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1 In~tcr 1 1 Ipplrc Vol 6 No 3. pp Pnnled In Gre~t Bnl~tn 0191~90U)YS OM) Pcrgrmon Pmss LId % LA THE ROLE OF HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE IN PEST \I MANAGEMENT IN SORGHUM IN INDIA* K. LEUSCHNER. S. L. TANUA and H. C. SHARMA lntcrnat~onal Crops Rwarch lnst~tute for the Scml-And Troplcs (ICRISAT). Paranchcru PO. Andhra Pradesh Indla Abslract-The paper stresses he fact that an ~ntegrated pcsr management system IS not a new concept leading to a more stable agroecosystem. but was practtccd by the farmers for ccntuncs. host-plant resistance is one of its major components. The system was destab~l~zed by the ~ntroduct~on of new borghum var~etrcs and h)bnds not rerlstant aplnst the major sorghum lnxct pests l~ke shootfly Afhcrrgona soccuru (Rondan~), stem borer, Chllo parrrllu~ (Sw~nhoe). m~dgc. C~~nfurmra sarghrcola (Coqu~llct). and hcadbugs. Colocoris angusrarur (Lethlcry). In order to balance the agroccosystcm agaln. an lntcgralcd Inscct pest management system for sorghum has to be developed based on rradlt~onal pest management practlccs These arc host-plant reslsrance. cultural control and b~ologcal control. lnscct~c~des should be used only ~f absolurely necessary. For a better understanding of such r control approach. a summary of the b~ology and populat~on dynam~cs of the major Insects 1s glven, together w~th a brlcf account on thc levels and mechanisms of host-plant reslstance so far known Based on this inionnat~on, the rainfall pattern, plant duration to maturity. tlme of plant~ng. natural cnemles and ~nsect~c~des. a sorghum bad lntcgratcd pest management system IS proposed for the monsoon and post-monsoon season in which host-plrnt rcslstrncc alonc or In combinat~on w~th the above mcntroned conrrol methods could be used. Key Words Sorghum shootfly, stem borer. midge. headbugs, host-plant resistance. integrated pest management. lnd~a Resumi-L'arttcle soullgnc qu'un systhmc 1ntCgri de contrble dcs lnxctes n'cst pas un nouveau concept condu~sant 6 un agroccos~sttme plus stable. mais qu'll a Stb pratiqut pendant des siklcs, par dcs agnculteun. la resistance de la plante hbtc est un de xs composes majeurs. LC syrtcme a tte dh.itab~l~sh par I'lntroduct~on de nouvelles vanttcs de rorgho ct dcs hybndel non reslstant aux ~nsectcs mqcurs nu~s~blcs au sorgho tels que Afherigona soccara (Rondan~). Ic Chrlo parrcllw (Sw~nhoe), le Conrarrnra sorghrcola (coqu~iiet) el ICS CaIocorrs angularus (Lcthiery). Pour ricqu~l~brcr I'agrokosystimc, un syrtdme ~ndgre de contrblc des Insectus nulsrblcs au sorgho doit 2trc dcveloppc, bak sur Ies pntlqun trabt~onclln de contrdle des Insectus suivanres: rcslstance dc la plantc hdte, contrdlc cultural. contrdlc b~ololpquc. Les rnsect~c~des ne do~venr itrc utllids que quand c-at absolumcnt ntccrsa~re. Pour une mc~llcurcomprchenson d'une tclle rpprochc. un resume des dynamlques dc la blologe ct dc la populat~on des inxctco Importants est donne nvec un text brcf cxpliquant les nlveaux el mecanlsmcs connus de la rk~stance de Id plante hbte. Sur la base de ces informat~ons. Ics types dc prhp~tat~ons. la ptnodc avant matuntb, moment de la plantation. Ics ennemls natumls et Ics tnsecuc~des. un systcme ~ntegri decontr6lc dn inxctes nuisiblcs au sorgho :st proposi pour la mousson et la satson sulvant la mousson dans lqucl la ks~urance de la plante hdte wule ou en combinn~son avec In mithodes de contrdlc c~tca plus haut pourralt itrc ut~lisk. Mots ClkJi: Atherigona soccara (Rondani). Chrlo parrellw (Swlnboe). Conrarinra sorghrcola (Coqu~llet), Culocoru angwrarur (Lclh~ery), risislance dc la plante hbk, contrdlc rndgrc dn Inscctn. lnde INTRODUCTION by the farmers. The low yields of grain sorghum are dhe to poor soil management. low soil fertility. use of Sorghum b~co[or (L.) Moench is the third most irnlocal low yielding cultivan and losses to wc~ps. portant cereal crop in lnd~a after rice and wheat. It insects and diseases. In 1967 the National Council of IS grown on alfisols (red soil) and vertisols (black soil) Applied Economic Rnearch (NCEAR) estimated an during the monsoon (Kharif) and on vcrtisols on average loss of 12.2% due to sorghum insect pests. stored moisture during the post-monsoon season Nearly 150 insst specia have brm reported u (Rabr). Yields range from 500 to 800 kg/ha. Most pests on sorghum (Reddy and Davia, 1979; Jotwani of the sorghum is strll grown in the traditianal way er al., 1980). of which 31 +a am of potential and Inputs such as fertthzen and puticides are economic importance. However. the rhootfiy. Arkseldom used except where hybrids have been accepted rigona soccara; stem born, Chilo partelhu; midge, Contorinin sorghicola; and headbug, Cdocoriv mgu- '\par')~ed ir 'P P l ~ Yo. r 215 by the lntcrnat~onal statur are considered to- be the major pestuin India Cr>-> R:.r.arch Ic,t~tute for the Semi-And Tropics, (Sharma, 1984a.b). This paper comments on the ICXI5.-\T. P~r.tn;hcru PO. Acdhra Przdesh CO? historical background to pest problems in sorghum l7lll dnd goes on to discuss the mearch knowledge accu-
2 JSJ K LELKHIER ZI '11 mulated for vdrious Insect pests \vhlch 1s finally the production of t~ller, Although the t~llers can alio utilized to formulate a poss~ble ~ntegrated Vst man- be dttacked under h~gh shootfly pressure. they often dgemcnt programme for sorshum serw.is d recovery mechdnlsm dnd produce productlre heads The ~dult populrtlon IS very low during the dry season (April-June). 1s h~ghebt durlng.august CURRENT PEST COhTROL PRACTICES to September and declines towdrds the end of Aprll USED BY FAR\lERS (Fig. I). Most farmers do not conslder pest control necessary untll the damage becomes b~s~ble and threatens S1e'n borer the crop y~elds substant~ally. One of the resons may The female of the spotted stem borer. Chllo purbe that the trad~tional techn~ques used uerc incor- reliur lays eggs In batches on the under surface of the porated In a pest management system which under leaves irrespective of the pldnt age. A batch contdlns normal cond~t~ons kept the pests below economic usually 30JO eggs and e.~ch fcmdle lays dn average thresholds. The key to thls system was seeds from oc 10 bdtches under Idboratory condltlons. The Ilfe plants that surv~red insect damage etc. ~hich were cycle from egg to adult ldsts about 30days. The,own the following season Thrs select~on process led symptoms of dn early attack are shotholes and leaf to better ddaptation rgalnst stress factors such as scars caused by lirst to th~rd Instar larvde feedrng ~nsects, drought and d~seases. Farmers augmented Second and thlrd lnstar larvae leave the plant whorls. these traits with suitable soalng dates (r.g. early mlgrate downward to the plant b~se and bore Into the sowtng to avold shoothy ddmagc), weeding, Inter- stem. They cause the "dead heart" ~f they Are able to culture. m~red cropplng and crop rotahon. M~xed feed on the growlng po~nt. As soon as internode cropping served two purposes: (I) It reduced nsk of elongdt~on and penlcle ~nltlatlon take pldce. stem total crop loss resulting from a slngle cl~mat~c or tunnell~ng IS the predominant symptom. Fully-grown b~otic stress fdctor; (2) muntenancr of a dlverse insect larvae survlve the summer dlapauslng in sorghum fauna Including predators and parasites of common stubbles and dead stalks. The stem borer population pests which led to stabil~ty w~thin agrmosystem. 