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State of Management of South Africa's Marine Protected Areas
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1 State of Management of South Africa's Marine Protected Areas WWF South Africa Report Series /Marine/001 Prepared by Karen Tunley (2009) Peter Chadwick and Sindiswa Nobula (Editors)
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This report was made possible by the input and support of the following MPA managers and staff, business unit managers and regional managers, scientists and independent researchers, Marine and Coastal Management and WWF-SA. MCM Alan Boyd, Risha Persad, Dennis Mostert, Ashley Johnson and Melanie Cope SANParks Ane Oosthuizen, Kyle Smith, Nick Hannekom, Pierre Nel, Paul Sieben, Owen Govender, Rob Milne and Anban Padayache Cape Nature Rhett Hiseman, Terrence Coller, Ben Swanepoel, Jean du Plessis, Keith Spencer and Henk Niewoud EC Parks Zwai Kostuali, Jan Venter, Ntokozo Cele and Vuyani Mapiya EKZN Wildlife George Nair, Jennifer Olbers, Sam Ndlovu, Paul Buchel, Terrence Shozi, Anton James, Johan Gerber, Leonard Zulu and July Mgubane isimangaliso Wetland Park Authority Peter Hartley, Bronwyn James and Nerosha Govender City of Cape Town Darryl Colenbrander Peter Chadwick (WWF-SA), Colin Attwood (UCT), Paul Cowley (Rhodes University), Bruce Mann (ORI), Malcolm Smale (Bayworld), Peter Fielding (Fieldwork), Lawrence Sisitka, Maria Hauck (EEU), Serge Raemaekers (EEU) Citation: Tunley K State of Management of South Africa s Marine Protected Areas. WWF South Africa Report Series 2009/Marine/001. Front cover photos: Boat by P. Chadwick; Dolphins by T. Peschack; Black Oystercatcher by P. Chadwick; Field Ranger by K. Tunley.
3 State of Management of South Africa s Marine Protected Areas WWF South Africa Report Series 2009/Marine/001 This project was funded by the World Wide Fund for Nature (South Africa), the Department of Environmental Affairs (former Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism): Marine and Coastal Management and the Tony and Lisette Lewis Foundation. Compiled by: Karen Tunley 1 1 Independent, 122B Belvedere Road Claremont Cape Town Edited by: Peter Chadwick 2 and Sindiswa Nobula 2 2 WWF Sanlam Living Waters Partnership, WWF South Africa, Private Bag X2, Die Boord, 7613, South Africa OCTOBER 2009
5 Executive Summary In 2003 an assessment of the state of MPA management was undertaken by Lemm and Attwood and in which certain risks and weaknesses in the management of MPA s in South Africa were highlighted. This then guided management interventions over the five year period up until A repeat assessment was conducted during 2009 to report on and acknowledge the progress made through the actions of national and provincial agencies, involved in MPA management, and the NGOs supporting MPA management, and to reprioritise the actions of agencies and NGOs for the near future. Managers from each of the Government Gazetted 22 MPAs were interviewed and representatives of each of the seven management authorities completed questionnaires. Discussions were held with biologists and social scientists involved in various MPAs to supplement the information. Each MPA was visited and discussions were held with MPA staff in order to gain a broader perspective of the issues faced. A scoring system was designed and used to assess and summarize the information. The co-ordination and formalization of MPA management has improved substantially through the development of agreements between MCM and conservation authorities for the management of 21 of the 22 Government Gazetted MPAs. The implementation of legislation requiring that MPAs situated adjacent to terrestrial protected areas must be managed by the management authority for the protected area in an integrated manner has also greatly improved the situation. The deficiencies regarding the management of non-consumptive activities highlighted in the 2003 assessment persist. There has been progress with regard to the formulation of MPA management plans; however in several cases, it was indicated that few aspects of the management plans were useful to managers and that the plans needed to be updated. Furthermore, the involvement of stakeholders during the management planning processes for the majority of the MPAs had not been sufficient and the information available to planners was partially adequate. The management capacity of the MPA management teams has been improved through the allocation of dedicated funds, the improvement of the staff s understanding of MPA management and legislation, and the supply of equipment for management functions. However a lack of staff with skills and experience in the marine environment limited the enforcement and monitoring capacity of 11 of the 15 MPA management teams. Summary of recommendations to address some of the challenges for MPA management include: The broadening of the objectives for the MPA network in the legislation and the listing of specific objectives for MPAs in the regulations. Exchange and mentorship programmes for staff to assist with skills development. The development of a comprehensive national monitoring programme to evaluate management effectiveness and facilitate adaptive management. The development of adult environmental education programmes specific to MPAs and customized for different user groups. The initiation of processes to increase knowledge regarding resource use amongst stakeholders, to build the capacity of communities and to engage with all local stakeholders meaningfully in matters regarding the design, planning and management of MPAs. Pg i
6 Table of contents Executive Summary i Table of contents ii List of figures and tables vi List of acronyms vii CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: A TAILOR-MADE TOOL The international context Definition and purpose of MPAs MPA Management CONTEXTUALISING MPAS IN SOUTH AFRICA The need for MPAs South Africa s MPA network The evolution of MPA Management OBJECTIVES 12 CHAPTER 2. METHODS DATA COLLECTION Desktop Study Questionnaire Site Visits Other discussions and interviews DATA ANALYSIS Legal and institutional frameworks MPA design MPA Plan and Planning processes Management system REPORT STRUCTURE 18 CHAPTER 3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS Legally binding conventions Non-binding programmes and initiatives NATIONAL LEGISLATION Constitution National Environmental Management Act Marine Living Resources Act National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 24 Pg ii
7 3.2.5 World Heritage Convention Act National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act Action plans and programmes Conclusion 26 CHAPTER 4. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK NATIONAL Department of Environmental Affairs : Marine and Coastal Management South African National Parks PROVINCIAL CapeNature Eastern Cape Parks Board Ezemvelo Kwazulu-Natal Wildlife MUNICIPAL City of Cape Town ISIMANAGLISO WETLAND PARK AUTHORITY MPA MANAGEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEM 43 CHAPTER 5. SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL PARKS SANPARKS OVERVIEW WEST COAST NATIONAL PARK MPAs Context Legal framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system TABLE MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK MPA Context Legal framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system TSITSIKAMMA NATIONAL PARK MPA Context Legal framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system BIRD ISLAND MPA Context Legal framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system 68 Pg iii
8 CHAPTER 6. CAPENATURE CAPENATURE OVERVIEW BETTY S BAY MPA Context Legal framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system DE HOOP MPA Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system STILBAAI MPA Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system GOUKAMMA MPA Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system ROBBERG MPA Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system 98 CHAPTER 7. EASTERN CAPE PARKS EASTERN CAPE PARKS BOARD OVERVIEW DWESA-CWEBE MPA Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system HLULEKA MPA Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system PONDOLAND MPA 113 Pg iv
