text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 1, 1981
|Filing date
|Sep 5, 1978
|Priority date
|Sep 5, 1978
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Donald A. Paynter, Lee Burpee
|Original Assignee
|Arbiter Systems Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (66), Classifications (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
A unique service has recently become available throughout the whole of the Americas and even portions of Oceania and Europe with the launching of the GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Through cooperation with the United States National Bureau of Standards, a satellite disseminated time code is relayed from Wallops Island, Virginia to two stationary or synchronous satellites approximately 36,000 kilometers above the equator and geostationary. Time and data code signals along with observed satellite position information are transmitted by both satellites, the eastern and the western satellites. The time codes and information are available to any receiver capable of detecting and decoding the transmission.
The operational characteristics of the GOES satellites are described in Publication TFS-602 and titled NBS TIME VIA SATELLITES issued by the United States Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado 80302 on Jan. 1, 1978. Described in that publication and in the description below is the signalling format used by the satellites.
The operation of the satellite time system and a receiver capable of detecting, decoding and displaying time signals from the satellites is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,166 issued on Mar. 29, 1977 to Joseph V. Cateora et al and assigned to the U.S. Government.
The receiver disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,166 receives and decodes the time codes but has no provision for correcting for satellite errors or for time error corrections for the receivers actual position or to obtain true local, zone or UTC time. The net result is that the accuracy available via satellite time is significantly degraded in any known receiver with which we are familiar.
Given the foregoing State of the Art, we have determined that the value of satellite time can be greatly enhanced if the receiver can calculate the total transmission path delay incorporating the effects of actual transmitter, satellite and receiver position. Since the satellite position is transmitted as part of the code sequence and the transmitter and receiver positions are known it is possible employing our invention to provide continuous, accurate time display with these parameters and any changes which occur in satellite position or receiver position to be introducable into time corrections.
We have also found it possible to decode and display the one pulse per second signal provided by the GOES satellites and to generate a local similar signal which acts as a local clock for local use in controlling other equipment and to maintain a display during periods of non-operation of the GOES satellite or interference conditions. We have also developed circuitry which will continuously compare any local external clock 1 pulse per second time with satellite 1 pulse per second signal and to generate and display a deviation signal if it exists between the two.
We have also discovered that it is possible to generate and introduce offset signals to provide for the local time zone and for daylight savings time to allow these corrections to be made in the display without otherwise interfering with the operation of the receiver or local clock.
Basically our invention involves a coherent synchronous digital ultra high frequency receiver which receives signals from a broad band antenna having its own preamplifier stage and providing satellite signals at -120 dbm or greater to the receiver in the 468.8 MHz range. This frequency range includes signals at 468.8375 MHz from the Eastern Satellite and Western Satellite signals at 468.8250 MHz.
The receiver includes automatic tuning circuitry which scans the selected frequency band for the Satellite chosen. When the receiver detects the Satellite signal it shifts to a synchronization mode employing the synchronizing circuitry of the receiver. The receiver also includes delay path calculation circuitry which is enabled after the receiver is synchronized with the satellite signal.
Signal calculation processor circuitry includes a self-check circuit which requires that the delay path calculation be repeated if an error is detected. The selfcheck circuitry also compares received time signals from the satellite with the displayed time of the receiver to correct the display if it is incorrect.
Our receiver also includes provision for introducing an offset for time zones to provide local time as well as standard or daylight savings time. Our receiver further includes provision for locking out erroneous satellite time and position information.
Our receiver additionally includes a time interval measurement circuit for measuring the time deviation of a user supplied 1 pulse per second external clock with respect to the satellite time. This circuitry drives a deviation display which continuously represents any deviation of the local signal from the received standard clock pulses from the satellite.
This invention may be more clearly understood from the following detailed description and by reference to the drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a pictoral representation of the typical operational situation found for this invention;
FIGS. 1a and 1b are simplified graphical presentations of the geometric relationships involved in the operation of this invention;
FIG. 2 is an interrogation channel format diagram of satellite signals of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is time code format diagram;
FIG. 4 is a front elevational view of the receiver of this invention;
FIG. 4a is a rear elevational view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of this invention;
FIG. 6 is an electrical schematic diagram of the RF amplifier, voltage controlled oscillator and mixer of this invention;
FIG. 7 is an electrical schematic diagram of the IF amplifier and phase detector thereof;
FIG. 8 is an electrical schematic diagram of the voltage controlled oscillator thereof;
FIG. 9 is an electrical schematic diagram of the data detector and data clock synchronizer thereof;
FIG. 10 is an electrical schematic diagram of the phase detector slew control thereof;
FIG. 11 is an electrical schematic diagram of the processor thereof;
FIG. 12 is an electrical schematic diagram of the processor input and output circuitry thereof;
FIG. 13 is an electrical schematic diagram of the time delay calculator thereof;
FIG. 14 is an electrical schematic diagram of the time delay counter;
FIG. 15 is an electrical schematic diagram of the display thereof;
FIG. 16 is an electrical schematic diagram of the output buffer thereof;
FIG. 17 is an electrical schematic diagram of the IRIG-B amplitude modulator; and deviation analog circuitry;
FIG. 18 is an electrical schematic diagram of the receiver position delay switch;
FIGS. 19, 20 and 21 constitute a flow chart for the tuning, synchronization and delay path compensation operation of this invention; and
FIG. 22 is an arrangement diagram for FIGS. 19, 20 and 21.
Now referring to FIG. 1, an operational situation involving this invention is illustrated employing the Eastern Satellite 10 and the Western Satellite 11 each relative geostationary above the equator respectively at 135 and 75 degrees west longitude. These satellites are approximately 36,000 kilometers above the surface of the earth and at their relatively stationary orbits may be received by appropriate radio receivers over the North American continent and most of South America while the Eastern Satellite 10 may be received throughout the North and South Atlantic oceans, parts of Europe and Africa. The Western Satellite 11 has coverage of virtually the entire Pacific Ocean. Time information, date information and Satellite position information is transmitted to both of these Satellites from an installation at Wallops Island Virginia represented by antennas 12 and 13 each directed towards a respective Eastern or Western Satellite. As described in the National Bureau of Standards document the time code, data code and satellite position is transmitted employing phase shift modulated carrier and are right hand circularly polarized. The data rate is 100 bits per second and band width of the transmission 400 Hz. The time code is time division multiplexed (interlaced) with interrogation messages. Once every half-second, a time code word, 4 bits, is transmitted. A complete time code is transmitted every 30 seconds beginning on the half-minute giving the day of the year, hour, minute, and second. The format and location of each time code word as well as relative length is illustrated in FIG. 2. The time code frame consists of the synchronization word e.g. 40 bits of alternating ones and spaces followed by encoded day, hours, minutes and seconds. The universal time correction, plus satellite position, latitude, longitude and radius, complete the entire code frame which is transmitted for a period of thirty seconds. This is illustrated in FIG. 3. Referring again to FIG. 1, a receiver 14 and its associated antenna 15 is shown as located within the field of view of both satellites 10 and 11 and thus can receive time code signals from either of the satellites. The entire continental United States falls within this dual satellite area. The antenna 15 and the receiver 14 are shown as located at North 34.45 degrees latitude and West 119.83 degrees longitude a location approximating Santa Barbara, California.
The geometric relationship of the earth and either satellite is illustrated in FIG. 1a, which is derived from the National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 638, "A Synchronous Satellite Time Delay Computer", July, 1973, to which reference should be made for further explanation.
Suffice it to say the path delay calculations accomplished by this invention involve the solution of the geometric relationship there described. Referring now to FIG. 1a, the method used in calculating the path delay is to first solve the triangle formed by straight lines joining the satellite 10, the center of the earth and the antenna 15 site This solution from plane trigonometry is ##EQU1## where r is the range from the antenna 15 to the satellite, R is the distance from the satellite 10 to the center of the earth, h is the distance from the receiver to the center of the earth and β is the central angle between the sub-satellite point and the receiver. The quantity R is a component of the satellite's position and is available via the satellite broadcast. The quantity h is related to the geodetic latitude, ψ, of a site by the following equation ##EQU2## where a=6378.2064 km, the earth's semi-major axis; and b=6356.5838 km, the earth's semi-minor axis.
For use in the equations below, the geocentric latitude, φ', is computed from the geodetic latitude, φ, by the following equation. ##EQU3## The sub-satellite latitude is already referenced to the center of the earth and does not need to undergo this transformation. In the following discussion, λ is longitude and subscripts s and r denote sub-satellite point and receiver site respectively.
All that is left then is the computation of cos β. The direct solution may be obtained from the triangle consisting of the sub-satellite point, the site, and the intersection of the z axis with the spherical earth (i.e., the North Pole) using spherical trigonometry as follows:
cos β=sin φr ' sin φs +cos φr ' cos φs cos |λs -λr |. (4)
Using equations (1) through (4), the "down-link" free space propagation delay from the satellite to the receiver is easily determined by dividing the range by the velocity of free space propagation (0.2997925 km/μs). The procedure must be repeated substituting the transmitter for the receiver location to determine the "up-link" delay. The total free space propagation delay, then is the sum of the delays computing using the transmitter and receiver locations. The change in signal velocity through the troposphere and ionosphere and the accompanying ray bending can be shown to introduce only a few microseconds difference in the roundtrip free space propagation time when operating above 100 MHz [2].
The receiver of this invention and its operational controls may be seen in FIG. 4 as including the power switch 16 and a satellite selector switch 20 having two positions, East and West. A plurality of thumb wheel switches 21 are used to introduce the latitude information and a similar set of thumb wheel switches 22 are used to introduce longitude of the receiver into the receiver logic circuitry. The front panel receiver includes a jack 23 for introducing a one pulse per second input.
The receiver includes a display panel 24 including three LED displays indicating the status of the receiver operation.
LED display 25 is illuminated during the period in which the receiver is automatically tuning through the band which includes the satellite selected by selector switch 20. LED 26 is illuminated after tuning has been terminated and the satellite detected. The synchronizing of the local clock with the time code signals is signaled by the illumination of LED 26. After satellite detection and synchronization is accomplished the LED 25 and 26 are no longer lighted but LED 30 is illuminated to indicate that the delay path calculation is in process. Once each of these steps have been completed each of these displays 25, 26, and 30 are no longer illuminated and the correct day, hour, minute and second are displayed. One further display is present in the form of micro-seconds deviation between a user supplied external 1 PPS clock input and the 1 PPS signal as received from the satellite. Normally the deviation signal input is not illuminated if a local clock 1 PPS input is not present.
FIG. 4a shows the rear of the receiver including cooling fan 27, air inlet 28 and jacks for the input of signals from antenna 15 of FIG. 1 and output of 1 pulse per second, one MHz timing or clock signal and time data in IRIG-B format from the data out jack. A line cord unshown supplies 115 v 60 Hz power to the receiver.
For an understanding of the operation of the receiver with the inputs and displays illustrated in FIG. 4, one should now direct their attention to the block diagram of the receiver FIG. 5.
Now referring to FIG. 5 the antenna 15 is shown with its associated preamplifier 35 normally physically associated with the antenna and typically composed of two low noise tuned RF stages with associated bias control circuits in order to provide the required signal level to the receiver to follow. The receiver includes a receiver Section 36 composed of an RF amplifier 40, a mixer 41 and voltage control oscillator 42, an IF amplifier 43, and a phase and data detector 44 and 45 respectively, the latter of which includes clock synchronizing circuitry. The data phase detector also includes clock slew control circuitry. VCO control circuit 59 completes this section.
The next section of the receiver is the logic section 50 comprising a data decoder 51 and control processor 52, a time delay calculator 53, a time delay generator 54 and an output buffer stage 55 as well as a time delay generator and time deviation control circuit 54.
A display section 60 includes the receiver status display 25, 26, and 30 and the date and time display 61 and the clock deviation 62. A switch section 70 includes each of the control switches including the satellite select switch 20 a reference select switch 71, a local time switch 72, a receiver delay switch 73 and the longitude and latitude control switches 21 and 22 as shown in FIG. 4.
For a better understanding of this invention, each of the circuits are described as to their makeup in the preferred embodiment including actual component values and designations which appear on the drawing and which are actually used in the commercial embodiment of this invention. In the following schematic diagrams integrated circuits also include reference to pin numbers and Reference J refers to jumper and pin numbers as assistance to the reader.
Referring now to FIG. 6, the RF amplifier voltage controlled oscillator and mixer section may be seen in detail therein. The RF amplifier 40 includes two tuned amplifier stages Q1 and Q2 with their associated tuning networks with the output of the tuned amplifier 40 applied to a mixer stage 41 employing Q3 as its active element. The other input to the mixer stage is driven from the 438.8250 MHz or 438.8375 MHz output of the VCO section which is made up of voltage control oscillator 42 including a crystal XTL1 and two stages Q4 and Q5 which operate at one/eighth the VCO output frequency. The frequency multiplier amplifier composed of stages Q6 and Q7 is used to develop the final VCO output which is supplied to mixer 41.
The schematic of the IF amplifier and phase detector 43 appear in FIG. 7 in which the output of the mixer 41 is coupled to the crystal filter 1 of FIG. 7 via inductor L14 which is tuned by the mixer output tuning capacitor for 30 MHz resonance. After filtering, the signal is amplified by linear amplifier IC1. A tuned interstage coupling network composed to capacitors C43, C44, and inductor L16 is used to couple the amplifier output to limiter stage IC2. The output of the limiter of IC2 is then applied to the input logic interface stage IC3 for conversion to emitter-coupled logic levels. A high speed phase detector IC4 is employed to detect phase differences between the 30 MHz signal derived from the satellite transmission and the crystal controlled 30 MHz reference oscillator OSCl. The phase detector pulse outputs are integrated by RC networks R25, C53, and R26, C54, before they are applied to the inputs of operational amplifier IC5. This amplifier produces the resultant phase detector output containing data encoded modulation signal on lead labelled φ. A divide by two stage IC6 reduces the reference oscillator frequency output to 15 MHz for operation of the processor circuitry described below.
The VCO control circuitry of FIG. 8 receives the phase detector output and produces a control voltage which tunes the VCO crystal oscillator for reception of the desired satellite signal. The control output labeled VCO on FIG. 8 is developed by operational amplifier IC11A in response to the combined inputs from the satellite select 20, the digitally stepped automatic tuning voltage from operational amplifier IC11B and the integrated phase detector output developed by operational amplifier IC10B. The integrator circuit correctively adjusts the VCO output frequency so that there is minimum average phase difference output from the phase detector. A counter IC15 and digital to analog converter R48 are used to develop the automatic tune voltage whenever called upon by control circuitry actions or whenever the integrator output approaches a limit in its operating range.
A phase reference voltage, labeled φREF is developed for use in the data recovery section of the receiver. The voltage is developed by a switching filter composed of IC8 and IC9 in combination with the RC network R34, C56, and C57 and R37, R38 and C58. A buffer amplifier IC10A produces the desired reference output.
The satellite modulation signal as produced by the phase detector contains self-clocked Manchester encoded data. It is necessary to develop a nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) bit pattern and separate precisely synchronized data clock for operation of the data decoding and timing circuitry located on the main logic panel.
FIG. 9 shows the circuitry for performing the data and data clock recovery functions. The φ and φREF signals from the phase detector 43 and VCO control sections 46 of FIG. 8 are applied to the input of a comparator IC18A to yield logic level voltage excursions representing the input modulation data pattern. Since the phase modulation data may contain considerable noise, it is necessary to filter the digital output of the comparator IC18A in order to provide reliable digital data. The filter function is accomplished by a recirculating shift register IC19 in combination with RC network R70, C68 and comparator IC18D. Decoding of the Manchester data is performed by the output shift register IC33A and B in concert with the synchronized timing pulses developed in the data clock synchronization circuitry. Decoding errors are detected by IC34 and exclusive-or gate circuitry IC35. The error signal output is utilized by the processor-decoder to eliminate processing errors due to improperly decoded Manchester data.
Data clock synchronization is accomplished by comparison circuitry located on the main logic circuitry operating in response to clock pulses derived from the receiver 100 Hz data transitions and from a 100 Hz clock derived from the reference oscillator of FIG. 7. The 100 Hz data transition pulses, labeled RCVR 100 Hz, are developed from comparator IC18A, pulse generator IC20, and decode counter Ic21. The synchronized 100 Hz clock, labeled 100 Hz, is the output obtained from countdown circuits IC128, IC29, IC25B and IC30. This 100 Hz signal provides the basic timing of the clock time and data circuits.
Synchronization is achieved in two steps with coarse synchronization to within 100 or 200 microseconds occuring during initialization and secondly close synchronization to within a few microseconds occuring through the operation of the 100 Hz phase detector and slew control of FIG. 10. During the initialization procedure, counter circuits 31, 24B, and 32 activates gate 37A whenever the 100 Hz clock persistently deviates from synchronization with the receiver 100 Hz by more than 500 microseconds. This gate permits direct synchronization to occur by allowing receiver data transition pulses to pass to the reset circuitry of the countdown chain.
Fine synchronization of the 100 Hz clock is achieved by the action of the phase detector and slew control circuit shown in FIG. 10. A phase detector, 73, detects phase differences between the 100 Hz clock and the received 100 Hz from the satellite transmission. The phase difference signals actuate counters 80 and 82 depending upon whether a leading or lagging phase error exists. The phase errors are counted over a 1 second time period and the resulting counter accumulations are compared by comparator 81. If the counts are equal no action occurs. If one counter exceeds the other, then a corresponding output is passed to the shift registers 83. A majority logic circuit 84 monitors the shift register outputs and develops a lead or lag output provided 3 out of 4 of the previous shift register inputs have the same value. The lead or lag outputs actuate D flip-flops 87 and 89 to respectively subtract or add one count to the 1 MHz pulse stream produced at gate 76. The remaining control circuitry provides sampling pulses and internal/external clock reference control.
The data and 100 Hz synchronized data clock produced by the previous circuitry is decoded by the processor circuit shown in FIG. 12 to produce the desired time and calculator control outputs. The received data message is in the form shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 11 shows the processor and memory circuitry and FIG. 12 shows the I/O circuits. Data inputs from the receiver and switch circuitry are entered via IC25. The calculator is driven by output 27 and the time outputs are driven by outputs 28 and 29. The IRIG controls are produced by decoder 16, gates 11 and 12 and counters 13, 14, 20, and 21, of FIG. 12.
The 8080 clock signals are generated by clock generator 2 of FIG. 11 and synchronized to 15 MHz derived from the receiver 30 MHz reference oscillator of FIG. 7. A one MHz reference clock is developed by divide by 15 counter 5 for use by the 100 Hz slew control circuitry.
FIG. 13 shows the time delay calculator. Keying signals for operation of the calculator are developed by gates 33 and 35 in response to commands from the processor section. These signals are applied to the calculator composed of integrated circuits IC34, IC39, and IC40. The calculator output is decoded to BCD digits by decoder circuit 42 and then fed to shift register 48, 49, and 50 for return to the processor, of FIG. 11.
The calculations performed by the time delay calculator of FIG. 13 consistently a part of the program set forth as Appendix A hereof in carrying out the significance of FIGS. 19-21 of the drawing.
The 1 PPS pulse developed from the satellite signal must be delayed by the amount determined in the path delay calculation. FIG. 14 shows the delay circuitry and includes shift register (IC58, IC59, and IC60) that receives the calculation result from the processor. This number is applied to down-counter IC55, IC56, IC56 each time a satellite derived 1 Hz pulse is received. The down-counter produces an output pulse after counting by the applied number to produce the desired delay corrected 1 PPS signal.
Time difference between an external 1 PPS input and the corrected 1 PPS output is developed by the remaining circuitry. Latches IC68 are operated by the delay corrected 1 PPS and external 1 PPS. Their outputs are applied to exclusive-or gate 66 and flip-flop 64 to produce a 1 MHz pulse train whose duration equals the time difference between the two 1 PPS signals. Counters IC52, IC53, and IC54 and flip-flop 64 produce the time difference sign information. The pulse train and sign signals along with strobe and reset signals are generated for use by the time deviation display.
FIG. 15 shows the display circuitry. The time digits D4 through D11 contain latches and 7 segment decoders and drivers along with the 7 segment display.