13 usually lowest dunng May. The dlapause popu- Thus, the tradlt~onal crop husbandry practicescan be lation hatches between June and July and the myor seen to have createti nn equlhbnum between the peak occurs dunng September at ICRISAT. The plant, the Insect and the environment. The stabll~ty of populat~on levels bullds up gradually untll Aprll th~system has been dlsturbrd by the introduction of (Fig. 1) varieties bred specially for h~gh y~eld alone. but wh~ch also require hlgh inputs of dlsruptlve factors like 4tf11i~e lnsectic~des and arl~ficial rertil~zers. It was not real- The sorghum mldge. Conrarlnla sorghlcola lays lzed that the appllcat~on of insectlc~des which 1s an eggs In the florets. The larvae suck the contents of the accepted practice on research statlons is not feasible developing ovar~es whlch results In the product~on of on a countryw~de scale in India on a crop with as low chaffy florets. The adults live for <24 hr. A female a cash value as sorghum. Therefore, a new approach lays eggs. The life c~cle from egg to adult lasts 1s needed to match pest control elforts w~th prod- about 15 days. It survtves the summer as a d~apausing uctton goals. larvae. Adults emerge dur~ng July and August. Most The bas~components of such a programme which activity occurs during September and October with a will meet these requirements are: (I) host-plant re- second, but smaller peak In February and March slstance; (2) cultural control; and (3) b~olog~cal con- (FIB. I). H~gh humid~ty IS the main requrrcment for trol. lnsect~cides should be used as a last resort and population build-up. only where absolutely necessary. Adklsson and Dyck (1980) expressed this clearly by saylng: "Resistant Headbugs varieties can provlde a foundation on which to build Females of the headbug. Culocorrr ungurlarur lay an integrated control system, and, in fact, may be eggs in the florets from the time the head emerge most productive when used in adjunct with cultural. through to flowering. Both nymphs and adults suck b~ologcal and chemical control methods, with some the liquid content from developing graln. This leads crops. particularly those having low cash value per to shrivelled and discoloured grairu w~th poor food ha. The use of resistant varieties may offer the best quality and gemination. Such grain 15 not market- (~nd perhaps only) economical method of control of able or fetches a low price depending on the amount certa~n pests." of damage. The bfe cycle from egg.to adult is completed in days. Adults probably survive on NATURE OF DA>IACE. BIOLOGY AND wild hosts or irrigated fodder sorghum during the dry POPU LATION DYNA>IICS seasons. The main population peaks correspond with those of the midge Aies (Fig. 1). High humidity is S/~ootjy again amttal for population build-up. The shootfly A~herigona roccaia lays its eggs on the Headbug and midge have become the most imlower leaf surface of 5-25 day-old-sorghum seedlings. portant insect pats on sorghum because of the The egg hatches in about I-2days. The larva moves in the growing point which it cuts musing a "dead lntroduaion of short duration cultivan that mam during a period of high humidity and moderate 'ic.~rt" The llfi c)cle from egg to adult takes about temperatures. The traditional late maturing cultivan!'--'! Jays. r\i a result of shootfly attack. the plant are also subjected to more pnt pressure because of,t.~zj ~nd number oi harvestable heads are greatly the build-up of populat~ons on the early maturing r:c!q:ii.j. The death olthe main shoot often results in hybnds and vanetla.
3 Pelt rnrnagement In sorghum In lndl~, Averapa ronntoll HeoaDug% M J J A S O N D J F M A F PO!,,, p F H P02,,, 120 Ooyr var~ly, I F ti Pot-7. 9 i I50 Days varlrty PO2,--y-~--l F H r " Po Oayr varlrty F H 90 Ooyr varlrly - m2 PolzL4-7'; ',, ' Flp I Populalron development of the four major sorghum Insect pest species In relallon to three sorghum vaneties wlth dlffercnt matunty cycles and two plant~ng tlmes dunng ralny and post-rainy season a1 ICRISAT HOST PL&VT RFSISTANCE In order to make predictions of what can be expected in terms of control through resistance, a brief summary IS given of the levels and mechanisms of reststance to the four major insect pests that have been observed up to date. The rnqor mechan~sms of shootfly reststance so far known are ovlposttlon anttxenosls (Soto, 1974) and anttbtosis (Ralna cr al ). The ovipostt~on nonpreference factor 1s malnly observed under multicholce cond~t~ons In the field and has a tendency to be less ctfecttve when there is no cho~ce (Soto, 1972). Simllar observattons were made at ICRISAT (Table I). Xntlb~osls IS cvldent under moderate shootfly pressure and normal growng conditions of the plant. Cnfortun~rely. the exprcsslon of anr~biosls appears to kt: rel.~tsd to seedling vlgour. Seedling stressed by tra~2)lt. lo'\ tsrt~llty or low temperature lose their rshl>rdncc. potential To obercome this problem. Doggzt (!');:I no:nt:d out that synchronized ullenng Jlt;r!he man ifl(1ot 1s ~;l!ed IS potentldly a form of recovery reststance, because the ttllen in some genotypes express h~gher levels of rcslstance than the marn shoots. Stem borer Stem borer resistance has been reported by Pant er al. (1961). Swarup and Chaugale (1962) and Singh er al. (1968). Resistant genotypes have less leaf fwdlng. "dead heart" formation and stem tunnelling The mechanisms involved are antixenotic (Dabrowski and Nyanlpri, 1982) and ant~biosis (Jotwani er al., 1978). Our stud~es at ICRISAT have shown that reduced "dead heart" formation is associated with fast seedling growth and late infestation. Early artificial Infestation (14 days after gcnnination) yielded about 60 /, "dead hearts" wh~le later infestation (29 days after germination) gave only 7.4% "dead hearts" (Fig. 2). At this stage, the growing point has already moved upwards so that stem tunnelling is the only symptom. This meelmism can k t be described as tolerance. Lavatigations at ICRISAT (unpublished) of the effect of tunnellingon CSH-I (hybrid) showed that it &d not cause detectable yield loss. This w a further supported by an experiment In which different
4 yield substantially These results show th~t ' d'~d heart" formation results In substantial ylcld lobs 8 20 Mldge resistance has been reported by Johnson rt a1 (1973). 5.d In ICRISAT (1982) Teetcs ~nd Johnson (1978flfid1catcd that both antlblosis and Jntl-.ccnosis arc lnvolved Hlgh levels of anttbtosis or ovtpositton antlxenosis have been confirmed In \F 2%. IS 12666C and TAM-2566 (T~ble 3) undcr no choice condit~ons (ICRISAT. 1982) L 3 I I z 9 No res~stancc has been found so far against head Doys after crop emergence bugs At ICRISAT small d~fferences In suscept~b~l~ty have bccn found undcr nosholcc headcage screening Fig heart forrnatlon In susceptible sorghum However, these d~fferences were not evldcnt under hybnd CSH-I w~th larval ~nfestrt~on dl and 29 PoPulatlon under field condltlons days after xedl~ng emergence Althou~h rcsistance levels have been rcvorted lor stem borer. shoottly and m~dge, a concentmted effort 4 growth stages of the plant (CSH-1) were prottcted by is needed to Incorporate resistance Into breedlng carbofuran (Table 2) lnsect~cide protectlon In treat- stocks w~th better agronomic bdckground Th~s proments one and two gave margnal y~eld Increase whlle cess is currently undcr way at AlCSlP (All lndla the early protectlon treatments three and four (pro- Coordlnatcd Sorghum Improvement Program) and tectlon agalnst "dead heart" formation) increased ICRISAT Table I Incidence of shooldv on tndlcaled soruhum llncs under cholce and no-chol~e cosdlrlons ICRISAT tcnirc 1982 Sorphurn EPR Iaylng Dcad hearts ' ERR lavlna Dead hcarls IS 5470 IS 5484 IS 5566 IS PS PS PS CSH- I SE 'Flgurn In parenthem arc mine iransformat~om Table 2 Elfcct of protsuon levels on stem borer (Chrlo par~ellw) ~rifetrt~on and y~cld lorr!a sorghum hybnd CSH I. ICRISAT Centre 1982 and 1983 Dad hearts Haworable Grvn ylcld 1'3 heads (keiplol)t at sow~og and and 45 DAE TI I Cubolunn at rowlog ' r - Cdrborunn md I5 and 30 DAE T, -Carbolunn at cowln#. and I5 DAE T. - Carboiuran at rowlng T,- Untrutcd DAB -days.f\cr emergence C~rbolurln at rowing ume applied In loll. dur lha aop rmcrpd lppllcd n *hurl 'I'131 IC 1 rows Irn long Obrcrvdt 0:s tdkcn from m~ddle 4 rows only
