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COMMUNITIES CONTRIBUTING TO BIODIVERSITY. Biodiversity Products from Latin America and the Caribbean
- Julianna Short
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1 COMMUNITIES CONTRIBUTING TO BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity Products from Latin America and the Caribbean
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 FOREWORD 3 PREFACE 4 WORKING WITH BIODIVERSITY TO SAVE IT 5 A FUTURE TOWARDS COMMUNITIES CONTRIBUTING 9 TO AND MARKETING BIODIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Native Plants and Animal Products Quinoa and Kiwicha Flours, Argentina 14 Andean Cornmeal, Argentina 15 Andean Potatoes, Argentina 16 Dehydrated Suillus luteus Mushrooms, Bolivia 17 Oca (Oxalis tuberosa) Flour, Bolivia 18 La Granacha Organic Swiss Cheese, Nicaragua 19 Guinea Pig, Peru 20 Fruits and Nuts Palqui, Bolivia 21 Baru Toasted Nut, Brazil 22 Dehydrated Cerrado Cashew, Brazil 23 Pequi, Brazil 24 Araza, Costa Rica 25 Organic Bananas, Costa Rica 26 Masica, Honduras 27 Sustainably Grown Cashews, Nicaragua 28 Carob, Peru 29 Cacao Native Thin White Cacao, Nicaragua 30 Aromatic Organic Cacao, Ecuador 31 Raw Chocolate, Costa Rica 32 Coffees Biolley Hill Organic Coffee, Costa Rica 33 Café La Amistad, Costa Rica 34 Café Rio Platano, Honduras 35 La Granacha Organic Coffee, Nicaragua 36 Organic Coffee, Nicaragua 37 Certified Organic Arabica Coffee, Ecuador 38 Blue Mountain Coffee, Jamaica 39 Insect Butterfly Pupae, Costa Rica 40 Natural Fertilizer Organic Fertilizer, Nicaragua 41 FOOD PRODUCTS Jams and Jellies Oca Jam, Argentina 44 Yacon Jelly, Argentina 45 Uvilla and Chigualcan Jam, Ecuador 46 Sumak-Delicia Andina Marmalades made from Andean Tubers, Ecuador 47 Elderberry Jam, Peru 48 Aguaymanto Jam, Peru 49 Tomatillo Jam, Peru 50 TABLE OF CONETNTS
3 Drinks and Juices Coquinho Azedo Pulp (Sour Coconut) Frozen Pulp, Brazil 51 Carambola Juice, Costa Rica 52 La Reserve Organic Hot Cocoa, Dominican Republic 53 Bio Mididi Palm Fruit Juices, Bolivia 54 Algarrobo Pod Syrup Drink, Ecuador 55 Dried Fruits for Tea, Preserves, and Jams, Chile 56 Honey Natmel Natural Honey from Native Bees, Brazil 57 Honey Bee Curubande, Costa Rica 58 Organic Honey, Cuba 59 Native Bolivian Honey, Bolivia 60 Dry Forest Flower Honey, Ecuador 61 Native Ecuadorian Honey, Ecuador 62 Dry Forest Organic Honey, Peru 63 Honey from Melipona Bees, Mexico 64 Rainforest Honey, Belize 65 Shrimp from the Natural Lagoons of Fonseca Gulf, Nicaragua 78 Black Conch, Nicaragua 79 Mangrove Conch, Ecuador 80 Gualajo (White Snook) and Sea Bass (Yellowfin Snook), Ecuador 81 Wild King Prawn (Whiteleg Shrimp), Ecuador 82 Fresh Chilean Blue Mussel, Chile 83 Artisanally Harvested Lobster, Mexico 84 PRODUCER PROFILE: ST. KITTS SEA TURTLE MONITORING NETWORK 86 TIMBER PRODUCTS Native Tree Nursery, Costa Rica 90 Certified Wood and Forest Products from a Community Forest, Mexico 91 Pine Seeds, Nicaragua 92 Cooking Oils, Vinegars, and Syrups Banana Vinegar, Costa Rica 66 Yacon Pickling Brine, Argentina 67 Yacon Syrup, Argentina 68 PRODUCER PROFILE: BEES THAT HEAL 70 MARINE PRODUCTS Oysters, Costa Rica 74 Mangrove Clams, Costa Rica 75 Cultured Marine Bath Sponge, Cuba 76 Dried Seamoss, Trinidad 77 PRODUCER PROFILE: LA ESPERANZA COOPERATIVE 94 ARTISANAL HANDICRAFTS Capim Dourado (Golden Grass) Handicrafts, Brazil 98 Cattail Crafts, Costa Rica 99 Yuchan Masks, Argentina 100 Sheep Wool Garments with Natural Dyes, Argentina 101 Recycled Glass Jewelry and Key Chains for Sea Turtle Preservation, St. Kitts 102 Tabla Cordón Handicrafts, Bolivia 103 Satchels made from Bromelia hieronymi, Bolivia 104 Amazonian Tree Resin Incense, Bolivia 105
4 Chonta Palm Handicrafts, Bolivia 106 Educational Wooden Toys, Nicaragua 107 Recycled Paper with Natural Dyes, Ecuador 108 Water Bottle made from Tree Gourd, Ecuador 109 Traditional Kichua Wooden Handicrafts, Ecuador 110 Purse made from Amazon Ornamental Plant (Shiguango Muyu), Ecuador 111 Naturally Dyed Fabrics, Chile 112 Handicrafts made from Plant Fibers, Chile 113 Kuxtal Sian Ka an Artisanal Wood Products, Mexico 114 Peruvian Native Cotton Crafts Woven by Hand, Peru 115 Handcrafted Reed Dolls, Peru 116 Jipi Japa Handicraft, Peru 117 Artesanía de Yarey (Giant Wax Palm), Cuba 118 Hat, Baskets, and Brooms made from Copernicia baileyana (Bailey Palm), Cuba 119 Tagua Nut Sculptures, Panama 120 Coco Bolo Wood Sculptures, Panama 121 Chunga Baskets Handicrafts, Panama 122 Intercultural Educational Toys, Panama 123 Traditional Cotton Kuna Indian Hammocks, Panama 124 Bath and Hair Products Pacari Gueroba Body Lotion, Brazil 135 Macaúba Soap, Brazil 136 Partners of Nature Shampoo, Costa Rica 137 Jatropha Soap, Cuba 138 Aloe Vera Shampoo, Bolivia 139 Organic Honey Shampoo, Nicaragua 140 Ikiam Alma Amazónica Personal Care Products, Ecuador 141 Organic Honey Products, Mexico 142 Herbal Soaps, Panama 143 CONTACT INFORMATION 144 PRODUCER PROFILE: GOLDEN GRASS HANDICRAFTS 126 HEALTH AND BODY CARE PRODUCTS Medicinal Plants Cats Claw, Costa Rica 130 Partners of Nature Medicinal Plants, Costa Rica 131 Yacon Tea Infusion, Argentina 132 Essence of the Aromatic Jamaica Pepper Plant, Nicaragua 133 Medicinal Tinctures, Panama 134
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 The UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP) would like to recognize all the members of the SGP family who helped research, prepare and review this publication especially the SGP National Coordinators (NCs), Programme Assistants (PAs), SGP grantees and NGO partners who provided detailed information about biodiversity-based products and valuable insights into how communities are benefiting from their sustainable use of biodiversity at the local level. The biodiversity product profiles and photographs are a celebration of the innovation and determination of the LAC communities, and the civil society organizations that work with them, towards global conservation efforts and sustainable human development. For your tireless efforts to include the stories of the many communities across the LAC region, thank you to all the SGP country teams from the participating countries: Hugo Iza (Argentina), Giles Romulus (Barbados & OECS), Philip Balderamos (Belize), Donald Sawyer (Brazil), Rubén Salas (Bolivia), Alejandra Alarcón (Chile), Eduardo Mata (Costa Rica), Fabio Fajardo (Cuba), Alberto Sanchez (Dominican Republic), Ana Maria Varea (Ecuador), Juan René Guzmán Arbaiza (El Salvador), Alejandro Santos (Guatemala), Hugo Galeano (Honduras), Hyacinth Douglas (Jamaica), Raul Murguia and Julio Moure (Mexico), Lilliam Jarquin Chavarria (Nicaragua), Jose Manuel Perez (Panama), Emilia Bustamante (Peru), Anna Cadiz (Trinidad & Tobago), Ronel Ceran (Haiti), Peggy Chan Jon Chu (Suriname), and Sandra Bazzani (Uruguay). For your kind words of encouragement and enthusiasm in the planned version of the future on-line catalogue: the SGP LAC country programmes not listed above. Thank you to all of the local photographers for the high quality studio images that have so greatly embellished the catalog design, in particular to Gonzalo Bell for his able coordination of the photography at the LAC regional level. A special thanks to the SGP Panama office (Jose Manuel Perez and Carla Valdes) for your extra time and dedicated support to make things happen and back-stopping beyond the call of duty. Sincere thanks are also extended to Delfin Ganapin and Fumiko Fukuoka of the SGP Central Programme Management Team (SGP CPMT), Danielius Pivoriunas (GEF Secretariat), Michel Pimbert (IIED), as well as Edith Kroese (Progreso Network) and Jacoline Plomp (Solidaridad) for your constructive feedback, comments and assistance during the final stages. The biodiversity catalog publication was designed and coordinated by Terence Hay-Edie (SGP CPMT) and Andrew Bovarnick (UNDP Lead Natural Resource Economist), with unwavering overall support from Corrina Steward (EcoResource Consulting & Coaching). The finished product was successfully brought to fruition by Ana Maria Currea (SGP CPMT Knowledge Facilitator) and Kimberly Koserowski (First Kiss Creative LLC).
