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Graduate School of Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kami-Tomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kami-Tomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, 857 Nagakura, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-0826, Japan
A method for estimating the height of rice plants, using three-dimensional laser range data from point clouds, is proposed and assessed. Rice plant height (H) is estimated using a reference position at the top of the rice plant, avoiding the need to determine the ground position. Field experiments were performed with a SICK LMS 200 laser scanner in 2013 and 2014 on a test field with five different planting geometries. Percentile analysis identified the closest percentile to the top of the rice plant (pt=1), with vertical distances at the first percentile unaffected by planting geometry. The plant bottom position was identified using three different percentile ranks (pb=95, pb =80, and pb =70). Relative vertical distances (rD) were computed from the difference between the top and bottom positions of the rice plant. These correlated well with measured H, with slopes greater than 1.0. A greater number of stems in 2014 led to steeper slopes. Estimated H was more accurate when plant bottom positions were closer to the ground surface, and the best results were obtained with pb=95 (r2>0.87; RMSE≈4 cm). Overall, H was typically 16.0 cm greater than rD with pb=95.
Rice is a major staple food in Asian countries, and the management of such a crop is vital for future food security.1 The demand for safe, affordable, and high-quality rice is increasing, and to satisfy these requirements, the rice production process needs to be carefully monitored and managed. Parameters such as plant height, the number of stems, the leaf area index, leaf color, fresh and dry weight, and crop growth rate are monitored over time in an attempt to control rice growth.2–6
In Japan, rice growth is typically indicated by rice plant height, the number of stems, and rice leaf color, all of which are measured periodically.7 The measurement of rice plant height, in particular, is considered a simple method for determining rice growth because this parameter, along with grain weight and spikelet per panicle, greatly influences the yield potential.8–10 A popular method for collecting crop growth information is to measure plant height and other growing parameters directly in the paddy field. However, it can be difficult to reach the plants, especially in a large field. The process of obtaining and recording measurements is monotonous, labor-intensive, and time-consuming, and the accuracy of the results depends on the number and spatial distribution of measured samples. In addition, if experiments are performed in many locations, with many plots, the results may contain errors from incorrect labeling or data recording. As a result, time- and labor-saving methods such as remote sensing techniques are considered a useful alternative and are widely utilized in agricultural production.
Recently, laser scanners have proved to be an effective tool for precision agriculture, with their ability to collect large amounts of crop information in a relatively short time.11,12 In a previous study of plant height determination, Ehlert et al.13–15 proposed an approach of observing plant height in flat areas with a known ground level. The laser scanner is mounted on a tool carrier with an inclination angle (ϕ) to observe the plant from above. The installation height of the sensor (hs) above the ground surface was presumed to be constant and was carefully determined and used as the reference value for calculating the height of the reflection point. The measured range, multiplied by the cosine of the scanning angle and the inclination angle of the sensor, was subtracted from hs to give the height of the reflection point above the ground surface. Zhang and Grift16 observed Miscanthus giganteus from a fixed point using a line laser scanner mounted sideways at a height of 50 cm above the ground surface. Additionally, the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the crop could be determined by driving the sensor past a field edge. Following data collection, the top of the plant and the ground surface were extracted from 3-D laser point clouds, and crop height was determined as the distance between the two data points, accounting for the installation height of the laser scanner. Kaizu et al.17 presented a similar method of plant height estimation. In their study, a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) was placed on a stable tripod outside the paddy field. Plant height was obtained from plant top altitude by subtracting the ground altitude, which was determined by uncovering the crop plant portion from laser point clouds. Furthermore, Hoffmeister et al.18 introduced the crop surface model (CSM), representing the top of the crop canopy, which was interpolated from laser point clouds collected by TLS. For this, the bare ground surface was obtained before cropping, and the map of plant height was generated by taking the difference between the CSM and the absolute height of the bare ground. Tilly et al.19–21 proposed an approach to estimate plant heights over time by establishing multitemporal CSMs from laser point clouds collected by a tripod-based TLS. In their study, crop growth was obtained at different time periods. Digital surface models (DSMs) were generated from observed laser point clouds. A digital elevation model (DEM), interpolated from the close to ground surface points in the sparser vegetation of the point clouds in the first observation, was used as a common reference surface for plant height calculation. Then, the CSMs were generated by subtracting the DEM from the respective DSM.
TLS has therefore been shown to be capable of estimating plant height. However, some problems remain with the application of this technique. In the studies mentioned, the laser scanner was always placed outside the paddy field, which means that scanner installation height is a significant factor in the measurement process. With lower installation heights, the laser beams are unable to reach the plants inside the paddy, whereas there was a huge difference in the scanning range when the laser scanner was installed at greater heights. In addition, observations of the ground surface or another reference surface close to the ground were required to compute plant height; however, their position cannot always be determined, especially in wetland paddies or among densely packed crops. Furthermore, the cost of crop-monitoring systems such as TLS, which includes initial outlay and running costs, contributes to the overall crop price, which affects consumers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a system that is both effective at resolving these issues and incurs the lowest possible cost.
The present study proposes a new method for rice plant height estimation, which uses 3-D laser range data from point clouds and eliminates the need to detect the position of the ground surface. This presents the fundamental methodology for rice plant height monitoring with ground-based or small UAV-based laser scanner systems in the future. In this study, a new reference position is determined at the top of the rice plant; relative vertical distances are computed based on this reference position and are used to estimate rice plant height. In this way, the problem of unobtainable ground surface is addressed. To evaluate the proposed method, field observations were carried out in 2013 and 2014 with a scanner placed above the rice canopy.
The trial paddy is located in the Niigata Agricultural Research Institute in Niigata Prefecture, known as the rice capital of Japan. Under normal farming practices, paddy fields are plowed and filled with water in April, and the rice-growing season starts in May and ends in late September. The rice was planted in two different paddy fields in two different years; otherwise, growing conditions, including rice variety, transplanting density, row direction, fertilizer treatments, and water supply were kept the same. The mean weather conditions were presumed to be unchanged between the two growing seasons. The test area was 2 m×15 m and was divided into five plots. Koshihikari, a popular rice variety in Japan, was planted with three different planting densities and two orientations (Table 1). The planting densities were classified as sparse, moderate, and dense, corresponding to 11.2, 15.1, and 21.2 plants/m2, respectively, and one orientation was parallel to the movement of the rice-planting machine while the other was perpendicular to it [Fig. 1(b)]. Twenty day-old seedlings were transplanted in mid-May to the water-filled paddy field, which was treated with 3 g N/m2 of ground fertilizer.
Schematic of the field experiment setup for measuring the 3-D laser point cloud. (a) Laser scanning plane and (b) planting geometry of the five plots (P1 to P5). Arrows indicate row orientation. Row orientation is not considered in plot 3.
The instrument was set up to obtain a 3-D point cloud of the rice plant from above. The system included a line laser scanner (SICK LMS 200) and a slide rail along which the scanner could be moved.22 Both were hung from a rack at a height of 3 m from the ground surface, and the central scan angle of the laser scanner corresponded to the nadir. The scanning plane was set vertically downward and perpendicular to the row direction in plot 1 (Fig. 1). The field of view was 50 deg, with a scan angle from −25 deg to 25 deg; the angular resolution was 0.25 deg; and the laser beam wavelength was 905 nm. The laser footprint diameter from the 3 m installation height ranged from 2.5 to 3 cm, and the overlap in laser footprints within the scanning line was more than 60%. Each scanning line had 200 scanning spots. To obtain the 3-D point cloud data, the laser scanner was moved along the slide rail for a distance of ∼1 m at a speed of 2 cm/s under motorized power. This speed was chosen as the maximum velocity of the motor device. Figure 1 illustrates a schematic of the instrument on the rail in the test area. The setup described here, in which the scanner is mounted upside down above the plant canopy, was previously used by Lumme et al. with a 3-D laser scanner for ear recognition and plant height determination.23
The measurements were carried out during the vegetative stage of growth, in which rice plant height rapidly increases. Sixteen observations were carried out in total between June and July of each year, and in only the first field observation of each year was the paddy field filled with water. Additional observations were made after the harvest in September, to obtain measurements from the bare soil, while a total station was also used to measure the elevation of the four corners of the target area in each plot. The data from both measurement methods were used to compute the ground position, thereby providing reference data with which the results of the proposed method could be validated. In addition to the acquisition of 3-D laser point clouds, rice plant height, the number of stems, and vegetation coverage were measured manually several times during the study period.
