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Non-encapsulated thermo-liquid crystals for digital particle tracking thermography/velocimetry in microfluidics
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The ever accelerating state of technology has powered an increasing interest in heat transfer solutions and process engineering innovations in the microfluidics domain. In order to carry out such developments, reliable heat transfer diagnostic techniques are necessary. Thermo-liquid crystal (TLC) thermography, in combination with particle image velocimetry, has been a widely accepted and commonly used technique for the simultaneous measurement and characterization of temperature and velocity fields in macroscopic fluid flows for several decades. However, low seeding density, volume illumination, and low TLC particle image quality at high magnifications present unsurpassed challenges to its application to three-dimensional flows with microscopic dimensions. In this work, a measurement technique to evaluate the color response of individual non-encapsulated TLC particles is presented. A Shirasu porous glass membrane emulsification approach was used to produce the non-encapsulated TLC particles with a narrow size distribution and a multi-variable calibration procedure, making use of all three RGB and HSI color components, as well as the proper orthogonally decomposed RGB components, was used to achieve unprecedented low uncertainty levels in the temperature estimation of individual particles, opening the door to simultaneous temperature and velocity tracking using 3D velocimetry techniques.
KeywordsMicrofluidics Individual Thermo-liquid crystal TLC Thermography Non-encapsulated Multi-variable calibration
1 Introduction
Heat transfer problems are commonplace in modern science and engineering and their solutions have led to a long list of technological developments, many of which have played a major role in transportation, communications, consumer electronics and personal computing, amongst many other areas that affect our lives and society. Today, with the strong downward trend in the size of electronic components down to micro and nano scales, combined with the upward trend in their heat tolerance demand, innovations in heat transfer solutions become more and more relevant. Experimental techniques used to solve heat transfer problems have played a substantial role in understanding a myriad of the physical phenomena that occur in its many applications. One common way to estimate temperatures by means of optical methods is the use of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) or luminescence. The physical principle is that the fluorescence intensity of a dye dissolved in the fluid changes as a function of temperature. In order to decrease the uncertainty due to illumination variations, ratiometric LIF uses the signals of two different dyes, where only one exhibits a temperature dependence. In microfluidics, however, flow fields are most often fully three-dimensional and in many instances include strong gradients. Hence, a temperature measurement approach that does not integrate across the flow volume, such as the tracking of individual particles, is preferable. Someya et al. (2011) used a high speed camera to measure the 2D velocity and temperature fields using particles, labeled with a temperature dependent luminophore, and evaluating their luminescence's lifetime. Only recently, Vogt and Stephan (2012) showed results of an experiment where particles were labeled with two dyes. They reported higher uncertainties compared to dissolved dyes but proved that the technique works using averages over interrogation windows. Nevertheless, two-dye particle labeling is not currently a common procedure, thus making the particles very expensive. Another way to determine the temperature is to evaluate the Brownian motion of particles (Hohreiter et al. 2002). The major drawback of this method is that in order to be able to reliably measure Brownian motion, the particles have to be very small, thus substantially decreasing their signal. Furthermore, their size distribution must be very narrow and the viscosity of the fluid should not change if a consistent relationship between Brownian motion and temperature is to be established. Furthermore, only time averaged measurements are possible. Besides these techniques, liquid-crystal thermography has received great attention over the last several decades due to its capability to quickly reconstruct temperature fields in surfaces and flow planes/volumes. Thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) are substances whose molecular structure has both solid and liquid properties, hence the name liquid crystal, that change their color as a function of temperature (Fergason 1966; Adams et al. 1969; Parsley 1991).
An extensive amount of research has been done on the subject and the latest comprehensive review articles covering a wide range of aspects regarding this technique are provided by Dabiri (2009) and Abdullah et al. (2010). They thoroughly report and discuss most of the available literature, dating back to the 1800s, on several subjects that concern this technique such as the motivations for its development, properties of TLCs, colorimetry, imaging, commercial availability, time response, calibration, uncertainty analysis, hysteresis, and applications, among others. Research has been done using TLCs in thin films that are applied to surfaces to measure their temperature (Ireland and Jones 1987; Akino et al. 1989; Farina 1995; Sabatino et al. 2000) and the concept has even been extended to the microscopic domain with the aim of measuring two-dimensional temperature fields or point-wise average heat transfer coefficients in the walls of microtubes and channels (Höhmann and Stephan 2002; Muwanga and Hassan 2006a, b, 2007; Chin et al. 2002). The principle of the technique has also been combined with particle image velocimetry (PIV) to reconstruct the temperature of flow fields (Dabiri and Gharib 1991) and simultaneously measure their velocity distribution in two dimensions. This task has been accomplished by several researchers over the last two decades, carefully tabulated and outlined in Table 1 of Dabiri's (2009) review and Tables 2.1 and 2.2 of Nasarek's (2010) report, and the technique continues to evolve into better and more efficient temperature and velocity measurement methods. It is worth noting that in order to simultaneously measure the flow temperature and velocity, researchers have seeded the flow with solutions containing TLC material as well as tracer particles, only suited for cross-correlation velocimetry, due to the low image quality of the individual TLC particles. Up to this day, all of the reports on this flow diagnostics technique are based on acquiring color images of flows, with high concentrations of TLC material, and reconstructing planar temperature fields. Extensions of this principle like scanning methods (Fujisawa and Funatani 2000; Fujisawa et al. 2005; Lutjen et al. 2001) and stereoscopic arrangements (Funatani and Fujisawa 2002; Fujisawa et al. 2004, 2005) have also been used to reconstruct three-dimensional temperature flow fields. All of these measurements rely on the concept of breaking the color images into sections and evaluating the mean temperature of the flow in each section. Even though sophisticated methods have been successfully employed to extract the mean temperature of the flow by evaluating these so-called interrogation windows (Park et al. 2001), the resolution of such measurements is limited by the size of the windows and the reconstruction of temperature gradients is necessarily biased when using this approach. Furthermore, when the flow volumes are reduced to microscopic dimensions, the measurement paradigm changes and, for one, the use of a light sheet is not possible thus introducing another bias in the measurement of flows that contain a temperature gradient in the depth direction. Secondary flows, commonly encountered in microchannel geometries, possess flow features that are completely hidden to two-dimensional measurements with volume illumination (Rossi et al. 2011). On the other hand, as explained in Cierpka and Kähler (2012)'s review, seeding concentration tends to be lower in microfluidics experiments and correlation methods become less reliable while the individual tracking of particles would be a convenient solution to avoid bias errors. Moreover, if the TLC particles have a narrow size distribution, astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry (APTV) can be used to track their motion in three dimensions as well as their temperature (Cierpka et al. 2010, 2011). To this day, however, the application of TLC thermography, combined with particle velocimetry, to three-dimensional microflows presents currently unsurpassed challenges caused by sparse seeding density, volume illumination, and low particle image quality at high magnifications. Even though Park et al. (2001) also used the average temperature over sections to reconstruct the flow's two-dimensional temperature field, they reported uncertainty figures for the temperature estimation of individual particles ranging from around 5 to 20 % over a temperature span of 2.5 K using a neural network calibration approach. They used micro-encapsulated TLCs manufactured by Hallcrest (BM40C26W20) with a useful temperature response range approximately between 26 and 29 °C. Due to the high uncertainty in the temperature measurement of individual particles, they calculated the mean temperature over interrogation windows of 32 × 32 pixel and obtained lower errors of 2−8 %. This reduction in uncertainty, however, comes at the expense of a lower spatial resolution due to the averaging over interrogation windows. Basson and Pottebaum (2012), recently reported temperature measurements in a microchannel using individual encapsulated TLC particles. They demonstrate interesting advantages provided by an innovative circularly polarized illumination system on micro-encapsulated TLCs also manufactured by Hallcrest (NSL33R35C5 W), yielding average uncertainties of 1.2 K over a temperature range of 36.3 and 43.7 °C (16 %).
Over the years, many calibration methods have been engineered to extract the temperature from the color of TLCs. Section 5 of Dabiri (2009)'s review and Section 5.3 of Abdullah et al. (2010)'s report provide a thorough account of the various attempts to perform this task over the last two decades. Rao and Zang (2010), Bednarz et al. (2010), and Cukurel et al. (2012) are some of the latest reports of novel techniques and ideas on this topic that are not covered in the earlier reviews. The general tendency over the last decades has been to use the temperature-hue relationship of TLCs to calibrate the digital images, where hue is a parameter that represents a color shade and will be defined in more detail in Sect. 4 On the other hand, multi-variable calibration approaches using the color images' hue (H), saturation (S), and intensity (I) have also been studied, since the S and I signals also contain valuable information that plays a substantial role in relating the TLCs' temperature to the color of their digital images. Fujisawa and Hashizume (2001) performed a study of synthetical data, using a multi-variable calibration approach, and reported uncertainty values of 0.06 K in a range of 2.3 K (2.6 %) for two-dimensional interrogation windows. Fujisawa et al. (2005) later reported uncertainty values of 0.13 K, using a stereoscopic setup, on TLCs with a temperature response range of 2.3 K (5.7 %), using a similar approach. It should be noted, however, that even though the HSI color space has been the transformation of choice for most research groups using this measurement technique, it is not the only means of interpreting color of digital images in order to extract their temperature information. Roesgen and Totaro (2002) introduced a statistical calibration approach that uses proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to transform the raw RGB digital image data into a fully decorrelated variable space with the potential of providing a steeper calibration curve that yields a lower uncertainty for a one- or two-variable calibration. Hence, a study of non-encapsulated micro-TLC particles is presented to track the temperature of individual tracers in microfluidic flows using a multi-variable calibration approach. The tracer particles were fabricated by Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane emulsification, a technique that allows for the production of particles with narrow size distributions (Joscelyne and Trägårdh 2000).
