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Dr. Olusola Ajibola
Associate Professor
B. Sc., M. Sc., PhD
Research Interests
Wetland Valuation for Compensation
Teaching Areas
Valuation, Research Methodology, Geographical Information Systems
Current Postgraduate Supervision
Mrs. A. O. Oluwatobi – Stakeholders Assessment of Knowledge and Skill Gaps in Real Estate Education in South-West Nigeria - Co-supervision (On-going PhD work)
Selected Publications (24)
1. An Examination of the Basis and Methods of Wetland Valuation for Compensation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.[ Download 178.00 kB ]
3. Factors Influencing the Choice of Wetland Valuation Methods in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.[ Download 287.41 kB ]
4. Cost of Urban Rental Housing and its Implications on Home Ownership Drive of Middle and Low-Income Earners in Lagos State, Nigeria.[ Download 286.64 kB ]
5. Assessment of Wetland Valuation Processes for Compensation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.[ Download 286.35 kB ]
6. Effects of Infrastructure on Property Values in Unity Estate, Lagos, Nigeria.[ Download 286.41 kB ]
7. Adequacy of Legal Provisions on Valuation of Wetland for Compensation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.[ Download 284.97 kB ]
8. Challenges of Valuing Wetland Resources for Compensation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.[ Download 176.55 kB ]
9. Examining the Factors Contributing to Affordable Housing in Kosofe Local Government Council Area, Lagos, Nigeria.[ Download 176.23 kB ]
10. A Comparison of Wetland Valuation Purposes in Lagos Metropolis and the Niger Delta, Nigeria.[ Download 176.74 kB ]
11. Effects of Urbanisation on Lagos Wetlands.[ Download 285.19 kB ]
12. Assessing the Effects of Urban Planning on Residential Property Values in Agege, Lagos.[ Download 176.11 kB ]
13. An Examination of Contemporary Methods for Assessing Compensation in Nigeria.[ Download 174.57 kB ]
14. Assessing the Effects of Flooding on Residential Property Values in Lekki Phase I, Lagos, Nigeria.[ Download 285.85 kB ]
15. Estate Surveyors and Valuers' Perception and Methods of Wetland Valuation in Lagos Metropolis.[ Download 287.45 kB ]
18. Assessment of Accuracy of Valuation in the Property Market in Lagos Metropolis.[ Download 285.00 kB ]
19. Impacts of Gated Communities on Residential Property Values: A Comparison of Onipetesi Estate and its Neighbourhoods in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria.[ Download 287.00 kB ]
20. Neighbourhood Citizenship Participation in Environmental Planning and Management in Lagos State: The Estate Surveyor's View.[ Download 285.75 kB ]
21. Analysis of Tenure Preferences of Socio-Economic Groups in Lagos Metropolis.[ Download 285.14 kB ]
22. Valuation Inaccuracy: An Examination of Causes in Lagos Metropolis.[ Download 285.67 kB ]
23. Data Sharing: A Critical Factor for Estate Surveying and Valuation Practice in Nigeria.[ Download 285.67 kB ]


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CLOSED: Martin Luther King Jr National Day of Service - Pt Pinole Shoreline
The Watershed Project
Monday, January 20, 2014 from 9:30 AM to 12:30 PM (PST)
Celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service with the Watershed Project!
Point Pinole Regional Shoreline Cleanup
Monday January 20, 2014, 9:30 am - 12:30 pm
In 1994 Congress designated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a national day of volunteer service.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. sought to forge the common ground on which people from all walks of life could join together to address important community issues. The King Day of Service brings together people who might not ordinarily meet, breaks down barriers that have divided us in the past, leads to better understanding and ongoing relationships.
On January 20, 2014, Americans across the country will once again honor his legacy by taking part in a wide range of service projects.
Come out with your family, friends, and neighbors and join us in making a difference in your local watersheds. Be a part of this festive and inspirational event!
-FREE refreshments will be provided for nourishment as you work hard to clean up our coastal environment!
-We will provide tools and gloves. If you have your own pair of gloves and a bucket, please bring them so everyone gets a chance to pitch in.
-Bring your own reusable water bottle.
-Wear comfortable clothing and sturdy closed-toe shoes.
-Let us know if your party has multiple people
-Children MUST be accompanied by an adult.
-Valid for Community Service hours
We look forward to seeing you at Point Pinole Regional Shoreline!
For more information or any questions, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Join millions of people on Eventbrite.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.

subset: commoncrawl


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Happy Birthday Balloons Heart Necklace Box Gift
Vivabop Gifts
Our Happy Birthday Balloons Heart Necklace Box gift includes a sterling silver heart necklace presented in a gift box engraved with the wording 'Happy Birthday'. The necklace is beautifully designed and is suitable for wear on any occasion although the birthday girl is sure to want to wear it as she celebrates her special day.
- Stunning sterling silver heart necklace
- Presented in a necklace box engraved with the wording 'Happy Birthday'
- Necklace box also features a fun balloons design
- Necklace box is lined
- The necklace chain is 16 inches long
- A beautiful birthday gift and lovely memento of this special occasion
Height: 8.5cm, Width: 3cm, Depth: 6.5cmSave


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Celebrate the arrival of fall in the Roanoke, VA area by attending local upcoming festivals and activities! To ensure you arrive in style and on time to the peppy happenings, Berglund Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram created a detailed list of occasions you don't want to miss. We're confident you'll have a good time!
1) 12th Annual Dogtoberfest
Spend some quality time with your furry friend(s) at the DogtoberFest at Saint Francis Service Dogs Training Center. The 12th annual Dogtoberfest invites the entire family to spend a beautiful day participating in the Parade of Dogs contest. Kids can enjoy face painting, a bouncy house, games, and try to win prizes. Continue Reading →


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Kathy Griffin
Activist For The LGBT Community
Kathy Griffin, born on November 4, 1960. She is a comedian, actress, and writer along with being a LGBT activist. She's very passionate about it because she herself used to feel like a "Hollywood outcast", and the LGBT community feels like outcasts a lot of the time. She doesn't feel that is right. They are people too, and their sexuality is no ones but their own business. The government and the people shouldn't dictate whether or not too PEOPLE can get married, regardless of ones sex or gender identity. It's just as pointless as saying races aren't equal. We are ALL people regardless of race, nationality, religion, and gender. It's ridiculous that some people feel so high and mighty that they feel it's okay to take away a persons rights.


text: Definition Edit A low power TV station (LPTV) includes: Class A TV stations and TV translators. Retrieved from "http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Low_power_TV_station?oldid=99924" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Telecommunications Broadcasting Definition Add category Cancel Save


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Jasmine Camacho-Quinn Named SEC Freshman Runner of the Year
LEXINGTON, Ky. – Kentucky track and field's Jasmine Camacho-Quinn was named the Southeastern Conference Outdoor Freshman Outdoor Runner of the Year by the league office on Wednesday.
Camacho-Quinn won the SEC title in the 100-meter hurdles in a personal record time of 12.69. That time was the second fastest in meet history (UK's Keni Harrison won in 12.50 in 2015).
She also ran on Kentucky's SEC bronze-medal 4x100-meter and fourth-place 4x400-meter relay teams.
Camacho-Quinn became the first SEC freshman to win the 100m hurdles since Jasmine Stowers (LSU) in 2011.
Camacho-Quinn qualified for the NCAA Championships, which will take place next week in Eugene, Oregon, in the 100m hurdles, 200m and 4x100m relay.
The most up-to-date coverage of the UK track and field program is available via @KentuckyTrack handles on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.
2016 SEC Outdoor Track and Field Awards
Men's Runner of the Year - Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake, LSU
Men's Field Athlete of the Year - Lindon Victor, Texas A&M
Men's Freshman Runner of the Year - Kahmari Montgomery, Missouri
Men's Co-Freshman Field Athletes of the Year - Anders Eriksson, Florida/Daniel Haugh, Alabama
Men's Scholar-Athlete of the Year - Jarrion Lawson, Arkansas
Men's Coach of the Year - Chris Bucknam, Arkansas
Women's Co-Runners of the Year - Felicia Brown, Tennessee/Dominique Scott-Efurd, Arkansas
Women's Field Athlete of the Year - Keturah Orji, Georgia
Women's Freshman Runner of the Year - Jasmine Camacho-Quinn, Kentucky
Women's Freshman Field Athlete of the Year - Lexi Weeks, Arkansas
Women's Scholar-Athlete of the Year - Keturah Orji, Georgia
Women's Coach of the Year - Lance Harter, Arkansas