6 FOREWORD Meaningful partnerships are the foundation for success in environmental progress. Since its inception, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has fostered partnerships with the public, private and nonprofit sector to increase its impact in the developing world. Over time, we have found that one of the most robust alliances that can be achieved is with civil society and community based organizations (CSOs and CBOs) whose expertise in the field helps us to communicate more effectively with the communities and people we serve. When it comes to biodiversity, CSOs and CBOs stimulate local action that makes a visible impact on global biodiversity. Through this manifold of small partnerships a global constituency to save biodiversity is engaged. Partnering with CSOs therefore is a critical step in funding any GEF project. To date about 13 percent of our projects have been granted directly to CSOs translating into catalytic benefits, both globally and locally. Through the Small Grants Programme (SGP) we have supported over 12,000 projects in 122 participating countries since the inception of the programme. Thus, the GEF, together with its partners, has made a significant and visible difference to the environment and the quality of life of thousands of local communities while at the same time achieving global benefits and supporting the implementation of international agreements. This publication is a part of that process. The region of Latin America and the Caribbean is pivotal for building the SGP s model of success. Six of the countries included in this catalog were the first to develop SGP projects. They began as pilot projects to expand on the notion that biodiversity conservation and human development are mutually attainable. Today, biodiversity conservation connected to sustainable livelihood is a working model for SGP projects around the world. The biodiversity products featured here showcase our successes. Furthermore, they are a celebration of biodiversity. The multitude of productive landscapes, the abundance of ecosystems, the diversity of cultural expressions and the economic opportunities created are all part of biodiversity. We encourage GEF stakeholders from all sectors, public, private and nonprofit, to read these pages and offer guidance to ensure the GEF stays on the right path. It is through the guidance and collaboration of many partners and constituencies that we will save biodiversity both locally and globally. Monique Barbut CEO and Chairperson Global Environment Facility 3
7 PREFACE 4 Launched in 1992, SGP has implemented more than 12,500 projects at the community level to protect the global environment. This publication captures the experiences and results of the SGP s Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) portfolio of over 2,700 projects in the biodiversity focal area. Since its inception, the biodiversity focus of the SGP has stressed sustainable development through improved livelihoods. The sustainable use of biodiversity-based products and commodities are one example of UNDP s commitment to meeting communities development needs whilst also guaranteeing the conservation goals for global biodiversity protection. Biodiversity loss resulting from climate change, over exploitation, invasive species and habitat destruction is a major challenge for poverty reduction. Communities reliance on biodiversity for income, as well as for basic needs like food, shelter, clean water and clothing, is often understated. One of the foundations for sustainable development is acknowledging biodiversity s value for communities. Improving the livelihoods for the poor requires a dual approach: firstly documenting the crucial sustaining services provided by biodiversity, and secondly in making an economic case for investing in these vital services. This catalog publication documents the biodiversity vital to LAC communities for sustainable development. It is a step towards educating the public, private and civil society sectors about the realities on the ground for LAC communities. Most exciting is the vision to form alliances and partnerships with funders, retailers, researchers, governments, non-governmental organizations and small producer organizations to further improve LAC communities livelihoods. Investing time, money and expertise, through these collaborations, will accelerate the path towards healthy, prosperous, sustainable communities throughout the region. Each profile featured here documents what the local biodiversity product is and how it is sustainably produced - many of which are not well-known as globally traded commodities. The high quality photography of each product is a tremendous achievement and the first of its kind for a SGP regional publication. The catalog design itself was developed for the ease of reading and accessibility for multiple audiences. It can be read from front to back or by product categories depending on your interests. The wealth of information included is educational and provides a solid foundation to build deeper relationships across all sectors. Steps are also already underway to make the profiles available on-line through an emerging partnership with key capacitybuilding organizations supporting the strengthening of supply chains of local producer organizations. UNDP hopes that this catalog marks the beginning of stronger partnerships for recognizing the role that biodiversity-based products and commodities play as a means for poverty reduction and sustainable development. The communities we serve and the biodiversity we all cherish are clear reasons for UNDP to renew its commitment to demonstrating the undeniable linkage between the sustainable use of biodiversity, community empowerment and poverty reduction. Yannick Glemarec Executive Coordinator UNDP/GEF
8 WORKING WITH BIODIVERSITY TO SAVE IT Terence Hay-Edie Biodiversity Programme Specialist, UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme Corrina Steward Biodiversity Consultant, UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme THE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY 2010 is the International Year of Biodiversity. The United Nations is fostering collaboration across its many agencies to work with non-governmental organizations, the private sector and people everywhere to act to protect our biodiversity. Biodiversity is the natural wealth that exists in life on Earth. We rely on it to sustain us economically and for the health of the planet. It provides us food, fuel, medicine, and a cultural and spiritual connection to nature. 5 Habitat loss, over-exploitation, climate change, invasive species and pollution are the main threats to biodiversity. Biodiversity can be viewed from several perspectives. From a species perspective, there are 1.75 million species known to scientists on Earth. Many believe that number may actually be about 13 million species. Biodiversity includes the genetic make-up of those species, which is the backbone to ensuring our future food security through varieties of crops and livestock. Biodiversity is also part of the variety of ecosystems deserts, forests, wetlands, mountains, lakes, rivers, and agricultural landscapes that contribute to our dynamic
9 6 planet. Each landscape is a productive landscape that provides for humans and other living creatures. These ecosystem services are clean water and air, healthy soil, and abundant natural resources. The value of biodiversity speaks for itself in what It is through your imagination that the future of communities contributing to and marketing biodiversity can be told. it provides. Yet, its role and function in our economies, cultures and ecosystems are coming to light because of how severely we ve eroded these sustaining services. Habitat loss, over-exploitation, climate change, invasive species and pollution are the main threats to biodiversity. In more than half of the Earth s 14 terrestrial biomes between 20% and 50% of their total area is converted to cropland today. Whilst there are huge differences in the consumption levels of different social groups, our collective demand for fish, timber, and food is out-pacing the supply that nature is providing. Climate change is shifting the very ecosystems that sustain life. Changes in flowering and migration patterns are affecting species distribution and quite possibly our food supply. Invasive species that are introduced into non-native geographical areas are altering the genetic and species composition of biodiversity hotspots around the world. Pollution from expanding agricultural and land and coastal development are destroying sensitive ecosystems like mangroves. Biodiversity and sustainable human development are tightly connected. On World Food Day 2009, the executive secretary for the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Ahmed Djoghlaf, talked about the link between hunger and biodiversity loss: One sixth of humanity is suffering from hunger During the second half of the twentieth century, the global food system was able to respond to the doubling of the world population by more than doubling food production