2 Experimental setup
The entire system was installed on a damped optical table to avoid the effect of vibrations in the measurements. The light was routed to the back aperture of the microscope via an optical fiber and relayed to the objective lens through a filter, mounted inside the microscope. An LD Plan-NEOFLUAR, 40×, infinity corrected objective lens, with a numerical aperture of NA = 0.6, was used to focus the light on the flow sample, as well as to image the flow itself. A droplet of TLC-containing emulsion (see Sect. 3) was poured on a microscope glass plate and a Peltier element was mounted immediately above the droplet such that the fluid was in direct contact with most of its heating surface. The thickness of the fluid layer (TLC droplet) between the glass plate and the surface of the Peltier element was approximately 1.5 mm. The temperature of the Peltier element was automatically controlled by a custom module, implemented in the in-house image acquisition software, written in MATLAB, via a Peltier-Controller TC2812 manufactured by CoolTronic GmbH and a mini Pt1000 thermocouple. The acquisition frame rate for all measurements was 15 fps and a field of view of 400 × 300 μm2 was used for the temperature response analysis. The nuclei of the particle images used for the calibration analysis were approximately 20 pixel in diameter, on average. The TLC containing droplet remained in contact with the peltier element for approximately one hour, which was the time required for the temperature scanning procedure, and no abrasion or bleeding was observed in the TLC particles. The sample was only illuminated for the short lapses of time required for image acquisition (the microscope shutter was opened once the desired temperature was reached and the camera was ready to acquire, and subsequently closed after images were recorded) and no bleaching was observed in the TLC material under these conditions. Nevertheless, a preliminary bleaching test was performed to assess the resistance of the TLC and a degradation of the particles' color was observed after approximately 30 min of continuous illumination. The time response of the TLC material was not measured for this study. The reader can refer to Ireland and Jones (1987) for a study on the response time of TLC thin sheets, where they report delay times of 3 ms.
3 Dispersion of non-encapsulated TLC particles
Since encapsulated TLC particles are clearly not a viable option for individual temperature tracking, non-encapsulated material was used. Thermography using non-encapsulated TLC material has been investigated to a limited extent for two-dimensional or point-wise temperature measurements (Muwanga and Hassan 2006a, b, 2007) but no attempts to fabricate stable TLC droplets for particle tracking have been made so far. The TLC particles used in this study were produced at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology of the Braunschweig University of Technology using a direct SPG membrane emulsification process as described in detail by Nakashima et al. (1992). The TLC bulk material (Hallcrest UN R25C10W) was briefly heated to 55 °C, beyond its melting point of 45−47 °C, and placed in a 10 ml custom built, double walled, temperature controlled, pressurized, stainless steel, external pressure microkit-type vessel manufactured by MCTech Co. The device was equipped with a Haake D1 water bath, manufactured by Thermo Haake GmbH, used for tempering the lipid phase of the material. A pressure of 25−35 kPa was applied to force the lipid phase through a pre-wetted hydrophilic SPG membrane with a pore size of 5.5 μm, fabricated by SPG technology Co., into 80 ml of 5 % poloxamer 188 emulsifier (aqueous phase) with 0.01 % thiomersal as preservative. The solution was continually stirred with a temperature controlled magnetic stirrer (IKA-Werke GmbH) at 300 rpm. Evaporated water was replenished every 12 h during the 48 h of preparation. After the direct emulsification process, the solution container was dipped into ice-water for at least 20 min, giving birth to the TLC particles that would be used for the temperature tracking experiments, which take form when the emulsion droplets are cooled below the liquid crystal phase transition temperature. All samples were stored at room temperature (18−20 °C). A direct comparison of the resulting non-encapsulated particles' raw color appearance with their encapsulated counterpart is displayed in Fig. 2. The non-encapsulated TLC particles display a much more homogeneous color profile and, even though the raw images' contrast seems to be low at higher temperatures, the color profile of the particle image stands out enough for the detection algorithm, outlined in detail in Sect. 4.
4 Image processing
H describes the shade of a particular color; conventional color names like yellow, orange, etc. are examples of hue.
S quantifies the degree of purity of the color, also described as the extent to which the color is diluted with white.
I relates to the chromatic-independent brightness of the color.
5 Calibration
Just like with most measurement techniques, converting measured data to a desired physical quantity, in this case temperature, has been a topic of itself since the birth of the technique. So far, the hue-temperature dependence has been reported on most experimental studies as the basis for the calibration of the digital images even though a limited amount of research has been performed on directly using the R, G, B color components of digital images to extract the temperature (Vejrazka and Marty 2007). A thorough review of the literature pertinent to this particular topic can be found in Section 5.1 of Dabiri (2009)'s review and Section 5.3.1 of Abdullah et al. (2010)'s report. Rao and Zang (2010), Bednarz et al. (2010), and Cukurel et al. (2012) report the most recent studies and advances in the hue-temperature calibration of TLCs. Though this approach has worked for years and sophisticated computational methods such as neural networks have been used to improve the calibration results, it is clear from Fig. 6 that not only H shows a pronounced variation for different temperatures but S and I do as well. Now, if the H values can be successfully calibrated to temperature, it is only natural to expect that two more variables showing clear patterns would provide valuable information to improve the accuracy of the calibration.
As mentioned in Sect. 4, an alternative using the HSI color space is available. The HSI color space uses the relationship between R, G, and B instead of their raw values. Furthermore, the relationship between temperature and hue value has been the calibration method used by the great majority of research groups over the years. Analogous to Figs. 5, 9 shows a 3D scatter plot of the HSI components of all the particles detected with the temperature of each point given by the color map. Conversely, this figure also illustrates how the S and I data provide valuable information required to precisely extract the temperature of particles that lie in the flat regions of the H profile from Fig. 6, once again providing a pronounced data pattern to which a 3D polynomial can be fitted in order to obtain a calibration curve that works throughout the temperature range. Fujisawa and Hashizume (2001) performed a study with synthetical data and compared results for the calibration of temperature using its relationship with H, H and S, and H, S and I. They state that there is a clear advantage to using the S and I image data, in addition to H, and reported an uncertainty of 0.06 K in a range of 2.3 K (2.6 %), evaluating the average temperature in interrogation windows. Fujisawa et al. (2005) later reported uncertainty values of 0.13 K, using a stereoscopic setup (also 2D interrogation windows), on TLCs with a temperature response range of 2.3 K (5.7 %), also calibrating temperature with all three variables. Note that all of the research done up to this point has been performed using mean color values, calculated over designated areas of the sensor, and not individually for each tracer particle. As mentioned in previous sections, this fact is of major relevance for experiments in microfluidics since the recorded images integrate the light over the entire illuminated volume, introducing a strong bias in two-dimensional averages that does not occur with three-dimensional particle tracking. The temperature of individual TLC microdroplets evaluated in this study was also calibrated using all three H, S and I color variables evaluated at the center of each particle image.
A third variable space, resulting from the full decorrelation of the RGB image data via POD (Roesgen and Totaro 2002) as outlined in Sect. 4, was used to fit a 2D polynomial in order to obtain a calibration curve for the estimation of the individual particles' temperature. Figure 10 shows a 2D scatter plot of the x1 and x2 components, associated with the direction of the non-zero eigenvalues λ1 = 0.0182 and λ2 = 0.0075, of all the particles detected with the temperature of each point given by the color map.
6 Results
7 Conclusion
A microscopically transparent emulsion, consisting of a dispersion of non-encapsulated TLC particles, was used to evaluate the performance of a multi-variable temperature calibration method to track individual tracers in a fluid volume. The non-encapsulated tracer particles were fabricated by Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane emulsification, yielding a narrower size distribution than that of their commercially available encapsulated counterparts, with the added advantage that they lack a polymer surface with a different index of refraction thus providing substantially improved particle images. The calibration uses the three components of the RGB and HSI color spaces and the two non-zero components of the POD variable space. A three-dimensional polynomial was fitted to the color data of thousands of particles to estimate the temperature of each particle. The evaluation approach using all three HSI color components works consistently over a range exceeding the useful color response range of the TLC material, as quoted by the manufacturer, with an unprecedented low measurement uncertainty for individual temperature tracking of 4.9 % over 13 K, with a confidence interval of 95 %. This is a substantial step forward in the state-of-the-art of flow diagnostics concerning temperature measurements in microflows as the successful tracking of temperature in individual tracer particles opens the door to time resolved reconstruction of temperature flow fields. Furthermore, the combination of this measurement technique with astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry or other 3D defocusing methods has the potential of fully reconstructing time resolved velocity and temperature flow fields in three-dimensions with high spatial resolution although challenges will arise due to lower signal-to-noise ratios in the defocused elliptical images of the TLC particles.
Financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG), under the framework of the mikroPART Collaborative Research Group (Micro systems for particulate Life-Science products), is gratefully appreciated.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.