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For almost 40 years Kimmage Development Studies Centre has facilitated education and training for development practitioners working in a range of occupations from over 65 countries. We also provide capacity development services devoted to the professional upgrading of Irish and overseas-based international development personnel.
Full Time Study
Our academic programmes reflect a combination of formal and non-formal educational methodologies and are run at undergraduate and post graduate (MA and Post Grad Diploma) levels. Explore theories, analyse development policies & practices, and build skills.
Distance & Part-Time Study
We offer both academic courses and professional training courses on part-time and on flexible, and distance learning formats. We also deliver an evening course called 'Understanding Development' for those who wish to update on current development issues.
Training & Consultancies
We build the skills and capacity of development practitioners, organisations, missionary congregations and in-country partners through professional training courses, Kimmage Open and Distance Education (KODE), and organisational support.
Our ethos is embodied in a teaching approach which is based on participatory learning and critical thinking on development practice which seeks to empower course participants to be leaders in their own communities and active facilitators of change.
To learn more about what we do – including our new Flexible and Distance Learning MA in Development Studies – browse our site using the menu above or contact us if you have any queries.
Upcoming Events
Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Poverty Reduction 09 September 2017
Child Safeguarding & Protection in Development Practice 23 September 2017
HIV & Gender: Context, Programming and Response 07 October 2017
Adult Learning for Development 09 October 2017
Globalisation and Movements for Change 09 October 2017
Managing Development Organisations 09 October 2017
Political Economy of Development 09 October 2017
Research Methods 09 October 2017
Sustainable Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation 09 October 2017
Understanding Development Evening Course - Term 1 - Introduction to Development 16 October 2017
Results Based Monitoring & Evaluation 21 October 2017
Managing for Results and Accountability 04 November 2017
Understanding Development Evening Course - Term 2 - Contemporary Issues in Development 15 January 2018
Political Economy of Environment and Development 12 March 2018


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Neuvoo Egypt offers 12 colorist vacancies in Egypt. Apply now and land the best position available.
Colorist vacancies in Egypt
The colorist is a profession in the Production category. In total on Neuvoo Egypt, more than 12 job vacancies are indexed from a multitude of sources such as job boards, career websites, newspapers and placement agencies. Similar jobs from this sector like Color Maker, Color Mixer, Community Relations Manager, Compressor, Content Marketer or Control Inspector are also very present.
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Neuvoo Egypt offers over 95032 vacancies in Egypt, 1,487 of which are in production and 12 of which are colorist vacancies.Show more...
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text: Senior Class Gift Close Sub-Nav Menu Alumni DirectoryWays To Give Outright GiftsPlanned GivingGive a Gift of StockMatching GiftsSponsored Research and Corporate and Foundation Relations The Grants ProcessHumanitiesNatural SciencesSocial SciencesProposal Writing TipsSponsored Research Policies AmazonSmileKroger Community Rewards Program Where to Give Office of Annual Giving Class Agent Program / Tom Powers Award Yellow Jacket Club Benefits of Giving The Presidents SocietyThe Randolph-Macon College Heritage SocietyNamed SpacesDonor Relations Endowed ScholarshipsProfessorships at R-MC GIVE NOWEvents Commemorating 50 Years of Diversity at R-MCMacon Connections Professional Networking Events Stay ConnectedHomecoming / Reunions Boydton SocietyClass of 1967 50th ReunionClass of 1972 45th ReunionClass of 1977 40th ReunionClass of 1982 35th ReunionClass of 1987 30th ReunionClass of 1992 25th ReunionClass of 1997 20th ReunionClass of 2002 15th ReunionClass of 2007 10th ReunionClass of 2012 5th Reunion Building Extraordinary CampaignBuilding Extraordinary SciencesGet Involved Young AlumniSociety of Alumni SOA Board of Directors College Advancement Staff About the Senior Class Gift This annual student-driven fundraising campaign helps students become part of the longstanding Randolph-Macon alumni tradition of giving, and committee membership is a great way to: Make a difference in the lives of future students Gain valuable fundraising and volunteer experience with real world applications New members are always welcome! To learn more or sign up, please contact Eleana Legree, Assistant Director of Reunion Giving at email@example.com or by calling 804.752.3051. Senior Class Gift Goal The 2017 Senior Class Gift goal is to achieve 95% giving participation. The Class of 2016 accomplished an amazing 92% participation. The Senior Class Gift Committee is confident that the Class of 2017 can rise to the challenge and surpass last year's participation rate. To make your gift today, please visit online or see a member of the Senior Class Gift Committee. You may also give through payroll deduction through your campus job. Why Support the Senior Class Gift? Gifts from alumni, parents, students and friends of Randolph-Macon College support financial aid and other student needs. This is important because 99% of students receive some form of financial aid, totaling over $30 million from all sources. Tuition only covers about 85% of what it costs to educate a Randolph-Macon student for one year. The remainder must come from endowment income, corporate and foundation grants, and most importantly, gifts from individuals like you. Last year the 2016 Senior Class Gift reached 90% participation. This year we hope the Class of 2016 will make its mark by increasing participation to 95%! Please join us today by making your commitment online. Senior Class Gift Events Commencement – All seniors who contributed to the Class Gift will be listed in the Commencement Program. Additionally, all Seniors who made a Senior Class Gift are eligible for a chance to win 10 reserved seats for the Commencement Exercises. Questions? For more information, please contact: Eleana LegreeAssistant Director of Reunion Giving, College Advancement Phone: 804.752.3051 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Class of 2017 Senior Class Gift Committee Co-Chairs Philip CostelloMargaret Dodson Committee Members Nicholas Barrack Nathan BaumbachLeigh Chaney Stephanie Clute Philip Costello Margaret DodsonKathryn Finley-ParkerCorey ForeDaniel Moore Emily Plowman Caitlin Pope Rebecca Reidy Hannah RogersMaddalena TortoraKatherine TocciCarrington Wentz Related Links Updated 10/19/16 The Office of College Advancement • P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005 firstname.lastname@example.com • 866-694-4574


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I think he may be the leader of the pack! Cat lovers out there will get a kick out of this.
Categories animals
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VideoBash is your first and final stop for free funny videos, games and pictures guaranteed to brighten up your day. The funniest jokes and the most unbelievable pranks caught on tape have been collected in one spot for your viewing pleasure. This is entertainment at its best and no one does it better than VideoBash. These funny clips crackle with humor and they will definitely have you laughing till your sides hurt. Quality is our number one priority and the free funny vids here are the best of the best. There are no mediocre videos here. All the videos, jokes, pranks on VideoBash are the cream of the crop and you'll be hooked from the get go. The best part is you don't have to keep all this good stuff to yourself, you can share all the free entertainment videos with your friends.


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Dan Uggla is on a 28-game hitting streak, yet the Atlanta second baseman isn't exactly tearing it up at the plate.
He extended the streak with a hit in his final at bat last night against the Mets, the fourth time he has had his lone hit of a game come in his final trip to the plate.
It also was the 20th time during the streak that he's has only one hit in the game.
Which helps explain why -- even though he's half way to tying Joe DiMaggio's record 56-game hitting streak -- that Uggla is batting only .220 for the season.
Reid Cherner has been with USA TODAY since 1982 and written Game On! since March 2008.
He has covered everything from high schools to horse racing to the college and the pros. The only thing he likes more than his own voice is the sound of readers telling him when he's right and wrong.
Michael Hiestand has covered sports media and marketing for USA TODAY, tackling the sports biz ranging from what's behind mega-events such as the Olympics and Super Bowl to the sometimes-hidden numbers behind the sports world's bottom line.


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R. Kelly ft. Usher & T-Pain - Same Girl (Remix) MP3
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R. Kelly and Usher's official music video for 'Same Girl'. Click to listen to R. Kelly on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/RKSpot?IQid=RKSG As featured on The Essential R.
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R. KellyYo Ush What up Kells Wanna introduce you to this girl, I think I really love this girl Yeah Man she so fine Straight up dawg She stand about 5'4" coka cola red bone Damn She drives a black Durango license plate say "Angel" tattoo on her ankle Plus she's making pesos got a crib on Peach street right on 17th street And I call her "TT" Wait a minute hold on dawg.Do she got a kid? Yep Loves some Waffle House? Yep Do she got a beauty mar[...]
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The "Same Girl" (2007) official remix features T-Pain and Usher. "Same Girl" reached #20 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
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I'm A Flirt Remix
R. KellyI'm a, I'm a, I'm a, I'm a flirt Soon as I see her walk up in the club (I'm a flirt) Winkin' her eyes at me when I roll up on them dubs (I'm a flirt) Sometimes when I'm with my chick all alone (I'm a flirt) And when she's wit' her man lookin' at me, damn right (I'm a flirt) So homie don't bring your girl to me because (I'm a flirt) And baby don't bring your girlfriend to eat cuz (I'm a flirt) Please believe it unless your game is tight and you trust her Then, don't bring her around me because (I'm a flirt) Now swear to tell the truth and the whole truth When it comes to hoes I be pimpin' like I supposed to Rollin' like I supposed to, shinin' like I supposed to In the club, fuckin' wit' honeys like I supposed to I don't understand when a nigga bring his girlfriend to the club Freakin' all on the floo[...]
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89 DMZ Am I The Same Girl (Extended Version) by Swing out Sisters. Why don't you stop And look me over Am I the same girl you used to know? Why don't you ...
MMV:Same Girl Remix MP3
Bellocan MMV Same Girl - R.Kelly ft. Usher&T.Pain Requested by DJcambopunk The version she sent me was censored.