9 7.4.1 Context Legal framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system 116 CHAPTER 8. KWAZULU-NATAL KWAZULU-NATAL OVERVIEW TRAFALGAR MPA Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system ALIWAL SHOAL MPA Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA Management Plan Management system ISIMANGALISO WETLAND PARK MPAS Context Legal and organisational framework MPA design MPA management plan Management system 134 CHAPTER 9. DISCUSSION LEGAL FRAMEWORK INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK MPA DESIGN MPA PLANS AND PLANNING PROCESSES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Input Processes CONCLUSION 149 References 150 Guides used for Questionnaire and Scoring System 152 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Questions addressed to managers Questions addressed to authorities Scoring System People consulted Marine Protected Area List Pg v
10 List of figures and tables Figure 1.1: Map of South Africa s MPA Network (DEAT) 9 Figure 3.1 (a) Beacon near Schoenmakerskop, (b) ski-boat club in Sardinia Bay 29 Figure 3.2: Pondoland MPA offshore restricted zone and inshore restricted zones shown in red. (Taken and adapted from Pondoland Management Plan 2006) 31 Figure 3.3: Indicators of the adequacy of relations between MCM and SANParks 35 Figure 3.4: Indicators of the adequacy of relations within SANParks 36 Figure 3.5: Indicators of the adequacy of relations between MCM and CapeNature 38 Figure 3.6: Indicators of the adequacy of relations within CapeNature 39 Figure 5.1: Signboard at Main Beach Langebaan indicating beach user zonation. 50 Figure 5.2: MPA sign boards in Table Mountain National Park MPA 57 Figure 6.1: Vywers in Stilbaai MPA 85 Figure 6.2: Boundary demarcation at Stilbaai MPA 89 Figure 7.1: Education centre in Hluleka Nature Reserve 110 Figure 7.2: Remains of vandalised MPA signs at Hluleka Nature Reserve 111 Figure 8.1: Aliwal Shoal MPA sign at the entrance to the Ethekwini launch site in Umkomaas 129 Table 1.1: IUCN protected area categories (IUCN, 1994) 4 Table 2.1: International Conventions and the commitments of Relevance to MPAs 20 Table 2.2: Non-binding international programmes and initiatives 21 Table 3.1: MPAs part of or adjacent to national parks 33 Table 5.1: Overview of SANParks management of MPAs 47 Table 6.1: Overview of CapeNature management of MPAs 73 Table 7.1: Overview of ECPB management of MPAs 103 Table 8.1: Overview of management of MPAs in KwaZulu-Natal 121 Divider photos: Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Appendices: Snapper school, T. Peschack Nudibranch, K. Tunley Starfish and urchin, P. Chadwick Cape Infanta, P. Chadwick Tsitsikamma coastline, P. Chadwick African Penguins, P. Chadwick Mkambati, K. Tunley Whale shark, T. Peschack Nautilis shell on beach, P. Chadwick Albatross, T. Peschack Pg vi
11 List of acronyms CBD Convention on Biological Diversity DEA Department of Environmental Affairs ECPB Eastern Cape Parks Board EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone as defined by UNCLOS EKZNW Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife EPV Enforcement Patrol Vessel FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FCO Fisheries Control Officer GN Government Notice IMP Integrated Management Plan MCM Marine and Coastal Management branch of DEA MLRA Marine Living Resources Act 18 of 1998 MLRF Marine Living Resources Fund MPA Marine Protected Area NBF National Biodiversity Framework NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NEMA National Environmental Management Act NEM:BA National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act NEM:ICMA National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act NEM:PAA National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act NPAES National Protected Area Expansion Strategy NSBA National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment SANParks South African National Parks UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea WHCA World Heritage Convention Act WHS World Heritage Site WWF World Wide Fund for Nature (South Africa) Pg vii
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15 CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1.1 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: A TAILOR-MADE TOOL The international context The health and integrity of much of the world s ocean and coastal environments has been degraded, and remains threatened by human activities such as, fishing, pollution, coastal development, boating, unregulated tourism and mining. Given the rapidly expanding human population and the increasing demands placed on the marine environment and its resources, mankind is now faced with a formidable challenge to restore and conserve marine ecosystems while meeting the needs of current generations. The implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is a management strategy that has been employed worldwide, not only to address many of the threats to marine and coastal ecosystems, but also to meet a wide range of human needs, such as; education, fisheries management, recreation, income generation and research (Hockey & Branch 1997 and Attwood et al. 2000). Fisheries managers are increasingly considering a more integrated, ecosystem-based management approach that incorporates the use of MPAs (Martin et al 2006). Reports have indicated that the spawning stock size, animal body size, and the reproductive output of several exploited species has been restored and enhanced in MPAs (Jameson et al 2002). In addition it has been suggested that MPAs potentially benefit fisheries through the spillover of fish into adjacent catch areas (Gell & Roberts 2003). The importance of MPAs as a tool to complement the existing fisheries management regimes, whilst fulfilling broader conservation goals, is thus expected to increase as a greater proportion of the world s fish stocks are exploited (Agardy 1994, Clark 1996 and Hockey and Branch 1997). Several binding and non-binding international environmental instruments advocate the implementation of MPAs as a tool for marine conservation and fisheries management. In 1995 the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) expressed a global consensus, known as the Jakarta Mandate, on the importance of marine and coastal biological diversity. The work programme on marine and coastal biodiversity, which resulted from this ministerial statement, is aimed at establishing and maintaining a global network of MPAs that are effectively managed, ecologically based, and that include a range of levels of protection. In addition, a number of international and regional fisheries management instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) support the use of MPAs as a key conservation and fisheries management tool (Sunde and Isaacs 2008). An ambitious target was adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, hosted by South Africa in 2002, to establish a representative Pg 2
