text:
Copyright. Mauricio A. Pajon
- Tabitha Russell
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 Copyright by Mauricio A. Pajon 2013
2 The Dissertation Committee for Mauricio A. Pajon certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: BUILDING OPPORTUNITY: DISASTER RESPONSE AND RECOVERY AFTER THE 1773 EARTHQUAKE IN ANTIGUA GUATEMALA Committee: Susan Deans Smith Supervisor Jonathan Brown Virginia Garrard Burnett Ann Twinam Charles Walker
3 BUILDING OPPORTUNITY: DISASTER RESPONSE AND RECOVERY AFTER THE 1773 EARTHQUAKE IN ANTIGUA GUATEMALA by Mauricio A. Pajon, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2013
4 Dedication To Michael, Holly, and Lucía.
5 Acknowledgements I owe a debt of gratitude to individuals and institutions that have helped me on my path towards completing a Ph.D. At the University of Texas at Austin, my advisor, Dr. Susan Deans Smith, has inspired me in more ways than she knows. I am especially grateful to her for seeing me through to the defense. The other members of the dissertation committee Dr. Jonathan Brown, Dr. Virginia Garrard Burnett, Dr. Ann Twinam, and Dr. Charles Walker contributed their ideas and shaped the development of the dissertation. I thank them all for believing in me. People and organizations outside of the University of Texas at Austin also lent their support. The staff of the Archivo General de Centroamérica and the Archivo General de Indias was extremely helpful in giving me access to archival sources. Ana Carla Ericastilla of the Archivo General de Centroamérica was v
6 invaluable in helping me navigate the archive. Sayda Salazar welcomed me into her home in Guatemala. Dr. Johann Melchor shared documents and meals with me and showed me around Antigua Guatemala. My friends and family have listened to me talk about the 1773 earthquake in Antigua Guatemala with more patience and humor than I want to admit. I wish to thank Dr. Benjamin Narváez, Dr. Bonar Hernández, and Dr. Emily Berquist for their friendship and encouragement, especially in our early years at the University of Texas at Austin. I would like to extend special thanks to Creighton Chandler who read and discussed my work with me on numerous occasions. My parents in laws Mark and Jeannette Montecalvo cheered me on. My partner Michael Montecalvo and our beloved Holly reminded me to smile. Finally, I wish to thank my mother Lucía Rodríguez who never lost faith in me and always encouraged me no matter what. vi
7 BUILDING OPPORTUNITY: DISASTER RESPONSE AND RECOVERY AFTER THE 1773 EARTHQUAKE IN ANTIGUA GUATEMALA Mauricio A. Pajon, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2013 Supervisor: Susan Deans Smith Building Opportunity centers on disaster response and recovery after a 7.5 magnitude earthquake destroyed the city of Antigua Guatemala, the capital of colonial Guatemala, on July 29, It also concentrates on the colonial government s decision to relocate Antigua Guatemala and establish a new capital, New Guatemala. This dissertation examines how the cultural, economic, political, and social views of inhabitants bureaucrats, clerics, Indians, architects, and the poor shaped their reactions to the tremor. Furthermore, it contends that the migration from Antigua Guatemala to New Guatemala created socioeconomic opportunities through which individuals made strong efforts to rebuild their lives. Debates on natural catastrophe in colonial Latin America have emphasized the ability of calamity to ignite power struggles over competing ideas about emergency management. However, in addition to an analysis of such disputes, this dissertation vii
8 advances new understandings of the ways in which the earthquake gave victims chances to reshape their world. How did individuals beliefs influence their attitudes toward the cataclysm? How did the effort to create a new city forge openings for survivors to refashion their identities? This study shows that individual groups notions of fear, hazard mitigation, history, and socioeconomics defined arguments about whether or not to move. It also demonstrates that the tragedy produced spaces in which officials, ecclesiastics, indigenous peoples, and the impoverished worked to improve their lives. In various ways, administrators and victims turned adversity into an opportunity to become disaster managers and survivors, respectively. viii
9 Table of Contents List of Figures... xi Introduction...1 Chapter One: The Politics of Catastrophe...20 Response, Recovery, and Calamity in Late Eighteenth Century Guatemala...23 Disaster Management and Opportunity...33 Resistance to the Relocation...41 Conclusions...51 Chapter Two: The Nature of Belief...52 Displaced Nuns and Runaway Priests...55 An Environment of Fear...67 K iche Views of Disaster...75 Conclusions...81 Chapter Three: Urban Reform and Development in New Guatemala...83 Ideas about Earthquake Resistant Buildings...85 Envisioning the Ideal Bourbon City...95 Conclusions ix
10 Chapter Four: Architects, Artisans, and the Construction of Identity Local versus Foreign Architects Architects and the Art of Self Fashioning Images of Indian Artisans Conclusions Chapter Five: Reconstructing Colonial Lives The Politics of Public Relief The Power of Charity and Self Help Conclusions Conclusion Bibliography Vita x
11 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Guatemala...2 xi
12 Introduction In the morning, the whole world had a strange new smell. It was the smell of the aftermath, a green smell, a smell of shredded leaves and oozing resin, of crushed wood and splashed sap, a tart smell, which bore some relation to the smell of bitten apples. It was the smell of death and destruction and it smelled fresh, lively and hopeful. A. S. Byatt, Possession: A Romance For the 40,000 residents of Antigua Guatemala, the capital of colonial Guatemala, the year 1773 was an annus mirabilis, a year of wonders. 1 At 3:30 P.M. on July 29 th, the city experienced a powerful foreshock; fifteen minutes later a massive 7.5 magnitude earthquake devastated Antigua Guatemala. According to Senior Audiencia (High Court) Judge Juan González Bustillo, it was, in truth, a horrific and frightful day a day in which it seemed as if God, angry with our sins, had decided to end the lives of the inhabitants of [Antigua Guatemala]. González Bustillo interpreted the first shock as advance notice [from God] so that we would not perish in the ruins and so that we would have time to offer [Him] sacrifices, honors, and praise. He argued that the second tremor had 1 After the 1773 earthquake, eyewitnesses referred to the former capital of Guatemala as Santiago de Guatemala, Guatemala City, or Antigua Guatemala. To avoid confusion in this dissertation, I am going to call the old city Antigua Guatemala and the new one New Guatemala. 1
13 destroyed all or most of [the capital s] public buildings and private homes or at least reduced them to a deplorable state within two seconds. 2 Figure 1. Map of Guatemala. Source: USGS, Major Volcanoes of Guatemala, accessed August 15, 2013, es.html. 2 Juan González Bustillo, Extracto, ô relacion methodica, y puntual de los autos de reconocimiento, praticado en virtud de comission del señor presidente de la real audiencia de este reino de Guatemala (Mixco: Antonio Sánchez Cubillas, 1774),
14 The municipal and religious authorities also believed that God was angry, were afraid, and saw the earthquake as an agent of change. The city council asserted that God justly irritated with sinners, by the repetition of our sins, had taken out His anger on the city, destroying it entirely on the afternoon of July 29 th. The city council declared, the ground had boiled beneath our feet, as if tired of suffering us, without allowing us to stand. The city council members insisted that the earth had shaken so uncontrollably that it had made bells ring frightfully and toppled towers, churches, palaces, public buildings, and even the most humble huts. They maintained that the disaster had transformed Antigua Guatemala from a magnificent, sumptuous, affluent, wealthy, beautiful, and peaceful capital to a confused cluster of ruins. 3 According to Father Felipe Cadena, that day, Antigua Guatemala had the appearance of a shattered corpse, truly worthy of pity. 4 In addition to having demolished Antigua Guatemala, the calamity also led to a breakdown of social and political structures that defined late eighteenthcentury life in the capital. According to Cadena, the most honest women and 3 Carta del 31 de agosto de 1773, dirigida por el Ayuntamiento a su Majestad, informándole de la ruina acaecida el 29 de julio y solicitando algunas providencias en favor del vecindario, in Boletín del Archivo General del Gobierno 8, no. 1 (March 1943): Felipe Cadena, Breve descripción de la noble ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, y puntual noticia de su lamentable ruina ocasionada de un violento terremoto el día veintinueve de julio de 1773 (Guatemala: Imprenta de Luna, 1858): 19. 3
15 the most secluded clerics had left behind their sense of modesty when they fled from their homes and appeared in public in their dressing gowns. Nuns evacuated their convents, breaking their vow of enclosure. Fearful of the risk of remaining indoors, hospital patients abandoned their beds and sought refuge outdoors. Prisoners escaped after the earthquake destroyed the city s jails. 5 González Bustillo argued that some convicts fled immediately, while others remained in the main plaza, removing their chains and adding to the horrific spectacle of seeing the most serious felons mixed with the most distinguished, not excepting the judges and ministers who witnessed everything. 6 As throngs of people started to fill the streets, the plazas and unoccupied spaces became a confused and chaotic mix of people from all hierarchies. Feeling upset, afraid, and alone, parents neglected their children [and] husbands disregarded their wives. A few, such as Antonio Hermosillo, the justice of the peace elect of Sonsonate, died from fright. 7 Immediately after the catastrophe, residents, the colonial government, and the Catholic Church contributed to the disaster response effort in various ways. 5, González Bustillo, Extracto, ô relacion methodica, y puntual de los autos de reconocimiento, praticado en virtud de comission del señor presidente de la real audiencia de este reino de Guatemala, Felipe Cadena, Breve descripción de la noble ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, y puntual noticia de su lamentable ruina ocasionada de un violento terremoto el día veintinueve de julio de 1773,
16 González Bustillo argued that many devout Catholics sought out priests to confess their sins, while others received absolution. Everyone asked God for mercy. 8 They took out the monstrance from within the ruins of the cathedral and built a thatched cottage in the main plaza where they placed it for safekeeping. 9 He asserted that a miracle had spared the lives of Antigua Guatemala s political and religious leaders, including Archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz and Captain General Martín de Mayorga. After escaping from the captain general s palace, Mayorga and González Bustillo encouraged everyone to continue to pray to God for forgiveness. 10 They stationed militiamen at monasteries and convents throughout the capital to prevent theft. 11 González Bustillo extended various orders on old documents and fashioned a quill out of a reed until he was able to find an inkwell. 12 The captain general also made a strong effort to feed the living. Mayorga repaired roads to allow meat suppliers to transport livestock to the city s slaughterhouse. He ordered Indians from Antigua Guatemala s surrounding towns to bring their crops to the capital without delay. He fixed mills and ovens, extracted wheat, corn, and vegetables from within the ruins, 8 González Bustillo, Extracto ô, ô relacion methodica, y puntual de los autos de reconocimiento, praticado en virtud de comission del señor presidente de la real audiencia de este reino de Guatemala, 14. 9, , , , 18. 5
