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Singapore Zoo
Website: www.zoo.com.sg
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Alight at Ang Mo Kio MRT Station (NS16) and take bus service 138 from the bus interchange.
Alight at Choa Chu Kang MRT Station (NS4-BP1) and take bus service 927 from the bus interchange.
Alight at Woodlands MRT Station (NS9) and take bus service 926 from the bus interchange.
Contact: (+65) 6269 3411
Operating Hours:
Daily from 8.30am - 6pm (Last ticket sale at 5.30pm).
Located in the heart of Mandai, the Singapore Zoo boasts an ''open zoo'' concept allowing visitors to admire over 3,600 mammals, birds and reptiles living as they would in the wild, surrounded only by natural barriers ranging from streams and rock walls to vegetation. Enjoy a Wild Breakfast in the company of animals or climb aboard the Elephant and Pony Rides to see everything from new heights. Don't fret if you can't reach all the enclosures and exhibits in time. A regular tram service covering the entire zoo is available to provide you with a broad overview.
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Rapid eye movements during sleep in mice: High trait-like stability qualifies rapid eye movement density for characterization of phenotypic variation in sleep patterns of rodents
In humans, rapid eye movements (REM) density during REM sleep plays a prominent role in psychiatric diseases. Especially in depression, an increased REM density is a vulnerability marker for depression. In clinical practice and research measurement of REM density is highly standardized. In basic animal research, almost no tools are available to obtain and systematically evaluate eye movement data, although, this would create increased comparability between human and animal sleep studies.
We obtained standardized electroencephalographic (EEG), electromyographic (EMG) and electrooculographic (EOG) signals from freely behaving mice. EOG electrodes were bilaterally and chronically implanted with placement of the electrodes directly between the musculus rectus superior and musculus rectus lateralis. After recovery, EEG, EMG and EOG signals were obtained for four days. Subsequent to the implantation process, we developed and validated an Eye Movement scoring in Mice Algorithm (EMMA) to detect REM as singularities of the EOG signal, based on wavelet methodology.
The distribution of wakefulness, non-REM (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was typical of nocturnal rodents with small amounts of wakefulness and large amounts of NREM sleep during the light period and reversed proportions during the dark period. REM sleep was distributed correspondingly. REM density was significantly higher during REM sleep than NREM sleep. REM bursts were detected more often at the end of the dark period than the beginning of the light period. During REM sleep REM density showed an ultradian course, and during NREM sleep REM density peaked at the beginning of the dark period. Concerning individual eye movements, REM duration was longer and amplitude was lower during REM sleep than NREM sleep. The majority of single REM and REM bursts were associated with micro-arousals during NREM sleep, but not during REM sleep.
Sleep-stage specific distributions of REM in mice correspond to human REM density during sleep. REM density, now also assessable in animal models through our approach, is increased in humans after acute stress, during PTSD and in depression. This relationship can now be exploited to match animal models more closely to clinical situations, especially in animal models of depression.
Already in 1875 electrical activity from the brains of rabbits and monkeys was described
In humans, REM density - the frequency of REM during REM sleep, increases over the night for successive REM sleep episodes
An increased REM density has been found in patients suffering from psychiatric diseases such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
REM sleep and REM density in humans are significantly affected by psychopharmacological drugs. In particular, many antidepressants such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), tricyclic antidepressants and also selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) strongly, rapidly and lastingly reduce REM sleep
It follows that REM density, i.e. the quantitative analysis of REM during REM sleep, is an important parameter in the assessment of human sleep and it would, therefore, be of considerable interest to study this parameter in animals as well.
Standard procedures for obtaining meaningful data on sleep/wake behavior of laboratory animals generally include recordings of EEG and electromyograms (EMG). The techniques of chronic EEG and EMG electrode implantations are rather standardized and routinely utilized in many laboratories. It is remarkable that the recording of REM during sleep has been applied only in very few experiments in basic animal research so far, although, already more than 30 years ago electrooculograms (EOG) were used to characterize basic sleep/wake behavior in mice
To our knowledge none of the previous studies that recorded EOG in rodents presented quantitative analyses of EOG, i.e. assessed REM density. The potential role of such an approach lies in an in-depth characterization of sleep/wake behavior in animal models, for example for depression, which could then be more closely related to reports from human studies, where REM density in REM sleep is a standard parameter in data collection and data interpretation. It would also have the potential to characterize and evaluate the effect of medications with a closer relation to clinical situations.
In the present study, we introduce a standardized and well-defined approach to measure and automatically analyze REM during sleep in mice.
Animal housing
6 adult mice (C57BL/6J, Harlan-Winkelmann, Germany) were used in the experiments. All animals were housed in individual recording cages located in a sound attenuated chamber at constant temperature (22 ± 1°C) and controlled light-dark cycles (12-12 h, lights on: 12 am at 100l×) during habituation, recovery from surgery and during all recording sessions. Food and water were available
Experimental design
All animals were adapted to the light-dark cycle for seven days before surgery. After surgery all animals were allowed to recover for another 14 days before two days of baseline recordings started (B1; B2), followed by two days of treatment recordings (T1; T2). During treatment, each animal received two oak flakes per day, saturated with the following solution: 0.2% saccharine, 0.05% vanillin in 5 μl aqua dest./oak flake. To ensure acceptance of the oak flakes at ZT0, all animals where food deprived for four hours prior to its presentation. This treatment was designed in anticipation of future studies, where we plan for the application of several antidepressants via this routine to systematically study the effects of these drugs on REM during sleep. After termination of the experiments animals were euthanized with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital.
During surgery the animals were fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus. For anaesthesia a isofloran/oxygen mixture was constantly delivered through a respiratory mask (custom made) and body temperature was maintained with a small heating pad. Before and after surgery, all animals received atropine sulphate (0.05 mg/kg BW, Braun Melsungen, Germany) and meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg BW, Braun Melsungen, Germany). Two EOG electrodes were placed bilaterally on the dorsal field of the eye muscles within the orbit (please refer to Figure
Figure 1
Dorsal view of the skull illustrating the placement of electrodes
Dorsal view of the skull illustrating the placement of electrodes. The EOG electrodes penetrated the connective tissue separating the orbit from the frontal bone (
EOG/EEG/EMG recordings
After surgery, animals were connected to an 8-pole recording cable. EEG, EMG, and EOG signals were relayed via the sliding contact of a head unit that was attached to a counter-balanced swivel system, and which allowed for free and undisturbed movement of the animals during recordings. All signals were fed into a preamplifier (1000×, custom made) and main amplifier (10×, custom made). The EEG and EOG signals were analog band-pass filtered (0.5-29 Hz, filter frequency roll off 48 dB/octave) and analog-to-digital converted at a sampling rate of 64 Hz (AD board, NI PCI-6070, National Instruments, Austin, USA). Root mean square was applied to the non-filtered EMG signals before its digital conversion (sample rate: 64 Hz). The digital data were stored for further offline-analysis.
Automated scoring of eye movements
The Eye Movement scoring in Mice Algorithm (EMMA) conceptualized REM as singularities of the EOG signal and used wavelet methodology to detect them
Each REM was conceptualized as having a start, a peak, and a stop and each of these time points was defined in terms of peaks of the signal. Peaks were defined as points where the direction of the signal changed from downward to upward deflection or vice versa. The peak of REM was detected with the EMMA algorithm, the start was defined as the nearest change point before the peak and the end was the nearest change point after the peak. A complete REM, therefore, consisted of a down- or upward initial deflection and the following opposite deflection.
The following parameters were extracted for each REM: amplitude (measured in mV at the peak of REM), duration of REM (measured from start to end), velocity of the initial and opposite deflection (measured in mV/ms for start to peak and peak to stop of REM), and direction of REM (upward or downward deflection).
Validation of automated scoring of REM
The automated scoring was validated against visual scoring by two of the authors (SF, TF) in 260 randomly selected epochs (130 REM sleep, 130 non rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep)) recorded at B1. A comparison between the two visual scorers showed a sensitivity of 92% with a specificity of 86% yielding a positive predictive value (PPV) of 79% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 91%. Comparison of automated scoring and visual scoring showed comparable indices with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 87% (PPV 81%; NPV 89%) for the first scorer and 86% for both sensitivity and specificity for the second scorer (PPV 79%, NPV 91%).
Data analysis
The vigilance states WAKE, NREM sleep and REM sleep were scored semi-automatically using a FFT-algorithm spectral analysis from all recordings on a LabVIEW®-based scoring program (SEA, Koeln, Germany). The frequency bands were as follows: δ (0.75-5 Hz), θ (6-9 Hz), α (10-15 Hz), η (16-22.75 Hz) and β (23-31.75 Hz). A detailed description of the scoring procedure is described elsewhere
All three vigilance states (WAKE, NREM sleep and REM sleep) were calculated in consecutive two hour means. Effects of treatment and time intervals were evaluated for 23 hours without a separation in dark and light period with 2-factorial analyses of variance with a repeated measures design. Significant main or interaction effects in ANOVA were followed by a post hoc test for simple effects (Student-Newman-Keuls test, α = 0.05).
REM density and REM parameters were computed separately for each animal and day, for REM sleep and NREM sleep and for different time spans (whole day, light and dark period, 2 hour intervals). Comparison between sleep stages, days and time periods were undertaken with linear mixed models
Animal care
Laboratory animal care and experiments were conducted in accordance with the regulations of the current version of German Law and Animal Protection. Animal protocols were approved by the Government of Bavaria.
A) General sleep/wake behavior
The analysis of the vigilance states revealed small amounts of wakefulness and large amounts of NREM sleep during the light period and increased wakefulness and decreased NREM sleep during the dark period (Figure
Figure 2
Distribution of vigilance states
Distribution of vigilance states. Typically for a nocturnal rodent, wakefulness was strongly reduced during the light period (ZT0-ZT12), compared to the dark period (ZT12-ZT22). Inversed patterns were obtained for NREM sleep and REM sleep with significant differences between baseline and treatment recordings only for REM sleep (asterisks). Data points represent two hour means ± SEM. Gray background indicates the dark period.
B) REM characteristics
Proportion of REM in REM bursts
For all animals and days, 37% of all REM occurred in bursts of at least two individual eye movements. This percentage was higher for NREM sleep (41%) than REM sleep (33%, F(1,29) = 21.16, p < 0.001). There was no overall difference between the light and the dark period but we found a
Figure 3
Description of REM
Description of REM. A: Proportion of REM in REM bursts differed across the recording period. In addition, the proportion was lower during REM sleep than NREM sleep (* The proportion was lower at ZT2 than at ZT8-ZT12 and ZT18-ZT22 (p < 0.05); # The proportion was higher at ZT20 than at ZT5 and ZT13 (p < 0.05)). B: Number of REM in REM bursts. REM bursts during NREM sleep tended to include a higher number of REM than during REM sleep. C: Distribution of all recorded REM durations. REM duration was computed as the difference in milliseconds between the start and the end of the REM. D: Distribution of all recorded REM amplitudes. REM amplitude was computed as absolute difference from zero at the peak of the REM in mV. E: REM density in REM sleep and NREM sleep differed across the recording period. REM density during NREM sleep showed increased density at the beginning of the dark period. (* REM sleep REM density at ZT16 was significantly lower than ZT4 to ZT6; ZT10 to ZT14, and ZT18 to ZT22; # REM sleep REM density was significantly lower at ZT2 than ZT10, ZT12, and ZT18 to ZT22; + REM sleep REM density was significantly lower at ZT8 than ZT12 and ZT22; § NREM sleep REM density was significantly higher at ZT14 than all other time intervals; (p < 0.05 for all comparisons)). F: REM burst density in REM sleep did not differ across the light and dark period. REM density during NREM sleep showed increased density at the beginning of the dark period (ZT14-ZT22). A REM burst was defined as at least two eye movements not faster than 200 ms apart (* NREM sleep REM burst density at ZT14 was significantly higher than at all other times (p < 0.05)).
Direction of REM
Overall, as many downward as upward deflections of REM were recorded (54% vs 46%, F(1,65) = 1.19, p = 0.2795). The proportion of upward deflections tended to be less for REM sleep than NREM sleep (42% vs 48%, F(1,29) = 5.84, p = 0.0221). There was no difference for the proportion of upward deflections between the light and the dark period or between 2-hour time intervals.
Duration of REM
The average duration of all REM was 95 ± 36 ms and the distribution of all individual REM durations is given in Figure
Amplitude of REM
The average magnitude of the amplitude of all REM was 124 ± 83 mV (including amplification) and the distribution of all individual REM amplitudes is given in Figure
C) REM density and REM burst density
REM density was computed as the number of REM per 4s epochs. We computed both total REM density and REM burst density. For the total recording period, REM density was significantly higher during REM sleep than during NREM sleep (0.96 ± 0.33 vs. 0.18 ± 0.06, F(1,29) = 203.709, p < 0.001). While there was no systematic difference in REM density between the light and the dark period, for both REM sleep and NREM sleep, REM density differed across the recording period (Figure
Density of REM bursts (burst density) was significantly higher for REM sleep than for NREM sleep (0.14 ± 0.06 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01, F(1,29) = 121.939, p < 0.001). Again, there was no difference between the light and the dark period. Although burst density during REM sleep varied similar to REM density during REM sleep, there was no significant difference between 2-hour intervals (F(10,158) = 1.185, p = 0.305). In contrast, burst density during NREM sleep again peaked at the beginning of the dark period (Figure
Trait-like stability of REM density
We used ICCs to quantify trait-like stability of REM density during REM sleep and NREM sleep. For descriptive purposes the stability of REM sleep and NREM sleep duration is given as a further comparison standard. Figures
Figure 4
Trait-like stability of REM density
Trait-like stability of REM density. A: REM density during REM sleep and NREM sleep per animal per night (three different nights are separately plotted). B: REM sleep and NREM sleep percentage per animal per night. C: Trait-like stability of REM density and sleep stage proportion, quantified as ICC from a linear mixed model analysis (see statistical analysis).
D) REM bursts and micro arousals
Given that during NREM sleep REM bursts were relatively more frequent than isolated REM, and compared to REM sleep, REM bursts during NREM sleep consisted of more REM with a higher amplitude and a longer duration, as well as the peak of REM bursts at the beginning of the dark period for NREM sleep, we explored whether REM bursts during NREM sleep could be associated with transient micro arousals defined as short EMG increases (< 4 sec). To that end, we randomly chose 360 epochs with REM bursts (10 epochs × 6 animals × 3 days × 2 sleep stages) and 360 epochs with isolated REM. At the time of evaluation we were blind with regard to sleep stage, day or animal. The majority of REM bursts during NREM sleep were associated with micro arousals (72.8%) while this percentage was significantly lower during REM sleep (7.2%; Chi2 = 158.4, df = 1, p < 0.0001, Figure