16 network of MPAs by This target was reflected in the CBD s work programme on marine and coastal biodiversity Definition and purpose of MPAs In order to get an accurate measure on the achievement of international obligations and programmes, it is essential to establish a common understanding for what is meant by the term MPA and what primary purpose MPAs serve. The most widely accepted definition for MPAs, given by the IUCN, is: any area of inter-tidal or sub-tidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical, or cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment. (IUCN, Resolution 17.38). There are key elements in this definition that several authors have incorporated in their own analogous definitions for MPAs. These elements are: MPAs are designated marine areas that can include subtidal and intertidal areas MPAs have some form of protection and most often this is legally established, but it can be established through customs and traditions MPAs are important not only for the protection of natural features but also cultural features and traditional uses or cultural practices The protection provided by a MPA should cover the seabed and the water column An MPA does not necessarily have the same level of protection throughout The IUCN redefined the term protected area in 2007 as: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. This definition supersedes the 1999 definition of MPA and consequently a marine area needs to fall within the IUCN definition for the protected area to be considered as a MPA (UNEP- WCMC 2008). This new definition clearly depicts that protected areas must be conservationfocused and precludes sites with the primary purpose of resource extraction. However it does not prohibit additional purposes for protected areas such as research, education, fisheries management and the improvement of livelihoods providing that they are consistent with conservation (IUCN-WCMC 2008). The term MPA has been applied widely to marine sites that meet the IUCN definition for protected areas regardless of differences in the additional purposes, design, management approach and the gazetted name (IUCN-WCMC 2008). Some authors have broadened the definition of MPAs so to emphasise that variation in purpose, design and management approach, is a characteristic of the term MPA. Martin et al (2006) described the MPA as a Pg 3
17 tool which encompasses a whole range of management options and presented a number of characteristics of MPAs based on several case studies. These included: The management of MPAs should be adaptive and the degree of flexibility of the MPA should be defined at the outset MPAs are successful at different scales (large marine ecosystem scale to very small no-take areas aimed at protecting representative areas of habitat and the associated species) Ballantine and Langlois (2008) described MPAs, as: user-orientated, knowledge-based, locality-dependent, problem-solving extensions of standard marine planning and management that aim to make human activities more efficient and more sustainable. This description expands on the perception of MPAs as a tool with a range of management options as it emphasises that the design, planning and management approaches applied to a MPA should be tailor made to that area based on the circumstances in the area. The work on developing typologies for protected areas and MPAs highlights an international consensus that protected areas, with the primary objective of conservation, may use different management objectives in order to achieve this end. The IUCN described six categories for protected areas based on a range of management objectives (refer to Table 1.1). This typology was designed to promote international understanding and international standards, and to provide a tool to develop a representative network of protected areas, and a framework for data collection. The IUCN further developed this typology in their application of the seven IUCN protected area categories to MPAs (UNEP-WCMC 2008). Table 1.1: IUCN protected area categories (IUCN, 1994) Category I A Category I B Category II Category III Category IV Category V Category VI Protected area managed mainly for science (Strict Nature Reserve); Protected area managed mainly for wilderness protection (Wilderness Area); Protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation (National Park); Protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features (Natural Monument); Protected area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention (Habitat/Species Management Area); Protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation (Protected Landscape/Seascape); Protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems (Managed Resource Protected Area). Furthermore, both the IUCN and the CBD recommend that protected area systems incorporate a range of types of management areas. No-take areas, multiple-use MPAs, community managed areas, World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves, Ramsar Sites, fishery management areas, seasonal and temporal management areas, whale sanctuaries and mangrove forest reserves have all been listed as management areas that are likely to be common elements in systems of MPAs (UNEP-WCMC 2008). Pg 4
18 Given the range of objectives that MPAs can accomplish and the resultant variation in management approaches, it is essential to clearly define and customise the objectives for individual MPAs. Customising the objectives and management approach of a MPA requires the consideration of ecological, cultural and socio-economic factors in the area in which the MPA is established. These factors often have conflicting objectives and as a result their integration in MPA planning and management requires a series of trade offs. However it must be recognised from the outset that the MPA is a tool used primarily for conservation, and that this tool must be customised based on the demands and circumstances in the area. For the purpose of this report MPA refers to those declared under section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act 18 of 1998 (MLRA). No definition has been provided in the MLRA for MPA and it is assumed that the international understanding of the term applies in the South African context MPA Management If not effectively managed, MPAs could lead to the harbouring of a false sense of security with regard to marine conservation. In recognition of this fact international instruments promote the effective management of MPAs. Several authors have described and recommended key elements that enable effective MPA management (Kelleher 1999, IUCN 1994, Young 2006, Pomeroy et al. 2006). These elements can be categorised as: effective legal and institutional frameworks, suitable MPA design, comprehensive management planning, and efficient and well-supported management systems. In addition several authors have recognised that the success of MPAs is predominantly dependant on social factors (Jameson et al. 2002, Christie et al. 2003, Pomeroy et al. 2006, Charles & Wilson 2009). It is crucial that the importance of social factors for enabling effective management and ultimately marine biodiversity conservation, is recognised in all of these categories. i. Legal and institutional frameworks Legislation is essentially a tool that can enable action, eliminate obstacles, or clarify rights and interests (Young 2006). The approach taken by countries in drafting legislation for MPAs will vary based on differences in culture, tradition and legal practices. Broad key principles pertaining to the content of effective MPA legislation were identified and described by Young (2006). These include provisions for the selection and authorisation of institutions; specific duties, restrictions and controls; and detailed processes for: identifying and declaring MPAs, decommissioning MPAs, applications for concessions and licenses, and ensuring appropriate public involvement in relevant decisions. Pg 5
19 ii. Appropriate MPA Design The effectiveness of a MPA in the achievement of conservation objectives will be limited by the design of the MPA (Kelleher 1999, Jameson et al and IUCN 1994). Aspects that should be considered when allocating a site as an MPA include; size and shape, location, boundary position, zoning, ecological representation, connectivity with other MPAs, external and adjacent threats, and access (Jameson et al and IUCN 1994). iii. Comprehensive management planning Management plans guide the development and management of a MPA and need to be customised to each MPA based on ecological processes, availability of funding, economic and social factors and international designations (Salm et al. 2000). All those involved in implementing the plan, as well as stakeholders, need to participate in the planning process so to ensure that the plan can be implemented (Salm et al and IUCN 1994). Several guidelines for MPA management recommend the content and structure for management plans, and advise that they use an objective-orientated, pro-active approach so to facilitate an outcomes-based evaluation of progress and enable adaptive management (Kelleher 1999, IUCN 1994, Salm et al. 2000, Pomeroy et al. 2004). iv. An effective and well supported management system The successful implementation of management plans is also dependent on the capacity of the management authorities (Jameson et al. 2002). The key components to an effective management system include: combination of professional and technical staff with skills in key programme areas; partnerships with institutions and volunteers; financial planning and management; sufficient infrastructure; equipment acquisition and maintenance; communication and information sharing within and between authorities; compliance and enforcement procedures; monitoring and evaluation systems for management effectiveness; research programmes; education and awareness programmes; processes for stakeholder engagement and participation Pg 6