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Dexter Season 6 Finale
December 19, 2011 by staff
Dexter Season 6 Finale, It is the relationship between Dexter and Debra that leaves a big question mark in the season 6 finale of "". As if Deb's growing feelings to her adoptive brother are not complicated enough, she now has to deal with a shocking fact that the man she loves is a serial killer.
In the season ender, Dexter managed to convince Travis to switch his son Harrison with himself as a sacrifice. He pretended to be drugged and then knocked out Travis when he got the chance. He later took Travis back to the church, in which Travis set up shop, and got him on his table.
Elsewhere, Deb met her therapist once again to say, "I finally told my brother that I love him and he said he loves me back!" Deb, however, thought that Dexter does not understand her true feelings. She then followed her therapist's advice to profess her romantic feelings to him.
Deb headed to the church since she had earlier assigned Dexter to visit the place for a final sweep. Unfortunately, she came just in time to witness her adoptive brother stabbing Travis in the heart. "Oh God," the serial killer said when he noticed Deb's presence.
Dishing on how the ending in season 6 sets up the possibly final two seasons of "Dexter", executive producer Sara Colleton has said, "We want to lay the groundwork to have the most interesting way into examining how Deb will react."
She explained, "If we hadn't evolved Deb, then there could only be one reaction, which is horror and arrest, and end of story, which indeed may be the case. It just allows us to have a more complicated character who has to deal with it in a more nuanced way."
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
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text: I'm starting a blog on Music Created by The Track Team. As you know (or should know) The Track Team produced all the music for Avatar and are very talented musicians. They've got some unique stuff. The Track Team is made up of Benjamin Wynn and Jeremy Zuckerman. Benjamin Wynn has put out some albums under the name of Deru for your enjoyment. So, my first post is from a song made by Deru. He's worked in many areas, but I've found most of his stuff to be... well, I'm not sure. This song was made by Deru, but the video was by someone else he collaborated with. It's very different from the music in Avatar, but you might like it...thumb|300px|left


