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VALU-BEAM SMI912 Series
- Leslie Franklin
- 2 years ago
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1 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Intrinsically afe D ensors Features MI92 eries sensor, I3R2 current amplifier module (left) and intrinsic safety barrier (right) KMA xia RTL/ Offers economy, performance and reliability in a rugged housing Provides standard limitswitch mounting hole spacing Use approved intrinsically safety barriers and Banner MAMP model I3R2 current trip point amplifier ertified for use in all lasses, roups, and Divisions of hazardous locations as defined by Article 5 of the ational lectrical ode when used approved I.. barriers Provides to 3V dc supply voltage P output Features a light or darkoperate selection switch Available in opposed, polarized and nonpolarized retroreflective, diffuse, convergent, and glass or plastic fiber optic sensing modes Ranges up to 6 m Integral 3pin Ministyle QD fitting; QD cordset required, see page 9 Models LongRange Opposed hortrange Opposed ensing Mode Model Range Voltage 88 nm Infrared OPPOD ffective Beam: 3 mm (.5") 88 nm Infrared OPPOD ffective Beam: 3.5 mm (.) MI9QD mitter MI9RQD Receiver MI9RQD mitter MI9RRQD Receiver 6 m (2') 3 m (') to 3V dc onpolarized Retro Polarized Retro ensing Mode Model Range Voltage 65 nm Visible Red 65 nm Visible Red P RTRO POLAR RTRO MI92LVQD MI92LVAQD 5 mm to 9 m ( to 3') 3 mm to.5 m (' to 5') to 3V dc Performance based on use of a model BRT3 retroreflector ( diameter). Actual sensing range may be more or less than specified, depending on the efficiency and reflective area of the retroreflector used. Models continued on page 2 WARI... ot To Be Used for Personnel Protection ever use these products as sensing devices for personnel protection. Doing so could lead to serious injury or death. These sensors do OT include the selfchecking redundant circuitry necessary to allow their use in personnel safety applications. A sensor failure or malfunction can cause either an energized or deenergized sensor output condition. onsult your current Banner afety Products catalog for safety products which meet OHA, and I standards for personnel protection. Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
2 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Models, continued LongRange Diffuse hortrange Difusse onvergent ensing Mode Model Range Voltage 88 nm Infrared DIFFU 65 nm Visible Red OVRT MI92DQD 76 mm () MI92DRQD 38 mm (5") MI92VQD Focus at: 38 mm (.5") pot ize at Focus:.5 mm (.) to 3V dc Plastic Fiber Optic lass Fiber Optic ensing Mode Model Range Voltage 65 nm Visible Red PLATI FIBR 88 nm Infrared LA FIBR 88 nm Infrared LA FIBR MI92FPQD MI92FQD mitter MI92RFQD Receiver MI92FQD ee performance curves on page 5 ee performance curves on page 6 ee performance curves on page 6 to 3V dc Overview VALUBAM MI92 eries sensors are designed for intrinsically safe operation in hazardous atmospheres. They are certified by Factory Mutual Research, A, and KMA as being intrinsically safe when used approved intrinsic safety barriers. ens. Regulator L.. Brown to 3V dc MI92 eries sensors may be wired for either two or threewire currentsinking operation. In the threewire hookup, which requires two intrinsicsafety barriers, the sink current is 5 ma. The twowire hookup, which requires one barrier, sinks ma (OFF state) and 2 ma (O state). MI92 eries sensors feature rugged, encapsulated construction, along adjustable sensitivity and switchable light or dark operate. They also include Banner's exclusive Alignment Indicating Device system, which lights an indicator LD whenever the sensor sees its modulated light source, and pulses at a rate proportional to the received light signal strength. Receiver Amp Demodulator D.. D urrent ense Oscillator 27 Ohms mitter Figure. Functional schematic Black 36V Blue Output ommon Intrinsic safety barriers and current trip point amplifier model I3R2 are also available (see pages 9 and ). Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
3 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Installation otes WARI... xplosion Hazard Do not disconnect equipment unless power has been switched off or the area is known to be nonhazardous. FM ITALLATIO. Barriers must be installed in accordance manufacturer's instructions. 2. Barrier entity parameters must meet the following requirements: Voc or Vt Vmax a i cable Isc or It I max La Li Lcable 3. Maximum nonhazardous area voltage must not exceed 25V.. For guidance on installation, see /IA RP2.6, Installation of Intrinsically afe Instrument ystems for Hazardous (lassified) Locations. 5. The sensors are suitable for installation out barriers in lass I Div. 2 roups A, B,, D; lass II Div. 2 roup ; and lass III Div. 2, when installed in (or through the wall of) a suitable enclosure provision for connection of rigid metal conduit per the ational lectrical ode, as acceptable to the local inspection authority having jurisdiction. A ITALLATIO. Barriers must be installed in accordance manufacturer's instructions. 