According to the manual measurements made in this study, rice plant height (H) increased linearly over time [Fig. 2(a)]. H did not differ between the 2 years, probably because the same cultivar and fertilizer treatments were used. Moreover, rice plants in moderate density plots had higher H than in other plots, with the maximum H occurring in the moderate density plot with parallel row orientation. The largest detected difference between plots was 7 cm in 2013 and 4 cm in 2014. The standard deviation of average H was ∼3 cm for the 2 years. Therefore, the effects of planting density and row orientation on H are not thought to be significant in this study. Biswas et al.24 also stated that plant height did not differ significantly with differing planting geometry. However, the number of stems and vegetation coverage showed clear differences between the two growing seasons [Figs. 2(b) and 2(c)], with both parameters showing higher values in 2014. For example, 55 days after transplanting, the number of stems and vegetation coverage in 2014 were both 1.4 times larger than at the same time in 2013, despite rice plant height being the same in both years.
Mean values of manually measured rice growth parameters. (a) Rice plant height, (b) number of stems, and (c) vegetation coverage.
The range data contained in the laser point clouds were converted to vertical distances (D), which represent the distances between the scanning points and the installation height of the laser scanner [Eq. (1)]. Here, Di represents the vertical distance of the laser scanning points, θi is the inclination angle at the i'th position in the scanning line, and ri is the range from the sensor to the target at the i'th scan angle [Fig. 1(a)]. Display Formula
To remove the effects of incident angle, small target areas (90 cm×60 cm) were selected inside each test plot within ±8 deg inclination angles [Fig. 3(a)]. The 3-D laser point clouds corresponding to the target areas were then extracted. Histograms plotting the percentage of laser pulses against vertical distance for plot 3 are shown in Fig. 4. In this, changes in the histogram shape indicate rice growth with time.
Plot 3 target area in 2014. (a) Location of target area, (b) vertical distance relative to scan angle of scanline A–A in plot 3, (c) range image, and (d) intensity image.
Histograms of 3-D point cloud data from plot 3, collected in 2014. Red dashed lines show the ground position after harvesting the crop. Blue dashed line shows the water surface position in the first observation. In other field observations, the paddy was not filled with water.
To determine the position of the ground surface, the average vertical distance to scanning points (DG) in bare ground data was used. Comparison of this with the total station measurement showed good agreement, as expected, and the difference of 1 mm in DG between the two methods is deemed insignificant. Thus, it was assumed that the collection of scanning points with a vertical distance approximately equal to DG represented a scanning of the ground surface. On this basis, the number of laser pulses reaching the ground surface was seen to decrease as rice growth progressed. However, paddy fields are typically filled with water, and in such situations it is difficult for the laser pulse to reach the ground surface because some laser wavelengths tend to be fully or partially absorbed by water. A simple test performed in 2013 showed that pulses from a SICK LMS 200 laser scanner could reach the ground surface beneath 4 cm of clear water, which is the standard water depth in the study area [Figs. 5(a) and 5(b)]. However, during the first field observation on June 18, 2014, there were many bubbles on the water surface and unclear water conditions prevailed [Fig. 5(c)]. Subsequently, it was found that with a vegetation coverage of 20%, more than 50% of laser pulses were absorbed by the water and did not reach the ground surface. Thus, the histogram peak in Fig. 4(a) indicates the position of the water surface and the red dashed line indicates the ground surface position directly beneath it. Fortunately, from the second observation in 2014 onward, the ground surface was not covered by water, so the laser pulse was able to reach the ground surface [Fig. 5(d)]. The histogram peaks closest to the horizontal axis indicate the position of the ground surface [Figs. 4(b)–4(g)]. It should be noted that the ground surface was typically uneven, with mounds around the rice plant trunks; this accounts for the small group of scanning points with smaller DG vertical distance values (Fig. 4).
The likelihood of SICK LMS 200 laser pulses reaching a ground surface covered by water. Images (a) and (b) are an infrared image and an intensity image collected by SICK LMS 200 on June 21, 2013, respectively. For this, potted rice plants were put into clear water, and the tops of the pots at a water depth of around 4 cm could be recognized from the intensity image. In contrast, (c) the paddy field was covered by turbid water with many bubbles on the water surface on June 18, 2014, and (d) the paddy field was not covered by water on June 24, 2014.
Problems associated with the detection of the ground surface have already been discussed. It is possible to determine the ground surface shortly before transplanting or after harvesting the crop; however, in this study, the laser pulse easily reaches the rice canopy, and therefore we choose a new reference point at the top of the rice plant to determine H. The proposed method utilizes percentile analysis, which has been commonly used for analyzing plant heights obtained with a laser scanner.25,26 Therefore, a procedure using percentile ranks and vertical distance was performed, whereby the closest percentiles to the top (pt) and bottom (pb) of the rice plant were determined. On the basis of this, the position of the top (Dt) and the bottom of the rice plant (Db) were then located (Fig. 6).
Determination of the top and bottom location, where pt and pb are the closest percentiles to the top and bottom of the rice plant, respectively; Dt and Db are the vertical distances from the scanning point to the installation height of the laser scanner at pt and pb.
First, the top of the rice plant (Dt) was identified. During rice crop monitoring, numerous factors such as wind, insects, or small airborne particles affect laser scanning data. Therefore, we assume here that <1% of laser scanning points were affected by these factors. A search procedure was performed to identify Dt. The vertical distances at difference percentile ranks between 0 and 100 were computed from laser point clouds, with an equal interval of 1.0. The first percentile closest to the top of the rice plant was confirmed, and the vertical distance corresponding to the first percentile (Dt) was considered to be located at the top of the rice plant. This did not differ significantly between the various plots, and the standard deviation in Dt was ∼4 cm over the 2 years. Thus, it appears that the effect of planting geometry on vertical distance at the first percentile was not considerable in this study.
In the next step, the position of the bottom of the plant (Db) was identified. Three percentile ranks (95th, 80th, and 70th) were chosen as the closest percentiles to the bottom of the rice plant. Figure 7 shows that the vertical distance at the 95th percentile rank is the most similar to DG, whereas the vertical distance at the 70th percentile rank shows the greatest difference. For the 80th percentile rank, the vertical distance approximates DG in the first 40 or 50 days but diverges from DG as time progresses (Fig. 7).
Vertical distance at various percentile ranks. (a–c) Results from 2013 and (d–f) from 2014. Columns show results from (a and d) densely planted plots, (b and e) moderate density plots, and (c and f) sparse plots. Red dashed lines show the position of the ground surface after harvesting the crop.
Finally, relative vertical distances (rD) were calculated, as the distance between the top and bottom of the rice plant (Fig. 6). Figure 8 illustrates a correlation in all cases when rD is plotted against H. The regression lines show a high coefficient of determination (r2); however, these results depend on the input data and the chosen bottom position. The strongest correlations were identified with pb=95, with r2>0.86 [Figs. 8(c), 8(f), and 8(i)], and the value of r2 decreases with smaller pb. In 2013, data from the last four observations from plot 4 differ significantly from the general trend, leading to the low r2 of 0.48 when pb=70 [Fig. 8(a)].
Plots of rD against measured rice plant height. The rows show the results from (a–c) 2013, (d–f) 2014, and (g–i) a combination of the 2 years. The columns show the results with the reference position computed at (a, d, g) 70th, (b, e, h) 80th, and (c, f, i) 95th percentile ranks. Red dash-dotted lines show the regression lines.
It should be noted that narrow rice leaf blades, which can be smaller in width than the laser footprint size, lead to difficulties in detecting both the rice leaf tip and the individual rice leaves with the laser scanner. Therefore, rD was always smaller than H, such that all regression lines have a slope greater than 1.0. The slopes differs between the two years; as cultivation conditions were kept the same, this could be attributed to a difference in the number of stems. A larger number of stems appears to correspond to steeper slopes, as in 2014 all regression line slopes are steeper than those of 2013. Hence, the number of stems should be considered carefully in future studies.
To evaluate the new method detailed here, estimated rice plant heights were compared with measured H. The smallest root mean square error (RMSE≈4 cm) was achieved when the calculated plant bottom position was closest to the ground surface, when pb=95. For the 80th and 70th percentiles, the RMSE was 8 to 9 cm when data from both years were combined. All other positions of the plant bottom with pb<70 determined above the ground surface gave acceptable results (RMSE≤10 cm), although it should be noted that plant bottom positions were limited to above the 50th percentile. These results illustrate the capability of this new method to estimate plant height from 3-D laser point cloud data. Furthermore, we identified a constant bias between H and rD with pb=95 [Figs. 8(c), 8(f), and 8(g)]. By forcing the slopes of the regression lines of these cases to 1.0, H was found to be 16.0 cm greater than rD.
