed the remote and switched the TV off.
Josh looked back down at Charlie. "If you want to get some sleep...... "
"I love her," Charlie interrupted him.
"I know."
"If they don't get her back...... "
"They will,"
"You can't know that, not for sure."
"No," Josh reluctantly agreed.
"It's the not knowing that's the worst," Charlie said, looking down at his hands.
Josh didn't know what to say. He squeezed Charlie's shoulder and picked up the ringing phone. "Hello?"
"Hey, Josh."
"Hey, Sam, how you doing?"
"I'm fine. Are you okay?"
"I tried your cell phone..... "
In the confusion of the last few hours, Josh had completely forgotten that Sam had called him. "God, Sam, I'm sorry, I'm sending most stuff to voicemail, I meant to call you back, but it's been chaos," he apologized.
"Then why are you at home?"
"We've been sent home for a few hours."
"But that's......"
"Ridiculous," Josh finished.
"Yeah," Sam agreed. "Josh, what happened?"
"I know as much as you do."
"I know you can't tell me what's going on now. I mean, how did this happen?"
"I wish I knew," Josh sighed. "Charlie and I were outside the club but, I don't know."
"You outside the club?"
"Charlie had met with Zoey earlier," Josh told him.
"How is Charlie?"
"He's okay. He's here."
"Hey, Sam," Charlie called.
"You look after him," Sam told Josh.
"I will."
"I know you will." Sam was quiet for a second, before saying, "I miss you."
"Me too," Josh replied.
"We should get together," Sam suggested. "When Zoey's back and things have calmed down. You come here, or I'll come there."
"Yeah," Josh agreed.
"This'll all be okay you know," Sam assured him.
"God I hope so, Sam," Josh replied. "It is good to hear from you, you know," he said quietly, trying to keep the catch out of his voice. He really wished that Sam were here now. He's missed him enormously over the last few months and now, with tonight's events, his emotions are threatening to spill over.
"I just wanted to check you were okay," Sam said. When Will had called him and told him what had happened, his first thoughts had obviously been for the Bartlets, and then he thought of Josh. Josh, who had always treated Zoey like a sister and who always managed to blame himself, when bad things happened to people he cared about. And then he'd worried about Charlie, who'd loved Zoey from the moment he met her.
"Tell him about Toby," Charlie told Josh.
Josh smiled. "Hey, Sam, have you spoken to Toby?" he asked.
"No. Is he okay?"
"Oh yeah," Josh replied. "The twins were born last night."
"You're kidding!" Sam laughed, then he sounded concerned, "Are they okay? They're early aren't they?"
"Yeah they're fine. Ten days early, but fine. They're calling them Huck, after Andi's grandfather, and Molly."
"Molly, I like that," Sam said. "But I thought Toby wanted to name the girl after his mom?"
"He named her for Zoey's agent, the one who was killed."
"Of course," Sam sighed. "That's nice," he said, before admitting, "Though I don't know if I'd name a baby after someone who'd just died. I mean as a middle name yeah but, I think that's probably just me," he trailed off.
"It's a Jewish tradition," Josh told him. "To name babies after the dead."
"I didn't know that," Sam said. "I'll call him."
"He'll be at the hospital. He's been running between the White House and there all night."
"Who'd have thought it, Toby the proud father."
"I know," Josh smiled.
"I should go and let you get some sleep."
"I don't think that's very likely."
"You need to sleep," Sam told Josh, with a note of concern in his voice.
"I'll be fine," Josh assured him.
"Okay," Sam replied, knowing that there was no point in pushing Josh, and also knowing that Donna would look after him, while he looked after Charlie. "Take care of Charlie, and when you see The President and First Lady, tell them I'm thinking of them."
"I will," Josh told him. "Take it easy. I'll talk to you later."
"You too. Bye, Josh."
Josh hung up and stared into space for a moment, until Charlie interrupted his thoughts.
"Are you named after someone?"
Josh looked back at Charlie. "Sorry?"
"Who are you named after?"
"My grandfather," Josh told him. "My mom's father," he clarified.
Charlie smiled, "Me too."
"Yeah. There's been a lot of Charles's in my family." Charlie looked at his watch, "When can we go back?"
Josh checks the time on the VCR. "Another four hours," Josh told him. "You want some food?"
Charlie shook his head.
"Me either," Josh agreed. Although he was hungry, he really didn't have the energy, or for that matter the interest, to cook anything.
"What do you think the Speaker's doing?" Charlie asked.