whilst also contributing significantly to reducing poverty. However, the rate of growth in agricultural productivity is declining in parallel to the alarming loss of agricultural biodiversity and the increasing reliance of agriculture on a dangerously narrow base of biodiversity. Over the past 12,000 years approximately 7,000 plant species and several thousand animal species have been used for human food. Today, 75% of the food crops once grown have disappeared in only 100 years. The products described inside these pages, and more importantly the stories of the communities, present a different scenario. Rural communities rely on a much larger quantity of our biodiversity. For example, some indigenous and traditional communities use up to 200 species for food. Yet, many still have to contend with the global environmental threats. It is how they are responding that is changing the future of biodiversity. Through the support of UNDP/GEF s Small Grants Programme (SGP), communities are finding innovation where there once was degradation. They are teaching us how to live more sustainably and to work with biodiversity as integral to our economies and communities. BIODIVERSITY IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) consists of 33 countries. It is amongst the most biologically diverse regions of the world with 5 of the 12 mega diverse countries that harbor 70% of global biodiversity. According to some of the most widely used biodiversity classifications, LAC houses 28% of the Conservation International global hotspots and 26% of the World Wildlife Fund s Global 200 ecoregions -- with similar percentages in each of the terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecoregions. Based on a LAC-specific categorization of terrestrial biodiversity (Dinerstein 1995) 1, 9 distinct bioregions can be identified. Within these 178 ecoregions identified, 17% are critical in terms of conservation status, and 51% are endangered. 1 Dinerstein, E.; M. Olson, David; J. Graham, Douglas; L. Webster, Avis; A. Primm, Steven; P. Bookbinder, Marnie; Ledec, G. (1995) A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank: Washington, DC.
10 Efforts to promote biodiversity conservation in production landscapes are increasingly supportive of community marketing and economic exchange of biodiversity. SGP supports a multitude of local communities and farmers around the LAC region to conserve biodiversity through commercialization and exchange of biodiversity products (i.e. by putting a value on products to ensure that habitat is also worth conserving). This catalog provides an overview of the biodiversity products coming out of SGP s communities. There are 112 biodiversity products represented. Each example is but one of many that exists in LAC communities. They cover 15 categories of biodiversity used for food, housing, income, medicine and health, art and culture and environmental restoration and conservation. Each product and community has a unique story to tell. Some are changing the local economy and diet. In Argentina s high valleys, the Cauqueva cooperative is reviving the ancient technique for growing the wild grains of kiwicha and quinoa. Their work is restoring a native, nutritious diet and ecological health to the upland valleys, a critical habitat for wild grains. In Brazil, the endangered Cerrado, a grassy savannah ecosystem, is central to rural communities livelihoods. Education about the endemic fruits and nuts of the Cerrado is leading to a change in the local food economy. Toasted palqui, a Cerrado nut, is now popular with school breakfast programs. Many communities are protecting biodiversity directly in national parks, biological corridors, UNESCO Biosphere Reverses and World Heritage Sites. In Costa Rica, the Association of Small Producers of Talamanca, whose membership is 80% indigenous, harvests araza fruit in the Talamanca Caribbean Biological Corridor as part of the country s payment for ecosystem services program. In Mexico, Noh Bec manages a community forest in the Sian Ka an Biosphere Revere. One portion of the forest is for sustainable forestry and the other for permanent conservation. Both communities are linked to international fair trade markets. Others are learning how to create new livelihoods to replenish biodiversity. In the Cuban fishing village Carahatas, fishermen collaborated with researchers to develop sustainable techniques to harvest natural marine sponges. In the past, the area was fished with bottom trawlers that damaged spawning areas for commercially valuable fish species. In many coastal marine communities in LAC, mangroves and tidal areas are being treated with a new sensitivity to their role in the reproduction of fisheries. Communities are leading the way with products that don t deplete the fish stock, such as seamoss and naturally-seeded clams and conch. Communities are teaching us how to live more sustainably and to work with biodiversity as integral to our economies and communities. Communities are making use of native and/or rare species for products. In honey production, there is an intentional effort to create wild honey from local flower and tree species and native bees. In Brazil, Natmel is made from bees native to the endangered Cerrado biome. The native bees are crucial for pollination of native flora and maintaining the Cerrado as a healthy, functioning ecosystem. In Ecuador, a dry flower honey comes from the nectars of two trees Erythrina cristagalli (ceibo) and Ceratonia siliqua (algarrobo), which are important to the Sancán dry forest. Some products are directly associated with our well-being and human connection to nature. The Pacari Cerrado Medicinal Plants Network in Brazil, a mostly women run organization, is educating Cerrado communities about traditional medicinal knowledge. Along with education, the network makes medicinal and personal care products with native species. Lastly, communities are relating to biodiversity through their cultural expressions. In Bolivia, in the Gran Chaco eco-region, a hot and semiarid lowland region, the women devised a management plan to continue with the Ayoreode cultural tradition of satchel making with the rare B. hieronymi plant. They recognized that the raw material 7
11 was disappearing in the wild and their harvesting techniques were contributing to desertification. Today, they plant B. hieronymi by the thousands. Their actions have led to a new forest conservation area and buffer zone for their economic activity. In Peru, the artisans of Mórrope district joined together to restore the native cotton that grew in the fields of the ancient Peruvians. They rescued this species from extinction by collecting seeds from the few plants that remained in forgotten old crop fields. 8 It is our hope that through showcasing the biodiversity products found in LAC that greater stride for communities and biodiversity can be made. There are efforts underway within the UNDP to further understand the economic value and ecosystem services provided by biodiversity in LAC. Through the UNDP LAC Regional Biodiversity Initiative a consultation process surveyed biodiversity s function and role in LAC to inform policymakers and key international meetings, including the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Already, the LAC Biodiversity Products Catalog process has unearthed useful information for the UNDP consultation. For example, LAC communities such as the Association of Small Producers of Talamanca in Costa Rica are earning millions of dollars annually for biodiversity products in markets that previously didn t existed. Yet, many of the communities and products represented in the catalog are isolated from marketing channels, education and infrastructure development. Increased funding and, most importantly, relationship building are key to communities success in biodiversity conservation and marketing. For some communities, they have well-established enterprises that can serve as models for new projects. For others, the appropriate connections are still needed for further research or possible retail markets. The needs are varied, and, yet, there is a tremendous wealth already being created both economically and environmentally. The stories and vision of LAC communities will captivate you. It is through your imagination that the future of communities contributing to biodiversity and its wider economic exchange can be told. Share the catalog with your colleagues, get in touch with the SGP National Country teams, and join us in supporting community-based efforts towards conserving our global biological and cultural diversity.