To solve the problem of unobservable ground surface, especially in densely planted or wet-land paddies, the position of the top of rice plant is determined and used as a new reference position to estimate H. This study found that planting density and row direction did not significantly influence both H and the value of Dt at pt=1. The position of the top of rice plant could be identified at the first percentile rank and used as reference position for estimating rice plant height. rD was computed at three chosen plant bottom positions (pb=70, pb=80, and pb=95), and consistent regression lines (all with slopes greater than 1.0) were determined, with a greater number of stems contributing to steeper slopes. Without considering differences in the number of stems, RMSE was consistently less than 9 cm. The best results in this study were obtained with pb=95 (r2>0.86; RMSE≈4 cm). For comparison, r2 corresponding to plant growth of 0.86 and 0.91 were also introduced by Tilly et al.17,19 in their studies on plant growth. Bendig et al.6 derived CSMs from UAV-based red green blue imaging and reported an r2 of 0.92 on a summer barley crop. Additionally, plant height estimation errors reported by Zhang and Grift,16 Kaizu et al.,17 and Tilly et al.21 were 14, nearly 10, and 5 cm, respectively. The RMSE of 4 cm in this study does not differ significantly from the 3 cm standard deviation of the manually measured H, and corresponds to 10% and 5% of the measured rice plant heights in the first and last observations, respectively. Therefore, the results obtained using the proposed method for estimating rice plant height with RMSE are more accurate than those in the aforementioned studies. Moreover, a constant bias was identified between H and rD with pb=95; rD was 16 cm lower than H on average and the RMSE was 4 cm. Thus, this method is suitable for obtaining rice plant heights greater than 20 cm. Using rD, H can be estimated in situations where the ground surface is unobservable or has some notable relief. In this manner, observation cost is reduced through decreased time and labor requirements for measuring the ground surface or extracting it from observation data.16,17
In addition to the suitable results, a number of limitations must be considered carefully in future studies. In particular, the accuracy of the results is largely dependent on the laser footprint size of the specific laser scanner used. When the laser footprint is large, it is difficult to capture individual rice leaves, lowering the accuracy of the results. Moreover, in this study, the small target areas selected were observed in nadir without considering incident angle effect; therefore, the results might not be applicable to an entire paddy field. Future studies should consider the influences of incident angle and carefully consider the number of stems, which was not considered in this study.
This study raised and solved an important problem regarding rice plant height (H) estimation without ground surface detection using laser scanner measurement. In the proposed method, a new reference position is determined at the top of the rice plant, and relative vertical distances (rD) based on the new reference position are used to estimate H. The results showed that rD has a high correlation with H, and consistent regression lines with greater than 1.0 slopes were determined. With increased distance between the plant bottom position and the ground surface, the effect of the number of stems on the regression slopes also increased. Additionally, by employing rD, the positions of ground surface need not be considered. When the identified bottom position of the plant was closer to the ground surface, the achieved RMSE of 4 cm was 1 cm greater than standard deviation of manually measured H. With RMSEs ranging from 4 to 10 cm in nadir observation, the proposed method can be possibly applied to large-scale observations of rice crop using ground-based or UAV-based LiDAR with no extra cost for identifying ground surface position. In future studies, the effect of the number of stems on the correlation between estimated and measured H should be considered, in addition to careful investigations into the effects of incident angle. In this way, the proposed methodology can be developed and accurately applied to larger target areas.
This study was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Nos. 23580361 and 26450362.
Anh Thu Thi Phan ; Kazuyoshi Takahashi ; Atsushi Rikimaru and Yasuhiro Higuchi"Method for estimating rice plant height without ground surface detection using laser scanner measurement", J. Appl. Remote Sens. 10(4), 046018 (Nov 30, 2016). ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.10.046018
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Get travel tips and any other information about Bangkok through our tripguru lsuriyaketkaew
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Notable Books of the Year 1991
Published: December 1, 1991
(Page 3 of 19)
MARTHA: The Life and Work of Martha Graham. By Agnes de Mille. (Random House, $30.) Long a friend and critic of Martha Graham, never a collaborator, Agnes de Mille offers a biography with many important characters Graham neglected to mention.
ME: Stories of My Life. By Katharine Hepburn. (Knopf, $25.) An unsaintly, selfish, narcissistic and often ruthless Katharine Hepburn emerges in this rambling, stream-of-consciousness memoir.
MEMOIRS. By Kingsley Amis. (Summit, $25.) Low opinions of nearly everybody and everything that has crossed Sir Kingsley's path, rendered in his everyday dazzlingly addictive prose.
MOTHERS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein. By Janet Sayers. (Norton, $24.95.) This valuable biography of four of the pioneering women of psychoanalysis shows how their lives shaped their theories.
NIXON. Volume Three: Ruin and Recovery, 1973-1990. By Stephen E. Ambrose. (Simon & Schuster, $27.50.) The concluding volume of a massive three-part biography of Richard Nixon lays out the facts chronologically -- from his landslide re-election, to Watergate and beyond -- in an accretion of detail that has a repellent illuminating effect.
THE NOBLE SAVAGE: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1754-1762. By Maurice Cranston. (University of Chicago, $32.50.) This second volume of Mr. Cranston's handsome and elegant biography finds Rousseau, the uneasy misanthrope who was arguably the strangest of the French Enlightenment thinkers, as he was writing "The Social Contract" and "Emile" but before he began the "Confessions."
ORWELL: The Authorized Biography. By Michael Shelden. (HarperCollins, $25.) This life of Orwell furnishes new details of the career of a writer the influence of whose honesty and decency has been far greater than his literary accomplishments.
THE PATRIARCH: The Rise and Fall of the Bingham Dynasty. By Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones. (Summit, $24.95.) This prodigy of research and interviewing is both a history of the family that built a distinguished newspaper empire in Louisville, Ky., and a psychodrama of the squabbling siblings who destroyed it.
PATRIMONY: A True Story. By Philip Roth. (Simon & Schuster, $19.95.) Mr. Roth brings his gift for attention and prodigious storytelling powers to his father's struggle with a fatal brain tumor in this agonized, often comic, infallibly realistic account.
PHIL STONE OF OXFORD: A Vicarious Life. By Susan Snell. (University of Georgia, $45.) A genial biography of the man who taught and nurtured William Faulkner, then vanished into his fiction.
PAUL SCOTT: A Life of the Author of "The Raj Quartet." By Hilary Spurling. (Norton, $24.95.) A thorough, thoughtful treatment of the conflicted man whose success waited for the end of his career.
PRIDE OF FAMILY: Four Generations of American Women of Color. By Carole Ione. (Summit, $19.95.) The captivating story of a black aristocratic clan and the mother-daughter conflicts within it, fought out with spunk, energy and resourcefulness.
RIGHTEOUS PILGRIM: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874-1952. By T. H. Watkins. (Holt, $35.) A huge yet charming biography of the articulate reform politician, F.D.R.'s Secretary of the Interior, who did so much to define liberalism in his time.
RIVETHEAD: Tales From the Assembly Line. By Ben Hamper. (Warner, $19.95.) A roughshod, vehement autobiographical essay that conveys the atmosphere and the malaise of a generation that cannot find satisfaction or self-esteem in factory work.
SERIOUS PLEASURES: The Life of Stephen Tennant. By Philip Hoare. (Hamish Hamilton/Viking, $29.95.) A biography both scholarly and hilarious of a truly amazing creature, a man who aspired only to be decorative and succeeded tremendously.
SQUANDERED FORTUNE: The Life and Times of Huntington Hartford. By Lisa Rebecca Gubernick. (Putnam, $24.95.) The riches-to-rags saga of a remarkably privileged American who never quite found his calling while losing nearly all his money.
SOMEDAY. By Andrew H. Malcolm. (Knopf, $22.) A Times reporter's delicate, engrossing account of his own involvement with issues of death and dying as a journalist and as a son.
STALIN: Breaker of Nations. By Robert Conquest. (Viking, $25.) A superb portrait for the general reader of the mean-spirited little man who terrorized the Soviet Union for 30 years.
THE STARCHED BLUE SKY OF SPAIN: And Other Memoirs. By Josephine Herbst. (HarperCollins, $19.95.) Autobiographical fragments from the Spanish Civil War and other scenes.
A TERRIBLE LIAR: A Memoir. By Hume Cronyn. (Morrow, $23.) Not quite an autobiography by the distinguished actor; a self-investigation into what makes him go and how seriousness and industry transformed him from a Canadian patrician into a star.