20 1.2 CONTEXTUALISING MPAS IN SOUTH AFRICA The need for MPAs South Africa has a rich diversity of marine and coastal resources. This diversity can be attributed to contrasting oceanographic conditions along the east and west coasts. The cold Benguela current and the occurrence of large-scale upwelling influence the west coast, while the east coast is influenced by the warm Agulhas current and characterised by a virtual absence of upwelling (Lombard et al. 2004). These contrasting conditions have led to a gradient of productivity around South Africa which in turn has resulted in large-scale variations in community composition and biomass (Lombard et al. 2004). There is a rich history of social and cultural interactions and traditions on the shoreline of South Africa. Important social and economic opportunities have been provided to the South African population through the use of the marine environment and its associated natural resources for food, commercial gain, recreation and transport (Attwood et al and Atkinson & Clark 2005). The opportunities for employment, tourism and recreation, provided by the marine and coastal environment and its resources, have contributed considerably to the South African economy (DEAT 2006a). The value of the coast to South Africa was recognised in the White Paper on Sustainable Coastal Development. It was estimated in 2000 that the value of the direct benefits accrued from all goods and services provided by the coast was approximately R168 billion annually, which was equivalent to 35% of South Africa s Gross Domestic Product. In addition indirect benefits were estimated to contribute a further R134 billion. The South African population has thus come to rely heavily on the country s marine and coastal environment. The pressure placed on South Africa s marine resources continues to intensify as the needs of an ever-growing human population increase and threats to the marine environment escalate. South Africa s marine environments and their associated resources have shown signs of over-exploitation and degradation (Attwood et al. 2000) and the expert opinion is that threats to the marine environment will continue to increase in the next ten years (Lombard et al. 2004). The over-exploitation of marine living resources is considered the primary threat to South Africa s marine biodiversity (Attwood et al and Lombard et al. 2004). It is the combination of commercial exploitation, recreational exploitation, small scale commercial and subsistence fisheries, illegal harvesting and trade in marine species for ornamental, medicinal or construction purposes, that contributes to over-exploitation on a national scale (Lombard et al. 2004). There has been no comprehensive assessment of the status of marine species but evidence has shown that they have been heavily impacted by extraction (DEAT 2009). Some 22 fishery species were identified as threatened (Lombard et al. 2004) and in 2000, the South African linefishery was declared in a state of emergency due to the collapse of stocks of 10 line fish species (DEAT 2009). There has been no evidence to suggest that these stocks Pg 7
21 have recovered since and, on the contrary, it is now believed that the inshore species are further threatened by increases in subsistence fishing (DEAT 2009). Pollution has been ranked as the second largest threat to marine biodiversity (Lombard et al. 2004). Several sources of pollution have been identified: oil pollution, shipping, pipelines, outfalls, dredge disposal, nuclear waste disposal, plastic pollution and discarded fishing tackle (Lombard et al. 2004). Other threats to South Africa s marine environment and biodiversity include; mining, coastal development, climate change, poor catchment management, non-consumptive recreational uses (diving-based ecotourism, boat based ecotourism and visits to seabird colonies), alien invasive species and open-system mariculture (Lombard et al. 2004). A large-scale biogeographic analysis revealed that cumulatively threats were greatest closer to the shore, as it is most accessible, and that threats decreased from the west to the east, which was thought to be partly due to the higher biomass on the west coast and the presence of minerals (Lombard et al. 2004). There has been no record of the extinction of any marine species in South Africa; however 302 marine taxa were listed on the IUCN Red List in 2007 and of these ten were listed as critically endangered (DEAT 2009). Given that the socio economic wellbeing of much of the population of South Africa is directly or indirectly dependant on marine biodiversity, there is a dire need for effective and sustainable management of the marine and coastal environment and its resources South Africa s MPA network South Africa is signatory to several international conventions and protocols that advocate the implementation of MPAs as a tool for marine conservation and fisheries and promote the implementation of an ecologically representative, effectively managed network of MPAs. South Africa has committed to work towards the international target of establishing a representative and effectively managed MPA network by The value of MPAs as a tool for marine conservation and the associated benefits for fisheries management has been recognised by the South African government through the passing of national legislation that integrates marine conservation and fisheries management. This recognition of the value of MPAs by government was further emphasised through the commitment to incorporate 20% of the coastline within MPAs by 2010 (DEAT 2006b). MPAs are now the foundation of marine conservation in South Africa and are essential for fisheries management (Attwood et al. 1997). There is a network of 22 Government Gazetted MPAs in South Africa that incorporates a range of types of management areas consisting of multi-purpose MPAs, no-take zones, Ramsar Sites, a World Heritage Site (WHS) and a core area of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (see figure 1.1). Pg 8
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text:
I was looking at the top ten scores of linpack, and I come across one that says Droid DNA, if you look in "notes" it says 1890mhz, which is around 1.9ghz. So by this im guessing they have overclocked it, but I havent heard of it being overclocked as of yet? Anyway 600+ score is pretty remarkable!
Sent from my GT-I9300 using Android Central Forums

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Climate Compass Blog
Low-cost cooling tips when the heat is on
Late summer days mean fun in the sun – kids running through sprinklers, building sandcastles, and playing at the park. Unless it's so hot, you're mostly looking at the outdoors through the window of an air-conditioned house.
An eight-day stretch of 95-plus days, with DC's infamous humidity, felt like being trapped in a sauna, and we're not alone in feeling the heat. Much of the Northeast was roasting. Central and eastern Europe had heat waves. The Middle East has seen record-breaking temperatures as high as 129 degrees Fahrenheit. Globally, last month was the hottest July on record.
As we all crank up the air, how can we keep cool while keeping the energy bills down?