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Assessing the quality of reports of randomized trials in pediatric complementary and alternative medicine
To evaluate the quality of reports of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the pediatric population. We also examined whether there was a change in the quality of reporting over time.
We used a systematic sample of 251 reports of RCTs that used a CAM intervention. The quality of each report was assessed using the number of CONSORT checklist items included, the frequency of unclear allocation concealment, and a 5-point quality assessment instrument.
Nearly half (40%) of the CONSORT checklist items were included in the reports, with an increase in the number of items included. The majority (81.3%) of RCTs reported unclear allocation concealment with no significant change over time. The quality of reports achieved approximately 40% of their maximum possible total score as assessed with the Jadad scale with no change over time. Information regarding adverse events was reported in less than one quarter of the RCTs (22%) and information regarding costs was mentioned in only a minority of reports (4%).
RCTs are an important tool for evidence based health care decisions. If these studies are to be relevant in the evaluation of CAM interventions it is important that they are conducted and reported with the highest possible standards. There is a need to redouble efforts to ensure that children and their families are participating in RCTs that are conducted and reported with minimal bias. Such studies will increase their usefulness to a board spectrum of interested stakeholders.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become increasingly popular for both adult and pediatric populations. For example, in 1992, 11% of a Montreal-based pediatric sample used CAM
What is less clear is the quality of evidence for the use of these products and practices. Focusing our attention on reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) allows us to examine the gold standard for evaluating an intervention's effectiveness. This enables readers to judge the extent to which the results are internally valid and free of bias.
Within conventional medicine there is substantial evidence about the quality of reports of RCTs and the consequences of lower quality reporting. Schulz and colleagues have documented that only about a third of reports of RCTs adequately report allocation concealment
We are unaware of any systematic effort to examine the extent of bias in reports of CAM RCTs specifically targeted at pediatric populations. This is important because if CAM studies are not subjected to rigorous evaluations they may jeopardize the health of children and their families
We have previously described the assembly of a comprehensive database of PedCAM RCTs
Once these reports were retrieved we extracted descriptive information using a 17-item structured data collection form. The questions pertained to the type of CAM used, the condition under investigation (according to the International Classification of Disease – ICD-9), the number and gender of the included children, the number and type of outcomes used, information about the reporting of adverse events and whether the authors reported on any cost information. The complete questionnaire can be obtained from the authors.
We also completed a comprehensive quality assessment of each report using three methods. First, the revised CONSORT statement checklist
We did not conduct any formal training prior to evaluating the RCTs using any of the three methods. We have extensive experience using these methods and have previously conducted training with results indicating substantial agreement between raters
We compared the number of checklist criteria included in each report and the mean number of criteria included within each subheading as specified in the CONSORT checklist. We also assessed the percentage of studies that reported unclear allocation concealment and the specific item and overall quality score derived from the Jadad instrument. The number of CONSORT checklist items reported was compared over time (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s) using an analysis of variance. A similar approach was used to assess the individual components and overall total score of the Jadad scale. The percentage of unclear allocation concealment was evaluated using χ2 tests.
Database searching identified 3580 citations. Of these 2975 were screened from which 1468 PedCAM RCTs were identified (Figure
Figure 1
Flow of citations and articles through the phases of screening and eligibility evaluation
Flow of citations and articles through the phases of screening and eligibility evaluation
Table 1
Conditions and Interventions selected for further study
Original N
N after Exclusions
Dermatological conditions (including scars)
Migraine / headache
Interventions / Treatment modalities Biofeedback
Chinese Herbal Medicine
Massage or holding
* We examined only 49 of 75 diarrhea studies to avoid giving undue weight to this condition. %Many of these were excluded based on language Note: some trials involved both a condition and a treatment chosen (i.e., chiropractic for colic) and so numbers to not total to 251.
The reported objective of CAM intervention was to manage or minimize current symptoms in two thirds of the reports (66.7%) and more than a quarter of the RCTs were undertaken to help prevent disease (32.5%). There were 157 reports involving fewer than 100 children (mean = 47.31; standard deviation = 24.14); 63 reports included between 100 and 1000 children (mean = 298.38; standard deviation = 232.51); and 9 reports included more than 1000 children (mean = 6766; standard deviation = 8402.72).
Forty percent (12.7 out of 32) of the CONSORT checklist items were included in the reports of PedCAM RCTs (Table
Table 2
CONSORT checklist criteria included in 251 reports of complementary and alternative medicine randomized controlled trials in children published over four decades
Total number of items
1970s (n = 5)
1980s (n = 47)
1990s (n = 186)
2000s (n = 13)
Total (n = 251)
Title = 1,n%
2 (40.0)
29 (61.7)
144 (77.4)
12 (92.3)
187 (74.5)
Introduction = 1, n %
5 (100.0)
42 (89.4)
170 (91.4)
11 (84.6)
228 (90.8)
Methods = 18, mean (sd)
5.0 (3.7)
5.8 (1.8)
7.1 (2.6)
6.5 (2.9)
6.8 (2.5)
Results = 9, mean (sd)
1.0 (1.0)
1.6 (0.9)
2.5 (1.8)
2.2 (1.9)
2.3 (1.7)
Discussion = 3, mean (sd)
2.0 (1.1)
2.1 (1.0)
1.9 (1.1)
2.0 (1.0)
Total = 32, mean (sd)
8.6 (5.4)
10.8 (3.0)
13.4 (4.3)
12.3 (5.3)
12.7 (4.3)
The majority (83.1%) of RCTs reported unclear allocation concealment (Table
Table 3
Quality of reports of 251 complementary and alternative medicine randomized controlled trials in children using the Jadad assessment scale and the adequacy of allocation concealment
Total number of items
1970s (n = 5)
1980s (n = 47)
1990s (n = 186)
2000s (n = 13)
Total (n = 251)
Randomization, mean (sd)
0.2 (0.8)
0.7 (0.7)
1.0 (0.6)
1.2 (0.6)
0.9 (0.6)
Double-blinding, mean (sd)
0.8 (1.1)
0.6 (0.9)
0.6 (0.9)
0.6 (0.9)
0.6 (0.9)
Withdrawals/dropouts, n (%)
2 (40.0)
12 (25.5)
89 (47.8)
2 (15.4)
105 (41.8)
Overall = 5, mean (sd)
1.4 (1.7)
1.6 (1.3)
2.0 (1.2)
2.0 (1.5)
1.9 (1.3)
Unclear allocation concealment, n (%)
4 (80.0)
41 (87.2)
150 (80.6)
9 (69.2)
204 (81.3)
Information regarding adverse events was reported in less than one quarter of the RCTs (22.4%). Similarly, information regarding costs (e.g., cost effectiveness) was mentioned in only a minority of reports (4.5%).
About one third of the CONSORT checklist items were included in reports of PedCAM RCTs. Although there is still considerable room for improvement in how these studies are reported, there has been a notable increase in the quality of their reports since the 1980s. The 24% increase in the number of reported CONSORT items is encouraging and probably reflects important reductions in bias in the results of RCTs. Similar results were observed when the assessments focused on the adequacy of allocation concealment or the Jadad assessment. Unfortunately, these results also suggest that the validity of some of the PedCAM RCT results is probably questionable. This is particularly true if our attention focuses on aspects of how randomization was reported. Only about half of the reports documented how the random numbers were generated and three quarters of the reports had unclear allocation concealment.
Conducting a randomized trial is a complex series of tasks and it may not always be possible to minimize some potential biases. For example, double blinding (masking) is questionable both ethically and scientifically when performing surgical trials. However, in every single randomized trial it is always possible to ensure that the random numbers are appropriately generated (e.g., computer generation) and concealed from all parties involved in the trial until the child has been randomized (e.g., centralized randomization). High quality reports always include this information.
Our results indicate that the quality of reports of PedCAM RCTs may be lower than that found for conventional medicine. It is difficult to be more certain because the degree of journal overlap between different studies is unknown. In a recent report on the assessment of 77 RCTs published in 1998, in three high impact factor journals, the average number of CONSORT items included was 27.1 (out of 40)
One way to improve the quality of reporting of PedCAM RCTs is for more pediatric journals to endorse the CONSORT statement. There is evidence to suggest that journals using the CONSORT statement, compared to those not doing so, have higher quality reports of RCTs
It is not immediately clear why we observed lower quality scores in these reports. It is possible that the PedCAM community conducts fewer RCTs and is therefore less experienced. We have observed that prior to 1975 there were very few published reports of PedCAM RCTs
Beyond examining the quality of these reports we were disappointed to find that so few reports mentioned anything about adverse events. This result is similar to that recently reported
This study had a number of limitations. Our focus was on the quality of reporting of PedCAM RCTs. It is possible that the trials were appropriately conducted but had deficiencies in their reporting. Despite the paucity of data addressing this important question, the evidence that is available points in the direction of a reasonably good correlation between how investigators conduct their trials and how they are subsequently reported
Randomized trials are an important tool for evidence based health care decisions. If these studies are to be relevant in the evaluation of CAM interventions it is important that they are conducted and reported with the highest possible standards. There is a need to redouble efforts to ensure that children and their families are participating in RCTs that are conducted and reported with minimal bias. Such studies will increase their usefulness to a board spectrum of interested stakeholders.
Competing interests
None declared.
We thank Tammy Clifford for her expertise and guidance in the field of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and Rose Marie Mongeon and Patricia Jackson for document retrieval.
The use of alternative medicine by children.
In whose best interest is government-run health care?
Use of Alternative Health Care Practitioners by Canadians.
Unconventional medicine in the United States: prevalence, costs and pattern use.
Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: results of a follow-up national survey.
Assessing the quality of randomization from reports of controlled trials published in obstetrics and gynecology journals.
Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials.
Does the quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?
Reported methodological quality and discrepancies between large and smaller randomized trials.
The role of complementary and alternative medicine.
Publication characteristics of randomized controlled trials in pediatric complementary and alternative medicine.
Assessing the quality of reports of systematic reviews in pediatric complementary and alternative medicine.
The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials.
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
Use of the CONSORT statement and quality of reports of randomized trials: A comparative before-and-after evaluation.
The methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of homeopathy, herbal medicines and acupuncture.
MRC uses checklist similar to consorts.
Completeness of safety reporting in randomized trials: an evaluation of 7 medical areas.
Reporting of safety data from randomised trials.
A quality assessment of randomized control trials of primary treatment of breast cancer.
How valuable is effort to contact authors to obtain missing data in systematic reviews.
Completeness of reporting of trials published in languages other than English: implications for the conduct of systematic reviews.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Tuesday, December 4, 2007
Spicy Hot Pot
Today I felt as if we needed some serious veggies for our midday meal! I had been looking at a recipe in Barnard & Kramer's The Garaden of Vegan a while back, and thought that might be a good idea. Unfortunataely, as luck would have it, I didn't have any home made veg stock in the freezer, I had no green beans, no chickpeas, no cashews, and precious little cilantro, etc. etc. What I did have was an appetite. This is my adaptation of their Spicy Vegetable Hot Pot, simplified in method (don't need to fuss around much if you're not sauteeing in oil, after all). The mushrooms were added for nutrition and for added flavour, considering the kind of stock I was reduced to using.
2 cups vegetable stock (I used a low-sodium cube *sigh*)
5 or 6 ounces onion (half a large one), chopped
2 carrots (about 7 or 8 ounces), chopped
2 potatoes (around the same as the carrots in weight), chopped
1 tsp minced garlic
1 Tbsp curry powder (I actually still have some left over from summer!)
1 tsp cumin
1/4 tsp cardamom
1/4 tsp freshly grated nutmeg
1/8 tsp allspice
1 small red thai chili, minced (seeds and all for me - you might want to remove them)
1 Tbsp grated ginger (I used the kind from a jar)
1 cup cauliflower, chopped (from my freezer)
2 cups cooked soybeans (from my freezer)
2-1/2 cups mushrooms, roughly chopped
1 apple, chopped
1 cup frozen green peas
2 Tbsp fresh cilantro, finely chopped
I scrubbed but didn't peel the potatoes, carrots or apple.
Pan went on a medium-high heat with the vegetable stock. Onions went in next, quickly followed by the carrots, potatoes and garlic. Then the spices, chili and ginger and the heat was lowered to a simmer. After around 10 minutes the root vegetables were no longer hard. I added the cauliflower and soybeans (still feeling the chill) and the mushrooms and raised the heat. Another 5 to 8 minutes and they all seemed ready to have the apple, peas and cilantro join them. These took only a couple of minutes or so, because they really only needed to be heated through.
I served a salad to start, as usual (I'll spare you the photo this time!), and accompanied the hot pot with some wholewheat couscous. There's enough left for one enormous meal for two persons (and probably even three meals for two, depending on how much grain is consumed with it).
NOTE: It was very good. I'll do it again, probably tweaking the spices to make it a little 'hotter' and adding a little more of this and that. But bland it was not; it lives up to its name. Also I liked it with the peas - probably better than I would have liked the green beans, and the mushrooms must stay in, for me, regardless of what kind of stock I use. I love soybeans, but I also like chickpeas. I'm not sure what I'd use next time :)
Labels: carrots, Cauliflower, fat free, hot pot, peas, potatoes, vegan, vegetable stew
2 comments:
- VeggieGirl said...
mmm, the spicy-hot-pot looks fabulous!! I like your idea of serving it with couscous and a salad - sounds like a perfect meal!
- Wednesday, December 5, 2007 at 7:40:00 PM EST
- River said...
Hi Veggiegirl,
Sorry to be late in reacting :) but I've been outta town for three days and I figured leave the internet behind for once! (Toronto - had a lovely time!!!).
Yes that hotpot works just fine, truly, and can be used well as leftovers, with added veggies or even a little rice/quinos whatever to make it into a nice thick soup. It also tastes good, adjusting the liquid amount, with a little cornbead or dumplings or whatever on top ;)
Huge hugs and love, Rover ;)
- Saturday, December 8, 2007 at 4:55:00 PM EST
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Wishn' I Hadn't Gotten Lucky
I knew this was coming but couldn't bear to watch. I dropped the camera from my eye to 'ready' position, but my damn finger kept pressing the shutter. Didn't look at the photos until after the ambulance had left and the investigating occifer asked if there were pictures.
You Will Never Walk Alone
Did the police confiscate or borrow your memory card?
Es mejor pescar que ser pescado.
No. I have a very good relationship with them and they knew they only had to ask. I emailed files to them last night after off loading the memory card.
You Will Never Walk Alone
What a picture! i am sure the Guy will treasure this Pic. even if it shows only his back.
I was hit by a Car just like that and i wish i had a pic like this from it… my Bike flew away, myself in other direction etc. i was shocked i did not call the Police and at the end we could no fill up the Accident paper work cos the Car Driver had not the glasses with her…not wonder why she did not see me..
Back to your Pic. i think you got it in the best moment unfortunately from the Back…….i redo would´nt hurt maybe
Brudda', took me seven years and over a million snaps to get that (not that I wanted it). As he spun though, he did turn towards the camera.
You Will Never Walk Alone
My goodness. You were in the right place at the right time and well done for getting the shot. But is the young man ok? By the look of the trajectory of his bag he has been hit pretty hard and is about to have a hard landing. I hope he is OK.
Alistair Owens
How serious were his injuries?
How long did it take for an ambulance to arrive?
Were you able to provide first aid?
I haven't heard the condition of the cyclist. He was comatose for most of the 20 mins. it took for the paramedics to arrive.
You Will Never Walk Alone
If you wish you hadn't gotten lucky, why did you post this picture on DPR? Seems a little disingenuous.
If he survives (hopefully) your pics could be worth some BIG dollars in a suit if filed.
The rider is in stable condition.
You Will Never Walk Alone
Damn. You are correct. If I hadn't posted the photo, this wouldn't have occurred.
You Will Never Walk Alone
When I ride death rides alongside me on my left shoulder, whenever a car passes me I hear it whisper "feel lucky to be a little older."
What were you photographing when this scene unfolded before your eyes? Thanks!
Ernie Misner
Ernie Misner wrote:
What were you photographing when this scene unfolded before your eyes? Thanks!
Ernie, the person you were replying to (Tony) must have been taking pics of Death itself, see for yourself:
Tony Beach wrote:
When I ride death rides alongside me on my left shoulder, whenever a car passes me I hear it whisper "feel lucky to be a little older."
No text.
I hope dude's ok... praying for his fast recovery
PS- great pic, fugly watermark
Thanks! Glad you don't like it. (the watermark)
You Will Never Walk Alone
I'm a cyclist and have been hit by a car but fortunately it wasn't bad, just totaled a $500 wheel. It's really difficult riding around cars, they never want to give you space and some feel that you don't belong on the streets anyway. We have to watch for people opening driver doors, coming out of parking lots, driveways, making turns or just changing lanes. I also ride a motorcycle but when I ride my radar is on high alert all the time.
I hope the guy was eventually ok, it really sucks when you bike to stay in shape and then get hurt while doing it.
"It's easier to build strong children than to repair broken men."
-- Frederick Douglass


