text:
drake harris
The "Speed Is Overrated" Era Is, Mercifully, Over
The successes. [Patrick Barron]
In his four-year tenure at Michigan, Brady Hoke accepted commitments from eight recruits who entered the program as wide receivers. With Drake Harris' move to cornerback, one remains at the position on the current roster: senior Moe Ways, who has five career receptions and doesn't appear likely to play a significant role this fall.
After the Harris news broke, The Mathlete posed a question to the group in the mgo-slack chat:
Amara Darboh and Jehu Chesson are obvious; both just went in the NFL draft after productive college careers. If we take this question literally—including only players who were recruited as wide receivers—then the third answer tells you all you need to know about Hoke's recruiting at the position: Moe Ways, he of the five career catches.
Here are Hoke's recruits ranked by receiving yards. I've listed them by the position they began their careers playing, because this staff well and truly thought Devin Funchess was a tight end for two years before getting it right:
- WR Amara Darboh, 2062
- TE/WR Devin Funchess, 1715
- TE Jake Butt, 1646
- WR Jehu Chesson, 1639
- RB De'Veon Smith, 251
- TE/FB Khalid Hill, 226
- TE AJ Williams, 164
- RB/WR Dennis Norfleet, 157
- FB Joe Kerridge, 123
- TE Ian Bunting, 118
- RB Drake Johnson, 107
- RB Justice Hayes, 105
- FB Sione Houma, 91
- S Jabrill Peppers, 82
- WR Moe Ways, 64
- RB Ty Isaac, 54
- WR Drake Harris, 50
- FB Henry Poggi, 47
It's understandable, in this relatively short time period, to have the type of chasm that exists between Chesson and Smith—a team can only have so many top targets. Having not one, not two, but three fullbacks rank ahead of the next player recruited as a wide receiver (and a fourth threatening to pass him), however, is not.
You may note that the entire 2013 wide receiver class—Jaron Dukes, Da'Mario Jones, and Csont'e York—is missing from the above list. The trio produced two catches for 13 yards at Michigan, all by Jones. In retrospect, perhaps this wasn't the best recruiting strategy:
Michigan signed three receivers last week, none of whom ranks better than a three star.
They seem to be big on size, but lack elite speed.
That doesn't concern receivers coach Jeff Hecklinski.
"Speed is overrated," he said last week. "Obviously, it's something we have to have. But speed is overrated. How can you truly judge the speed of a high school kid on the perimeter when maybe he touches the ball three times a game?
This is how a true sophomore, Kekoa Crawford, wound up as the old man among expected two-deep contributors at receiver this year. Thankfully, Jim Harbaugh followed up on a strong 2016 receiver haul with, by recruiting rankings, the best receiver class in program history. One look at Donovan Peoples-Jones will dispel any notion that this staff believes speed is overrated. Thank the football gods.
Good Unverified Voracity For People Who Like Bad Unverified Voracity
[Patrick Barron]
All position switches are good news and bad news. Drake Harris is now a cornerback:
Excited to start my next journey on the defensive side of the ball! Wide receiver ➡ Cornerback
— Drake Harris (@drizzygetbusy12) May 15, 2017
I'm dubious that this will work out, but Sam Webb asserts that Harris was not flat out told to move—he was in fact told that if he stays at WR he would be a contributor. The uncertainty at corner is greater and a guy with Harris's frame has a super high upside if it works out. Yes, Richard Sherman was inevitably brought up.
Moving your most experienced WR to CB after spring practice says something about the guys who are still there: DPJ and Tarik Black must have shown plenty for Michigan to move forward with those two guys and Kekoa Crawford as their main outside threats. It obviously says less than great things about cornerback, but I wouldn't get too despondent. Flipping guys around just to check is a Harbaugh trademark; sometimes it's paid off handsomely.
It is not a great sign for Harris's playing time since it directly states that he got passed by the two early-enrolled freshmen as soon as they showed up. Richard Sherman, yeah, but for every Sherman there are 20 shots in the dark that fail to salvage careers. There's a 10% chance he's a starting corner, a 20% chance he's on the two deep, and the rest of it is fading into Bolivia.
A combine weekend is good and bad. It's bad for the NBA prospects of Michigan's two potential early entrants, and that's good for Michigan. DJ Wilson had an injury that prevented him not only from playing 5 on 5 but also testing, which he would have been real good at. Wagner had a Wagner-versus-Oregon weekend, not a Wagner-versus-Louisville weekend. Both landed on Chad Ford's Go Back To School team. Both have also more or less directly stated that they are not going to stay in unless they're in the first round. Wagner:
"If I have that feeling that a team believes in me that much to draft me in the first round, I'd have to seriously consider that.
"As long as I don't have that feeling, I won't risk losing two years of eligibility at the University of Michigan."
"If it's anything second round, then I don't really think that I'll be staying in the draft, I'll probably come back to school," Wilson said. "That's the good spot that I'm in -- I don't have a bad choice either way."
Wagner seems to be solidly in the second round and we can expect him back. Wilson is in a tricky spot; various mock drafts have him at the tail end of the first, including SBN and DX. I don't think he's going to have clarity either way unless a team gives him a guarantee.
In other combine news, any Michigan fan could have told you this:
Standing vertical leap (no steps) high scores: Donovan Mitchell (36.5 inches), Derrick Walton Jr. (36), Frank Jackson (35.5), Devin Robinson (35.5) and Derrick White (35.5)
Secretly 6'8" Derrick Walton and his rebounding chops.
This @Chris_Wormley43 tattoo looks like it hurt... https://t.co/3U9jBy51a7 pic.twitter.com/BIhBog7hb9
— Baltimore Ravens (@Ravens) May 11, 2017
This week in amateurism. Jim Delany gets a 20 million dollar bonus; the Big Ten is blindsided by complaints about Friday night games. Jim Delany is still getting a 20 million dollar bonus; this year's basketball schedule is so borked because of someone's bright idea to play the conference championship a week early so it can be at Madison Square Garden that Michigan might only play 30 games. And this is on the table:
"Do you end up playing a nonconference game during that week that's after the conference [tournament] finishes up in New York?" Phillips pondered. "That's a possibility. But who do you get who's available? Do you play another conference game, and it's a 'nonconference' game, but you play another conference opponent during that week? And I think you've got to be creative … how long a layoff is too long, where it really starts to have an adverse effect when you go into the postseason, whether it's the NCAA or the NIT?"
If it maximizes revenue like a duck, pays only lip service to everything else like a duck, and compensates executives like a duck, can we finally pay the players?
Can't even scrape right. I wouldn't pay much attention to that NCAA report about the number of staffers across college football:
The Irish have a combined 45 on-field coaches, strength coaches, graduate assistants and support staff, according to the survey distributed to the NCAA Council last month. Notre Dame is followed closely in the top five by Texas (44), Georgia (42), Auburn (41) and Michigan (40).
However, the NCAA told CBS Sports the methodology to measure the staff sizes of 127 FBS schools in 2016 came from mere website research.
That research is also wrong. The report was for internal use and was obtained by CBS, thus putting a not ready for prime-time document on display. The numbers in it are not worth your time.
More worthy, perhaps, is this thought process:
The number of those added support staff is not capped. In fact, some argue that the NCAA should limit staff size even as they try to determine whether such a restriction can be legally instituted.