Here are five simple ways:
- Close window shades or drapes during the day to block out sunlight and keep the inside temperature cooler. Highly reflective interior blinds can reduce heat gain by about 45 percent, while drapes with white plastic backing can reduce heat gain by 33 percent.
- Manage that thermostat. Your cooling costs increase by up to 5 percent for every degree you lower the temperature. And don't cool an empty house. According to the Department of Energy, you can save as much as 10 percent a year on cooling and heating bills by turning your thermostat 7 to 10 degrees from its normal setting while you're at work.
- Avoid using items that generate heat. Common culprits are incandescent lightbulbs, which waste 90 percent of energy in the form of heat, the stove and oven, and the clothes dryer. Replace heat-intense bulbs with CFLs or LEDs, take advantage of summer fruits and vegetables for a no-cook meal, and hang your laundry to dry.
- Hang out in the lower levels of your home if possible. Heat rises, so the basement or first level may feel cooler. You may even want to sleep there on roasting hot nights.
- Turn on ceiling fans (counter-clockwise) and portable fans to circulate air when you are in the room. It doesn't actually cool the room, but it makes you feel cooler by helping sweat evaporate faster. You can also cool off by putting a cold cloth on your wrists or neck or taking a cold shower. Remember to drink plenty of water on hot days. Organizations like the Red Cross provide checklists to help you prepare for the heat.
For future summers, consider planting shade trees, especially on the southwest side of the house, or building a trellis with climbing foliage. Take a closer look at your windows and doors to make sure cool air isn't leaking out. And explore ways to increase attic ventilation and reflective insulation that blocks the transfer of heat from the roof and attic into your house.
Heat waves are expected to become more frequent and intense, so taking simple steps now can reduce cooling bills in the future.
We need to prepare for more downpours
When rain comes all at once, the impacts can be devastating, and deadly.
- Two feet of rain – that is about four months' worth – fell in parts of Louisiana over the past few days, forcing thousands to flee their homes as water rose to the rooftops. More than a dozen people have died in the flooding.
- On July 30, nearly six inches of rain fell in two hours in Ellicott City, Md., turning Main Street into a raging river that swept away cars, tore up storefronts, and killed two people.
- About a month earlier, up to 10 inches of rain fell in 12 hours in parts of West Virginia, causing flooding that killed 26.
Heavy downpours are expected to become more frequent in a warming world. That's because warmer air can hold more water vapor. For each degree of warming, the air's capacity to hold water vapor goes up by about 7 percent. An atmosphere with more moisture can produce more intense precipitation, which is what we've been seeing.
Heavy downpours increased 71 percent in the Northeast and 27 percent in the Southeast between 1958 and 2012, according to the National Climate Assessment.
Last year, flash and river floods killed 176 people in the United States, more than for any other weather-related disaster.
Better infrastructure -- both "green," like using soil and vegetation to absorb rainfall, and "gray," using manmade materials for pipes and walls -- can give the water someplace to go other than into homes and businesses.
In urban areas, where concrete and asphalt have replaced water-absorbing soils, rain gardens and porous pavements can reduce the amount of storm water pouring through the streets, or overwhelming water treatment plants.
In other areas, more extensive storm protection infrastructure, like flood walls and storm water storage and pumping facilities, may be needed. Nashville is considering building a $110 million flood wall and pumping system after flooding in May 2010 killed 11 and caused more than $2 billion in private property damage. After initially blocking the plan, the council this summer authorized completing designs and seeking community input.
Green and gray infrastructure can even be combined. Cities like Philadelphia and Hoboken, N.J., are topping underground storm water storage tanks with recreational fields for the community.
Flood protection is costly, but so is flood cleanup. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimates four severe floods – in Texas and Oklahoma in May 2015, South Carolina in October 2015, Texas and Louisiana in March 2016, and Houston in April 2016 – caused an estimated $7 billion in damages and killed 69 people.
More frequent and intense downpours are one of the impacts we can expect from climate change. Cities, states and businesses will need to work together to strengthen infrastructure and protect properties and lives.
Exciting year for carbon capture technology
This year we will witness a number of milestones in technology to capture, use and store carbon dioxide from industrial sources and power plants – technology we need to reach our goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We will need continued policy and financing support, however, to accelerate deployment worldwide. Innovative research in finding uses for captured carbon will also be essential.
In 2016, the Emirates Steel Industries project in Abu Dhabi will be the world's first steel plant with carbon capture, use and sequestration (CCUS) technology to begin operations. Globally, seven commercial-scale CCUS projects are under construction and many more are in the planning stages.
In the U.S., two notable CCUS projects are expected to come online soon, including the first-ever incorporation of CCUS technology at a bioethanol refinery at the Archer Daniels Midland project in Illinois and the incorporation of CCUS technology at the coal-fired power plant at the Southern Company Kemper project in Mississippi. Not far behind, in 2017, the NRG Energy Petra Nova project in Texas will also incorporate CCUS technology on coal-fired power generation.
These anticipated project developments reflect the fact that CCUS technology is advancing around the world. Fifteen commercial-scale CCUS projects are operating. Eight of those are in the United States, which has been a leader in this area.
Recent North American milestones include the retrofit of the SaskPower Boundary Dam coal-fired power plant project in Canada with CCUS technology in 2014. In April 2016, the company announced it had exceeded the carbon capture reliability goals established for the technology. SaskPower estimates it could cut costs up to 30 percent on future units based on the experience it has acquired. Also in Canada, in November 2015, Shell incorporated CCUS technology on hydrogen production at the Quest project in Alberta.
CCUS technology grows increasingly important as nations begin to implement their emission reduction pledges under the Paris Agreement. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Synthesis Report concluded that CCUS technology will be essential to meet mid-century climate goals of keeping global temperature rise within 2 degrees Celsius of preindustrial levels. In fact, without CCUS, mitigation costs will rise by 138 percent.
Even as nations take on climate change and diversify their energy portfolios, fossil fuels are expected to serve 78 percent of the world's energy demand in 2040. The most recent Energy Information Administration analysis suggests that global energy consumption is expected to rise by 48 percent over the next 30 years led by significant increases in the developing world. In Asia in particular, power generation from fossil fuels is expected to continue to grow over the near term.
Earlier this spring, the International Energy Agency (IEA) published a study on retrofitting China's coal-fired power plants with CCUS technology, which will be critical because China has roughly 900 GW of installed coal-fired power plant capacity and has committed to peaking its CO2 emissions by 2030. The IEA study concludes that one-third of the coal fleet in China is suitable for retrofitting with CCUS technology.