Figure 5
REM and REM bursts and micro arousal during sleep
REM and REM bursts and micro arousal during sleep. Left and middle panels: Examples of REM and REM bursts in REM sleep and NREM sleep associated with micro-arousals or without micro arousals. Right upper panel: REM bursts were more frequently associated with micro-arousals during NREM sleep than during REM sleep. Right lower panel: Single REM were more frequently associated with micro-arousals during NREM sleep than during REM sleep.
Standard procedures to obtain meaningful data about the sleep/wake behavior of laboratory animals generally include recordings of the EEG and the EMG. The techniques of chronic EEG and EMG electrode implantations are routinely utilized in many laboratories. Sophisticated algorithms and the experience of the researchers in the handling of data being obtained in basic research with laboratory animals allow differentiation between wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM sleep. In the present study we provide a complementary element of sleep data analysis, based on a highly standardized evaluation of eye movements (EMMA). We found that REM density recorded across three nights showed remarkable intra-individual trait-like stability. REM density was significantly higher during REM sleep than during NREM sleep and this sleep-stage specific distribution corresponds with human REM density. While REM density during REM sleep showed an ultradian course, during NREM sleep REM density peaked at the beginning of the dark period. The majority of single REM and REM bursts were associated with micro arousals during NREMS, but not during REMS.
The present configuration of the EOG electrodes was designed to record eye muscle activities per se with the electrode placed between the musculus rectus lateralis and musculus rectus superior. The gold wires used in our study could be replaced by multiple wires such as those used to record with tetrodes. Single wires could then be brought individually to the musculus rectus superior and the left and right musculus rectus lateralis. Although not part of our study, this extension of the present electrode configuration would allow differentiating between dorsal and lateral eye movements. Provided that the morphological components of the recorded potentials from separated dorsal and lateral eye movements are similar to the potentials we obtained, the EMMA algorithm could be applied with only minor adaptations in threshold detection. We doubt that the musculus rectus inferior could be equipped solidly with electrodes to record ventral eye movements with the present approach.
We found REM not only during REM sleep but also during NREM sleep in mice. One possible concern could therefore be that REM during NREM sleep are due to the EEG signals, in particular the large slow potentials, contaminating the EOG signal. We judge this as unlikely for several reasons. First, we designed a wavelet filter that eliminated lower frequencies (0.25 to 2 Hz) from the EOG signal before REM detection. Second, EOG electrodes where fully isolated with coating against ohmic contact on the skull's surface, leaving only the non-isolated electrode tip embedded fully in the eye muscle without contact to the bone. Third, detection of REM was based on the concept of singularities i.e. discontinuities in the signal that are not continuous on a particular derivative. To be considered a REM candidate, a local maximum at the finest scale (fastest frequency) of the wavelet transform modulus maxima was a necessary (though not sufficient) condition. Therefore only high frequency noise can trigger false detection. We would expect slow EEG components leaking into the EOG signal to also affect neighboring signal points and our threshold based on the standard deviation of the local wavelet transform modulus maxima was chosen to protect against this possibility.
Given that the EOG electrodes are chronically implanted together with the EEG and EMG electrodes, any experimental recording situation in freely moving animals is conceivable. We applied the present electrode configurations for several weeks in all of our animals and detected neither any behavioral irritations, such as scratching the eye lids, nor inflamed tissue post mortem.
One possible limitation is the low sampling rate of 64 Hz in the present study. We can not exclude the existence of REMs with higher frequencies (> 29 Hz) and therefore our results may be an underestimation of the frequency of REMs during sleep in mice. Future studies with higher sampling rates are needed to clarify this issue.
In the present study, single REM and REM bursts were associated with micro-arousals, which we defined as transient EMG increases during NREMS, but not during REMS. The definition found in the literature for arousals is inconsistent. Single events of arousals within a 4 s epoch or a waking episode lasting less than 16 seconds were defined as sleep fragmentations and separated from clear transitions between vigilance states which were longer than 16 seconds
Rapid eye movements, which gave name to the prominent vigilance state of REM sleep in humans, had never really been in the focus of in-depth investigations in animals, although, general references to eye movements during sleep and wakefulness were obtained in several non-mammalian species and mammalian species (please refer to the introduction). This obviously fundamental and phylogenetically diverse component of REM sleep seems to be predestined to serve as a tool in translational approaches between basic and clinical research.
In humans REM density is an important parameter that has been associated with sleep satiety
Analysis of REM density is expected to complement and significantly extend sleep characterization in these mouse models. Importantly, we found a high intra-individual stability of REM density across several days with almost perfect trait-like stability that was substantially higher than the stability of REM sleep proportion. REM density might therefore be better suited to characterize phenotypic variations in sleep patterns in mice.
REM density plays a prominent role in psychiatric diseases. We have developed the Eye Movement scoring in Mice Algorithm (EMMA) to detect REM as singularities of the EOG signal, based on wavelet methodology, and characterized eye movements during sleep in mice. REM density was significantly higher during REM sleep than NREM sleep in mice and across three nights showed a high trait-like stability that outperformed the stability of REM sleep proportion. During NREM but not REM sleep the majority of REM bursts were associated with micro-arousals. Automated detection and analysis of REM density in mice is expected to contribute significantly to the characterization of sleep in mouse models of psychiatric disorders.
Authors' contributions
TF designed the study, developed the EOG electrodes and implantation procedures, made the experiments, evaluated the data and wrote the manuscript; SF designed the study, developed EMMA, evaluated the data and wrote the manuscript; AB made the experiments; CPNR evaluated the data; TCW and MK critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Eye Movement in Mice scoring Algorithm (EMMA)
Eye movements were detected separately for each epoch (4s or 256 sampling points) of sleep. To avoid phenomena associated with the edges of the epoch, the detection algorithm was used on three overlapping windows -1s to 3s, 0 to 4s, and 1 to +1s.
1) The EOG signal was filtered with a low frequency filter that used discrete dyadic wavelet transform with Mallat's wavelet and with 8 decomposition scales. Scales 4 to 8 were set to 0 and the resulting signal was subjected to an inverse dyadic wavelet transform. This procedure omitted frequencies centered at 0.25 to 2 Hz. The choice of Mallat's wavelet and the dyadic transform ensures that the reconstructed signal preserves locations and values at the extrema.
2) Rapid eye movement (REM) candidates were detected as singularities candidates from the wavelet transform modulus maxima of a continuous wavelet transform
3) Singularity candidates from the WTMM were then compared to two thresholds: first, peak amplitudes of the eye movement candidates had to be clearly above the background noise (> 4*85th percentile or < 4*15th percentile of the signal amplitude). Second, instantaneous amplitude, computed as absolute lag-2 difference, had to be above the 2*95th quantile of the absolute lag-2 differences of the signal, that did not include the eye movement candidates. This latter threshold was used to protect against regular high frequency artifacts.
4) Each REM was conceptualized as having two phases: a significant deflection from baseline and the subsequent return to baseline. In the case of a positive deflection, the start of the REM was the closest local minimum before the singularity, the peak of the REM the closest local maximum after the singularity, and the end of the REM the next local minimum after that. In case of a negative deflection local minima were exchanged for local maxima and vice versa.
5) In the case that two or more singularities were adjacent to each other, the number of different REM were determined according to the first threshold criterion
6) (> 4*85th percentile or < 4*15th percentile of the signal): to detect a second REM subsequent to a first one, where the peak of the first REM (which is above the threshold) was the start of the second REM, the peak of the second REM had to be above the threshold too.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Alexander Yassouridis for critically reviewing the statistical methodology and Mrs. Caitlin Riebe for proof-reading the manuscript.
Electrical Currents of the Brain
Ueber das Elektroencephalogramm des Menschen
Ueber das Elektroencephalogramm des Menschen
Ueber das Elektroencephalogramm des Menschen
Ueber das Elektroencephalogramm des Menschen
Ueber das Elektroencephalogramm des Menschen
Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep
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Electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of wakefulness and sleep in the lizard, Ctenosaura pectinata
The occurrence of low voltage, fast, electroencephalogram patterns during behavioral sleep in the cat
Comparative thresholds of cortex, vestibular system and reticular formation in wakefulness, sleep and rapid eye movement periods
The effect of slow wave sleep and REM sleep on regional cerebral blood flow in cats
Waves associated with eye movement in the awake and sleeping cat
Different behaviors during paradoxical sleep without atonia depend on pontine lesion site
Differential suppression of upper airway motor activity during carbachol-induced, REM sleep-like atonia
Quantitative analysis of eye movements during REM-sleep in developing rats
Interactions between cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmitters in and around the locus coeruleus for the induction and maintenance of rapid eye movement sleep in rats
Carbachol injections into the ventral pontine reticular formation activate locus coeruleus cells in urethane-anesthetized rats
Tetrodotoxin inactivation of pontine regions: influence on sleep-wake states
REM sleep-like atonia of hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons is caused by loss of noradrenergic and serotonergic inputs
Noradrenergic, serotonergic and GABAergic antagonists injected together into the XII nucleus abolish the REM sleep-like depression of hypoglossal motoneuronal activity
Electroencephalographic patterns and their alternating process in mice
Phasic events of paradoxical sleep in the anophthalmic ZRDCT/An mice
Identification of r.e.m. sleep in the mouse by measuring the body movements
Horizontal optokinetic ocular nystagmus in wildtype (B6CBA+/+) and weaver mutant mice
Sleep apneas are increased in mice lacking monoamine oxidase A
Evolution during the night of REM sleep in man
Changes in sleep cycle patterns with age
Precise measurement of individual rapid eye movements in REM sleep of humans
Sleep deprivation in healthy elderly men and women: effects on mood and on sleep during recovery
Effects of sleep loss on delta (0.3-3 Hz) EEG and eye movement density: new observations and hypotheses
Sleep deprivation as a probe in the elderly
Response of delta (0-3 Hz) EEG and eye movement density to a night with 100 minutes of sleep
Acute deprivation of the terminal four hours of sleep does not increase delta (0-3-Hz) electroencephalograms: a replication
Homeostatic sleep regulation in habitual short sleepers and long sleepers
Rapid eye movements density as a measure of sleep need: REM density decreases linearly with the reduction of prior sleep duration
The maximal capacity for sleep: rapid eye movement density as an index of sleep satiety
EEG patterns during and following extended sleep in young adults
Conservation of photoperiod-responsive mechanisms in humans
Relationship of rapid eye movement density to the prior accumulation of sleep and wakefulness
Pontogeniculooccipital waves: spontaneous visual system activity during rapid eye movement sleep
Human cerebral potentials associated with REM sleep rapid eye movements: links to PGO waves and waking potentials
Generation of rapid eye movements during paradoxical sleep in humans
Rapid eye movement-related brain activation in human sleep: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Activation of phasic pontine-wave generator in the rat: a mechanism for expression of plasticity-related genes and proteins in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala
Increases in number of REMS and REM density in humans following an intensive learning period
Posttraining increases in REM sleep intensity implicate REM sleep in memory processing and provide a biological marker of learning potential
Changes in sleep architecture following motor learning depend on initial skill level
Donepezil-induced REM sleep augmentation enhances memory performance in elderly, healthy persons
Differential Effects of the Muscarinic M1 Receptor Agonist RS-86 and the Acetylcholine-Esterase Inhibitor Donepezil on REM Sleep Regulation in Healthy Volunteers
The effect of donepezil on sleep in elderly, healthy persons: a double-blind placebo-controlled study
Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: a meta-analytic review
Wake and sleep EEG provide biomarkers in depression
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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: an endophenotype for depression
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Good sleep, bad sleep: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic measures in insomnia, depression, and narcolepsy
Which depressed patients will respond to interpersonal psychotherapy? The role of abnormal EEG sleep profiles
Pretreatment REM sleep and subjective sleep quality distinguish depressed psychotherapy remitters and nonremitters
Preliminary evidence of an association between increased REM density and poor antidepressant response to partial sleep deprivation
The relationship between longitudinal clinical course and sleep and cortisol changes in adolescent depression
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The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: premorbid polysomnographic profile of affected high-risk probands
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Antidepressants and their effect on sleep
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Lasting syndrome of depression produced by reduction in serotonin uptake during postnatal development: evidence from sleep, stress, and behavior
Ultradian cycles in mice: definitions and links with REMS and NREMS
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Singularity Detection And Processing With Wavelets
S original by Rene Carmona and Bruno Torresani; R port by Brandon Whitcher email@example.com
Fully automated sleep deprivation in mice as a tool in sleep research
Central deficiency of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (CRH-R1) abolishes effects of CRH on NREM but not on REM sleep in mice
The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data
Altered circadian activity rhythms and sleep in mice devoid of prion protein
Genetic variation in EEG activity during sleep in inbred mice
Beta2-containing nicotinic receptors contribute to the organization of sleep and regulate putative micro-arousals in mice
The nature of arousal in sleep
Behavioral, neurochemical, and electrophysiological characterization of a genetic mouse model of depression
Homeostatic regulation of sleep in a genetic model of depression in the mouse: effects of muscarinic and 5-HT1A receptor activation
Rhythmicity in mice selected for extremes in stress reactivity: behavioural, endocrine and sleep changes resembling endophenotypes of major depression
Conditional corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression in the mouse forebrain enhances rapid eye movement sleep
Sleep disturbances in highly stress reactive mice: Modeling endophenotypes of major depression
Detection of glitches and signal reconstruction using Hölder and wavelet analysis