17 and distributed 200 trunks of biscuits that had been bound for Central American forts to the religious orders and the poor. 13 The Catholic Church gave the dead proper Christian burials, encouraged confessions, practiced acts of charity, and led religious processions as part its participation in the crisis response initiative. Archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz commissioned ecclesiastics to help colonial officials to inter dead bodies as an act of Christian piety and to prevent the spread of disease. 14 Cortés y Larraz promoted penitence as a way to placate an angry God. He administered the sacrament of penance himself, and, when he saw that he could not hear everyone s confessions alone, he designated priests throughout Antigua Guatemala to provide penitents with spiritual comfort. 15 He donated money and food, including meat, cheese, tamales, and tortillas to the poor, amazing everyone when he went out among the needy and distributed such assistance with his own hands. 16 Finally, the archbishop led a religious procession around 13, Felipe Cadena, Breve descripción de la noble ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, y puntual noticia de su lamentable ruina ocasionada de un violento terremoto el día veintinueve de julio de 1773, , , 31. 6
18 the main plaza to alleviate earthquake victims suffering and give them spiritual consolation. 17 Long term disaster recovery in late eighteenth century Guatemala created economic, political, and social openings through which administrators, ecclesiastics, indigenous peoples, architects and artisans, and earthquake victims tried to reassert themselves and repair their world. A week after the earthquake, the captain general proposed the relocation of Antigua Guatemala and created a scientific commissioned to explore the suggested sites for the migration. 18 Throughout the remainder of the 1770s, supporters and opponents of the move employed environmental, historical, and socioeconomic arguments in favor of or against the resettlement of the population. The colonial government argued that the Valley of La Ermita was safer than the old capital because it did not experience catastrophic earthquakes. 19 Despite such arguments, the city council and the archbishop asserted that it was impossible to know the destructiveness 17 Carta del 31 de agosto de 1773, dirigida por el Ayuntamiento a su Majestad, informándole de la ruina acaecida el 29 de julio y solicitando algunas providencias en favor del vecindario, in Boletín del Archivo General del Gobierno 8, no. 1 (March 1943): González Bustillo, Extracto, ô relacion methodica, y puntual de los autos de reconocimiento, praticado en virtud de comission del señor presidente de la real audiencia de este reino de Guatemala, 26 and ,
19 of the disaster in La Ermita because there were relatively few buildings there. 20 They also contended that the poor could not afford to pay to move from old city to the new one and that establishing Antigua Guatemala elsewhere was senseless because tremors occurred throughout Central America. 21 In addition to power struggles over the relocation, fear, revolt, ideas over earthquake resistant buildings, and self fashioning shaped responses to the earthquake. Nuns took part in emergency management efforts through leading a religious procession and through singing sacred songs to quell earthquake victims fears immediately after the disaster. 22 Priests used sermons to present arguments for and against the relocation and to promote moral reform. The K iche s (a Maya ethnic group in the Guatemalan Highlands) strong sense of their own history led them to rebel against the colonial government because they had interpreted the tremor as a sign that captain general was an Indian like them and that he had caused the disaster to restore Native Americans to a position of authority. Together with moving from Antigua Guatemala to New Guatemala, 20 Carta del 31 de agosto de 1773, dirigida por el Ayuntamiento a su Majestad, informándole de la ruina acaecida el 29 de julio y solicitando algunas providencias en favor del vecindario, in Boletín del Archivo General del Gobierno 8, no. 1 (March 1943): AGI, Guatemala, Carta de la Madre Abadesa de Capuchinas de Goathemala, Sor María Gertrudis de Yribe y Folgar, escrita a la Madre Abadesa de Capuchinas de Oaxaca (1773) in Luis Luján Muñoz, Nueva información sobre los terremotos de 1773, Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia 50 (January December 1977):
20 the colonial government also made a strong effort to implement ideas about earthquake resistant buildings to make the new capital a safer place in which to live. Officials, architects and artisans, and the poor saw their support for the creation of New Guatemala as an opportunity to petition to the Crown for various favors and for public relief so that they could make a better life for themselves. Historiographical Debates on Earthquakes in Colonial Latin America Building Opportunity centers on disaster response and recovery after a 7.5 magnitude earthquake destroyed the city of Antigua Guatemala, the capital of colonial Guatemala, on July 29, It also concentrates on the colonial government s decision to relocate Antigua Guatemala and establish a new capital, New Guatemala. This dissertation examines how the cultural, economic, political, and social views of inhabitants bureaucrats, clerics, Indians, architects, and the poor shaped their reactions to the tremor. Furthermore, it contends that the migration from Antigua Guatemala to New Guatemala created socioeconomic opportunities through which individuals made strong efforts to rebuild their lives. Debates on natural catastrophe in colonial Latin America have emphasized the ability of calamity to ignite power struggles over competing 9
21 ideas about emergency management. However, in addition to an analysis of such disputes, this dissertation advances new understandings of the ways in which the earthquake gave victims chances to reshape their world. How did individuals beliefs influence their attitudes toward the cataclysm? How did the effort to create a new city forge openings for survivors to refashion their identities? This study shows that individual groups notions of fear, hazard mitigation, history, and socioeconomics defined arguments about whether or not to move. It also demonstrates that the tragedy produced spaces in which officials, ecclesiastics, indigenous peoples, and the impoverished worked to improve their lives. In various ways, administrators and victims turned adversity into an opportunity to become disaster managers and survivors, respectively. Despite the ability of 1773 earthquake to influence responses to disaster and to create socioeconomic opportunities in late eighteenth century Guatemala, many historians have used this tremor as background information only. In making the earthquake the central character, this dissertation challenges studies that have failed to examine responses to the disaster fully. Miles Wortman argues, [the] disaster ignited passions of the citizenry, beginning a seven year battle that revealed the depth of schisms in Guatemala. His overview does not 10
22 go beyond resistance to the relocation and does not examine economic, environmental, and socioeconomic arguments for or against it. 23 Wortman summarizes the K iche Indian revolt but does not analyze the way in which the K iche s sense of their history influenced their reaction to the catastrophe. 24 Catherine Lugar asserts that [Juan Fermín de Aycinena] was among the leading merchants who pushed for transfer rand rebuilding of the capital after the earthquake in the 1770s, and used his millions to purchase the title of marquesado in However, neither she nor Richmond Brown considers the way in which Aycinena and other merchants parlayed their socioeconomic support for the development of New Guatemala into noble titles. 26 In addition to employing the catastrophe as a social or historical antecedent, scholars have not been able to move beyond the power struggle between Captain General Martín de Mayorga and Archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz. In analyzing the reactions of clerics, architects and artisans, and the poor to the catastrophe, this study deepens arguments that have concentrated exclusively on the controversy between the captain general and the archbishop. 23 Miles L. Wortman, Government and Society in Central America, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), , Catherine Lugar, Merchants, in Cities & Society in Colonial Latin America, ed. Louisa Schell Hoberman and Susan Migden Socolow (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), Richmond F. Brown, Juan Fermín de Aycinena: Central American Colonial Entrepreneur, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997),
23 Pedro Pérez Valenzuela focuses on this conflict but fails to show how supporters and opponents cultural, political, religious, scientific, and socioeconomic views shaped their responses to the earthquake. 27 He reproduces meaningful documents, such as the audiencia s plan for the new city of New Guatemala, but does not analyze them, leaving readers to extract their significance. 28 Cristina Zilbermann de Luján centers on elites because she believes that they alone have the ability to mobilize and to engage in conflict. 29 Zilbermann de Luján s analysis falls short in that she overlooks the capacity of non elites to resist the relocation and of earthquake victims to petition for relief to rebuild their lives. Christophe Belaubre examines how the sociopolitical backgrounds of the captain general and the archbishop influenced their reactions to the tremor. 30 Despite helping readers to understand the origin and result of this conflict, Belaubre neglects urban reform and development in New Guatemala. Scholars who have explored the move from Antigua Guatemala to New Guatemala have disregarded the colonial government s efforts to implement 27 Pedro Pérez Valenzuela, La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción: Terremoto de Santa Marta. Fundación en el Llano de la Virgen, vol. 1 (Guatemala: Centro Editorial José Pineda Ibarra, 1964), , Cristina Zilbermann de Luján reprints letters that nuns wrote in response to the earthquake in her appendix but, like Pérez Valenzuela, does not analyze them in her study. Cristina Zilbermann de Luján, Aspectos socio económicos del traslado de la ciudad de Guatemala ( ) (Guatemala: Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, 1987), Christophe Belaubre, El traslado de la capital del reino de Guatemala ( ). Conflicto de poder y juegos sociales, Revista Historia no (January December 2008):
24 earthquake resistant building techniques, architects attempts at self fashioning, and earthquake victims work to petition for relief. In examining such issues, this dissertation challenges arguments that have neglected efforts by bureaucrats, ecclesiastics, and architects and artisans to promote ideas about anti seismic architecture. It also questions studies that have discounted the attempts that earthquake victims made to obtain state aid. Inge Langenberg argues that late eighteenth century New Guatemala experienced increased unemployment and crime rates and that officials failed to develop infrastructure in the new capital. 31 However, this dissertation asserts that applications for assistance demonstrate that earthquake survivors made sustained efforts to seek out help from the colonial administration to rebuild their lives. Alain Musset and Stephen Trobiner contend that administrators decision to abandon Antigua Guatemala was the only anti seismic strategy that they implemented in response to the disaster. 32 This study maintains that, in addition to the relocation, bureaucrats, clerics, and 31 Inge Langenberg, La estructura urbana y el cambio social en la ciudad de Guatemala a fines de la época colonial ( ), in La sociedad colonial en Guatemala: estudios regionales y locales, ed. Stephen Webre (South Woodstock: Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies, 1989), Alain Musset, Mudarse o desaparecer. Traslado de ciudades hispanoamericanas y desastres (Siglos XVI XVIII), in Historia y desastres en América Latina, vol. 1, ed. Virginia García Acosta (Bogota: LA RED/CIESAS, 1996), 41. Stephen Tobriner, Safety and Reconstruction of Noto after the Sicilian Earthquake of 1693 The Eighteenth Century Context, in Dreadful Visitations: Confronting Natural Catastrophe in the Age of Enlightenment, ed. Alessa Johns (New York: Routledge, 1999),