Aside from the power sector, CCUS is a critical technology for the industrial sector, which contributes roughly 25 percent of global emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a by-product of many manufacturing processes for chemicals, steel, and cement production as well as refining. There are no practical alternatives to CCUS for achieving deep emissions reduction in the industrial sector.
In some cases, the cost of incorporating CCUS technology into industrial processes may be lower than in the power sector because the CO2 stream in the industrial sector is often relatively pure, i.e. less mixed with other gases. A number of industrial CCUS projects are already operational including the Uthmaniyah natural gas processing project in Saudi Arabia that came online in 2015. In the U.S., the Air Products Port Arthur project in Texas incorporating CCUS technology on hydrogen production has been operational since 2013.
As new projects begin operating around the world, the Global CCS Institute concluded that policymakers can learn lessons for CCUS from the development of offshore wind in Europe. Those projects benefited from policy support from national governments through feed-in tariffs and long-term offshore wind capacity targets in national energy plans. The report also concludes that a multi-source approach to finance, including project finance, export credit agency support, multilateral institution lending, and green bank funding, will be helpful for CCUS technology.
Finding uses for the captured carbon will also be essential. At the January World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland, the Global CO2 Initiative was launched to develop innovative approaches to transform CO2 into commercial products. Promising options include construction materials, plastics, chemicals, and agricultural products.
As researchers continue exploring new uses for captured carbon, CCUS project developments this year and next continue to highlight the significant potential for CCUS technology to contribute to global emissions reduction.
This blog post first appeared in the Summer 2016 edition of The Current, a publication of the Women's Council for Energy and the Environment.
A tale of two states: NY and CA chart different courses on nuclear
California and New York are leaders in setting ambitious climate goals. Both have committed to producing half their electricity from renewable sources by 2030. Both have set identical goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.
Where they part ways, however, is on nuclear power, which supplies the majority of zero-emission electricity in the United States. California is letting its nuclear plants ride off into the sunset while New York, which just approved a Clean Energy Standard that specifically includes nuclear power, is actively trying to preserve them.
California's path
This summer, Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) announced it will close its Diablo Canyon nuclear plant – the last one in the state of California – by 2025. After striking an agreement with environmental and labor groups, PG&E said it will seek to replace Diablo Canyon's roughly 18,000 GWh of annual electricity – almost 10 percent of California's in-state electricity – through improved energy efficiency, which will decrease demand, and renewable energy.
Many experts think it will be a stretch to reach that goal, especially by 2025, and that natural gas will have to fill the gap, as it has where nuclear plants have closed elsewhere in California, Vermont and Wisconsin. In New England, emissions increased 5 percent in 2015 after the Vermont Yankee nuclear plant shut down and was largely replaced by natural gas-fired electricity.
Diablo Canyon might have kept going if PG&E had gotten its way in negotiations with the state last year to include nuclear power in California's renewable portfolio standard (RPS). That standard requires utilities to produce a certain amount of electricity from renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower. Including nuclear would have helped it compete economically with other low-carbon energy.
New York's path
That's exactly the path being taken in New York, which gets a third of its in-state electricity from nuclear power. To preserve the low-carbon benefits of its economically troubled upstate reactors and ensure its electricity mix becomes increasingly clean – with no backsliding – New York's Public Service Commission has approved a clean energy standard (CES), which is essentially an RPS that includes nuclear.
New York's CES mandate, which will take effect in 2017, is a novel approach that incorporates best practices from other states. It's designed to incentivize new renewables deployment while also preserving existing clean electricity generation.
New York's CES has three tiers, each with its own supply-demand dynamics. Tier 1 will incentivize new renewable development. Tier 2 is designed to provide sufficient revenue for existing renewable electricity supply. Tier 3 is designed to properly value the emission-free power from the state's at-risk nuclear power plants.
Nuclear plant operators have long sought to correct what they perceive as a market failure to compensate nuclear power for its low-carbon benefits. If the at-risk reactors were replaced by an equivalent amount of fossil generation, emissions would increase by 14 million metric tons – increasing the state's carbon dioxide emissions nearly 10 percent.
New York's plan isn't without controversy. There's concern that it's too costly. However, an associated cost study by the PSC found that the state could "meet its clean energy targets with less than a 1 percent impact on electricity bills."
Most U.S. states have a renewable portfolio standard or alternative energy standard. Only Ohio allows new nuclear to qualify. Only New York has provisions for existing nuclear power plants.
Illinois is working to expand its RPS to include nuclear into a low-carbon portfolio standard, similar to New York's CES, but efforts have stalled in the state legislature. Exelon has announced plans to close two nuclear power plants in the state in 2017 and 2018, which could lead to an additional 13 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions for the state.
Across the U.S., nine reactors are scheduled to close by 2025, which could increase carbon emissions by about 32 million metric tons, or 1.7 percent of the current total U.S. carbon emissions from the power sector.
New York's approach to reducing its emissions is a practical, well-considered model that many other states could be following (Arguably, a national price on carbon would be more efficient, though more challenging to enact.)
New York's four upstate reactors provide significant environmental and economic benefits. From a climate perspective, it doesn't make sense to prematurely close these facilities when, in the short- and medium-term, they cannot realistically be replaced by alternative zero-emission power sources. Keeping these reactors operational also buys us additional time to address energy storage and transmission challenges to support more renewable generation.
With reasonable policies in place to support the existing U.S. reactor fleet, it will be easier for the U.S. to reduce its emissions and achieve its climate goals.
One year later, Clean Power Plan having impact despite stay
A year after the Clean Power Plan was finalized, on August 3, 2015, it is already having a tangible impact on how states are thinking about carbon emissions from power plants - and even other sources - and are working to confront the climate challenge.
Before the Supreme Court temporarily halted the plan in February, most states had launched the required public stakeholder outreach.
As we've learned from our engagement with states through the C2ES Solutions Forum, even after the stay, many of those conversations have continued, and they'll affect how states approach climate change regardless of the outcome of the Clean Power Plan's judicial review.
A few states, like West Virginia, have stopped all Clean Power Plan conversations. Others, like Washington and California, are moving forward to reduce emissions beyond what the Clean Power Plan would require.
The vast majority, including states as diverse as Virginia and Wyoming, fall somewhere in the middle – thinking about, discussing, or working on potential implementation options.