Multiplexed time data from the processor is applied to the time displays D4-D11 and entered into the appropriate display digit according to the time strobe pulses.
A 3-digit display to the right contains decimal counters as well as 7 segment encoders, drivers and display elements for generation and display of the deviation data. The deviation pulse train is counted by the decimal counters to produce the desired output. Gating circuits 3 stop the counting at 999 to indicate over-range if the pulse train is 1 millisecond or longer. Display 31 indicates the sign of the time deviation of the local 1 PPS internal or external reference as compared with corrected satellite 1 PPS signals.
FIGS. 16, and 17 show the output buffer, IRIG-B modulator, and deviation analog circuit respectively. Pulse stretchers 90 of FIG. 16 are used to provide 1 millisecond pulses from the 1 PPS and data valid pulses generated by previous circuitry. The multiplexed time data lines from the processor are buffered to drive the output lines.
Amplitude modulated IRIG-B signals are produced by modulator 100 of FIG. 17 in conjunction with operational amplifiers 101 and 102. A digitally synthesized sine wave with a 3 to 1 amplitude modulation pattern is developed.
Digital to analog converter 98 produces an output proportional to the decimal number developed by the deviation display. Operational amplifier 99 produces a positive output equal to the converter output when the sign data is positive and produces a negative output when the sign data is negative.
The receiver is ready to operate once power is supplied and the antenna 15 is connected. It is necessary to set the front panel longitude and latitude switches 21 and 22 to the values representing the receiver location. These may be obtained from an accurate map, and should be determined to 0.01� for maximum accuracy in time recovery. Receiver operation is fully automatic once power is applied and the satellite switch 20 is set to receive the desired satellites 10 or 11, Eastern or Western. Operation of the front panel satellite switch 20 initiates the tuning and synchronization functions and in addition resets the processor controller to accept new data. The status lights 25, 26, and 30 will indicate the particular mode of operation. Initially the Tune light is illuminated and remains "on" during the tuning operation, and the seconds display begins to count seconds. The tuning operation is slow in terms of electronic speed and may require tens of seconds to complete. The tuning operation is illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 19.
Referring now to FIG. 19, the first block of flow diagrams involves the initiation of operation by power on or satellite selection, next setting all logic to zero state and then commencing tuning by control voltage of FIG. 6 applied to voltage variable capacitor CR1 of FIG. 6. Automatic tuning involves stepped voltages applied to CR1 of FIG. 6, tunes the VCO to the satellite frequency where the receiver locks to satellite carrier. Meanwhile logic data hold function is performed until tuning is accomplished.
The data hold step is accomplished specifically by an error signal at terminal 20 of FIG. 9. This prevents interpretation of any data appearing in the data channel prior to tuning and synchronization.
The Sync light will illuminate when the tuning function is complete. Clock synchronization occurs during this phase of operation. Again tens of seconds may be required to accomplish synchronization and depends upon successful readout of the satellite synchronization signal. This signal occurs during a 5 second period once each 30 seconds, at zero seconds and at 30 seconds UTC. The receiver ignores data during reception of interfering signals. In areas where interference is frequent it is possible for a number of synchronization periods to pass before successful synchronization occurs. If strong interference is experienced, the Tune light may reappear indicating loss of signal, and the receiver will retune. Synchronization is accomplished in accordance with the flow diagram of FIG. 20 Synchronization is achieved when the Sync and Tune lights 25 and 26 are extinguished. The time display 24 should then indicate the correct time.
Referring again to FIG. 19, after the satellite is received as represented by a yes output of the satellite received decision box, the tune light is extinguished, the sync light is illuminated and logic data hold is reset. The receiver then proceeds to read data bits until the Maximum Length Sequence (MLS) bit sequence. When detected, data is read until 31 more bits have been received and then the receiver begins to read the 4 bit time characters. The receiver looks for A's or 5's until found, and increments or restarts until detecting either 10 A's or 10 5's denoting either a 0 or 30 second time period. When either sequence is detected, the receiver is in synchronism and the sync light is turned off and the time in the internal registers is set.
As FIG. 19 shows at the lower left, the receiver continues to read data. The next 10 characters are time data which are written in the memory setting in the days, hours, minutes and seconds of a comparison step where stored time is performed. After the first cycle, the receiver proceeds to increment through 10 characters without an error flag set (FIG. 20 at bottom).
Next, the receiver continues to read data bits which are the satellite position bits. Satellite position bits are compared with stored satellite position and if a change is registered, the satellite position change counter is initialized. If no change, the receiver proceeds to read the receiver position switches which were set on the face of the instrument. If the receiver change counter is zero, denoting no movement of the receiver, the receiver switch position is read.
The calculate light is illuminated when the position change counter is decremented to zero.
The receiver next reads but does not record the next 37 characters of the satellite signal. These characters are unrelated and so are not used. Reading of the next block of 50 bits including the 37 bits causes resetting of the time write function back at FIG. 19.
Referring again to FIG. 20, bottom if in reading time characters, four successive errors are noted, denoting probable loss of synchronization, the synchronization step is again initiated from the 4 error decision box at the Sync Light On box of FIG. 19.
The procesor of FIG. 11 senses calculation errors. In the rare event that such an error occurs the processor will reinitiate the delay calculation after approximately one minute and again check the results for errors. If necessary the calculation will be repeated until a satisfactory result is obtained. Similarily, if incorrect time is displayed after initialization, the error will be detected during data comparison with the satellite time messages. The initialization procedure is automatically restarted to correct the error if is persists for more than 4 satellite time messages.
The clock 1 PPS output normally will be on time or within tens of microseconds of satellite time immediately after initialization is complete. Under some conditions, however, there can be as much as 300 or 400 microseconds time differences at this point in the operation, and additional time should be allowed for corrective actions to take place. The correction circuitry is designed to slew the local clock into agreement with satellite time at the rate of 1 microsecond per second (10 microseconds per second for large discrepancies and in the absence of interference). Thus some 300 or 400 seconds may be required to reduce the error to zero.
From time to time the Sync light may blink indicating an interference condition. The circuitry is arranged to transfer clock operation to the standby mode during the interference period. Clock slew controls and satellite data decoding functions are disabled in the standby mode.
UTC time as received from the satellite can be offset in the receiver to yield local time by setting the offset value into the Local Time Switch, Sl, and Daylight Savings Time Switch, D/S of FIG. 12.
Switch settings for switches Sl and D/S of FIG. 12 are determined by considering the local time zone in relation to the UTC reference zone through the Greenwich meridian. For example, Los Angeles is located in standard time zone U (Pacific Standard Time) which is -8 hours from the UTC zone. The operator sets the switches so that the values associated with the "on" switches when added equal the number of hours time difference. In this case the 5th switch with a value of 8 is turned "on" and the others turned "off". Since the hours are to be subtracted, the sign switch must be in the "off" position. If Daylight Saving Time is in effect the first switch should be "off", and if it is not in effect the switch should be "on". It is necessary to set the Daylight Saving switch to the "off" position if remote operation of this feature is desired.
The path delay calculation is initiated after the synchronization function is complete. Calculation begins either at 16.5 seconds or at 46.5 seconds depending upon whether synchronization occured on the minute or half minute. The Calc light 30 will illuminate during the approximately 40 seconds time required to perform the path delay computation. Initialization is complete when the calculation period ends.
Calculation of delay path is in accordance with the flow diagram of FIG. 21. Referring now to FIG. 21, whenever the data read function is performed, the delay path calculation is performed. Data is read and whenever the 100 Hz clock appears the receiver advances the stored time in the registers by 0.01 seconds. Next, the receiver checks to see if the second's digit is one, and when it occurs a 1 second pulse is outputted.
The next decision is whether local time switches are set. If so, the offset for local time (zone and daylight savings time) is introduced into the time display values which are then displayed. The IRIG B output is additionally serviced.
Delay path calculation is next commenced, completed and compared with the previous stored value of path delay. If within 100 micro seconds of the previous value, the new value is stored and outputted. If greater then 100 micro seconds, the calculation decision is followed by initiation of the position change counter to start the calculation again.
The actual calculation of path delay involves the solution of the geometric relationships illustrated in FIGS. 1a and 1b employing the calculator of FIG. 11. It is performed as a part of the calculations made by the type 8080 calculator chip of FIG. 1 in carrying out the program of Appendix A.
One may see that we have invented a satellite responsive time receiver which is capable of scanning for GEOS Satellite Signals, synchronizing with such signals, tracking the signal, automatically computing the signal path delay given the receiver position coordinates, compensating for the delay and displaying the corrected time. The receiver is further capable of introducing a correction for local and daylight time and for maintaining local internal clock time display during periods of loss of satellite signal. The receiver further provides an external 1 MHz clock signal and further compares satellite 1 pulse per second signals with similar local signals and displays any deviation. Thus a complete virtually automatic satellite clock is disclosed.
The above described embodiments of this invention are merely descriptive of its principles and are not to be considered limiting. The scope of this invention instead shall be determined from the scope of the following claims, including their equivalents. ##SPC1## ##SPC2## ##SPC3## .
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|Motorola, Inc.
|Paging system providing continvous synchronization of simulcast delay
|Mar 3, 1995
|Jan 27, 1998
|Nexus 1994 Limited
|Two-way paging apparatus having highly accurate frequency hopping synchronization
|Feb 29, 1996
|Sep 15, 1998
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for system synchronization in a messaging system
|Apr 23, 1996
|Dec 15, 1998
|Racal-Datacom, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for estimating clock slew and carrier translation
|Jan 19, 1995
|Jan 12, 1999
|Uniden America Corporation
|Satellite information update system
|Sep 30, 1996
|Feb 16, 1999
|Intel Corporation
|Synchronization in TDMA systems in a non-realtime fashion
|Mar 10, 1997
|May 4, 1999
|Trimble Navigation, Ltd.
|Carrier phase differential GPS corrections network
|Sep 25, 1996
|May 4, 1999
|Helmut Hechinger Gmbh & Co.
|Analog radio clock with time zone conversion
|Oct 18, 1996
|Jun 22, 1999
|Smart Vcr Limited Partnership
|VCR programmer
|Oct 9, 1997
|Jul 13, 1999
|Physio-Control Manufacturing Corporation
|System and method for adjusting time associated with medical event data
|Apr 28, 1999
|Apr 30, 2002
|Nec Corporation
|Method and device for time/date adjustment for computer
|Jun 15, 2000
|May 13, 2003
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Clock system
|Mar 26, 2001
|Jun 1, 2004
|Litech Electronic Products Limited
|Central radio device and associated appliance
|May 19, 1999
|Jun 8, 2004
|Dow Global Technologies Inc.
|Distributed computing environment using real-time scheduling logic and time deterministic architecture
|Apr 7, 2004
|Mar 1, 2005
|Trimble Navigation Limited
|GPS correction methods, apparatus and signals
|Apr 5, 2002
|May 29, 2007
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Information storage system and information management system
|Mar 12, 2004
|Nov 13, 2007
|Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
|Radio wave receiver, radio-controlled timepiece and tuning capacitance setting method
|Jul 13, 2007
|Jun 24, 2008
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Positioning device, positioning method, and timepiece having the positioning device
|May 12, 2005
|Jul 8, 2008
|Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.
|Self-calibrating time code generator
|Jul 13, 2007
|Jan 6, 2009
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Time correction device, timepiece having a time correction device, and time correction method
|Aug 2, 2004
|Feb 3, 2009
|Atmel Germany Gmbh
|Radio controlled clock and method for retrieving time information from time signals
|Jun 27, 2005
|May 4, 2010
|Trimble Navigation Limited
|Differential GPS corrections using virtual stations
|Jul 13, 2007
|May 11, 2010
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Time correction device, timepiece having a time correction device, and time correction method
|Mar 10, 2009
|Aug 16, 2011
|Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
|Time correcting apparatus and radio controlled timepiece
|Aug 29, 2012
|Feb 4, 2014
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Electronic timepiece
|Mar 26, 2001
|Sep 26, 2002
|Luiz Lei
|Central radio device and associated appliance
|Apr 5, 2002
|Oct 10, 2002
|Akihiro Kohno
|Information storage system and information management system
|Apr 7, 2004
|Oct 14, 2004
|Robbins James E.
|GPS correction methods, apparatus and signals
|Aug 2, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|Roland Polonio
|Radio controlled clock and method for retrieving time information from time signals
|Oct 6, 2004
|Apr 7, 2005
|Barnett Steven R.
|Electronic prayer alert
|Dec 8, 2004
|Jun 9, 2005
|Atmel Germany Gmbh
|Radio-controlled clock and method for automatically receiving and evaluating any one of plural available time signals
|Jan 22, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Tatsuo Yokota
|Display method and apparatus for navigation system incorporating time difference at destination
|Jan 28, 2005
|Aug 11, 2005
|Horst Haefner
|Radio-controlled clock and method for determining the signal quality of a transmitted time signal
|Jun 27, 2005
|Mar 23, 2006
|Robbins James E
|Differential GPS corrections using virtual stations
|Mar 12, 2004
|Aug 10, 2006
|Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
|Radio wave receiver, radio-controlled timepiece and tuning capacitance setting method
|May 12, 2005
|Nov 16, 2006
|Schweitzer Eng. Laboratories, Inc.
|Self-calibrating time code generator
|Aug 18, 2006
|Dec 14, 2006
|Robbins James E
|Differential GPS corrections using virtual stations
|Jul 13, 2007
|Jan 31, 2008
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Positioning Device, Positioning Method, and Timepiece Having the Positioning Device
|Jul 13, 2007
|Jan 31, 2008
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Time Correction Device, Timepiece Having a Time Correction Device, and Time Correction Method
|Oct 11, 2007
|Apr 17, 2008
|Cayo Jerald M
|Traceable record generation system and method using wireless networks
|Jul 13, 2007
|Jul 24, 2008
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Time Correction Device, Timepiece Having a Time Correction Device, and Time Correction Method
|Mar 10, 2009
|Sep 17, 2009
|Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
|Time correcting apparatus and radio controlled timepiece
|Aug 29, 2012
|Feb 28, 2013
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Electronic Timepiece
|Apr 19, 2010
|Oct 19, 2011
|Satellite time serving all-in-one machine and time serving method thereof
|Apr 19, 2010
|Jan 30, 2013
|Satellite time serving all-in-one machine and time serving method thereof
|Aug 23, 2012
|Mar 13, 2013
|Electronic timepiece
|Aug 23, 2012
|Dec 21, 2016
|Jul 18, 1991
|Feb 6, 1992
|Klausner Patent Technologies
|Location acquisition and time adjusting system
|Apr 7, 1995
|Oct 19, 1995
|Celestial Time, Inc.
|Satellite controlled timepiece
|Jul 10, 1997
|Apr 9, 1998
|Intel Corporation
|Synchronization in tdma systems in a non-real-time fashion
|Oct 20, 1998
|Apr 29, 1999
|H.P.M. Technologies Pty. Ltd.
|Provision of accurate time to a timepiece
|Mar 12, 2004
|Sep 30, 2004
|Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
|Radio wave receiver, radio-controlled timepiece and tuning capacitance setting method
|U.S. Classification
|455/12.1, 368/85, 368/47, 375/356, 968/922
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
|1,367 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
Typical reservations are 7 nights starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday. It is possible to stay for less than 7 nights, however, the weekly rate will be assessed. Please contact us to confirm the most up to date availability and pricing. When you're planning a getaway, you're looking for something extraordinary, something that will inject some color and life into your year. No other destination can compete with the color and character of Atlantis's Harborside resort. There's something for everyone with an atmosphere of escape and excitement. Atlantis will draw you into an utterly unique and undeniably thrilling experience.Pop quiz: Which resort is home to the world's largest marine habitat, a Mayan Temple water slide, an electrifying casino, and full salon and spa services? You guessed it! All of these, plus sports facilities and world-class shopping are all to be found at Atlantis. The resort itself is something to behold. Bold colors distinguish Atlantis against the run-of-the-mill resort atmosphere. Think you've seen it all? Wait until you see Atlantis light up the night sky in a rainbow of breathtaking color.Don't want to deal with planning your meals? No sweat. Harborside at Atlantis offers meal plans that can be purchased before arrival directly through the resort. Need some tender-loving-care? You work hard, let Atlantis show you the appreciation you've been waiting for. Full salon and spa services will keep you from ever wanting to leave.Whether you're seeking some well-earned "me-time" or looking to take the family on an adventure, Atlantis's Harborside will see that you get exactly the getaway you need.
We love Harborside at the Atlantis and using VacationCandy to book it. Harborside is on the nice and quiet side of the Atlantis resort, but just minutes from all the craziness at Atlantis. I love the full kitchen and separate bedroom. My kids love all the slides, animal interactions, lazy river, the rapids, and other fun things that Atlantis has to offer. They always ask to go back! We go every couple of years and can't wait to get back!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
James "Tyler" Kirk walks the two blocks to his office at the Securities and Exchange Commission every morning, thinking about how lucky he is.
He's 29, loves his work as an SEC lawyer and loves the life he has built.
But those two blocks can be dicey. "The most stressful part of my job is crossing Massachusetts Avenue. My heart is literally in my throat," said Kirk, who lost his eyesight when he was 9 to Stargardt disease, a form of macular degeneration.
It never stopped him from pursuing his goals, though, and Kirk, with his black Labrador service dog Sailor, makes it across a busy thoroughfare every workday.
"I love economics, I love business, I love investment," Kirk said. "This is my dream job, and how could you not be happy working in your dream job?"
Less than one-tenth of 1 percent of nearly 2.8 million employees are blind, according to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Since 2001, the number of workers with severe "targeted disabilities" such as deafness, missing extremities or paralysis decreased by 6 percent. Blindness is also a targeted disability, and in recent years the government has increased its number of workers in that category.
Although the EEOC has not set specific hiring goals for those with severe disabilities, a 2010 executive order called for an additional 100,000 workers with general disabilities by 2015.
"You have to set goals high, or nothing will ever move," said Kathy Martinez, the assistant secretary of labor for disability employment policy, who has been blind since birth.
"People with disabilities are part of the population, and we want to reflect that. We know the disability workforce is an untapped pool of workers," she said.
Kirk began as an SEC intern in 2010 through the Workforce Recruitment Program, an effort sponsored by the Labor and Defense departments that recruits students with disabilities. He was a law student at the time.
After a summer working in the agency's Miami field office, Kirk was hired as SEC Chairwoman Elisse B. Walter's only intern in summer 2011.
"She and her staff interviewed Kirk over the phone, and they said, 'We want him,' " said Laura Stomski, a former SEC disabilities program officer who helped recruit Kirk.
After graduating from the University of Miami Law School in May, Kirk took a job as counsel in the Enforcement Liaison Office at the SEC's Investment Management Division.
"Our job is to facilitate communication between the enforcement attorneys and the special brain trust we have inside investment management," Kirk said. "A lot of what I do is work with enforcement attorneys on how they frame their cases."
His eighth-floor work area is unadorned and dark because he is sensitive to light. Sailor rests on a dog bed in the corner as Kirk works at the computer.
"I didn't have a question whether or not I could perform the work. I knew I could handle it, but what did concern me was whether or not I could be provided with the tools that I need to do that job because of my disability," said Kirk, who uses Apple technology because the hardware is equipped with accessibility settings that read text back as a voice-over.
The SEC was beginning an Apple pilot program when Kirk was hired, he said. "It definitely did help lure me in," he added.
Stargardt disease was diagnosed in Kirk in 1992. He was living in Atlanta with his parents, Mike and Connie Kirk, and siblings Jerad and Katie.
The disease damages the macula, the tissue at the center of the retina. It is caused by gene mutation when both parents are recessive carriers. It rapidly destroys central vision but typically does not cause total blindness. The vision in Kirk's eyes went to 20/200 within months of diagnosis.
Mike Kirk said that his son fought "to stay in the visual world," retaining portions of his peripheral vision for years. Today, he distinguishes light and dark only.
"I remember sitting in the back of class and still seeing the chalkboard. I can remember being able to open up a book and read the page. I remember doing those things, and now the act of doing that seems completely foreign," Kirk said.
He is mindful of eye contact, handshakes and posture, occasionally causing strangers to ask whether he is truly blind.
His parents helped prepare him for his new life.
"I tell all my kids: When you meet adults, you need to act mature. You need to reach out, give 'em a good handshake. Look them in the eyes," Mike Kirk said. "And I told Tyler [that] nothing changes — it's probably more important for you now than ever before."
James Kirk attended public school and played sports.
"We let him figure it out, riding bikes and all," his mother said. "He crashed and burned a lot. He came home bruised and bloodied more times than I can even think about."
Atlanta school officials warned that Kirk might take longer to finish high school, but he became the Atlanta Journal and Constitution's Senior of the Year, finished college early, then earned a master's in economics and a law degree.
Kirk has mastered life's routines. He shops for clothing online, organizing it based on color with Braille labels. Friends help with grocery shopping, but he prepares meals and does laundry. He and Sailor confidently navigate their Capitol Hill neighborhood. His barber, dry cleaners and favorite pub are close.
And he dates with a certain advantage, he said. "Let me put it this way: My situation incentivizes relationships that are not superficial."
With Stomski's help, Kirk and Sailor learned their way around the SEC.
"These buildings can be confusing," Kirk said. "But Sailor — he can give tours of the place."