TRAPS, THE DRUM WONDER: The Life of Buddy Rich. By Mel Torme. (Oxford University, $21.95.) A loose, anecdotal hybrid biography and memoir of the boyish and prickly drummer known for his self-immolatory solos, written by his friend.
TURNING JAPANESE: Memoirs of a Sansei. By David Mura. (Atlantic Monthly, $22.95.) A journey of discovery by a poet and third-generation Japanese-American who explores the sense of difference that haunts him both at home and in Japan.


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Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band | SFJAZZ
Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band
Led by the award-winning pianist, saxophonist, composer and arranger Gordon Goodwin, the Big Phat Band is a roaring Los Angeles outfit whose newest release, Life In the Bubble, won the 2015 GRAMMY for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album. The band was started in 2000 by Goodwin, has worked with top jazz and pop musicians like Quincy Jones, Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Braxton and Christina Aguilera. He won a 2006 GRAMMY for his instrumental arranging of the music for the Pixar animated hit The Incredibles, and has won three Emmy Awards. The Phat Band has released a series of dazzling records that reflect Goodwin's influences – Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Buddy Rich, Earth, Wind & Fire, Tower of Power – and showcase a well-oiled ensemble with star guest soloists like Arturo Sandoval, Eddie Daniels, Dianne Reeves, Patti Austin and Chick Corea. Featuring longtime Chick Corea Elektric Band saxophonist Eric Marienthal and drummer Bernie Dresel, known for his tenture with the Brian Setzer Orchestra, the Big Phat Band "provides potent testimony to the sheer exhilaration of big band jazz," as Los Angeles Times critic Don Heckman put it, "a combination of crisp accuracy and fiery soloing."
Artist Personnel
Gordon Goodwin piano
Justin Smith guitar
Trey Henry bass
Ray Brinker drums
Joey DeLeon percussion
Eric Marienthal
Sal Lozano
Kevin Garren
Brian Clancy
Jay Mason
Wayne Bergeron
Matt Fronke
Willie Murillo
Dan Savant
Francisco Torres
Ryan Dragon
Charlie Morillas
Craig Gosnell


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Novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald had what Raymond Chandler, no mean writer himself, called ''charm''. ''It's not a matter of pretty writing or clear style,'' wrote Chandler. ''It's a kind of subdued magic, controlled and exquisite …''
When I read The Great Gatsby in my youth I didn't ''get'' Gatsby; I couldn't picture him, but it didn't matter because F. Scott Fitzgerald's prose is so intoxicating. I was captivated by the narrator, Nick Carraway, the man standing like a rock in the fast-flowing river of his times, recording the debris as it sweeps past him.
Nick's language gives the book its magic imagery, which is why previous attempts to make films of the book have failed dismally. Without Nick's narration, the film relies on action - and the irony of this great novel is that the action and dialogue don't amount to much. H.L. Mencken called the book a ''glorified anecdote''. Basically, in the delirious decade after World War I, a mysterious character called Gatsby amasses a fortune by shady means with the aim of dazzling former girlfriend Daisy who is now wed to the brutal but wealthy Tom Buchanan.
It's a pretty squalid tale. Gatsby ends up being murdered by the husband of Tom's mistress who mistakenly believes Gatsby has run over his wife and driven off. In fact, Daisy has. Gatsby's fantastic parties - held solely to impress Daisy - have been attended by thousands. Only two people attend his funeral; Daisy is not one of them.
Fitzgerald wrote that ''the test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function''. In Gatsby, one idea is the rotten underbelly of American society and the hollowness of wealth: ''They were careless people, Tom and Daisy - they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.'' You could, if you wished, read into that sentence the history of America's recent wars in places such as Cambodia and Iraq.
But the second idea is the protean power of the so-called American dream: that the individual is capable of transforming his reality, however mean or paltry, into something glorious. Gatsby invests his whole sense of wonder in Daisy and, by the novel's end, Gatsby and a primal American hope have become interchangeable.
Nick imagines the first Europeans reaching America and beholding the ''fresh, green breast of the new world'', finding themselves ''face to face for the last time in history with something commensurate with (their) capacity for wonder''. To my knowledge, there is no comparable idea in any Australian novel with any grip on the Australian psyche. Instead, we have terra nullius, the land of nothing.
Baz Luhrmann (pictured) is the latest film-maker to have a crack at Gatsby. The trailer suggests something cartoonish in the style of the Batman movies. That may be no bad thing, for the film requires a strong visual style to compensate for the loss of the literary narration, but he has also meddled with the text. Nick's observation that, ''No amount of fire or freshness can challenge what a man will store up in his ghostly heart'', has become, ''No amount of fire could challenge the fairy tale he had stored up in his heart''. One is literature, the other is Walt Disney.
What should not surprise, however, is the news that the film is expected to spark a nostalgia binge. That, after all, is how the book ends: ''So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.''
Martin Flanagan is a senior writer at The Age.


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Altered small-world properties of gray matter networks in breast cancer
Breast cancer survivors, particularly those treated with chemotherapy, are at significantly increased risk for long-term cognitive and neurobiologic impairments. These deficits tend to involve skills that are subserved by distributed brain networks. Additionally, neuroimaging studies have shown a diffuse pattern of brain structure changes in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors that might impact large-scale brain networks.
We therefore applied graph theoretical analysis to compare the gray matter structural networks of female breast cancer survivors with a history of chemotherapy treatment and healthy age and education matched female controls.
Results revealed reduced clustering coefficient and small-world index in the brain network of the breast cancer patients across a range of network densities. In addition, the network of the breast cancer group had less highly interactive nodes and reduced degree/centrality in the frontotemporal regions compared to controls, which may help explain the common impairments of memory and executive functioning among these patients.
These results suggest that breast cancer and chemotherapy may decrease regional connectivity as well as global network organization and integration, reducing efficiency of the network. To our knowledge, this is the first report of altered large-scale brain networks associated with breast cancer and chemotherapy.
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases
There are several lines of evidence suggesting that breast cancer may negatively impact whole brain networks. First, while the mechanisms by which breast cancer and its treatments affect cognitive function are largely unknown, possible candidates include neurotoxic effects of chemotherapy, oxidative damage, cytokine dysregulation and individual variation in genes related to neural repair and/or plasticity
Recent graph-theoretical analyses have consistently shown that brain structural networks in healthy individuals have small-world characteristics
Since small-world characteristics were described quantitatively for brain structural networks, there have been multiple graph-theoretical studies seeking to assess the structural correlation networks constructed from regional gray matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area
In the present study, we applied graph theoretical analyses to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based gray matter correlation networks of female breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and female healthy controls. Considering the lines of evidence regarding a diffuse pattern of gray matter atrophy in breast cancer patients, we hypothesized that such alterations should be reflected in small-world characteristics of the brain structural correlation network. We also examined the between group differences in highly connected hubs as well as in regional network measures such as node betweenness and degree.
Thirty-seven female primary breast cancer survivors (BC) age 43-67 years who were treated with systemic chemotherapy (mean time since treatment = 4.5 ± 3.4 years) and 38 age-matched healthy controls (CON) participated in the study. BC survivors were recruited via the Army of Women (
MRI data acquisition and preprocessing
MRI scanning was performed on a GE Discovery MR750 3.0 Tesla whole body scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). High-resolution T1-weighted images were acquired with 3D spoiled gradient echo pulse sequence using the following parameters: TR = 8.5 ms, TE = 3.396, TI = 400 ms, flip angle = 15, FOV = 220 mm, number of excitation =1, acquisition matrix = 256 x 192. Totally, 124 contiguous coronal slices were with in-plane resolution of 0.859 mm x 0.859 mm.
Image preprocessing was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 (SPM8; Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK;
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) preprocessing steps were performed using the VBM8 toolbox for SPM8 (
ROI extraction
There are different nodal definition methods in brain network analysis. While the results might be affected by the choice of parcellation scheme, recent evidence showed that the results of between-group comparison remain intact regardless of the applied parcellation scheme
Construction of structural correlation network
The extracted residual volumes of all 90 anatomical ROIs were used for construction of structural correlation networks. For each group, a 90 × 90 association matrix
Network analysis
The small-worldness of a complex network, as described above, has two key metrics: the clustering coefficient
Regional network measures
We also investigated the nodal characteristics of the constructed structural networks to identify differences in regional network measures between groups. Nodal betweenness centrality and nodal degree were calculated for each of the anatomical ROIs for the networks thresholded at minimum density with full-connectivity. Nodal betweenness centrality is defined as the fraction of all shortest paths in the network that pass through a given node and is used to detect important anatomical or functional connections. Nodes that bridge disparate parts of the network have a high betweenness centrality
Network hubs
Hubs are crucial components for efficient communication in a network. Hubs are not only considered as important regulators of information flow but also play a key role in network resilience to insult
Comparing correlation strengths between groups
To test the significance of differences in overall inter-regional correlation of gray matter volume between networks, the correlation coefficients were converted to
Comparing network measures between groups
In order to test the statistical significance of the between-group differences in network topology and regional network measures, a non-parametric permutation test with 1000 repetitions was used
We used the Brain Connectivity Toolbox
It should be noted that we could not statistically explore the relationship between cognitive-behavioral measures and the extracted network properties. It is because the extracted network measures are group-specific and can not be quantified for individuals. Therefore, we could not perform statistical analysis (e.g. correlation analysis) to relate network properties and cognitive-behavioral outcomes.