Josh smiled at Charlie's refusal to refer to Acting President Walken as anything other than, 'the Speaker'. "Most likely he's changing the locks," he suggested.
Josh and Charlie sat and drink their coffee in silence, each lost in their own thoughts. Charlie wishing that he'd kept Zoey in the Arboretum, wishing that he'd told her one last time that he loved her. He knew he shouldn't think like that, but it was hard. It was all very well saying that the city was locked down, that there was no way out - but they still hadn't found her.
Josh was trying hard not to think about what the Bartlet's are going through, but he'd called his mother earlier and he remembered far too vividly what his parents went through when they lost Joanie. No matter how often he told himself that Zoey was only missing, that she would be found alive and well, there was a part of him, the part that leant at early age that terrible things can happen to the ones you love, that was terrified she wasn't coming back.
Their thoughts were interrupted by a knock on the apartment door, and Donna, Toby, CJ and Will walked in. "Hey," CJ smiled.
"We've bought food," Toby said.
"Thought you'd be at the hospital?" Josh asked.
"No," Toby told him, with a slight smile. "Apparently babies need to sleep, even if I don't."
Josh smiled, "You just missed Sam."
"Here?" Will asked.
"On the phone," Charlie told him.
"Ah," Will smiled.
"What food have you got?" Josh asked.
CJ placed the bags on the table, "It's a mixture," she told him.
Charlie stood up and walked to the table, "Then let's eat," he said.
Donna and Will took the food out of the bags. "Leo still at the White House?" Donna asked.
"Yeah, he's in the Residence," Josh told her, as he walked to the kitchen for plates and cutlery.
Donna followed him. "You okay?" she asked.
"No," Josh replied. "You?"
Donna studied his face for a moment. He looked tired and upset, but that was understandable. "Me either," she admitted.
Josh fetched plates and drinks, and they sat around eating the food and talking about nothing. Each of them praying for their pagers to go off, or for their cell phones to ring, with the news that Zoey was safe and well. After an hour they each took turns to have a shower and freshen up, and then they decided that enough was enough. Josh phoned Leo, who told him that there was no news and that the President and Abbey were supposedly resting, but really they were sat in silence, waiting. Ellie and Liz has been told to stay where they were for now, for security reasons. Josh told him that they were all coming back in, regardless of what the Acting President said, and Leo agreed with him.
"Come on then," Toby said, standing and heading to the door.
They all followed him out of the apartment. Josh turned the light off and closed the door.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The XX Festival Nacional de Folclor Tierra y Cosecha will take place this weekend at the Cartago campus for the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica.
The three-day festival will be filled with Costa Rican folklore dance, music, and custom. Most of the country's traditions, religious beliefs, legends, human interaction, importance to farmers, and customs are represented through folklore dance, according to a press release sent by the university.
The activities are free and open to the public.
The dance festival frolics onto the stage Friday at 7 p.m. with the inaugural performance, "Los hijos del maiz." Saturday the first performance is at 2 p.m. The same is true for Sunday.
There are 12 different groups from all over the country participating in the festival. Some are from Limón and San Ramón. Everyday there will be different performances. There won't be repeat dances.
The festival is dedicated to Costa Rican artists and institute professor, César Fallas.


text:
Guest post by Rev. Mindi Welton-Mitchell Yes, those three words can go together. I am a fifth generation ordained American Baptist pastor—my grandfather and his brothers, my great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were all Baptist ministers in West Virginia. My mother was ordained by my home church as a pastor after me, so I get to [Read More…]
Welcoming, and Affirming… and Baptist
January 18, 2014 by Leave a Comment


text:
Child's Dress or Jumper and Jacket
Dress or jumper has square neckline, back button closing and gathered skirt with pressed or unpressed pleats. Contrast jacket has collar, set-in sleeves, button front closing and welts. Lower edge of jacket has a notched detail at center front. V. 1 features top-stitching detail. V. 2 features braid trim.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


text:
Lawyers Rally Against Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas
Attorney Tom Ryan denounced Andrew Thomas for filing "patently false and frivolous" charges against Judge Gary Donahoe
Jonathan McNamara
An estimated 300 people turned out to protest the reign of Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas in front of the county courthouse today -- at least two-thirds of them local attorneys.
The noon rally was a surprising show of strength from a profession that generally prefers filing motions to openly agitating -- and indeed, the few scattered immigration activists in the crowd definitely stuck out from the majority of protesters, who were older, whiter, and almost entirely clad in suits. (For photographs of the rally, see our slide show here.)