text:
Compare Civil Rights attorneys near you. Read reviews, see Avvo Ratings, and contact them directly.
Tell us what kind of legal help you need and get quotes from local lawyers.
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Successfully litigated my first jury trial; obtained $65,000 award for my client in November of 1992. Meticulously followed the coaching of senior colleagues at the firm while performing alone in the courtroom. Dealt with a range of unforeseen eve...
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Harleigh Tensen is a criminal defense and civil rights attorney. She received her J.D. from New York Law School in 2012, and her B.A. from Franklin & Marshall College, where she double-majored in Government and Religious Studies. After graduating ...
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Aggressive certified civil trial attorney specializing in civil litigation and concentrating in the area of medical negligence, product liability, defective drugs and medical devices, mass torts and class action litigation-each client I represent ...
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Review: "John Schmidt has represented me for over 8 years, very fair honarable attorney. Very good knowledge of land use and has helped me obtain a variance to build four townhouses on a property that was zoned single family. The ...
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Review: "Mr Schechner is a quiet, assertive and competent attorney. While dealing with a difficult judge, an unethical opposing counsel and a tough client ( me ), he stayed focused on the main issues and brought me a positive verd...
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Avvo Rating: 7.1
Practice areas: Civil Rights, Personal Injury, Workers Compensation, Education, Ethics & Professional Responsibility
A civil rights attorney helps protect the personal rights granted to you by the government. When someone violates those rights, a civil rights attorney can help you make them stop these violations, or repay you for any damage they have done to you. Your civil rights are spelled out in federal and state constitutions and in discrimination laws. In fact, civil rights attorneys are sometimes called discrimination attorneys because they frequently handle cases involving a person being treated differently based on gender, age, ethnicity, or sexual orientation.