"You got it," said Phillips, also Northwestern's athletic director. "Maybe you can't limit [it], but the idea is that's how we've structured ourselves in the past. That's why we don't have seven assistant basketball coaches."
The money has to go somewhere. Now a lot of it is going to low level staffers. If it can't go to low level staffers it will go to midlevel staffers. Or it will buy Jim Delany yet another Ford Fiesta. You know he's just got a hangar full of 'em.
Etc.: Notre Dame is done paying Charlie Weis. xoxo miss you, Big Guy. M-OSU on Fox appears all but official. Hockey commit Antonio Stranges gets an "A+" rating from SBN College Hockey. Money has to go somewhere.
Justin Meram is doing work in MLS this year. I wonder if he regrets closing the door on the USMNT by playing for Iraq. I certainly regret it. Haven't had a winger in a minute.
Upon Further Review 2016: Offense vs Maryland
- 2016 maryland
- amara darboh
- amara darboh could be fast
- ben braden
- ben bredeson
- chris evans
- deveon smith
- deveon smith as ricky vaughn
- devin asiasi
- drake harris
- jehu chesson
- karan higdon
- kekoa crawford
- khalid hill
- khalid hill edge maestro
- train
- tyrone wheatley jr
- upon further review
- wilton speight
- wilton speight creepy accuracy
SPONSOR NOTES: We're going to Iowa thanks to Matt, and he's going to be tailgating prior to the game. If you're going, hit him up and stop by. We'll be around for a few hours before the game, traffic and weather willing.
In addition to being a gentleman replete with Michigan tickets, Matt is also a good man to know if you need a mortgage. It's striking that we actually get non-astroturfed comments about positive experiences with Matt not infrequently.
If you're buying a home or refinancing, he's the right guy to call.
FORMATION NOTES: Maryland switched between fronts a bunch, seemingly because they were trying to find anything that could possibly work. A 3-4 was their base set through the middle of the game; late and early they were mostly four-man fronts.
None of this went well. Here is an obligatory picture.
Michigan didn't do anything wacky with formations aside from some pistol stuff that is pretty standard at various places around college football.
SUBSTITUTION NOTES: 59 snaps for the line before they were pulled on the final drive. Braden-Bredeson-Cole-Kalis-Magnuson for the third straight week; Kugler got two RG snaps after the Kalis personal foul. Butt and Darboh were close to omnipresent with 47 and 44 snaps; Chesson got 33.
De'Veon Smith usage surged to two-thirds of Michigan's snaps, with Ty Isaac limited to four. Evans and Higdon had 13 and 11. Peppers got four. Hill and Poggi continued to split FB snaps about down the middle. Asiasi, Bunting, and Wheatley all got around 20 snaps; Crawford, McDoom, and Harris got around 10.
[After THE JUMP: many, many touchdowns.]
Maryland Postgame Presser: Jim Harbaugh
- 2016 maryland
- chris evans
- drake harris
- jabrill peppers
- Jabrill Peppers is good at football
- jim harbaugh
- jim harbaugh competition junkie
- jim harbaugh is a football dude
- jim harbaugh is mildly peeved
- jim harbaugh rules lawyer
- kekoa crawford
- maurice hurst
- press conference transcripts
- wilton speight
- actual reporting
Might be a broken record, but might that have been Wilton Speight's best game, and could you talk about how he extended plays by sliding around in the pocket when he needed to?
"Yeah, that was…statistically, and just the eyeball, that's the best half of football I've ever seen a Michigan quarterback play. I think the statistics back that up. Yeah, moving and throwing and accuracy and extending plays, all of the above. I don't know how you play better than Wilton did. I think there was one throw that wasn't a great throw. That was it. Other than that, it was a perfect game as a quarterback and that's really tough to do."
This team continuing to roll. How much more enjoyment do you get out of seeing these guys as the season progresses and you see the execution as it is each and every week?
"I enjoy it a lot. I really felt that the week of practice we had was outstanding, and then you, when you have a week like that where it seems better every week and the practices are really sharp and crisp, then you want to see that again on gameday. You feel like if you're good in practice you're going to be good in the game, and I thought our guys were great in practice this week and then they were great in the game, so that, get a lot of enjoyment from that."
De'Veon Smith went over 100 yards. I know you talk a lot about liking how hard he runs. How'd he look to you today?
"He looked great. He really did. He was one of the big factors in our team's success. We didn't punt again in the ballgame. I don't know if we've done that in the season—maybe one or two times. But it was, a big part was him. The yards he got after contact were real eye-opening, and he's so tough to get down. Three touchdowns, but extending drives and contributing. We had a lot of first downs today, and he contributed to that in a big way."
Clearly the scoreboard reflected it, but what was it like for you to coach against DJ Durkin, your former defensive coordinator, and what were the emotions that went into it?
"The normal emotions. Definitely a friend. Watch what he's done at Maryland, he's doing a fantastic job. And what he did for us, what he did for our football team—he was a great contributor to our ballclub."
[Hit THE JUMP to find out what offended Harbaugh's football sensibility and the football gods themselves]
This Week's Obsession: New Contributors Stock Watch
Asiasi-asi! Oy! Oy! Oy! [Bryan Fuller]
Our weekly roundtable.
The Question:
How are our pre-season predictions on new starters and heavy rotation guys holding up? Eligible players are anyone getting significantly more snaps this year than last.
The Responses:
Tyree Kinnel. I'm relieved and satisfied from what I've seen from Kinnel so far; he looks to be another Boring Safety™. Hooray!
I looked back through the last few defensive UFRs and he received increasingly more snaps, hovering around +1 while being relevant on only a few plays. After Clark got hurt Kinnel seemed to be the DB of choice to take his spot and shift others around as necessary. Kinnel has also been used on special teams and blocked a kick. While he's not going to be a starter just yet (hopefully), his work load should increase, and for the moment it looks like that will come without a drop-off. I'm not thinking that anyone ever has serious doubts about whether he could contribute on this team, but he's at least met expectations so far.
On the other end of the secondary spectrum appears to be Brandon Watson. He hasn't played a ton, but he definitely saw his snaps go up for the Hawaii and Colorado games. In the UFR he was -2 and -3, respectively, for those games. He was put in the slot against Colorado for the first couple of quarters and definitely looked overmatched. He's always been a guy who could potentially succeed if he got a good jam on a WR...however, when that does not happen, he looks lost in space. With Michigan's current and future set of CBs, its not looking like Watson will see too much extra time in close games, or not on defense anyway. It looks as if he could be destined for special teams duty for the long term.
[Hit THE JUMP for MGoBlog contributors trying very hard to find something that hasn't gone right so far.]
Preview 2016: Wide Receiver
Previously: Podcast 8.0. The Story. Quarterback. Running Back.
Hello. This post is sponsored by XFINITY, which is a space company. They'd like to take you to Mars—
It's a cable company.
Ah, so it is. Good catch. Back in my day we had to watch television on big stone tablets, but if you're an on campus student you can sign up for free(!) streaming of live sports, including BTN, to any of your gadgets. Off campus students can get both TV and internet service for $79.99 a month with no contract. Non-students, also known as "sad adults," can check out what's described by XFINITY as the "immersive X1 system"—are we sure this isn't a space company?