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Burlingham Sports has designed a beautiful Arena Flower Box that can be used along with the Dressage Arena or just around the show barn. This beautiful, traditional looking box will hold up to a five gallon plant or multiple single gallon pots. The Arena Flower Boxes can be used with your Dressage Arena by hanging Rail Letters over the top edge of the box.
Item is only shippable in the lower 48 states in the USA.


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Personal TrainingOnline Fitness Motivation and Coaching
About Me
Blog it to me
Contact me
Benefits of Exercise
Policies and Procedures
Welcome to Aurora Preston Fitness!
The only workout you regret is the one you didn't do....
This is me...I'm just a regular person trying to make the best choices for a healthy life. Join me in my journey and let me help you with yours.
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- $ 246
- Free 1 month Featured profile Rs. 1399 on Shine.com
- 10 % shine credits will be given to you which you can redeem on your next purchase. (T&C applies)
- EMI Options available
Why should you buy?
• Certified professionals earn more than their peers.
• Government skills certification initiative
• Increase your visibility amongst employers
• Validate your skills with a proof
This path examines compensation and benefits programs – often referred to as total rewards programs – and their importance and impact on organizational objectives. Applicable federal laws and regulations related to compensation and benefits programs as well as applicable tax regulations are also addressed. Courses in this path also provide instruction on how to budget and manage compensation and benefits programs and how to perform compensation and benefits needs assessments. Job evaluations, pricing and pay structures, common organizational pay programs are examined, as well as noncash compensation methods, such as equity programs and rewards. This path also covers common benefits programs such as health coverage and Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs), as well as fiduciary responsibilities related to compensation and benefits - in particular, Social Security and Medicare. Instruction is also provided on how to initiate and maintain effective employee communications regarding compensation and benefits programs, as well as how to incorporate employee self-service technologies for more efficient systems. Courses in this path are created to help HR professionals preparing for the Human Resource Certification Institute's (HRCI) PHR and SPHR certification examinations. The content in this path is based on the Compensation and Benefits functional area of the PHR and SPHR Body of Knowledge of Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM).
• High quality e-Learning content
• Online content accessible anywhere, anytime
• Practice Exercises
• Government skills certification initiative
• Online Practice tests and mock tests
• 4 hrs of video tutorial
Regulations, Strategies, and Needs Assessment
Managing Policies, Programs, and Activities
Organizational Responsibilities
Final Exam: Compensation and Benefits (HRCI: PHR/SPHR-aligned)