2. Barrier entity parameters must meet the following requirements: Voc Vmax a i cable Isc I max La Li Lcable 3. Maximum nonhazardous area voltage must not exceed 25V.. Install in accordance anadian lectrical ode, Part I. 5. The sensors are suitable for installation out barriers in lass I Div. 2 roups A, B,, D when installed in (or through the wall of) a suitable enclosure provision for connection of rigid metal conduit per the anadian lectrical ode, as acceptable to the local inspection authority having jurisdiction. In Div. 2 installations (out barriers), observe warning at left. 6. If barriers Volt/Ohm parameters are used, the following parameters shall apply: One inglehannel Barrier ystems one 28 V (max), 3 Ω (min) Two inglehannel Barrier or One Dualhannel ystems two 28 V (max), 6 Ω (min) one 28 V (max), 3 Ω (min) and one V (max), 5 Ω (min) one 28 V (max), 3 Ω (min) and one 28 V diode return ensor ntity Parameters Vmax (Ui) 3V dc Imax (li) ma Pi 75 mw i = µf Li = mh Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
4 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR upply Voltage and urrent Output onfiguration Output Rating Output Response Time ensing Beam Repeatability Adjustments Indicators onstruction nvironmental Ratings onnections pecifications ensor only: requires to 3V dc, 25 ma maximum Division use ( barriers): requires a minimum system supply voltage of volts (see hookup information and hookup diagrams). urrent sinking P opencollector transistor Threewire hookup sinks 5 ma maximum, continuous ( to 3V dc) Twowire hookup sinks ma (OFF state) and 2 ma (O state), to 3V dc. Outputs are shortcircuit protected. Opposedmode receivers: 8 milliseconds O/ milliseconds OFF; independent of signal strength All other models: milliseconds O and OFF millisecond delay on powerup (output does not conduct during this time). Infrared (88 nm) or visible red (65 nm), depending on model Opposed mode:. millisecond All other modes:.3 milliseconds Repeatability is independent of signal strength. Light/Dark Operate select switch on rear of sensor ensitivity control on rear of sensor allows precise gain setting (turn clockwise to increase gain) ensors include Banner's exclusive Alignment Indicating Device (D ) system, which lights a topmounted red indicator LD whenever the sensor sees its modulated light source, and pulses the LD at a rate proportional to the received light signal strength. Housing: reinforced PBT, totally encapsulated Lenses: molded acrylic Hardware: stainless steel Meets MA standards, 2, 3, 3,,, 2, and 3, I IP66 upplied integral 3pin Ministyle QD fitting; requires cordset model MB (see Accessories), purchased separately. Operating onditions Temperature: 2 to 7 ( to 58 F) Max. Relative Humidity: 5 (noncondensing) ertifications xia Application ote KMA RTL/ pecial onditions for afe Use: Parts of the enclosure are nonconducting and may generate an ignitioncapable level of D. leaning of the equipment shall be done only a damp cloth. KMA: A: Approvals 5, 52, 528 KMA o. 3AT II 2 x ib II T5 Ta #2M987, 5792, 23M987, xia L I DIV P AD L I DIV 2 P AD FM: 36, 36, 38 I.. L I, II, III DIV P A,.I. L I, II, III DIV 2 P AD, Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
5 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Performance urves LongRange Opposed hortrange Opposed onpolarized Retro Polarized Retro xcess ain. m. MI9QD & MI9RQD. m.. m. m MI9RQD & MI9RRQD. m. MI92LVQD. m. " reflector (BR T) BR TT tape. m. MI92LVAQD. m. m m m BRT3 retroreflector m reflector (BR T3) m m m m 5 mm mm 5 mm 3 mm 2 mm mm 5 mm mm 5 mm mm 2 mm 3 mm 5 mm mm 5 mm 5 mm mm 5 mm 5 mm 5 mm Beam Pattern 5 m 5'.6 m 2' MI9QD/MI9RQD 3 m ' 5 m 5' MI9RQD/ MI9RRQD.2 m.8 m ' 6' MI92LVQD 2 m m 6 m 9' 5' 2' MI92LVAQD 6 m 2' 2. m 8' BRT3 RFLTOR BRT3 RFLTOR m 2 m 3 m m 3' 6' 9' 2' Performance based on use of a model BRT3 retroreflector ( diameter). Actual sensing range may be more or less than specified, depending on the efficiency and reflective area of the retroreflector used. 8 m 27' 75 m 25' 3. m ' m 5 m 5' " " LongRange Diffuse hortrange Diffuse onvergent Plastic Fiber Optic xcess ain Beam Pattern Diffuse mode performance based on use of 9% reflectance white test card A I mm. mm. MI92DQD mm. mm.. mm. mm. MI92DRQD mm. mm. PIT26U o Lenses mm. Range is based on 9% reflectance white test card. mm. Range is based on 9% reflectance white test card PIT6U o Lenses PBT26U fiber mm Range is based on 9% reflectance white test card mm MI92VQD onvergent Mode mm mm mm mm MI92FPQD egc Opposed sm92c/sma92c.eps mode plastic fibers mm MI92FPQD Diffuse mode plastic fiber mm. PBT6U fiber PIT6U Lenses mm mm 9.5 mm 3 mm 6.5 mm 9.5 mm 3 mm 6.5 mm 2. mm.6 mm.8 mm 6.5 mm 3 mm 9.5 mm 6.5 mm 3 mm 9.5 mm.8 mm.6 mm 2. mm 5 mm 3 mm 5 mm 5 mm 3 mm 5 mm mm mm 3. MI92DQD 6 mm MI92DRQD MI92VQD onvergent Mode 5 mm. " 7.5 mm. 3 mm 5 mm 3 mm. 5. mm. 6 mm 2 9" 5 mm. MI92FPQD Opposed Mode PIT26U 5 mm 22.5 mm.9" 6 mm 2 3 mm 6 mm 2. MI92FPQD Diffuse Mode 76 mm 3 5" 3.".75".5".25".25".5".75".75".5".25".25".5".75".9".....9" BP sm92/sma92.eps. PIT6U mm PBT26U PBT6U 3. mm. 5" ".".5".5".".5" 37.5 mm.5" Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