5 Table 3 Midge tmergencc from thru m~slanl and lno suwcpublc sorghum gcnolypet rl ICRISAT Centre (ntnv waron 1912) Da?r alter ~nlcstat~un I3 I6 I7 IS I9 XI Total Cult~var (no ol m~dgcr cmcrgcd,hmd) Rlcr AF IS-12666C I! IS Y TAM CSH-I JI IIJ Swarnn M Baxd on caged carheads ~nfcrml wth 60 midge fl~cs~crgc w~lh lhrce rcpl~cruonr HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE IN A SORGHUM PEST JIANAGEIIENT SYSTL\l By taking our present knowledge of the biology. population dynamics and levels and mechanisms of resistance into consideration, a simple pest management system for sorghum will be described, in which resistance as soon as resistant varieties or hybrids are available alone or in combination with other control means, can be utilized. The proposed pest management system is based on experiences and results obtained from Andra Pradesh and has to be modified for other parts of India. Resistant oarieties as a principal control method At present only midge rcsistance is a potential principal control element. Unfortunately, midge resistant varieties can only be of use in areas where headbugs are of little importance. For stem borer and shootfly, only moderate levels of rcsistance are available. High levels of resistance would be most desirable to keep the pest below the economic threshold level. However, low levels of resistance may also be advantageous, because of the long term suppressive effect on the pest population. Sharma (1983) modelled the influence of susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant cultivar on the hypothetical population trends of the sorghum midge (Table 4). By the end of the first year the pest density in an area growing the susceptible variety would be 16 times greater than in an area growing the resistant variety. After another year the ratio would be 1:?10. Clearly, the larger the area, the greater the potential impact of a moderately resistant cultivar would be. The lower levels of shootfly rcslstancc may have a similar suppression ctfect on the post-monsoon season population bu~ld-up. The main disadvantage of relying solely on hostplant resistance is the development of new insect biotypes particularly where there are high levels of resistance. Examples of biotype development that have led to severe problems are the brown plant- hopper, N~lupuroa~a lugem on rice in the Philippines and the chestnut gall wasp. Dryocosmw kuriphilw in Japan (Shimura, 1972). Biotypc development is also possible with sorghum insects and the situation should be closely watched to avoid similar disasters. Host-plant resistance cultural control Kharij seacon (Table 5). In India there are two principal growing seasons for sorghum, the Kharif (monsoon season) and the Rabi season (postmonsoon season). The early sown Kharif sorghum crop is faced with low initial shootfly and stem borer populations that have survived the hot and dry season. The obvious recommendation is to plant as soon as the rains start, to avoid the higher insect populations that develop later (Fig. 1). Un- Table 4. Population increase of lorghum midge on a susceptible (CSH-I). modcraulv mislant (IS-12664CI and mistant IDJ-6514) culuvar Generation First P, Number of midpe fliefia CSH.1' IS-12664C0 DI-6514' l00t m 300 I IM) Second )car PI FI F: F, F, populatton (6V.) I42 I 'if~dne ~ooulauon mult~oln bv SIX Uma on CSH-I. and IS12664C and ~ ~. 6 arc i l i two and six timi leu suxcprrble than CSH-I. under 00 choum sond~nons ~~pecuvely (Sharrna rr a/ ). *The m~dg populauon at he of rhe wason is assumed to bs IW rl~e~ ha. :In c~ch Scncratlon. lo; of :he total populruoru 1s wumd to mler dtapm~se.
6 Table 5 lnrcrt control schcme Idr Kh~nf rca$on wryhum (120 ~ J \ S ro tnrtur~tyl Control measures Shoatflv Stem borer Mtdbe HcaJbu#s Planttng. Mtd June No control No control High lcvri of Chern~cal control PCsILInCe Flowenng September Planttng: Moderate ~r~rtanct + chemical control Early July Moderate rntrunct htodcrale rcs~rt~ncc As above As rborc + ~herntc~l control Flowenng Late September 4ctober General rscornmendauons removal of sorghum stalks and earherds from Ihc prcnous sealon. plough~ng of thc held8 before planung and after hanest. and untfom plantlnp over large areas reduces put darnage fortunately. the monsoon season does not always provide adequate so11 moisture untll the mtddle of July. In th~situation, nsk taklng farmers sow early and others, who want to be on the safe side, plant later. Under such a staggered sowing sltuatlon, shootfly can build up to damaglng levels on the late sown crops. Stem borers are usually of little importance during June and July The farmers use sorghum stalks for fodder during the dry season. thereby reducing the diapausing population. This crop hygiene practice should be encouraged. In additlon. the relatively longer period requlred for the complct~on of one stem borer generation (30 days) may result in a slower butld-up of the stem borer population. Therefore, if early sowing is poss~ble, shootfly and stem borer w~ll not cause major losses. When planting is late and staggered, moderate levels of shootfly and stem borer resistance will be of great help in suppressing population build-up. Chemical protection against shootfly may be needed and is discussed later. The traditional Indian land race of Kharif sorghum mature in 140-ISOdays. Flowering In these cultivars inevitably takes place under declining rainfall conditions irrespective of planting date, thereby avoiding the optimum conditions for hcadbugs and midge (Fig. 1). The new high yielding varieties and hybrids, developed recently in India, mature in days (to avoid end season drought stress) and have no, or very low mistance to the major insect pests. If sown early, their flowering coincides with the best ecological cor~ditions for the build-up of mldye and headbugs (Ftg. I). It IS posslble to plant late to avoid headbug and m~dge problems urth such sorghums, but then the shootfly becomes a major problem and the available levels of reststance cannot cope with the population pressure. Therefore, midgc and headbug rcsislance IS most needed In early maturing cultlvars. Another optlon is to develop even shorter duratlon genotypes (90 days; Fig. I) wh~ch would provide only a short period for the mrdge and headbug populat~ons to bulld up. especially if they were sown at the same time over large areas Unfortunately, grain weathering and grain moulds would cause major problems, because the gram would mature dunng the peak of the rainy season. Uniform and early sowings should help to avoid the shootfly and stem borer problem but. for sorghums with durations of I20 days, resistance to midge and headbugs will be essential in high nsk areas. Under late and staggered sowings, the low levels of resistance found against shootfl). and stem borer w~ll have to be combined with high levels of resistance against midgc and headbugs. Rabi season (Table 6). The traditional land races of rabi sorghum and modem vanetics and hybnds are of shorter duration (120 days). They ut~lize stored sot1 moisture adequately and flower, depending on the planting tlme, by the end of January or February under relatively low temperature conditions (mean 20 C). Planting taka place in September and October when shootfly and stern borer are present in fairly high densities. The adjustment of planting times to avoid these insect pests is therefore not poss~ble. Tdbk 6 Insect control vherne for Rah season sorghum (120 days ro maturity) Control mcuum - Shoorfly Sem born M~dge Headbup Planung Mld Sepvmber Modcrate mulance Moderate rcusuocc '+ chmd control + chm~ul cooml Nom Nooc Flouenng Jan ~ary Pldntlng Octcl-cr Same rbow Sdme Y above Moderate to Chnn~d hgh levels control I.'ou:nny or rca~sllnce F:o:uiry
7 Temperatures and stored moisture decrease Rcsisranr culrivars and biological conrrol progressively from October onwards. Slower crop Resistant vaneties are hiyhly compattblc \cith bloestablishment is therefore experiencd at late plant- lodcal control!hey usually do not interfere tng. As mentioned earlier shootfly and stem borer the natural of pest species, problems increase in such situations. Therefore, early A number of predators and parasites have been planting in ~cptember is desirable, and at least. reported feeding on shootfly, hcadbugs. stem borcr moderate to high levels of shootfly and stem borer and midge, especially the last two. The impact of their rcsistance arc gequid for rabi sorghums, combined. hosts is not well known. Certain stem borer resistance if necessary, with insecticide protection. Sorghum may increase the cficiency of some planted in mid-september flowen by mid-january natural enemies. First instar larvae of borers are when midge and headbugs are of less importance. disorientated by chemicals in the surface waxes of because of comparatively low air temperature (13-C sorghum stems (Woodhead,I/., 1983). This may minimum, 25'C maximum). Late October ~landngs prolong their exposure to natural enemies. There the end of February could be a similar effect when