In a series of short speeches, the protestors focused on two things: defending the local judiciary from Thomas' onslaught of attacks, and then turning the tables and attacking Thomas.
Attorney Tom Ryan kicked things off by explaining that he was neither a criminal defense lawyer, a Democrat, nor a liberal. "I'm a native of Chandler, Arizona, a Republican, and a lifelong East Valley conservative," he said, setting things straight right out of the chute.
But, Ryan said, it was time for "all concerned men and women of the Bar to come together."
"Andrew Thomas is a bully and a coward," Ryan said, to cheers from the phalanx of lawyers, "who, when he does not get his way, abuses the awesome power of the county attorney in a misguided and unethical attempt to get his own way."
Ryan was followed at the podium by Shawn Aiken, a partner at Aiken Schenk Hawkins & Ricciardi. Aiken spoke of his horror at watching Thomas at a recent press conference in which the county attorney struggled to explain just why he was charging Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Gary Donahoe with bribery and other felonies -- despite being unable to offer evidence that Donahoe had ever taken a bribe of any kind.
Aiken also took issue with the RICO civl suit that Thomas' office filed recently, which accuses local judges and the county Board of Supervisors of being a "criminal enterprise."
"The probable cause statement attached to that complaint reads like a letter to the editor," he said. (And really, we couldn't have stated it any better.)
But perhaps the best line of the day came from Robert J. McWhirter, an attorney with the Maricopa County Legal Defender's Office.
"On behalf of the criminal defense lawyers," he said, "all I can say is, 'It's about time.'"
McWhirter also took issue with the more inane motions that Harvard Law School graduate Thomas and his minion, Deputy County Attorney Lisa Aubuchon, have been filing. "You'd think an attorney who supposedly trained at the premier law school in our country would have some idea how this stuff works," he said. "It's about time we had a county attorney who was a better lawyer!"
The rally was triggered by an email sent by prominent Phoenix criminal-defense attorney Jim Belanger last week. Belanger, with Coppersmith Schermer & Brockelman, said he was inspired to act after Thomas' office filed criminal charges against Judge Donahoe.
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"It struck me that we had gone from political self-interest to dangerousness," he said.
The rally was more like a series of speeches than an angry mob. As best we could tell, no brownshirts from the sheriff's office showed up to harass the protestors (although we did espy Barnett Lotstein and Rachel Alexander, two strategists working for Thomas, hovering along the crowd's periphery.)
Belanger asked for (and received) a minute of silence -- which couldn't have been easy, considering the big talkers present -- to express solidarity with Judge Donahoe's plight.
But the closest to a "Kumbaya" moment was when the attorneys recited together the oath they took on admission to the State Bar. (Okay, so no one actually recited: They were reading from a sheets of paper that organizers had handed out.)
Some local attorneys took special pleasure in shouting out the third stanza: "I will not counsel or maintain any suit or proceeding that shall appear to me to be without merit or to be unjust."
Thomas -- the guy who could really stand to brush up on that sacred pledge -- was nowhere in sight. But you can bet that his little sycophants, Lotstein and Alexander, scurried back to the 8th floor of the county building down the street to tell him all about it.
Several Superior Court judges hovered on the periphery, listening in to the goings-on. One of them told us how frustrating it was for judges not to be able stand tall and tell the community at large what is going on these days downtown.
The judge said he had no feeling one way or the other at the moment for how all this is going to turn out. But, he added, that he is not so hopeful.
Under the chilly gray sky on this shortest day of the year, the attorneys then sang three verses of "America the Beautiful."
As moving as that song generally is, our advice to the bellowing barristers in attendance is that they really ought to keep their day jobs -- if, that is, Sheriff Joe Arpaio and County Attorney Andy don't move to arrest them instead.
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Comedian Mitch Fatel
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text:
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Android program Zadarma
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Manufacturing Area
Category: Industrial Electric Devices
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The monochromator with a holographic flashing grating is used. It has the advantage of high wavelength precision, good monochromaticity and low stray light. Automatic switching of tungsten halogen lam ...Keyword : Spectrophotometer | Spectrophotometer Price | UV VIS Spectrophotometer
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Category: Microscopes and Accessories
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Category: Optical Instruments and Apparatus
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Category: Stethoscopes
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Category: Analytical & Calibration Instruments, Meters
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About the Book
this is a modern analysis of the redevelopment of Manchester Central Station in the UK. It has been transformed from a great internal port into a fantastic exhibtion centre and along the way there has been many efforts to retain the history of the building in its physical shape and style.