Fine. Can check out the immersive X1 system here.
[NOTE! This section uses the UFR catch chart. Passes are rated on a three point scale for catchability. 3: routine. 2: challenging. 1: crazy. There's also a zero for times when the player was thrown to without any chance of a reception.]
This is a 1. [Bryan Fuller]
Depth Chart
|Amara Darboh
|Jehu Chesson
|Grant Perry
|Jabrill Peppers
|Moe Ways
|Drake Harris
|Jabrill Peppers
|Chris Evans
|Eddie McDoom
|Kekoa Crawford
|Nate Johnson
|Drake Johnson
Michigan returns the entirety of a receiving corps that was amongst the best in the country by the end of the year. Last year's preview issued both inside and outside receivers a "2" in one of a few posts that were insufficiently optimistic about Harbaugh player development. That was accurate for a bit what with Chesson's inability to get on the same page with Jake Rudock and Grant Perry's freshman deer-in-the-headlights start; by the end of the year Chesson was putting the Florida secondary to the sword and Perry was juking guys for touchdowns on the goal line.
I have no reason to put this in the post but refuse to delete it [Seth]
Chesson enters this year a player highly anticipated by NFL types, usually named one of the top five wide receivers in the country whenever someone deigns to put a list together. Meanwhile, Harbaugh has spent the last several months swearing up and down that Amara Darboh is the team's best receiver. Per anonymous Big Ten players they're kind of a big deal:
"two receivers that they have, I think they are arguably the best duo in the Big Ten."
Also Jake Butt exists. Whoever ends up taking snaps at quarterback is going to have a good time.
Time is rapidly dwindling for Tom Rinaldi's soft-focus feature on Michigan's all-African-refugee starting WR corps; it says here that by midseason their collective performance will demand one. I wish I could bet on things like this.
[Bryan Fuller]
Let's start with JEHU CHESSON, whose single-season performance took off like no other Michigan receiver in recent memory. Last year's edition of this preview said it was "anyone's guess" who got receiver snaps other than Darboh and spent a big chunk of its time talking about Chesson's vicious run blocking. This was because Chesson was coming off a 14-catch season during which he was "imprecise" and had a Darryl-Stonum-like ability to turn reasonably well-thrown balls downfield into adventurous incompletions. Drake Harris was given nearly-equal billing based on a torrent of practice hype and a relative silence regarding Chesson.
A couple of games into the season it seemed like nothing much had changed. After the Oregon State game—in which Chesson failed to adjust to a deep ball and picked up a bad offensive pass interference call—I said he was "just not consistent enough."
Here began a parabolic upward curve that ended with The Assassination Of Vernon Hargreaves By The Nice Person Jehu Chesson. Entering this season Chesson is hyped as a potential first round pick by CBS, NFL.com, and Sports on Earth. That is some kind of trajectory.
The breakout came in two stages. Against Maryland he had his first career four-reception game. He brought in a couple quick posts despite getting hit on or actually before the catch and burst open on another couple deep routes. He was overthrown on one and couldn't bring in a tough over the shoulder catch on the second. The latter was on Chesson—he didn't take the fastest path to the ball because he misjudged its flight—but all was forgiven on an eyepopping end-around:
Over the next few weeks Chesson established himself as a regular, productive receiver. From the Maryland game to Rutgers five weeks later Chesson had 16 catches, exceeding his previous season high. The 66-yard touchdown you see above was trumped by a kickoff return touchdown against Northwestern. I started comparing him to Steve Breaston. Chesson had a ton of catch-and-run chunk plays last year thanks to his speed; against Northwestern he impressively got the corner on Anthony Walker, the fastest LB in the Big Ten:
He displayed some of Breaston's shiftiness on his end-arounds and even seemed to have the same fatal flaw:
"I really feel like Jehu has everything it takes to be a great player, a great pro player," Harbaugh said ... "The only thing he was missing was tracking the deep ball and making those deep ball catches."
The lasting memory of the Utah game was a sure touchdown just evading Chesson's fingertips because he slowed down. While I thought that was the right play since he'd burned his man by yards, the lack of comfort and communication between QB and receiver was costly. There was a drop or two in there as well.
And then:
Chesson was the beneficiary of the Indiana defense and Jake Rudock's late season surge. He went off for over 200 yards, 64 of which were on a telepathic Rudock strike between four defenders. But even if you provide an Indiana discount, this was a new level for Chesson. He adjusted to a Rudock punt downfield...
...and on fourth and goal he went up and secured overtime despite getting nailed by two guys. Yes, that was just Indiana, but Chesson added 100-yard days against both Ohio State and Florida to end the year. The Assassination Of Vernon Hargreaves By The Nice Person Jehu Chesson caught eyes nationally, and while yes it's nice that Chesson beat a top 15 NFL draft pick deep twice, for my money that wasn't even the best thing he did in that game. My vote goes to this incompletion:
Chesson also had a spectacular over the shoulder catch while getting interfered with. Reasonable people can disagree on which of the five spectacular things Chesson did against Florida is the best one, and there is your massive improvement in a nutshell.
How much of this was massive improvement and how much was simply being given opportunities Rudock was not affording him earlier in the year is unknown. You have to wonder what his season would have looked like with a locked-in Rudock from the drop. He wasn't any less open early:
Add in a few of those early bombs and expectations this year would be truly out of control.
Or possibly just plain accurate. Chesson has everything you want in an elite receiver. You can heap expectations on Chesson and he'll be fine with it. Chesson's an A+ dude committed to The Team The Team The Team:
Asked if he put in papers to seek information from the NFL draft advisory board this winter, Chesson nearly started laughing.
He says he's more focused on wrapping up his degree in May and finding a graduate program to enter for next year.
"Maybe it was naive, I don't know," Chesson said with a smile. "It's great to have individual success, but that's not where I get my happiness from. If I don't play and I see other guys being successful, that's great. If I feel I can help the team win, anyway I can help I'll do it."
His speed is unquestioned, and occasionally subject to absurd hype.
"People don't realize just how fast Jehu is, said UM tight end Jake Butt. "He's easily a 4.3 (40) guy. He might even run in the 4.2s in Indy."
While that's only possible in the land of handheld stopwatches, Dane Brugler asserts that Chesson's a "loose athlete with galloping speed" and a "a legitimate fifth gear," and he's judging with an eye to playing in the NFL.
He's a terrific blocker. Chesson's proficiency in this department is such that you probably know what gif comes next...
...and there was little to no dropoff even as he emerged into Mario Manningham 2.0. Against Rutgers he wrecked a DE:
Michigan frequently motioned him closer to the tackle box and used him as a blocker against linebackers, generally with success. (They also lined him up as a tight end on occasion, but he almost never actually blocked in those cases.) He had 28.5 positive run points to just 8 negatives, and while a chunk of those positives were for what Chesson did with the ball in his hands every NFL scout goes out of their way to praise his work without the ball. ESPN:
Excellent effort as a blocker. Leaves it all on the field. Takes good angles and busts his tail to get into position. Big and strong enough to sustain blocks once in position. Throws his body around in order to make a block when he can't get into good initial positioning downfield. Love watching this guy play the game.