text:
by Staff Writers
Tokyo (AFP) May 21, 2014
The operator of Japan's crippled Fukushima nuclear plant said Wednesday it has begun a bypass system that diverts groundwater into the sea in a bid to reduce the volume of contaminated water.
The move is an attempt to stop tonnes of unpolluted groundwater flowing under the battered plant and mixing with water already there that is laced with radioactive isotopes.
Coping with the huge -- and growing -- amount of water at the tsunami-damaged plant is proving to be one of the biggest challenges for Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO), as it looks to clean up the mess after the worst nuclear disaster in a generation.
As well as all the water used to keep broken reactors cool, the utility must also deal with the water that makes its way along subterranean watercourses from mountainsides to the sea.
An extra 300-400 tonnes of groundwater becomes contaminated beneath the site each day.
For the past month TEPCO has been pumping groundwater onto the hillside before it enters the plant site, and storing it in tanks.
On Wednesday, engineers started releasing that water after it satisfied quality tests more rigorous than those put in place by the Japanese government or by the United Nations, TEPCO said in a statement.
- Fishermen opposed -
The scheme has met opposition from fishermen in the area who are already battling the perception that their catch is not safe to eat because of pollutants from the plant.
The bypass got the green light after TEPCO pledged it would exceed normal safety standards.
"With the bypass system, we are able to reduce by up to 80 tonnes per day" the volume of water that becomes contaminated under the plant, a TEPCO spokesman said.
In a test of water samples taken on April 15, potentially dangerous isotopes, including caesium and tritium, were found to be a fraction of the maximum allowed under World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water, TEPCO said.
Environmental activists Greenpeace warned Wednesday that this groundwater release must not be allowed to lower the standards for any future discharge.
The decision by local fishermen to give their consent for the release "must have been an agonising" one "based on a 'no other choice' scenario rather than as part of long-term solutions for the people of Fukushima," Kazue Suzuki, Greenpeace Japan Nuclear campaigner, said in a statement.
TEPCO should improve the way it discloses radiation readings in groundwater, and it should be monitored "in an ongoing way, more than just at the point of discharge," she added.
TEPCO was planning to release about 560 tonnes of groundwater on Wednesday, it later said, with its chief decommissioning officer Naohiro Masuda pledging "to concentrate on a safe and sound operation."
Thousands of gallons of contaminated water are still being stored at the sites, with no permanent solution so far agreed.
Many experts say that at some point the water will have to be released into the sea after being scoured of the most harmful contaminants.
They say it will pose a negligible risk to marine life or people, but local fishermen and neighbouring countries are fiercely opposed.
TEPCO said Tuesday it had suspended a trouble-plagued system used to clean radiation-tainted water, but on Wednesday the spokesman said part of its Advanced Liquid Processing System will likely resume operations on Thursday.
Related Links
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Powering The World in the 21st Century at Energy-Daily.com
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text:
Hi, everybody! My name is Jessica, and I have been following MDA for awhile. Just recently I started to read these forums, and I'm so impressed by the sense of true commmunity here! It has made me feel like this is something I can actually do.
At 25 (almost 26), I have been overweight my entire life. Any time I have embraced "diets," I have seen varying degrees of success, but ultimately failed. This approach seems so much more sane and rational, and just makes sense! I am so excited to start living the PB, and to see the changes that will take place.
I will be starting October 1 (Thursday), for simplicity in tracking. However, I plan to fast most of tomorrow, eating primal foods if the fasting plan fails. So I guess, technically, I'm starting tomorrow, but not counting it? Or I'm starting right now, mentally! =)