Comparing networks at minimum density with full-connectivity
The minimum network density in which all nodes became fully connected in the structural networks of both groups was 0.184. The association matrices for each group and corresponding binary adjacency matrices thresholded at the minimum density are shown in Figure
Figure 1
Association and binary adjacency matrices; association matrices for (A) BC and (B) CON groups, binary adjacency matrices for (C) BC and (D) CON groups (connected regions are shown in red).
Association and binary adjacency matrices; association matrices for (A) BC and (B) CON groups, binary adjacency matrices for (C) BC and (D) CON groups (connected regions are shown in red). The association matrices show the highest connectivity between regions of interest as well as for inter-hemispheric regions.
Comparing networks across a range of density
In order to investigate changes in the network topology as a function of network density (cost), we thresholded the constructed association matrices at a range of network densities. Changes in network parameters are depicted in Figure
Figure 2
Global network measures; A) clustering coefficient, B) characteristic path length and C) small-worldness of BC and CON networks.
Global network measures; A) clustering coefficient, B) characteristic path length and C) small-worldness of BC and CON networks. The figures show that both networks follow a small-world organization across the range of densities; the characteristic path length is close to 1 (for the fully connected network, i.e. density > 0.19) and the clustering is greater than 1 in different densities.
Figure 3
Between-group differences in global network measures; between-group differences in A) clustering coefficient, B) characteristic path length and C) small-worldness parameter.
Between-group differences in global network measures; between-group differences in A) clustering coefficient, B) characteristic path length and C) small-worldness parameter. The vertical arrows represent the densities where the difference is statistically significant at
Below the minimum density of full connectivity (0.184), the BC network fragments sooner that the CON network and thus the normalized path length of the BC network increases relatively faster compared with that of CON network. This results in a relatively large drop in the difference in normalized path length between groups in densities below 0.184.
Regional network measures
As shown in Figure
Figure 4
Difference in regional network characteristics relative to random networks; A) Controls showed greater network betweenness centrality in left SFG, left PrCG, right PCUN, right REC and right ITG while the BC group showed greater betweenness in right ANG, right CALC, left ACC, right IPL, and left THL. B) Controls demonstrated higher network degree in left MFG, left MFOr, bilateral SFG, left PrCG, right ITG and right MTG.
Difference in regional network characteristics relative to random networks; A) Controls showed greater network betweenness centrality in left SFG, left PrCG, right PCUN, right REC and right ITG while the BC group showed greater betweenness in right ANG, right CALC, left ACC, right IPL, and left THL. B) Controls demonstrated higher network degree in left MFG, left MFOr, bilateral SFG, left PrCG, right ITG and right MTG. The BC group showed greater degree in bilateral ANG, left IOG, right IPL and left SMG. Squares represent control minus BC group measure, dashed lines show the 95% confidence interval and the dotted line shows the mean for the random graph distribution. Regions that showed significantly higher/lower degree in CON relative to BC are shown in pink/cian color on the ICBM152 brain template. Abbreviations are used as follow: L: left hemisphere; AMYG: amygdala; ANG: angular gyrus; CALC: calcarine fissure; CN: caudate nucleus; ACC: anterior cingulate; MCC: mid-cingulate; PCC: posterior cingulate; CUN: cuneus; IFOp: inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part; IFOr: inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part; IFTr: inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part; MedFOr: medial frontal gyrus, orbital part; MFG: middle frontal gyrus; MFOr: middle frontal gyrus, orbital part; SFG: superior frontal gyrus; MedSF: superior frontal gyrus, medial part; SFOr: superior frontal gyrus, orbital part; FG: fusiform gyrus; HSHL: heschl gyrus; HIPP: hippocampus; INS: insula; LNG: lingual gyrus; IOG: inferior occipital gyrus; MOG: middle occipital gyrus; SOG: superior occipital gyrus; OFB: olfactory cortex; PLD: lenticular nucleus, pallidum; PCL: paracentral lobule; PHIP: parahippocampal gyrus; IPL: inferior parietal lobule; SPL: superior parietal lobule; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; PrCG: precentral gyrus; PCUN: precuneus; PUT: putamen; REC: gyrus rectus; RLN: rolandic operculum; SMA: supplementary motor area; SMG: supramarginal gyrus; ITG: inferior temporal gyrus; MTG: middle temporal gyrus; MTP: middle temporal pole; STP: superior temporal pole; STG: superior temporal gyrus; THL: thalamus.
Network hubs
In the BC group, network hubs were identified at left anterior cingulate, right inferior parietal lobule, and right supramarginal gyrus. In CON group, hubs were found in right middle frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, right insula, right precuneus, and left middle temporal gyrus (Figure
Figure 5
Network hubs; structural correlation networks and hubs overlaid on ICBM152 brain template for A) BC and B) CON groups.
Network hubs; structural correlation networks and hubs overlaid on ICBM152 brain template for A) BC and B) CON groups. Grey lines indicate connections and spheres represent regions. The radius of the spheres is proportional to the nodal betweenness. Hubs are shown in green color.
We applied graph theoretical analyses to compare gray matter volume correlation networks of female primary breast cancer (BC) survivors treated with chemotherapy and female healthy controls (CON). We found an alteration in small-world characteristics of the brain structural network in the BC group; an observation that confirms our hypothesis suggesting changes in large-scale brain network properties in BC survivors treated with chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of altered large-scale network properties associated with BC and chemotherapy.
Between-group differences in network topology
While the structural correlation networks of both groups followed a small-world organization, the results revealed a decrease in the small-world index of the BC group compared to controls. The characteristic path lengths of the BC and CON group networks were not different whereas the clustering coefficient was significantly smaller in the BC network than in the CON network. Decreased clustering coefficient and small-world index in the BC group was observed not only at the minimum network density but also over a range of density thresholds.
These findings suggest that the structural correlation networks of BC patients tend to have a more randomized configuration compared to CON group associated with weaker regional connectivity and disrupted global organization
The observed lack of densely interconnected neighbors in the network of BC group is also supported by the lower overall correlation strength in the association matrix of BC group compared to CON group. Together, the results of network-level analysis corroborates previous structural neuroimaging findings that have demonstrated a diffuse pattern of atrophy in gray matter volumes in BC patients
One potential mechanism underlying this network-level alteration is white matter damage. There is a large body of evidence suggesting that global gray matter atrophy is associated with focal and global white matter damage due in part to the transection of axons and subsequent retrograde neuronal loss
Between-group differences in regional network measures
High degree/betweenness nodes were observed mainly in frontotemporal regions in the CON network and in parietal, cingulate, and occipital regions in the BC network. Nodes with high degree/centrality in the structural network identify regions that are highly interactive and have the potential to participate in a large number of functional interactions
Reduction in gray and white matter volumes in frontotemporal regions of patients with BC before and after treatment has been shown in a recent study
There are several mechanisms that could explain the observed change in the distribution of highly influential nodes in BC group with less highly-interactive nodes in the prefrontal and temporal cortices. Certain genetic and immunologic factors have been proposed as important contributors to cognitive decline in patients with BC
The BC group had significantly more post-menopausal women than the healthy comparison group. This is expected given that chemotherapy frequently causes early menopause
Network hub analysis
There was a difference in the number and distribution of hubs between the BC and CON groups. We found six network hubs in the CON group mainly across frontal and temporal regions compared to three hubs in the BC group primarily in parietal and cingulate areas. The identified hubs in the CON group are consistent with the results of previous graph-theoretical analysis involving healthy adults
Additionally, the number of identified hubs in the BC network was half the number of hubs in the CON network. Since hubs are crucial components for efficient communication across the network, this observation suggests a less efficient information transfer in the network of BC patients. These results are consistent with our previous findings showing that BC survivors can often perform similarly to controls on cognitive tasks but require significantly more neural resources to do so
This study has several limitations. First, this was a cross-sectional study and therefore, we could not directly test the dissociated effects of cancer and chemotherapy on network measures. Future studies can address this issue through longitudinal evaluations of network measures in patients with BC. In addition, future studies might investigate whether the alteration in gray matter network is due to any cancer (and not just breast cancer). It is also important to dissociate between cancer-related physiological changes and cancer effects on mental states. Second, the network measures were identified by calculating the correlations of gray matter volume across subjects. While this methodology is common for investigating between-group differences in brain structural network, it lacks the ability to explore the individual differences in network parameters. Specifically, we could not explore the effect of treatment period, regimen, age or other individual differences on network parameters or investigate the effects of altered network parameters on cognitive-behavioral outcome.