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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
The purpose of this study was to utilize near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) as non-invasive techniques to evaluate the drug loading in letrozole-loaded PLGA nanoparticle formulations prepared by the emulsification–solvent evaporation method. A Plackett–Burman design was applied to evaluate the main effects of amount of drug (X1), amount of polymer (X2), stirring rate (X3), emulsifier concentration (X4), organic to aqueous phase volume ratio (X5), type of organic solvent (X6), and homogenization time (X7) on drug entrapment efficiency. The influence of three different spectral pretreatment methods (multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate, and Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation with third-order polynomial) and two different regression methods (PLS regression and principal component regression (PCR)) on model prediction ability were compared. PLS of spectra that were pretreated with Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation provided better model prediction than PCR as it revealed better linear correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.991) for both calibration and prediction models. Relatively low values of root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC=0.748) and prediction (RMSEP=0.786) and low standard errors of calibration (SEC=0.758) and prediction (SEP=0.589) suggested good predictability for estimation of the loading of letrozole in PLGA nanoparticles. NIR-CI analysis also revealed mutual homogenous distribution of both polymer and drug and was capable of clearly distinguishing the 12 formulations both quantitatively and qualitatively. In conclusion, NIR and NIR-CI could be potentially used to characterize anticancer drug-loaded nanoparticulate matrix.
Letrozole is a third generation, non-steroidal competitive aromatase inhibitor approved for the endocrine treatment of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. It is commercially available as an oral tablet (Femara®, 2.5 mg daily). For patients with advanced breast cancer, the drug should be continued until tumor progression ends (1). The oral dosage form of letrozole offers uncontrolled delivery and release, lacks specificity, often leads to poor patient compliance, and results in major systemic side effects such as deep vein thrombosis, bone loss, and hypercholestremia, following long-term therapy (1,2). To increase target specificity, improve pharmacokinetic behavior, and tissue distribution, it would be ideal if a sustained delivery system could be used for letrozole. Polymeric nanoparticles are very small in size and are able to cross the highly permeable vasculature supplying blood to the tumor, and enter tumor cells through endocytosis (3). Biodegradable polymers such as poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are biocompatible, FDA approved, and have the ability to release the active agent in a controlled or sustained manner in order to maintain therapeutic blood levels over extended periods of time. This may lead to improved therapeutic efficacy and reduce the dosing frequency for enhanced patient compliance and convenience while reducing the severity and frequency of side effects (4).
The application of traditional analytical methods such as reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and UV spectroscopy in pharmaceutical development usually requires destructive extraction procedures of small, nominally random product samples to document product quality (5). Such procedures are time-consuming and often fail to assure zero-defect product quality since they fail to identify the effect of critical process parameters on product quality attributes (6). Process Analytical Technology is a system for designing, analyzing, and controlling manufacturing processes based on continuous monitoring of critical quality and performance attributes of products. It has shifted the focus from laboratory-based "testing to document quality paradigm" to a "continuous quality assurance paradigm" which provides real-time process control to improve the understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur during pharmaceutical unit operations (5,7).
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemical imaging (NIR-CI) have emerged as valuable tools for pharmaceutical quality analyses since they provide a wealth of chemical and physical information required for measuring process performance (6). The major advantages of NIR spectroscopy and imaging over traditional analytical methods lie in their rapid and nondestructive measurements without the need for any sample pretreatments, its robust instrumentation (8), capacity for remote measurement by interfacing with fiber optic probes, and ability to predict chemical and physical properties from a single spectrum (5,9). NIR imaging combines NIR spectroscopy with digital image processing and provides both spatial and spectral information about the distribution of components in a sample (10). The main disadvantages of NIR spectroscopy and imaging are the minor intensity of absorption and the broadening of absorption bands (11). These drawbacks are compensated for by the application of a user-friendly software for multivariate analysis that allows for the extraction of essential information for the properties of interest of the analyzed system from a large dataset (5).
The purpose of this research was to utilize NIR spectroscopy and chemical imaging as nondestructive methods to evaluate the drug contents in PLGA-based nanoparticles of letrozole through a Plackett–Burman (PB) screening design.
Letrozole (purity 99.9 %) was purchased from 2A Pharmachem (Lisle, Illinois, USA). Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA, 50:50 of inherent viscosity 0.58dL/g in hexafluoroisopropanol, Mw≈30,000 Da) was purchased from Lactel® International Absorbable Polymers (Pelham, AL, USA). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; molecular weight 13, 000–23,000), HPLC-grade dichloromethane, chloroform, and acetonitrile were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents and chemicals used were of analytical grade and were used as received.
Plackett–Burman experimental designs are fractional factorial designs that are used to identify the main effects of a large number of factors that are likely to affect critical qualities of a particular formulation. Because PB designs are fractional factorial designs, the number of runs needed to investigate main effects is equal to 2n or multiples of 4 and so they can be used to identify critical factors with the least number of experimental runs, with very good degree of accuracy (12,13). They are therefore very useful when the aim is to identify factors or variables that can be fixed or eliminated in further investigations.
In this study, a Plackett–Burman design was applied to examine the effects of amount of drug (X1), amount of polymer (X2), stirring rate (X3), emulsifier concentration (X4), organic to aqueous phase volume (X5), type of organic solvent (X6), and homogenization time (X7) on drug entrapment efficiency, using JMP software, version 8.0.2 (SAS, NC, USA). The independent factors, their high and low levels were based on preliminary studies and also on reports by other authors on their effects on the selected responses (9,14–16). The levels of polymer and drug were selected based on preliminary in vitro release experiments which showed that increasing the drug concentration relative to the polymer (drug/polymer ratio of 1:2) resulted in significantly higher burst release. The different formulation composition and manufacturing conditions are shown in Table I.
The PB design model is described by the linear regression equation;
where Y is the response, B0 is the arithmetic mean response and B1, B2,……, Bn are the coefficients of the factors X1, X2…..Xn, respectively.
Letrozole-loaded nanoparticles were prepared using the emulsification–solvent evaporation method described by Zidan et al. (9), with some modifications. Briefly, accurately weighed amounts of PLGA and letrozole, based on the experimental design (Table I), were dissolved in 10 ml of organic solvent (dichloromethane or chloroform). PVA solution was prepared with demineralized water by heating and then cooled to room temperature before use. The organic phase was added dropwise to the aqueous phase with stirring at 300 rpm using a Lightnin stirrer (General Signal Co., NY). After the addition of the organic phase, the oil-in-water emulsion was mixed by homogenizing at 6,000 rpm with a probe homogenizer (PowerGen 125, Fisher Scientific, PA) for 5 or 10 min, according to the experimental design (Table I), while stirring. The resulting emulsion was further stirred for about 3 h at room temperature to ensure complete evaporation of the organic solvent. For NIR spectroscopy and chemical imaging analyses, control samples of letrozole only and PLGA only, were prepared using the same method described above. For PLGA only, the levels for formulation 1 (but without letrozole) were used while for letrozole only controls, the levels for formulation 5 (but without PLGA) were used. Three replicates of each formulation and controls were prepared in each case for analyses to ensure reproducibility of the process. Nanoparticles were harvested from the aqueous phase by centrifugation (L8-70M ultracentrifuge, Beckman Coulter Co., USA) at 21,000 rpm for 30 min at 4°C. The obtained nanoparticles were washed twice with 10 ml of double-distilled water and freeze-dried (Labconco Co., MI) for 24 h. The freeze-dried nanoparticles were then stored in a refrigerator at 4°C until further studies.
The size of the prepared nanoparticles were analyzed by photon correlation spectroscopy using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments Inc., Westborough, MA) at an angle of 90° in 10-mm path length cells at 25°C. About 5 mg of the freeze-dried nanoparticles was suspended in demineralized water and sonicated for about 2 min. About 1 ml of the suspension was placed in a disposable cuvette and the particle size determined. Particle size was expressed as the mean number weighted.
Surface morphology of the nanoparticles was visualized by scanning electron microscopy (JSM-6390 LV, JOEL, Tokyo, Japan). Powdered nanoparticles were fixed to aluminum stubs with double-sided carbon tape and sputter-coated with gold (Desk V, Denton Vacuum, NJ) before SEM observation under high vacuum.
The amount of letrozole in PLGA nanoparticles was assayed using a validated HPLC method developed according to the USP monograph (USP31/NF 26) of letrozole assay. The HPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) consisted of two LC-10AD VP pumps, a SIL-10AD VP autoinjector at room temperature, a variable programmable SPD-10AV VP UV–vis detector and a SCL-10A VP system controller connected to a class VP 5.03 data processing system. The stationary phase was a Zorbax SB-C8, 4.6×150 mm column (3.5 μm packing) fitted with an SB-C8, 4.6×12.5 mm reliance guard column (Agilent Technologies), while the mobile phase was water and acetonitrile (55:45v/v). Elution was carried out isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and an injection volume of 20 μL at a wavelength of 232 nm. The developed chromatographic method, validated according to ICH Q2R1 guidelines (17) showed linearity (R2=0.9998) in the range from 1 to 60 μg/ml, accuracy with recovery between 95 and 105 %, LOD of 0.213 μg/ml and LOQ of 0.75 μg/ml.
Approximately 5 mg of freeze-dried nanoparticles were dissolved in 5 ml of chloroform by vigorous vortexing and sonication for about 5 min. The resulting solution was then filtered through a 0.22-μm filter. About 100 μL of the resulting solution was then diluted with 900 μL of the mobile phase and assayed by HPLC. Experiments were performed in triplicate and the entrapment efficiency (EE) was calculated according to the formula:
NIR spectra for the 12 formulations were collected using a Foss NIR spectrometer equipped with a 5000 Rapid Content Analyzer module (Foss NIRSystems, model 6500, Laurel, MD) and a Vision software (version 3.2) for data collection. Spectra acquisition was carried out in the diffuse reflectance mode over the range of 1,100-2,500 nm, using a tungsten-halogen lamp, a quartz beam splitter and an indium–gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detector.
Freeze-dried nanoparticles were placed in 2-ml transparent borosilicate glass vials with crimped polyethylene caps and spectra were obtained in sextet for each formulation by scanning directly through the base of the sample vials. The vials were rotated during each scan to ensure representative spectra. Spectral processing and chemometric analyses were performed using Unscrambler software (version 9.7, CAMO Software AS, Oslo, Norway). Three different pretreatment methods were applied to study the effect of each on the robustness of the calibration model, namely multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), and third-order polynomial Savitzky–Golay second derivative with a filter width of 7 data points. Principal component analysis was then performed on the pretreated spectra by dividing the 12 formulations into two independent sets, namely calibration set and validation set, according to their measured drug loadings from the destructive entrapment experiment. Each set contained 36 samples. Formulations 1, 2,3,7,8, and 9, covering an actual drug loading range of 4.60–17.89 % were assigned to the calibration set while formulations 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, and 12, covering an actual drug loading range of 3.09–18.53 % were assigned to the validation set. Partial least squares (PLS) and principal component (PCR) regression were then performed to develop the calibration and validation models. The selection of a robust model with the best predictive ability was made according to the following criteria: low standard errors of calibration (SEC) and prediction (SEP), low root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC), and prediction (RMSEP), high correlation coefficient, and small bias and small differences between RMSEC and RMSEP (18).
Near-infrared images of the 12 formulations were obtained using Sapphire™ NIR spectral Imaging system (Spectral Dimensions Inc., Olney, MD). The freeze-dried powdered samples were placed on a locally made aluminum plate with a 5-mm hole and NIR light (in the diffuse reflectance mode) from an illumination source was focused on the samples. The reflected light was captured via an imaging optic and passed through a spectral encoder, a liquid crystal tunable filter, which separated the images into their spectral components over the spectral range of 1,100–2,450 nm. The images of the samples at the selected wavelengths were then recorded on an InGaAs focal plane array (FPA) detector. Each pixel in the detector array corresponds to approximately 1,600 μm2 (40×40 μm) area of the powder surface and each data set contains 125 wavelength increment scans per spectrum. The resulting three-dimensional data sets, generally referred to as hyper spectral image cubes, consisted of x-axis and y-axis which represented the spatial information and the z-axis, which represented the spectral information.
Reflectance calibration was carried out to account for the background spectral response of the instrument and the 'dark' camera response. The background (B) cube image was obtained with the camera focused on a high reflectance standard (Spectralon-99) and dark cube (D) was acquired with the camera focused at a mirror (no reflectance). Reflectance (R) was then obtained by processing the sample (S), dark cube (D), and the background (B) image cubes using the relationship:
Spectral data were analyzed using ISys™ 5.0 software (Spectral Dimensions Inc.) by first converting the data into absorbance using the equation:
As in NIR spectroscopy, three different preprocessing methods namely MSC, SNV, and Savitzky–Golay second derivative with a filter width of 7 points, were applied to the data to reduce or eliminate interferences such as intensity differences and light scattering effects. PLS regression was performed on the data sets. To visualize the differences within formulations, a library was built from the pure component spectra representing this binary system (letrozole and PLGA). The intensity values for the PLS score images were then analyzed based on the library with class 1 representing letrozole. The spectral absorbance for each pixel was decomposed into score values associated with each component. A quantitative measure of the percent drug loading was also determined by calculating the percent standard deviation of the distribution of the pixel intensities derived from the histograms of the PLS score images.
Letrozole-loaded nanoparticles were successfully prepared using the emulsification–solvent evaporation method outlined. Since Placket–Burman designs are resolution 4 designs, only main effects of the selected variables were analyzed and factors that had significant main effects on the responses were selected for further studies during optimization. SEM image (Fig. 1) showed that the prepared nanoparticles were well-formed and non-porous with some agglomeration, which was expected with PLGA.
Based on the various factor combinations generated by the Plackett–Burman experimental design, there was observed variation in the particle sizes of the various formulations. The mean particle sizes obtained for the various formulations ranged from 225.4±32.1 nm (formulation 6) to 707.1±51.9 nm (formulation 4; Table II). It was observed from statistical analyses that generally, an increase in the amounts of drug and polymer resulted in a corresponding increase in the particle size. This could be attributed to an increase in the viscosity of the organic phase, resulting in a high viscous resistance against the net shear stress during the emulsification step. This hindered the rapid dispersion of the organic phase into the aqueous phase. The increased viscosity also caused small nanodroplets to coalesce to form larger particles resulting in an increase in the particle size (14,15).
For the 12 formulations, the various factor combinations also resulted in entrapment efficiency range from 52.61±3.33 % (formulation 11) to 95.47±1.75 % (formulation 4; Table II). The regression equation explaining the effects of the various factors on EE (Y) is given by:
Pareto ranking analysis (Fig. 2) showed that the amount of drug (X1) was the most significant factor controlling the EE, followed by the organic to aqueous phase volume ratio (X5) and the type of organic solvent (X6), as depicted by the length of the bars and their p values being less than the a priori value of 0.05. Other factors such as polymer loading (X2), stirring rate (X3), emulsifier concentration (X4), and homogenization time (X7) also affected EE but their effects were not statistically significant (p>0.05). A quantile–quantile plot showed a linear correlation between the observed and predicted values of the EE with R2=0.92 (Fig. 3). Further analysis by ANOVA confirmed that the model was statistically significant in its prediction of EE (Prob>F=0.0463). The Prob>F is the observed significance probability (p value) of obtaining a greater F value by chance alone if the specified model fits no better than the overall mean response.
The main effects of the independent variables on EE could also be explained using three-dimensional surface and contour plots (Fig. 4). It could be observed that increasing the amount of drug (X1) from 25 to 50 mg resulted in an increase in the EE. This was because an increase in the amount of drug resulted in a more viscous dispersed phase, leading to increased coalescence of the nanodroplets. This gave rise to nanoparticles with increased sizes and higher EE since more drug was available for encapsulation (14,16).
An increase in the organic to aqueous phase volume ratio (X5) resulted in nanoparticles with significantly low EE (p<0.05) because it led to a corresponding decrease in the viscosity of the medium. The increased volume and decreased viscosity caused more drug molecules to partition into the aqueous phase from the organic phase during the emulsification and solvent evaporation steps, resulting in less drug retention in the polymer matrix and a decrease in the EE (16).
Generally, NIR spectra of solid powdered samples recorded in the reflectance mode are affected by variations within spectral groups due to varying particle size distributions (19). These variations result in dissimilar packing densities, intensity differences, light scattering effects, path length variations, and ultimately baseline shifts in the spectra (20). Instrumental effects such as random noise, changes in lamp intensity, and detector response may also cause variations within spectral groups and can adversely affect the robustness and reliability of the multivariate calibration model to be developed (5,20). In an attempt to eliminate, reduce, or standardize the effects of these variations on our multivariate model, we applied three different preprocessing methods, namely multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate, and Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation with third-order polynomial using 7 filter points, to study the influence each pretreatment method on the robustness of our regression model.
