text:
ms-number: 766470.1
abstract: Keen writes a lengthy letter to Wheelock about the progress of the fundraising tour in England, and the management of the funds collected.
handwriting: Formal handwriting is clear and legible.
paper: Large sheet folded in half to make four pages has been heavily reinforced, which makes it difficult to gauge the condition of the paper. It appears to be in good-to-fair condition, with light staining and wear, and heavy creasing.
ink: Brown-black.
events: Fundraising Tour of Great Britain
Modernized Version -- deletions removed; additions added in; modern spelling and capitalization added; unfamiliar abbreviations expanded.
Rev. and dear sir
Providence appears Remarkably to smile here on your
Indian School affairs — there is already subscribed and Collected
Three Thousand Pounds Sterling— There is no doubt but the
Lord put it into your Heart at first, and has wonderfully Sup‐
-ported you and those Disinterested Creatures, such as Mr. Kirtland,
Fowler, Occom etc. etc. who have truly gone with their Lives in
their hands and have as miraculously been preserved. as your
Letters now before me of April 5th-29th and June 24th and Sundry former Ones
and many others dear Mr. Whitefield when in America transmitted to
me abundantly show — from all which, together with the Lords
Opening the Hearts of his people to Subscribe so liberally; looks
as if the time was come, when the Lord will work a great Work
on the Earth; and literally fulfill his promises, and give his Son the
Heathen for his Inheritance and the uttermost parts of the Earth for
his possession — I hope your Life will be preserved to see much
of this accomplished; and have the pleasing Hopes of a
Foundation being laid, for its entire Accomplishment, when
you are dead and Gone. — — As Mr. Whitaker needed
Assistance, we judged it best, to have a weekly meeting of such
persons, who seemed quite hearty in the Cause. and Accordingly,
The Rev. Messrs. Whitefield, Brewer, Hitchins, Dr. Gibbons,
Dr. Gifford, and Dr. Stennett; together with Mr. Smith of Boston,
Charles Hardy Esq., Mr. Samuel Savage and myself; have met some,
or all of us, every Tuesday; and purpose so to do, when Messrs.
Whitaker and Occom are in the Countries round about, to send them
any advice and Letters of Recommendation to the leading men in
the places they are next to go to; and every other needful step proper
to be taken — and we all do agree, that Mr. Whitaker acts quite to
our satisfaction; listens to advice, and takes it when given — is most
Indefatigable in every instance relating to the affairs he is come about.
is greatly beloved, and no One could have done better, unless dear
and in our Opinion, has been neither too speedy nor too slow; but has
acted prudently and Wisely, and has succeeded Accordingly — and we
likewise think it would be Marring the Work to recall him, or send any other
in his Room, but let him go through with it, if please God spare his
Life, nor would we advise the least hint to be dropped to him of that nature
to discourage him, but on the contrary everything that is encouraging;
as we really think he ought to have the Approbation of all —
I've assisted him in his accounts from the beginning, as well for Your sake,
his sake, and the public's — I was thinking in this letter to have sent
you a list of those that have subscribed largely, but that I may do in a
Future one if requested — the Money Collected is Chiefly lodged in Bankers
hands; except the running Cash, which is chiefly in Mr. Savages and mine; with
which I pay all the Bills drawn by You, and Accordingly I've paid a Bill
of Exchange of £100 Sterling dated November 28th 1765 drawn by Nathaniel Eells of
Boston to Mr. John Timmins or Order — — One of £52..13s..9p payable to
Moses Peck or order dated at Boston May 28th — — One of £50 Sterling payable
to Asahel Clark Jr. or order dated at Boston May 29th — One of £120 sterling
payable to Gershom Breed or Order dated June — just paid — the Three last is
drawn by yourself which is the most satisfactory of all — likewise let
Mr. Smith of Boston (who I believe is one of the worthiest men in the world and
his being here a most Singular blessing to this affair) have £30 and £25 to be
by him in Bills and remitted to and for the use of Mr. Occom and Whitaker family etc.