6 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Performance urves xcess ain Beam Pattern xcess ain Beam Pattern lass Fiber Optic, Opposed Mode mm.. m. IT23 and L9 Lenses IT3 fibers mm. m MI9FQD MI9RFQD Opposed mode glass fibers mm MI9FQD MI9RFQD IT23 and L6F Lenses m IT23 fibers mm m 5 mm 5 mm 3 mm 2 mm mm mm 2 mm 3 mm MI9FQD/MI9RFQD mm MI9FQD/ MI9RFQD 2.5 m 8' IT23 2 mm IT23 fibers L9 Lenses 5. m 6' 3 mm 7.5 m 2' IT3 mm. m 32' " " 5 mm 2.5 m ' IT23 fibers L6F Lenses lass Fiber Optic, Opposed or Diffuse Mode Diffuse mode performance based on use of 9% reflectance white test card A I. m. MI92FQD mm. IT3 fibers mm. MI92FQD L9 lens and BT3 fibers. m. BT3 fibers Retroreflective model BRT3 target MI92FQD Opposed mode glass fibers mm m IT23 fibers L6F lens and BT3 fibers Diffuse mode Range is based on 9% reflectance white test card BT23 fibers mm m 5 mm 5 mm mm 5 mm w/l9 lens 5 mm mm 5 mm 2. mm.8mm.2 mm.6 mm 5 mm.6 mm.2 mm.8 mm MI92FQD mm MI92FQD.25 ' m ' BT3 IT23 fibers 2 mm 2.5 m 8' 3 mm 3.75 m 2' IT23 fibers w/l6f lens BT3 fiber, retroreflective mode, BRT3 reflector MI92FQD Diffuse Mode mm 5. m 6' BT23 " " 5 mm 6.25 m 2'.".75".5".25".25".5".75". mm. mm. mm. mm 2. mm 7.5 mm. 5. mm mm.9" 3. mm.." 37.5 mm.5" 36.6 mm (.) LD Indicator 35.6 mm (.) Lens enterline 5.8 mm (2.") 39. mm (.5) Dimensions Light/Dark Operate elect (L.O. = W, D.O. = W) ensitivity ontrol (Turn W to Increase).5 mm (#) crew learance (2) OT: ontrol potentiometers are behind cover screws; remove screws to access controls 7.8 mm (.7") 26.7 mm (.5") M3 x.5 Thread Hex ut upplied 5.6 mm (.2) Ministyle Quickdisconnect 25. mm (.") Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
7 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Hookups MI92 eries sensors are certified intrinsically safe OLY when used certified energylimiting intrinsically safe barriers. Banner does not manufacture such barriers; however, our applications engineers can refer you to suppliers of certified barriers that will interface Banner sensors. MI92 eries sensors may be wired using Banner urrent Amplifier ontrol Module I3R2 (see page 9). ote from the hookup diagrams (page 8) that the installation may be made either a single barrier (2wire hookup) or a double barrier (3wire hookup). mitteronly units (MI9QD, RQD, and FQD) use the 2wire hookup; all other models use either 2 or 3wire hookup. In the 2wire configuration, the sensor will act as a current sink, drawing less than ma in the OFF state and more than 2 ma in the O state. The user must provide a current sensing device ( current sensor in the diagram) to convert the current to a logic level. In the 3wire configuration, the output may be used directly to control loads of less than 5 ma. In selecting the barrier, it is important to consider the barrier's resistance. The sensor must have at least volts across the brown and blue power leads for proper operation, and the barrier will cause a voltage drop due to its resistance. The formula that determines how much resistance is allowed is: R = (supply voltage volts) If the supply voltage is 2V dc, then the maximum resistance is 56 ohms. If the supply voltage is 8V dc, then the maximum resistance is 32 ohms. This includes the resistance of any current sensing device used (in the 2wire configuration), so the barrier resistance must be further reduced by the current sensor resistance. ote that, in the 3wire hookup, the positive load barrier is in series the load. This will result in an apparent saturation voltage of the output that is higher than the sensor output by the amount of I x R (current times resistance) drop through the barrier. A positive input barrier is required for both supply and for load. The sensor s blue (negative supply) lead is normally connected to the ground terminal of the barrier. The user is responsible for proper installation and maintenance of this equipment, and must conform the certification requirements relating to barriers and to maximum allowable capacitance and inductance of the field wiring. If in doubt about these requirements, our applications engineers can refer you to the appropriate authority. Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
8 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Hookups, continued afe Area Hazardous Area Barriers not required for Div. 2 3V dc (reference OT #5 for FM & A on page 3) 3Wire Hookup Operating Voltage 83V dc 25 ma dc IPUT L O A D I 5 ma max. onnection to ontrol Room quipment should not use or generate more than 25V I V I.. OUT BLAK OUT BROW Blue 3 2 MI9 eries ensor Bottom View (colors shown are for mating cordset MB32) arth round (less than ohm) Busbar OT: mitters have no output connection (no connection to black wire) afe Area Barriers not required for Div. 2 3V dc max. (Reference OT #5 for FM & A on page 3) 2Wire Hookup Operating Voltage 83V dc 25 ma dc Input ma (OFF tate) 2 ma (O tate) URRT ensor I I.. V Barrier OUT 2 BROW Blue BLAK 3 2 Hazardous Area MI9 eries ensor Bottom View (colors shown are for mating cordset MB32) arth round (less than ohm) BUBAR Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