Despite these limitations, these findings increase our understanding of BC and chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment by demonstrating alterations in specific network properties. Survivors of BC treated with chemotherapy showed decreased regional connectivity (clustering coefficient) and global network organization (small-worldness) and integration (hubs) suggesting reduced robustness and efficiency of the network. A pattern of frontotemporal abnormality was also noted. These results contribute novel insights regarding the neurobiologic mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in these patients and highlight critical areas for future research related to the potential vulnerability of BC patients to the neurologic effects of aging and other forms of structural damage.
Competing interests
Authors' contributions
HH wrote code for the analysis toolbox, analyzed the graph theory data and co-wrote the manuscript. DK assisted with volumetric data acquisition and analyses and co-wrote the manuscript. SK conceived and directed development of the analysis toolbox, designed and supervised the study, conducted demographic and behavioral data analyses and co-wrote the manuscript.
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Director's New Innovator Award [DP2 OD004445-01 to SK].
Cognitive function in breast cancer survivors
An update on cancer- and chemotherapy-related cognitive dysfunction: current status
Prefrontal cortex and executive function impairments in primary breast cancer
Longitudinal Assessment of Cognitive Changes Associated With Adjuvant Treatment for Breast Cancer: Impact of Age and Cognitive Reserve
Cognitive impairments associated with breast cancer treatments: results from a longitudinal study
Change in cognitive function after chemotherapy: a prospective longitudinal study in breast cancer patients
Acute and late onset cognitive dysfunction associated with chemotherapy in women with breast cancer
Cerebral hyporesponsiveness and cognitive impairment 10 years after chemotherapy for breast cancer
Neuropsychological sequelae of non-central nervous system cancer and cancer therapy
Candidate mechanisms for chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes
Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks
Chemotherapy-induced structural changes in cerebral white matter and its correlation with impaired cognitive functioning in breast cancer patients
Gray matter reduction associated with systemic chemotherapy for breast cancer: a prospective MRI study
Smaller regional volumes of brain gray and white matter demonstrated in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy
Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: effects on cerebral white matter seen in diffusion tensor imaging
The Neural Circuitry of Executive Functions in Healthy Subjects and Parkinson's Disease
Challenges in the Gynecologic Care of Premenopausal Women With Breast Cancer
Small-world brain networks
Fastest learning in small-world neural networks
Brain anatomical networks in early human brain development
Revealing modular architecture of human brain structural networks by using cortical thickness from MRI
Use of graph theory to evaluate brain networks: a clinical tool for a small world?
Organization, development and function of complex brain networks
Hierarchical organization of human cortical networks in health and schizophrenia
Graph-Theoretical Analysis Reveals Disrupted Small-World Organization of Cortical Thickness Correlation Networks in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Structural insights into aberrant topological patterns of large-scale cortical networks in Alzheimer's disease
Age-related changes in topological organization of structural brain networks in healthy individuals
Impaired small-world efficiency in structural cortical networks in multiple sclerosis associated with white matter lesion load
Estimating Premorbid Intelligence among Older Adults: The Utility of the AMNART
Template-O-Matic: A toolbox for creating customized pediatric templates
Unified segmentation
Whole-brain anatomical networks: does the choice of nodes matter?
Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain
Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI
Comparing brain networks of different size and connectivity density using graph theory
Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations
Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks
Network motifs: simple building blocks of complex networks
Network analysis of intrinsic functional brain connectivity in Alzheimer's disease
Focal thinning of the cerebral cortex in multiple sclerosis
Contribution of white matter lesions to gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis
CNS progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes are targets of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo
Long-lasting suppression of hippocampal cell proliferation and impaired cognitive performance by methotrexate in the rat
The effects of the anti-cancer drugs, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, on cognitive function in mice
Systemic 5-fluorouracil treatment causes a syndrome of delayed myelin destruction in the central nervous system
Methotrexate decreases hippocampal cell proliferation and induces memory deficits in rats
The human connectome: a complex network
Regional brain activation during verbal declarative memory in metastatic breast cancer
Altered frontocortical, cerebellar, and basal ganglia activity in adjuvant-treated breast cancer survivors 5-10 years after chemotherapy
Genetics and brain injury: apolipoprotein E
The relationship of APOE genotype to neuropsychological performance in long-term cancer survivors treated with standard dose chemotherapy
Low-dose endotoxemia and human neuropsychological functions
Cytokines and cognition–the case for a head-to-toe inflammatory paradigm
Frontal and temporal dopamine release during working memory and attention tasks in healthy humans: a positron emission tomography study using the high-affinity dopamine D2 receptor ligand [11 C]FLB 457
Tamoxifen treatment after adjuvant chemotherapy has opposite effects on bone mineral density in premenopausal patients depending on menstrual status
The Impact of Age-Related Ovarian Hormone Loss on Cognitive and Neural Function
Neurocognitive performance in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen
Estrogen- and tamoxifen-associated effects on brain structure and function
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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text: Hilton Garden Inn14.Jan 2016 Employee HGI a great place to work. 5.00 5.00 Challenging WorkWorking at Hilton Garden Inn was not challenging it just calls for attention to detail. Company Hilton Garden Inn City Port St. Lucie Are you a Current or Former Employee? Former job since 2015 Position Others Department Others


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- Uniaxially
- Uniaxially \U`ni*ax"i*al*ly\, adv. In a uniaxial manner. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
uniaxially — adverb In a uniaxial way … Wiktionary
uniaxially — adv. with one axis; with one unbranched stem (Botany); with refraction in only one direction (Crystals) … English contemporary dictionary
uniaxially — uni·axially … English syllables
uniaxially — adverb see uniaxial * * * uniaxˈially adverb • • • Main Entry: ↑uni … Useful english dictionary
uniaxial — uniaxially, adv. /yooh nee ak see euhl/, adj. 1. having one axis. 2. Crystall. (of a crystal) having one direction in which double refraction does not occur. 3. Bot. (of a plant) having a primary stem that does not branch and that terminates in a … Universalium
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Produce for Better Health Foundation Names Newest Ambassadors
Program continues to expand
The Produce for Better Health Foundation's (PBH) Ambassador program, started a little more than a year ago, has revealed its latest slate of ambassadors, who will further the foundation's mission and its Fruits & Veggies — More Matters national health campaign.
The newly named ambassadors are as follows:
- Kathy Barsotti, Barsotti Juice Co.
- Chris Christian, California Strawberry Commission
- Charlie Eagle, Southern Specialties
- Kaci Komstadius, Sage Fruit Co.
- Lindsay Ehlis, Borton Fruit Co.
- Angela Fraser, California Avocado Commission
- Antonia Mascari, Indianapolis Fruit Co.
- Lori Taylor, The Produce Mom
The duties of all 34 ambassadors include incorporating the Fruits & Veggies—More Matters brand logo and messaging into marketing initiatives focused on grocery stores and social media, introducing PBH to their business partners, bringing new donors and supporters on board, and talking about why they support PBH, and why others should, during presentations and meetings.
"The support PBH has received from our ambassadors over the last year has been simply terrific," noted Elizabeth Pivonka, president and CEO of Hockessin, Del.-based nonprofit fruit and vegetable education foundation. "Together, we continue to convey a clear and consistent message that including a variety of fruit and vegetables, at every eating occasion, is an essential component of creating a healthier America."


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This section contains 811 words
(approx. 3 pages at 400 words per page)
Chapters 12 - 14 Summary
In Chapter 12, the attention turns to Leslie. She has to run away from Pete into the basement. Leslie runs through the basement until she locks herself into a room. As she looks at the room, Leslie has a terrifying feeling of déjà vu. The room reminds of her of the one in which she was violated as a child. A bowl of cream on a dresser that looks just like one that Leslie had as a child draws her attention. She believes it is vanilla pudding laced with caramel. Leslie dips her fingers into the pudding and eats some of it. As soon as she does so, she realizes how irrational her behavior has become. As she thinks, Pete appears in the room. He is prideful as he tells Leslie that the room is his. Leslie decides to play along with Pete. She keeps up the charade well until she stops in front of the dresser and realizes that she cannot see herself in the mirror. Pete will only say that the mirror is broken and doesn't work. He pulls a bag of dog food from the closet and tells her it is cereal and eating it is what has made him so strong. He makes Leslie feels his muscles and Leslie is temporarily transfixed by his strength.