25 architects emphasized the use of earthquake resistant construction, education, and moral reform to make New Guatemala a safe place in which to live. Recent historiographical debates on earthquakes in colonial Latin America emphasize new methodological and theoretical frameworks for the study of disaster. In using these new frameworks, this study affirms arguments about disaster response and recovery in colonial Latin America. Virginia García Acosta argues that vulnerability, differential vulnerability, recovery capacity building, and adaptive strategies are analytical tools with which scholars can explore the social aspects of catastrophe. 33 García Acosta asserts that social, economic, and religious responses include disaster response and long term recovery such as self help, relocation, voluntary and forced labor, petitions for labor exemptions, public prayer and religious processions, and earthquake resistant building techniques. García Acosta maintains that archival sources such as city council minutes and documents concerning public works demonstrate that officials believed that they could make cities safer through prayer and earthquakeresistant buildings Virginia García Acosta, Respuestas y toma de decisiones ante la ocurrencia de sismos: Propuestas metodológicas y teóricas para el estudio histórico de los desastres, in Los sismos en la historia de México: El análisis social, ed. Virginia García Acosta, vol. 2 (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2001), ,
26 Historical writing on earthquakes in colonial Spanish America stresses the ability of disaster to create spaces in which socioeconomic groups can reaffirm their points of view. This dissertation analyzes the efforts that bureaucrats, ecclesiastics, architects, and the rich and poor made to use the catastrophe to build opportunities to repair their city and their lives. In so doing, it affirms arguments about the capacity of earthquakes to create openings for disaster response and long term recovery in colonial Spanish America. Jürgen Buchenau and Lyman Johnson argue that earthquakes, due to their destructiveness, disrupt, if not dismantle, the social processes that organize and direct societies and cultures. 35 The destructiveness of earthquakes also reveals existing social and economic fault lines, giving rise to new expressions of class conflict, they assert. 36 Charles Walker maintains that the 1746 earthquaketsunami in Lima, Peru, presented a series of opportunities through which officials, clerics, and Indians and black people reasserted their beliefs. Elites publicly criticized administrators efforts to rebuild Lima as a modern city, while Indians and blacks threatened to take advantage of the disaster to revolt. Nuns 35 Jürgen Buchenau and Lyman L. Johnson, Introduction: Earthquakes and Latin American Political Culture, in Aftershocks: Earthquakes and Popular Politics in Latin America, ed. Jürgen Buchenau and Lyman L. Johnson (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2009), ,
27 positioned themselves in places of authority through their premonitions about the destruction of Lima and efforts to locate meaning in the catastrophe. 37 A Note on Sources Early in my research, I made a conscious effort not to limit myself to a specific set of sources. The Benson Latin American Collection in Austin, Texas, has all six of the commission reports that Senior Audiencia Judge Juan González Bustillo published in They are a window into the ways in which the colonial government used arguments about the environment, history, and socioeconomics to support the relocation. In 2004, I made a preliminary research trip to the Archivo General de Centroamérica (AGCA) in Guatemala City, where Ana Carla Ericastilla, now the AGCA s director, encouraged me not to confine myself to documents under the heading Traslación (Relocation) and to look at Actuaciones Civiles y Criminales (Civil and Criminal Actions) for a fuller picture of the relocation s socioeconomic impact. In Actuaciones Civiles y Criminales, I located court cases such as a lawsuit between a slave and his master over a broken promise of freedom a pledge that the owner had made to reward the slave for his loyalty during the earthquake. 37 Charles F. Walker, Shaky Colonialism: The 1746 Earthquake Tsunami in Lima, Peru, and Its Long Aftermath (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008), 21 51, , and
28 Subsequent research trips to archives and libraries at home and abroad yielded various kinds of archival and printed sources, many of which I use to give a fuller picture of responses to the disaster. By 2007, I had collected over 400 archival and printed sources from the AGCA, the Archivo General de Indias in Seville Spain, the Benson Latin American Collection, the Biblioteca César Brañas and the Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala in Guatemala City, and the Yale University Library in New Haven, Connecticut. These records include applications for earthquake relief, census records, ceremonial descriptions, edicts, eulogies, eyewitness accounts, gracias al sacar petitions, guild regulations, legal opinions, minutes, newspaper articles, private letters, poems, relaciones de méritos y servicios, sermons, and songs. For example, I employ ceremonial descriptions, gracias al sacar petitions, and relaciones de méritos y servicios to show that officials, architects, merchants had made use of the earthquake as a chance for advancement. I use eyewitness accounts, private letters, and sermons to demonstrate how ecclesiastics availed themselves of the catastrophe to delve into the meanings of fear. The variety of documents that I analyze deepens our understanding of differing attitudes toward disaster response and recovery in late eighteenth century Guatemala. 17
My friends, I am honored to be here with you this morning. This Rotary Club is such a distinguished group, such a historic organization.
Immigration and the Next America Most Reverend José H. Gomez Archbishop of Los Angeles Rotary Club of Los Angeles Los Angeles, California January 10, 2013 My friends, I am honored to be here with you thisMore information
Try and list resentments in groups, i.e.; Family, school, relationships, work, etc.
One of the requirements for sobriety is the need for confession of personality defects, a moral inventory, and step four is designed to be just this. There is a lot of hype and fear surrounding this stepMore information
CATECHISM (adopted 2008) FOR CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CONFESSION OF FAITH
(from 2008 preliminary minutes page 183) CATECHISM (adopted 2008) FOR CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CONFESSION OF FAITH 1. Who is God? God is the one living, active Creator of all that is, seen and unseen. 2.More information
WELCOME TO GOD S FAMILY To all who received him, to those who believed in his name, he gave the right to become children of God children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision or a husbandMore information
Outline: Introduction: A review of Jesus life (what we learned about him in the previous eleven messages)
Title: WHO DO YOU SAY I AM? (Review of Messages E1-11, the Life of Jesus) Space for Notes: (Yours and ours) Theme: People who hear the story of Jesus must choose how they will respond to him. Bible Basis:More information
Testimony Submitted for the Record. On behalf of the
Testimony Submitted for the Record On behalf of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Committee on Domestic Justice and Human Development, Catholic Charities USA, and The Society of St. VincentMore information
The Spread of Protestantism
The Spread of Protestantism Protestant Reformation 3.2A, corruption in the medieval catholic church What forms of corruption existed within the church during the late middle ages? Popes used excommunicationMore information
Chapter 6 Major Battles of the Texas Revolution
Chapter 6 Major Battles of the Texas Revolution Lesson1: The Battle of Gonzalez Lesson 2: The Battle of the Alamo Lesson 3: The Battle of San Jacinto Lesson 1: Revolution Begins Pages 170-176 ReasonsMore information
2. Prior to the Reformation, all Christians in Western Europe were. 3. What caused Catholics to cry out for reform?
Reformation Questions 7 th Grade Social Studies 1. When did the Reformation begin? a. at the time of Jesus Christ's birth b. in the early 1500's c. upon the Declaration of Independence of the United StatesMore information
Official Guide. to Graduate Study in History. The University of Texas at Austin
Official Guide to Graduate Study in History at The University of Texas at Austin ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNANCE The Graduate Adviser has primary responsibility for administering the graduate program. SheMore information
Change Cycle. Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com
Change Cycle Change often involves a process. The Bible describes five significant stages of change that are important to understand. They include Rebellion, Realization, Remorse, Repentance, and Restoration.More information
English Colonization, Part 2: New England Colonies
English Colonization, Part 2: New England Colonies Differences in Colonizing The New England colonies were very different from the Chesapeake colonies from the very beginning The New England colonies wereMore information
DIVORCE LAW REFORM A SUMMARY OF THE LAW REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION PROPOSALS. Legal Assistance Centre 2005
DIVORCE LAW REFORM A SUMMARY OF THE LAW REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION PROPOSALS Legal Assistance Centre 2005 This is a summary of a bill proposed by the Law Reform and Development Commission (LRDC).More information
Whereas I was Blind, Now I See. John 9: 1-11; 25
Whereas I was Blind, Now I See John 9: 1-11; 25 We all know that great hymn well: Amazing grace, how sweet the sound, that saved a wretch like me; I once was lost, but now I m found; was blind, but nowMore information
The Catholic Church Point / Counterpoint
The Protestant Reformation occurred in 16th-century Europe because of widespread dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church. Up to that point, Catholicism was the primary Christian religion. The ReformationMore information
THEME: We should take every opportunity to tell others about Jesus.
Devotion NT307 CHILDREN S DEVOTIONS FOR THE WEEK OF: LESSON TITLE: Paul Goes Before Agrippa THEME: We should take every opportunity to tell others about Jesus. SCRIPTURE: Acts 25:13 26:32 Dear ParentsMore information
OUR TAKE ON GOD. Two weeks ago the following by the columnist Nicholas D. Kristof appeared in
OUR TAKE ON GOD Jer. 31:31-34; Romans 3:19-38; John 8:31-36 Two weeks ago the following by the columnist Nicholas D. Kristof appeared in the editorial pages of the New York Times. Islam sometimes comesMore information
PRAYER OF THE FAITHFUL Solemnity of Epiphany January 5/6, Lord, hear our prayer.
Solemnity of Epiphany January 5/6, 2008 Celebrant: My dear friends, the love of God reaches to the ends of the earth. As the three kings were led to the Savior, let us approach the Lord and humbly bringMore information
Phone: (502) TOURS
Phone: (502) 2421-5151 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com TOURS GUATEMALA CITY HALF DAY TOUR Departure: hotels in Guatemala City - 09:00 a.m. Schedule: Daily tour Duration: 3:00 hours DepartureMore information
A Penance Service for Lent
A Penance Service for Lent Diocese of Madison Lent 2007 Note The Rite of Penance is available separately or as part II of The Rites of the Catholic Church. The outline below is for a Lenten Penance Service.More information
Declaration of Independence Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Why did the Founders write the Declaration of Independence?
Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Why did the Founders write the? Materials: Copies of Two Historians Interpretations Copies of Declaration Preamble worksheet Copies of Declaration of IndependeceMore information
LUIS VALENTÍN FERRADA WALKER firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com Av. Suecia Nº 695, Dpto. 507, Providencia, Santiago, Chile +56-9-9-243.69.