text:
Les Moving For You is a highly rated mover on Angies list and Yelp. We are available 7 days a week.
We will bring appliance dollies, heavy duty moving pads, flat dollies and experienced careful movers. Provide origin, destination, contents of items to move and an estimate will be sent ASAP.
Call for fast estimate any time.


text:
Bladder and kidney stones can affect your dog's overall health, as well as their overall disposition. Detecting a bladder or kidney stone can be difficult since it requires diligent attention to the dog's attitude and excretions. However, once strange behavior and discharge have been detected and the dog properly diagnosed, knowing what to look for as a sign of a dissolved kidney or bladder stone can be a lot easier.
Observe your dog's overall demeanor. If the dog is acting similarly to how he was before the kidney or bladder stone, the stone is likely no longer there to bother him. If the dog is more melancholy than usual, the stone may still be present, causing the dog pain.
Check the dog's urination patterns. If the dog is struggling to urinate, or if you can detect blood in the urine, the bladder or kidney stone is still present.
Observe the dog's eating patterns. If the dog's appetite has returned to normal, the stone has likely passed, as the dog is no longer distracted by the pain.
Tips & Warnings
- The only certain way to know if a stone has passed is by taking your dog to your veterinarian and having an x-ray done.
Related Searches
- Photo Credit Photos.com/Photos.com/Getty Images
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text:
Free Rides for Students on Amazon's Cloud
Amazon.com on Wednesday is launching a grant program that offers professors, researchers and students free access to its popular Web services – the storage and processing power that it usually rents on a per-use basis.
The program, dubbed AWS in Education, will offer $100 per student worth of free usage of its services, but only to courses and academics approved by Amazon. Faculty and researchers around the globe can apply online for the grants, which will be judged on the "originality" of their ideas. Amazon has committed to donating at least $1 million worth of free AWS access, but doesn't have a set timeline.
The idea is to give students access to the same hardware and processing power in the "cloud"–where information is stored and processed on computers
somewhere else and brought back to your screen–that is becoming increasingly popular with professional software developers…