This is my take on the clever redesign of this building.
Features & Details
- Category History
Standard Landscape, 10×8 in, 25×20 cm
44 Pages
- Publish Date May 02, 2011
- Tags central station, steven ball, industrial design, train station, manchester, heritage, design, redevelopment, history
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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Image uploaded for form background appears to be corruptedAsked by delrey on July 13, 2016 at 11:44 AM
Dear Jotform,
I had a little complication during the uploading of my images. Actually I wanted to upload a new image in the "design" mode as a background, but after the upload, only the malfunction icon showed up instead of the image's thumbnail. The strange thing is that many other images been uploaded successfully and only a few of the were useless.
I tried to resize the image, change the format and aspect ratio as well, but the results were the same.
Please be that kind and let me know what can be the reason for this issue,
Thank you,
Best Regards,
Gabriel Pasztor
JotForm Support
I tried uploading several images of different types in the design mode and was able to successfully upload each one. Either the image file is corrupt or there were issues with uploading images at that time. I am not aware of any recent upload issues with the designer.
It is possible to upload the image to another service and then use that URL for the background image file:


text:
Rose Monroe – Latin Adultery
Released: August 25, 2014
Rose Monroe's husband's friend, Mark, stops by to visit. He really wants to get to know Rose better. Rose decides that since Mark is best friend's with her husband that it would only be fair to make sure that Mark got a chance to pound that latin pussy of hers.


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HERE: Mulligans for Masttifs Charity Golf Tournament Scramble April 12
Mulligans for Masttifs Charity Golf Tournament Scramble will have a 6:30 a.m. registration with a 7:30 a.m. shotgun start on Saturday, April 12, at the Ahwatukee Country Club, 12432 S. 48th St., with a silent auction, raffle prizes, longest drive, closest to the pin, longest putt, and more with awards and lunch to follow tournament.
For more information, call (480) 522-4355.
NEAR: Dia del Niño April 13
Bring the family and come spend the day at the Phoenix Zoo for a celebration of children, animals and culture and enjoy the games, music and pinata bashing by some of the animals on Sunday, April 13, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., at the Phoenix Zoo, 455 N. Galvin Pkwy.
For more information, call (602) 273-1341 or visit www.phoenixzoo.org.
Click here for more calendar events and things to do this weekend.


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By Stephanie Armour, USA TODAY
New-home sales rose nearly 10% in July, according to a government report Wednesday that bolstered signs of an improving housing market.
Sales of new homes climbed to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 433,000, the highest pace since last September, the government said.
That was a 9.6% increase over the revised rate for June — better than industry analysts had expected, but still 13.4% below the July 2008 rate.
The sales rate has risen 31.6% from this year's lowest rate, which was set in January.
YOUR MONEY: Two reasons to buy a home now
The seasonally adjusted estimate of new houses for sale at the end of July was 271,000, according to the government.
That represents a supply of 7.5 months at the current sales rate, the lowest figure since April 2007 and well below January's supply of 12 months.
"It's really good news. Inventory is down; sales are up," says Patrick Newport, with IHS Global Insight.
The question, Newport says, is how much of a lift sales are getting from a federal tax credit of up to $8,000 for first-time home buyers. It expires Nov. 30.
The government's report on new home sales follows Tuesday's S&P/Case-Shiller Index report showing improving home prices in June compared with May in 18 of 20 cities tracked.
According to the government, the median sales price of new houses sold in July was $210,100.
"I'm optimistic," says Tim Dwyer, CEO of Entitle Direct Group, a title insurer in Stamford, Conn. "What was needed was a bottoming. Then consumers would start to look left and right and start jumping. I believe that's what's happening here."
In the Northeast, July's sales rate rose 32.4% compared with June, the strongest gain of any region. The South was up 16.2%; the West was up 1%; and the Midwest's sales rate fell 7.6%.
Joel Naroff, of Naroff Economic Advisors, said the rise in existing home sales is a tangible sign that the housing market is now back up and running.
That's in part because builders are being more cautious about pursuing developments until they are certain they can sell their properties, he said.
"We can stop worrying about the housing market and start playing closer attention to other issues, such as when credit will start flowing more freely," Naroff said in a statement.
Guidelines: You share in the USA TODAY community, so please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Use the "Report Abuse" button to make a difference. Read more.