It was observed that spectra for both MSC and SNV looked similar in shape (Fig. 5). Compared to the original spectra, both MSC and SNV were able to remove a large part of the variance between the spectra without distorting the spectral features. This observation has been reported by other authors that MSC- and SNV-transformed spectra are closely related and that the difference in prediction ability between the two pretreatment methods is very small (21,22). Both MSC and SNV are normalization methods that effectively minimize or eliminate variations due to path length and baseline offsets, thus improving the linearity of the relationship between the constituents and the spectral values. MSC gives an estimation of the relation of the scatter of each sample with respect to the scatter of a mean spectrum which is calculated from all the spectra in a defined data set by a least squares regression. Using this mean spectrum, the same least squares regression is performed on every spectrum to minimize the variations due to amplified or additive effects (20). SNV, on the other hand, is a row-oriented correction method which corrects for each individual spectrum at each wavelength. Each spectrum is mean centered and divided by its standard deviation, so that the new spectra are centered in zero and their standard deviations are one, with a common scale for all spectra (23).
For the Savitzky–Golay second derivative-treated spectra, it was observed that spectral peak and troughs were more prominent than the original, untreated spectra and were also different from SNV- and MSC-treated spectra. Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation with third-order polynomial applied smoothing and differentiation to the spectra to reduce random noise and enhance spectral resolution. This resulted in peaks which were sharp and not overlapping.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was then carried out on each of the pretreated spectra. Figures 6, ,7,7, and and88 show the score plots of the second principal component (PC 2) against the first principal component (PC 1) for the pretreated spectra. It was observed that for both MSC-corrected and SNV-corrected spectra, PC 1 and PC 2 accounted for 92 % of the total variance in the data, with PC 3 accounting for the remaining 8 %.
The MSC- and SNV-treated score plots showed clear patterns of clusters along the PC 1 axes. From left to right, the sequence of the score plot was formulation 11, 10, 1, 6, 7, 9, 2, 4, 8, 5, 3, and 12. This sequence coincided with increasing order of letrozole content and decreasing order of PLGA in the formulation as determined by the destructive RP-HPLC method (Table II). Thus, it could be inferred from these score plots that PC1, which explained 70 % of the total variance, primarily correlated with the amount of letrozole within the nanoparticles while PC 2, which explained 22 % of the total variance, correlated with the amount of PLGA in the nanoparticles.
For spectra that were treated with third-order polynomial Savitzky–Golay second derivative with 7 filter points, a look at the score plot (Fig. 8) showed no clear pattern even though PC 1 and PC 2 accounted for 99 % of the data variance. Moreover, the scores along both PC 1 and PC 2 axes were very small compared with the scores from the SNV- and MSC-treated spectra. It is reported that derivatization generally results in splitting of overlapping peaks and results in decrease in sensitivity due to the introduction of new spectral peaks (21). However, examination of the loading plots for the Savitzky–Golay second derivative-transformed spectra (Fig. 9) showed that for PC1, there were no prominent peaks between 1,100 and 1,600 nm while PC2 and PC 3 showed both positive and negative peaks between 1,100 and 1,600 nm. By comparing these three loadings with the second derivative spectra of pure letrozole and PLGA, the following assignments could be made: PC1 loading vector showed peaks at 1,624, 1,640, 1,868, 2,138, 2,170, 2,280, and 2,456 nm which could be attributed to the letrozole component of the nanoparticulate system while PC 2 showed peaks at 1,172, 1,332, 1,654, 1,694, 2,138, 2,228, 2,272, and 2,450 nm which could be attributed to the PLGA component of the system. This showed that PC1 correlated with the amount of letrozole in the nanoparticles while PC 2 correlated with the PLGA content.
To quantitatively predict the drug content in the nanoparticulate system, the influence of two standard regression methods, PCR and PLS regression, on the pretreated samples were also examined. These two regression methods were selected because they are the most commonly used regression methods and have been found to be very accurate in terms of model prediction (23). Tables III and andIVIV show the results of the PCR and PLS regressions for the different pretreatment methods. In both PCR and PLS regression, spectra that were pretreated using Savitzky–Golay second derivative gave the best predictive ability based on the correlation coefficients, RMSEC, RMSEP, SEC, and SEP values for both calibration and prediction models. Thus, spectral pretreatment with Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation was the best method in effectively minimizing the variations in the raw spectra of letrozole-loaded nanoparticles. PLS models for the Savitzky–Golay second derivative-transformed spectra showed better prediction ability than the corresponding PCR model as depicted by higher correlation coefficients (0.991 for both calibration and prediction models for PLS compared with 0.988 and 0.990 for calibration and prediction for PCR), lower root mean square errors of calibration and prediction (RMSEC and RMSEP) and lower standard errors of calibration and prediction (SEC and SEP; Tables III and andIV).IV). Moreover, there was a smaller difference between RMSEC and RMSEP for the PLS models pretreated with Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation (RMSEC=0.747 %; RMSEP=0.786 %) compared with the RMSEC and RMSEP for the PCR models pretreated with the same method (RMSEC=0.849 %; RMSEP=0.740 %). It is reported that multivariate models that result in big differences between RMSEC and RMSEP usually yield prediction models that are not very robust and may fail when tested with an independent validation set (18). Figure 10 shows the relationship between the actual and predicted drug loadings for the PLS calibration and validation models that were pretreated by the Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation. Very low RMSEC and RMSEP (0.747 and 0.786 %), SEC and SEP (0.758 and 0.589 %) and high calibration and prediction correlation coefficients between measured and predicted drug loadings indicate that NIR spectroscopy has good predictive potential for drug loading in nanoparticles.
The difference between PLS regression and PCR is that in PCR, the three principal components were derived from principal component analysis and were used to perform regression on the drug loading whereas in PLS regression, the PLS components or latents variables were derived by comparing both spectral and target property information to find the direction of greatest variability (5). In other words, whereas in PCR, we knew from PCA that the first principal component (PC 1) which represented the largest variation in the spectra correlated with the amount of letrozole in the nanoparticulate system, in PLS regression, the first PLS component represented the most relevant variations showing the best correlation with the drug loading in the system. The first two PLS factors, PLS 1 and PLS 2, for the Savitzky–Golay second derivative-transformed spectra explained 76 and 19 %, respectively, of the total variance in the spectra while PLS 3 accounted for 5 % of the variance.
Spectral and chemical information contained in the PLS model were estimated by correlating the PLS loading vectors with the second derivative spectra of the individual components of the nanoparticulate system (Fig. 11). PLS 1 loading vector showed effective smoothing with no peaks between 1,100–1,600 nm but showed positive and negative peaks at 1,624, 1,640, 1,868, 2,138, 2,170, 2,280, and 2,456 nm which could be attributed to the letrozole component of the system while PLS 2 showed peaks at 1,172, 1,332, 1,654, 1,694, 2,138, 2,228, 2,272, and 2,450 nm corresponding to the PLGA component of the system. PLS 3 may be due to physical variations such as differences in particle size distribution.
Whereas NIR spectroscopy alone is limited in its ability to evaluate drug product homogeneity, chemical imaging combines the chemical selectivity of NIR spectroscopy with the power of image visualization to characterize quantitatively the spatial distribution of the components comprising pharmaceutical samples (24). NIR-CI therefore provides the opportunity to investigate localized micro-domains of ingredients within a given sample. In this regard, NIR-CI was employed to characterize quantitatively the spatial distribution of letrozole and PLGA within the 12 formulations. The raw hyperspectral datacubes obtained were preprocessed prior to multivariate regression to reduce or eliminate non-chemical biases such as scattering effects due to surface heterogeneity, interference from external light sources, and random noise, from the spectral information (6,24). Preprocessing methods used were MSC, SNV, and third-order polynomial Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation. As with NIR spectroscopy, the preprocessing method that gave the best way of visualizing groups in the data unambiguously was Savitzky–Golay second derivative transformation with third-order polynomial using seven filter points. A PLS regression was then performed on the data set. To visualize the spatial distribution of the components within the formulations, a library was built from the pure component spectra with class 1 representing letrozole and class 2 representing PLGA. PLS images of the 12 formulations were then concatenated according to the first class in the library and color mapping with intensity scaling was used to display the compositional contrast between pixels in the images (Fig. 12).The spectral absorbance for each pixel was then decomposed into score values with the highest score and highest intensity representing the highest drug loading. The corresponding histograms showed symmetrical distribution of the components in the nanoparticulate system. Table V shows the mean scores and skewness of the histograms generated by the PLS images. The formulations can be arranged based on a visual examination of the 12 PLS images and also according to their mean scores, in order of decreasing drug contents as formulation 12>3>5>4>6≥8≥9≥2>7>10>1>11. To assess the validity of the model to effectively assess the drug loading in the nanoparticulate system, a quantile–quantile plot was constructed for the actual drug loading and the mean score of the PLS images (Fig. 13). A good correlation with a coefficient of 0.9695 was obtained, showing that NIR-CI can be used to nondestructively predict the drug loading within PLGA nanoparticles.
A Plackett–Burman design of experiment was applied to evaluate the main effects of formulation variables on the entrapment efficiency of letrozole-loaded nanoparticles prepared by the emulsification–solvent evaporation method. Statistical analyses and Pareto ranking analysis showed that the factors that had significant main effects on the drug loading of the prepared nanoparticles were the amount of drug, the phase volume ratio and type of organic solvent. A destructive RP-HPLC method was applied to determine the drug loading in the nanoparticles and this was compared with non-destructive methods namely NIR spectroscopy and NIR chemical imaging. The results obtained from the non-destructive methods were in agreement with the RP-HPLC reference analysis method. Our study shows that as rapid, nondestructive, and non-invasive techniques, NIR and NIR-CI could provide the possibility for real-time process control and quality assurance, leading to significant improvement over conventional analytical methods.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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TransAtlantic Petroleum Ltd. announced a corporate update, a preliminary 2015 capital expenditure budget and an update on its operations.
Corporate Update
TransAtlantic presently holds $35 million of cash on hand and a portfolio of commodity derivative contracts with a present value of approximately $40 million at a Brent crude oil price of $50 per barrel. The Company has hedged approximately 1.5 million barrels of Brent crude oil at a weighted average minimum price of $85 per barrel for the period Q1 2015 through Q1 2019. TransAtlantic intends to reserve its cash flow from commodity derivatives to repay debt.
Currently, the Company's cash flow is primarily derived from sales in Turkey and is expected to be used for debt repayment and capital expenditures. Sales in Albania are covering operating and overhead expenses, and TransAtlantic is repairing the financial structure of its Albanian assets subsequent to their acquisition.
TransAtlantic Petroleum Corp.
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Family Cooking Class: Tea Time!
Sunday, January 26, 2014 from 2:00 PM to 4:00 PM (EST)
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It's National Tea Month!
To celebrate we're having an afternoon tea class for everyone in the family.
We will make a traditional tea of cucumber sandwiches, cream scones and egg custard tart.
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Transcript: McConnell calls health care reform 'the worst single legislation'
Transcript of remarks by Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) on the second anniversary of the Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2012:
"I saw the President at the White House, I was a little surprised that there wasn't a birthday cake there to celebrate the second anniversary of Obamacare.
"We've all noticed not a whole lot being said about the new law, about people who were involved in passing it. And I think there's pretty good reason for that.
"After two years, it's pretty clear that it's full of broken promises. Almost everything that was said about the law, predictions about how it would turn out, have not worked out.
"It said it would protect Medicare. Obviously, it doesn't. It took half a trillion dollars out of Medicare – not to make Medicare more sustainable but to help provide the cost for a new entitlement program.
"It said it would bring about lower premiums. We all know that hasn't happened.
"It said it would lower health care costs. We all know that hasn't happened.
"They said taxes won't go up, and we know right in the legislation there are $500 billion in new taxes.
"They said if you don't like your plan, you can keep it. We know that's not working out.
"So I think we can pretty safely say that the reason the American people like this law even less now than they did two years ago is because nothing essentially that was promised is occurring and will occur.
"Even in the jobs front – we all know that's the number one issue in the country. Analysts over at UBS, for example, say that the law is 'arguably the biggest impediment to hiring, particularly hiring of less skilled workers.' And the CBO director has said it will mean 800,000 fewer jobs over the next decade.
"So, as we get into the Supreme Court arguments, interesting – ironically enough, I just finished a biography of Chief Justice John Marshall. It's called 'Definer of the Nation', and of course in his time on the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835, you had huge numbers of significant decisions defining what the Constitution means. And the commerce clause, of course, was a big part of a number of those decisions. The Supreme Court and the nation have been wrestling with what the commerce clause means for 235 years.
"And once again, it will be before the Supreme Court. And if you think about the arguments that will be made next week, the plaintiffs will argue essentially this: that if the federal government, under the commerce clause, can order an individual American to buy this product and tell each individual American what kind of product they must buy, is there anything that because that decision – the failure to buy that product – could affect the health care of someone else and is therefore interstate commerce? If the court upholds that, could the federal government then order you to eat carrots? Could it order you to quit smoking? Could it order you to lose weight? Because all of those decisions you could make could arguably have an effect on the cost of health insurance for someone else.
"Obviously, none of us know what the Supreme Court will do. But it strikes me that if this is permissible under the commerce clause, the commerce clause is essentially gone – that it's meaningless and kind of a relic of ancient times. So those are the arguments that will be made.
"I think the surprise to a lot of us and to a lot of you is the court has apparently also going to be looking at the 10th Amendment implications of the massive Medicaid mandate in Obamacare.
"In my state, for example, as in every other state in the union right now, the current struggle to pay for Medicaid at the state level is already causing college tuition to go up. I'll tell you why. The two biggest items in every state budget are Medicaid and education. If the Medicaid mandate goes up, education funding goes down. They pass that along to universities and they raise tuition in order to make up the difference. That's already a huge problem.
"In my state, we're going to add almost 400,000 people in a state of 4.3 million to the Medicaid rolls. Our Democratic governor has no earthly idea how they can possibly handle this.
"So you're probably thinking what are the constitutional implications of that. I'm not sure but the 10th Amendment initially, we thought, granted to the federal government specific powers and reserved everything else for the state. Maybe the reason the court wants to hear the Medicaid arguments is because they may conclude that the federal government could make states do so much in terms of their spendings that they've basically taken over state budgets. I don't know. But I think that was a surprise to many that the court decided it wanted to hear arguments related to Medicaid as well.
"Summing it up, it's a mess. This law is a mess. It's the single worst piece of legislation that's been passed certainly in the time I've been here. The single biggest direction in the step of Europeanizing America – and look at what's going on in Europe. We ourselves now have a debt the size of our economy, which makes us look a lot like Greece already, and then we're adding this on top of it.
"Whether the court finds it constitutional or not, it's a mistake. There are plenty of mistakes you can make that aren't unconstitutional.
"And so, obviously, our hope is that the court will find this law constitutionally deficient. Whether or not it does, it is still a huge mistake for our country. And as I've said before, I think if I were setting the agenda instead of Sen. [Harry] Reid, I feel like we would have an obligation to the American people on day one to begin the process of trying to repeal this law."
Learn More:
- CSpan.org: Video of Sen. Mitch McConnell's remarks on the Affordable Care Act's second anniversary
- Sen. Mitch McConnell's (R-Ky.) website
- WhatTheFolly.com: Transcript: Press conference Q&A with Sen. Mitch McConnell on health care reform
Category: Congress, Current Events, Economy, Election 2012, Government, Health care, Politics, Social Services, Transcripts, U.S. · Tags: Affordable Care Act, Barack Obama, CBO, Chief Justice John Marshall, commerce, commerce clause, Congress, coverage mandate, federal government, GOP, government takeover, health care, health care law repeal, higher education, insurance premiums, interstate, Medicaid, Medicare, Mitch McConnell, national debt, Obamacare, presidential election 2012, regulations, Republican, Republican Party, SCOTUS, state budget, state services, states, tuition, U.S., United States, US Senate, US Supreme Court
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Year on Team: 2nd
Major: Economics
High School: Burnsville High School
Favorite Place on Campus: Rec Center
Favorite sport to watch/cheer for: Basketball
What made you want to cheer at the U of M? The opportunity to go on be on the field during games
What's something that most people don't know about you? I can dunk a basketball
What non-cheering accomplishment are you most proud of? Getting into the U of M
What are you looking forward to on this team? Compete at nationals
Do you have any tips for high school cheerleaders who want to continue in college? Always work hard and be willing to try new things
Dance Team, Goldy Judged Best In Nation
Minnesota spirit squads once again took top billing at the recent 2017 UCA & UDA College Cheerleading And Dance Team National Championship in Orlando, Fla.
Spirit Squads during 2016 Football Season
Check out photos of the Spirit Squads performing at Gopher football games this season.
Spirit Squad Wins Pom Division
Minnesota's dance team won the Pom division at the 2016 UCA & UDA College Cheerleading And Dance Team National Championship.