12 A FUTURE TOWARDS COMMUNITIES CONTRIBUTING TO BIODIVERSITY AND ITS WIDER ECONOMIC EXCHANGE 2 Michel Pimbert Director of the Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity and Livelihoods Program, International Institute for Environment and Development An important message of this book is that sustainable and effective conservation of biodiversity in Latin America and the Caribbean calls for an emphasis on community-based management and enabling policy frameworks. These are not the easy options. Contemporary patterns of economic growth, of modernisation and nation building all have strong anti-participatory traits. The integration of rural communities and local institutions into larger, more complex, urban centred and global systems often stifles whatever capacity for decision making the local community might have had and renders its traditional institutions obsolete. Achieving community based management of biodiversity implies a number of fundamental reversals. To spread and sustain community-based conservation considerable attention will have to be given to the following in particular. Debunk the "wilderness" myth and recognise the co-creators of biodiversity. Most parts of the world have been modified, managed and, in some instances, improved by people for centuries. The very biodiversity which conservationists seek to protect may be of anthropogenic origin, since there is often a close link between moderate intensities of human disturbance and biodiversity. If species and landscapes have been moulded or modified by human presence, they are not automatically considered to be in the public domain. Local communities may therefore claim special rights of access, decision, control and property over them. This historical reality should be the starting point of community-based conservation wherever local people have shaped local ecologies over generations. Communitybased conservation must begin with the notion that biodiversity rich areas are social spaces, where culture and nature are renewed with, by and for local people. Strengthen local rights, security and territory. Denying resource use to local people severely reduces their incentive to conserve it and undermines local livelihood security. Policies for communitybased conservation clearly need to reaffirm and protect local rights of ownership and use over biological resources for ethical, as well as practical reasons. Build on local priorities, the diversity of livelihoods and local definitions of well-being. From the outset, the definition of what is to be conserved, how it should be managed, and for whom should be based an interactive dialogue to understand how local livelihoods are constructed, including local and indigenous people's own definitions of well being. Participatory, community-based conservation starts not with analysis by the powerful and dominant outsiders, but with enabling local people, especially the poor, to define their own priorities. Build on local systems of knowledge and management. Local management systems are generally tuned to the needs of local people and often enhance their capacity to adapt to dynamic social and ecological circumstances. Despite the pressures that increasingly undermine local systems of knowledge and management, communitybased biodiversity conservation should start with what people know and do well already, so as to secure their livelihoods and sustain the diversity of natural resources on which they depend. Build on local institutions and social organisation. Local organisations are crucial for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Local groups enforce rules, incentives and penalties for eliciting behaviour conducive to rational and effective resource conservation and use. In developing community-based management schemes, increased attention needs to be given to action through local institutions and user groups. Outside interventions must be designed in such a way that at the end of the project cycle there are local institutions and skills in place to ensure the continuation of biodiversity and natural resource management, without further need for external inputs. 9 2 This section draws extensively on Pimbert, 1996 and 2010
13 10 Emphasise locally available resources and technologies to meet fundamental human needs. Community-based conservation that seeks to provide benefits for local and national economies should give preference to informal innovation systems, reliance on local resources and local satisfiers of human needs. Preference should be given to local technologies by emphasising the opportunities for intensification in the use of available resources. Sustainable and cheaper solutions can often be found when groups or communities are involved in identification of technology needs; in the design and testing of technologies, their adaptation to local conditions; and finally, in their extension and replication to others. The potential for intensification of internal resource use without reliance on external inputs is enormous. Support negotiated agreements and enabling policies for local action. The success of people-oriented conservation will hinge on promoting socially differentiated goals in which the differing perspectives and priorities of local community members and outsiders (conservationists, foresters, bioprospectors) must be carefully balanced and negotiated. Signed agreements between external institutions and local community organisations could promote responsible and accountable interaction as well as equity and social inclusion. In the case of indigenous peoples, national policies need to be brought in line with internationally recognised human rights standards: policies which allow indigenous peoples to represent their own interests through their own organisations, and not through artificial consultative processes controlled by external organisations. Introduce economic incentives and policies for the equitable sharing of conservation benefits. Many of the schemes designed to compensate or/and provide local economic incentives for communitybased conservation need to pay greater attention to equity and human rights issues. Unfortunately in many well publicised communitybased ecotourism and bio-prospecting schemes in the past, benefits have tended to be one sided, going mainly to external groups interested in conservation and not to local people. Community-based conservation of biodiversity has little chance of success where benefits are not distributed equitably among various members of the community, - including women and youth. The distribution of benefits within the community should also be administered by a local institution that carries out its activities in a transparent way and is accountable to the community. Rely on plural forms of economic exchange and not just moneybased markets. There is currently a widespread emphasis on market-based solutions to solve environmental problems and meet human needs and desires. However, the focus on commercial and money-based markets often overlooks the importance of more plural forms of economic exchange (subsistence-based markets, barter, solidarity and cultural gift economies). Whilst largely unseen and ignored in national accounting and planning, economic exchanges based on barter, reciprocity, gifts and solidarity principles are key to sustaining biodiversity in a variety of local settings. There is thus an urgent need to embrace a broader and more inclusive understanding of economics in biodiversity conservation programmes. New institutional innovations for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity will need to rely on creative combinations of use and exchange values as well as on more plural forms of economic exchange that may (or may not, as the case may be) include commercial markets linked to global supply chains. It should be emphasised here that the devolution of biodiversity conservation to local communities does not mean that government agencies and other external institutions have no role or responsibilities. Throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, as elsewhere, the government s application of appropriate regulations to prevent pollution and resource-degrading activities is essential to control the activities of rich and powerful interests (such as timber, mining and land grabbing corporations) with little concern for local-level biodiversity conservation efforts. Another central challenge is in finding ways of allocating limited government resources so as to obtain widespread replication of
14 community initiatives. New partnerships between local and national governments, rural people and the organisations representing them are also needed to understand the dynamic complexity of local ecologies; honour indigenous knowledge and local intellectual property rights; promote wider access to biological information and funds; redirect public subsidies from the very rich to rural communities who nurture biodiversity rich cultural landscapes; and design policies, technologies, as well as plural forms of economic exchange on the basis of local knowledge, needs and aspirations. I leave you with this vision. The valley of Lares-Yanatile in Cusco, Peru is rich in biodiversity. It contains three different agro-ecological zones between the altitudes of 1,000 to 4,850 metres: yunga, quechua, and puna. Andean tubers and potatoes are grown in the highest zone; corn, legumes and vegetables in the middle area; and fruit trees, coffee, cacao and yucca in the lower part. Every week a barter market is held in the middle area of the valley. Here nearly 50 tonnes of goods are traded each market day, ten times the volume of food distributed by the National Programme of Food Assistance. 11 Anyone can participate in the market and can trade any amount of any crop. Women are key players in this non-monetary market, which is vital in ensuring that their families have enough food to eat, and that they have a balanced diet. A web of local organisations operating at different scales (from the household to the whole landscape) governs these forms of economic exchange and contributes to the adaptive management of environmental processes and natural resources. In addition to contributing to the food security of the poorest of the poor, this decentralised web of local organisations also enhances cultural, social and ecological resilience in the face of risk and uncertainty. At this market is the web of biodiversity, the web of relations, and the spinning of a larger web of a biological diverse, sustainable, and just world.