9 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Accessories QuickDisconnect (QD) ordsets All MI92 eries sensors require a 3conductor quickdisconnect cordset. ordset is not included the sensor and must be ordered separately. tyle Model Length Dimensions Pinout 3pin Ministyle traight MB36 MB32 MB33 2 m (6.5') m (2') 9 m (3') 6 mm max. 7/86U2B ø 28 mm max. 3 = Brown 3 = Blue = Black Model I3R2 urrent TripPoint Module Description elfcontained module converts the MI92 sensor s current output signal to a trip point switch. PDT electromechanical relay switches loads that draw up to 5 amps. The PT solidstate relay can switch a D load of up to 3V dc, max.; 2 ma max. Powered by either 53V ac or 225V ac. upplies dc power to operate a single sensor or both the emitter and receiver of one MI eries opposedmode sensor pair. The sensor's input to the I3R2 is protected against short circuits. Builtin circuit diagnostics indicate an input overload by flashing an LD status light. Module has two isolated output switches, a 5amp rated PDT electromechanical relay and a solidstate transistor switch used for logiclevel interfaces. May be ordered either alone or as a part of a kit (see page ). Mini traight upply Voltage urrent TripPoint Module pecifications 5 to 3V ac or 2 to 25V ac, 5/6 Hz (8 VA) Output onfiguration PDT electromechanical relay: ontact rating: 25V ac maximum, 2V dc maximum, 5 amps maximum (resistive load), / HP at 2V ac. Install transient suppressor (MOV) across contacts which switch inductive loads. Min. load: 2V dc,.a. losure time: milliseconds maximum. Release time: milliseconds maximum. Maximum switching speed: 2 operations/second. Mechanical life: 2,, operations olidstate dc relay: PT opticallycoupled transistor; 3V dc maximum, 2 ma maximum. mitter Power 2V dc at 25 ma maximum available at module pin #3 Inputs Trip point for output "OFF": ma Trip point for output "O": 2 ma Trip point range for input overload indication: 3 ma I 8 ma Indicators tatus Indicators for OUTPUT O and IPUT overload/short onstruction Housing: rugged polyphenylene oxide (PPO ). x 2. x tandard roundpin pole base. Use R socket or equivalent. Operating onditions Temperature: to 5 (32 to 22 F) Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
10 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Model (Barrier Only) Barrier Description Accessories, continued Kit Model IB inglechannel intrinsically safe barrier I2BK I2B Dualchannel intrinsically safe barrier (typically used in opposedmode applications) Intrinsic afety Barriers I2BK2 Kit Description Includes I3R2 current amplifier, one R socket, one DIrail mount, one singlechannel intrinsically safe barrier Includes I3R2 current amplifier, one R socket, one DIrail mount, one dualchannel intrinsically safe barrier urrent TripPoint Module Hookups Hookup for OpposedMode mitters and Receivers afe Area Hazardous Area A upply Relay Output 5 amp contacts 5 to 3V ac 2 to 25V ac I3R2 Input: ma (OFF tate) 2 ma (O tate) Aux. Input ommon OPTOoupler Output: 2 ma max. I I arth round (less than Ω) Dual Barrier I.. Busbar OUT OUT Brown Brown Black 3 3 Blue Blue Bottom view of cordset connector on sensor (colors shown are for mating cordset model MI32) MI eries mitter MI eries Receiver MITTR RIVR mitter models: MI9QD, MI9RQD, MI9FQD Receiver models: MI9RQD, MI9RRQD, MI9RFQD Hookup for Other MI92 eries ensors afe Area afe Area Hazardous Area A upply Relay Output 5 amp contacts Relay Output 5 amp contacts 5 to 3V ac A 5 to 3V ac upply 2 to 25V ac 2 to 25V ac I3R2 I3R2 Input: ma (OFF tate) Input: 2 ma (O tate) ma (OFF tate) 2 ma (O tate) Aux. Input Aux. Input ommon ommon OPTOoupler Output: 2 ma max. OPTOoupler Output: 2 ma max. I Hazardous Area Black Black I OUT Brown 3 V OUT I.. Brown Blue 3 V I.. I.. BlueBottom view of cordset connector on sensor Barrier I.. Bottom view (colors of cordset shown are for mating connector cordset on sensor model MB32) Barrier (colors shown are for mating Busbar cordset model MB32) Busbar BAR MI92 BAR RI MI92OR RI OR arth round (less than Ω) arth round (less than Ω) Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
11 VALUBAM MI92 eries AMUR Accessories, continued Mounting Brackets Bracket dimensions are available online at Banner ngineering website. MB3MM 3 mm 2gauge, 3 stainless steel, rightangle mounting bracket a curved mounting slot for versatile orientation learance for M6 (/) hardware 3 mm swivel bracket MB3A 3 mm rightangle mounting bracket a curved mounting slot for versatile orientation 2gauge stainless steel learance for M6 (/) hardware MB3 Black reinforced thermoplastic polyester Includes stainless steel mounting and swivel locking hardware Phone: Fax: Web: mail:
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Mental disorders in a population sample with musculoskeletal disorders
Studies using clinical and volunteer samples have reported an elevated prevalence of mood disorders in association with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clinical studies using anxiety rating scales have reported inconsistent results, but studies using diagnostic instruments have reported that anxiety disorders may be even more strongly associated with arthritis than is depression. One study reported an association between lifetime substance use disorders and arthritis.