Many states, like South Carolina, are talking about cleaner power because of the forces already affecting the sector today. Consider:
- Between 2005 and 2015, U.S. power sector emissions fell 20 percent as a result of a shift from coal to natural gas, increased renewable energy, and level electricity demand.
- Last year, nearly two-thirds of new electric capacity added to the grid was renewables.
- Some states are grappling with how to help the No. 1 source of zero-emission power, nuclear, remain competitive in a changing marketplace.
- Utility regulators are trying to determine how to integrate rooftop solar panels, which are surging in popularity, into the system.
For most programs under the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets emission targets, and the states determine how to reach them. The Clean Power Plan is no different. But as states began thinking through how to develop an implementation plan, they found themselves having new and different conversations with new and different colleagues.
For some state environmental officials, Clean Power Plan outreach was the first time they had spoken with their public utility regulators about electric reliability and with other stakeholders about the effects of electricity rates and energy efficiency programs on low-income communities.
State energy offices, city governments, state legislatures, utilities, clean power providers, and energy users of all kinds have been brought into the discussions, deepening relationships and broadening understanding. For example, Arizona started a robust public input process, including everyone from utilities to civic groups, that is continuing after the stay with three more meetings in 2016.
The energy sector is changing rapidly, and the Clean Air Act requires action to bend the curve toward even lower emissions. These stakeholders will have to work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a meaningful and economically efficient way, and these new relationships will help make that happen.
The Clean Power Plan also prompted some states to examine potential implementation pathways. They often found they could reduce emissions with less expense and policy push than they had assumed. Most modeling efforts (see the Rhodium Group, MJ Bradley and Associates, and the Bipartisan Policy Center) have found even lower compliance costs when regional or national cooperation (e.g. interstate trading) is factored in, with some costs approaching zero.
States have also been learning from one another. Over the past 18 months, C2ES has helped convene stakeholders in conversations across the country to look at common themes and examine how market-based strategies can help states create plans that businesses can support and cities can help implement.
Through the Clean Power Plan process, business leaders and state and city officials across the country have learned about the opportunities and challenges of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Continuing to analyze options, do modeling and conduct stakeholder outreach, even if it falls short of writing a state plan, will have tremendous value as states consider their energy futures and when judicial review of the Clean Power Plan is complete. Evolving toward a cleaner energy system has both environmental and economic benefits, so we encourage states to continue exploring pragmatic, common-sense approaches to reach that goal.


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Jan Elston
Jan Elston works for Relationships Australia Qld as Coordinator of the Mental Health and Wellbeing Hub for Logan and the Southern Moreton Bay Islands. Funded by the Queensland Mental Health Commission, the aim of the Hub is to inspire, inform, and enable people to thrive and flourish, through providing research-based information and education on how to improve happiness, wellbeing and positive mental health. Working with community partners, the Wheel of Wellbeing and Mental Well-being Impact Assessment toolkit have been key approaches Jan and partners have used to meet these aims. Jan has worked for over 25 years in the fields of individual, team, organisational and community development and community education. She has a passion for learning and for sharing the knowledge that we all have the potential to enhance our happiness and wellbeing and to flourish in life.
// Appearances coming up


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Who doesn't love watching people slip and bust their asses on ice? These obviously do. They're probably not even picking up a kid of their own. Just laughing at all the little fuckers.
I could get a little smoked up and watch that shit all day long.
fatty bounced well :-)
i bet he dumped the water there before the sun came up.
That was great, one of the funnier videos ive seen in a wile.
Even they laugh more when the fatties fall
noticed the black girl never dropped her platter of fried chicken
When fatty fell, I figured the ice broke.
All in all kinda creepy to be looking at a bunch of kids at school I figures id be that guy on here
CRACKERS with no coordination
wasn't that funny, damn. wanna watch these 2 cunts slip and crack their skulls open. ANYWAY, ban lick-yer-clit for this out of place racist post, adam, DO YOUR JOB!
"we're kind of bad people..."Lmao
The kid picking up his books while other kids are falling behind him.. that was good


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Register for May 2017 Heavy Equipment Institute courses
Register for May 2017 Welding courses
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The Heavy Equipment Institute is an outreach training program provided through Ferris State University. The program is directed toward advancing the knowledge and skills of those working in the trucking and heavy equipment industries. Training is focused on the most current and practical information for participants and courses will combine classroom instruction with hands-on practice
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How many Mcdonalds Restaurant employees are there in Michigan?
I did a little research.1. McDonald's operates over 31,000 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 1.5 million people.2. According to a count of towns on the McMichigan.com website, there are Mc...
Read More »
Is anyone out there collect McDonalds Monopoly stickers (uk)?
I'm doing that too. Me and my friend went there in our free during college for two hours, and waited for people to leave, and see if they left their stickers. In the end i got 14 in total, and two ...
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Why is the McDonalds at S. 29th & Grays Ferry Avenue called the "Ol' Dirty Bastards McDonalds"?
That McDonalds was the site of Ol' Dirty Bastard's last arrest, in 2002, before he died in 2004.
How many McDonalds are in Manhattan?
McDonalds in Manhattan:336 E 23RD STMANHATTAN, NY 10010335 8TH AVEMANHATTAN, NY 10001809/811 6TH AVE/28THMANHATTAN, NY 10001901 6TH AVEMANHATTAN, NY 10001729 2ND AVE / 39TH STREETMANHATTAN, NY 1001...
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Is there a mcdonalds restaurant in bahrain,,where is it exactly located?
I have no idea. If anyone know's couple tricks would like to know of them as well.


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Wade's second-half surge leads Heat past PistonsFeb 25, 2009 - 7:03 AM MIAMI (Ticker) -- Dwyane Wade scored 31 points to lead the Miami Heat to a 103-91 victory over the Detroit Pistons on Tuesday.
Wade scored 21 points in the second half, including 11 in the third quarter, when the Heat outscored the Pistons, 28-17, to take an 80-68 lead.
Daequan Cook scored 16 points off the bench and Jermaine O'Neal added 14 for the Heat, who snapped a six-game skid against the Pistons.
"The last three games teams were doing a lot of scouting on me," Cook said. "Not to say that Detroit didn't scout, but they were playing a sagging zone and when Dwyane would drive, he would kick it out to me."
Allen Iverson scored 22 points for Detroit, which has lost seven straight.
Wade added 16 assists and seven rebounds while shooting 11-of-20 from the field. He got it going after the break and helped the Heat close out the third with a 22-8 run to take control of the game.