second and third temperatures are higher (15 C minimum, 33 C maxi- instan move from the whorl to bore into the base ol mum) and r.h. ranges from 35 to 80:. Under these the stem. An increase in time required to bore into conditions midge and headbugs can reach damaging harder stems may expose the larvae for longer periods levels. Although we do not yet know the economic to parasites and damage threshold levels, more than In a mixed cropping situation the combined benefit resistance may be needed. of resistance and biological control may be even Rabi season sorghums d~ould have higher levels of greater, because of the possibility that there will be a shootfly and stem borer resistance since adjustment greater diversity of biological control in the of planting time cannot work at this time of the year. vicln,ty, In case of late plantings, midge and headbug resistance would be beneficial. In addition good crop management, removal of debris and uniform sowing CONCLUSION over large areas could supplement the pest reduction ~ost-plant resistance has a key role to play in the achieved by the levels of resistance presently available implementation of an IPM system in sorghum, ne against shootfly. stem borer and midge. present levels of resistance could be utilized provided Hosl-p/anr resjs,ance jn combjnarion wjrh insecrjcjc/es a breeding ekort is lo rcsistance into breeding stocks with better agronom- Since insect resistance in modern sorghum varieties ical background, L~~~~ levels of shootfly and stem and hybrids has not yet reached the state of practical borer resistance can be supplemented with cultural use (except for midge), the combination and chemical control measures, For midge it remains resistance levels and insecticide application has not to be seen whether chemical control is for been fully tested. Jotwani el ul. (1978) reported that levels of resistance arc fairly high. As long there was only a marginal increase in yield when stem as no resistant sources are found against hcadbugs, borer resistant cultivars were protected by dropping control may be endosulhn granules into the plant whorl 25 and 35 he relative advantages of short and long duration days after sowing. This may also be an indication that and hybrids should be explored in stem tunnelling, whtch was prevented adds only to insect and disease attack. marginally to yield loss. For shootfly under late sown conditions during Kharif and during Rabi when the shootfly and stem borer population is high, even REFERENCES moderately resistant varietiw lo protect* Adkisson p. L. and Dyck V. A. (1980) Rc~irtanl varieties in (Tables 5 and 6). Seed treatment with carbofuran to pefc managmen1 systems. In Brctding P/onrr Resic~mce reduce "dead heart" formation is the recommended I~~,.~, (~dit,.d by ~ ~ F. ti. and ~ Jenninm ~ p. R.), l l practice in Maharashtra (Srivastava and Jotwani. pp Wiley. New York. 1981). Dabrowski 2. T. md Kidiaval E. L. (1983) Resistance of Although midge resistance levels have been demon- some sorghum line to the spotted stalk borer Ch~lo strated to be fairly high, we do not know how parrtllw under western Kenya conditions. Imecl Sci. resistant genotypes will behave under different eco- Rppiic. 4 logical conditions, c~~~~~~~~ with lo,,, levels of Dogget H. (1972) Breeding for resistance to mrghum shootfly in Uganda. In Proeredings of the Inrrmo~iond resistance, but otherwise favourable characteristiu Sympodw, on conlrol of Sorghwn ShoorPy (Edilcd by be protected with pesticides when sub Jotwan, M. G. and Younp W. R), pp Oxford jected to high pest populations (Tables 5 and 6). and 193 fiblilhing co., New Delhi. As discussed above, an important charactiristic of international Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid sorghum varieties with onlv ~artial resistance is their Tro~icr (ICRISAT) (1982) Annuul Rcporl. Potanchew ability to slow down po-p;lation build-ups. This India. feature will prolong the time required by tht pests to Johnson J. W.. Roxnow D. T. md Teetea CI. L (1973) reach the economic threshold level. Consequently the Rahtance to the sorghum midge in convencd exotic number of sprays can be reduced accordingly. In wrghum cultivan. Crop Sci 13, sorlnun. uc are still far irom knowing what long Jotwan1 M. G., Srivattava K P-Kuadu C. G.. Kirhorc P. and Sukhani T. R. (1978) Maaagcment of the nan borer. term impact our resistance levels wll have on the Chilo partellw (Swnhoe) infating sorghum tbrough the butld-up of populattons. More research is also needed ux of mrsunt vanetia and chemical control. I. en;. Res. on the determi~at~on oi economic threshold Iz\els. L
8 Jotwan1 M G. Young W R and Tecta G L (1930) Elements of tntegrated control of sorghum pcstr FA0 plant productton and protectton paper. FAO. Rome Pant N C. Pathak M D and Pant J C (1961) Reststance of Chrlo :onellw (Swtn ) In dtfferent host plants Indran J En1 23, Ralna A K. Thtndwa H 2. Othtcno S \.I and Corkhrll R T (1981) Reststance In sorghum to the sorghum shoottly Larval de\elopmcnt and adult lonpttvtty and fecunqtty on selected culuvars lwct Scr Appkc 2, Seshu Reddy K V and Danes J C (1979) Pests of sorghum and pearl mtllet and thetr parasttes and predators. recorded at ICRISAT Centre, Indta up to December 1979 Departmental Progres Report. Cereal Entomology-l Shanna H C. Vtdyasagar P and Leuschncr K (1983) Factors tnfluenang host findtng and ovtpostt~on by the sorghum mtdge. Conrartnra sorghrcolo Paper presented at Inrcrnattonal Cunfrrrnce on Regulur~on uf lnrrcr Reproducrron Through ivaturol Producrs, 29 September-l October 1983 Regonal Rcxarch Laboratory. Jammun. Indta Shanna H C (1984a) Future strategm for pert control In sorghum In Nar~onol Srmrnar on Prsr \.lanugcmenr in Crrrur. Corron. Sugar Cane ond Sorghum. 5-7 Janudry 1984 College of Agnculture. Nagpur. lndta Shanna H C (1984b) Future stratega for pat control In sorghum Presented at the Narrond Srminar on Pr~r Manogemrnr m Crrrus. Cotron. Sugar Cane and Sorghum. College of Agnculture, Nagpur. lndla Shtmura 1 (1972) Brcedtng of chestnut vancttes to chestnut gall wasp. Dr,orosmw Aurrphtcus Y~sumatsa lup ugrrc Rrs Quurr Slngh S R. Vd~moorty G. Thobbt V V. Jotwdnl \I G. Young W R. Balan 1 S. Snvastrva K P. Sandhu G S and Knshnananda N (1968) Rer~stance to stem borer. Chrlo ronrllur (Sw~nhoe) ~ nd stemfly. 4thrrrgorr tarla succara Rond In the world sorghum collcctton., lndla hfrm rnr Suc InLu Soto P E (1972) hlars rcanng of the sorghum shootfly and xrcentng for host-plant mtstance under gmn-house cond~ttons In Procredmgs of rhe lnurna~ronul S~rnporrum on Conrrol of Sorgltum ShwrPy (Edited by Jotwant G and Young W R). pp Oxford and IBH Publlshlng Co. New Dclh~ Soto P E (1974) Ompostttonal preference and anttbtosts tn relatton to reststance to a sorghum shoottly J rcon Enr 67, Snvastava K P and Jotwani M G (1981) Recent advances In the chemlcal control of shootfly Insrcr Sci Applrc Swamp V and Chaugale D S (1962) A preltmtnary study on reststance to stemborer. Chrlo zuntllur (Swtn ) In Bombay Provtnce lnhon J Enr 24, Teetcs G L and Johnson J W (1978) Insect reststance tn sorghum In Procerings 33rd Annuul Corn and Sorghum Rrsearch Conference. pp Ch~cago. llltnols Woodhead S. &mays E H and Chapman R F (1983) Report of work done dunng wslts to ICRISAT In 1981 and 1982 Collaborat~vc project on the stem borer. Chrlo partrllu (Swtnhoe). Centre for Overseas Pest Research/Intemattonrl Crops Research lnst~tute for the Scmt-And Troptcs
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text: Howdy, fellow editors. After a long hiatus from posting anything here on my blog, I am finally back, and I bring with me a very interesting in-depth piece I found surfing the web about what Rob Wiethoff's life has been like after he voiced John Marston in RDR. I personally found it quite captivating and well-written. If you're interested, here's the link: http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/6/19/4406600/small-town-man-John-Marston Enjoy.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hi, I have been lucky enough to get a contact straight from the factory and cut out the middle men for a product I want. I have received a sample and it all checks out. Only problem is, they will only ship EXW, straight from the factory.