Data from iteration 1.2 of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) were used. This was a large-scale national Canadian health survey which administered the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview to a sample of 36,984 subjects randomly selected from the national population. In the CCHS 1.2, subjects were asked whether they had been diagnosed by a health professional with arthritis or rheumatism.
Subjects reporting arthritis or rheumatism had an elevated prevalence of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. The strength of association resembled that seen in an omnibus category reporting any chronic condition, but was weaker than that seen with back pain or fibromyalgia. The effect of arthritis or rheumatism interacted with age, such that the odds ratios became smaller with increasing age. Mood and anxiety disorders, along with arthritis or rheumatism made an independent contribution to disability.
Arthritis is associated with psychiatric morbidity in the general population, and this morbidity is seen across a variety of mental disorders. The strength of association is consistent with that seen in persons with other self-reported medical conditions.
For people with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, depression may be associated with pain sensitivity and with less effective coping with the illness. Zautra and Smith
Clinically diagnosed depressive disorders, as distinct from symptom ratings, and as defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
Baumeister & Härter conducted an investigation that integrated data from the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey, which used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), with data collected from inpatients with musculoskeletal conditions. They demonstrate a higher than expected prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the clinical subjects
One record linkage study suggested that depressive episodes often precede completed suicides in people with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, highlighting the potential clinical significance of depression in this population
One clinical study used DSM-IIIR criteria to diagnose major depression in a sample with rheumatoid and osteoarthritis who had screened high on a symptom rating scale
Certain questions remain unanswered in the existing literature. First, although Wells and others
Some psychiatric epidemiological studies, including the Canadian Community Health Survey, Mental Health and Wellbeing (CCHS 1.2), have included high quality sampling and psychiatric diagnostic procedures. Unfortunately, suchstudies have typically incorporated limited information on conditions such as musculoskeletal disorders. For example, the CCHS 1.2 included only a single item asking each of its 36,984 respondents whether they had been diagnosed with "arthritis or rheumatism" by a health professional. Despite the lack of detail about rheumatologic status, such studies do provide an opportunity to describe the mental health status of people in the community who report having such disorders, and to answer questions that have not been addressed by the existing literature.
The CCHS 1.2 was a nationally representative, community mental health survey conducted by Statistics Canada (Canada's national statistical agency) between May 2002 and December 2002. Detailed information about the methods employed in this study may be found in a paper by Gravel & Béland
From the initially selected 48,047 households, there was an 86.5% household-level response rate, and among responding household, there was an 89.0% person-level response rate. The overall response rate was thus 77.0%, resulting in a total sample size of 36,984 respondents.
The CCHS 1.2 interview was based on the WMH-CIDI
The Canadian adaptation of the WMH CIDI evaluated subjects for illicit drug dependence, and alcohol dependence was assessed in the survey using the CIDI Short Form
Subjects were also read a list of chronic medical conditions and asked whether they had been diagnosed with one of these conditions by a health professional. The exact wording of the item was: "Now I'd like to ask about certain chronic health conditions which you may have. We are interested in long-term conditions which have lasted or are expected to last 6 months or more and that have been diagnosed by a health professional." This was followed by: "Do you have arthritis or rheumatism, excluding fibromyalgia?" The accuracy of self-reported arthritis information has been shown to agree less closely with general practitioner reports than some other diagnoses. Kriegsman and others reported only a 72% concordance rate
The CCHS 1.2 used a multistage, stratified cluster design to select eligible households. To correct the potential bias resulting from this complex survey design, Statistics Canada recommends a bootstrap procedure using a set of replicate weights that they supply. All results presented here were produced with this approach and are therefore representative of the targeted population. The standard error associated with specific estimates, p-values and confidence intervals (CIs), are also adjusted for survey design effects by the bootstrap weighting procedure. All analyses were conducted at the Prairie Regional Data Centre on the University of Calgary campus, using SAS software (8).
Of the 36,984 CCHS 1.2 participants, 8245 reported having arthritis or rheumatism (weighted prevalence 17.5%, 95% CI 17.0–18.0). This indicates that the vast majority of the sample did not have rheumatoid arthritis, which is generally thought to have a prevalence in the range of 0.5% to 1.0%. The estimate is very similar to that reported by Wells
These prevalence estimates are compared to those of subjects reporting back pain, and to subjects reporting fibromyalgia in Table
Table 1
Mental disorder prevalence, by reported musculoskeletal condition
Arthritis or Rheumatism
Back Pain
Any Chronic Condition***
No Chronic Condition
(4.3 – 5.7)
(5.4 – 6.9)
(8.9 – 17.9)
(4.3 – 5.1)
(2.1 – 2.8)
(0.9 – 1.5)
(1.4 – 2.1)
(1.0 – 1.4)
(0.4 – 0.7)
(2.5 – 3.6)
(3.1 – 4.2)
(2.8 – 7.6)
(2.3 – 2.9)
(0.7 – 1.3)
(2.4 – 3.4)
(3.7 – 5.0)
(5.0 – 10.5)
(3.1 – 3.7)
(1.9 – 2.6
(1.2 – 1.9)
(2.7 – 3.3)
(2.8 – 3.5)
* includes panic disorder with or without agoraphobia and agoraphobia without panic disorder
** estimates too imprecise to report, in keeping with Statistics Canada data release guidelines
*** any one or more of the following conditions: back pain, allergies to food and non-food, asthma, fibromyalgia, high blood pressure, migraine headaches, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, stomach/intestinal ulcers, effects of a stroke, bowel disorder/crohn's disease or colitis, cataracts, glaucoma, thyroid condition, chronic bronchitis, emphysema or COPD, epilepsy, multiple chemical sensitivies, chronic fatigue syndrome.