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Re: Pearses in England
In reply to:
Re: Pearses in England
Lynette Syphers 12/30/10
Have you researched the distant relatives like the Freshwaters, Banks and Caldwells?
I don't know if you are aware thatAmos and Eliza's daughtr Mary married a George Freshwater, and his brother William married Ruth Banks, their daughter Ivy married George Beresford Caldwell, and they had 3 daughters, Betty, Mavis and Nancy.Mavis married Frank Bridle and they had 2 daughters Lynette and Narelle,Lynette married my eldest brother Jimmy, meaning that through her the Freshwaters, Banks and Caldwells are linked to both sides of my family.I have spent a lot of the last 3 months since we became aware of this connection researching the Banks, Caldwells and Freshwaters.We were not aware of this connection, I just came across it by chance, and we (meaning my siblings and I) along with Lynette's daughters, were blown away by this revelation.Unfortunately Lynette died in 1994 and from what I can gather her sibling was not aware of the connection either.Most of my research last year prior to this was on the Gibbs side of the family and I had put the Pearses aside for a while.
I am again having to put my reseach to one side next week for a couple of months as i run a small business from home and am absolutely flat chat with scheduled work from the 3rd of January to end of March.
I am happy to give you what I have but it probably won't be until then as I have to give work my first priority, and I need to rescan my notes into my new computer following a computer crash last July.Anything I get scanned in I will get to you, but it will be in dribs and drabs, but I promise I will get it to you.
My private email address is email@example.com
Kind Regards


text: Good morning, Cbz and fellow Zoners. It looks like people are spending time with families and it sounds great. Sarge, thanks for the kind words. I'll soldier on. My son returns from College this weekend, so we'll be faced with re-integrating into our home routine. His challenge? Finding a job. Have a great day, all of you.


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Ten Things to Do in Denver for $10 or Less (Four Free), March 18-20
Bar Red is going to be looking good for BoomBapTricks this weekend.
Brandon Marshall
You may still be recovering from St. Patrick's Day, but this weekend offers many reasons to get back on your feet and out the door. There's music in all flavors, celebrations of the community, and even a new comic-book store to explore. Keep reading for our ten favorite events under $10, and hit that Westword calendar button for even more entertainment options.
Poetry Spam
MCA Denver
6 p.m. Friday, $5
Since the dawn of e-mail, man has endured spam. Thankfully most of it is filtered out these days, but every once in a while it rears its ugly head. Tonight, though, you can hear lovely and talented poets read their spam out loud — and just as everything looks better in slow motion, prose is elevated by an eloquent pentameter. Check the spam verse, grab a cocktail and explore the museum.
Grand Opening at Mr. X Comics
8810 Washington, Thornton
10 a.m. Saturday-Sunday, free
Not only do you have a new comic store to explore, but there will be an array of talent to meet this weekend as well. Actress P.J. Soles, owners of Legend Studios, the Batmobile and many more surprises and guests will all be on hand at Mr. X Comics.
The Stompin' Ground Games: Globeville/Elyria-Swansea
Swansea Recreation Center Park
Noon Saturday, $5 donation
The Stompin' Ground Games are all about learning about different areas of town and getting the community together — and there's no better way to bring people together than over a feast. For this installment of Warm Cookies of the Revolution's year-long project, members of a local food co-op will whip up some treats (you're encouraged to bring a dish as well, but there are rules). Storytelling, music and dancing will round out the event, so get out and learn about the neighborhoods to the north.
St. Patrick's Day Party
Boulder Beer Company
Noon Saturday, free
Some folks celebrated last weekend, some folks celebrated Thursday, but the party isn't over. Today Boulder Beer Company will host a post-St. Patrick's Day celebration with drinking songs, ballads and laments; Irish step dancers; beer and corned buffalo reuben sandwiches, for a Colorado twist.
Collaboration Fest After Party
Mercury Cafe
8 p.m. Saturday, $10
The Collaboration fest bringing together local brewers sold out fast, but you can still get in on some of the fun by attending the afterparty. Members of Porlolo, Lee Avenue, Cop Circles and many more will fill the Merc with music, and there might even be some beer. Get your $10 tickets here.
Keep reading for more things to do in Denver.
Get the ICYMI: Today's Top Stories Newsletter Our daily newsletter delivers quick clicks to keep you in the know
Catch up on the day's news and stay informed with our daily digest of the most popular news, music, food and arts stories in Denver, delivered to your inbox Monday through Friday.