in what Channel you would like to have the Money subscribed run in — whether a
Large Sum for Building a School at once or draw annually for certain sums
or Occasionally as you choose, or whether ever any Bills may be paid that
is not of your drawing (though we like to see your name best) in Short,
whatever you find Freedom to write, we shall read in our weekly meeting,
and endeavour to make the best use of it, to promote the design, both
among ourselves and others, that seem able and willing so to do. — we do
not attempt to prescribe to you, but would contribute all we can to strengthen
your hands and enlarge your design — and being continually called upon to give
answers, some of One sort and some of another; having engaged ourselves fully in it,
should be glad to be furnished with everything necessary to be known —
and Serious Congregations every time he preaches. and though he has been frequently
Brought low as to his Bodily strength, yet he has always been enabled to preach
Tottenham Court Chapel on a Lords day Morning
at 10 o'Clock and at the Tabernacle near Moorfields on a Wednesday Evening;
I swelled this letter grea[gap: tear][guess: tly bey]ond my Intention — especially as I'm a
stranger to You— but b[gap: tear][guess: elieve you']ll excuse and believe it to proceed from a
Real desire to promote [gap: tear][guess: the] Redeemers Kingdom, and to Cultivate a
lasting Friendship and Correspondence with dear Mr. Wheelock.
in the Best of Bonds
Robert Keen
join in hearty Love — — please to direct for
me. Woollen draper in the Minories — London
Messrs. Whitaker and Occom are at Bristol — I heard
from them yesterday are both well and well employed — I believe they
will go from thence to Bath, Exeter, Plymouth etc. and so finish their tour in the west
to Mr. Samuel Broome to receive the Money and pay it into your hands — the person hopes
Mr. Broome will not let him shuffle but Oblige him to pay it—
August 20. 1766.
The Rev. Mr. Eleazar Wheelock
at Lebanon in
Robert Keen was a London wool merchant and an ardent supporter of George Whitefield, the eminent evangelical. Although it is unclear when Keen and Whitefield first came into contact, by the 1760s Whitefield was writing to Keen frequently. In 1763, Keen, along with Daniel West, was given the task of managing Whitefield's religious enterprises in London (specifically, his Tottenham Court Chapel and the Tabernacle, another London church), which they continued to do after Whitefield's death. Keen was also one of the four executors of Whitefield's affairs in England (along with West and Charles Hardy). As a result of his relationship with Whitefield, Keen was introduced to Occom and Whitaker upon their arrival in February 1766. He was a member of the informal committee that collected donations before October 1766 and provided Occom and Whitaker with advice on their route and strategies. Keen also became a member of the English Trust, the formal organization formed in October 1766 to safeguard donations. As secretary and deputy treasurer of the Trust, Keen played an important role in transmitting accounts and correspondence between the Trust and Wheelock during the tour and the long process of Wheelock's relocation to New Hampshire. Along with fellow Trust members Samuel Savage and John Thornton, Keen continued to provide financial support to Wheelock after the Trust had been exhausted.
Eleazar Wheelock was a New Light Congregationalist minister who founded Dartmouth College. He was born into a very typical Congregationalist family, and began studying at Yale in 1729, where he fell in with the emerging New Light clique. The evangelical network that he built in college propelled him to fame as an itinerant minister during the First Great Awakening and gave him many of the contacts that he later drew on to support his charity school for Native Americans. Wheelock's time as an itinerant minister indirectly brought about his charity school. When the Colony of Connecticut retroactively punished itinerant preaching in 1743, Wheelock was among those who lost his salary. Thus, in 1743, he began operating a grammar school to support himself. He was joined that December by Samson Occom, a Mohegan Indian, who sought out an education in hopes of becoming a teacher among his people. Occom's academic success inspired Wheelock to train Native Americans as missionaries. To that end, he opened Moor's Indian Charity School in 1754 (where he continued to train Anglo-American students who paid their own way as well as students who functionally indentured themselves to Wheelock as missionaries in exchange for an education). Between 1754 and 1769, when he relocated to New Hampshire, Wheelock trained approximately 60 male and female Native American students from nearby Algonquian tribes and from the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) of central New York. At the same time, he navigated the complicated politics of missionary societies by setting up his own board of the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, although he continued to feud with the Boston Board of the SSPCK and the London Commissioners in Boston (more colloquially called the New England Company). By the late 1760s, Wheelock had become disillusioned with the idea of Native American