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As cities celebrate National Bike Month and encourage commuters to bike to work this week, a new report shows the financial windfall of such alternative transportation.
New York City residents save $19 billion each year in auto-related expenses, because they drive less than people in any other major U.S. city, according to the report by CEOs for Cities, a network of urban leaders.
They can spend that "green dividend" in the local economy, whether eating at restaurants or helping to offset the city's higher housing costs, says the report commissioned by the New York City Department of Transportation.
The average New York City resident drives 9 miles per day, compared to 25 for the average U.S. urban resident. The report, assuming it costs 40 cents per mile to operate a vehicle, says the difference totals $19 billion annually.
In addition, it says there are huge environmental benefits: "New Yorkers emit 23 million tons less carbon dioxide per year than they would if they drove as much as the average U.S. urban resident," according to the report.
New York City aims to boost its "green dividend" by doubling bicycle commuting over 2007 levels by 2012, says CEOs for Cities. The group says the city has added 200 miles of bike lanes since 2008.
Wendy Koch has been a reporter and editor at USA TODAY since 1998, covering politics and social issues. She's begun a quest to build the most eco-friendly home her budget allows. She'll share her experience and give you tips for greening your home. More about Wendy


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April 13 2017
(SPOILER) Agents of SHIELD 4x18 Sneak Peek "No Regrets." Delusional? PTSD?
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text:
A very close friend of mine once shared a beautiful dream that she had, a dream that we both felt was more than just an ordinary one. She was an immensely devout devotee of Loki. He was her sustenance, the witness to her life, her God, her Lord, her deepest love. Throughout her life, He [Read More…]
A Samhain Dream
The Last Great Initiation
I am not sure exactly how it happened, I don't even remember talking about it before my name was listed, but with the recent death of a good friend of mine I found my name listed as the gravesite Officiating Minister. When I first began Seeking with a Coven many years ago I had never [Read More…]
A Challenge For October
In a few days, September will be over and we will have entered the month of Samhain, the month in which some of us celebrate Winter Nights, the month immediately preceding the Day of the Dead, the month which is, in so much of Paganism given over to honoring the ancestors. I think this is [Read More…]
The Unexpected Blessings of Lady Sintana
I never met Lady Sintana, but I firmly believe she is the reason I am a Witch today. It's kind of a long story, so bear with me. Lady Sintana was a very public Witch, one of the few well-known public Witches who were not authors. She appeared fairly regularly in the Atlanta Journal Constitution. [Read More…]