"Finally in the third quarter we made a concerted effort to make it tougher for them," Heat coach Erik Spoelstra said. "I thought we contested a majority of their shots which helped."
"It is the best defense that we have played so far. We turned it up," Wade said.
Tayshaun Prince scored 18 points and Antonio McDyess added 17 for the Pistons (27-28), who fell below .500 this late in a season for the first time since 2000-01.
With Wade clicking on all cylinders - he scored 50 points on Sunday - Miami (30-26) has its win total from last season and is two games behind Atlanta for fourth place in the Eastern Conference.
""It's going pretty good after the break. This is the time of year to turn it up and need to win," Wade said. "Knowing that I was coming off scoring 50 points, they will be looking for you. I was just looking for my teammates."
Wade iced the game with a jumper at the two-minute mark to make it 98-87. He added a three-point play a minute later to extend the lead to 101-87.
"Our whole thing is not on the offensive end. We just cannot stop anybody," Iverson said. "With the way we are playing we are going to have to shoot 60 percent to have a chance to win a basketball game. It feels like they were scoring every time down the floor.
"We got enough scorers that we can put the ball in the basket. We have to concentrate mainly on stopping people. Until we do that, we are going to struggle."
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Pistons 91, Heat 103 FinalFeb 25 1:59 AM
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Pistons 51, Heat 52 HalfFeb 24 8:40 PM
Feb 24 8:07 PM
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- Riley says Whiteside will be top Heat summer priority May 18
- We The Ignored: Raptors, mayor upset over team's online snub May 17
- Plenty of star power remains at point guard in NBA playoffs May 17
- Plenty of star power remains at point guard in NBA playoffs May 17
- Plenty of star power remains at point guard in NBA playoffs May 17
- Plenty of star power remains at point guard in NBA playoffs May 17
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- For Heat, a summer of waiting on Bosh now arrives May 16
- Lowry leads Raptors into conference final against Cavs May 16
- Lowry scores 35, DeRozan has 28, Raptors beat Heat 116-89 May 15


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The company said it was an internal problem rather than an attack on its system and that it had service restored by 8:15 p.m. ET.
In addition to Hotmail, the popular Web-based e-mail service, Microsoft said people were having difficulties accessing products such as company's MSN Messenger instant messaging program.
Malina Bragg, a spokeswoman with Microsoft's Waggener Edstrom public relations firm, said in an e-mail that the company did not know how many people were having trouble but that "it appears to affect a significant portion of our customers."
Bragg said the problem appeared to be affecting people who were trying to log on to the system. Those who were able to get on the system did not appear to be having problems sending and receiving e-mail, she said.


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Moving To And Choosing A New Host.
My web host is using an outdated version of wordpress. They do not meet the minimum requierments to upgrade. I'm thinking of changing hosts but have a lot to consider. I'm comfortable with my current host which is easy to use and has built in ftp access. Uploading files are a breeze. I'm currently doing a Genealogy photo blog. I'll need space for storing lots of uploaded photos. My site is already listed on search engines and the thought of submitting it to search engines all over again is one of the things which keeps me with my current host. If I could keep the old site going while getting the new one firmly established that would be good, but would I need a new domain name in order to accomplish that? Any advice you could give me is greatly appreciated.
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AdWords – Beyond Clicks to Conversions
A click on your AdWords ad indicates someone may be interested in what you have to offer. Assuming your offer is compelling and your landing page is relevant, they may take their click a step further and convert. A conversion is more valuable than clicking and Conversion Tracking is a way for you to measure that important next step. This is all about what happens after the searcher clicks on your AdWords ad. These steps include buying something if you have an ecommerce site or filling out a lead generation form for service businesses. Conversion Tracking is important because you can see if your ads are leading to activity that brings in new business.
To enable Conversion Tracking, you need to add a piece of code to the page people see after they complete the action that counts as a conversion. For example, if someone makes a purchase and the final page they land on is yoursitename.com/purchasecomplete.html, then /purchasecomplete.html is where the conversion code is placed. This is an example of form submission tracking which is a commonly used method of tracking.
For those who want to track more than just form submissions, there are several additional options, such as calls directly from the website or calls from ads. For those who have a lot of conversion activity happening offline, they could use the import feature which allows them to bring in offline sales data back into AdWords. It's a little tricky because a GCLID (Google Click ID) field needs to be added to the website forms by a website developer. Then, the GCLID parameter is automatically assigned when someone clicks on the ad and will need to be sent to the customer relationship management tool (CRM). Regularly, advertisers need to find sales that have a GCLID connected to them and import that info along with sales amount back into AdWords. From here, AdWords matches the GCLID to the original ads to help advertisers understand how AdWords helped with offline conversions. This is definitely an advanced feature which is where Google's support file can be helpful.
You can also take Conversion Tracking a step further with the Conversion Optimizer. Here the focus is not on clicks or impressions which is where new advertisers traditionally start with their ads. With Conversion Optimizer, goals are based on cost-per-acquisition (CPA). Advertisers choose to pay a maximum amount or an average amount per CPA. To use this, Conversion Tracking must be installed and there needs to be at least 15 conversions within the last 30 days. This history is needed so predictions can be made about future conversions.
There is also the option to track all conversions or only unique conversions. The completion of a lead generation form works best as a unique conversion. This is one individual that may convert into a customer at some point. If you instead track all conversions for a single lead generation form, you may have duplication of forms for some reason and end up tracking a unique lead more than once. For conversions that are based on purchases, it makes sense to count every single conversion. In this case, you don't want to track only that one shopper. You want to track all five items that were purchased. In your conversion reporting, you will be able to compare these unique and total conversions.
In addition to adding tracking code to completion pages, Analytics data can also be used to track conversions. To use this method, advertisers must first set up goals in Analytics and ensure AdWords and Analytics are linked. After goals have been recorded in Analytics, they can be imported in AdWords by choosing "Conversions" from the Tools menu in AdWords. This method appeals to advertisers because there is no need to use new conversion codes. They can work with the pre-existing Analytics code.
People are often confused because the term "conversions" is used in the context of AdWords as well as Analytics. In AdWords, a conversion is based on a click on an ad. The user may click on the ad, but not take any action. In Analytics, it's based on visits to the site which are actual sessions where a visitor spent time on your website. Analytics is focused on this time when the person is on the website, performing actions. Both types of metrics are important which is why advertisers should always use AdWords and Analytics together.