His hands are solid to good—36/38 on routine catches and 9/14 on challenging ones a year ago. He's 6'3". He's not a technician yet but if he continues on his current path it won't take him long to get there. (Brugler: "prone to body catches and needs to add polish to his route tree.") That's the last box to check.
His trajectory is straight up and he's got the physical and mental ability to scrape his ceiling. He's going to be great as long as someone's throwing it to him. All Big Ten and off the draft board by round two, it says here. The huge numbers required for postseason awards are probably off the table given the diversity of weapons Michigan has.
[After THE JUMP: Peppers! (Was addressed as a running back and is not in this post!)]


text:
New York: At the height of the McCarthy era, J. Robert Oppenheimer, the government's top atomic physicist, came under suspicion as a Soviet spy.
After 19 days of secret hearings in April and May 1954, the Atomic Energy Commission revoked his security clearance. The action brought his career to a humiliating close, and Oppenheimer, until then a hero of American science, lived out his life a broken man.
But now, hundreds of newly declassified pages from the hearings suggest that Oppenheimer was anything but disloyal.
Historians and nuclear experts who have studied the declassified material - roughly a tenth of the hearing transcripts - say that it offers no damning evidence against him, and that the testimony that has been kept secret all these years tends to exonerate him.
"It's hard to see why it was classified," Richard Polenberg, a historian at Cornell University who edited a much earlier, sanitised version of the hearings, said in an interview. "It's hard to see a principle here - except that some of the testimony was sympathetic to Oppenheimer, some of it very sympathetic."
A crucial element in the case against Oppenheimer derived from his resistance to early work on the hydrogen bomb. The physicist Edward Teller, who long advocated a crash program to devise such a weapon, told the hearing that he mistrusted Oppenheimer's judgment, testifying that "I would feel personally more secure if public matters would rest in other hands".
But the declassified material, released on October 3 by the US Energy Department, suggests that Oppenheimer opposed the hydrogen bomb project on technical and military grounds, not out of Soviet sympathies.
Richard Rhodes, author of the 1995 book Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb, said the records showed that making fuel to test one of Teller's early H-bomb ideas would have forced the nation to forego up to 80 atomic bombs.
"Oppenheimer was worried about war on the ground in Europe," Rhodes said. He saw the need for "a large stockpile of fission weapons that could be used to turn back a Soviet ground assault".
Polenberg expressed bewilderment that 12 pages of testimony from Lee DuBridge, a friend and colleague of Oppenheimer's who discussed the atomic trade-offs and the European war situation, had remained secret for 60 years.
"A difference of opinion doesn't mean disloyalty," he said. "It's hard to see why it was redacted."
Polenberg also pointed to 45 pages of declassified testimony from Walter Whitman, an MIT engineer and member of the Atomic Energy Commission's advisory body.
"In my judgment," Whitman said of Oppenheimer, "his advice and his arguments for a gamut of atomic weapons, extending even over to the use of the atomic weapon in air defence of the United States, has been more productive than any other one individual."
Asked his opinion of Oppenheimer as a security risk, he called him "completely loyal".
Robert Norris, a senior fellow at the Federation of American Scientists and the author of Racing for the Bomb, a biography of Lieutenant-General Leslie Groves, the military leader of the World War II project to develop the atomic bomb, said a reading of the formerly secret testimony showed it had little or nothing to do with national security.
"In many cases, they deleted material that was embarrassing," he said. "That's pretty obvious."
The Energy Department, a successor to the Atomic Energy Commission, offered no public analysis of the 19 volumes and no explanation for why it was releasing the material now. It did, however, note that the step took 60 years. Sidestepping questions of guilt or innocence, it referred to the 1954 hearing as a federal assessment of Oppenheimer "as a possible security risk".
An eccentric genius fond of pipes and porkpie hats, Oppenheimer grew up in an elegant building on Riverside Drive in Manhattan, attended the Ethical Culture School and graduated from Harvard in three years. After studies in Europe, he taught physics at the University of California, Berkeley.
As a young professor, he crashed his car while racing a train, leaving his girlfriend unconscious. His father gave the young woman a painting and a Cezanne drawing.
In the 1930s, like many liberals, Oppenheimer belonged to groups led or infiltrated by Communists; his brother, his wife and his former fiancee were party members.
In the 1940s at Los Alamos in New Mexico, in great secrecy, he led the scientific effort that invented the atom bomb. Afterward, as chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission's main advisory body, he helped direct the nation's postwar nuclear developments.
Oppenheimer's downfall came amid Cold War fears over Soviet strides in atomic weaponry and Communist subversion at home. In 1953, a former congressional aide charged in a letter to the FBI that the celebrated physicist was a Soviet spy.
Troubled by the allegation, president Dwight Eisenhower ordered "a blank wall" erected between Oppenheimer and any nuclear secrets.
Oppenheimer died in 1967, at 62.
In one of the transcript's declassified passages, Isidor Rabi, a Nobel laureate and veteran of the Manhattan Project, told atomic investigators that he found the hearing "most unfortunate" given what "Dr Oppenheimer has accomplished".
"We have an A-bomb," he told the hearing, as well as "a whole series of Super [hydrogen] bombs". He added: "What more do you want, mermaids?"
New York Times

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Whitaker Blues
DJ Short
Product Details
Developed by DJ Short's son, the Whitaker Blues is a true Oregon heritage cross. The mother of the Whitaker Blues is currently referred to as 'Quimby'; an old-school, West Coast staple cut reminiscent of a classic, early indica lineage--strong and sleepy in its effect. Quimby was crossed with DJ's personally selected Blueberry father, making the Whitaker Blues appear approximately 80% indica and 20% sativa in structure. It is a stout hybrid, short branching, sporting large, compact buds loaded with resin--very vigorous and productive, with hues of violet and blue at its 55-62 day finish. Finished buds have a pungent/sweet velvety grape and slightly vanilla flavor. Effect is strong with slight initial stimulation inspiring increased appetite and a sedate after effect.