text:
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Also visit the company's policies Westbend Mutual. Interest to research these insurance companies also also value loyalty. Gasoline costs many people forget to get more comfortable on your monthly expenditures.
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text:
The second generation Tiguan is the first Volkswagen SUV whose design is based on the MQB platform, which is future orientated in all of its aspects. The body proportions have a sporty look, expresses charisma and the weight is reduced by 50 kilograms compared to the previous model with Euro-5 engines. The design is a masterpiece, creating a perfect harmony between the interior and the exterior. Three equipment lines will be available: Trendline, Comfortline and Highline.
The new model comes in 4,486 mm length, so 60 mm longer, 1,839 mm wide, which is 30 mm more than before and its wheelbase has been lengthened by 77 mm to 2,681 mm. The front features a radiator grille, LED projection headlights that are optional or standard (in "Highline") and a chrome strip that runs across above the headlights. The new bonnet slides toward the windscreen in a V-shape with exact and striking lines. The profile is extremely different. The waistline is higher and also drawn higher is the character line which extends over the entire silhouette of the model. Another striking feature is that the entire area between the horizontal cut and the load sill forms a rectangular, horizontally aligned surface that underscores the width of the car and also gives a distinctive look when viewed from the rear.
The interior features a sporty design with excellent space and a boot volume of up to 1,655 litres. The central elements are the instrument cluster and the infotainment system located high in the centre and is angled toward the driver. Optimally accessible here is the round, intuitively operated multifunction switch of the new 4MOTION Active Control (available either as an option or standard, depending on the engine). A selection of surface textures and distribution of volumes will be available and redesigned seats, optionally with a memory function on the driver and front passenger seats. 3-zone automatic climate control system will be available, a unique technology worldwide that is only used by Volkswagen. The model will also feature one of the largest panoramic tilting sunroofs in the class with integrated ambient lighting. It is equipped with the Composition Touch radio system (5.0-inch monochrome touchscreen) as standard and MIB II that connects the model with today's Apple and Android smartphones via App Connect.
When it comes to safety, the new car comes with: City Emergency Braking, Pedestrian Monitoring, Lane Assist, seven airbags (including a knee airbag on the driver's side), Automatic Post-Collision Braking System, Adaptive Cruise Control and Driver Alert System.
The new Tiguan is available in four petrol engines and four diesel engines.
Book a test-drive
Johnsons Volkswagen holds dealerships within England at Birmingham, Solihull, Sutton Coldfield and Tamworth. Contact us with any questions regarding the Volkswagen Tiguan , and we can arrange a test drive for you.
You can also ask us about our range of special offers on new and Approved Used vehicles, and explore our finance options and specialist car services.