education. He was increasingly convinced that educating Native Americans was futile (several of his students had failed to conform to his confusing and contradictory standards), and, in late 1768, he lost his connection to the Haudenosaunee. With his inclination and ability to sponsor Native American missionaries largely depleted, Wheelock sought instead to fulfill his ultimate ambition of obtaining a charter and opening a college, which he did in 1769. To fund this new enterprise, Wheelock drew on the £12,000 that Samson Occom had raised for Moor's Indian Charity School during a two-and-a-half year tour of Great Britain (1765 to 1768). Much of this money went towards clearing land and erecting buildings in New Hampshire for the Charity School's relocation — infrastructure that also happened to benefit Dartmouth. Many of Wheelock's contemporaries were outraged by what they saw as misuse of the money, as it was clear that Dartmouth College was not intended for Indians and that Moor's had become a side project. Although Wheelock tried to maintain at least some commitment to Native American education by recruiting students from Canadian communities, the move did a great deal of damage to his public image. The last decade of Wheelock's life was not easy. In addition to the problems of trying to set up a college far away from any Anglo-American urban center, Wheelock experienced the loss of relationships with two of his most famous and successful students, Samson Occom and Samuel Kirkland (an Anglo-American protégé). He also went into debt for Dartmouth College, especially after the fund raised in Britain was exhausted.
Samuel Kirkland (b. Kirtland) was Eleazar Wheelock's most famous Anglo American student. He conducted a 40-year mission to the Oneidas and founded Hamilton College (established in 1793 as Hamilton Oneida Academy). Kirkland won acclaim as a missionary at a young age by conducting an adventurous and risky mission to the Senecas, the westernmost of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Six Nations. After his year and a half among them, which was well publicized by Wheelock, he was ordained and sent as a missionary to the Oneidas under the auspices of the Connecticut Board of the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge. He spent most of the rest of his life serving the Oneidas as a minister. Kirkland's sincere devotion to serving as a missionary was excellent publicity for Wheelock's program, but it also brought the two men into conflict. Wheelock became jealous of Kirkland when the school's British benefactors began urging Wheelock to make Kirkland his heir, and Kirkland, meanwhile, was upset that Wheelock had failed to provide him with sufficient supplies on his mission — a complaint that he was unafraid to publicize (and that almost all of Wheelock's other students shared). The breaking point came in 1770, when Kirkland split from Wheelock's Connecticut Board and affiliated with the New England Company, a missionary society that had abruptly turned against Wheelock in 1765. Wheelock and Kirkland briefly made up in 1771, but their relationship quickly dissolved into further acrimony. Although Kirkland spent most of his life as a missionary to the Six Nations, he generally held disparaging views of Native Americans. He did not approve of Wheelock's plan to educate Indians as missionaries, and was haughty towards the Moor's alumni that worked with him (notably David Fowler, Joseph Johnson, and Joseph Woolley). Prior to the Revolution, Kirkland had been stringent in his refusals to take Oneida land, even when offered to him. The Revolution seems to have shifted his loyalties from the Oneidas to local Anglo Americans. Kirkland served as a chaplain in the American army and was instrumental in convincing the Oneidas to remain neutral (or, more accurately, to side with the Americans). At one point he was the chaplain with General Sullivan's army, the force sent to ransack Seneca and Cayuga territory in 1779. It is unclear what emotions this aroused in Kirkland, who had served the Senecas less than 15 years earlier, yet after the war, Kirkland freely engaged in Oneida dispossession. Along with James Dean, another Wheelock alumnus with close ties to the Oneidas, Kirkland played a pivotal role in urging the Oneidas to sell land illegally to the state of New York. The land deals that resulted gave Kirkland the property, financial capital, and connections to establish Hamilton Oneida Academy. The last decades of Kirkland's life were difficult. He found himself in a three-way battle with Samson Occom and John Sergeant Jr., who were also ministers in Oneida territory, for the hearts and minds of their congregations; he was fired as a missionary in 1797, although he continued to serve sans salary; one of his son's business enterprises failed, leaving Kirkland nearly destitute; and two of his three sons died unexpectedly. Hamilton Oneida Academy, like Moor's Indian Charity School, largely failed at its goal of educating Indians, and in 1812, four years after Kirkland's death, it was re-purposed as Hamilton College, a largely Anglo-American institution. At some point in the mid-to-late 18th century, Kirkland changed his name from Kirtland, although the reasons for this are uncertain.