LUIS VALENTÍN FERRADA WALKER firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com Av. Suecia Nº 695, Dpto. 507, Providencia, Santiago, Chile +56-9-9-243.69.21 Education Universidad de Chile, Santiago PhD CandidateMore information
Medical Malpractice VOIR DIRE QUESTIONS
Medical Malpractice VOIR DIRE QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION: Tell the jurors that this is a very big and a very important case. Do a SHORT summary of the case and the damages we are seeking. This summary shouldMore information
Explanatory Notes: WILL WE BE MARRIED IN THE LIFE AFTER DEATH? Series title: Topic: Marriage in heaven / heaven as a marriage Table of Contents: Message 1: What is the Life after Death Like? p. 1 MessageMore information
Living Water Church Ministry Training Center
Living Water Church Ministry Training Center He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. John 7:38 1000 Hall Valley Drive Bridgeport, WV 26301More information
Masonic Questions and Answers
Masonic Questions and Answers by Paul M. Bessel iii Masonic Questions and Answers A Cornerstone Book Copyright 2005 by Paul M. Bessel All rights reserved under International and Pan-American CopyrightMore information
Questions and Answers Regarding the Canonical Process for the Resolution of Allegations of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priests and Deacons
Questions and Answers Regarding the Canonical Process for the Resolution of Allegations of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priests and Deacons Q: Does the Church have its own laws against the sexual abuse ofMore information
Reprinted by permission from Book of Common Worship, 1993 Westminster/John Knox Press
Reprinted by permission from Book of Common Worship, 1993 Westminster/John Knox Press INVITATIONS to CONFESSION of SIN If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. But ifMore information
Sam Houston, 1793-1863: An Early Leader of Texas
12 November 2011 voaspecialenglish.com Sam Houston, 1793-1863: An Early Leader of Texas Cavalry soldiers line up at Fort Sam Houston, Texas loc.gov (You can download an MP3 of this story at voaspecialenglish.com)More information
PRAYER OF THE FAITHFUL 27 th Sunday in Ordinary Time October 6/7, 2007
27 th Sunday in Ordinary Time October 6/7, 2007 Celebrant: My sisters and brothers, trusting in the love and mercy of Almighty God, we bring all our needs before him: 1. For Pope Benedict and all bishops,More information
"God's Wisdom Revealed to All (Ephesians 3:7-20)
"God's Wisdom Revealed to All (Ephesians 3:7-20) by Rev. Jackie Stoneman Paul begins this chapter by reminding the Ephesians that he is in fact a prisoner. Because he has been preaching to the Gospel especiallyMore information
Greetings, Blessings, Scott DeWitt Director of Spiritual Outreach Casas por Cristo
Team Devotional Greetings, Welcome to Casas por Cristo! If you are reading this, then more than likely you are embarking on a week-long adventure serving our Lord and Savior along the U.S. / México borderMore information
Getting to know you. Intro. Chapter pg 1a. Presentation of Mary Advent Anticipation. to God, and accepted his call.
Intro. Chapter pg 1a Seasonal Getting to know you Call To Faith 6th Grade Activities will be in your boxes with supply needed to develop the activities. Title Overview Scripture Chapter Words ActivitiesMore information
Abstracts. (Federalization of education, school concurrence, Casa del Pueblo, federal rural schools, rooted analysis)
Abstracts The federalization of education. School concurrence and social alliances in rural contexts in the eastern Valley of Mexico, 1922-1947 Juan B. Alfonseca Giner de los Ríos, Instituto Superior deMore information
NOTICE TO THE INDIVIDUAL SIGNING THE POWER OF ATTORNEY FOR HEALTH CARE No one can predict when a serious illness or accident might occur. When it does, you may need someone else to speak or make healthMore information
Chapter 3: The English Colonies
Chapter 3: The English Colonies Section 1: The Southern Colonies Settlement in Jamestown In 1605 a company of English merchants asked King James I for the right to found, or establish, a settlement. InMore information
Finding Out About Jesus
18 Who Jesus Is LESSON 1 Finding Out About Jesus Who do you think Jesus is? Some people say He was a great teacher. Others say He was a prophet, a philosopher, a Western god, or a good man whose exampleMore information
What are the levels of biblical learning? How do I read this document for my child? Why are there no specific ages listed?
LEVELS of BIBLICAL LEARNING What are the levels of biblical learning? Levels of Biblical Learning covers 10 biblical concept areas that children can learn as they study God s Word. The concept areas areMore information
Prayers for a Virtual Pilgrimage with Pope Francis
Prayers for a Virtual Pilgrimage with Pope Francis Tuesday, September 22 Washington, DC As our shepherd Pope Francis begins his pilgrimage to the United States, please pray for the Church in our country.More information
CANON LAW RELATED TO CONFIRMATION PART I : THE SACRAMENTS Can. 840 The sacraments of the New Testament were instituted by Christ the Lord and entrusted to the Church. As actions of Christ and of the Church,More information
John Brown Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Was John Brown a misguided fanatic?
Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Was a misguided fanatic? Materials: Powerpoint Copies of Timeline Copies of Documents A and B (Document C is optional) Copies of Guiding Questions Plan of Instruction:More information
RAOUL WALLENBERG JEWISH DEMOCRATIC CLUB QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CANDIDATES: JUNE 2014 ELECTION The Raoul Wallenberg Jewish Democratic Club, a chartered club of the Democratic Party, will endorse candidates inMore information
New publications of the Centre for Sociological Research, 15.30 to 16.00 (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, CIS)
MESA HISPANA The Development of Social Network Analysis in Latin America 1st European Social Networks Conference (EUSN) http://jornades.uab.cat/eusn/ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1 de julio de 2014More information
Types of Natural Hazards (e.g. Volcanic eruptions, Earthquakes, Floods,Hurricanes,Landslides
Environmental Geology Chapter 5 INTRODUCTION to NATURAL HAZARDS Types of Natural Hazards (e.g. Volcanic eruptions, Earthquakes, Floods,Hurricanes,Landslides Natural Disaster - A particular event in whichMore information
The Witness and the Justice System in Alberta
The Witness and the Justice System in Alberta Introduction This booklet provides basic information about appearing as a witness in the courts of Alberta. It is designed to explain your role as a witness,More information
Corruption in the Catholic Church. The Reasons behind the Reformation
Corruption in the Catholic Church The Reasons behind the Reformation What do you see here? What visual clues do you see in the picture that this is a church? What are the people in the lower right cornerMore information
What Should be Done to Youth Offenders? according to the level of his or crime, the aim of the juvenile justice system is to apply
1 What Should be Done to Youth Offenders? While the main purpose of the adult criminal justice system is to punish the criminal according to the level of his or crime, the aim of the juvenile justice systemMore information
Bible for Children presents BEAUTIFUL QUEEN ESTHER Written by: Edward Hughes Illustrated by: Janie Forest Adapted by: Ruth Klassen Produced by: Bible for Children www.m1914.org 2007 Bible for Children,More information
Silliman University Divinity School [MASTER OF DIVINITY] Major in Christian Education (Thesis Track)
2009 Silliman University Divinity School [MASTER OF DIVINITY] Major in Christian Education (Thesis Track) Page 2 of 10 Master of Divinity Major in Christian Education First Year (3) 1 st Semester UnitsMore information
Bible for Children. presents THE MAN OF FIRE
Bible for Children presents THE MAN OF FIRE Written by: Edward Hughes Illustrated by: Lazarus Adapted by: E. Frischbutter Produced by: Bible for Children www.m1914.org 2007 Bible for Children, Inc. License:More information
Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION Bill of Rights in Action 20:2 Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government Starting in the 1600s, European philosophers began debating the question of who shouldMore information
Labor but were upset at the class divisions it encouraged between workers and bosses. That set people apart instead of bringing them together as citizens. They saw Labor as a selfish party, caring forMore information
ACLU Advisory: Bond Hearings for Certain Immigrants Subject to Prolonged Immigration Detention Under Rodriguez v. Robbins
ACLU Advisory: Bond Hearings for Certain Immigrants Subject to Prolonged Immigration Detention Under Rodriguez v. Robbins This advisory discusses a recent federal court decision ordering bond hearingsMore information
FACTS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT NEGOTIATED DEBT SETTLEMENTS Cornerstone Financial Counselors Copyright July 2003 FACTS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT NEGOTIATED DEBT SETTLEMENTS Introduction Negotiating debt settlementsMore information
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PALAU HANDBOOK FOR TRIAL JURORS I. Purpose of This Handbook The purpose of this handbook is to acquaint trial jurors with the general nature and importance of theirMore information
MARK RIDLEY-THOMAS July 7, 2015. Wage theft is the illegal refusal by an employer to pay the wages and benefits
AGN. NO. MOTION BY SUPERVISOR HILDA L. SOLIS & SUPERVISOR MARK RIDLEY-THOMAS July 7, 2015 Wage theft is the illegal refusal by an employer to pay the wages and benefits that an employee has legally earned.More information
Confirmation Faith Statement
A is simply 1-2 paragraphs of what you believe about God, faith, Jesus, salvation, etc. Every Confirmation student will pick out a Confirmation verse as a basis of their faith statement. You can use oneMore information
P U R P O S E USCCB, Pastoral Plan for Pro-Life Activities: A Campaign in Support of Life
COMMUNITY RESPECT COMPASSION CARE UNDERSTANDING CHARITY FAMILY LOVE FAITH DIGNITY FORGIVENESS HAPPINESS COMMUNITY RESPECT COMPASSION CARE UNDERSTANDING CHARITY FAMILY LOVE FAITH DIGNITY FORGIVENESS HAPPINESSMore information
Michael S. Greco President, American Bar Association. Remarks to First -Year Civil Procedure Class Suffolk University Law School
Michael S. Greco President, American Bar Association Remarks to First -Year Civil Procedure Class Suffolk University Law School Boston, Massachusetts April 13, 2006 I thank Professor Karen Blum for invitingMore information
This booklet contains a message of love and hope. An exciting adventure awaits all who discover these life-changing truths.
This booklet contains a message of love and hope. An exciting adventure awaits all who discover these life-changing truths. The following four principles will help you discover how to know God personallyMore information
Before You Take That Bite
Before You Take That Bite Before you take that bite, read this pamphlet and remember today you have a choice. Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous (FA) offers a solution for all forms of food addiction.More information
Jesus Inaugural Sermon Scripture: Luke 4:14-30
1 Jesus Inaugural Sermon Scripture: Luke 4:14-30 By Pastor John H. Noordhof Williamsburg Christian Reformed Church February 3, 2013 Morning Service People of God: When you are on vacation, as I was forMore information
Addendum: American History I: The Founding Principles
Addendum: American History I: The Founding Principles On June 23, 2011, the North Carolina General Assembly passed The Founding (SL 2011-273). This act calls for local boards of education to require, asMore information
U.S. Voting Rights Timeline
1776 Only people who own land can vote Declaration of Independence signed. Right to vote during the Colonial and Revolutionary periods is restricted to property owners most of whom are white male ProtestantsMore information
Guide to Criminal procedure
Guide to Criminal procedure This free guide gives a general idea to members of the public as to what you may expect to encounter if you or someone you know is charged with a criminal offence. The overridingMore information
Mission Viejo High School Model United Nations 33 rd Annual Conference Orbis Unum" Novice Crisis II. The Great Schism- Avignon Papacy
Novice Crisis II The Great Schism- Avignon Papacy Hello delegates! My name is Isabelle Yu, and I will be your head chair for the MVHS MUN 2016 conference. This is my third year in MUN and it has been suchMore information
The Great Debaters Question Guide
The Great Debaters Question Guide Scene # 1-My Soul Is a Witness Listen to and discuss the opening prayer and speech by Dr. Farmer. Explain the significance of the powerful words which are spoken in theMore information
Online School Course Descriptions
Course Title: Sure Foundation Two subjects are covered in this class. The Integrity of the Word expounds on the truth, surety, and infallibility of God s Word. Christian Philosophy shows us that we allMore information
Acts: Seeing the Spirit at Work Sunday Morning Bible Study Lesson Three Acts 3:1-4:31
Acts: Seeing the Spirit at Work Sunday Morning Bible Study Lesson Three Acts 3:1-4:31 Jesus has returned to heaven before the very eyes of the astounded disciples. Matthias has been chosen to replace Judas.More information
The Father s Heart Luke 15
The Father s Heart Luke 15 Luke 15:2 This man welcomes sinners and eats with them! 1. Jesus was well known for seeking out lost people ( sinners ), and he delighted in welcoming them to his table. TheMore information
Pastoral Introduction. The Funeral Service. The Gathering. Structure. The Collect. The Funeral Service. Readings and Sermon.