text:
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text:
This book brings together up-to-the-minute techniques for finding, fixing, and avoiding signal integrity problems in your design. Drawing on his work teaching more than five thousand engineers, world-class signal and power integrity expert Eric Bogatin systematically reviews the root causes of all six families of signal integrity problems and shows how to design them out early in the design cycle. This edition's extensive new content includes a brand-new chapter on S-parameters in signal integrity applications, and another on power integrity and power distribution network design—topics at the forefront of contemporary electronics design.
Chapter 1. Signal Integrity Is in Your Future
Chapter 2. Time and Frequency Domains
Chapter 3. Impedance and Electrical Models
Chapter 4. The Physical Basis of Resistance
Chapter 5. The Physical Basis of Capacitance
Chapter 6. The Physical Basis of Inductance
Chapter 7. The Physical Basis of Transmission Lines
Chapter 8. Transmission Lines and Reflections
Chapter 9. Lossy Lines, Rise-Time Degradation, and Material Properties
Chapter 10. Cross Talk in Transmission Lines
Chapter 11. Differential Pairs and Differential Impedance
Chapter 12. S-Parameters for Signal Integrity Applications
Chapter 13. The Power Distribution Network (PDN)
You can download this book from any of the following links. If any link is dead please feel free to leave a comment.
Download here
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text:
Eating Out in UmhlangaPlaka Umhlanga
Cafés & Eateries Durban Umhlanga Coastline
Where? Plaka, Palm Boulevard, Gateway, Umhlanga, Durban
When? Please enquire.
How? Call +27 (0)31 566-7456
Overnight? Stay at accommodation in Umhlanga, in KwaZulu Natal
Plaka may be situated in Umhlanga, Durban, but soon immerses its patrons into a Mediterranean world of fresh flavours and Greek hospitality. Having originally been established in Johannesburg, Plaka was soon so popular that it extended to other parts of South Africa (see Plaka in Cresta).
Plaka is about celebrating Greek cuisine that, while absolutely delicious, is down-to-earth, paying loyal homage to an ancient culture and tradition. However, there is a contemporary twist to these dishes that ensures something new and exciting for even the most seasoned of diners.
The décor is tasteful and modern, adding to the experience but not detracting from the flavours on the plate. Glass and mirrors, white linen and porcelain floor tiles all contribute to this stylish dining Mecca.


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All Rights Reserved.
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text:
Overview Edit
A near field communication (NFC) enabled smart card
|achieves multifactor authentication without a bulky external card reader, addressing some usability concerns. Once a smartcard is placed within centimeters of an NFC-enabled device, the mobile device can wirelessly communicate with a smartcard to access its stored credential. The user would need to hold or place the card very near to the mobile device as they enter the PIN protecting the credentials stored on the smartcard. Protecting software tokens using software-based mechanisms potentially increases the risk that the credential could be stolen — hardware-based storage is preferred to software-based mechanisms for credential storage.[1]
References Edit
- ↑ NISTIR 8080, at 16-17.


text:
News-Welcome Jonathan Coombes as CISO to Neustar
Welcome Jonathan Coombes as CISO to Neustar
Neustar, a trusted, neutral provider of real-time information and analysis to the Internet, telecommunications, entertainment, and marketing industries, announced today that Jonathan Coombes has joined the company as Chief Information Security Officer.
Mr. Coombes' responsibilities include cyber and data security, risk management and business continuity. He will be based out of Neustar's Sterling, VA office and will report to Alex Tulchinsky, senior vice president, Infrastructure and Operations.
"Jonathan's proven track record of building teams and his strong decision-making skills make him the right leader for our information security strategy," said Mr. Tulchinsky. "With Jonathan's guidance, we will continue to look for opportunities to strengthen our processes and standards designed to protect the confidential data of our customers and our company."
"I'm thrilled to be part of Neustar and I look forward to building on the success its security and data services teams have already achieved. Neustar's leading-edge DDoS protection and security threat modeling services set it apart from other business analytics and information service providers, and I'm focused on expanding these capabilities" said Mr. Coombes.
Mr. Coombes has more than 25 years of experience in information technology and security, also has extensive experience in building and leading information security and risk management teams, in support of maturing the overall security posture of an organization.
1. Mr. Coombes comes to Neustar from Rackspace Hosting, where he served as their Chief Security Officer.
5. received a masters degree in Information Systems from Boston University and an Executive MBA from the Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University.
We IISP.HK Team welcome Mr. Coombes to join Neustar as Chief Information Security Officer!
IISP - Neustar Accredited Registrar in China