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Grace Christler, 90, of Sheridan, WY died on Thursday, January 30, 2014 at home. She went to be with her lord while surrounded by her loving family at the time of her death.
Connie Wilson, 87, of Sheridan, passed away on Monday, February 3, 2014 at the Sheridan Memorial Hospital.
On condolences may be written at www.kanefuneral.com.
Kane Funeral Home has been entrusted with arrangements.
Thomas L. Connolly, 92, of Sheridan, passed away on Saturday, February 1, 2014 at the Sheridan Manor.
Jacqueline Waters, 71, of Sheridan, passed away on Monday, February 3, 2014 at her residence.
Joyce M. Armer, went to be with her Lord and Savior peacefully on February 1, 2014. She was born in Paragould, AR on May 26, 1937, to Johnny and Velvie Lovelace. She moved to CA when she was eleven years old with her parents, brother and sister. She graduated from Gonzales High School in Gonzales, CA in 1956.
Bernie Wilson, 58, of Sheridan, passed away on Tuesday, December 31, 2013 at his residence. He was born on August 28, 1955 in Santa Monica, CA.
Funeral services for Alice Christensen, an 88 year old Gillette woman who passed away early Wednesday morning at the Close to Home Hospice Care Center in Gillette, will be held Saturday, February 8th at 10:00 a.m. at the Harness Funeral Home Chapel in Buffalo with Pastor Jon Norwood officiating. Visitation for the family only will be held on Friday.
Mildred M. Russell passed away peacefully at Sheridan Manor in Sheridan, WY, on Tuesday, January 28, 2014 at the age of 98. She was born March 19, 1915, on her family's ranch south of Arvada, WY to Issac T. and Bernice (Rowland) Stott. She had 4 sisters and 5 brothers, who always affectionately called her Babe. She married Jasper E. Russell in 1933.
Grace Christler, 90, of Sheridan, WY died Thursday, January 30, 2014, in her Sheridan home.
Viewing will be 11:00am until 3:00pm on Monday (Feb. 3rd) from Champion Ferries Funeral Home.
Funeral service will be 1:00pm on Tuesday from First Baptist Church with the Rev. Ken Doolin officiating.
Interment will be in the Quiet Rest Cemetery near Story, WY.
Gale Edward "Ed" Bocek, 55, of Sheridan, went home to his Heavenly Father on Tuesday, January 28, 2014. He was born on September 19, 1958 to Frank and Eva Bocek. He was the youngest of five children. He married Dianne Brown in 2000. They later divorced but remained friends for the rest of his life.
Barbara Cherni, 64, of Sheridan, passed away peacefully at her home on Monday, January 27, 2014. Private Services for Barbara will be held.
Memorials to honor Barbara may be made to the Sheridan Dog and Cat Shelter at 84 East Ridge Road, Sheridan, WY 82801.
Opal M. Burton, 94, of Story, passed away on Tuesday, January 28, 2014 at the Sheridan Memorial Hospital.
Dwaine Bobbitt, 73, of Sheridan passed away at his home on Saturday, January 25, 2014. .
Dwaine was born on September 17, 1940 to Clarence William and Frances Fae (Anderson) Bobbitt in Sheridan where he was raised. He married the love of his life, Judith Ann Kiester on February 3, 1963 at the Assembly of God Church in Sheridan.
Margaret G. "Peg" Logan, 81, of Sheridan, Wyoming, died Sunday, January 26, 2014 in Westview Health Care Center.
Funeral service for Mrs Logan will be Friday, January 31, 2014 in Pierre, South Dakota with Feigum Funeral Home handling the service. Local arrangements are with Champion Ferries Funeral Home.
Gale Edward "Eddy" Bocek, 55, of Sheridan, passed away on Tuesday, January 28, 2014 at his residence.
Our goal in allowing public comment on our web site is to provide an arena for open discussion on the issues. Following these simple guidlines will ensure that your comments remain posted.
The moderators of sheridanmedia.com reserve the right to monitor and screen all content submitted to the site and may delete content, and block or ban users at our discretion. For a full description see our User Agreement.


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Nursing students at Case Western Reserve University's Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing graduate as confident and capable health care professionals. Armed with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) and genuine health care know-how, they are equally prepared to provide top-notch patient care; enroll in graduate nursing programs; conduct research; or effect change as health care policymakers, educators and executives.
Build Skill and Confidence
Experience is the best teacher, and Case Western Reserve students get more nursing experience than just about anyone in the nation.
- The nursing school is a direct-admission program, so students begin nursing classes in their first year.
- Clinical placements begin just three weeks after nursing students arrive on campus.
- Graduates amass more than 1,300 hours of practical clinical experience, nearly twice the hands-on time as their peers at other nursing schools.
- All nursing students complete a seven-week course that gives them exposure to acute care in the operating room, a venue other nursing students may never even enter.
- Students take part in civic engagement projects to provide care and education to children and families in Cleveland and around the world.
- Students' 10-week Senior Capstone is an intensive experience in community-based health care with vulnerable populations, such as Native Americans, migrant workers and the urban poor
With the power of experience on their side, CWRU students enter the job market and approach grad school applications with the clinical skills of accomplished practitioners and the conviction and zeal of inspired health care leaders.
Learn from the Best
There is perhaps no better city in America for aspiring health care professionals than Cleveland, and nursing students at CWRU take full advantage of the university's prime location in the heart of one of the nation's most sophisticated health care cities.
Case Western Reserve is within one mile of three major medical institutions:
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, home to Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, recognized nationally for nursing excellence
- Cleveland Clinic, ranked #2 in the country and #1 in cardiology by U.S. News & World Report
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, which provides care to more than 105,000 veterans each year
- Just eight miles from campus—and easily accessible via public transportation—is MetroHealth Medical Center, the region's leader in critical care
Case Western Reserve's close ties with these heavy-hitters gives our nursing students unparalleled access to health care professionals, top-rate facilities, and research and volunteer opportunities.
Rise to the Challenge
Estimates show that by 2020, the United States will face an extreme shortage of nurses: 1.2 million. Particularly of need will be nurses holding at least a bachelor's degree in the field. Graduates of the Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing are well positioned to meet this growing need.
- Within just three months of graduation, 90 percent of recent graduates were working full time, enrolled in graduate school or pursuing personal or professional goals, like community service or travel
- Median starting salary: $50,000 to $55,000


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- David Bowie -
Collection / Collections is a project where I chose a collector and published his collection.
Jan van Reeth has a beautiful collection of David Bowie, so I decided to publish it into a book.
The book showcases all the aspects that he collected during the years.
Thanks for watching!
Thank You!