The Funeral Service Pastoral Introduction This may be read silently by those present before the service begins. God s love and power extend over all creation. Every life, including our own, is preciousMore information
water baptism contents
ABOUT WATER BAPTISM water baptism If you have received this booklet, chances are that you are interested in getting water baptized or you want to know what Crossroads Church believes about it. Either way,More information
Time to Pass the Baton Disaster Risk Reduction from the Perspective of Environmental Management, Land Use Management, Finance and Public Investment
Time to Pass the Baton Disaster Risk Reduction from the Perspective of Environmental Management, Land Use Management, Finance and Public Investment 363.34 I-61-t International Resources Group Time to passMore information
KEY QUESTIONS Lesson 1 - Creation and the Environment
KEY QUESTIONS Lesson 1 - Creation and the Environment What do you like/dislike about your environment? How would you care for... e.g. a friend, a pet? What makes a person/thing special? What does the BibleMore information
7034:12/83 AMERICAN BAPTIST POLICY STATEMENT ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE The proper purpose of a criminal justice system is to protect society and individuals, including victims and offenders from seriously harmfulMore information
HUMAN SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT Vol. IV - The Five Cities of Buenos Aires: poverty and Inequality in Urban Argentina - Michael Cohen, Darío Debowicz
THE FIVE CITIES OF BUENOS AIRES: POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN URBAN ARGENTINA Michael Cohen Director, Graduate Program in International Affairs, New School University, New York, USA Darío Debowicz Economist,More information
HELPS FROM THE CATECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH The Two Commandments of Love: 1. You shall love the Lord Your God with all Your heart, with all Your soul, and with all Your mind. 2. You shall love YourMore information
The Holy See APOSTOLIC JOURNEY OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS TO SRI LANKA AND THE PHILIPPINES (12-19 JANUARY 2015) HOLY MASS
The Holy See APOSTOLIC JOURNEY OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS TO SRI LANKA AND THE PHILIPPINES (12-19 JANUARY 2015) HOLY MASS HOMILY OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS Tacloban International Airport Saturday,More information
How to Analyze a Bible Passage
How to Analyze a Bible Passage The kind of study that can help you examine a small passage of Scripture is called analytical Bible study. Analytical Bible study gives you a detailed view of a Bible book.More information
Prayer Service to Celebrate the Ministry of Teachers During Catholic Schools Week 2015
Prayer Service to Celebrate the Ministry of Teachers During Catholic Schools Week 2015 You Will Need A large candle with the words Love, Kindness, Joy, Truth and Justice (the final page of this documentMore information
Know and Use Your Gifts for God's Glory
Know and Use Your Gifts for God's Glory An analysis tool to help you: Know your gifts & abilities Follow your heart & passions Get involved in Kingdom work James C. Denison, Ph.D. President, Denison ForumMore information
JESUS PREDICTS HIS DEATH AGAIN Luke 18:31-34 JESUS REPEATED PREDICITON OF HIS DEATH (18:31-34)
1 JESUS PREDICTS HIS DEATH AGAIN Luke 18:31-34 Jesus mission is about to come to an end. He has prepared His disciples for His impending death by instructing them about a life of faith. He now remindsMore information
- 2 - Your appeal will follow these steps:
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT YOUR APPEAL AND YOUR LAWYER A Guide Prepared by the Office of the Appellate Defender 1. WHO IS MY LAWYER? Your lawyer s name is on the notice that came with this guide. TheMore information
NEW LAW REFORM PROPOSALS ON DIVORCE Dianne Hubbard, Gender Research & Advocacy Project Legal Assistance Centre, 2005
NEW LAW REFORM PROPOSALS ON DIVORCE Dianne Hubbard, Gender Research & Advocacy Project Legal Assistance Centre, 2005 The Law Reform and Development Commission (LRDC) recently released proposals for lawMore information
EX306. The small claims track in the civil courts. About this leaflet. If your dispute has gone to court. Important information about this leaflet
EX306 The small claims track in the civil courts If your dispute has gone to court About this leaflet This leaflet is for people involved in a dispute that has gone to court and the claim has been allocatedMore information
Truth and Light KOINONIA SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2012. Rev. Emily Joye McGaughy
Truth and Light KOINONIA SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2012 Rev. Emily Joye McGaughy First Congregational Church United Church of Christ 145 Capital Ave., NE Battle Creek, MI 49017 269 965 1225 www.fccbc.org TruthMore information
An ORDER of SERVICE for HEALING and WHOLENESS
THE METHODIST CHURCH IN IRELAND An ORDER of SERVICE for HEALING and WHOLENESS Ministry of Healing Committee 2011 Healing was central to the ministry of Jesus. It was a sign of God's kingdom, bringing renewalMore information
DPower of Attorney for Health Cared
State of Illinois Illinois Department of Public Health Illinois Statutory Short Form DPower of Attorney for Health Cared NOTICE TO THE INDIVIDUAL SIGNING THE POWER OF ATTORNEY FOR HEALTH CARE No one canMore information
Joseph Smith Begins to Translate the Gold Plates
Lesson 6 Joseph Smith Begins to Translate the Gold Plates Purpose To help the children understand that when we pray, we should seek Heavenly Father s answers and follow his guidance. Preparation 1. PrayerfullyMore information
CHAPTER 16: ADULTERY: THE BIBLICAL DEFINITION In presenting any subject for discussion, it is essential that pertinent words be accurately defined. It has been said that if one is allowed to define orMore information
(Leader and Reader Text) Vigil Service for a Deceased Serran with Lay Leader
(Leader and Reader Text) Vigil Service for a Deceased Serran with Lay Leader Prayers, readings and the quotes below are taken from Order of Christian Funerals, approved for use in the Dioceses of the UnitedMore information
What Is the Narcotics Anonymous Program?
Who Is an Addict? Most of us do not have to think twice about this question. We know! Our whole life and thinking was centered in drugs in one form or another the getting and using and finding ways andMore information
District Disaster Risk Management Planning
District Disaster Risk Management Planning GUIDELINES JULY 2007 National Disaster Management Authority 1. Introduction Notifications for establishment of the District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs)More information
_ Amen. Our help comes from the Lord, the Maker of heaven and
Funeral Service I *The ceremonies or tributes of social or fraternal societies have no place within the service. Baptized Christians should be buried from the Church. We begin in the name of the FatherMore information
Spain (Kingdom of Spain) General Country Information: Population: 45,929,476 Female population: 23,258,614 Member of Council of Europe: 1977 Member of European Union: 1986 CEDAW ratified: 1984 CEDAW OptionalMore information
12 Step Worksheet Questions
12 Step Worksheet Questions STEP 1 We admitted we were powerless over alcohol that our lives had become unmanageable. The first time I took a drink I knew it wasn't for me. Every time I drank I got drunkMore information
International Bible Lessons Commentary
International Bible Lessons Commentary Romans 3:21-31 New International Version International Bible Lessons Sunday, July 17, 2016 L.G. Parkhurst, Jr. The International Bible Lesson (Uniform Sunday SchoolMore information
Come, Holy Spirit! A COMMUNAL PENANCE SERVICE FOR THOSE TO BE CONFIRMED ORDER OF SERVICE RITE FOR RECONCILIATION OF SEVERAL PENITENTS WITH INDIVIDUAL CONFESSION AND ABSOLUTION Introductory Rites Song 2More information
H THE STORY OF TEXAS EDUCATOR GUIDE H. Student Objectives TEKS. Guiding Questions. Materials
H C H A P T E R S E V E N H THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS AND EARLY STATEHOOD Overview Chapter 7: The Republic of Texas and Early Statehood spans the period of the Republic of Texas through its early years asMore information
Submit a Valid Claim Form Deadline: February 12, 2016 Ask to be excluded Deadline: November 24, 2015. Object Deadline: November 24, 2015
NOTICE OF CLASS ACTION SETTLEMENT California Superior Court, County of Los Angeles IF FIRE INSURANCE EXCHANGE APPLIED DEPRECIATION WHEN CALCULATING A PAYMENT MADE TO YOU ON A PROPERTY LOSS INSURANCE CLAIM,More information


text:
'It gives me so much anxiety': Nicole Scherzinger admits she is afraid of 'ridicule' on social media
The former Pussycat Doll is wary of sharing too much of her life online
NICOLE Scherzinger has opened up about her fear of being judged on social media.
The former Pussycat Doll revealed that the thought of posting too much of her life online and being misinterpreted gives her anxiety.
Nicole shared her fears in a recent interview with the Daily Record.
The 37 year old said: "Social media gives me the heebie-frickin'-jeebies. It gives me so much anxiety. It's unnatural for me.
"I'm protective of what I want to share, I'll take a million pictures and stare at them and figure out a filter - then I think: 'Do I even want to share this?'
"Because I know if my big toe is in the wrong place it's gonna be on the cover of the papers.
"It takes up too much frickin' time and then I end up not posting anything and it sucks."
Lewis Hamilton's ex-girlfriend has 5.4million Twitter followers, and she insisted she would love to be able to share more with them.
Nicole explained: "I wish I could. I want to share so much but I get afraid people will pick it apart and ridicule you."
But despite her social media anxiety, Nicole is trying not to overthink it all.
"I feel as if I'm 22. I'm 37 and I'm like: 'Where did my life go?'
"We're so used to being like, 'What's tomorrow, what's next?', we're always living in the future. But you just have to be in it right now," she added.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Award Winning Chilean Wine Mixed Case (six bottles)
This six bottle case includes:
What we do
- We only select the best wines that we'd be happy to drink ourselves.
- Not a drop of manufactured, mass-produced supermarket wines will pass our customer's lips.
- All of our wines are sourced from small, independent family producers.
- We have a fast and reliable delivery service.
- We personally phone every customer to confirm their order and delivery.
Are we perfect for you?
- You deserve to enjoy great quality, award winning wines. Well - because you're worth it!
- You should not have to pay silly prices for it.
- You want to share the best wines with your friends and family .. And want to look awesome for it!