17 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Native Plants and Animal Products QUINOA AND KIWICHA FLOURS Name of species and ecosystem: Quinoa belongs to the Quenopodium genus and is native to the Andean region. Kiwicha belongs to the Amaranthus genus and is native to the Americas. Product location: Quinoa is found 2,000 m above sea level in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Puma, and High valleys in Jujuy, Salta, and Valles Calchaquíes, Argentina. Kiwicha can be adapted to 2,800 m above sea level, and in general to warm and temperate climates, such as in Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina. Global distribution: These two products are found throughout the Americas. Due to genetic and technological developments, the grains can be found on other continents. However, the native varieties are restricted to small valleys with limited areas for cultivating. Production description: Cultivated in mountain towns and small valleys, respectively, quinoa and kiwicha are traditional grains known for their high nutritional content. As wild varieties that grow naturally, conservation of their habitat is paramount to their survival. Both grains nearly disappeared from their natural environments due to lack of knowledge about their nutritional and ecological value. In Argentina, public and private institutions have promoted their recovery through workshops and programs. Recovery of the species has been slow, which signifies the great importance of highlighting the unique conservation and consumer qualities of these products. 14 Over the years, the grains have been in increased demand because, with their high protein content and all amino acids present, they are considered a complete protein. Not only are these grains a good source of protein for consumers everywhere, they are also vital to enrich the diets of often economically poor local farming communities. The grains are milled into flours and used in a variety of traditional dishes. Quinoa and kiwicha flours made from the wild grains. They are high in protein content and contain all the amino acids we need for a complete protein. Kiwicha flour has a particularly useful texture and flavor that makes it easy to mix with less nutritional flours. The grains are cultivated with old, native techniques that produce only small amounts. Due to the critical habitats needed to grow them, only a few Argentinean towns produce quinoa and kiwicha today. Traditionally, these towns were called collas because they preserved the genetic varieties and maintained the crops for all; there used to be many collas. Today, there are only a few that preserve the old ways of cultivation. The Cauqueva cooperative is a self-managed organization whose membership is made of 150 small producers from these small towns, who maintain the tradition of quinoa and kiwicha cultivation. They are mainly in Quebrada de Humahuaca in the province of Jujuy. The cooperative aims to improve the standard of living of its members by producing and marketing ancient and horticultural products. The cooperative does trainings as a way to value ancient productive techniques and the native diet. Currently, the cooperative produces 400 kg of quinoa and kiwicha flours annually, with little capacity to increase production.
18 ANDEAN CORNMEAL Name of the species and ecosystem: Corn from the Zea genus Product location: Native to the Americas. Within the northwest of Argentina, it can be found in the lowest areas of the Andean mountains environment. Even though the strongest hypothesis claims that the origin of corn is in Mexico, corn dated 3,000 years older than corn found in Mexico is found in Huachichocana, Argentina (Purmamarca, Quebrada de Humahuaca, province of Jujuy). Global distribution: The old corns are distributed all through America. In general, their preservation is associated with the existence of native communities. Production description: Production description: The culture of Quebrada de Humahuaca has relied on cornmeal since its inception as a dietary staple. Today, the communities of the Cauqueva cooperative produce corn flour using a technique that loosens the starch in corn, which produces the slightly sweet flour used in sweet recipes. The cooperative also produces a blander cornmeal called culli, or purple, which is used for breads and pasta. The cooperative s work with these ancient corn varieties is maintaining their genetic stock in the environment from which they came. Without these methods, the corn varieties, which require cross-pollination in the wild, might be threatened to disappear, as would the mountainous ecosystems where they grow. Corn remains an important ingredient to the Quebrada de Humahuaca communities today. It is boiled for a meal called choclo or elote; toasted or used as raw flour to elaborate various dishes (tamales, anchi, soups), drinks (chicha, api, ulpada, chilcan), and sweets (capias, alfajores, maicenitas); and combined with boiled hard wheat for mote and tijtinchas. Native Plants and Animal Products AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 15 The cooperative does trainings as a way to value ancient productive techniques and the native diet. They trade 2,500 kg of cornmeal flour each year. See description of the Cauqueva cooperative in the previous product description. Andean cornmeal produced from ancient corn varieties called capia. The cornmeal is slightly sweet and good for sweet recipes. There is also a blander cornmeal called culli, or purple, available, which is used for breads and pasta.
19 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Native Plants and Animal Products ANDEAN POTATOES Name of species and ecosystem: Solanum tuberosum; scientists are considering whether the Andean varieties are a subspecies. In Argentina, where they are called Andean potatoes, there are Andean tubers of different types. Product location: Limited to three places, mainly in the provinces of Jujuy and Salta; these are Quebrada de Humahuaca, Puna (high plain) and High valleys. Global distribution: They are present all through the Andes, from Colombia to northern Argentina and Chile. In each place, however, there are different varieties. 16 Production description: Native potatoes, or tubers, have managed to survive the modern wave of agriculture, but not without some losses. Both the loss of knowledge about the Andean potato varieties and of productive areas for them to grow contributes to their overall biodiversity erosion. The Cauqueva cooperative is restoring these varieties in the marketplace. They produce and trade more than 50 varieties in Argentina. As the market value for these varieties has grown, the productive area has begun to recover. Cauqueva s example demonstrates the importance of generating commercial chains for biodiversity products in order to conserve natural habitats. Exquisite Andean potatoes cultivated by small producers in the high Andean region of Argentina. They come in many colors, shapes, and sizes, and each variety is distinguished by its texture and taste. The range in their flavor and texture allows for a variety of uses, from mashed to fried potatoes (these tubers have a higher percentage of dry matter, making them prime for frying).
20 Native Plants and Animal Products DEHYDRATED SUILLUS LUTEUS MUSHROOMS Name of the species and ecosystem: Suillus luteus; the species belongs to mountain forests with a predominance of Pinus radiata, with which it has a symbiotic relationship. Product location: Local communities in the municipality of Alalay, third section of the Mizque province, the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Global distribution: Found throughout the northern hemisphere in pine forests. Production description: The mushroom species grows in symbiosis with pine trees; the mycorrhizal strands (the root tuber for mushrooms) of the mushroom spread out across the forest floor, absorbing nutrients that both the mushroom and the trees benefit from. This relationship supports the growth of indigenous natural forests and commercial plantations. 17 The producing communities in Bolivia are Yanagaga, Brrr, Viscachani, Canadas, and Mizque, in the Wankuni province of the Cochabamba department. The communities live in high altitudes that can reach freezing temperatures in the winter months of June and July. The S. luteus mushroom has contributed to a reassessment of the economic value of this harsh environment. As a byproduct of pine and eucalyptus forests, the mushroom has become an important complementary source of income. Dehydrated Suillus luteus mushrooms, locally called k'allampa, from the pine forests of Bolivia. S. luteus has a sweet-smelling, tender flesh. High in protein and carbohydrates and low in fat, it is easy to prepare and available at any time of year. The Mushroom Growers Association and Agroecological Alalay Forest township are rapidly increasing sales. Production is currently limited, due to the number of mushrooms dryers available for the 120 families participating in the project. The city of Cochabamba, the main market for the communities, has a market demand of four tons per month. The mushroom growers have the capacity to triple their current sales and meet the market demand with additional drying infrastructure.