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Berkshire Hathaway (NYSE:BRK.B) is one of my favorite companies. It consists of high-quality stocks that throw off more and more dividends each year. It owns operating companies like See's Candy and The Nebraska Furniture Mart which generate gobs of income for new investments. And of course, it's run by the best investor I've seen in my lifetime: Warren Buffett. The only problem these days? Berkshire doesn't pay a dividend. If I want to financially benefit from ownership of Berkshire Hathaway, then I'll need to sell shares.
While I support Buffett's rationale for retaining profits on the basis that he can create more than $1 of shareholder value for each dollar of profit that could conceivably be paid out as a dividend, the fact remains: I need to rely on Mr. Market to recognize the value of what Buffett creates. I could buy shares of Berkshire at $80 with the belief that the company is worth $110, but I am at the complete and total whim of my fellow market participants to recognize that value in order for me to make a profit.
If I want to engage in straight-up value investing that involves buying an undervalued company and then selling it at fair value, then I'm going to do it within the universe of dividend growth blue-chip stocks. John Neff, the legendary Vanguard investor who ran the Windsor Fund from 1965 to 1997 and returned 13.7% annually over that time frame, expressed my feelings on the matter much more poetically than I ever could: "One of Ben Franklin's wise observations offers a parallel: 'He who waits upon Fortune is never sure of a dinner.' As I see it, a nice dividend yield at least lets you snack on hors d'oeuvres while waiting for the main meal."
Let's look at a company like Walgreen (WAG). It currently trades at $35 per share, roughly 12x trailing earnings of $2.90. Let's say that I am confident that the company should trade more in line with its historical average, and should be worth $49.30 (or 17x earnings). Because Walgreen pays out a $0.275 quarterly check for each share of the company that I own, I don't have to frantically worry about when the company reaches its fair value. As Neff would say, I would receive $0.275 hors d'oeuvres for every three months that I wait (and the hors d'oeuvres get bigger for each year that it takes a dividend growth firm to reach fair value).
Of course, if we're investing in undervalued securities with the intent to flip them upon reaching fair value, we'd like to buy at $50 and sell at $100 the next day. But patience tends to come with the value investing territory. And the good news about value investing with a dividend growth firm is that the initial dividends become worth more when shares finally reach fair value.
Let's say that I own 100 shares of Johnson & Johnson (NYSE:JNJ) at $65 with the intent to sell at $80. Let's say that the shares tread water during the first year, remaining at a constant $65. The first $61 dividend buys me .94 shares. The next payout of $61.58 takes my total up to 101.89 shares. When the third payout of $62.15 arrives, my new share count is 102.85. When the fourth payout of $62.74 arrives, my share count at the end of the year rises to 103.81. Before the first quarter of the following year arrives, the price shoots up to $80 per share.
So what just happened here? With a non-paying dividend stock that goes up to $80 a year after trading at $65, the investor enjoys a 23.07% increase. But with the Johnson & Johnson investor that received four dividend payouts before the stock reached fair value, he has turned his 100 shares into 103.81 shares worth $8,304.80. Compared to the initial investment of $6,500, this investor reaps a 27.77% gain. This is due to the presence and value increase of those $61 and $62 dividend checks. The investor who waits for Berkshire Hathaway to go from $65 to $80 per share does not enjoy this advantage.
If we buy a stock at $5 that we intend to sell at its intrinsic value of $10, we generally have to be patient for that to happen. If I want to engage in strict value investing, I want to receive some compensation for that waiting period. Dividends (and ideally, dividend growth) can provide this. Wal-Mart (NYSE:WMT) traded in the $50 range for many years before reaching its recent price of $74 per share. For the investors who had to wait for this price increase, they enjoyed a nice consolation prize: dividends reinvested around $50 per share are now worth $74. If you're going to engage in value investing, you might as well receive financial benefits for your patience.
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.


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Aerial perspective can also be seen when looking at the actual shape of the clouds. Clouds that are closer to the viewer are larger in size, but also more "round" in shape. The cloud will appear flatter in shape as the distance increases.
Use a medium valued pastel to draw in the basic shapes. Here I give a general idea of where the clouds will be, the horizon line, and the mountains. No need to draw in all the details. Keep it as simple as possible but make sure your drawing is accurate.
I also blocked in parts of the sky by choosing a medium valued grey. Grey is the foundation value for the sky and I will later build on top of this color to make it warmer. Focussing on establishing the value accurately is key.
The same green was added in the mid section of the foreground.


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Open Box Hanging Cardioid Small Diaphragm Shure Condenser Microphones
Results 1 - 2 of 2 matches
Shure MX202 MicroFlex Condenser Microphone with Inline...
Perfect for choir, dramatic productions and musical ensembles. Microflex overhead microphones provide high...
- Open Box:
- $144.99
Shure MX202P MicroFlex Overhead Condenser Mic with...
Accurate sound reproduction in an unobtrusive overhead microphone.
- Open Box:
- $172.48


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What is the name of this NATIVE large shrub? It grows approximately 8 feet high by 8 feet wide, flowers in spring, and its' flowers turn to red berries that birds love. (Woody Ornamentals chapter)
Physocarpos opulifolius, a.k.a. Common ninebark
Ilex verticillata, a.k.a. Michigan Holly
Cephalanthus occidentalis, a.k.a. Buttonbush
Which of the following honeysuckles is native to Michigan? (Woody Ornamentals chapter)
Diervilla lonicera, a.k.a. Dwarf Bush Honeysuckle
Diervilla sessilifolia 'Butterfly', a.k.a. Butterfly Bears Bush-honeysuckle
Can you identify this plant? It is a Michigan native perennial that is suitable for moist to wet sites and full sunshine. (Perennials)
Ceanothus americanus, a.k.a. New Jersey Tea
Asclepias incarnata, a.k.a. Swamp Milkweed
Monarda didyma, a.k.a. Bee Balm
Ligularia spp., a.k.a. Ligularia
This plant is a native perennial used in shady sites. What is it? (Perennials)
Asarum canadense, a.k.a. Wild Ginger
Galium odoratum, a.k.a. Sweet woodruff
Viola spp., a.k.a. Violets
According to the Master Gardener Training Manual, this perennial is a good choice for infertile soil. (Perennials)
Sempervivum spp., a.k.a. hens and chicks, houseleek
Phlox subulata, a.k.a. moss phlox
Nepeta spp., a.k.a. catmint
Monarda fistulosa, a.k.a. wild bergamot
This particular plant is considered an INVASIVE by the Northwest Michigan Invasive Species Network (among others). It is an upright, herbaceous biennial that grows up to 3 feet tall. It can be identified among similar looking plants based on its distinct smell when crushed. (Source: http://habitatmatters.org/challenges/top-invasive-species/)
Senecio spp., a.k.a. ragworts
Zizia aurea, a.k.a. golden alexanders
Alliaria petiolata, a.k.a. garlic mustard
Ranunculus spp., a.k.a. buttercups


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Tree Surgeon
Added 27/04/2016
Felling one Silver Birch Tree
Tree Surgeon
Added 29/05/2015
row of conifers in back garden approx 18ft across . we need approx 3ft taken off the top and...
Tree Surgeon
Added 30/05/2014
My neighbour's tree encroaches over my garden blocking out the light. I have permission to...
Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


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This is a lovely basic hotel well located and priced for a two night stay. The staff are super friendly, welcoming and helpful. I arrived at midday and could check in which is very welcoming. The French breakfast and lunch restaurant is sublime but not cheap. The hotels pool and loungers are comfy and the rooms are spacious and offer the basic essentials. The only critism is that the rooms finishes are not excellent, but the tv, aircon, fridge and bed are amazing. I wouldn't have little children there as there's exposed wires, broken edges and the corners of the rooms are quite dusty. BUT for me these elements were minor. I spent my day times on the beach, visiting St George's and the evenings at amazing local restaurants and hang outs. It's not a hotel I'd spend the days at or a two vacation at, but it was perfect for my visit after a long sail.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Priceline, Hotels.com, Cheap Tickets, Expedia, Cancelon, Travelocity, HotelQuickly, Evoline ltd, Hotwire and getaroom.com so you can book your Siesta Hotel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Siesta Hotel Grenada/Grand Anse