The conversation turns to White and Pete tells Leslie that he believes that White intends to kill them if they don't kill the girl, Susan. Pete becomes more and more agitated as Leslie tries to get him to talk about Susan. Finally he tries to force her to eat his dog food concoction. When she knocks the bowl from his hand and scatters the contents, Pete becomes enraged.
In Chapter 13, Jack finds himself in a tunnel. He wonders if the game is about the house, but then believes his idea is crazy. Jack hears a scream. He runs from end to end of the tunnel, trying desperately to find a way out. When he finally stops, he hears the singing of a young girl again. Meanwhile, Pete is still trying to convince Leslie to eat the dog food pudding. Although she really tries, she is unable. As a punishment, Pete straps her to a spinning dartboard and throws darts at her. The first dart strikes her thigh.
In Chapter 14, Jack hears the humming again and locates a small doorway in the tunnel. There is a girl in the room. It appears she has been staying there for some time. After she concludes that Jack is a friend, she wraps her arms around him. The girl tells him there is something wrong with the house. Jack wonders if he can trust the girl.
Chapters 12 - 14 Analysis
In this section, another character, a young innocent girl named Susan is added to the action of the novel. Jack finds this girl in a small room off a tunnel. Since the girl was hiding in this room and appeared to have been staying there for several days, this may be why Betty and her gang wondered if Jack's group had reached the tunnel yet. The reader learns through Pete's conversation with Leslie that he believes that White wants them to kill Susan, the girl whom Jack later finds in the tunnel. He tells Leslie that Susan can't be trusted, setting up a question of Susan's integrity before she is ever introduced into the novel. Pete also becomes very agitated when Leslie questions him about Susan. This agitation indicates how strongly Luke feels about the girl.
In this section of chapters, it is learned that Leslie willingly ran into the basement to try to get away from Pete. Pete, however, followed her downstairs and found her in the room in which she chose to hide. The room the Leslie finds herself in is interesting because of the emotions that it evokes in her. She is both fearful of and comforted by the strange room. It is indicated that she may have been raped or sexually violated in a room such as the one that she finds in the basement. The smells of vanilla potpourri remind her of her grandmother. She finds a bowl of vanilla pudding in the room that she is drawn to and eats with her fingers. It is while she is eating this pudding that Pete walks in and finds her.
References to sin continue to be mentioned in these chapters. One of the most obvious is Luke's indication to Leslie that she must eat her sin, which is in the form of the dog food pudding. Even though Leslie ate this pudding before and liked it, once she realizes what it is, she can no longer bear the idea of eating it. Just like the pudding, sin seems enticing until one realizes what it really is.
This section contains 811 words
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How to draw velocity contours along the bend of U-pipe
Hi I want to draw the velocity contours in different sections along the bend of U-pipe may somebody guide me how I can do this? I was aware that I need to draw an iso-surfaces but the problem I have no idea how I can distribute the surfaces along the bend because the angle of bend vary in each section? any other idea will be appreciated?
if you know unit normal to planes, use:
surface->quadric .... and the set unit normals.
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Fuel Continues Post Labor Day Decline
Prices fall for fourth week, average price drops 5.4 cents to $1.64 per gallon.
WASHINGTON -- Retail gasoline prices fell for the fourth consecutive week, dropping 5.4 cents to an average of $1.64 per gallon, the government said Monday. The national average price for regular unleaded gasoline has declined since hitting a record high $1.747 a gallon during the Labor Day holiday.
Prices remain 24.8 cents a gallon higher than one year ago, according to a weekly survey of service stations by the Energy Department's Energy Information Administration.
The average national gasoline pump price is not expected to fall below $1.50 a gallon until November, the EIA said. The average U.S. pump price was the highest on the West Coast where prices fell 6.1 cents to an average of $1.92 per gallon. The U.S. Gulf Coast continued to have the cheapest gasoline last week with the retail cost falling 3.8 cents to $1.50 a gallon.
Among the major urban areas highlighted by the EIA, Houston pump prices were the cheapest at $1.48 per gallon, down 3.6 cents. San Francisco was the most expensive city even though prices fell 6.3 cents to $2.05 per gallon. Los Angeles had the second most costly gasoline prices at $2.01, down 5.2 cents.
The national price for cleaner-burning reformulated gasoline, sold at about one-third of the gas stations in cities and smoggier areas, fell 4.8 cents to $1.78 a gallon.
U.S. diesel prices fell 2.7 cents to an average $1.44 per gallon last week, the EIA said. The average cost for a gallon of diesel is 2.7 cents per gallon more expensive than one year ago.


text: To get from Merano to Vigevano by train you can catch one of the 1 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Vigevano leaves from Merano at 18:20 and the last train departs at 18:20. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 06:59 hours. For your trip from Merano to Vigevano by train you can choose to leave from one of Merano main stations: Merano-Maia Bassa Meran-Untermais On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Vigevano and book the best itinerary starting from Merano.


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HYDE PARK N.Y. James Kent, sous chef of Eleven Madison Park in New York City, will represent the United States in the biennial Bocuse d'Or competition in Lyon, France, in January of 2011.
He will be assisted by Tom Allan, another Eleven Madison Park sous chef, who acted as his commis in a competition held Saturday at the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, N.Y.
The Bocuse d'Or was created in 1987 by renowned chef Paul Bocuse to broaden the pu
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Am I being negative of realistic(101 Posts)
I help a friend look after her horse, she wants to buy a second one . She is a first time owner (was going to loan but suddenly decided she would buy one this spring) and currently has a teenage horse who is very well behaved and a real confidence giver, is not spooky and has very good manners.
She's now decided her second one has to be a tb (as when she was young she always dreamed of owning one) and she likes the idea of owning a tb.
I've not owned before but I have loaned so I know the commitment involved and how hard it can be (eg winter).
She currently has the one horse on a routine of exercise twice a day which I am doing 50 percent of and I'm finding it exhausting as I work 10 hours a day with a 30 min commute, in a physical job.
Anyway the second horse, well we found one I rode him, perfect , responsive very non spooky, I was ready to buy him there and then.
She tries the horse and nearly falls off because when asking the horse to do a faster trot she did a pony club kick (the way she was taught as a child -she learnt briefly as a child then didnt ride until very recently), the horse broke into canter and she wasn't expecting it and ended up round his neck.
She decides the horse is not right for her as he is "too advanced" so we start looking again. I trying to steer her towards IDs and ISH , cobs etc and with a bit of age on them as she is not a brilliant or confident rider and also the horse would need to live out 24/7, so im thinking sturdiness rather then a thoroughbred who needs rugging up to the max. As she can't afford livery and wants the "simplicity of living out". She just wants a tb and no older than 12, I feel she wants an older confidence giving horse but every horse I tell her about she dismisses saying "too old".
She has said that she intends to exercise both twice a day, I'm highly dubious as I find it a struggle to do the one horse at the moment with light mornings and evenings and decent summer ground . I keep emphasising how hard winter will be and how impossible it will be to keep to a schedule of exercise twice daily, what if the ground is hard, what if it snows? What if we don't have the time, we do both have jobs.
Anyway she has now decided she wants to retrain an ex racehorse. As they are a breed she likes , cheap and if she does it," she will feel a huge sense of achievement"
We have no school,just a field the horses will graze in too.
Sorry for the rant but she is just so naive and I'm trying to help her into horse ownership . One moment she is saying, don't worry I'll do all the retraining if you don't want to , the next minute she asks me to jump her existing horse as she has never jumped and doesn't feel confident enough. I've said TBs can be spooky and flighty. She is fine with that as she says her existing horse is like that - she's not in the slightest , I've never ridden a more laid back horse. I feel the existing horse has been so easy to look after and ride that she thinks all horses are that easy.
I just feel she should stick at one horse.
Am I being negative? Or realistic? Is her next horse going to be like Pie from national velvet and just by some miracle easy to train by a complete novice and end up being a diamond of a horse. Did I mention she will not pay more than about 600 for her next horse.
Opinions please.....
She's lovely, fabulous name too. I insure with SEIB but tbh can't really remember the excess (head in sand....), I suggest you ring around a few and see what comes up. I was with NFU who were great but quoted a ridiculous price when I bought my new horse so went with SEIB. They've had to pay out a fair amount on him and the premium has ratcheted up a bit so I'm not sure if I want to, or will be able to afford to insure next year. There's a long back story so it's not as mad as it sounds.