- You want a personal wine expert on hand whenever you need the best wine advice.
- You want to be smiling from ear to ear after every bottle you drink.
One bottle - Vina Falernia Number 1 Estate Carmenere & Shiraz Reserva 2014
A bold, dark and delicious blend made from handpicked fruit, from the deserts of northern Chile. Ideal for those summer barbecues as well as warming casseroles, this wine carries big flavours.
One bottle - Vina Falernia Number 1 Estate Sauvignon Blanc Reserva 2015
A characterful Sauvignon from the Elqui valley in Chile. Although cacti grow among the vines the altitude helps to retain vital freshness, producing a fruity and aromatic style with a delightfully refreshing crisp acidity.
One bottle - Vina Falernia Number 1 Estate Riesling Reserva 2015
A satisfyingly dry Riesling from the Elqui Valley in Chile. The fruit is handpicked to maintain quality, and the cool desert nights retain the zippy acidity this variety is famous for.
One bottle - Vina Falernia Number 1 Estate Pinot Noir Reserva 2014
A European style of Pinot Noir married with new world fruit, this is silky and voluptuous with all the elegance of Burgundy combined with the impact of Napa. Handpicked to ensure only the healthiest bunches make it to the winery, this is a high quality Pinot from a celebrated winemaker.
One bottle - Vina Falernia Number 1 Estate Shiraz Gran Reserva 2012
Shiraz (alternatively known as Syrah) loves warmer climates and absolutely thrives here in Chile. A lovely expression of just what great terroir and quality grapes can produce in the hands of a great winemaker.
One bottle - Vina Falernia Number 1 Estate Cabernet, Shiraz & Carmenere Gran Reserva 2012
This Bordeaux-inspired blend is full-bodied and rich with some delicious concentration and depth of flavour. Ripe fruit and gentle tannins make this a great alternative to the best of Europe.
FREE Next Day Delivery on all orders over £60 (order by 2pm).
£5.99 for orders under £60 (no minimum order).
Free delivery is activated on orders over £60 excluding the use of any discount codes. Deliveries are made using Parcel Force, using our own high-quality packaging to prevent breakages. Delivery prices are valid regardless of size of order. Standard deliveries are made Next Working Day (stock permitting as indicated on the website) or within 2-5 working days after receipt of payment, but we always strive to deliver as quickly as possible. If you select the 2-5 delivery option, we will attempt to contact you to organise a convenient date but we will always dispatch the order to arrive within the 2-5 working day period regardless of whether we have successfully been able to make contact. All our Next Day or Standard deliveries are made during working hours on weekdays only, but we can provide quotes for deliveries outside of this time-frame.
In some instances you will receive email and SMS confirmation of your order including the ability to cancel, rearrange or leave your order with a neighbour or post office. We therefore ask that you always provide us with a mobile number so that our courier can notify you on the day of delivery of the expected time for delivery and provide you with the above options in case you are not in. If you are unable to do this we are unfortunately not able to provide these options. This information is provided by Parcel Force and so any queries regarding this should be directed to them using the contact details and tracking numbers in the email confirmation.
FREE Next Day Delivery on all orders over £60. £5.99 for orders under £60 (no minimum order).
We deliver to the UK mainland only. We do not deliver to the Isles of Scilly, Northern Ireland or any offshore Scottish Islands. We also do not deliver to PO Boxes.
Next Day Delivery (weekdays only)
The deadline for dispatching orders to be delivered the next working day is 2pm, UK time. Next Day Delivery purchased as part of orders placed after 2pm will be dispatched the following working day.
Please note that the following postcodes may also be subject to additional surcharges and longer delivery times. In this instance we will call you to inform you of such.
Same Day Delivery (London Only) - £12.99 Weekdays within London only (available postcodes):
North: N1 to N22; NW1 to NW11 East: E1 to E18; EC1 to EC4 South: SE1 to SE28; SW1 to SW20 West: W1 to W14; WC1 to WC2
Same Day weekday Delivery choose either before 6pm or after 6pm (delivery between 6pm-10pm).
Our Same Day Delivery charge is £12.99 regardless of the value of your order, provided that the Goods are delivered to a single recipient at a single Delivery Address.
The deadline for dispatching orders to be delivered the same working day is 2pm, UK time. Same Day Delivery purchased as part of orders placed after 2pm will be dispatched the following working day.
We take our social responsibilities very seriously and as such deliveries must be received by persons over the age of 18. If the recipient appears under the age of 25 an approved form of identification must be produced at the time of delivery. Failure to produce such identification will result in non-delivery and the cost of delivery will not be refundable. Approved forms of identification include a valid passport, photo-card driving licence or legally approved 'Pass' cards as dictated by UK law.
Late delivery does not constitute a breach of contract by the seller and no claim can be made by, or on behalf of, the buyer, whatever the cause. Perfect Cellar Ltd cannot be held responsible if a delivery is not possible due to an incorrect address. It is the responsibility of the recipient to verify the contents of the delivery and inform Perfect Cellar Ltd of any concerns by means of letter or telephone within 24 hours of receiving the package.
Any other delivery queries should be directed to our Customer Service team on 020 3131 0012.
As indicated in our Quality Promise we will happily refund or exchange any faulty or corked bottles, or wines you don't like. All we ask is the bottles in question are returned to us at least half full for verification purposes. If a bottle is broken on delivery we will also replace or refund it but we do require photographic evidence of the breakage. Equally we can arrange for the bottles to be collected the next time you receive a delivery from us.
Should we be unable to fulfill any part, or all of an order, Perfect Cellar Ltd will suggest comparable substitutions. You are free to refuse these suggestions and are eligible for a full refund of relevant parts of the order.
In all instances, Perfect Cellar Ltd must be informed of any claim within 24 hours of receipt of delivery by letter or telephone. All refunds will be issued after we have received and approved the faulty items and the amount will be re-credited to your account within 30 days. The amount refunded will be equal to the full amount paid for the relevant products at the time of purchase and must be made by the same payment method as the original sale.
If you choose to cancel your contract of sale with Perfect Cellar Ltd you may do so within seven working days of receipt of the goods. If the goods have already been dispatched they must be returned to us unopened and undamaged, and Perfect Cellar Ltd will not be liable for any costs associated with the original or return delivery.
No refund can be given when a case has left bond as the value will be affected. Individual bottles of Fine Wine will be considered for refund on a case-by-case basis.
We advise contacting our Customers Services team before making any claim to ensure the process goes as smoothly as possible.


text:
"Jo Bheji Thi Dua" Full Lyrics English Translation - Shanghai - Emraan Hashmi, Abhay Deol MP3
I am sorry for the lyrics to be off a little bit. For some reason, my software is acting a bit weird. I still tried to work around it and made this song work. hope you ...
Shangai Dua witht English translations MP3
I do not OWN material, Its only for entertainment purposes. Third party copyright may occur but this is unintentional and only for entertainment.
Dua Lyrics with English translation MP3
Jo Bheji Thi Dua Wo Jake Aasman MP3
JO BHEJI THI DUA IS AN AWESOME SONG. HERE ARE THE LYRICS OF JO BHEJI THI DUA IN HD FORMAT. http://youtu.be/gGaLYwzMIl0.
Aaj Phir Tumpe Pyaar Aaya Hai- English Translation MP3
Hate Story 2.
Jo Bheji Thi Duaa Shanghai Full Song | Emraan hashmi, Abhay Deol, Kalki Koechlin MP3
Jo Bheji Thi Duaa is a latest song from the upcoming political thriller Shanghai. The starcast includes Emraan Hashmi, Abhay Deol and Kalki Koechlin Song: ...
Duaa (Acoustic) | Sanam ft. Sanah Moidutty MP3
SANAM: (Sanam Puri - Vocals) (Samar Puri - Guitars) (Venky S - Guitar) (Keshav Dhanraj - Cajon) Facebook http://www.facebook.com/sanamofficialmusic ...
Jo Bheji Thi Dua MP3
From Odyssey 2015; North Vancouver, Canada Singers: Shafiq Ahmadi & Ruheen Adatia Music: Aabid Fazal Director: Arif Velji Lyrics with English Translation: ...
"Tu Hi Rab Tu Hi Dua" Lyrics & English Translation - "Dangerous Ishq" (2012) MP3
Lyrics and English Translation to "Tu Hi Rab Tu Hi Dua" Full Song from "Dangerous Ishq" (2012) Singers: Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (The Master) & Shreya Ghoshal ...
Muhammad Jibreel Dua with English translation MP3
"Many of us spend a good portion of our Ramadan nights with our hands raised in du`a' (supplication), listening to the heart - felt words of our imam or shaykh ...
Beautiful Du'a | Sheikh Mishary Al-Afasy | With English Translation | HD MP3
New English Translation:: Beautiful Du'a by Sheikh Mishary Rashid Al-Afasy, the famous Kuwaiti national, a qari and a munshid.
Khali Salam Dua Song Lyrics Hindi & English Translation From The movie: Shortcut Romeo MP3
Waja Tum Ho - Full Song - Hate Story 3 - Complete English translation MP3
This is the best song from Hate Story 3 (in my view). Enjoy the song and hit subscribe to be able to see all the other songs I will be translating. I only like the full ...
Hamari Adhuri Kahani Hindi Lyrics with English Translation MP3
This is the first time I made a lyrical video. Hope you Enjoy ! Cheers ! Comment below if you have any song requests , Love !
Ishq Bulaava | Hasee Toh Phasee - Sanam (Valentine's Day Special) MP3
'Ishq Bulaava' originally sung by Sanam Puri himself and as a band we really wanted to cover this beautiful song composed by Vishal-Shekhar & written by ...
Tose Naina Lagey with english translation MP3
Movie : Anwar (2007) Singer : Kshitij Tarey,Shilpa Rao Lyricist: Hasan Kamal.
Saanson Ko- lyrics with english translation MP3
i do not own this song!!! Song Title:Saanson Ko Movie Album: Zid {2014} Singer: Arijit Singh Music: Sharib-Toshi Lyrics: Shakeel Azmi Music Label: Sony Music ...
Jo Bheji Thi Duaa English Sub MP3
Debashis Das Gupta ..............


text: Hello all, wow this is a great site, new to biz, and find my self here every day. i need some help----have a lawn, st augistine---has two huge brown spots--going to use plugs--should i rip up all of the dead grass, and get it down to dirt befored installing the plugs. any help would be apprectiated


text:
A comedy based on a 1952 Italian film
Il-Mejtin ma Jħallsux Taxxi (The Dead Don't Pay Taxes) is a comedy in three acts taking place this Saturday in Mqabba.
The play is based on a 1952 Italian film. It follows the misadventures of Peppinu (Christian Cassar), a man of Italian descent who is married to Carmen (Anthea Sacco).