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Contract and Registration Officer/Senior Officer /เจ้าหน้าที่นิติกรรมและจดทะเบียนสิทธิ - urgently required (2 positions)
Bank of Ayudhya Public Company Limited
jobsDB ref: JTH300003001429957
- Bachelor Degree or higher in Law or Barrister at Law is advantage
- At least 2 years of experience in Contract preparation and/or mortgage registration
- New graduates are also welcome
- Excellent typing skills in both Thai and English
- Excellent computer literacy (MS Office)
- Occasionally be required to travel to work in other provinces, on a case by case basis
Job Responsibilities:
- Prepare Loan/Complicated Loan Contracts for all branches
- Prepare Collateral Contracts according to the detail above
- Register of all types of mortgage collateral at The Land Office depending on the location of Collateral, and various Government Departments and other divisions
- Initial consultation concerning the preparation of Contracts, and all types of mortgage collateral to Loan Department and other related parties
- Work in compliance with the policies and principles of the Bank and Department
jobsDB will send your application for review directly to Bank of Ayudhya Public Company Limited
About Bank of Ayudhya Public Company Limited
At Bank of Ayudhya Public Company Limited, our products and services as well as our contemporary look have always been admired. We provide a full range of the highest value retail and corporate banking services enhanced and directed by our "More Than Banking" concept. We aim to improve the lifestyle of all our customers by responding to their complete range of financial needs. If you are ready to be part of the experience at BAY and take on a diversified role in a vibrant environment, here are some great opportunities for you to consider.
More Jobs from this employer
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Technically that is called theft, but our gov't don't like that word when they do it so they have a better more PC word... confiscate
Here is my issue with this and my issue with our future police state...
While there maybe suspecion that the money is ill gotten... That is a ASSUMPTION at best, when we allow police and state gov't or gov't in general to take and confiscate under assumption of guilt, I have to wonder why we have a COnstitution and Bill of Rights.
The money is REAL, so that is legal
If you cannot even carry a certain XXXX amount of money, why even bother using/owning money ( these pieces of fiat that the gov't print out of nowhere and force upon us as a medium of exchange )
If I was driving a super nice car, that is worth $$$$$$$$$$$$$$, in nothing but jeans and t-shirts can the police or gov't confiscate that because I don't look like someone who can own that type of property?
What about if I own a PS3 but do not have a job, does that mean I possibly stole it and it is up for confiscation
What about if I live in a nice house, but dress like a bum, does that assumption make the house a ill gotten gain because I do not look the part of a rich owner?
So why do we allow the gov't to confiscate MONEY based on apperence?
Is this what a country based on FREEDOM and INNOCENCE until proven guility do to their citizens?


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Micromax A121 Elanza 2 is from one of the devices which is been loved by most of its users. The device has a very good build quality and design, the finely stitched leather back panel leaves a very nice royal impression while holding it in hands. Features 5.0 inch IPS lCD display with a resolution of 720X1280 pixels (294 ppi). It has Qualcomm MSM8212 Snapdragon 200 chipset with 1GB of Ram. By the way we are not here to discuss the device's specifications but today we are going to root and flash TWRP recovery on it instead so lets get back to the story:
What all we need first??
Also note that if you got any other recovery too like ClockworkMod(cwm) etc available then you can also flash it by applying the above steps to flash the recovery, you only just place the new recovery on your SD card and flash it on the device using flashify.


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From DoomWiki.org
Doomworld is the oldest unofficial news website dedicated to the Doom games. The site was founded on March 13, 1998 by Andrew Stine (Linguica), Gaston Lahaut (Mordeth), and Javier Heredia (Dukrous); the site began as part of the AtomicGamer network of TeleFragged, LLC. It became an independent website following the shutdown of Atomic Gamer on July 25, 2015. Of the original founders, only Stine and Lahaut remain, but the amount of total members on the staff has grown almost three-fold.[1]
In addition to Doom related news, Doomworld also hosts the weekly /newstuff Chronicles reviews of new WADs uploaded to the idgames archive and a database of the archive with search, user comment, and mirror access capabilities. The site also provides informational resources about Doom and associated games, hosting of Doom websites, and a forum with over 10,000 registered users and 816,000 posts as of December 2009.
Doomworld received some mention in mainstream media in 1999 due to the controversy surrounding the Columbine High School Massacre and shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold's obsession with the Doom games. It gained some additional renown in the same year after Andrew Stine convinced John Carmack to allow the site to redistribute the Doom source code under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
Doomworld provides a set of forums. Discussion areas are provided for Classic Doom, Doom 3, and Doom (2016), as well as the "Everything Else" general discussion forum and areas for discussion of news and hosted sites. The forum software used is vBulletin.
- Instead of threads and posts being deleted, they are sent to "Post Hell". In contrast to the rest of the forums, Post Hell features a bright orange theme, flashing imitation banner ad, obnoxious background music, and an animated flame effect at the bottom of the window. Fredrik Johansson is featured at the top of Post Hell.
- Troublemakers are generally not banned outright from the site, but instead temporarily "losered". Losered people can only post in a single forum, "Losers", which is invisible to normal users.
- The pink fish first appeared on Doomworld. It is common for people to have fish as their avatars.
- It is not possible for a normal user to set a custom title. Instead, titles are given out by administrators in randomly timed "title giveaways", or set in response to behaviour on the forums.
- The Doomworld forums inspired a series of joke WADs. An anonymous mapper created dwforums.wad as a parody of the forums. The mapper later followed up with dwforums2.wad and dwforums3.wad.
Notable articles and features[edit]
- 5 Years of Doom (1998)
- 10 Years of Doom (2003)
- Cacowards (recurring annually since 2004)
- The /newstuff Chronicles
2015 hosting change[edit]
It was announced by Andrew Stine in early July of 2015 that AtomicGamer would close down by the end of the month and that plans were in place to backup and transfer all of the site's content to a new hosting arrangement in the hands of community members. As of July 25, the doomworld.com domain became intermittently unavailable due to a change made to AtomicGamer's DNS records. It was afterward fully re-established under Stine's control as an independent website. The site was temporarily available at an alternate doom.world domain name until transfer of the doomworld.com domain from Telefragged and sufficient DNS propagation were complete.
External links[edit]
- Doomworld
- Doomworld forums
- Doomworld's idgames archive database
- Backup of AtomicGamer's Doomworld directory for hosted sites
- Doomworld Facebook Group (unofficial)
- Doomworld Steam Group (unofficial)


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Secret to Better Sleep
Ever battle insomnia? Do you wake up at least once a night? Me, too. I tend to self medicate with dark chocolate. Turns out that is BIG mistake. Your post-dinner snacking has a lot to do with your sleep and your weight.
For the full article from shape.com click here.
Fun facts...
- My first job was as a "Soda Jerk" at Cone Corners in Stevens Point, Wisconsin. (Cheesy, huh?)
- Every spring, I participate in the World's Largest Trivia Contest in my hometown of Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Out of about 500 teams and 10-12,000 players, we usually finish in the top 100!!! It's 54 straight hours of useless information and I love it. See? I'm not wired right. Just for the record, my team placed 73rd this year. :)
- I am a proud doggie mommy of "Spooner." She's a rescue who was an abused puppy mill mom. I am amazed at the FANTASTIC rescues and shelters we have in West Michigan. If you think you want to add to your family, the joy of a shelter pet in unparalleled!
- I was the lead singer in a cover band and I miss it.


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This visa application process has many steps. After I knew I had all the information I needed I had to log into the UK Visas and Immigration site and start the process there. I had to create an account and submit my application electronically. Vernon was online with me in a Google Hangout and we were screen sharing so he could help me with whatever information I needed, and it was a good thing he was there. This application took us nearly 3 hours to complete. Not sure if that is the norm or if we did a lot of talking or what but we were online with this application for quite some time. This is not something to rush through so if you are going to do this, make sure you have plenty of time set aside and access to your sponsor or family member for any questions. You can save the application without processing it so if you need to save it unfinished you can do that too. It's also good to save as you go. I made the mistake of not saving which I think is one of the reasons it took us so long to get this done. We also had to pay for our application during this time. In US dollars it cost us $1,513. That amount will most likely change as the currency exchange fluctuates.
After I completed the online application I had to pick a location and date to get my biometrics done. I chose Milwaukee because I planned on being in the area in a few weeks and it would give me time to get my supporting documents together. It is very important to print and keep these three items: 1. Your completed application. You will need it for your biometrics appointment. 2. Your biometrics appointment letter. You can't get past security without it. 3. Proof of application payment. I don't remember if they looked at it at my biometrics appointment but you will need to send it along with your application and supporting documents. When it came time for my appointment I arrived at the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services office in Milwaukee. (USCIS) The security was the same as at an airport. I read that phones and beverages are not allowed so I just left it all in the car. <<<Me parked with a view of the building I have to go to. I got there early which was REALLY REALLY smart. When I got there I had plenty of places to park, there was no one there except one family, but maybe 10 minutes after I arrived the people started pouring in. I showed security my US Passport (photo ID) and my appointment letter and they x-rayed my purse and went through it. After security I was asked to stand in front of another door and wait for someone to help me. They looked at my letter, application and photo ID, wrote something on my application and told me to have a seat and wait until my number is called. After a short wait, my number was called, I went into another room and a very friendly woman had me clean my hands with sanitizer. She took my photo, then had me stand in front of this glass plate where she wiped my fingertips and placed my fingers on the glass. My fingerprints appeared before my eyes on the screen in front of me. It was very cool! No ink, no mess! Everyone from security to the fingerprint lab was very professional and friendly and kept people moving along. My appointment was for 11am, but I got there before 10:30 and I was out of there before 11.
Finally, I had to get my supporting documents together. I didn't put in as much time before the appointment as I should have, and then took a road trip to see my daughter the weekend after my appointment which left me only with a few days to make my copies and put all my paperwork together. I miscalculated how much time I would actually need to do this. I had access to a large table where I could spread out and worked every night for 3 nights until midnight, During this time I got really sick, landing me in bed over the weekend that I was supposed to finish putting this stuff together. I finally got it finished 2 days later than I would have liked, but I was still within the 2 week deadline after my biometrics appointment. Remember to be mindful of the deadlines. The paperwork ended up being 11 pounds and I spent over $100 to have it overnighted. I also included a box and shipping label for returning my originals. It was hectic, stressful and very emotional when that package was taken from my sight but now it's just time to sit back and wait until I hear from the UK whether my visa application is accepted or not. They say 8-12 weeks so we'll see how it goes.