Genetics:̴Ì_Lineage Quimby x Blueberry
Variety:̴Ì_Mostly Indica
Plant Height:̴Ì_Short
Grows:̴Ì_Grows indoors
Flowering Time:̴Ì_55 - 62 days


text:
Knowledge for a sustainable future of the Wadden. Integrated research agenda of the Wadden Academy
- Darren Harvey
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Knowledge for a sustainable future of the Wadden Integrated research agenda of the Wadden Academy
3 Knowledge for a sustainable future of the Wadden Integrated research agenda of the Wadden Academy
4 Knowledge for a sustainable future of the Wadden Integrated research agenda of the Wadden Academy
5 Knowledge for a sustainable future of the Wadden Integrated research agenda of the Wadden Academy
6 Contents Summary 7 1 The Wadden Sea Region 7 2 Ambition 7 3 The Wadden Academy, its tasks and the research agenda 7 4 The perspective of the Wadden Academy 8 5 Values 8 6 A sound scientific basis 9 7 An integrated research agenda 11 8 Research in the Wadden Sea Region from an international perspective 12 9 Research programmes Implementing the research agenda Preface 21 1 Introduction 23 Box - Knowledge requirements 2 A sound scientific basis Geoscience; the development of the Wadden 27 Sea Region in time and space Introduction 27 1 The subsurface of the Wadden Sea Region 27 2 The evolution of the Wadden Sea Region 30 3 The Morphodynamics of the Wadden Sea 33 4 Gaps in knowledge Ecology; the ecology of the Wadden Sea Region: 41 knowledge and valuation Introduction 41 1 The base of the food web 42 2 The top of the food web 43 3 Non-trophic interactions 44 4 The dry tidal area and the boundaries with the polders 46 5 Global influences on the Wadden Sea Region 46 6 Local pressures on the Wadden Sea system 47 7 The evaluation of ecological values in the Wadden Sea 48 8 Gaps in knowledge 49
7 Society and cultural history; the Wadden Sea Region as a cultural Landscape 53 Introduction 54 1 A brief history: 700 BC AD 56 2 Perspective: social sustainability, justice and taking care of natural and cultural heritage 57 3 Memory: the Wadden Sea Region as a traditional and marginal area 58 4 Experience: the Wadden Sea Area as a nature reserve 58 5 Value(s) 59 6 Knowledge about values 59 7 Knowledge gaps and questions Social and spatial economics; social and economic opportunities in the Wadden Sea Region 63 Introduction 64 1 The development of living, working and leisure activities 67 2 Ecology and economics 68 3 Strategies for sustainable economic growth 69 4 Knowledge gaps and research methods Urban and rural planning; balancing risks and opportunities 73 Introduction 73 1 Regional analysis 75 2 The policy 77 3 Gaps in knowledge 3 Wadden Sea Region: an international perspective 93 Introduction 93 1 Trilateral research perspective 96 2 Trilateral knowledge gaps Climate and water; climate change and the Wadden Sea Region 81 Introduction 82 1 The Wadden Sea as an actor in climate change 83 2 Recent changes in the climate of the Wadden Sea Region 84 3 Climate scenarios specific to the Wadden Sea Region 86 4 Climate and safety 87 5 Expected impact of climate change in the Wadden Sea Region 90 6 Knowledge gaps Integrated research agenda 101 Introduction Identifying gaps in our knowledge An integrated system approach Knowledge and research programmes 5 Implementation 117 Box - The Wadden fund 118 Box - NWO and the Wadden Academy Appendix 1 - Summary of position papers 121 Appendix 2 - History of the Wadden fund and Wadden Academy 122 Appendix 3 - Analysis of knowledge demands in policy documents 128 Editorial details
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9 Summary 1 The Wadden Sea Region The Wadden Sea Region consists of an extensive system of barrier islands, sea, tidal flats and salt marshes, where almost undisturbed natural processes continue to shape the landscape and habitat.the Wadden Sea Area accounts for 60% of all the tidal areas in Europe and North Africa and provides a habitat for a very rich and varied flora and fauna.the area also contains age-old man-made landscapes reflecting a unique adaptation by human beings to the dynamics of a very special coastal area.the conservation status currently enjoyed by the area was not achieved without effort. Since the 1960s, the Wadden Sea Region and its future have been, and still are today, the subject of sometimes heated political and social debate and controversy. Gradually, however, it has become generally realised that the region requires special care.this has resulted in legislation and regulations, the guiding principle of which is to preserve the natural values of the Wadden Sea Region while allowing sustainable shared human use. 2 Ambition It is the ambition of the Wadden Academy to develop the Wadden Sea Region into an incubator for widely applicable integrated knowledge of sustainable development of a coastal area, in which natural values are a key element and form the foundations of the local and regional economy.the region is a meeting place for scientists from the Netherlands and elsewhere, administrators, policy makers and management agencies.together, they develop sustainable and innovative solutions based on interdisciplinary knowledge. By 2020, the trilateral Wadden Sea Region will be the best monitored and best understood coastal system in the world. 3 The Wadden Academy, its tasks and the research agenda Devising a sustainable future for the Wadden Sea Region requires new knowledge and expertise concerning the natural, economic and socio-cultural condition and development of the region. Established on 30 July 2008, the Wadden Academy has the task of providing a sound scientific basis for the management of the natural and social values represented by the Wadden Sea Region. As the first task of the Academy, the present research agenda provides an overview of the gaps in our knowledge and the most pressing scientific questions. The agenda is the result of an intensive cooperative venture between the Wadden Academy and a large number of policy makers, administrators and scientists. As such, it also reflects the Wadden Academy s second task: to create a sustainable network for the joint formulation of research questions and the exchange of knowledge and information between science, government, private parties and social organisations.the Wadden Academy has entered into cooperative ventures with a number of ministries, organisations and institutes to ensure that the Wadden Academy s research agenda will play a part in the planning and consolidation of research relating to the Wadden Sea Region, the Wadden Academy s third task.when carrying out research, the Wadden Academy advocates a procedure which involves a coproduction of knowledge by scientists, knowledge workers in public and private bodies and policymakers. All the parties benefit from engaged scholarship : more practical relevance and improved scientific backup. 7
10 4 The perspective of the Wadden Academy The guiding principle for the Wadden Academy is to preserve the natural values of the Wadden Sea Area while allowing sustainable human use. However, the Wadden Academy notes that there is debate as to which natural values are the most important and as to the nature and extent of the restrictions on human use. For this reason, the Wadden Academy in consultation with all the parties involved is focusing on identifying the research questions which are relevant to achieving a sustainable future for the region. It is an objective of the Wadden Academy that all parties can put their trust in the systematic application by the Wadden Academy of the scientific rules for articulating problems and issues and for prioritising scientific questions. The Wadden Academy focuses its attention on the study of changes which are taking place over different space and time scales and are the result of the interaction between the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and humankind and society.although, in the approach adopted by the Wadden Academy, great value is attached to knowledge of the region s historic development on longer and shorter time scales, the historical conditions of the natural and sociocultural system cannot automatically serve as targets for the region s future development.the Wadden Academy endorses research into conceivable future scenarios in which environmental and socio-economic developments or rather options are sketched out. How can the assets of the region be valued, what opportunities exist to preserve these values, and what investments are required? What values may be created under the changed circumstances that will pertain in future? What scenarios will produce a configuration of planet, people and profit that will have a permanent adverse effect on the resilience of the region and how can this be avoided? The Wadden Academy intends to play a part in this debate on future options for the Wadden Sea Region by providing scientific understanding of how the region functions as a coherent system of natural processes, humanity and society. Wadden Sea research has long been dominated by the natural sciences. Socio-economic research and, to a lesser extent, historical research is grossly under-represented in terms of volume and importance. The Wadden Sea Area and Wadden Sea Region should figure more prominently on the research agenda of economists, urban planners, experts on public administration, historians, sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists and cultural scientists. They can identify those who feel involved in the Wadden Sea Area and in what way, how this involvement is justified in history, what interests are at stake, what reference images of the landscapes are used and how this will affect the future of the area. 8 5 Values The trilateral Wadden Sea Region has a prominent and special role in the global ecosystem. The region represents unique natural values, the protection of which is laid down in legislation and regulations.the Wadden Sea Region also represents a major value for the people who make their living from it. In addition, the movable and immovable heritage is an important force in creating identities and communities. Natural and cultural values play an essential part in tourism and leisure.an interdisciplinary perspective on value(s), valuing practices and value creation is therefore an obvious item on the Wadden Academy s research agenda.the Wadden Academy s aim is to compile the knowledge required to shape a future based on innovative and sustainable use of the natural and cultural values of the region.