As I have been buying off wholesalers not factories, they usually organize the shipping for me, How do I go about getting the cheapest deal EXW? Is there a better option than getting DHL, UPS, EMS etc. to ship for me? The price I am getting is great and hopefully it will e worth a bit of extra effort.
Thanks, Simon
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Is Clark Retail for Sale?
CEO Barnholt says no, but he's open to offers.
Less than a year ago Robert Katz, senior partner for the company that owns Clark Retail Enterprises Inc., made a bold prediction.
"We could get this chain to 3,000 or 4,000 units within the next few years," Katz, a key member in the New York venture capital firm Apollo Management LP, told a Chicago business publication.
And why not? Clark was the great consolidator of the Midwest, acquiring White Hen Pantry Inc., Wareco Services LLC and Minit Mart Foods LLC. In two years, the upstart retailer picked up 500 stores in eight deals, placing it among the elite c-store chains in the country with more than 1,300 units and $2.5 billion in annual sales.
But times have changed. Clark has been quiet the past 12 months as rivals Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, Alimentation Couche-Tard Inc. (ACT) and Krause Gentle Corp. step up their presence in the central United States.
Moreover, many of Clark's suburban outlets are under increasing pressure as quick marts and gas pumps sprout in front of big-box competitors Costco, Dominicks and Meijer.
Several high-level sources told Convenience Store News that Clark is for sale — either the entire chain or at least several hundred stores — but officials at Clark deny it. "Apollo bought them at a premium price," a former ranking Clark employee said of the $230 million transaction in 1999. "They were expecting a high return and they never got it."
In interviews with CSNews, Clark president and CEO Brandon Barnholt and Apollo's Katz emphasized that while the company is divesting up to 100 stores in low-concentration markets, Clark's financial profile is strong, though, like many others, stung by dwindling gasoline margins.
"Nothing could be further from the truth," Katz said when asked if Apollo was looking to spin off Clark. "I can say categorically that there's been no decision to get out of the convenience store industry or to sell Clark. We are very satisfied with Clark as an investment and the management team is first-rate.
"It's always important to remember that acquisition for acquisition's sake does not necessarily build shareholder value," Katz continued. "It's excellent retail discipline not only to acquire but to integrate. There are a number of companies that failed because they kept on buying but never integrated."
Planning and Streamlining
Barnholt said rumors might have begun to swirl as the company started to sell underperforming stores in Michigan and Iowa. In addition, the company recently laid off "several dozens of employees" in a bid to shrink overhead and to "squeeze" out additional dollars. "Over the last six months we've been aggressively streamlining the brands we bought one year ago," Barnholt said. "People see that and may think there's something deeper going on, but there isn't."
At the same time, Barnholt said he does meet with other CEOs and said he would entertain offers if the price were right. "Is Apollo happy with the Clark investment? The answer is yes," he said. "But we and they said from day one that their investment horizon is three years to seven years — and this is year three.
"The facts are that what Apollo is here to do, along with the Clark management team, is to create the most value . . . and what the right way is for them to take advantage of that value proposition."
In a wide-ranging interview, Barnholt also told CSNews:
Clark is selling 50 to 100 outlets in Detroit and parts of Ohio and Wisconsin. "I've got stores available, stores I believe are viable but are not markets we think are best for Clark." He cited the recent sale of more than a dozen stores to Detroit jobber Atlas Oil.
The company continues to work with its primary wholesaler Fleming Inc., with whom it signed a long-term deal in 2000, to foster a better relationship. "It's been two years and we are still in the process of learning how each other operates," Barnholt said. "We are in a long-term agreement with them and we will try to continue to honor it."
Clark ended its relationship with fuel supplier Premcor (formerly Clark USA) and relies on multiple sources for its supply.
It moved away from the supplier side of the business, where it had begun to partner with supermarkets and other nontraditional gasoline retailers in Texas and California. Further, the chain's jobber network base had shrunk from 225 stores in 1999 to 150, but the number is climbing through Clark's store sell-off.
"We've been trying to digest all that we've acquired and combine the brands," he said. "We're still aggressive. We've been at the table in every acquisition in the past year, but we haven't seen a deal that's been attractive to us.
"At the end of the day," he said, "we're going to buy and grow through acquisitions when we feel the deal is right."


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People are sometimes so reckless and then have the audacity to blame you for getting upset when they do something reckless. It makes absolutely no sense to me and it angers me honestly. Like, how are you going to get mad when I have a legitimate reason to be yelling at you!?
Well, to digress to the original point and why I am venting on such a level is because my daughter is the most clumsy person and she doesn't pay attention to anything! Like I mean, ANYTHING! It is like talking to a bring wall sometimes despite the fact that she is a smart girl. I love her a lot, but she does the damnedest things that set me off.
So we were talking the other day and I told her, "Do not plug a lot into the surge protector because it is malfunctioning." She told me she wouldn't and I cautioned her again and told her she could potentially blow a fuse or something that would require an electrician. You know kids — they are quick to "Okay" you without even hearing a word you say.
But giving her the benefit of the doubt, I walked away for several hours to go handle business with work. I was typing one of my many assignments for a client before I realized that my computer was about to die. It was midday, so I am not paying anything any attention with the electricity. But I am pondering as to why my computer is nearly dead when I have it plugged in. I check to see if maybe the plug is no longer in the outlet for it or maybe something is just wrong with the socket.
I check it and the computer is plugged into the outlet just fine. So assuming maybe its a blown socket in that wall, I decide to switch it to a different location and I go over to my computer and still nothing. I don't hear the loud "beep" that comes when I plug the laptop in when it is running and the light is not on either. There is nothing except the remaining, "low battery" sign. So I am thinking to myself, "Great, I am going to have to call an Emergency Electrician" and I go downstairs to get my cell phone and make the call.
As I make my way downstairs, it is to no surprise that I notice the same surge protector I was speaking to my daughter about has every socket taken. I am just completely astonished because how my daughter managed to fill them all in such a short time is unbelievable. Then I realize she has her friends over and all of them have their phones plugged into.
All these outlets and they want to plug it into the ONE I asked them not to plug it into. I am just like, "Oh goodness." I am absolutely livid now because I had to get Emergency Electrical Services now to have my power back on. But know that my daughter will be getting a piece of my mind when she gets back home today because this is just unacceptable! Giving me high blood pressure unnecessarily!