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Looking for a case suggestions for the iPad 2. I have looked around the net and found a number of sites (http:/
9 Replies
May 5, 2011 at 10:53 UTC
I bought the ZaggMate case for iPad 2 (includes bluetooth keyboard). It protects the screen when traveling very well, but the back of the iPad is completely exposed. To counter that, also got the InvisibleSHIELD from Zagg (full body). It is still thin enough in this case that I slip it into the side pocket of my laptop case easily.
Many folks have been mistaking the iPad for a netbook when the see my typing away on it when 'docked' in the ZaggMate case. Zagg dot com has pics and reviews. so far, I am VERY happy with the decision to fork out the extra money for this case (and the InvisibleSHIELD). Just remember to be patient if you get the invisible shield and take your time installing...
Good luck!
May 5, 2011 at 11:04 UTC
+1 to Zagg!!
i have the full coverage invisishield for my wife's ipad2 and absolutely love it!
she is looking at the same case that Mike mentioned.
May 5, 2011 at 1:09 UTC
I went with Boxwave SmartSleeve and an Apple SmartCover. Good combo that's light and you get the auto shutdown and turn on. Pricey though.
May 5, 2011 at 1:48 UTC
1st Post
I really enjoy my SmartCover - makes it easy to type and it's fun to use. Not perfect though, as it can get in the way sometimes - but is easy to take on and off with the magnets.
I use a combination of the SmartCover and a SwissGear netbook pouch to take it to and from meetings.
May 6, 2011 at 6:27 UTC
I have a smart cover and TPU Case from Monoprice. I had to "modify" the TPU case with an x-acto knife but it works great.
May 6, 2011 at 2:36 UTC
Smartcover here that stays on pretty much all the time, then for transportation I picked up a Microsoft netbook bag at Officemax for ~$20. It's about perfect for the iPad, wireless keyboard, power adapter, stylus, and the VGA/HDMI cables.
May 9, 2011 at 12:52 UTC
+1 Zaggmate
Jun 22, 2011 at 10:25 UTC
This one looks nice too - www.adonit.net
Jun 23, 2011 at 4:45 UTC
Marware CEO Hybrid Case
I like the ability to hold the iPad securely strapped to one hand.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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This is Jane's mum's recipe for shortbread.
- Print page
- Email this
- Permalink
- Degree of difficulty:Medium
250g butter (at room temperature)
125g caster sugar
375g plain flour
Work sugar into butter by hand.
Gradually work the flour in, again by hand.
Roll into a ball.
Cut into four pieces.
Press into four rounds, making a decorative edge with thumbs.
place on baking paper on baking trays, lightly mark into traiangular segments.
Bake at 175C for 30 minutes.


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Rajouri: A day after six civilians were killed by Pakistan shelling in Balakot, Pakistan opened unprovoked firing again in Rajouri sector, where three civilians have been injured.
The injured civilians have been admitted to the Rajouri Hospital.
The Pakistan Amy has been targeting Army posts and depth areas which mostly consists of civilians.
Pakistan's High Commissioner to India Abdul Basit, who was summoned by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) over the recent ceasefire violations, today blamed India for the cross border firings and said that the Pakistan Government is concerned about it.
"We are concerned about the ceasefire violations. In the month of July and August, there have been close to around 70 ceasefire violations from this side of the working boundary. We are obviously very concerned about it," Basit told the media.


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Local DVLA Offices in the UK
Unfortunately, all local UK DVLA offices have now been closed.
All local DVLA offices were closed in December 2013. So it's no longer possible to pop in and transfer a private number plate (or access other services) in person.
So how can I get what I need to deal with my private number plate?
All transfers, retentions, assignments of private number plates are dealt with at DVLA Head Office in Swansea.
You can now assign a private number plate online. Or send your paperwork by post to DVLA the old fashioned way.
If you require other DVLA services please contact main their Head Office in Swansea. You'll find the address on your Certificate of Entitlement, Retention Document, or V5C Registration Document.
Where will I find more information about DVLA services?
You may find the information you are looking for in our Frequently Asked Questions. There's loads of information on buying, selling, and transferring your private number plate. You'll also find lots of other useful information and tips on how to access DVLA related services.
What about Northern Ireland?
The DVA in Northern Ireland is also now closed. All Northern Ireland number plate services are now provided by DVLA in Swansea. These are managed in pretty much the same way as mainland UK number plates.


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Frigidaire Gallery Freestanding 5-Burner Gas Range with True Convection Oven
Pre-heating in just minutes, this gas range has a 5.0 cubic-foot true convection oven that utilizes a single convection fan to circulate hot air throughout the oven for faster and more even multi-rack baking. The convection system takes the guesswork out of convection cooking by automatically adjusting standard baking temperatures to convection temperatures for consistent results every time. There is also an included temperature probe which can be set to a desired interior temperature of the dish, and then the oven will automatically switch to a Keep Warm mode to maintain that desired temperature until the food is served or taken out of the oven. Just set up the cooking mode and walk away worry-free.
The cooktop offers five sealed gas burners with a vast range of BTU cooking power. Capable of low-heat simmering for delicate foods, confections and sauces, there's also a fast boiling time under a maximum 18,000 BTUs of cooking power. The center oval burner is perfectly designed to heat under grill and griddle accessories, further extending the extraordinary cooking capabilities of this freestanding gas range.
About Frigidaire
When you select a home appliance from Frigidaire, you've chosen a product of exceptional performance, convenience and style; an appliance that has been designed to work in harmony with the way you live. Frigidaire is one of the leading suppliers of quality home appliances and they take pride in offering superior products and service to their customers. Through meaningful innovations, Frigidaire has humanized their technology to create appliance designs that are uncluttered, controls that are intuitive, and features that are as useful as they are smart.
$250.00 In Rebate
Earn model allowances as shown below for individual category purchases, only one model per category qualifies for the kitchen bonus. All products must be on one invoice.
(See Rebate Form For More Details)
Receive up to $250 with purchase of a FRIGIDAIRE appliances. Envelope must be postmarked by 2/28/2017.


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The cricketer is staying at the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) camp at Joshimath since the last three days after he too could not reach Hemkund Sahib gurdwara due to inclement weather.
The off-spinner accompanied ITBP officials to the forces' barracks and campuses where stranded pilgrims are being provided food and medicines and talked to them.
"He counselled them (pilgrims and tourists) that all would be well soon and that force personnel and others are trying to bring as much succor as they can. He gave them food and water and spent with them," a senior ITBP official said.
The ITBP has deployed close to 600 personnel for relief and rescue operations in the state and has opened up its office and residential buildings for the people to stay.
"Our jawans have even emptied their barracks to accommodate the people who are stuck. Every effort is being made to provide food, water and medicines through two private choppers that have been pressed in by the force," the official said.
Harbhajan lauded the efforts of ITBP officials and called them real heroes.
Great job done by ITBP today close to 3000 people were rescued toady from diffrent locations in uttrakhand.well done u guys r the real heros— Harbhajan Singh (@harbhajan_singh) June 18, 2013
The force has spread its men to rain-hit areas in Kedarnath, Gaurikund, Govindghat, Pandukeswar, Karnaprayag, Badrinath and Uttarkashi.
See the video below


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A proposed $34.4 million budget for the East Baton Rouge Parish library system for next year includes 58 new positions, mostly to staff two new library branches expected to open next year.
Library System Executive Director David Farrar presented the proposed budget to the system's Board of Control during a special meeting Monday.
The board will vote on the proposal at its next regular meeting June 16.
It also requires the approval of the Metro Council, which will consider the spending plan when it adopts an overall budget for city-parish government in December.
Farrar told board members that 44 of the new positions in the proposed budget for 2012 are required to staff the Rouzan Branch Library on Perkins Road and the Fairwood Branch Library on Old Hammond Highway.
The library system also wants to add four positions to its facility operations and maintenance staff, Farrar said.
He said that would be less expensive than the indirect costs the city-parish assesses the library for having the services provided through the Department of Public Works.
The library system, which includes a main library and 12 branches, will have a total staff of 542 full-time and part-time employees if the budget is approved, according to the budget proposal.
The library system's proposed budget for 2012 also includes $357,410 to provide 3 percent step increases for library system employees.
The library board shot down one of Farrar's proposals: to make the position of deputy library director a classified position, offering greater job protections.
Farrar said most deputy director positions at other libraries are classified, and it is important for the person holding it feel that his job is secure.
Board members Stan Bardwell, Tanya Freeman and Derek Gordon questioned the wisdom of making the No. 2 position classified.
Among other things, they cited potential for conflict if a new director was hired at some point in the future who would not be able to choose his own deputy.
"I think that's going backward, quite frankly," Bardwell said. "I think it's a terrible, terrible mistake."
Farrar said he understood the board's concerns and would drop the idea.
A dedicated, 11.1-mill property tax funds all but a small portion of the library system's budget.
The proposed budget of $34.4 million for 2012 is down sharply from the $53.8 million budget for this year.
Farrar said the difference in this year's budget includes a $19 million capital outlay to build a new downtown library branch to replace the existing one near City Hall.