11 6 A sound scientific basis 6.1 Geoscience Geoscientific knowledge gaps with regard to the development of the Wadden Sea Region in time and space can be classified according to three themes.with respect to the subsurface of the Wadden Sea Region, more detailed knowledge is required of the geological composition and structure of the subsurface and other physical-chemical properties of rocks, faults and fluids. Detailed three-dimensional images form the basis for modelling and quantifying processes in the subsurface and thereby understanding and predicting the behaviour of rocks, faults and fluids.this is essential to optimise the present and future use of groundwater, salt and natural gas, the storage of gas and CO 2 and the retention of heat and cold for use in the winter and summer respectively.within the theme of evolution of the Wadden Sea Region, a reconstruction should be made of the morphological development of the Wadden Sea Region during the late Pleistocene and Holocene and the influence of deeper structures on this process.this can provide a better understanding of the dynamics of salt marshes, flats, channels and outer deltas at different rates of sea-level rise.the role of human beings as a geological force in relation to natural processes must be made explicit.the theme of Wadden Sea morphodynamics requires more and better data on and understanding of the sediment balance for both sand and mud, including the impact of sand suppletions and the role of ecosystem engineers. A description in quantitative terms of the development of (components of) tidal inlet systems over a timescale of years up to a century is required in order to develop models that will enable us to predict the impact of sea-level rise and changing storm regimes in the Wadden Sea Region and to improve coastal defences. 6.2 Ecology The Wadden Sea is a dynamic, coherent, open and highly valuable ecosystem.the food web is the backbone of this system. Understanding bottom-up processes in the food web requires improved monitoring, modelling and focus on qualitative aspects, as well as paleoecological reconstruction.with respect to top-down processes, too little is known about the effect of (partially extinct) top predators. Comparative research on other tidal flat systems is required. Non-trophic interactions occur due to the effect of biota on their abiotic environment.the dynamics of ecosystem engineers connect the ecological domain to the geomorphological domain, from tidal flats to dunes.the Wadden Sea is an open system: exchange with the coastal sea and the rivers plays an important role in determining the concentration of nutrients and organic matter. In addition, the region forms part of an international system of breeding and wintering areas for migratory birds. Global change is expected to alter the Wadden Sea Region substantially. This gives rise to the paradox of nature conservation in a changing world. It is essential to preserve and develop natural values while the boundary conditions are changing. Values cannot be equated to states ; conservation of values cannot be obtained by returning to historic states in a world subject to global change. Consequently, a more detailed reflection on what are the most important values (and why) requires cooperation with the social sciences and the humanities. 6.3 Society and cultural history Historically, large numbers of people have lived and worked in the Wadden Sea Region. In addition, this region has been used intensively and in various ways by visitors.the sociopolitical debate on how to care for the Wadden Sea Region is to a large extent dominated by questions about compatibility of human use of the region with preservation of the Wadden Sea Area as a nature reserve. In order to resolve these problems, more insight is needed into the perspective of residents and visitors. How do residents of the region shape their lives and earn their living; how do visitors regard the region and make use of it? How did this way of living and exploitation of the region s resources develop historically? 9
12 And what impact does it have on the region s climate, soil and subsurface and its natural values? These are the key questions in relation to society and cultural history. In terms of the triple bottom line model, they are questions concerning people (the first p), their way of life (p as in profit), their social organisation and the significance and value they attach to their natural and man-made environment (p as in planet), including how they deal with their impact on these values.we can add a fourth p to this model, namely their history and their relationship to the past. There are four subjects of research: the way in which people developed their way of life over time and how they used the natural resources that the region offered; the nature and interaction of wild memory and disciplined history in the Wadden Sea Region; the historical development of the way in which the Wadden Sea Region is represented and valued; and the social and political organisation of a just and sustainable future for the Wadden Sea Region. 6.4 Social and spatial economics From the perspective of social and spatial economics, the Wadden Sea Region challenges science to adapt existing economic ideas to a region with a very special economic, physical and spatial structure and institutional policy-related context. First of all, there is a need to describe present, past and future trends in the regional economic situation in terms of production, sectoral structure, employment, population, labour force and sustainability. To achieve this, regional economic models will have to be developed to predict how the Wadden Sea Region can adapt to global trends in the economy, to external developments such as climate change or to shocks such as the credit crisis. Scientific knowledge can also contribute to the sustainability of the Wadden Sea Region s economic structure. Central questions are how to provide sufficient employment and income, a pleasant social climate for residents and care for the region s natural and scenic values, which are also enjoyed by visitors. It is therefore vital to ascertain why firms, individuals and households decide to base themselves in the region and to develop sustainable forms of business.another important contribution from the discipline of economics is the use and further development of the social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) as a policy and decision-making tool for assessing whether or not interventions in the Wadden Sea Region can be allowed Urban and rural planning The Wadden Sea Region shows a diversity of subareas, where either ecological value or economic value predominantly determines human use. Extensive monofunctional natural and cultivated areas alternate with highly dynamic centres for holidays and leisure, port activities and industry.the Wadden Sea Region therefore has a strict separation of functions and functional areas, which means that conservation is appropriate in one area and development in another.yet there is an increasing demand for coherence and multifunctionality. In the Wadden Sea Region, this demand mainly occurs at the interface between nature and leisure/care and between agriculture and leisure/care. Given this demand, a defensive strategy focusing on further separation of functions and emphasising preservation or restoration is not always desirable. New opportunities can be found, particularly where an area is suitable for the combination of protecting natural or historic values on the one hand, and developing functions on the other hand.with a change in political and administrative thinking, this will switch from approval planning (no, unless ) to development planning (yes, provided that ). Protection per se and protection no matter what will no longer be practised in all cases and will more frequently be weighed against possibilities for areaspecific development. Against this background, more knowledge is needed on how to interweave functions and how to develop areas in a multifunctional way focusing on combining the area s ecological and economic qualities. In this way, emphasis is placed on the Wadden Sea s connecting role, spreading the pressure of leisure activities, investing in quality of life and the function of transitional areas.this means that government bodies, private parties such as property developers and farmers, and nature conservation organisations
13 will have to join forces to implement regional coordination. Improved regional governance is facilitated by an analysis of underlying conditions, coordination issues and requirements from a multi-level, multi-actor and adaptive governance perspective. 6.6 Climate and water To gain a proper understanding of climate change in the Wadden Sea Region, four research areas have been identified. First, more detailed studies of regional greenhouse gas emissions are required. How can the relevant processes be explained? To provide a complete understanding, such studies will have to be linked to ecological studies and models of primary production and decomposition and also to the net transport by tidal flows to the North Sea.This must enable us to better estimate how the management of rivers, the coastal zone and the Wadden Sea affects these emissions. Second, it is important to produce good regionspecific scenarios for climate change and sea-level rise as a basis for impact studies and the design of adaptive measures. Cooperation with German climate institutes will be needed for this. For the decades to come, the uncertainty in global climate scenarios is small enough to allow downscaling to the Wadden Sea Region. Designing no-regret adaptation measures should be based on a thorough exploration of extremes in scenarios for climate and sea level trends.the main questions relate to the interface between the rate of future sea-level rise, the danger of drowning of the tidal flats and the role of natural climate buffers and sand suppletions in guaranteeing safety.third, much more knowledge is required with regard to the possible impacts of climate change on the morphology, water management and ecology of the Wadden Sea Area and the robustness and resilience of existing natural and human systems. Finally, innovative and robust adaptive measures will have to be developed, based on this understanding. Cooperation across natural science disciplines is essential for the themes impacts and adaptive measures. Climate adaptation also requires a substantial catching-up exercise by socio-economic, planning and governance research disciplines. 7 An integrated research agenda There is a substantial disciplinary knowledge base on the Wadden Sea Region, but as indicated above major gaps in this knowledge also remain. It is further noted that the existing knowledge and expertise is fragmented and compartmentalised.the lack of an interdisciplinary approach hinders the understanding of the Wadden Sea Region as a coherent and open system. In a systems approach, different elements, features and processes of a (linked natural and socio-economic/cultural) system are explicitly connected to one another. The emphasis is on revealing feedbacks between different processes and subsystems, on the dynamics controlled by these feedbacks and on the interplay between processes occurring in different space and time scales. In the Wadden Academy s view, an integrated approach is required to enable us to understand the Wadden Sea Region in the short, medium and long term at system level.according to the Wadden Academy, research can be described as integrated if it satisfies the four criteria below: it shows a combination of two or more disciplines with the emphasis on crossing the boundaries between natural science, social science and humanities; it takes into account the interplay between processes at different temporal and spatial scales; it takes into account the accumulation of processes, interventions and impacts; it is based on the co-production of knowledge, where the formulation of knowledge demand, the production of knowledge and the use in management result from close interaction between scientists, government experts and policy makers. 11