In a series of logistic regression models, the association between reported arthritis or rheumatism and each specific condition was explored. In each of these models, main effects for age and sex were significant, as expected. All of the psychiatric conditions tend to decline in prevalence with age in the general population. The mood and anxiety disorders were more common in women, whereas the opposite was true for substance use disorders. In each model, interaction terms were initially included, but were dropped if they were non-significant at the p = 0.05 level. The models pointed towards complex findings. Each model included at least some statistically significant interaction terms. Most importantly, age by reported arthritis or rheumatism interactions were observed in each model. This indicates that the strength of association varied with age. For major depression, the Wald statistic for the age by arthritis or rheumatism interaction was 7.41 (p = 0.006), for bipolar disorder it was 13.81 (p = 0.0002) and for substance dependence was 7.90 (p = 0.005). For social phobia, the model was further complicated by an age by sex by arthritis or rheumatism (3 way) interaction.
The models all pointed towards strong effects in the young age groups. However, these cannot be interpreted as "main effects" for arthritis or rheumatism since interactions were present. In the presence of the interactions, the models indicate that there is no main effect, but rather that the association changes with advancing age. The logistic regression model for major depressive disorder is presented in Table
Figure 1
Fitted proportions: logistic regression model for major depression
Fitted proportions: logistic regression model for major depression. The logistic equation is: ln(odds major depression = -3.22 + 1.33 (Arth/Rheum) - 0.0087 (Age) + 1.11 (female sex) - 0.014 (Arth/Rheum by Age) - 0.014 (Age by Sex). Fitted proportions: odds/1 + odds
Figure 2
Fitted proportions: logistic regression model for bipolar disorder
Fitted proportions: logistic regression model for bipolar disorder. The logistic equation is: -3.73 + 3.81 (Arth/Rheum) - 0.027 (Age) + 0.90 (Sex) - 0.063 (Arth/Rheum by Age) - 2.41 (Arth/Rheum by Sex) - 0.012 (Age by Sex) + 0.056 (Arth/Rheum by Age by Sex). Fitted proportions: odds/1 + odds
Figure 3
Fitted proportions: logistic regression model for panic disorder
Fitted proportions: logistic regression model for panic disorder. The logistic equation is: -4.08 + 1.85 (Arth/Rheum) - 0.0084 (Age) + 1.21 (female sex) - 0.021 (Arth/Rheum by Age) -0.01164 (Age by Sex). Fitted proportions: odds/1 + odds
Figure 4
Fitted proportions: logistic regression model for social phobia
Fitted proportions: logistic regression model for social phobia. The logistic equation is: -2.93 + 1.67 (Arth/Rheum) - 0.018 (Age) + 0.97 (Sex) - 0.029 (Arth/Rheum by Age) - (Age by Sex) - 1.28 (Arth/Rheum by Sex) + 0.033 (Arth/Rheum by Age by Sex). Fitted proportions: odds/1 + odds
Figure 5
Fitted Proportions: Logistic Regression Model for Substance Dependence
Fitted Proportions: Logistic Regression Model for Substance Dependence. The logistic equation is: -0.98 + 1.37842 (Arth/Rheum) - 0.057 (Age) - 0.56(Sex) - 0.024 (Arth/Rheum by Age) - 0.016 (Age by Sex). Fitted proportions: odds/1 + odds
Table 2
Logistic regression model describing the association between major depressive disorder and arthritis/rheumatism, adjusting for demographic factors
Odds Ratio
2.2 – 6.5
0.98 – 0.99
Female Sex
2.0 – 4.5
Arth/Rheum by Age Interaction
0.98 – 0.99
Age by Sex Interaction
0.98 – 0.99
Substance dependence was not independently associated with disability, but self-reported arthritis or rheumatism, mood disorders and anxiety disorders were. Logistic regression analyses found no interactions between these three sets of conditions, in other words, the effects were found to be multiplicative, confirming the result reported by McWilliams and others
Table 3
Logistic regression model predicting disability status* by disorder group and self-reported arthritis/rheumatism
Odds Ratio
95% Confidence Interval
2.6 – 4.0
Mood Disorder
3.3 – 5.4
Anxiety Disorder
1.6 – 2.9
Female Sex
1.0 – 1.5
Age 25–44
2.1 – 4.6
Age 45–64
3.6 – 8.4
Age 65 or Older
0.3 – 1.1
* not working and reported reason for not working "disease or illness."