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Best and Worst Player
Best Player
Goal Choice
M. PappaGuatemala Position: Midfielder
Fan Choice
M. PappaGuatemala Position: Midfielder
Worst Player
Goal Choice
M. ÁvilaGuatemala Position: Midfielder
Fan Choice
M. BradleyUnited States Position: Midfielder
Team Ratings
R. Jérez
Wasn't tested as much as his U.S. counterpart but organized his defense well.
L. Rodríguez
Made several key interceptions for Guatemala and was solid in marking the U.S. offense.
E. Vásquez
Didn't make any mistakes but allowed Dempsey to make a run that ultimately lead to the game opening goal.
E. Morales
Was good in not allowing Donovan to get into the box. Donovan didn't have many chances to shoot.
C. Gallardo
Had an average performance and looked solid during the U.S. set pieces.
J. Contreras
Had some important interceptions and helped in pressuring the U.S. attack. Was ineffective on the offensive end and was subbed in the 45th minute.
- W. Velásquez
M. Ávila
Missed a few opportunities early on that could have put Guatemala in the lead early.
C. Figueroa
While he was pulled after 45 minutes, Figueroa was aggressive during the first half having a shot on goal and helping on defense.
M. Rodríguez
Aided in adding pressure to the U.S. flanks but was ineffective offensively and subbed in the 45th minute.
C. Ruíz
Was dangerous in the first half but fatigue clearly hit him in the second. He should have buried in a goal after he had a wide open goal on a rebound but instead skied his shot.
United States
T. Howard
Guatemala had the best chances early on but Howard prevented the Central American team from taking an early lead. A lesser goalkeeper and the score could have been 2-0 against the U.S. early. Couldn't stop Pappa's world class equalizer on a free kick.
S. Cherundolo
An average game for the usually steady Cherundolo. Pappa beat him a few times due to his speed advantage but he didn't make any mistakes.
C. Goodson
Subbed out at the half to avoid another yellow card but overall played a solid opening 45 minutes. Ruiz was dangerous throughout but Goodson knew the right moments to check the former Union star.
C. Bocanegra
While he got beat at times by Avila, the striker couldn't take advantage. Bocanegra had a decent game in tackling and making the forwards work.
M. Bradley
An average night for the usually solid U.S. midfielder. Made some key interceptions but wasn't as involved on offense as he normally is.
F. Johnson
Created the game winner for the U.S. finding Dempsey on the low cross into the box. Struggled early against Guatemala's pace and his foul allowed Pappa to score on a close range free kick.
J. Jones
Made some good runs in the middle of the field but like Bradley couldn't really get involved due to Guatemala's pressure.
M. Edu
Relatively quiet night for the Rangers star. Didn't make any mistakes and had some important tackles but didn't contribute much going forward.
H. Gómez
Didn't receive much service from the midfield and as a result had little opportunity to affect the game.
L. Donovan
Made some important runs and had solid set piece delivery. Yet, Donovan should be taking more shots as the second best attacking option on the U.S..
C. Dempsey
Opened up scoring for the U.S. in the 40th minute. Was frustrated early on but keep on fighting through high pressure to get his opportunity in the box.
M. León
Was aggressive in the fouls but stuck to Almedia's plan of frustrating the U.S. offense.
M. Pappa
Came on in the second half and dominated. Had a searing game on the wing and his free kick goal was world class considering that it beat an outstanding Howard. Easily man of the match.
- D. Pezzarossi
G. Cameron
Cameron had an average performance but considering he had fresh legs in the second half, Guatemala had some dangerous chances.
K. Beckerman
Came on in the 90th minute and didn't have time to make an impact.
J. Altidore
Came in as a late sub. Also controversially ruled out a goal for a previous foul in the box. Should have finished an pass from Bradley late in the game that would have put the U.S. ahead. Looked out of sorts as a late sub.


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Starrland Baldwin Jr., a 6-foot-0, 160-pound cornerback from Houston (Texas) Cypress Falls released his Top 12 list via a photo edit Photo above) on social media on Monday evening.
Making the cut were: Arizona State, Houston, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State, TCU, Utah, West Virginia, Iowa State, LSU, Nevada, Penn State, and Texas A&M.
"I feel as if these 12 schools have the best opportunity for me moving forward on and off the field," Baldwin said of his list of which nine of the schools have offered him a scholarship and three (LSU, PSU, TAMU) are still showing a high interest.
"Each offer to me is special," Baldwin Jr. said, "because of the hard work we put in through the week with my coach and my trainer. It all pays off. It is a blessing. We are just taking it all in right now and seeing everything through and making sure I am making the right decision before I commit."


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Psychotics, Sociopaths and Murderer-Suicidal Shooters pull the triggers ... to a great extent thanks to the Right-Wing Religionists, NRA-Gun Lobby Pimps/Republican Legislator Sell-Outs and Gutless Democrats.
For example ...
Mike Huckabee: Newtown Shooting No Surprise, We've 'Systematically Removed God' From Schools
Docs Vs. Glocks Appeal: Rick Scott To Fight Ruling Voiding Florida Gun Law
MIAMI -- Florida officials are appealing a federal judge's ruling striking down a Florida law that restricted doctors from talking with patients about gun ownership.
Gov. Rick Scott announced the appeal Monday. U.S. District Judge Marcia Cooke ruled earlier this month in the case known as "Docs vs. Glocks." Cooke agreed with physicians who contended the law violates free speech rights.
I could post these kinds of outrages endlessly ...
And the insane arguments of the gun-lover, 2nd Amendment-blinded-to-reality-crowd.
Here's one ...
"We don't ban cars because of the deaths/injuries caused by motor vehicles ... there are way more of those than gun deaths/accidents."
Guess what ... motor vehicles are not intended nor designed to be instruments of death and destruction ... and ... give it a year or two ... gun deaths will surpass car deaths, and, in some states, they already do!
Tuesday, May 22, 2012
Gun Deaths vs. Car Deaths
A new Violence Policy Center (VPC) state-by-state analysis of government data comparing firearm deaths and motor vehicle deaths shows that gun deaths outpaced motor vehicle deaths in 10 states in 2009, the most recent year for which state level data is available. Nationally, there were 31,236 firearm deaths in 2009 and 36,361 motor vehicle deaths according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Alaska: 104 gun deaths, 84 motor vehicle deaths Arizona: 856 gun deaths, 809 motor vehicle deaths Colorado: 583 gun deaths, 565 motor vehicle deaths Indiana: 735 gun deaths, 715 motor vehicle deaths Michigan: 1,095 gun deaths, 977 motor vehicle deaths Nevada: 406 gun deaths, 255 motor vehicle deaths Oregon: 417 gun deaths, 394 motor vehicle deaths Utah: 260 gun deaths, 256 motor vehicle deaths Virginia: 836 gun deaths, 827 motor vehicle deaths Washington: 623 gun deaths, 580 motor vehicle deaths
Here's another.
"Guns in the home protect life and property ... "
• They can and do ... BUT ... the football-player shooter of several weeks ago used his "life and property-protector" to kill his wife and then himself.
• The Oregon Mall shooter stole one of those protector-things and killed Christmas shoppers.
• The Newton, Connecticut shooter MURDERED 20 CHILDREN, 7 ADULTS INCLUDING HIS MOTHER ... then killed himself.
The NRA bull@!$%# claim that "liberals want to take away everyone's guns" is just that -- BULL@!$%#! It's a fear-tactic intended to promote gun sales.
What sane Americans want (including a reported 74% of NRA members), is GUN SAFETY LEGISLATION including BACKGROUND CHECKS AND A NATIONAL DATABASE WHICH THE NRA HAS PAID LEGISLATORS TO THWART ... ditto AN END TO THE GUN SHOW LOOPHOLE which accounts for 40% of firearms being sold with no background checks and sometimes, by unlicensed dealers ... HEALTH CARE INITIATIVE-FUNDING FOR ANGER MANAGEMENT ISSUES, CONFLICT RESOLUTION ISSUES ... again, impeded by gutless, bought-off legislators.