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We are a group of research staff and students in the School of GeoSciences at the University of Edinburgh led by Paul Palmer who study Earth's and other planetary atmospheres using data, models and theory.
We are or have been funded by the UK Natural Environmental Research Council, the Science and Technology Facilities Council, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Leverhulme Trust, the Nuffield Foundation, the UK Space Agency, the European Space Agency, Ford Motor Company, the British Council, the Royal Society, Lockheed Martin UK, and Microsoft Research.
Our current research addresses the overarching science questions:
- What physical, chemical, and biological processes drive observed changes in Earth's atmospheric chemical composition?
- How can we better design and deploy sensor technology to improve our understanding of atmospheric composition?
- How can we describe human behaviour in climate models?
- How does atmospheric composition affect the habitability of exoplanets?
Our group is part of the Centre for Exoplanet Science at the University of Edinburgh.
Contact Details:
School of GeoSciences
Crew Building
The University of Edinburgh
Alexander Crum Brown Road
Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
Map URL (Click on King''s Building Tab)


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For a limited time take an extra 25% off all sale merchandise at RebeccaTaylor.com and Rebecca Taylor retail locations This offer is valid from 12:01am PST on 07/03/2013 through 11:59pm PST on 07/08/2013. Simply enter or present promo code RTJULY4TH13 during checkout and the discount will be automatically applied to each eligible item within your order. This offer is not valid on full-priced merchandise, previous purchases or purchases outside of the promotional dates and cannot be combined with any other offers, promotions or discounts. All items are sold as final sale purchases. Returns or exchanges cannot be accepted.
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Rebecca Taylor Customer Relations: 13039 East Temple Avenue, City of Industry, CA 91746.
If you wish to unsubscribe from all future emails, click here.


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These customized backpacks feature a reflective stripe to help increase visibility of the wearer and your logo.
This custom imprinted drawstring backpack makes a great halloween promotion.
Promote Halloween Safety! Reflective piping on this Custom Tote Bag allows you to be visible from 300 feet away, which is 3 times the distance projected by headlights.
The splatter brain in a logo petri dish is a unique addition to your promotions.
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These cool new glow in the dark polyester custom lanyards imprinted with your logo are a unique giveaway for any promotional or maketing event to get your brand noticed, even in the dark.
This promotional blinking light has 3 different light settings.
Handout this angry pumpkin face promo stress ball at your next Halloween party or to promote an upcoming Halloween campaign.
These promotional products from ePromos are ready to ship in 24 hours. Rush promotional items for a last minute event or if you're other supplier fell through.


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BMW M Laptimer App Now Available for Download
The BMW M Laptimer app is now available for download from the Apple App Store.
Made for BMW vehicles, the app can record data from BMW Apps-equipped vehicles by using their on-board network and GPS receiver to gather data. As a result, the BMW M Laptimer app can create comparative track sessions and provide essential performance information to the driver. The app can also generate track maps while recording driving data such as top speed, number of laps, best lap time and ambient temperature.
SEE ALSO: BMW Launches M Power Data Acquisition App
Once the vehicle comes to a complete stop, the app will update, presenting all the information on a scorecard screen. Drivers will appreciate the highly visual depictions of throttle, speed, brake input, engine RPM, fuel level and g-force. Users will also be able to easily zoom in and out while rewinding or fast forwarding through track recordings. The app can be used on virtually any closed circuit.
And as expected, users will easily be able to share their lap times with others through social networks and can even use the Comparison Mode to view individual or dual runs in real-time.
Discuss this story at 4Series.org


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Centene Is Health Reform In Action
- Health Reform is about moving toward per-patient fees, away from event-driven medicine
- Centene and HealthNet, which are merging, have both proven they can do this.
- The resulting company will be a nice fit for a major insurer.
Ever since the Affordable Care Act was signed in 2010, managed care has become an unexpected sweet spot in the stock market.
By taking swaths of patients under Medicare, Medicaid, VA or other government programs, where payment is assured, then using prevention and network control to deal with these patients profitably, insurers have been getting to the very root of the health reform issue.
The whole purpose of "Obamacare" was to move from event-driven to patient-driven payments, and government programs like Medicare are at the heart of that. So-called "Accountable Care Organizations" are given a per-patient fee, and if they keep costs below that figure they profit. This encourages regular check-ups, preventive medicine, and the use of technology. It encourages follow-ups on patients with chronic conditions like diabetes, aimed at keeping them out of the hospital.
The pre-2010 model saw doctors, and hospitals, being paid for every visit, every test, and every procedure. Doctors wound up buying into hospitals and imaging clinics, self-referring patients, driving costs up.
Centene (NYSE:CNC) and Health Net (NYSE:HNT), announced they were merging last week, are both making it in the new environment. For its most recent quarter, Centene had net income of $63 million, 52 cents per share, on revenues of $5.1 billion, compared with earnings of $33 million, 28 cents per share, and revenues of almost $3.5 billion a year earlier. HealthNet, meanwhile, had net income of $30 million, 38 cents per share, on revenue of $3.9 billion, against $29 million, 36 cents per share, and revenue of $3 billion a year earlier.
Note: You might be interested in our Centene Stock Analysis Video.
The growth is slow, profits are slim, but as scale is achieved you have a nice business. Centene's drive to build scale is fueled by its desire to go "up the stack," to go beyond serving Medicare and Medicaid patients, and to have individual policies through the Obamacare exchanges, through a unit called Ambetter.
That is precisely where HealthNet had been heading, according to the company's Web site, but the company also serves military patients through TriCare and has Veterans Administration (VA) contracts. The deal is also a natural fit because most of Centene's work is in the east, most of HealthNet's in the west. The deal delivered a pop of 16% to HealthNet on top of the 21.6% gain they had enjoyed so far this year, and the 56% gain of 2014.
Also see: Our latest Healthnet Stock Analysis Video evaluating the company's fundamentals.
Combining the two balance sheets, the companies say, will create $150 million in synergies for the bottom line, which would mean you have a company with roughly $8.5 billion in revenue, and profits of $250 million, during the next year.
This is unlikely to be the last step in the consolidation process, which is why those who like to make money might want to buy Centene today. Owning networks of clinics and hospitals creates vertical integration and cost control for insurers, and can guarantee profits down the road. This is at the real heart of health care consolidation today.
A company that can profit on VA and Medicare patients, which are among the least-healthy cohorts in the country, with the lowest per-patient payouts, is in a great position to win private patients on the exchanges. That's what companies like Anthem (NYSE:ANTM), Aetna (NYSE:AET), Cigna (NYSE:CI) and United Healthcare (NYSE:UNH) want– profitable wins on the exchanges.
Centene will be a tasty morsel for one of these players, and probably fairly soon.