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MSU Extension s high-quality and affordable educational opportunities
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Johnston County GOP Monthly Meeting
Tuesday, January 10, 2017 6:00 pm
Join us in Smithfield at Sleep Inn and Suites for the January meeting of the Johnston County GOP. We will begin 2017 with a planning session along with updates from our elected and newly elected officials on what is happening in Johnston County and in Raleigh. Please bring your ideas and your friends.
The 2016 Conservative Voter Guide
School Board Member Donna White to
Run for NC House District 26 Seat
Rep. Leo Daughtry Will Not Run in 2016
Keep up with the Johnston County Republican Women
Join Johnston County Teenage Republicans!
Are you a teenager interested in getting involved in politics? Join Johnston County Teenage Republicans, click here for more info.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
tartar saucenoun [ U ]also tartare sauce uk /ˈtɑː.tə ˌsɔːs/ us /ˈtɑːr.t̬ɚ ˌsɑːs/
› a cold, white sauce containing small pieces of herbs and vegetables, usually eaten with fish
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
(Definition of "tartar sauce" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
(Definition of "tartar sauce" from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
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Word of the Day
the pleasant feeling of being united with other people in friendship and understanding


text:
NASA signaled the beginning of a much safer era of space travel, Wednesday, emailing the design of a socket wrench to astronauts so they could print it out in orbit.
The immediate implication for NASA and passengers on its risky ride is that, properly trained and equipped, the crew of a space flight should now be able to repair most things even if there's no replacement for the part that broke, or if the repair itself requires a special tool no one thought to bring along.
It was not a spontaneous socket wrench, however. And it was not the first tool to be printed on the International Space Station (ISS).
It was the first tool to be designed on the ground, sent into orbit, printed and used successfully in zero gravity in space, according to Made In Space, the 3D-printer manufacturer that – as part of a development contract with NASA – built the printer, created the design, and got both into the hands of the ISS crew.
The Zero-G Printer is part of a project launched under a development agreement between NASA and Made In Space to see if microgravity would affect the additive material that goes into the tools, or the ability of the printer to lay the material down where it needed to be.
The machine was tested in one of NASA's parabolic-looping vomit-comet microgravity planes, launched into orbit on a SpaceX resupply mission Nov. 17, and has been happily churning out monotonously beige clips and containers and other simple parts – all from designs that went into orbit with the printer, and which had been test-printed successfully on the ground.
The socket wrench – actually just the ratchet handle – in the picture is the first "uplink tool," according to Made In Space – meaning it's the first one whole design was sent up to the station to be printed rather than being there already.
It's a trivial difference when you're talking about a relatively simple, solid piece of plastic whose only unique value is that it fits the hole of a particular socket to provide a lever for turning.
NASA didn't hire Made In Space to make ratchets, though. It wants 3D printers so that astronauts won't be in quite as tight spot if some bit of NASA's psychotically overplanned flight preparation and design requirements, with doubly redundant failover redundancy systems and flight-equipment checklists as longer than the mission instructions should ever allow something to be forgotten.
The process isn't advanced enough to deliver what you'd call a practical solution, under most circumstances.
It took four hours to print the ratchet, which is a lot longer than it would take to run down to the hardware store to get one – if you weren't in orbit. And the fuel it took to get the 3D printer and its raw material into orbit meant the ratchet ended up costing more than it would have if Leonardo da Vinci had made it himself, by hand, out of gold. Which is entirely not the point.
In this case the printed tool wasn't critical to the survival of the space station. If something critical had broken and NASA had no way to replace it without another launch and the risk of the lives of another crew.
Judged as a ratchet, the first space tool is a gross disappointment. Judged as a way to get a critical part to a place it's not possible to go, the only conclusion is that it's a pretty nice ratchet.


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Tuesday, November 3
5:00 pm - 7:00 pm
Relay for Life Kickoff: Old School Pizza
7:00 pm - 9:00 pm
Homecoming Kickoff: Crawford Green
9:45 pm - 11:45 PM
Hockey Game vs. Embry-Riddle
Space Coast IcePlex, Rockledge
Wednesday, November 4
7:00 pm - 9:00 pm
College Players Present Catch Me If You Can, Gleason
8:00 pm - 10:00 pm
Baseball Game
FIT Baseball Field
Thursday, November 5
All Day
Office Decorating Contest
10:00 am - 4:00 pm
Light and Shadow Contemporary Fiber Art by Hye Shin, Ruth Funk Center for Textile Arts
Daily Mass: All Faiths Center
5:00 pm - 7:00 pm
FIT Homecoming 5K Run/Walk
Downtown Melbourne
6:00 pm - 7:30 pm
Phi Kappa Phi Homecoming Reunion
Black Kat Lounge, All PKP members welcome!
8:00 pm - 10:00 pm
Talent Show
Clemente Center, Rehearsal begins at 7 p.m.
Friday, November 6
10:00 am - 4:00 pm
Light and Shadow Contemporary Fiber Art by Hye Shin, Ruth Funk Center for Textile Arts
Daily Mass: All Faiths Center
1:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Family Weekend Check in and Registration
Panther Dining Hall
5:30 pm - 7:00 pm (Invite Only)
Special reception to honor 2015's Jerome P. Keuper Distinguished Alumni Award and College's Outstanding Award recipients: Yellow Dog Cafe
5:30 pm - 1:30 am
Trolley Service
From Campus To Downtown Melbourne and back, every 30 minutes
6:00 pm - 1:00 am
Homecoming Fest
Downtown Melbourne, featuring a free live concert by Matt and Kim!