The Founding Fathers-2nd Amendment mantra is overdone and ill-conceived; in 2012, the 2nd Amendment as originally intended is an anachronistic, misapplied document written by slave-owning, women-oppressing MEN of another era.
ENOUGH DEATHS, MAYHEM AN ENDLESS PAIN generated by deadly-efficient assault weapons, high capacity ammunition clips and lunatics! Of course, no legislation will prevent those who will slip through the cracks; LAWS do not purport perfection ... they just try to make bad and potentially-bad situations better. There will always be "cracks" through which to slip ... so why not create laws with the idea of making those cracks ... smaller?


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December 19, 2016
Name: Samantha Mason
Studied: FdA Travel and Tourism
Barbados – Peru – Antigua – Florida…it's all just part of the job for a former Middlesbrough College student who's now flying the world for a living.
Samantha Mason, 20, from Ingleby has snapped up a coveted job as a member of the cabin crew after studying Aviation at the college, followed by gaining a degree with distinction in travel and tourism at Teesside University.
She said: "After I did my BTEC in Aviation at the college I got a job working as a passenger service agent at Durham Tees Valley Airport, and stayed there for two years."
"I've also completed a two-year foundation degree at the university, and I'm now working as a member of the cabin crew for BA flying out of Gatwick."
It's an exotic life for the former student, whose first flights after completing BA training have included destinations in the Caribbean, South America and the US. And she doesn't just get to see the airport.
"We had two days in Antigua, and two in Lima, Peru – and if we fly to destinations such as Mali in Mauritius we stay there for six days," she said.
"It's tiring but exciting!"
Sam commutes to her BA job from Teesside, and inspired by her days at Middlesbrough College and her groundwork experience at the airport, she's already looking towards her future.
"Eventually, I'd like to teach," she said.
"The things I learned at college, such as terminology, really help to put you ahead of the rest when you go for a job. The college now has an aircraft fuselage where students can train, and that sort of real-life feel is very inspiring to young people and gives you ambition."
Middlesbrough College, Dock Street, Middlesbrough, TS2 1AD • Course Information: 01642 333333
Governors' Website | Legal | Complaints Procedure | Cookies & Privacy | Staff Email | Student Email | Student VPN | Canvas | Course Files (MC Staff Only) | BKSB | ParentPortal | SmartAssessor | Partners of Middlesbrough College


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No one knows when the battle between the HD-DVD and Blu-ray video formats will end, but what's an early adopter to do without ending up like the poor folks who bought Betamax? Until one format is the clear winner, you could try improving the video from your current DVDs instead.
The Oppo DV-980H plays standard DVDs but sharpens and improves the image for big-screen high-definition TVs. The best HD format, called 1080p, is usually 1,920 pixels by 1,080 pixels, considerably sharper than the 720-by-480-pixel video stored on standard DVDs. The Oppo uses a number of technologies to simulate HD quality.
The DV-980H supports HDMI, S-Video and component video connections, and it plays back DivX, JPEG image and SACD discs. It can also connect to 7.1 surround-sound receivers to ensure that the movies sound as good as they look.
The player is available now for $169 from www.oppodigital.com. This tool could bridge the gap between DVD and HD to tide over videophiles until the last disc falls in the great HD wars. JOHN BIGGSContinue reading the main story


text:
As an elected Savannah/Chatham County public school board member, Julie Gerbsch has made an astonishing and exciting offer.
In her June 7 column, "Let's kick-start KIPP school," she invited community citizens to come together to start a new KIPP charter school.
See Also
I am the current president of the Coastal Empire Montessori Charter School (CEMCO) and have witnessed incredible input and support by Savannah area citizens as our charter board has set forth to set up the Coastal Empire Montessori Charter School, which will be opening in September.
Based on my experience, Ms. Gerbsch can feel confident that a large part of the entire Savannah community would wholeheartedly support her proposal and welcome the challenge and participation in its creation.
Too often , public school officials and their elected school boards view charter schools as unwanted competition that drains taxpayer funds from public schools and allows elitist groups to operate exclusive schools available only to a select few.
Although Georgia charter laws precludes this from happening, the perception too often becomes one of preventing school board members, their superintendents and educators from supporting the charter school concept.
If Mrs. Gerbsch's proposal is supported by her fellow school board members, then the school board, Superintendent Thomas Lockamy and his staff could work with concerned citizens to form a KIPP Charter Board with independent authority to operate the KIPP school free from governance oversight by the school board and operational review by the superintendent.
Ms. Gerbsch seems to have expressed a need for the community to start the KIPP Charter School using Georgia charter laws to give the school independence from board oversight. There is, however, the opportunity to start a successful KIPP school in the district without stepping outside of board governance at no additional cost to the district.
The Georgia Charter School Office grants up to $400,000 for public school boards of education to create and operate charter schools under their authority. Additionally, the US Department of Education awards up to $12 million over a three-year period for public school boards to set up magnet schools, including KIPP magnet schools . And, the DOE offers grants for up to $1 million over a three-year period to train public school principals to carry out the proven KIPP leadership techniques.
I believe that Mrs. Gerbsch must have been speaking for herself . However, if she can gain support of her fellow members, expressed publicly by Board President Joe Buck, I can attest, as a current charter board member involved in setting up a charter school, that community leaders, for profit and non-profit organizations, area charter boards and corporation leaders throughout the Savannah area, as well as state charter school officials, will work diligently with the Savannah-Chatham County school board to set the community-controlled KIPP Charter School.
Dr. David K. Lerch is a private consultant and a former Savannah-Chatham County school board member.


text: HTC is on the offensive, with a mix of the high-end and the lower-priced to see them through a financial rough patch.That's the theory anyway, with the company pledging to shift more 'mid-tier' and 'affordable' phones in 2014, an area that the company has avoided in recent years, which has certainly not helped its bottom line. HTC's sales have been on the slide for two years and its share price has dropped 80 per cent in that period.'The problem with us last year was we only concentrated on our flagship. We missed a huge chunk of the mid-tier market,' said co-founder and Chairwoman Cher Wang, speaking to Reuters in New York last week.Chialin Chang, HTC's Chief Financial Officer, said that HTC will produce and sell more phones in the $150 to $300 retail price range (£90 to £180), as well as producing high-end smartphones. However, Chang added that HTC will not get into the 'very, very low-end market'.Talking of premium product, he added that HTC will soon unveil a flagship phone, widely expected to be the much-rumoured and leaked HTC M8, which is pictured above. The company plans to send out invites to an event showcasing the phone 'in about two weeks', which rules it out of a launch at MWC. It does however sit well with talk of an event in late March in New York.The leaked specification hints at another impressive piece of kit, much as the HTC One impressed last year. That seems to be the easy bit. The hard bit is getting us, the consumer, to buy it in numbers.Source: Reuters


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Many time people put the address of their business property on their websites but they don't provide the exact location. This application can also be used to obtain the accurate location of your business property. And same can also be used to put the link on your business web site under locate us. I am using MyLocation App to share My Location are you?
To allow this application to work properly.
--> Manage Group of location by Collection
--> Add location by current location
--> Add location by custom location
--> Add location by QR code
--> Show all location in collection by Google Map
--> Show your location by Google Map
--> Export and Import your location to sql and kml


text:
A photograph can document a major life event almost as well as a scroll signed in the blood of everyone who attended. Bind your memories with this voucher.
$349 for a Three-Hour Photo-Booth Rental ($699 Value)
- Onsite attendant
- Interactive props
- Unlimited photos
JDC Entertainment
Birthdays, weddings, and other occasions become unforgettable events with the party-planning staff at JDC Entertainment. DJs and motivational dancers excite crowds and keep energy levels high. JDC Entertainment also rents out add-ons such as photo booths and LED dance floors, which instantly vaporize any party-crashing ghosts.