text:
Keystone Collection
Go classic country style with our Keystone Collection's Country Bench. It's a friendly addition to your country home or lodge. Pair with our Country Harvest Dining Table, also available with extensions and self-storage.
This bench is shown in Red Oak wood with Warwick stain, but that's just the beginning. Our Keystone Collection comes with a variety of unique finish packages, including Legacy Distressing, Artisan Distressing, Vintage Distressing, and more. See our Dimensions tab for complete info, and call us with any lingering questions.
© Copyrights 2003 - 2017 DutchCrafters All rights reserved.


text:
Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
If an applicant did their biometrics for their I-751 RoC, will they need to go through biometrics again a year later when filing for N-400? I'm aware that biometrics are valid for 15 months, but what if the applicant and spouse have moved together to another state at the time of N-400 application? Will the biometrics process be required just because they moved? Thank you!
It is the custom and practice of CIS to require separate biometrics for every type of new application.
New biometrics are required from each and every N-400 applicant, for the N-400 process, the same way they were required due in the I-751 application.
Kindly be advised that the answer above is only general in nature cannot be construed as legal advice, given that not enough facts are known. It is your responsibility to retain a lawyer to analyze the facts specific to your particular situation in order to give you specific advice. Specific answers will require cognizance of all pertinent facts about your case. Any answers offered on Avvo are of a general nature only, and are not meant to create an attorney-client relationship.Ask a similar question
Thank you very much for your time.
Biometrics in my opinion will be scheduled again for a separate immigration N400 as being a completely different legal process, since the initial case was not the same as a newly initiated N400 one.
DISCLAIMER The answer given above by the lawyer serves for educational purposes only and provides general information and basic understanding of the applicable law. Take notice that the answer above does not create an attorney-client relationship as this website is not intended to provide anyone a specific legal advice. Anyone using the site expressly consents that there is no attorney client privilege between any person and any attorney responding. Further take notice that the site should not be used as a crude substitute for any professionally competent legal advice by a licensed professional attorney in the applicable jurisdiction. The attorney above attempted to provide a competent professional opinion, however, the law and its applications change frequently and vary greatly from other U.S. jurisdictions and locales. Therefore, any information and opinions expressed are general in nature, and may not apply to specific, factual or legal circumstances related to one's present legal issues. Contact an experienced lawyer admitted to practice in that State under an attorney-client privilege to further receive comprehensive legal assistance before making an educated decision about your particular legal issue. Respectfully, Attorney Alexander Ivakhnenko, Chicago, IllinoisAsk a similar question
Thank you very much for your time.
Yes a person must get printed again when the file for citizenship.
The above is intended only as general information, and does not constitute legal advice. You must speak with an attorney to discuss your individual case.Ask a similar question
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219: Dow 20,000 – Is a Bear Market Coming?
Learn what the challenges are for the stock market going forward. It's a new record; the Dow made history! DJIA is only 30 companies, but been around over 100 years. S & P 65% of all stocks 1966 was the … Continue reading