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Sunoco Partners with Shop n' Save Fuel Program
National retailers join program with gift card campaign.
PITTSBURGH -- A new campaign launched by supermarket operator Shop n' Stop could save motorists upwards of 20 cents at participating Sunoco stations.
The new Shop n' Save gift card program provides customers with the opportunity to earn Pump Perks savings by purchasing gift cards from participating retailers such as Home Depot, Macy's and Best Buy. For every $50 spent on gift cards at the chain's 70 locations, customers can earn 20 cents off per gallon of gas at participating Sunoco stations, according to the company.
The new Shop n' Save gift card program allows customers to earn savings at the gas pump just by purchasing gift cards and using them towards everyday purchases for food, entertainment, home improvements and fashion, all the while, earning double valuable Pump Perks.
The gift cards are sold in denominations of $25, $50 and $100 and can be redeemed at over 100 participating stores, family restaurants, entertainment venues and home improvement stores.


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When generating a report of my disc useage, I have noticed that many of
the disks are showing an incorrect level of available space, i.e., on
Spiceworks my C: drive for Server1 is shown as having 1.65 gigs of space
remaining, but when checked via the server itself (through my computer
on the server), it has actually got 8.65 gigs free. Any way to insure
that I get an accurate report through Spiceworks in this case??
This topic was created during version 1.0.
The latest version is 7.5.00101.
2 Replies
Dec 11, 2006 at 3:18 UTC
NRGCMW, we need to look at your log files, please run the
Spiceworks_Package.exe, located in the c:\program files\spiceworks
directory. This program will zip up your log files into a file called
"spiceworks_package.zip". Please email that file to 'support at
Apr 7, 2010 at 11:25 UTC
Niagara Technology Group (NTG) is an IT service provider.
Did this get resolved?
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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WASHINGTON, March 18 /PRNewswire/ -- American thinking on trade and economic policy has shifted dramatically in recent months. Leading trade authorities indicated their preferences for a results oriented trade policy at an Economic Strategy Institute/Pacific Basin Economic Council-U.S. Committee trade policy conference just completed here. The conference, titled "Toward a New Trade Consensus," indicated that among America's leading trade policy experts both inside and outside government, there is growing concern over the growing trade deficit with Japan and over the impact on the U.S. economy of new trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Most conference participants -- who included senior administration officials, senators and congressmen, major business leaders and prominent academics from all points on the trade policy spectrum -- were receptive to regional and bilateral trade initiatives, to policies that reflect the diversity of America's trading partners, to a greater emphasis on specific sectors in trade negotiations. In particular, nearly all of the Japan trade experts spoke in favor of some kind of market share target in opening the Japanese market. "Most of the trade policy community now seems firmly in favor of basing American policy on pragmatic trade philosophy," said ESI President Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr. "This new pragmatism should greatly aid the new administration in dealing successfully with the many trade challenges on its plate right now." Laura D. Tyson, chairwoman of President Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers, spoke of the need to jettison the sharp dichotomy between free trade and protectionism last night. "That's usually not the choice we're presented with." In high tech industries in particular, Tyson noted, "the heavy hand of government" is almost always present. Tyson's comments were echoed by political analyst Kevin Phillips who said that the terms both free trade and protectionism are obsolete. The ESI/PBEC-U.S. conference, held as the president's economic team faces a series of momentous trade policy decisions, focused on four major issues: developing specific goals for U.S. trade negotiators as well as specific criteria for success, Japan, the Uruguay Round, and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Other panels dealt with trade and the environment, U.S.-China trade relations, and business opportunities in the Pacific Basin. The "new pragmatism" seemed most pronounced vis-a-vis Japan and the Uruguay Round. A panel of experts representing both the "traditionalist" and "revisionist" schools of Japan policy-making displayed unprecedented willingness to adopt a results-oriented approach to the Japanese situation. Most agreed that Japan's distinctive economic system required tailored responses, and even staunch traditionalists acknowledged that managed trade agreements might sometimes be needed to open the Japanese market. "We made considerable progress in taking some of the bitterness and name-calling out of the Japan debate," Prestowitz said. "The degree of consensus on the panel was as surprising as it was gratifying." The Uruguay Round panel produced similar results. Virtually all participants agreed that the current Dunkel Draft agreement did not merit American approval. Panelists in particular singled out the draft's shortcomings in the market access area. In addition, most panelists agreed that the Uruguay Round agenda ignored many of the world's most pressing trade problems, particularly the proliferation of subsidies and other national competitiveness policies that distort trade flows. Strong support was also expressed for preserving some American capacity for responding unilaterally to foreign anti-competitive practices, and for supplementing multilateral trade liberalization efforts with regional and bilateral initiatives. Most panelists agreed that the next multilateral trade round should focus on producing better worldwide rules governing national competitiveness policies. Less consensus emerged from the panel on developing trade policy objectives. Although most participants agreed that U.S. trade negotiators should pay special attention to securing agreements that reduce America's chronic global trade deficits, they differed on how to achieve this goal. Recommendations included yet again devaluing the dollar, stimulating sluggish global growth, expanding U.S. export subsidies and focusing on Japan -- which is responsible for most of the U.S. deficit. Still highly controversial was the idea of using trade policy to promote economically critical industries, although most reservations centered on the U.S. political system's ability to make sound judgments, not the notion that some industries create more economic benefits than others. The NAFTA panel was by far the most contentious. Participants disagreed sharply on the agreement's impact on American employment levels and trade balances, as well as on the wisdom of judging the treaty's merits on economic grounds alone. NAFTA supporters emphasized America's strategic stake in stabilizing Mexico. Critics argued that a treaty that helps Mexico at America's expense is unacceptable. Two major points that were derived from this morning's session included the fact that the People's Republic of China will continue to remain a major trade problem for the United States government and the debate over the environment against trade brings into question the notion of free trade. -0- 3/18/93 /CONTACT: Clyde Prestowitz or Gregory Stanko of the Economic Strategy Institute, 202-728-0993/
CO: Economic Strategy Institute ST: District of Columbia IN: SU: ECO
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Fighting Fantasy Jigsaws were released in 1984.
The jigsaws were advertised in issue 4 of Warlock and were made by Games Workshop.
The Official JigsawsEdit
The jigsaws were made by Games Workshop and advertised as "500 Pieces De Luxe Fantasy Puzzles".[1]
The two jigsaws were:
- 1022 "Forest of Doom" by Iain McCaig
- 1021 "The Warlock of Firetop Mountain" by Peter Andrew Jones
Other Mentioned FeaturesEdit
- Fighting Fantasy Artists
- Thick green board pieces
- Puzzle size 49cm x 36cm
- Box size 34.3 cm x 25.3 cm
Related Non-Fighting Fantasy JigsawsEdit
In the same jigsaw series by Games Workshop were four more jigsaws advertised in the same advert as "750 Pieces De Luxe Fantasy Puzzles".[1]
These puzzles were:
- 1040 "Elric" by Christos Achilleos
- 1042 "Alien" by Richard Clifton-Dey
- 1043 "Slave Trader" by Jim Burns
- 1044 "Standard Bearer" by Christos Achilleos
Other Mentioned FeaturesEdit
- Famous Artists
- Thick green board pieces
- Puzzle size 42cm x 60cm
- Box size 37 cm x 26 cm
See AlsoEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Warlock Issue 4 - p.2


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This is my 9th year working in the district. I graduated from Governors State University with a Bachelor's in Elementary Education. I've completed classes for both my ESL and Bilingual (Spanish) endorsements. I completed my Master's degree in Curriculum and Instruction through Concordia University. Previously, I worked in Cicero as a 2nd grade bilingual teacher and a 3rd grade transitional teacher. My whole career has been focused on and around EL's and it's truly a passion of mine. I feel truly blessed to have the opportunity to share my knowledge and experience with the district.
If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me.
"Bilingualism is not a curse, it's a GIFT." -anonymous