The couple live with Filomena (Ann Marie Dingli), his mother-in-law, with Peppinu having to deal with ever-increasing bills, overdue rent and Filomena spending every penny earned.
One day, Rafel (Omar Farrugia), the caretaker of the apartments in which Peppinu and Carmen live, hands him a letter containing news which nobody could ever have imagined.
This leads to Peppinu returning to his homeland, which leads to a most unexpected turn of events.
Translated into Maltese by Joe Fenech and directed by Alessio Farrugia, the play is being staged by the Youth Section within Our Lady of the Lily Musical Society of Mqabba. Also taking part are Jeremy Briffa, Kylie Caruana, Jason Tanti and Jonathan Dingli.
■ The performance is being held on Saturday at the Mqabba Primary School Hall at 7pm. To book, call 9968 5737. For more information, visit www.talgilju.com.
See our Comments Policy Comments are submitted under the express understanding and condition that the editor may, and is authorised to, disclose any/all of the above personal information to any person or entity requesting the information for the purposes of legal action on grounds that such person or entity is aggrieved by any comment so submitted. Please allow some time for your comment to be moderated.


text:
What is Reaction? The idea is simple. It is a media company, a start-up, an independent business, with a site dedicated to commentary and analysis on politics, economics and culture. There is much brilliant journalism out there, but there is room for more and – we contend – for something new, distinctive and high in quality.
The Brexit vote and Donald Trump's election provided another illustration that politics and media are changing fast. This is such an interesting time. Quality journalism was already under intense pressure, and now the need for intelligent and accessible commentary is greater than ever.
Reaction is pro-market, but not slavishly so. We believe that people thrive off debate and insight – there are relatively few easy answers and there should be space for healthy disagreement. We aim to prioritise this discourse, holding leaders to account whatever their political affiliation, and providing a platform for a diverse range of voices. Though broadly centre-right in outlook, we do not want to end up in an echo chamber. Hopefully you will find articles on our site with which you can both agree, and argue.
Reaction is produced by a team based in London and is edited by Iain Martin, political commentator and author. If you enjoy our articles, why not subscribe to our e-mail list? Rachel Cunliffe's Per Diem e-mail, sent out every weekday afternoon, gives a snapshot of the day's key stories, in Westminster, Washington and beyond, while Iain Martin's letter at the end of the week offers a longer, in-depth analysis of recent news. If you have any comments, questions or suggestions, you can e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
By Roger Yu, USA TODAY
Airport needs outpace stimulus funds
The roughly $1 billion in federal stimulus infrastructure money for airports is all "out the door," with most of it going to work on runways, U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood told USA TODAY in a meeting last week.
But he acknowledged that "there are a lot more needs in aviation" than the stimulus provided money for, and spending for airports hasn't kept up with needs. "We're making up for lost time," he says.
Under his watch, the Federal Aviation Administration's top priority will be the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), a satellite-based air traffic management system that will replace the current radar and ground-based system.
The FAA's ongoing experiment to privatize several airports may be put on the back burner. "There are other more urgent issues. It's not even on my radar."
Chicago Midway, the only large airport to apply for privatization, recently halted its plans indefinitely after private investors couldn't raise sufficient funds for a 99-year lease.
•Minneapolis International is planning to install new roadway signs that will better direct drivers to its two terminals — Lindbergh and Humphrey. The new signs will refer to the facilities as "Terminal 1" and "Terminal 2," while listing the names of airlines to help travelers find their arrival/departure location. The project will cost $2.2. million and will be completed by early next year.
The two terminals — Lindbergh is much larger — are miles apart and located off two separate highways. As they approach the airport, drivers need to quickly decide on the proper exit for their terminal. If they choose incorrectly, they have to exit the airport and get back on the highway to get to the correct terminal. About 25,000 passengers arrive at the wrong terminal every year, the airport says.
Once the signage project is completed, Minneapolis-St. Paul will be the nation's first airport to include airline names on highway signs, airport spokesman Patrick Hogan says. Currently, only airports with their own roadways can feature such signs. "We've wanted to do this for years. But we had no permission from highway officials (until now)."
•San Jose Mineta will open a concourse in the new Terminal B Wednesday, when Southwest starts flying from its six gates. It's an interim configuration until the entire Terminal B, with 12 gates, is completed in summer 2010.
It's part of the airport's $1.3 billion improvement program that calls for a new Terminal B that replaces the aging Terminal C and upgrading Terminal A.
The 380,000-square-foot, $342 million concourse is designed with a translucent roof that filters sunlight, architecture firm Gensler says.
Every Monday, we report on the latest news in airports across the USA. See something noteworthy in your travels? E-mail your suggestions to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Guidelines: You share in the USA TODAY community, so please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Use the "Report Abuse" button to make a difference. Read more.


text:
This optional version of the Office Logo program supports the attach of Office 365 for all Apple iOS and MacOS devices in your catalog. This version of the program also includes a redesigned user interface which is tailored to Apple devices. All current syndication partners will receive this refresh automatically.
Below is a preview of how it will appear on your website:
Visit the CNET Client Portal to get started. Select 'Configure Product Page' and select the program box to add the logo to your site. For additional assistance, please contact Customer Support.


text:
Find a copy online
Links to this item
Find a copy in the library
Finding libraries that hold this item...
|Additional Physical Format:
|Online version:
Symons, Arthur, 1865-1945.
William Blake.
London : A. Constable, 1907
|Named Person:
|William Blake; William Blake
|Material Type:
|Internet resource
|Document Type:
|Book, Internet Resource
|All Authors / Contributors:
Arthur Symons; Henry Crabb Robinson; Benjamin Heath Malkin; John Thomas Smith; Allan Cunningham
|OCLC Number:
|xviii, [2], 433, [1] pages : 1 illustration ; 23 cm
|pt. I. William Blake [by A. Symons] --
pt. II. Records from contemporary sources: 1. Extracts from the Diary, letters, and reminiscences of H.C. Robinson, transcribed from the original mss. in Dr. William's library, 1810-1852. 2. From A father's memoirs of his child / by B.H. Malkin. London, 1806. 3. From Lady Charlotte Bury's Diary illustrative of the times of George the Fourth, 1820. 4. Blake's horoscope, 1825. 5. Obituary notices in the Literary gazette, and Gentleman's magazine, 1827. 6. Extract from Varley's Zodiacal physiognomy, 1828. 7. Biographical sketch of Blake; extract from v. 2 of Nollekens and his times / by J.T. Smith. London : H. Colburn, 1828. 8. Life of Blake; extract from v. 2 of Lives of the most eminent British painters, sculptors, and architects / by Allan Cunningham. London : J. Murrary, 1830.
|Series Title:
|Blake, no. 2260.
|by Arthur Symons.
User-contributed reviews


text:
⑴ Install this plugin and Multiling O Keyboard.
⑵ Run O Keyboard and follow its setup guide.
⑶ Slide space bar to switch languages.
Please email if you have any questions.
The Klingon language (tlhIngan Hol, pronounced /ˈt͡ɬɪ.ŋɑn xol/) is the constructed language spoken by the fictional Klingons in the Star Trek universe.
Described in the 1985 book The Klingon Dictionary by Marc Okrand and deliberately designed to sound "alien", it has a number of typologically uncommon features. The language's basic sound, along with a few words, was first devised by actor James Doohan ("Scotty") for Star Trek: The Motion Picture. That film marked the first time the language had been heard on screen. In all previous appearances, Klingons spoke in English. Klingon was subsequently developed by Okrand into a full-fledged language.
Klingon is sometimes referred to as Klingonese (most notably in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", where it was actually pronounced by a Klingon character as "Klingonee" /klɪŋɡoni/) but, among the Klingon-speaking community, this is often understood to refer to another Klingon language called Klingonaase that was introduced in John M. Ford's 1984 Star Trek novel The Final Reflection, and appears in other Star Trek novels by Ford. A shorthand version of what had previously termed as "Klingonaase", and later with the same term adopted by tlhIngan Hol itself, is called "battle language", or "Clipped Klingon".[citation needed]
The Klingon Christmas Carol play is the first production that is primarily in Klingon (only the narrator speaks English). The opera 'u' is entirely in Klingon.
A small number of people are capable of conversing in Klingon. Its vocabulary, heavily centered on Star Trek-Klingon concepts such as spacecraft or warfare, can sometimes make it cumbersome for everyday use.
This app is useful for exotic tattoo design.
To share the text, simply click menu, select send as image, and share your text to social network, email, notes, etc.
Photo: Gray Lake by Romain Guy
App did not work waste of money. I even downloaded the program it said to and still doesn't work.
I downloaded the main keyboard app and a few other free language plug ins before purchasing this one. All of the other languages let me type normally with my keyboard. This one presents itself as a separate app and will not let me type directly into the app I'm trying to use. If I'm texting someone, I don't want to go back and forth between my messaging app and a separate keyboard app.


text:
Longer Life's Effects on Health Care Costs
September 11, 2003
A healthy person reaching the age of 70 spends about the same amount on health care in his remaining years as a sickly person who reaches the same age, according to a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
The study's authors found the assumption that longer life leads to higher health care costs for each elderly person was wrong. In essence, they found that healthy people at 70 save on annual health care outlays compared with those who are ill, and that the savings aren't offset by their longer lifespans. Analyzing 1992-1998 data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, they found:
- A person with no functional limitation at 70 years of age had a life expectancy of 14.3 years and expected cumulative health care expenditures of about $136,000 (in 1998 dollars)
- By contrast, a person with a limitation in at least one activity of daily living had a life expectancy of 11.6 years and expected cumulative expenditures of about $145,000.
- Expenditures varied little according to self-reported health at the age of 70.
- However, persons who were institutionalized at the age of 70 had cumulative expenditures that were much higher than those for persons who were not institutionalized.
The study may cast doubt on federal projections of surging Medicare expenditures and shed light on a debate among health care economists and policy makers about the implications of longer life expectancies on health care costs.
The average American at that age today is expected to live to about 83, up from 80 in 1965, according to U.S. census estimates.
Source: Joseph Pereira, "Medicare Study May Cast Doubt On Projections of Soaring Costs," Wall Street Journal, September 11, 2003; based on James Lubitz, Liming Cai, Ellen Kramarow and Harold Lentzner, "Health, Life Expectancy, and Health Care Spending among the Elderly," New England Journal of Medicine, September 11, 2003.
For text (WSJ subscription required)
Browse more articles on Health Issues


text:
Rivals' defeat hands title to Lyon
By Chris Stanton
Last Updated: 01/01/70 1:00am
Lyon have claimed the French title with five games still to play after Bordeaux lost.
Lyon have claimed the French title with five games still to play after Bordeaux fell to a 3-2 defeat at Lille.
OL have claimed the championship for a fifth season in succession and Sunday's match at Paris Saint Germain is now expected to turn into a full-scale party.