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Ness - Neuronic (POLEGROUP28CD) MP3
Ness - Neuronic - Unknown Landscapes Vol II Released on Pole Recordings (POLEGROUP28CD) 15 Dec 2014. Credits: Written & Produced By - Ness ...
Neuronic-Heaven(Motiv8 Club Mix) MP3
Label: Interpop Catalog#: LCD IPOP 1 Format: CD, Maxi-Single Country: UK Released: 06 Apr 1996 Genre: Electronic Style: Euro House, Synth-pop.
Black Pus - Neuronic Knife @ Death by Audio MP3
Black Pus performs Neuronic Knife at Death by Audio 6/2/13. Watch in 1080p HD, like, favorite, comment, share, tweet, blog and subscribe for more videos.
Pure Data Neuronic Orchestra MP3
Simple neural network generating random sine waves programmed in Pure Data. Check http://puredata.info/ and http://blog.harvie.cz/ for more. Each neuron is ...
Neuronic Decision MP3
Black Pus - Neuronic Knife @ Basilica Hudson Part 2 MP3
Black Pus performs Neuronic Knife live at The Basilica Hudson 6/9/12 Watch in 720p HD, like, favorite, comment, share, tweet and subscribe for more videos.
BLACK PUS - "Neuronic Knife" @ Soda Bar. San Diego, CA 5/22/13 (Brian Chippendale of Lightning Bolt) MP3
Black Pus (Brian Chippendale of Lightning Bolt) performing "Neuronic Knife". Soda Bar. San Diego, CA. May 22, 2013.
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Neuronic MP3
Neuronic was written, shot and edited in 48 hours during Kino Napoli 2015. Written and directed by Elena Vanni The Woman: Stefania Sarrubba The Pink ...
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Blue Stool #25: Don't Be Neuronic! MP3
The patterns people create for themselves can be beneficial, but they can also cause people to act without intentional awareness. Cinse Bonino, director of the ...
Black Pus - Neuronic Knife @ Death by Audio 5 MP3
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Friday, July 14, 2006
OCP Buys Optical Component Provider
Woodland Hills-based Optical Communications Products, a manufacturer of optical subsystems and modules, said this morning that it has acquired GigaComm, a Taiwanese supplier of passive optical network components, for $20M in cash. GigaComm develops fiber-to-the-home components, supplying components to the Japanese FTTH market. OCP said that the acquisition is part of its strategy to provide a more comprehensive product offering, and to extend the company globally. GigaComm is the leading provider of FTTH components to the Japanese market, and employs roughly 300 employees in Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park in Taiwan.


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Accommodations in Province Of CampobassoSee All
Explore popular vacation packages for Province Of Campobasso, Italy and kick-start your vacation planning for free. This city is located in the close proximity of a major city Naples, Italy. Naples, is a worth visiting city owing to its prime attractions like Piazza Del Plebiscito, Spaccanapoli, Royal Palace Or Palazzo Reale. Popular vacation packages of Province Of Campobasso are of 1-2 days.
Province Of Campobasso is an affair to remember, follow this apt itinerary of the place and return home with a bunch of memories.
Explore the best journey planner for your visit to Province Of Campobasso and create a flawless plan in few simple steps!


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Foundations of Nursing
The fully updated second edition of Foundations of Nursing gives you all the information you need to successfully complete your nursing curriculum. This single volume includes comprehensive, fundamental content in basic nursing, adult health nursing, and maternal and pediatric nursing. Introductory content covers such topics as the health care system, communication, nursing processes, and client teaching. Current topics such as HIPAA, West Nile Virus, SARS, and bioterrorism are also discussed. The adult health nursing section is written following the Nursing Process format. The clinical chapters have been revised to include Nursing Management sections for each disorder, emphasizing the nurse's role in providing competent client care. Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) have been identified in each Nursing Care Plan. A Case Study included in each chapter uses critical thinking questions to assist the user through the nursing process and to develop a customized plan of care for the client in the scenario. The maternal and pediatric section covers topics such as prenatal care, complications of pregnancy, birth, postpartum care, and newborn care. Childrearing is covered from birth through 18 years of age.
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- Not to be confused with the New Mobotropolis Science Center.
The Onyx City Science Center is a scientific facility located in Onyx City in Silver's Future. It thus falls under the administration of the Onyx City Council.
A Source of Fear
The Science Center was the headquarters of the Onyx City Council's plot involving the Genesis Portals, from which they monitored these rifts in reality. Prior to this it had been established as a place to be feared, with Silver the Hedgehog noting that beings with powers like his own had previously been taken there only to vanish. However, upon confirming his theory that Silver had the ability to close the Genesis Portals, Professor Von Schlemmer insisted upon taking him to the Science Center.