My first horse had basic insurance, I didn't bother with vet fees and it worked out fine with him.
I haven't done the horse owner certificate, but I think others here have and will be able to give you advice. If you've got someone on hand whose happy to help you'll probably learn more from them than anywhere. One word of warning, every person has their way of doing things and it can be a bit confusing - I was helping a new horse owner last year, and every time she said "how do I do.....?" I'd say "I do it this way, it works for me" as a sort of caveat that it may not be the exact textbook way of doing it!
A lot of it really is common sense - horse ownership isn't such a dark art, even though it looks like it from the outside! If you've had children you apply the same rules really - get to know what's normal for them and you'll soon work out if they're not right. Basic first aid is all you need - anything major that's what the vet is for. My vet is great at phone advice, and will also look at photos which I email - eg dhorse had lumps on his neck which I wasn't sure about, vet said it was an extension of the mud fever (which she'd already been treating) - one visit saved!
Phew, that's a bit of an essay - what I basically trying to get across that whilst it seems a huge thing, it doesn't have to be, and the fact that you've already been dealing with the horse and know her gives you a head start.
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Anchor On … Being exquisitely miserable
R.D. 'Bob' Hottle
Saturday, December 31, 2016 5:00 AM
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During a rare session of holiday housecleaning, our eyes ran across a notebook paper with suggestions on "How to be Perfectly Miserable." People like me are ever more on the search for material that would make up messages to encourage folks along life's journey – so let's try this one.
According to the Baptist Trumpet, the attachment advised that: "If your goal is to be miserable most of the time, the following ten actions can help you reach a state of misery in record time."
The first suggestion is for us to "Think about yourself most all the time." That is quite comforting to our human nature, and so it is easy to do. Have we not all caught ourselves trying to turn a conversation around to focus upon our own experience when some poor soul was attempting to tell us about theirs? How often have we dropped the personal pronouns "I," "me" or "my" into our conversations or writings? We seem to all be born with some sort of invisible filter through which all inputs must pass. If the thoughts or communications of others are not adequately centered around ourselves, we can only tolerate such ramblings until we find an opening to step in and return the focus back to our own concerns.
"Pay close attention to what people think and say about you" is the next piece of miserable advice. Be touchy and thin-skinned, ready in an instant to be offended. Stay ever vigilant for people you can put on your "bad" list, and never let them off – no matter how repentant they may be. Do your duty and carry the grudge to your grave.
"Expect to be appreciated" is the third commandment of misery. Just know that when someone starts a sentence with the words "I would like to thank…" that your name will soon be spoken. Keep in mind that the whole world is grateful for your presence, and it would be to their great loss to not have you. The ensuing disappointment should help heighten the misery. Another year-end tip is for the self-seeker to "cultivate suspicion, jealousy and envy." Sprinkle these flavorings over top of your thoughts, and they will naturally find their way into your words. You may not even notice, but these barbs and thorns will do their work in distancing friends and relatives from you. It is then that you may suffer new hurts and build upon self-pity.
"Be sensitive to slights and never forgive a criticism." How unfair for us to not be chosen first or to ever be considered the least desirable. "Everybody is against me – or at least they are not all applauding me as they should" is our thought on this suggestion.
"Trust nobody but yourself." Nope! Always do your personal research and back it up on your own. Verify, verify, because you have been let down before by these people and you are just too sharp to let it happen again. The "self-made" person has too much investment in life to allow its trust to be handed to others.
The next advice for perfect misery also comes to us easily, as we enjoy "insisting upon special considerations." Can you not make an allowance "just this once" for me? We think that others don't realize who we are, or maybe they have not yet heard about us. After all the good we have done and the blessing we have been, you would think they could at least show a little appreciation!
Why is it not my right to "demand that others agree with my views and opinions?" I am right, after all, and deserve to be viewed as such. It would be deplorable for some upstart person to oppose my thoughts and convictions. Why is it that others cannot come to the same conclusions as I? Something must be wrong with everyone, and that is too bad. If only they could be like me!
Our humanity really goes for the advice that we "shirk your duties and responsibilities as often as you can." Amen! It's about time! I have always known that, and finally somebody else agrees with me. "Years ago," says one, "I practiced on my brothers and sisters and nearly became expert in plying this trade. My teachers at school didn't buy into it so easily, and neither did the court system or law enforcement. Moving from job to job, spouse to spouse and alibi to alibi, it's not perfect yet, but progress is being made – I think."
To wrap up our late-December suggestions, "Do as little as possible for other people." Why do I have to be their slave, anyway? Remember the line from a song back in the '60s: "Why is everybody always pickin' on me?" That is exactly right! All these other people are here for me to use, so I'm just being practical. It goes hand-in-glove with dismissing my responsibilities and makes a neat package. They can clean up my mess of life, as I am too busy being important. There is a lot that I must do, and on top of all that, I have to be so miserable! It's not my choice; I have such a burden as this because of so many people. It's their fault. Don't they realize that if I didn't do all this for them, they would have to suffer like I am suffering? There should be some recognition. Where is the award for me?
Happy New Year! There is a new and better way than "my" way. A baby boy was born miraculously, who grew up and said that He was "The Way." This man backed up His words with true miracles and a perfectly sinless life. There is a Book written about Him that is authored and authorized by God Himself. We cannot say His name because it would not conform to proper politics, and besides, there are some folks who pay close attention to what others say. Their feelings could get hurt, and they might be offended. We can tell you that if you have exercised the "Ten Commandments for Perfect Misery" so far in life, and although they work very well for you, you might choose to start 2017 with something a whole lot less miserable.
This One who tells us that He is The Way says in the God-authored book in reply to a certain lawyer: "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbor as thyself" (Luke 10:27). If you will receive Him and seriously study His Book, you'll gladly say: "Goodbye misery, and hello 2017."
God bless you this New Year.
R.D. "Bob" Hottle is a retired schoolteacher, farmer and pastor of the Anchor Baptist Church.
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What is wavelength?
What is wavelength?
The distance covered by any vibrating particle during complete one vibration
The minimum distance in which a sound wave repeats itself is called wavelength
The distance between two consecutive or two consecutive rare faction it is called wavelength
The distance between two successive crests or trough is called wave length.it is denoted by 'lambda,
Distance between a compression and a rarefection is called wavelength. It is denoted by lambda.
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The Javelin is a 2.5G handset that supports EDGE only data transfer and a Curve-like keypad and features OS 4.6.1. The handset also includes a 3,2MP camera complete with a flash and autofocus. Other features include a microSD slot to increase the internal memory plus USB, Bluetooth and Blackberry Maps. The tariff deal provides a saving of over £150 meaning that the average line rental is just £26.25 per month.
Click here for Blackberry Javelin from E2Save deal
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SBIR Phase I: Powder-Powder Mixing and Powder-Liquid Mixing by a Novel High-Intensity Vibrational Mixer
Award Information
Small Business Information
Resodyn Corporation
1901 South Franklin, Butte, MT, 59701
Principal Investigator
Name: Aaron Cook
Title: PI
Phone: (406) 723-2222
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: PI
Phone: (406) 723-2222
Email: email@example.com
Business Contact
Name: Lawrence Farrar
Phone: (406) 723-2222
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (406) 723-2222
Email: email@example.com
Research Institution
AbstractThis Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Phase I project proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of using high intensity resonant vibrational energy as the basis for developing an efficient, scalable mixer for solid-solid and liquid-solid powder processing applications. Conventional powder mixers are ineffective when mixing very small particles or when loading particles into viscous liquids. Currently available mixers cannot reach the level of homogeneity that industry demands. Vibratory mixers have the capacity to meet these mixing demands, but the existing technology is limited in intensity and has not been shown to be scalable. This project will extend this technology to particle mixing applications required for the powder processing industry. The broader impacts from this technology could enhance the scientific understanding of solid-solid and liquid-solid mixing in a high intensity resonant vibrational field. More generally, the results will have scientific merit that can be extended to other complex, nonlinear dynamic systems. The resulting technological benefits will allow on site mixing and color blending in addition to custom formulation of nanocomposite coatings. By enabling more powder processing applications, new high performance materials will be realized. Replacing conventional coating techniques with powder coating applications will reduce VOC emissions substantially. This technology could enhance the durability of maintenance type coatings, which in turn will gain in popularity due to improved quality and functionality. The initial commercial targets of this technology will be the polymer powder coating and particle-loaded polymer industries.
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