Gerard Houllier's side may already have been celebrating the championship after Lille raced into a 2-0 lead through goals from Mathieu Bodmer in the first minute and Peter Odemwingie's sixth minute effort.
Jean-Claude Darcheville's 16th minute penalty breathed fresh hope into the visitors but Odemwingie's second goal of the game just after the half hour re-established the hosts' lead.
Julien Faubert's 63rd minute goal hauled the second-placed side back into contention but Les Girondins could not complete the turnaround.
Click below for a full match summary:
Lille 3-2 Bordeaux


text:
Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
The acradable ambiente and the peace The WLAN cinection was unstable
The peaceful surroundings and the good food No
Excellent comfortable accomodation The bill included a breakfast we did not have - one of our party was ill (unrelated to the hotel)
spacious well equipped room; excellent food
Food costly and no choice of cheaper meals
Very very nice.Nice , huge rooms, peaceful, nice stuff, all was perfect. You have a nice fireplace....use it! Restaurant a bit to expansive...!
The room was great, big bed, excellent sheets, great bath! Breakfast was okay, but nothing special for 12€ per person
staff were very acommodating even though we arrived late and the food was superb
Was surprised by the size of the evening meal which was very good.So good that none of our party could eat breakfast.
OK for an overnight stop on a journey. Room was slightly shabby but perfectly comfortable. No restaurants within walking distance, hotel restaurant mediocre. Breakfast was very expensive at €12.50.
Room and bathroom were large and clean.
Very new and given its category (2star) extremely luxurrnious, very clean. Very modern equipped and a breakfast buffet that was one of the best I ever saw! The room were quite small, but that ok for the price/hotel category. The court in the backyard was still not finished but there was no noise or any inconvenience resulting.
overall good value for the money need a car as it is a bit off the main ways
Salad buffet in the restaurant Beds were rather hard
Breakfast (on a Sunday morning) : service and quality rather poor and less efficient as expected ; after complaining about it the breakfast was offered, I.E. not to be paid for, what was a good solutionthing . Perhaps we came at an unlucky moment...
The location of the hotel which is close to dowtown area but away enough to enjoy tranquility The hotel advertises the front desk open from 7am to 11pm but it is not !!! Guests cannot receive their phone calls in their room after 9pm and no one is accommodating to the guests by asking if it is an important call especially when it is a call from the U.S.A. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Do not book this hotel - it is noisy, it stinks and the owner is extremely unfriendly! Ne prenez pas cet hotel - l' hotel est situé en bord de route au dessus d'un feu tricolore, bruyant la nuit sans volet, ca pu et le personnel est malpolit. Buchen Sie diese Hotel nicht - es ist sehr laut, riecht unangenehm und das Personal ist extrem unfreundlich. Do not book this hotel - it is noisy, it stinks and the owner is extremely unfriendly! Ne prenez pas cet hotel - l' hotel est situé en bord de route au dessus d'un feu tricolore, bruyant la nuit sans volet, ca pu et le personnel est malpolit. Buchen Sie diese Hotel nicht - es ist sehr laut, riecht unangenehm und das Personal ist extrem unfreundlich.
We had single rooms, which were quite spaceous and comfortable. Some of us had windows facing the back yard, with trees and chirping birds right outside the window. For us this was a very welcome escape from city life. And excellent value for the money too! The hotel is located in a street crossing. Though the traffic in Sarreguemines by no means is heavy, light sleepers might want to ask for rooms facing the back rather than the street.
parking close to the room
It was very good
It is a good-value-for-money hotel. I was pleasantly surprised. Breakfast was rather poor but still it would not make decide not to return to this hotel anymore.
Good location to shops and quick access to highway. Good parking and internet usage. Staff was friendly. We enjoyed breakfast in bed with the room service available :-)
Air conditioning did not work. Very noisy through the night.
The staff was very helpful although very limited grasp of English, good late check-in system, free parking on the grounds, you just can't beat the price Nothing really, only there for a total of 10 hrs
Cheap & easy to reach hotel - very basic. It's comparable to the F1 hotels, but I liked the fact that the sanitary facilities were in the room.
I stayed for one night during a road trip from Calais, France to Ancona, Italy. It is a nice located hotel for road travelers who want to spend a night and keep going in the morning. Next to the Autoroute, easy secure parking etc.Very cheap. I found only a triple room available, but the price was far cheaper than single rooms in other hotels Very small rooms. No reception during the night. Very minimal breakfast. Little (up to nothing at all) knowledge of English language from the staff. A budget hotel not for many nights, just to have a sleep and go.
Cheap place, fairly clean, practical, good connection (close to the highways) A bit noisy, due to the closeness to the highways
Nothing No air-con despite material suggesting that there was. Right by motorway. This is similar to a Formule 1 operation excpet ther is a receptionist. Unless all you want is a cheap bed fo rth enight then avoid.
close to the highway, cheap, good value for money, you can check in/out anytime too small rooms, too law ceiling for the upper bank, too small bathroom
sort of run down.
On arrival it was found that the computer system had reserved two rooms not one. However the second room was deleted from the system and I am pleased to say there was no suggestion that the duplicate booking was my fault.
no service after 9 pm
Staff was friendly and happy to help. The room was terribly small and stank of cigarette smoke. It was impossible to allow fresh air into the room by opening a window due to the very noisy motorway. The bedding was old and showed cigarette burns and the breakfast 'buffet' was little more than a cup of coffee and a piece of toast.
This is a cheap hotel in a small town near a motorway. The place is really nice. Free parking.


text:
Box office preview
Peter Pan origin story "Pan" hits theaters this weekend.
Peter Pan origin story "Pan" hits theaters this weekend.
The pressure is on Rep. Paul Ryan, the GOP's 2012 vice presidential pick, to run for House speaker .
Celebrate the season with these global gourds.
It can get pretty festive around the White House this time of year.
Put your guests under your thrall with these spooky, spectacular DIY party ideas.
Check out these cute and creepy Halloween treat ideas.
Presidential front-runner Donald Trump said Thursday that Army Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl should have been executed.
Wichita West High School's choir will hit the stage with Foreigner this weekend.
One person has been killed and three firefighters were injured in a house fire in Emporia.
Michigan woman opens fire on fleeing shoplifter after seeing loss-prevention officers chase him from store.
Police say a 29-year-old man was injured after an argument in south Wichita led to a shooting.
School public relations director Cindy Brown says the suspected shooter is in custody.
According to a press release, the phone was found by two people on Sept. 1.
Attorneys say that is because of the quick actions both sides took to preserve the peace and to come to an agreement.
Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson planned to travel to Columbia and Charleston Friday.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Michael Dick <michael.d.d...@gmail.com>
|Re: Need help to understand how getDirtyObjects() works.
|Thu, 07 Apr 2011 14:37:36 GMT
Hi Chintan, What you're trying to do is (in my opinion) a gray area. You have a stateless EJB, but are expecting the EntityManager to track the state of a set of entities between method calls. If you start a transaction before calling read() and that transaction is still active when you call update() your scenario might work. It depends on the application server to associate a specific EntityManager instance with a transaction (I think most app servers do this but I could be all wet). In general if you want an EntityManager to track a set of entities across method invocations I find it more intuitive to use a Stateful bean, which guarantees that the same instance of the bean (and EntityManager) will be used throughout a conversation. Hope this helps, -mike On Wed, Apr 6, 2011 at 11:51 PM, chintan4181 <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > Read and Update are two functions exposed as a part of web service. > > In first step web service client call read service to get the data. > in second step it may update values and call update service. and both of > these methods are part of @stateless EJB. > > I think they will not part of same entity. please correct me if i m wrong. > > What should be the approach to identify dirty fields/objects? > > Thanks > chintan > > > -- > View this message in context: > http://openjpa.208410.n2.nabble.com/Need-help-to-understand-how-getDirtyObjects-works-tp6239101p6248646.html > Sent from the OpenJPA Users mailing list archive at Nabble.com. >
|View raw message


text:
Call 800-522-2025M-F 8:30am - 7pm EST
Shopping Cart($0.00)
FREE SHIPPING No Minimum Order!
SHOP MARKERTEK EVERYDAY for all of your needs. Free shipping on almost every order placed on our website.
Special order & oversized freight intensive items ship at an additional cost. Continental US orders only.Ask about our new Economy International Shipping Options.
Secure LoginClose X
Returning Markertek Customers
New Markertek Customers
Why Create an Account?
Creating a Markertek account now will save you time on future orders. You'll have full access to your order history and a personalized shopping experience.
Home > Product Categories > Expendables > Hardware & Safety Gear > Instant Shelters > 219072
Item #: STSP-CABANA MFG #: 219072
List Price:$59.99Our Price:$59.99Quantity Pricing
+ Add to Wishlist + Add to Quote
The Stansport Cabana Privacy Shelter is great for a day at the beach or by the pool. You can use it in your backyard, at a campsite or as a shower shelter. This sturdy shelter is made with 190 D nylon and patented G-3 fiberglass poles. This shelter has large screened windows and vents that provide plenty of ventilation.
The camping shower tent has a mesh storage pocket and includes a stuff bag. There is a large "D" style zippered door, which provides easy entry. The privacy shelter is lightweight and self- supporting. The stake out rings provides extra stability for windy conditions. The Stansport Cabana Privacy Shelter can easily be carried anywhere.
Add Accessories for your 219072:
Recently Viewed Items:
Newsletter Sign Up
Weekly email with exclusive deals, unique new products, how-to videos and so much more!
Download the Newest Catalog!
© 2017 Markertek, Division of Tower Products Incorporated • Legal Notice & Code of Ethics


text:
This property is no longer available.Search for Available Property.
37.15 acres in Oneida County, Wisconsin
First time on the market, a great Mom and Pop resort with endless possibilities. The property features over 37 acres and 592 ft of frontage with a 48' permanent pier on McCormick Lake. There is a rustic 3 bedroom 1 1/2 bath home that features 2 fireplaces a great 4 season sun room, Wet bar with ice machine & coolers and a rec room downstairs. Home features a 70 gallon water heater and High Efficiency Gas Furnace put in 2 years ago. There is a one car attached garage with workshop and a 2 car detached garage which will give you ample storage. There are also 3 nicely appointed cabins, a 1 bed 1 bath, 2 bed 1 bath and a 3 bed, 1 bath are all turnkey and ready to rent. The property has great end of the road privacy and includes a 2 acre pond Occasionally with fish. Come see this great opportunity today!
Tax Data (Show Tax Data)
Loading Tax Data
Other Land for Sale in Oneida County
- Properties for Sale in Nearby Counties
- Forest County Land for Sale
- Langlade County Land for Sale
- Lincoln County Land for Sale
- Price County Land for Sale
- Vilas County Land for Sale
NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.