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|Separate WC's
|1,800 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 - 7 nights
Our lakeside home sits on a hillside overlooking beautiful Tennanah Lake (largest private lake in the Catskills). We love the quiet serenity of being out in the country, while still only 10 minutes from Roscoe stores and restaurants. We enjoy the house in all 4 seasons, but our favorite season is the summer. Nights are usually cool, with ceiling fans and open windows keeping it quite comfortable. We think you'll love falling asleep with the sounds of water lapping at the dock and waking up to great sunrises. Our spring-fed lake is clear and refreshing - perfect for a summer day swim. Look for the eagles that nest across the lake.
Great fishing - Tennanah lake is stocked with bass, trout and perch. We are also minutes from world class trout fishing streams and several outfitters in Roscoe.
Our home is on a hillside, so the great views come with somewhat steep path down to the water. We have a floating dock and the water gets deep quickly. May not be suitable for families with very young children or those with physical limitations.
I grew up on a lake in the Midwest. I loved all the seasons on the lake. We wanted to recreate this experience for our family and have found it with our lakeside retreat.
Carol Costello purchased this house in 2002
We were seeking a lakeside home within 2 hours of northern NJ. When we first walked out onto the back deck we knew we had found our idyllic lake home.
Our home has spectacular views from the deck outside the 1st floor. We love watching the sunrises and sunsets from our lakeside rooms and 2 decks. My favorite time of day is the golden hour before twilight, when the hillside lights up with gold and rose. Can't beat relaxing with a glass of wine on the deck before dinner.
Tennanah lake is a private lake community with no public access, so it is quiet, even on busy weekends.
Tennanah Lake has always held a special place in my heart. My grandmother's family owned several properties in Tennanah Lake from the 1920's until the early 1980's. I spent all of my childhood summers there and have many wonderful memories.
My husband and I both wanted to get away from all the hustle and bustle of our busy lives on Long Island and decided to find a nice, quiet lake setting for our vacation. I figured I'd give Tennanah Lake a try, and as soon as I saw Carol's house on VRBO, I knew it was the place for us!
As soon as we arrived we knew the lake house was everything we'd hoped for and more! The lake vista is beautiful!!! We used the kayaks every day and the fire pit every night. The house itself was lovely. The rooms were even more spacious than they appeared on the website. The kitchen was super organized and literally had everything you could possibly need. The garage was clean and well stocked with floats, life vests, and paddles. It had a garbage and recycling area and a neat laundry section too. It really was perfect for our needs.
We really enjoyed our week long stay. We would love to book the house again!
The homeowners were terrific. Carol was quick to respond to any questions we had and she and John have done an incredible job making sure their home will feel like your home while you are there! Their roomy lakeside home with great views is a wonderful place to spend a vacation!
My friend and I needed a few days to unwind and enjoy some nature. This was the perfect fit for us.
Carol was absolutely wonderful to work with, squeezing us in at the last minute. They have outfitted the house with everything you need( linens, kitchen accessories, outdoor activities, etc..) . The house was very clean upon arrival. The layout of the house is great, open bright living space and very spacious bedrooms. I began my day with yoga on the dock, as the sun rose over the lake. Mornings were also the perfect time for time in the kayaks and walks around the lake. Our afternoons we relaxed, painted, and read, as we sat on both the lower and upper decks. It was so nice to have such a great option. Evenings we sat by the fire as the moon glistened over the lake. We were fortunate that we had perfect weather. We were also thrilled that we had a gorgeous eagle gliding by and landing close by on 2 of the days. This is a wonderful home if you want to leave all the noise behind and relax in beautiful nature! Thank you very much for sharing your special home with us!
Great place to spend a week enjoying the lake, swimming, boating or just relaxing on the deck with a good book. We spent a week here with friends as there is plenty of space, room for kids and parents to enjoy various activities. The property includes a deck for dining with a fire pit for toasting marshmallows in the evening. You can swim off the dock and enjoy the water which was delightful during the hot weather this summer. We often had breakfast on the deck off the kitchen taking in the beautiful view of the lake. The lower deck on the water is perfect for enjoying cocktails and having dinner. The deck has a table, benches and several lounge chairs for relaxing. We also took walks around the lake and one of our more ambitious friends jogged around it daily.
The property is clean and well-maintained. The owner, Carol, is extremely helpful. We had a number of questions about the area and she went above and beyond to answer them all and provided even more detailed information about the area. While we were there we visited a fish hatchery nearby and brought home rainbow trout for dinner. We grilled them that evening and they were delicious! Fly fishing is popular in the area and we passed several people fly fishing on our drive through the country. We drove through nearby Livingston Manor and Beaver Kill taking in the views of the river and surrounding countryside. It's a lovely area although we were perfectly content to spend the rest of the week relaxing at the house which we did!
My husband and I had a lovely stay at this rental. The house was clean, simply decorated, and true to the description posted. The best part, though, was the lake. It's beautiful and we enjoyed both swimming and kayaking. Sitting outside in the evening, watching the sunset's reflection on the lake was the perfect way to end the day.
Our one week stay at this lake house was truly 'home away' for my family of six. A clean, well furnished, and spacious home in a beautiful setting made it easy to rejuvenate. We read, swam, kayaked, stargazed, golfed, listened to music, caught walleye, enjoyed cozy bonfires, and cooked family style meals. Local people were very friendly when we visited the Roscoe Bistro, Rockland House, Roscoe Brewery, Prohibition Distillery, and Tennanah Lake Golf & Tennis Club. We have marked this as a favorite place to stay while in the Trout Town, USA area!
Let me start off with the owners Carol and John to say they were very gracious hosts! Accommodating, responsive and a pleasure to work with.
If you are looking for a quiet get away that is lakeside and has all the basic amenities where the key objective is to sit lakeside or above the lake with your nose in a book this is the place. The lake itself is pristine and loaded with both large and small mouth bass amongst other northern species. Having a canoe and kayak to use was a super plus as well.
The house is open and clean as you can see in the pictures and all the basics are covered.
Roscoe and the surrounding area is quite. There are a few restaurants in town and a some things to do in the area but don't expect this to be a shore town where options are abound. Nonetheless, this was exactly the down time we were seeking.
Great wilderness reserves in the area to hike and explore and water is abundant in the form of not only the lake at the house but rivers, streams and mountain ponds to trek to.
Thanks for a great week and an opportunity to see a part of NY State I never have!
Bethel Arts Center (original site of Woodstock) is 30 minutes away. Catskills offer great fly fishing, hiking, biking and antiquing. Several historic Covered Bridges within 30 minute drive.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
Summer 2017 Rates
1 Jul 2017 - 28 Jul 2017
Changeover Day: Saturday
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
August Peak 2017
29 Jul 2017 - 26 Aug 2017
Changeover Day: Saturday
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
Late Summer
27 Aug 2017 - 28 Sep 2017
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
|Refundable Damage Deposit
Minimum age to rent is 25 yrs old. Rental Rates subject to change until confirmed via rental agreement. All renters will need to complete a rental agreement and post a damage deposit. Deposit will be refunded after check out inspection.


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text: Fendi RTW Spring 2011 The collection was full of easy daywear, most channeling a languid, Seventies mood, made with extraordinary craftsmanship. IsSixWeeksAfterFashionWeek = false WWD Staff Share This Article Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Email Print Talk Galleries Beauty Collection roadblock = false You're missing something! SUBSCRIBE NOW Collections Fashion Season Types Fashion Season Years Fashion Show Cities Fashion Show Topics Fashion Shows regions Share This Article Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Email Print Talk load comments blog comments powered by Disqus


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If you are part of a legal case involving debt collection, you may want to hire a debt collection attorney. A lawyer with experience in debt collection can help fight for your rights as a consumer, defending you against a debt collector or creditor. Conversely, if you have successfully sued someone but still haven't been paid, a debt collection lawyer can help you recover money you are owed. Many laws detail consumer protection laws as well as debt collection regulations, requirements, and procedures, and a debt collection attorney can help determine which legal strategies will be most effective in your case. In some cases, debt collection attorneys work for a percentage of the amount owed and only receive payment when you collect your money.