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Wanted Man Arrested, Going Nearly 100 MPH in Cortland
Cortland, N.Y. – A wanted Niagara Falls man was arrested for allegedly driving a stolen vehicle nearly 100 miles per hour in Cortland.
Niagara Falls Police had a warrant out for 55-year-old Ronald Proctor's arrest; he was wanted for aggravated harassment.
State Police say they stopped the vehicle, which was originally from Delaware, on I-81 near Route 41 (exit 10).
Proctor is charged with felony possession of stolen property.


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Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report.
Meta-analysys and Systematic Review
A pooled analysis of diffusion-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver diseases
Version of Record online: 22 JAN 2013
DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12054
© 2012 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Volume 28, Issue 2, pages 227–234, February 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Wu, L.-M., Xu, J.-R., Lu, Q., Hua, J., Chen, J. and Hu, J. (2013), A pooled analysis of diffusion-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver diseases. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 28: 227–234. doi: 10.1111/jgh.12054
Publication History
- Issue online: 22 JAN 2013
- Version of Record online: 22 JAN 2013
- Accepted manuscript online: 28 NOV 2012 07:07AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 17 OCT 2012
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text:
Print advertisment created by FWK, Argentina for Holocaust Museum, within the category: Recreation, Leisure.
Open due to mourning.
Holocaust Museum, the museum we never would have wished to have.
Creative Director: Christian Oneto Gaona
Art Director: Martín Tortonese
Copywriter: Juan Repetto
Account Director: Nicolás Martos
At least indicate the website address. This idea is overly done, but I think it still works here.
Brand Design | Logo Design | Brochure Design | Website Design | Branding Packages
I don't like it. Clever or not, there's no incentive for me to go.
another type of visual communication.
advertising point of view . . . works great.
effective. like it.
"If you are irritated by every rub, how will you be polished?"
— Rumi
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CRoadStudios Photographer
Joyce LavenderModel Female Atlanta, Georgia, US
My Website: (Cosplay Gallery on DeviantART)
Mayhem # 1816677
About MeHello!
My name is Joyce and I've wanted to try modeling for sometime; however, my body type doesn't quite fit the build--I'm somewhat skinny but I'm lacking in the height department.
I joined Model Mayhem to perhaps see if my height could be disregarded and figure out what modeling is really like. I don't expect it to go anywhere--I just think it'd be fun to try it out, and if something fun comes from it, then cool!
I'm a cosplayer in my downtime but I'd like to see if I can pose for anything that isn't in costume, haha. My experience is limited mostly to costume photoshoots, but I'd like to say that I know how to act in front of a camera. (Direction is always appreciated, though!)
I'm not trying to break away from cosplaying as I am simply wanting to try something new.
For what I want from this site model-wise, I don't really know what I'm looking for. I'm open to (almost) all suggestions! I'd really like to find someone who'd be willing to walk me through the ropes of all this. Someone patient or not in too big of a rush.
At this point in time, I'm not interested in shooting lingerie, implied, or nude.
A few things about me:
-I have transition lenses due to poor vision, so they change in direct sunlight. I'm usually fine without them for short periods of time, though--I just can't read.
-My eyes are usually somewhere between grey or green. Sorry I can't be more accurate!
-I have no tattoos or piercings, and currently, my hair is not dyed.
-I have a decent amount of Chinese/Asian dresses from my studies in China, if you're into that.
-With cosplay, I've also got a handful of wigs, natural colors and not.
-I don't like balloons.
I'm rather shy but I warm up quickly.
I currently reside in midtown, as a fulltime student at Georgia Tech. If you'd like to shoot, I would prefer not to venture too far from my campus since I'm new to the city and don't want to find myself lost in unfamiliar territory.
As much as I'd love to pay for a professional photographer, I'm simply here to have fun and see what happens; so if you're looking to charge for shoots, I'm not interested. But if you're interested, let's build up each other's portfolios!
The best way to contact me is through MM.
*After moving to Atlanta, I left all my costumes behind and will be working on starting a new line of costumes from this point onward. Therefore, I have no costumes to shoot with at this point in time. Stay tuned for updates if you'd like to do a costumed shoot with me.
Have you worked with Joyce Lavender? Add Credits for Joyce Lavender! >>
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My cheeks are my main concern. (photos)
This is me,a 21year old female,137lbs & i would like some definition to my face. Any ideas??
Doctor Answers 2
My cheeks are my main concern. 21year old female,137lbs & i would like some definition to my face. Any ideas??
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Hi, I have performed many facial shaping procedures using dermal fillers, facial implants (cheek, chin), liposuction and/or facelifts for over 30 years. From the photos, your cheeks are flat anteriorly (in the front), there is excess fat in front of and below the cheeks and the chin is weak. These combine to create an oval shaped face. Following the beauty principles outlined in my book on face and body beauty, women look the most feminine, youthful and attractive with heart shaped faces. Heart shaped faces have cheeks that are full and round in the front. Cheek augmentation with a dermal filler or using cheek implants for a permanent enhancement will create full, round cheeks that will feminize the entire face. I would combine this with liposuction to reduce the excess fat for further shaping of the cheeks. Think of facial beauty as something that "must" address all layers of the face including the skeletal structure of the cheeks and chin, the overlying SMAS muscle, amount and position of subcutaneous fat and finally the degree of skin laxity. It's an "urban myth" that pulling tissues over flat cheeks and a weak chin can create a beautiful or handsome face. Similarly, dermal fillers or facial implants alone can't lift and remove excess skin from the face and neck. Natural looking beauty is created by the aesthetic vision of what tissues layers need to be adjusted by what technique and amount. I have performed many Chin Augmentations using chin implants for over 30 years. From the photos, your chin is weak. A weak chin creates an imbalance making the nose appear larger, the mid face top heavy and the lower face look short that de-emphasizes the lips and allows early formation of a double chin. Chin augmentation using a chin implant will add projection to the chin creating harmony and balance to the lower face. I have found that placement of a silastic chin implant, through a small curved incision under the chin (also allows excess skin removal) to be very safe, quick, highly effective and far less invasive than a sliding genioplasty. I perform chin implant surgery in 30 minutes or less, often using a local anesthetic alone. In my opinion, you are a good candidate for chin implant surgery.
Hope this helps.
Hope this helps.
Learn more: http://www.beverlyhills-plasticsurgery.com/cheek-implants/
Chin/Cheek Augmentation -- Fillers such as Radiesse, Voluma, Perlane/Fat/Implant
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The cheeks can be contoured and treated with implants, liposuction, fillers. I suggest you see an expert for treatment options. Best, Dr. Emer.
Learn more: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa6C2fuS-AgOnvBjr6_VSQg
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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3 Min Read
NEW YORK (Billboard) - On the heels of its best children's album Grammy win for "Here Come the 123's," alternative rock band They Might Be Giants is readying the release of another kid-centric set, "Here Comes Science." The New York-based group also is working on a new rock album that frontman John Flansburgh calls "less traditional."
The kids' album and an animated DVD will be released September 1 to Amazon and iTunes, and will be available elsewhere September 22, on the Idlewild/Disney Sound label.
"It's very much in the spirit of the band," Flansburgh told Billboard.com. "The very pleasant side effects of doing kid stuff is that you can apply as much creative energy and just be as original as you want. Nobody's going to say, 'Well, that couldn't possibly work.' It's an open invitation to experimentation, and that is a great thing for us."
As evidenced by song titles like "Meet the Elements," "Photosynthesis," and "I Am a Paleontologist," "Here Comes Science" covers a wide spectrum of scientific subjects. Flansburgh and his bandmates -- co-founder John Linnell, Marty Beller, Dan Miller and Danny Weinkauf -- recruited Eric Siegel from New York Hall of Science, a children's museum in Queens, N.Y., to ensure that all the material was accurate. "We've never had to really fact-check anything before; it's not an impulse that I think anybody in a rock band meets with open arms," Flansburgh said.
As a result of this process, They Might Be Giants reworked one of its older songs, fan favorite "The Sun Is a Mass of Incandescent Gas."
"Eric looked at it and was like, 'Guys, this is just so wrong, I can't even explain,'" Flansburgh said. "So we actually constructed an answer song to ourselves called 'The Sun Is a Miasma of Incandescent Plasma.'"
Flansburgh also revealed that They Might Be Giants is working on a full-fledged rock album and eyeing a spring 2010 release. The band started recording in March and has finished eight tracks so far. "We were hitting it very hard like a month ago, and I think we'll reconvene in about a month and do the second half of it," he said.
At least two of the completed tracks are "very straightforward, pop-rock songs," but Flansburgh said the band is also experimenting with new musical directions. "We're kind of casting about for new ways of working," he said. "Our drummer Marty just got an electric drum kit, which sounds like we're going techno, but it's actually kind of the opposite -- it sort of sounds like Spike Jonze and Kraftwerk falling down the staircase together."
He added, "I think we're just trying to figure out a way to make a less traditional record."
They Might Be Giants will tour through September and October, playing a mix of regular rock shows and children's shows in support of "Here Comes Science."
(Editing by SheriLinden at Reuters)
please visit our entertainment blog via www.reuters.com or on blogs.reuters.com/fanfare/