One limitation of the study was the inability of the data collection interview (which consisted of a fully structured questionnaire administeredby trained lay interviewers) to distinguish specific rheumatologic diagnoses. While this is a limitation, its impact should not be overstated. Rheumatoid arthritis may not have a higher frequency of depressive disorders than osteoarthritis
A study by Hawley and Wolfe used the psychological scales in the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale to assess anxiety and depression in subjects with a variety of rheumatologic conditions
These results indicate that the mental health difficulties faced by people with rheumatologic diseases resemble those seen in other chronic conditions, at least in terms of their frequency. An association between bipolar disorder and arthritis or rheumatism has not previously been reported. This analysis did identify an association, but one of similar strength was seen in subjects reporting any chronic condition.
It appears that the nature of the association between mental disorder and arthritis or rheumatism is complex in the sense that age interactions appeared in logistic regression models. These indicated that the association may become weaker with advancing age. The general predictions of these models, however, were similar. Higher prevalences of the mental disorders were seen in younger age groups, and within age groups, higher prevalences were generally observed in those with arthritis or rheumatism. The diminishing odds ratios with increasing age may represent increasing resiliency, or may reflect clinical differences that exceeded the scope of this study to evaluate. For example, the prevalence of osteoarthritis increases progressively with age, such that the younger age groups may have a different mixture of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, with a greater proportion having the latter. All previous community studies have had smaller sample sizes than this one. The interactions reported here may not have been identified in earlier studies because of lower statistical power.
The finding that substance use disorders are associated with arthritis, especially in younger age categories supports the Wells
McWilliams and others
As the data presented here were collected in a cross-sectional study, conclusions about causal effects cannot be directly supported. An elevated prevalence of mental disorders in people with musculoskeletal conditions could be due to an effect on prognosis as well as an effect on the risk of developing one of these disorders. However, these results have clinical implications for service delivery. Mental disorders are sufficiently frequent in this clinical group to suggest that case-finding measures, for example the routine administration of rating scales, may be useful strategies. This is particularly true in the younger age ranges, where high prevalences may translate into considerable predictive value from screening instruments having adequate sensitivity and specificity. Another implication is that such case-finding measures should not be restricted to depression, as a variety of mental disorders occur with an elevated frequency.
The strength of association between a variety of mental disorders and self-reported arthritis or rheumatism resembles that of other chronic conditions in the general population. There is an elevated prevalence of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Both primary care and specialty care settings should have access to the resources necessary for managing these problems. The frequency of mental disorders and the strength of their association with arthritis and rheumatism was found to be highest in the youngest age categories, suggesting that formal case-finding or screening measures may be most fruitful in these age groups.
List of Abbreviations
CCHS Canadian Community Health Survey Mental Health and Wellbeing
WMH CIDI World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview
CI Confidence Interval
Competing interests
The author(s) have no competing interest to declare. The analyses reported here are based on data collected by Statistics Canada, the Canadian Government's statistical agency. The analysis itself does not reflect the opinions of Statistics Canada.
Authors' contributions
Both Scott Patten and Jeanne Williams participated in conceptualization of the project, in preparation of the research proposal, in the analysis and preparation of the manuscript. Dr. Wang assisted with interpretation of the results and preparation of the manuscript.
Dr. Patten is a Health Scholar with the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research and a Research Fellow with the Institute of Health Economics. This project was funded by a research grant from the Research Coordinating Committee of the Institute of Health Economics. Dr. Wang is a New Investigator with the Canadian Institutes for Health Information.
Depression and reactivity to stress in older women with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Prediction of pain behavior and functional status of rheumatoid arthritis patients using medical status and psychological variables
Psychiatric disorder in a sample of the general population with and without chronic medical conditions
Affective, substance use, and anxiety disorders in persons with arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or chronic lung conditions
Somatoform disorders in patients with musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases in comparison to the general population
Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination of a nationally representative sample
Depression and anxiety associated with three pain conditions: results from a nationally representative sample
Suicides in persons suffering from rheumatoid arthritis
Validation and utility of a self-report version of the PRIME-MD. The PHQ Primary Care Study
Psychiatric comorbidity and work disability in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases
A descriptive study of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial burden in rehabilitation patients with musculoskeletal diseases
Depression and depressive symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis patients: an analysis of their occurrence and determinants
Depression and the long-term risk of pain, fatigue, and disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Psychiatric status of patients with primary fibromyalgia, patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and subjects without pain: a blind comparison of DSM-III diagnoses
Association of depression and rheumatoid arthritis
The Canadian Community Health Survey:Mental Health and Well-Being
The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)
Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 1.2 Questionnaire
The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF)
Self-reports and general practitioner information on the presence of chronic diseases in community dwelling elderly
Comparison of clinical and self-reported diagnoses for participants on a community-based arthritis self-management programme
Depression in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis
Anxiety and depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective study of 400 patients
Depression is not more common in rheumatoid arthritis: A 10-year longitudinal study of 6,153 patients with rheumatic disease
Information bias
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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I love, love, love this question. This is a 'roll out the red carpet, here's your golden ticket' opening to introducing your 30-60 -90-days plan .
If you've never heard of a 30-60-90-days plan , it's very simple: it's a strategic plan for what actions you will take in your first 3 months on the job to ensure a successful transition from brand - new employee to fully - functioning, productive leader or member of the team.
The first month usually requires some training, some getting to know the company's procedures and systems, and by the third month you should be at the point where you're initiating at least a few projects, sales, policies, etc. on your own. The more specific it is in the details to the company you're interviewing with, the better. Why do I think these are so great? First, the research required to create a good plan automatically makes you a very well - prepared, knowledgeable candidate.