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|International Studies Frequently Asked Questions
International Studies Program FAQs -
Who is eligible to participate in an international studies program?
Participants must be at least 18 years or older and have a valid US passport or the ability to obtain one prior to booking of travel. Participants under age 18 may participate in the program if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian also participating in the program.
Study abroad programs are open to both students and community members, however some programs do require concurrent enrollment in specific classes. For example, a program studying in Spain may require enrollment in a Spanish class. Other programs have no class-specific enrollment requirement. See specific program brochure for requirements.
How much does an international studies experience cost?
The costs associated with an international studies program do vary by country and duration of program. CAC works closely with host country programs to keep expenses at a minimum. Students are responsible for program fee, airfare, and incidental expenses. See specific program brochure for a break-down of fees.
It is important to know that all program fees must be paid prior to start of program.
Financial aid may be used toward program fees and some scholarships are available for international study programs.
Can I use financial aid?
Generally, yes, financial aid, such as Pell grants, can be used to offset program costs.
Students participating in a study abroad or exchange program are eligible to receive Title IV, HEA program assistance to pay for tuition charges, study abroad program fees, and living expenses whil on study abroad/exchange if:
- The student remains enrolled as a regular student in an eligible program at an eligible instituion during his or her program of study abroad; and
- The eligible instituion approves the program of study abroad for academic credit. The study abroad program need not be required as part of the student's eligible degree program; and
- The educational institution enters into a written arrangement with a foreign institution, or an organization acting on behalf of a foreign institution, under which the foreign institution provides part of the educational program of students enrolled in the eligible institution.
Students qualifying for work-study cannot utilize that award during their time abroad.
Undergraduate students who wish to include the cost of airfare or other extraordinary expenses in the cost of attendance budgeted for loan application purposes may do so via direct appeal to the CAC Financial Aid Office.
Students who anticipate receiving a refund should make arrangements for electronic deposit of said refund while abroad.
Questions on financial aid can be directed to CAC Financial Aid at email@example.com.
Are scholarships available?
Many institutions offer scholarships for international studies programs. Please note that many require applications far in advance, so if you think you many want to participate in a study abroad program in the future, apply early and to as many scholarships as you can.
Some scholarship resources:
Gilman Scholarship Program: http://www.iie.org/Programs/Gilman-Scholarship-Program
How long does each program last?
Program durations do vary, but most are between 9-12 days in the host country. Occasionally, a program with a longer duration may become available, such as a full semester exchange.
Do I need travel/health insurance?
Yes. To ensure the safety of our students and staff, Central Arizona College does require all participants in study abroad programs to purchase short-term insurance. Many programs (including those to Mexico and Ireland) will require participants to enroll with iNext (www.iNext.com). This low cost insurance is less than $30 for a 2 week program for participants under 60 years old. CAC will provide assistance with enrollment and iNext will assist with any in-country emergency situations.
Do I need any vaccinations to travel abroad?
For many countries, especially in North America and Europe, no special vaccinations are required to travel. For some programs, like our semester exchange in China, the host university will supply necessary vaccinations.
We highly recommend visiting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website which has a great tool for all travelers: wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel
Will I travel alone or with other students?
In most cases, CAC works with a travel agency to arrange flights so that all students and faculty arrive in the host country on the same day and within a certain time window. Other programs require students to arrange flights independently and meet up with the rest of the group in the host country. The International Program staff at CAC will assist in arranging travel, but students are responsible for payment of airfare.


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St. Paddy's Addition
Make the leap from counting to addition with this fun picture addition activity. Your little leprechaun will get into the St. Paddy's Day spirit as he practices adding one digit numbers. Have him write out the full equations as an extra challenge.
Click to find similar content by grade, subject, or standard.


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Head Coach: Marty Hill (42nd year, 617-327 career record).
2015-16 Record: 7-16 (5-11 NAC).
Coaching Staff: Head coach Marty Hill, assistant coach Greg Cowan, assistant coach Don Ridenbaugh.
Returning Lettermen (2): Eric Park, Phillip Maiorca.
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A Rock and a Hard Place (Star Trek: The Next Generation, No. 10)
Under the best circumstances, terraforming is a tough, dangerous task that pits the hardiest of pioneers against an unforgiving environment. When the terraformers on the planet Paradise fall behind schedule, commander Riker is given temporary leave from the U.S.S. Enterprise and sent to assist.
Riker's replacement on the Starship Enterprise is a volatile officer named Stone whose behavior soon raises questions about his ability and his judgment. Meanwhile, Commander Riker has become enmeshed in a life and struggle with Paradise's brutal landscape. However, he soon learns that not all of the planet's dangers are natural in origin -- as he comes face to face with Paradise's greatest danger and most hideous secret.
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Judaism Quiz Premium
by: SpiritualBeingsTech.com • 0
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by: SpiritualBeingsTech.com • 0
A Judaism quiz for all interested in the religion of the Jews. The questions start at a very basic level and gradually become more difficult. Lots of information about Judaism.
Each quiz will take anywhere from 10 seconds to possibly 10 minutes.
The quiz makes you find the right answer to continue. Every time you get it wrong your percentage decreases. Each quiz has 21 random questions taken from a far larger set. You can stop at any time by hitting the red button.
Its fun, enjoyable and you might just learn something. Great for a Bar/Bat Mitzvah, Israelis/Jews learning English or any Jew or non-Jew who just wants a little bit of cultural variety.
Trivia questions with answers. yes that's right trivia questions answers or even
trivia questions and answers!
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Lived in quite a few places, but I currently call Dallas my home. I enjoy working out, running, good food, wine, and company. Nothing excites me more than travelling and discovering new places. One of the few things in life that rekindles my childish joy of trying something for the first time is travel. I also love cooking (especially for others). Very eclectic taste in film and music. Quite an old soul; a glance at my record collection is a big giveaway.
The Shawshank Redemption, Amadeus, Weekend, Lost In Translation, Todo Sobre Mi Madre, Undertow, Forrest Gump, 12 Monkeys, Gattaca, Kill Bill, Amelie, A Single Man, My Fair Lady, Y Tu Mamá También (To name a few).
The Simpsons, 30 Rock, Parks and Recreation, Veep, Arrested Development, Archer, Downton Abbey, Angels In America.
(Quite eclectic) Sade, Sigur Ros, Bjork, The XX, Chet Baker, Chet Faker, Astrud Gilberto, Loreena McKennitt, Sarah Vaughan, Pink Martini, Kylie Minogue, Robyn, Mazzy Star, Fleet Foxes, Bon Iver, Daughter, Diana Krall, Cranberries, Brian Eno, as well as film scores, mellow jazz, vocal jazz, and classical (Baroque).
Not the pickiest eater, but I really enjoy New American food joints.


text: Absolutely BRILLIANT debut EP by this new all-lady band from London. Word is that this band originally formed out of a project called First Timers, which brings together people who have never played music before (or maybe are playing new instruments? Not sure what the actual rules are...) to create exciting new sounds. When I listen to these four tracks I can't help but think of the mighty Delta 5 as the singer has quite a similar voice, but if you want a more contemporary reference these gals have a similarly awesome combination of fuck you punk spirit and complete joy de vivre as Good Throb. I can see fans of the classic power-pop stylings of bands like the #1s also being into this, but the music is a lot simpler and more direct, with just a smidge of post-punk-iness. I just can't say enough good things about this record... it's one of things that just gives me a huge smile every time I put it on. Highly recommended.


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John Deere Machine Sync allows coverage map sharing and guidance line sharing to improve planting, seeding, spraying and nutrient application. This increases efficiency in the field, because two machines can work simultaneously with each operator having immediate access to coverage maps and guidance lines to ensure complete field coverage.
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Your local John Deere dealer is the best resource for support of your John Deere equipment.
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