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Released: July 13, 2015
Rich teen bitch Mina is as slutty as ever… maybe even more. She keeps a lot of guys around to have fun with and they take turns to enjoy Mina's tight little pussy. We join in to the fun with out camera to peep on one of Mina's kinky adventures.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
or knowingly renting a property that has radon levels of 8.6 pc/l? & high levels of Mold without disclosing this info to the tenant.
You would be best talking to the city attorney and/or a State's Attorney about this. There are crimes of fraud but whether the State or city will take this matter up as a criminal matter is within their discretion, and threatening criminal action may do nothing. However, if you or any member of your household has suffered damages (sickness, etc.) from these conditions, you may have a legal action for fraud.
The response given is not intended to create, nor does it create an ongoing duty to respond to questions. The response does not form an attorney-client relationship, nor is it intended to be anything other than the educated opinion of the author. It should not be relied upon as legal advice. The response given is based upon the limited facts provided by the person asking the question. To the extent additional or different facts exist, the response might possibly change. Attorney is currently licensed to practice law actively only in the State of Illinois, inactively in Florida. Responses are based solely on Illinois law unless stated otherwise.Ask a similar question
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text:
Work With Your Natural Curls
International singing sensation Mya is a perfect example of the fact that African American women with curly hair can wear styles that are stunning.
What Mya does is something that every woman with black hair should do as well - she envelops and works with her curls.
Fighting the fact that you have naturally curly, African American hair can be a battle that simply feels like it is not worth the effort a lot of the time.
And, you know what, if you can find a good looking hairstyle that suits your curls, then you can stop fighting and simply enjoy your locks the way that they are.
In the end, you will find that your hair will also retain a far healthier appearance by you not using an abundance of hair products and styling tools to force the kink out of your curls.
Mya shows that curly hairstyles for African American women's hair are beautiful. Not to mention the fact that there are countless ways to style your curls.
You can wear your great looking curly hairstyle anywhere that you need to go and be sure that you and your locks will appear radiant.
This particular style that Mya is wearing her curly hair in is the right choice for many different occasions. You can get away with this look for an evening out or for more casual times as well.
Mya has had her curly tresses cut short in the front, which allows her hair to form delightful ringlets.
Your locks do not have to be medium like Mya's are to achieve this hairstyle. Even fine black hair will look dashing in a cut such as this.
The maintenance necessary to keep this style looking top notch is very minimal. This is ideal for the busy woman as you can get ready in such a small amount of time.
If your face shape is oval, round, oblong or diamond, you may wish to try Mya's look on your African American locks.
Mya does not make use of bangs for her chic curls, however that is a choice left up to you. If bangs are your preference, feel free to implement them into your look.


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yes, i have read all of them .
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Wednesday, 22 April 200 - Today at 10:00 a.m. in a place known as "Four" about two km from the urban center of San Pablo, BolĂvar, hit-men assassinated thirty-six-year-old community leader Edgar Martinez Ruiz, shooting him five times in the head and killing him instantly. Edgar is one more on a long list of assassination victims of the south BolĂvar region. [Authorities] have made no effort to control these actions that threaten peoples' lives in the region.
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1 Introduction
Strong gender preferences, combined with infanticide, sex-selective abortions, or sex-selection technologies, may lead to a serious distortion in the natural sex ratio [22]. Such an imbalance between the two sexes could, for example, cause a delay in the age of marriage, or an increase in the number of people who never marry. Furthermore, gender preferences may have substantial implications for a couples fertility behavior. One might assume that parents who desire one or more children of a certain sex may have larger families than would otherwise be the case. Parents who fail to achieve the desired sex balance (or ratio) by the time they reach the number of children intended, might tend to revise their family size goals upward [9]. This effect, however, is not even consistently observed in traditional societies with pronounced gender preferences [1]. For industrialized countries, some studies show an effect of gender preferences on reproductive behavior (e.g. Marleau and Saucier [18], who analyzed data from Canada), while others have found no impact of gender preferences on ultimate family size (e.g. Ayala and Falk [2], who studied US families).
Wood and Bean [28] argue that the influence of the sex composition of previous children on fertility behavior at each parity should increase with the trend toward smaller family sizes. Therefore, it is especially interesting to investigate gender preferences in the contemporary European low-fertility setting, where the question to have children at all (or, why more than one) is of growing importance.
Gender Preferences for Children in Europe: Empirical Results from 17 FFS Countries
Karsten Hank and Hans-Peter Kohler
© 2000 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft ISSN 1435-9871