READ ALSO: How To Answer: How have you responded to a colleague who is putting you down at work?
That's impressive. It's very obvious that you know what you're doing — even if you've never done that job before. Second, they demonstrate all those character traits that hiring man agers look for but that are very hard to pin down: enthusiasm, drive, initiative, personal responsibility, goal - setting , and much more.
Third, as you go through the plan with your future supervisor, he or she begins to visualize you in the job. Once they can "see" it, they're much more likely to offer you the job. I've seen these plans get offers for people on the spot, I've seen them get offers for people that were above what they interviewed for in the first place, and I've seen them get offers for candidates who were less qualified than their competitors.
READ ALSO: How to Answer: How did you deal with the situation when your boss disagreed with your decision?
If there ever were a job interview miracle tool, this would be it. So... create your own 30/60/90 - day plan for your next interview. And when the interviewer says, "How long will it take for you to make a significant contribution?" you're not stuck with responding, "I don't know...6 months to a year?" or, "Well, I'd really have to get settled in to see, but I would hope to start making real progress soon." Instead, you could say, "I'm so glad you asked. I've thought about that quite a bit, and I've put together a preliminary plan for what I could do to get rolling as fast as possible.
Can I get your input on it?" When they say "yes," you walk them through your very detailed plan for success and get their feedback. Even if you don't have all the details right, the conversation you'll have will, without a doubt, be the best interview you've ever had.


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Hi everyone! Sorry for the lack of posts, it's been a pretty crazy, busy couple of weeks. I do have some exciting new posts coming up, though!
Do you like being comfy, but cute at the same time? Being comfortable is definitely a must if you're going out exploring in the city! For the comfy & cute look I opted for my Levis striped flowy tank, my trusty Loft denim leggings, and of course, my H&M wedges. These are the most comfortable and casual wedges that I own. I wear them almost everywhere. If you're looking to get a pair of cute ad comfy everyday shoes, try these on!


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What's your prediction for the World Series?
Anaheim in 4 games
Anaheim in 5 games
Anaheim in 6 games
Anaheim in 7 games
San Francisco in 4 games
San Francisco in 5 games
San Francisco in 6 games
San Francisco in 7 games
"I remember watching the fans run out onto the field," said the Angels' closer. "I wanted to run on the field, but the people I was with wouldn't let me."
No matter. This October Percival has celebrated two playoff series wins on that field, and Saturday, when the Angels host Game 1 of the World Series vs. the San Francisco Giants, he'll take aim at a third, and ultimate, celebration.
Winning a World Series is one thing. Doing it for the hometown team makes it even better. Some players — such as Baltimore's Cal Ripken in 1983, Oakland's Rickey Henderson and Dave Stewart in 1989 and Minnesota's Kent Hrbek in 1987 and 1991 — know the feeling. Others, such as Seattle's John Olerud and Cincinnati's Ken Griffey Jr., are trying to make it happen.
Percival, from Riverside, Calif., is one of six Angels who grew up in the Los Angeles area. Though that seems like plenty of local talent, consider that since the player draft started in 1965, California has produced more drafted players, 12,366, than any other state.
"It would mean a little more if I could win a World Series with the Angels," says pitcher Kevin Appier, born in Lancaster, Calif. "I was a huge Angels fan. I liked Lyman Bostock, Bobby Grich, Nolan Ryan, Fred Lynn."
Ask Angels DH Shawn Wooten, born in Glendora, Calif., about his favorite team, and he says: "No comment." That's because he loved the Dodgers, and he hardly took off his Dodger blue batting gloves. He said he had little choice.
"The Dodgers were on TV, they got all the pub," Wooten says. "They had the history, the World Series, everything."
Wooten went to Dodgers games. The first time he went to the Angels' ballpark, he was on a high school team, playing for a Southern California title. He lost twice.
"It's hard to believe I'm here now," Wooten says.
Designated hitter Brad Fullmer is from Chatsworth, Calif., and says being at home allows him to have a life outside baseball.
Infielder Adam Kennedy, born in Riverside, said his father, Tom, and brother, Bryan, used to get on him because he would always wait until the final month of the season to decide his favorite team.
Kennedy used to come Anaheim to watch opposing players such as Ripken. And he attended the workout day for the 1986 All-Star Game, remembered for Bo Jackson's monster home run.
But Kennedy doesn't have time to get into the local-boy magic. "When it is happening to you, you usually concentrate on your job and what you have to do to win," Kennedy says. "My dad might be thinking that way, though."
One guy who isn't is left fielder Garret Anderson. He grew up in Los Angeles but didn't pull for either the Angels or Dodgers. He just liked watching baseball. "But it wasn't an earth-shattering experience to go to a game."
Anderson never dreamed of a big-league career: "Not even close, because I didn't get wrapped up in the future," he says. "I didn't think I was good enough to play Little League. I watched all sports."
Percival dreamed of going to the World Series as a catcher, because one of his favorite players was the Dodgers' Steve Yeager. "That was my plan," he said.
When Scioscia took Yeager's job, Percival was not happy. He said it took a while for him to warm up to Scioscia.
"I watched him play a few times, and I said, 'Man, this guy is nails," ' Percival said. "It's amazing he's my manager in the World Series."


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