text:
Buttocks + Vaser Liposuction Q&A
Will VASER Leave Loose Skin in Thigh/butt Region? Does It Help With Cellulite? (photo)
Hi doctors :-) I'm contemplating VASER lipo to thighs(inner & outer)and butt and wondering whether I'd be left with loose skin once the... READ MORE
Is Vaser Right for my Thigh and Butt Area?
Im 28 years old and im considering vaser on my butt and thigh area. Im 5'0 and I weigh 128. Fat collects on my butt and hips and makes my upper... READ MORE
Vaser Lipo Vs Cold Laser for the Buttocks?
I am looking for a spot treatment for the upper part of my buttocks. I would like value for my money. I'm in my late 40's and in good health, and slim... READ MORE
Is Vaser Liposuction Advisable Before Marriage?
I am female, 26, single and weigh 63 kgs (138 lbs) with 5'2" height size: 34", 27", 40". I have a nice figure but genetically I... READ MORE
Problem Area on Buttocks After Liposuction on the Thighs, How Can I Correct this?
I had vaser lipo on the inner/outer thighs and inner knees some 6 years ago now. If you compare the side photos to my pre-op side photo you will see... READ MORE
Vaser for my Butt, Thighs and Inner Thighs?
Hi I'm 60Kgs and 170 cm. I and 35 years old. I and thinking about vaser for my butt, back top thighs and inner thighs. I exercise regularly and watch... READ MORE
Did my PS deliberately suction my banana rolls? Bad, dented results on legs, ptosis of buttocks from Vaser lipo 2 mth ago. photo
My legs have been left with dents and divots and I have since developed ptosis of the buttocks. I'm trying to understand what happened. I specifically... READ MORE
What Size Person Can Get Vaser Lipo?
I am planning on having the Vaser procedure done on my thighs and buttocks. I don't want to be a size 0, I just wanna feel and look good in a nice... READ MORE
14 mo post-op lipo. What went wrong? Are there any tx/options that will improve the deformaties? (photos)
Lipo: med/lat thigh, med knee. Board cert surgeon in LR, AR. After surgery told she lipo front/back thighs/butt to reduce heavyness. Comp... READ MORE
Vaser Method Affects Viability of Fat for Butt Enhancement?
Does vaser liposuction affect viability of fat cells to be transferred into butt? READ MORE
Would I be a good candidate for the surgeries I've listed below? (Photo)
After doing my research I have figured out that i want vaser lipo in the abdomen & flanks, a Brazilian butt lift by way of fat transfer from by lower... READ MORE
On 22 April 2015 I had vaser lipo on my outer and inner thighs, inner knees and side buttocks. Can I get a revision?
I now have gone from a shapely woman's butt to a man looking butt..too straight and no curves. I am 5foot 3 and weigh 56 kilos. and have no fat to use... READ MORE
Will I require skin tightening after Vaser Liposuction? (photos)
My Dr mentioned that I can do skin tightening either before or after the procedure-vaser lipo, which will be performed on my abdomen and transfer fats... READ MORE
Will Vaser provide better results on my outer thigh and banana roll areas during BBL? (photos)
A board certified and experienced surgeon has recommended I get Vaser added to my BBL procedure, specifically to treat my outer thigh and "banana... READ MORE
Is vaser lipo suitable for an 18 year old?
I am 18 years old and I've got a flat buttocks, but my weight is 63kg and height is 1.70m I'm not sure if my age and weight and height is suitable to... READ MORE
Is Vaser Liposculpture vs Soft Jet Liposculpture on a small area to reduce my Buttocks/thigh? Results, recovery,bruising?(photo)
I am mixed (black and white) 26yrs old, 6ft 0, 142lbs, i work out regulary and eat very healthy. I have always had an issue losing inches off my... READ MORE
Would Vaser Lipo help reduce my disproportionate thighs? Would extending TT around help tighten outer lumpy thigh & bum? (photo)
I had a tummy tuck and thigh lift 2 months ago( after MWL of 60kg), but I think that I should of had a baser Lipo and a lift all the way around as my... READ MORE
Do most surgeons prefer Vaser Hi-DEF procedure for liposuction?
How good is the fat for transferring to buttock with this type of liposuction technique? Is this a better technique for people who have had lipo before? READ MORE
Vaser lipo and fat graft to bum, 2 litres of fat removed, how much could I of had injected into my bum?
Hi I have had vaser lipo surgery and fat transfer BBL to buttocks,the doctor said he removed 2 litres of fat,and they have told me I have had 400cc... READ MORE
What are the best options for a buttocks and outer thigh reduction? (photos)
I've recently been in contact with a surgeon who recommended Vaser Liposuction to reduce the size of my buttocks and outer thighs but have seen other... READ MORE


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About the Book
A snapshot in time of the people that make Bollinger at work making the finest product of its type. It is these people, working in their unrivalled location for a family that treasures them, demonstrating exemplary professionalism and dedication to the brand that makes Bollinger the most admired and sought after Champagne in the world.
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Rita Dunaway, staff counsel for the Convention of States Project (COS), wrote an article, Five Myths about Article Five, which turns the Constitution on its ear. Ironically, her article challenges five premises that are true, while invoking at least 9 myths of her own.Read more ›
Post Tagged with: "Article V"
SD House Panel Votes to Limit Article V Delegate Authority
The South Dakota House State Affairs Committee considered HB 1069 which seeks to limit the authority of delegates to an Article V convention to amend the U.S. Constitution, voting 9-3 in favor of advancing the bill to the full House.Read more ›
Jan. 28 South Dakota Legislative Billwatch
Some of the notable bills being considered by the South Dakota Legislature today include legislation on sex offenders, an Article V convention, a balanced budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution, taxes and fees, and election law.Read more ›
Jan. 27 South Dakota Legislative Billwatch
There are several interesting and important bills being considered in the South Dakota Legislature today. They deal with quarantining contagious diseases, encouraging congress to abolish the U.S. Department of Education, reversing the Roe v. Wade decision, calling an Article V convention, and petition challenges.Read more ›
Jan. 26 South Dakota Legislative Billwatch
These are some of the important bills being considered today in the South Dakota Legislature. Among the legislation being considered is one that seeks to limit the authoirty of delegates to an Article V convention, human traffickers, appropriations for natural resource conservation, gambling taxes, election law, and a major overhaul of the juvenile justice system.Read more ›
Delegates to an Article V Convention Can't be Controlled by State Laws!
Everyone wants to think that delegates to an Article V Convention could be controlled by their states. However, a number of factors interfere with that scenario and make an Article V convention very dangerous.Read more ›
Rob Natelson Perverts the Necessary and Proper Clause and Thinks in Circles
In former law professor Rob Natelson's recent paper, "No, the Necessary and Proper Clause Does NOT Empower Congress to Control an Amendments Convention", he makes several untrue statements and commits the gross fallacy of making a circular argument which begs the question. Natelson is the intellectual guru of those pushing for an Article V convention.Read more ›
Straight Talk About An Article V Convention
This speech (video) was presented to Campaign For Liberty – Memphis on March 24, 2014. It exposes some of the false claims made by those pushing for the so-called "convention of states".Read more ›
We Don't Need an Article V Convention to 'Clarify' Our Constitution!
Our Constitution is so simple that Alexander Hamilton expected us to be "enlightened enough to distinguish between a legal exercise and an illegal usurpation of authority"; and he said the people are "the natural guardians of the Constitution." Well then, if our Constitution is something The People are expected to know and enforce; is it plausible to assert that the Representatives we send to Washington – and even supreme Court Justices – are incapable of understanding it?Read more ›
Article V: An Appeal to Justice and Consanguinity
The topic of a Convention of States is a polarizing one. The movement and debate, is largely being held within conservative schools of thought. Article V of the Constitution has been historically interpreted as the Founders provision for regulating an out of control federal government. However, the idea of an Article V convention has met fervent opposition from many conservatives.Read more ›