14 Obviously, the emphasis on an integrated approach in the research agenda does not preclude disciplinary, in-depth and curiosity-driven scientific research in the Wadden Sea Region. The Wadden Academy also wishes to stimulate this type of knowledge development in collaboration with universities and research schools and link it to the wider need for administrative, political, social and policy-related knowledge of the Wadden Sea Region. The following cross-disciplinary research themes have been identified: people as a geological force; sediment balances of sand and mud and the role of ecosystem engineers; sea-level rise, changing storm regimes, tidal flat morphology and the use of natural processes as coastal defences; paleo-ecological reconstructions of the food web; reflections on the paradox of (nature) conservation in a changing world, from the points of view of natural and social sciences; the impact of people and their activities on climate, land, water and nature over the past 2,500 years, as well as in today s Wadden Sea Region; regional economic developments in the light of external trends such as climate change; development of employment and income in relation to conservation of natural and cultural-historic values; sustainable economic development, the culture of entrepreneurship and social cohesion; economic valuation of use (consumption and production) and non-use values of nature and culture in the Wadden Sea Region; tidal flows, geomorphology, ecology and greenhouse gas emissions; human management of rivers, the coastal zone and the Wadden Sea and greenhouse gas emissions; (conceivable extremes in) climate trends and the design of robust adaptive measures; climate change effects on geomorphology, water management and ecology; governance and the design and implementation of adaptive climate measures. 8 Research in the Wadden Sea Region from an international perspective The three countries in the Wadden Sea Region the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark have national and regional policies to protect the major natural values in the region. In 2009, the Dutch and German Wadden became a World Heritage Site. Joint initiatives have been developed to make an inventory of the region s nature and environment and its cultural and scenic heritage. Both the natural values and the rich history of human use of the region played a part in the nomination of the Wadden Sea as a World Heritage Site.The harmonisation and coordination of this policy has been set out in the trilateral convention to protect the Wadden Sea. In addition, at a European level, the three countries are bound by common EU legislation, such as Natura 2000 and the Water Framework Directive. Despite the agreement on general principles and the common legal framework, there are regional and national differences in the management regime.these differences generate interesting comparative material for studies of the impact of policy on natural values. Scientists from the three Wadden Sea countries have been cooperating for fifty years. Changes in the worldwide environment, human activities, the legal regime and the sociopolitical situation call for new international research initiatives. New research could form the basis for the integrated management of the ecosystem in the Wadden Sea as a whole in line with European legislation and taking account of sustainable shared human use. 12 At the trilateral level, much has already been achieved regarding common monitoring and assessment. Recently, initiatives have been started to intensify and computerise the monitoring of nature and the environment.the harmonisation and integration of these
15 efforts could create a shared workspace for the Wadden Sea as a whole as a basis for excellent research. Common European legislation and climate change are also making new demands. Although it can be stated in general that research benefits from international embedding, particular emphasis is placed by the research agenda on cooperation on the following topics: 1 subsurfaces and natural resources; 2 ecological interactions within the Wadden Sea ecosystem and between the Wadden Sea, the North Sea and the various rivers; 3 research into the global importance of the Wadden Sea; 4 consequences of climate change for the Wadden Sea ecosystem and comparable estuaries elsewhere; 5 cultural history and society within the Wadden Sea Region; 6 economic trends, developments and planning; 7 policy, management and methods and, where possible, harmonisation of the approach. 9 Research programmes The Wadden Academy is proposing a limited number of large-scale umbrella programmes for multidisciplinary research.these are divided, on the one hand, into three large generic knowledge programmes (the three bold horizontal bars in the diagram) the aim of which is to collect and disseminate essential scientific results needed to fully understand the operation of the integrated Wadden system.this research is relevant for social and political questions but is performed at a fundamental level which is usually outside the scope of demand-driven research. On the other hand, three large, more integrated, research programmes are proposed (the vertical bars) which relate to today s most pressing management problems. In addition to this, two conditional themes have been defined (expert training and international cooperation) as further supporting horizontal bars.all programmes are characterised by (see central circles) an interdisciplinary approach, international cooperation and comparison, effective interaction between knowledge demand and supply and connections between different scales of time and space. Information, data, knowledge and expertise are exchanged at the interface between the horizontal and vertical programmes. Together, the six programmes plus the two themes constitute the overall field of research for the Wadden Sea Area and Wadden Sea Region.They are long-term programmes.the knowledge programmes are as listed below: A. Past Wadden: reconstructing the development of the Wadden Sea Region The aim is to gain an understanding of the climatological, geological, ecological, economic and sociocultural dynamics of the tidal flat system between the end of the Pleistocene (8200 BC) and the construction of the IJsselmeer Dam (1932). Of necessity, the programme uses proxies for climatological, paleo-geographical and paleo-ecological reconstructions and those of man-made environments. B. Wadden Monitor: monitoring the development of the Wadden Sea Region The aim is to gain an understanding of the natural and social dynamics of the tidal flat system from 1932 (the closing off of the Zuiderzee) up to and including 2015 (the date on which several of the current monitoring programmes end).the programme focuses on the systematic collection and long-term supply of quantitative data for the entire Wadden Sea Region which are relevant to the various disciplines. 13
16 1 WADDEN CLIMATE Sustainable, safe, climate-neutral 2 WADDEN NATURE Protection, development, adaptation 3 WADDEN WELL-BEING Sustainable economy, liveable community, quality landscape A PAST WADDEN Physical, biological and social dynamics from 8000 BC until 1930 AD INTERDISCIPLINARY B WADDEN MONITOR Collecting data from biotic and abiotic sources and society C WADDEN FUTURE Endogenously and exogenously-driven development scenarios until 2010 CONNECTION IN SPACE AND TIME SCALES EFFECTIVE INTERACTIVE KNOWLEDGE SUPPLY AND DEMAND a WADDEN EXPERT Co-creating knowledge, knowledge transfer and research education b WORLD WADDEN Systematic comparison of Dutch Wadden Sea Region with tidal flat systems elsewhere C. Wadden Future: predicting the development of the Wadden Sea Region until 2100 The aim is to understand and predict the development of the tidal flat system between 2010 and Conceivable, diverse scenarios for the development of the Wadden Sea Region will be based on multiple trend analyses and quantitative process models and will be updated as new information comes to light. a. Wadden Expert: knowledge co-creation, knowledge transfer and training a new generation of Wadden Sea experts The Wadden Academy s aspiration is to improve knowledge valorisation. Our aim is to achieve intensive interaction (co-creation) between scientists, governmental experts and policymakers at all stages in the knowledge development cycle.as part of this theme, the Wadden Academy has reserved itself the role of central knowledge broker, facilitator of multidisciplinary expert teams, organiser of education and training courses for public officials and management bodies, and of the joint initiator of an information system on the Wadden Sea Region. Finally, the Wadden Academy will participate in the transfer of knowledge to the general public, officials and policymakers, students and researchers. 14 b. World Wadden: the international study of the Wadden Sea Region The aim is to systematically compare the Dutch, German and Danish parts of the Wadden Sea Region and to compare with intertidal areas elsewhere in the world.the focal points are: cooperation, coordination, prioritising, fund raising and knowledge dissemination.