7:00 pm - 9:00 pm
Volleyball vs. Eckerd
Palm Bay Magnet High School Gym


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FLEXO Magazine : November 2008
TECHNOLOGIES & TECHNIQUES All art courtesy Mark Andy Inc. Productivity & Efficiency In-Line Flexo Hallmarks By Mike Pfaff P roductivity drives the modern economy. The U.S.— despite a crisis in the financial sector, tight credit, the handicap of multiculturalism, a struggling public educa- tion system and near-record energy costs—continues to lead the world in living standards and a host of other economic measures. It is the most powerful economy and the most coveted market in the world. Why? Because the U.S. worker is the most productive in the world. On average, American workers produce more goods and services per dollar of labor cost than anyone else. The point is not to pat America on the back. The point is that productivity, from a national economy on down to the corner print shop, is the engine that makes economic growth and pros- perity possible for everyone. This has always been so. A quick review of past economic expansions anywhere in the world re- veals productivity gains as a primary cause. Increased productiv- ity essentially brings greater returns from smaller investments. What Wall Street trader would argue with that, particularly in the current environment? Many companies focus solely on cost reduction efforts, ignor- ing the far better results that come from increases in productiv- ity. Others take a path of acquisition, believing that simply buy- ing sales volume puts them in a stronger position. Buying poor productivity is often the result, and efforts to "streamline" the now larger company footprint to take advantage of the synergies they believe exist often yield nothing but plant closings, lost jobs and surplus machinery. A close cousin of productivity is efficiency. If we measure productivity as not just output per unit of labor, but also per unit 32 F LEXO of raw material, it stands to reason that achieving the greatest possible yield out of raw material inputs also drives the pros- perity, and profitability, of a nation or an individual enterprise. Here again, there are many misguided attempts to become ef- ficient by simply cutting costs. Asking one person to do the job of two normally brings little efficiency; more often the result is one burned-out worker doing two jobs in mediocre fashion. Efficiencies can actually fall in this type of scenario. My point is not to belittle cost reduction efforts; certainly reducing bloated staffs and eliminating redundant effort are laudable goals. However, to truly strengthen an enterprise, the twin goals of improving productivity and increasing efficiency must start at the very core of how the company does what it does. SHORT STEPS These principles can be applied anywhere. Since we are concerned with the production of folding cartons, in a market where low cost is king, let's look at how a carton printer can in- crease productivity and efficiency in his sheetfed offset house. For this discussion, we'll lay aside any print-quality consider- ations. It is acknowledged that for certain cartons, offset printing continues to be required due to the belief that it can reproduce graphics better than flexo. This discussion will be limited to those cartons, perhaps 70 to 85 percent of the market, for which modern flexography (including digital prepress, UV-curable inks and high-quality aqueous varnishes) can deliver commercially- acceptable quality on a day-in, day-out basis. NOVEMB E R 20 0 8 www. f l e x o g r a p h y. o r g CARTONS
October 2008
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text:
Dad's Army by Graham McCann shows why the series was the funniest show ever, says Nicholas Lezard
Persecuted under Mao's Cultural Revolution, Xinran Hue later trained as a broadcaster and became China's first radio agony aunt. The poignant stories she heard, from formerly voiceless ordinary women, have been collected in a new book, The Good Women of China
Nigel Hawthorne masked his sexuality and locked up his emotions - so he only gives us half a life in Straight Face
It was recorded mainly in the faded elegance of the Maharaja of Dhrangadhara's palace in Pune with a 48-strong Indian cast of stunning vitality - and the result is magical
There are funny bits delivered in that unmistakable plaintive Eeyore voice, but there is a stronger aftertaste of a man working out some problems with the church of his youth
Anna Massey's delivery is a bit pursed-lipped, hinting disapproval of these devious dirty dealers, and sounds a touch school-marmish
JRR Tolkien: an Audio Portrait
presented by Brian Sibley
Running time 1hr 50mins
BBC Radio Collection CD £12.99, cassette£9.99
Maggie Brown on Chance Governs All by Marmaduke Hussey, the man who saved the BBC
How a radio-show host gave Middle America a voice with True Tales of American Life
Roger Lewis's perfunctory biography of Charles Hawtrey, The Man Who Was Private Widdle, takes us from Carry On stardom to port and whisky on the Kent coast
Ben Elton's satire is close to its sell-by date. He jumps on the reality television bandwagon with Dead Famous
Film director Terence Davies on how he came to write a radio play about geriatrics.
The average novel has 100,000 words - 80,000 too many for Radio 4's Book at Bedtime. Duncan Minshull reveals the secret art of the abridger.
The vestigial image of national service (1945-1963) comes from rosy saloon-bar memories, but Wheeler hears men recall despair, death - self-inflicted and in conflict - and above all the terminal dullness of those two-year sentences
From its first issue in 1923 to today, the Radio Times provides an insight into broadcasting as well as mere listings
Observer review: Being born in a northern town, Bennett tells us, is more like a handicap than an inheritance
It was, the Radio 4 announcer told us, "an extraordinary radio event". For the first time on British radio, an unabridged novel was to be read from beginning to end. Boxing Day and all the network's traditional programmes were swept on to long wave to clear the schedules for eight hours and 20 minutes of Quidditch, broomsticks and some very wizard wizardry. Yesterday was renamed Harry Potter Day.
Radio 4 is to test the forbearance of its famously loyal band of listeners by clearing the schedules for an uninterrupted, eight-hour reading of JK Rowling's first Harry Potter novel on Boxing Day.
It comes as no surprise, I suppose, to learn that Alan Bennett sleeps in his late mother's bed. Or to find that he takes quiet pleasure from the fact that the bed still bears the marks on its frame made by her toenails as she strained to give birth to his brother. There is something forensic, macabre even, about the way he clings to the detail of his growing up, to the conviction that if he scratches hard enough and often enough at the dull surface of his childhood he will reveal the ingrained emotional tracery that explains who he is.
As VS Naipaul and Doris Lessing accuse the government of dumbing down culture, James Meek argues that the arts and literature will thrive - as long as television maintains its low standards
Television programmes are dead: they're filled with names we already know doing the things we expect them to. Iain Sinclair, whose new work Asylum hits our screens tonight, says it's time to bring some life back to a medium in crisis
White Teeth, the acclaimed first novel by 24-year-old Zadie Smith, is to be made into a £5 million television serial for BBC 1.
Mrs Slocombe's Pussy, Stuart Jeffries' life constructed around TV nostalgia, falls between pop culture critique and Hornby confessional


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Snohomish County Attorney in Everett, WA
phone (425) 259-2222
fax (425) 259-2033
Kent Millikan is a founding partner of the Deno Millikan Law Firm, and is now "of Counsel" with the Firm.
He has more than forty years of experience as a trial lawyer representing clients in personal injury cases, in complex divorce and family law cases, in contentious probate proceedings, and in complex business matters and real estate. His practice focus now is personal injury, probate, estate planning, business and real estate matters.
He grew up near Cleveland, Ohio, graduated from college at Oberlin College in Ohio, and graduated from the School of Law at William and Mary College in Williamsburg, Virginia. He was admitted to the Virginia Bar Association in 1968, and to the Washington State Bar Association in 1970.
He began private practice in Snohomish County in 1974 with a law firm that evolved over the years into the Deno Millikan Law Firm, PLLC.
He is a member of the Washington State Bar Association and Washington State Association for Justice. He has served as a Superior Court Commissioner Pro Tem, as an arbitrator for the Snohomish County Superior Court Mandatory Arbitration program, and as a mediator in personal injury and family law cases. He was awarded the "Golden Gavel Award" by the Snohomish County Bar Association, and received a Pro Bono Publico Commendation by the Washington State Bar Association for volunteer pro bono legal services to individuals.
Outside of the office, He enjoys golf and racquetball, and spending time with family.
To contact Kent Millikan, please call 425-312-6094 or email us today!
Areas of Practice:
- Arbitration of Disputes
- Business Law Litigation
- Construction Law
- Corporation & Partnership Law
- Professional Negligence/ Medical Malpractice
- Estate Planning
- Mediation and Arbitration
- Probate Attorney
- Real Estate
- Personal Injury
- Litigation Percentage:
- 40% of Practice Devoted to Litigation
- Bar Admissions:
- Washington, 1970
- Virginia, 1968
- U.S. District Court Western District of Washington, 1971
- U.S. Court of Appeals 9th Circuit, 1971
- Education:
- The College of William and Mary, Marshall-Wythe School of Law, Williamsburg, – Virginia, July, 1968, J.D.
- Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, July, 1965 – B.A., Major: Economics
- Representative Clients:
- Northwest Plus Credit Union
- Comprehensive Wealth Management
- Honors and Awards:
- Snohomish County Bar Association, "Golden Gavel Award", 1987
- Washington State Bar Association, Pro Bono Publico Commendation, 2004
- Professional Associations and Memberships:
- Snohomish County Bar Association, 1970 – present (President 1994)
- Snohomish County Legal Services, 1989 – 1990 – President
- Washington State Bar Association, 1970 – Present – Member
- Washington State Trial Lawyers' Association (now Washington State Association for Justice), 1986 – Present – Member
- Snohomish County Superior Court, 1983 – Present – Arbitrator
- Snohomish County Public Defenders Association, 1978 – 1981 – President, Board Member
- Past Employment Positions:
- Cogdill, Deno, Millikan & Carter, Partner, August 1, 1974 – March 1, 1992
- Northwest Washington Legal Services, Executive Director, January 1, 1972 – August 1, 1974
- Legal Services, Seattle Legal Services, Staff Attorney, March 1, 1970 – December 1, 1971
- Pro Bono Activities:
- Volunteer Pro Bono Attorney – Snohomish County Legal Services, 1974 – Present
- Member, Family Law Task Force Committee, Snohomish County Bar Association, 1987 – 1988
- Board of Directors, Evergreen Legal Services Corporation, The Statewide Federally Funded Legal Services Program, 1976 – 1977
- Board Member, Snohomish County Community Action Council, 1973 – 1975
- Member, Law and Justice Planning Committee, Snohomish County Law and Justice Planning Office, 1978 – 1979
- Edmonds Community College Citizen Advisory Committee Member, 1979


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Playtime: Virginia MaeFavorites [+]
Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
Purchase Options
Pay-Per-MinutePurchase Minutes
Streaming Rentals
Available MP4 sizes:SD 480p (0.89 GB)
DRM-free downloads offer content that is not limited by standard Digital Rights Management (DRM) access technologies. These technologies allow hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the usage of digital content.
When you purchase DRM-free downloadable content, that content is available for you to download on any computer and save to a disk whenever you like. You can also download to multiple computers. There is no timeframe associated with your purchase and the content will not expire.
Running Time: 60 minutes
Studio Name: Cypher Pictures
Series: Playtime -Cypher Pictures
Director: Louis Cypher
Categories: Fetish Small Tits Wet / Messy Gonzo All Girl Oddities Redhead
Description: Cypher pictures does it again in this great addition to their Playtime series. It's balloons and whipped cream treats with Virginia Mae. This girl really knows how to have fun. This is a sure hit you don't want to miss!
6 Scenes from Playtime: Virginia Mae
Playtime: Virginia Mae: Scene 1 Free Preview
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Sex Acts: Fetish, Modeling, Showering/Bathing, Wet / Messy
Settings: Dining Room, Bedroom, Shower
Playtime: Virginia Mae: Scene 6 Free Preview
Sex Acts: Breast Play, Toy Play - Vaginal, Girl on Girl action, Fondling, Vaginal Sex, Oral Sex
Recommended Movies
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text:
Hands on with Locate for Android
Been using an app called Locate these past few days. Simply put, it's a localized search service that runs on any Android device. The app is developed by Smart Communications but as it is in the Android Marketplace, you don't need to be a SMART subscriber to use it. As long as you're on Android … Continue reading Hands on with Locate for Android


text:
Gizmo might be a tad shy when you first meet him but a little scratch under the chin and you get his motor running! He is a quiet, sweet cat that is looking for a home where he can help keep your lap warm. Very low maintenance and happy just to be in your space Gizmo would make the perfect pet for someone with a quiet lifestyle that would like a calm yet constant companion. If you are thinking your home might have room for this pretty boy please go to our website at www.emmetcountyanimalshelter.org to apply and as always our adoption fees are free will to approved applicants.
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to Emmet County Animal Shelter.
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.


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Data from: Genome-wide association and regional heritability mapping to identify loci underlying variation in nematode resistance and body weight in Scottish Blackface lambs
Date Published: October 9, 2012
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8f191
Content in the Dryad Digital Repository is offered "as is." By downloading files, you agree to the Dryad Terms of Service. To the extent possible under law, the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data.
|Genotypes, pedigree and phenotype files for Scottish Blackface population
|63 times
|SNP, nematode and body weight data
|File_uploaded_Heredity.7z (12.24 Mb)
|View File Details
When using this data, please cite the original publication:
Additionally, please cite the Dryad data package:
We encourage organizations to:


text:
Vanilla Flavor Wonf, Natural (Organic NOP) (01-028-29)
Vanilla Flavor Wonf, Natural (Organic NOP) (01-028-29) is a natural, organic, brown, slightly opaque liquid that provides a bourbon/vanilla-type flavor. Vanilla Flavor Wonf, Natural (Organic NOP) (01-028-29) is most commonly used in bakery and a variety of beverage applications. It is approx. 3X the strength as A.M. Todd product number 01-028-18.
- Specification Sheet (英語)
Certification Statement
- Certification of Naturalness (英語)
- GMO Certificate (英語)
- Allergen Statement (英語)
- Continuing Food Guarantee (英語)
- Proposition 65 Statement (英語)
A.M. Todd Botanical Therapeutics is a developer and manufacturer of premium botanical extracts and nutritional supplements used in the Food, Beverage, and Nutrition industry. For over 130 years, this company has been dedicated to flavor ingredients and technology. A.M. Todd's broad range of offerings includes Almond Extract, Cocoa Nib Extract, Fennel Extract, Guava Flavor, and Lychee Distillate.


text:
UK Dating
I have started dating a lady through this website and feel that to give the relationship a chance I would like you to remove my... more..
Other UK Dating Group Sites
Online couples 'should be proud of where they met'Posted on: June 17, 2011 13:33:18
Lonely hearts looking for love using UK chat rooms should not be embarrassed about their dating techniques.
Looking for a new partner through the internet has become almost as common as meeting at work or in a bar.
The increasing popularity and success rate of the socially accepted medium has led to an acceptance among the public about the validity of online romance.
Columnist Amy Loudon has urged internet users to continue to try to find their ideal partner using the internet, despite the fact that it can often be a slow process.
In an article for the Independent, she advised online daters to treat websites and chat rooms in the same manner as real-life relationships, where finding romance can often be a slow process.
Patch.com has advised internet surfers to ask prospective partners key questions about their hobbies and interests in a bid to discover their compatibility.
Tired of being lonely hearts? Try USA dating!
Related Online Dating News
Hong Kong Phil boss "dreams of working with Jackie Chan"Posted on: April 17, 2014 16:26:26
The musical director of one of Asia rsquo s most well-known orchestras dreams of bringing in some unorthodox talent to perform with his musicians Speaking to the South China Morning...
(read more)
Lee Ryan and Casey Batchelor steam up the CBB housePosted on: January 6, 2014 17:25:01
They may have been shackled together when they entered the house but Lee Ryan and Casey Batchelor have done anything but drift apart since they were set free In fact...
(read more)
The online dating racePosted on: January 6, 2014 16:22:05
New research has revealed how likely single people are to get a message from an online dating site throughout According to MailOnline age matters more to men than women as...
(read more)
Sweethearts get engaged after failures on reality TVPosted on: January 3, 2014 19:02:42
When Danielle Cornwall-Nash appeared on ITV s prime time dating show Take Me Out last year she hoped that she would find a new partner and maybe even a new...
(read more)
News Index
Online Dating (1340)
Senior Dating (48)
40 Plus Dating (91)
Elite Dating (238)
Adult Dating (165)
Mobile Dating (81)
Gay Dating (20)
Christian Dating (12)
Black Dating (7)
BBW Dating (11)
Lesbian Dating (12)
Military Dating (15)
European Dating (30)
South African Dating (5)
USA Dating (154)


text: In the proposed functionality where a best answer is selected to the original poster (OP)'s question, who should choose it? Because not all threads are suitable to have a 'best answer', I think the OP (or moderators) should enable the selection of the best answer for a thread, and that should be displayed under the question in post #1. But some people think the OP should choose the best answer and some people think the readers of the thread should. Personally I think the readers should. I mean how would the OP know which is the best answer if they had to ask it in the first place? But obviously opinion is divided. I'm interested in your thoughts. Thanks