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WIN! One of three retro baking sets from Maw Broon's Home & Kitchen
Maw Broon, the famous matriarch of comic strip The Broons, is making her first foray into baking with the new range from Maw Broon's Home & Kitchen! Now you can bring Maw, Paw, the Bairn and all the rest of the family into your home with a selection of themed baking accessories.
Now three lucky readers will have the chance to win their very own Broons baking gift set. Containing a porcelain pouring jug, tin flour shaker and matching tea towel, each set is beautifully presented and tied up with a tartan ribbon.
Maw Broon's Home and Kitchen is a range of stylish products based around the matriarch of Scotland's favourite family – The Broons. Famous around the world for over 76 years Maw Broon stands for quality, vintage style and practical kitchen use. These are the characteristics we bring to each of the products that make up the range we present.
Each product is under official license from DC Thomson the publishers of The Sunday Post newspaper – the home of The Broons.
For your chance to win just fill in the form below.
Terms & Conditions
- Closing date is 2nd August 2013.
- Competition is open to UK residents only.
- For standard EMP Competition terms and conditions click here
Please note: When you enter our competitions you are also opting in to the At Home email newsletter (you can unsubscribe at any time) and email and mail communications from the competition prize provider. Your phone details should only be used for prize notification purposes by the competition prize providers as they are only given to them in that capacity.
Click here to find out what other competitions at home magazine is running
Keep up to date with our latest competitions and special offers by following us on Twitter and joining us on Facebook
**This competition has now closed


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(Note: I tend to write my stories in the present tense. I don't know why, but I just like it that way. I know it's more appropriate to write in the past tenses. So, please bear with me. Remember, in the previous blog posts, Patroklos is called "Patrick."
The following excerpt was part of a story made up back in June 2011. Pyrrha was 13 years old, and Patrick was 12. Their mom, Sophitia, was captured by the evil warlord, Dark Saber. With the help of the Video Game heroes, described in my profile and other blog posts, the siblings tracked down Saber's base. Pyrrha was about to face her ultimate foe for the first time ever.)
Pyrrha and Patrick are shocked to find out that their own mother, Sophitia, is Dark Saber's prisoner. Patroklos turns to where Mario and the others are with a scared expression. It seems the VG heroes are confused as well. Pyrrha's still staring at the electric cage that's trapped her mother. What does Dark Saber want with Sophitia?
Pyrrha: -thinking- Mom, we'll get you out of there.
Dark Saber: I won't regret imprisoning your mother. If you should want her free, you'll have to face me.
Upon hearing this, Patrick unsheathes his short sword, but one of Dark Saber's guards knocks him down to the ground using it's sword's hilt. His sister looks down at him in shock but does nothing else. Pyrrha simply stands there with one of her fists clenched. Anger is slowly building up inside her. Meanwhile, Mario and his team, all huddled up far away, secretly text each other through their communicators to come up with their own plan.
Mario: -his message sent to the rest of the team- It's-a time we showed Dark Saber who he's really messing with.
Luigi: -text message sent to others- How're we gonna free Sophitia with the guards armed with freakishly large swords?
Sonic: -text message sent to others- Well, let's just distract them.
After the secret conversation ends, the VG heroes split up to look for guards. When Sonic spin dashes past two axe-wielding guards, disarming them in the process. Nearby guards notice this disturbance and immediately determine that the VG heroes are currently fighting their forces. Shortly after that, Dark Saber gives out a signal to all his guards to start fighting the heroes while he goes back to focusing on Pyrrha. His army searches for the split-up heroes, who've now gathered again to come up with a fighting strategy. Then, Dark Saber slowly rises from his crimson throne, takes out his deadly saber, and points it at his opponent.
Dark Saber: Your friends made a mistake. Fighting my army won't help with freeing your mother.
Pyrrha: It's your fault. You got them worried as much as I was. My mom's part of the team, too.
Angered by the comments, Dark Saber stomps closer to Pyrrha while tightly clenching his weapon.
Pyrrha: You want to settle this now? It wouldn't be wise because you're up against a true fighter. A young lady striving to protect her family from harm like you.
Patrick, who's now pinned to the ground by spear guards, struggles to speak up.
Patrick: Uh, sis, we're ALL true fighters.
Spear Guard: Shut up!
Pyrrha: -to Dark Saber- I have to put an end to this.
Dark Saber: That's enough! Prepare to die in front of your mother's eyes!
The two have their swords ready. Pyrrha wants to care more about saving her mother. On the other hand, Dark Saber wants Pyrrha out of his way for good. It all seems silent where the two are about to fight. With the rest of the heroes challenging Saber's army, Pyrrha takes a deep breath. Sophitia, kneeling in pain from getting electrified by the cage, watches in despair. Patrick wants to free himself from the guards, but it'll be very difficult to do so. Then, in an instant, Dark Saber raises his blade and slashes at Pyrrha, but she dodges the move in a swift dash to her left, close to where her brother's being held down.
Dark Saber: That was only a warm-up. Now, you'll pay!
To be continued.....
Yeah, as you guys can see, I'm not good at writing stories. :P


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How to Survive Post-Holiday Depression Without Crawling Inside a Bottle of Jack Daniel's
Now that you've had a day or two to decompress from the holidays, you may be struck, like many of us are, with a touch of post-holiday melancholy. Maybe it's having to go from home-cooked meals back to your regular diet of Cheetos, vodka, and cigarettes. Or maybe it's the stack of paperwork you've neglected due to the franticness of the season. This weekend, New Year's Eve may give you a quick pick-me-up, but as soon as that's over, winter glumness will surely set in again. (If you weren't down before, you probably are now. Sorry about that.) But there's no need to spend the next few weeks drinking yourself into a month-long black-out. We here at Cultist have helpful hints on how to kick those blues.
Apologize for Any Holiday Transgressions
Chances are you spent the holidays with your family, which likely means that at some point in the proceedings, you did something to piss off or offend someone. Maybe a spirited debate over who won the third season of Bret Michael's Rock of Love turned into a curse-filled shouting match at the Olive Garden. Or maybe your friendly teasing of your sister's new boyfriend devolved into casual anti-Semitism the more you drank.
A great deal of alleviating post-holiday depression is owning up to the mistakes you made. Or better yet, seeming like you are owning up to your mistakes. Your apology should be one part mea culpa to four parts justification. Explain how tough the holidays are for you and how stressed you've been. Eventually your aggressor will wind up feeling bad for confronting you and you will be absolved of any wrong-doing. Don't forget to passive-aggressively goad others into confrontations as well!
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Return Unwanted Gifts
Having a big stack of crappy gifts that you didn't want only serves to fuel post-holiday depression. If you got an Affliction hoodie instead of that J. Crew sweater you wanted, get it out of your sight ASAP. This means returning it to the store it was purchased at for cash. or store credit. Worse case scenario, your gift giver did not include the receipt and also cut off the tags, which means you were given a gift by an asshole and likely a cheap one at that. You cannot return this gift to the store.
This is when having neglected, illegitimate children comes in handy. Not only will they be so thankful for your token display of affection that they won't question the gift's quality or appropriateness, but you can also explain to your kid that the gift counts as a Christmas and birthday gift. They'll be too busy playing with their new pair of irregular-sized JNCO jeans to understand that they've been tricked. See you next January, squirt!
Participate in Charitable Activities
Maybe you took time out of consuming obscene quantities of evrything this holiday season to give back to those less fortunate than you. Surprisingly enough, it turns out that charitable organizations actually need volunteers all year round. And yes, helping out the needy does put your problems in perspective. But more importantly, helping the needy gives you something to lord over others and make them feel bad about themselves.
When some guy at your office begins to brag about spending a long weekend in Montauk you can just sigh and explain how rewarding spending your free time volunteering at the pediatric hospital is. Try to volunteer in fields where there is a high visibility factor. Sorting donated clothes in a backroom is a no go. Remember, charity is about making you feel better.
Find Other Holidays to Celebrate
If all else fails and you cannot get out of your post-holiday funk, you can always desperately cling to a variety of lesser-known holidays. Invite friends over to ring in Quebec's Flag Day on January 21st. Or if you like your holidays with a touch of solemnity, remember the 1964 riots over sovereignty in the Panama Canal on January 9th with Martyr Day. Many cultures celebrate a slew of holidays equivalent to Christmas throughout the Winter, so you can pound spiked eggnog and leave your tree up well into March before people start looking at you cross-eyed.
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Sandusky Case: Did Shultz and Curley Have a Duty to Report?
The sex-abuse allegations against former Penn State defensive coordinator Jerry Sandusky are shockingly straightforward. The charges against two high-ranking Penn State administrators accused of failing to properly report the suspected abuse, however, are generating discussion over the law's reach.
First, let's have a look at the Pennsylvania criminal code on the duty to report, which says, in relevant part:
A person who, in the course of employment, occupation or practice of a profession, comes into contact with children shall report or cause a report to be made in accordance with section. . .


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Hotel Royal Regency
Call us 1800-300-2400-1 (Toll Free) and Get additional Discount upto 50% for this Hotel.
You are getting lowest possible rate for this hotel
- About Hotel
- Reviews
About Hotel Royal Regency
Hotel Royal Regency is located in Jammu. The hotel is at a walking distance of the Railway Station. The hotel offers well furnished rooms for its guests. It also has an array of services that hotel offers to take care of discerning business and leisure traveler. Guest amenities include a well informed front desk service, luggage storage, laundry facility, medical assistance . The location of the property and surrounding is very pleasing and one will surely wish to visit again. The hotel has a total of 10 spacious rooms equipped with basic amenities like a television and an attached bathroom with the facility of hot and cold running water. Hotel Royal Regency is easy on the pocket and provides its patrons a wonderful experience.
No of floors: 0 | No of rooms: 10
Checkin Time: 1200 pm
Checkout Time: 1200 pm
Hotel Amenities
- Room Service
- Medical Services
- Multilingual Staff
- Suitable For Children
- Luggage Storage
- Newspaper
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- Makeup Mirror
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- Attached Bathroom
- Television-Room
- H/C Running Water
- Premium TV Channels
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