17 An important position is occupied by the three integrated research programmes which are strongly demand-driven, tackle major societal issues and are therefore relevant to policy making and evaluation without lapsing into research with a limited perspective in terms of time and space. Below are the main issues and possible items for each programme. 1. Wadden Climate: the Wadden Sea Region sustainably safe and climate-neutral Sustainably Safe: How can the safety of the Wadden Sea Region and its population be guaranteed in the long-term, also taking into account the possible harmful effects of climate change and sea-level rise? Can this be achieved in a way that preserves the natural and dynamic character of the region? Can large-scale interventions in the coastal zone such as sand suppletions make a positive contribution to the development of marine and terrestrial natural values? Climate-Neutral: How can a sustainable energy balance for the Wadden Sea Region be realised, taking into account the region s specific values? There is a desire to exploit the potential of the Wadden Sea ports for transporting energy and bioenergy raw materials and for energy production, also making sensible use of residual heat, as well as the options for CO 2 storage in gas fields, the exploitable geothermal energy in the region and the energy potential of tidal and fresh-to-salt transitions. The most promising options, from the point of view of electricity generation and heat exploitation, is found in the coastal zone of the Wadden Sea Region. At the same time, the vast, open landscape, the natural environment and the tidal dynamics are values that must be cherished and protected. There are many knowledge gaps in the tension between the desire to create innovative energy landscapes and to preserve natural and cultural-historic values. 2. Wadden Nature: protecting, developing and adapting the natural environment Protection: What forms of (shared) use will affect the development of the natural environment and will it be possible to adjust them if they are found to be harmful? How can the value of the Wadden Sea in the world ecosystem be safeguarded? Development: How can the management and landscaping of the Wadden Sea Region make an optimum contribution, on a scale of decades, to the natural quality of water flows, geomorphology, benthic processes, water, air and soil quality, and flora and fauna? Which developments will guarantee the highest natural values in the long-term, what are the essential characteristics of the natural values and which developments are possible within the (altered) constraints? Adaptation: How will global change (climate change, introduction of invasive species, changes in the global economy) affect the natural environment in the Wadden Sea and how can the direction of the development of nature be adjusted? 3. Wadden Well-being: sustainable economy, liveable community and quality landscape in the Wadden Sea Region Sustainable economy: How can work, income and quality of life for the residents of the Wadden Sea Region be guaranteed in a sustainable manner? How do we take account of the resilience within the system and of exogenously-driven changes in the regional and global economy? Is it possible to use minerals and geothermal energy sustainably in the light of climate change and sea-level rise, and if so, how? Liveable community and quality landscape: How can the residents of the Wadden Sea Region be guaranteed a pleasant social environment, in view of the priority given to natural values in the region and in view of radical demographic, economic, socioeconomic and cultural processes that extend far beyond the region? In this context, quality of life is interpreted in terms of social cohesion, a recognisable and vital man-made landscape and living heritage. 15
18 10 Implementing the research agenda The research agenda will be implemented in different phases.these phases, some of which run in parallel, are consistent with the approach of the Wadden Academy to foster cooperation between, and involvement of, all parties from academia, policy and society. Over two hundred of the main players from universities, research institutes, government agencies and non-governmental organisations have played a part in drawing up the research agenda.the Wadden Academy intends to update the research agenda regularly on the basis of the latest scientific insights and results and in the light of new policy developments. Phase 1. Communication and feedback During this phase, immediately after 30 May 2009: the dissemination of the research agenda is key; a wide-ranging consultation will follow (also by establishing a digital platform); a conference will be organised on 1 and 2 July 2009 to programme research for the future; knowledge groups will be established in the departments involved. Phase 2. Drawing up plans to implement the programmes and projects In the second phase, from 1 July 2009, it will be possible to form a multidisciplinary team around each research programme and each integrated demand-driven project. The Wadden Academy will facilitate the forming of the teams. The teams will be responsible for developing the programme or project in an implementation plan. The plan will contain a description of the societal demand, the scientific approach, a summary of subprojects, a work schedule and a budget. Phase 3. Mobilising financial resources The third phase involves financing. Two financing options are available for implementing programmes and projects: funds with a special relationship with the Wadden Sea Region (Wadden Fund, NWO-ZKO) and programme financing by ministries and research institutes. In the case of funds, applications can be submitted; the allocation or re-allocation of programme resources of ministries and research institutes will involve an interactive and iterative process, in which the Wadden Academy will assume the role of knowledge broker. Henceforth, the Wadden Fund Advisory Committee will be involving the integrated research agenda of the Wadden Academy in the consideration and assessment of research projects submitted. To date, most of the research relating to the Wadden Sea Region has been funded from public funds, except for the active involvement of Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM). The Wadden Academy is actively seeking opportunities to involve more private market players in the Wadden research infrastructure, including the major energy companies and the financial sector. Phase 4. Internationalisation In the fourth phase (from the second half of 2010), we will be actively seeking options for getting the research programmes accepted and funded as a trilateral arrangement and at EU level. The Wadden Academy will have a facilitating role in this process. A trilateral agency/research forum is being organised with major public research funders in Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands in association with the International Wadden Sea Secretariat in Wilhemshaven, Germany. Together with German and Danish colleagues, we are investigating opportunities in the EU framework programmes and in EU Interreg programmes. Phase 5. Evaluation and summary In the fifth phase (early 2014), an independent audit and progress evaluation will be organised. The Wadden Academy and its partners will summarise the objectives of the research agenda which have been achieved. 16
19 Preface
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text:
Gangplank Build Guide by apm101
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Gangplank Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Guys this is my very first build so i appreciate you guys looking at it. Gangplank is one of the most OP (over powered) champions in the game. This guide gives you to capability of hitting 1.5k every hit on people if you are fed enough. With 100% crit chance there is no stopping this pirate.