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Saturday 18 October 1997
It was Saturday, under the sign of Libra. The US president was Bill Clinton (Democratic).
Famous people born on this day include Lil George .
In that special week of October people in US were listening to Candle In The Wind 1997 by Elton John.
In UK Something About The Way You Look / Candle In The Wind by Elton John was in the top 5 hits.
Bean, directed by Mel Smith, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1997
while The Royals by Kitty Kelle was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching The Atheist Experience.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Beast Wars: Transformers or British Open Championship Golf.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1997 or at October 18 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 18 October 1997 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 18 October 1997!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 18 October 1997 ?
- Also see October 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- French Republican Calendar - Piment (Chili Pepper) Day, twenty-seventh day in the Month of VendTmiaire
- R.C. Church, Anglican communion, et alii - Feast of Saint Luke the Evangelist
- USA : Alaska: Alaska Day
Famous Birthdays:
- Lil George: Rapper.
Famous Deaths:
- Bill Rotsler: Cartoonist / writer, dies of cancer at 62.
- Nancy Dickerson: 1st female news correspondent (CBS), dies at 70.
- Roberto C Goizueta: CEO (Coca-Cola), dies of lung cancer at 65.
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of October 1997 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
- Elton John - Candle In The Wind 1997
- Elton John - Something About The Way You Look Tonight
- Boyz II Men - 4 Seasons Of Loneliness
- Usher - You Make Me Wanna..
- LeAnn Rimes - How Do I Live
- Mariah Carey - Honey
- The Backstreet Boys - Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)
- Allure - All Cried Out
- Third Eye Blind - Semi-Charmed Life
- Jewel - Foolish Games
Search For Your Ancestors
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...and if 18 October 1997 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in October 1997?
- EW: Entertainment Weekly: no.401
- Time: America's fascination with Buddhism. On cover: Brad Pitt from the film 'Seven Years in Tibet.'
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.9608
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


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The Hexorn Signature Grand Solitaire boasts your choice of a stunning, naturally formed Clear Quartz, Amethyst or Smoky Quartz in an antiqued sterling silver setting. Each ring is handmade to fit the individual stone, meaning no two rings are alike.
Wearing crystal jewelry helps keep the healing powers within your aura, allowing the crystals to do their magic fluidly throughout your day.
Please note, each piece is made to order and will take 4-6 weeks to create. The stones may vary slightly in size and design, if you have any specific requests, please contact our design team at email@example.com.
Additional sizes available upon request, subject to price increase.


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Pittsburgh needs two more victories to become bowl eligible and will have to find a way to do it without its top player.
Running back Ray Graham will miss the rest of the season after a knee injury against Connecticut. The junior entered the week as the nation's No. 2 rusher at 134.1 yards per game.
Graham was hurt on his second carry of the game when his knee buckled while being tackled. He was carted off the field and replaced by Wisconsin transfer Zach Brown, who had with 12 carries for 30 yards in a 35-20 defeat of the Huskies.
Graham finishes his season with 958 yards and nine touchdowns.
The 4-4 Panthers will host Cincinnati next week and still must face trips to West Virginia and Louisville in addition to a home game against Syracuse. Then need six victories to reach the postseason.
First-place votes in parentheses.
Football coaches' poll
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We want you to love your new parts and gadgets! Sometimes your project changes or something is not working the way you thought it would. Never fear, we are here to help!
90 day unmodified return policy
If you are not 100% satisfied with your order, we will be happy to arrange a return for any unused and unmodified items purchased within 90 days.
Modified product return policy
If you have modified your part and something goes wrong or you aren't satisfied with your item, our fantastic team of dedicated technicians can help trouble shoot and offer advice to determine if your parts are defective.
In the event that something is determined to be a manufacturer error or failure due to defective materials, we will repair, return or exchange the item(s) as needed.
Damaged in Shipment
Please email firstname.lastname@example.com right away. Include a description of the damages, and pictures of the damaged items/packaging. This information is very helpful to us in assessing how we package our orders and helps prevent similar problems in the future. Replacements will be arranged with Customer Service.
General Return Guidelines
Please arrange an RMA with us prior to sending any returns back to us.
Returns must include any accessories, documentation, etc. included with the product
Please do not remove, desolder, or otherwise modify any connected items before contacting Tech Support.
Eligibility for return of modified items is determined on a case-by-case basis; we can not guarantee eligibility for modified items.
Returns may take up to 2 weeks to process, not including transit times.
Replacement orders can not be modified to include different or additional parts.
Sparkfun will pay/refund shipping charges if the damage is found to be related to a manufacture error.
Returns for orders older than 90 days are eligible for replacement or store credit only.
We reserve the right to limit support, and deny returns on items that were purchased over a year ago, ding and dent items, old version releases, and products not purchased directly from Sparkfun electronics.
In the event that your return is not received in restockable condition, we reserve the right to change your refund method to store credit only.
We highly suggest all returns are sent via a trackable shipping method. Lost packages that are sent via non tracked methods are not guaranteed.
Non Returnable Items
We apologize that there is a small selection of products that we can not offer a return on. This list includes
If a non returnable item arrives damaged or is not functioning properly, please do not hesitate to contact us to see if further action may be taken.
Please note that due to shipping regulations, you can not legally ship Lipo batteries without proper certification.


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Pins Silver Egg-Shaped Brooch with Pearlby Daisy Choi
Silver, Pearl
Dimensions: 3cm
In stock
About the Designer
Daisy Choi
Chinese Briton
Contemporary jewelry artist Daisy Choi is skilled at designing with various different materials. Precious and non-precious metals, porcelain and rubber all make an appearance in her jewelry. Based on the idea of "wearing a thought," and inspired by everyday objects, each piece blends artistic expression with wearability to create playful yet expressive jewelry.More information on the designer >>


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- Pizza dough, or premade pizza shell 9-3/4" or any size you prefer - D'Amico's uses a large oval about 9" x 15"
- 2 Tbsp pesto sauce
- 1/3 cup marinara sauce
- 1 Tbsp lemon juice
- 1/4 cup Pecorino Romano cheese, grated
- 4 oz Chicken Breast, diced
- 1/3 cup artichoke hearts, thinly sliced
- 1/4 cup shredded mozzarella cheese
1. For the pizza crust, use either a pre-made shell or roll out homemade dough to large, thin oval. At D'Amico's, we roll our housemade dough through the pasta machine on dial #5 and roll out to a very thin oval pizza shell or 17 1/2" long.
2. Dock the pizza dough with the tines of a fork, and place on a pizza stone in a preheated oven of 375 degree for 3-4 minutes.
3. Remove from oven and top with pesto, then marinara on top.
5. Sprinkle evenly the Romano cheese.
6. Squeeze the lemon juice over entire surface.
7. Top with grilled chicken, artichoke hearts and shredded mozzarella.
9. Place back in oven on pizza stone until golden brown.
10. Slice as desired, or for the large oval, slice down center and then 7 even cuts creating a 16 slice Nash Pizza.
More recipes:
WATCH: Make This Super Easy Hummus and You Won't Buy Packaged Again
WATCH: Pad-King Tofu from Songkran Thai Kitchen
WATCH: Songkran Thai Kitchen and Grill's Famous Pad Thai
How To Make Sushi At Home
WATCH: Deconstructed Texas Wagyu Ribeye From B&B Butchers and Restaurant
The Crab Louis Salad at B&B Butchers
WATCH: Whole Stuffed Fish from Helen Greek Food & Wine
WATCH: Greens and Cheese Pie at Helen Greek Food & Wine
WATCH NOW: Want A Great Bone-In Ribeye? Chef Cervantez of Killen's says, "It's all about the rub!"
Ronnie Killen's Famous Brisket
Triniti Restaurant's Caramel French toast
Pineapple rum cake from Killen's
Truffle-laced fries from Bernie's Burger Bus
Lemon curd tartlets


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Fifth Third Ladies Night
Are you training hard for the Fifth Third River Bank Run? Take a break and pamper yourself at a special event with Douglas J Aveda Institute Grand Rapids!
The first 53 through the door will receive a cosmetic bag filled with goodies!
Treat yourself to complimentary services: hair braiding, mini manicures, make-up touch ups, mini-styling's and chair massages.
Plus complimentary wine bar. Complimentary appetizers with freshii! And book a free service at Douglas J for another date when you attend the party!
Click here for more: http://bit.ly/SpecialEventLadiesNight
Fun facts...
- My first job was as a "Soda Jerk" at Cone Corners in Stevens Point, Wisconsin. (Cheesy, huh?)
- Every spring, I participate in the World's Largest Trivia Contest in my hometown of Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Out of about 500 teams and 10-12,000 players, we usually finish in the top 100!!! It's 54 straight hours of useless information and I love it. See? I'm not wired right. Just for the record, my team placed 73rd this year. :)
- I am a proud doggie mommy of "Spooner." She's a rescue who was an abused puppy mill mom. I am amazed at the FANTASTIC rescues and shelters we have in West Michigan. If you think you want to add to your family, the joy of a shelter pet in unparalleled!
- I was the lead singer in a cover band and I miss it.