Samson Occom was a Mohegan leader and ordained Presbyterian minister. Occom began his public career in 1742, when he was chosen as a tribal counselor to Ben Uncas II. The following year, he sought out Eleazar Wheelock, a young Anglo-American minister in Lebanon, CT, in hopes of obtaining some education and becoming a teacher at Mohegan. Wheelock agreed to take on Occom as a student, and though Occom had anticipated staying for a few weeks or months, he remained with Wheelock for four years. Occom's academic success inspired Wheelock to open Moor's Indian Charity School in 1754, a project which gave him the financial and political capital to establish Dartmouth College in 1769. After his time with Wheelock, Occom embarked on a 12-year mission to the Montauk of Long Island (1749-1761). He married a Montauk woman, Mary Fowler, and served as both teacher and missionary to the Montauk and nearby Shinnecock, although he was grievously underpaid for his services. Occom conducted two brief missions to the Oneida in 1761 and 1762 before embarking on one of the defining journeys of his career: a fundraising tour of Great Britain that lasted from 1765 to 1768. During this journey, undertaken on behalf of Moor's Indian Charity School, Occom raised £12,000 (an enormous and unanticpated amount that translates roughly to more than two-million dollars), and won wide acclaim for his preaching and comportment. Upon his return to Mohegan in 1768, Occom discovered that Wheelock had failed to adequately care for his family while he was gone. Additionally, despite the vast sums of money that he had raised, Occom found himself unemployed. Wheelock tried to find Occom a missionary position, but Occom was in poor health and disinclined to leave his family again after seeing the treatment with which they had met while he was in Britain. Occom and Wheelock's relationship continued to sour as it became apparent to Occom that the money he had labored to raise would be going towards infrastructure at Dartmouth College, Wheelock's new project, rather than the education of Native Americans. After the dissolution of his relationship with Wheelock, Occom became increasingly focused on the needs of the Mohegan community and increasingly vocal in criticizing Anglo-Americans' un-Christian treatment of Native Americans. In September of 1772, he delivered his famous "Sermon on the Execution of Moses Paul," which took Anglo-American spiritual hypocrisy as one of its major themes, and which went into four printings before the end of the year. In 1773, Occom became further disillusioned when the Mason Land Case was decided in favor of the Colony of Connecticut. The details of the Mason Case are complicated, but to summarize: the Colony of Connecticut had gained control of Mohegan land early in the 18th century under very suspect circumstances, and successfully fended off the Mohegan's 70-year-long legal challenge. The conclusion of the case came as a blow to the Mohegans, and further convinced Occom of Anglo-American corruption. Along with David Fowler (Montauk Tribe), Occom's brother-in-law, and Joseph Johnson (Mohegan), Occom's son-in-law, Occom helped found Brothertown, an Indian tribe formed from the Christian Mohegans, Pequots, Narragansetts, Montauks, Tunxis, and Niantics. They eventually settled in Oneida country in upstate New York. Occom moved there with his family in 1789, spending the remaining years of his life serving as a minster to the Brothertown, Stockbridge, and Mohegan Indians. Harried by corrupt land agents, the Brothertown and Stockbridge groups relocated to the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago, though Occom died in 1792 before he could remove himself and his family there. Occom's writings and legacy have made him one of the best known and most eminent Native Americans of the 18th century and beyond.
George Whitefield, the English itinerant preacher who helped spark the Great Awakening, was an essential supporter of Eleazar Wheelock's project. Whitefield studied at Pembroke College, Oxford, where he met the pioneers of Methodism, John and Charles Wesley. He was ordained in 1736, and he made the first of his seven trips to America two years later. While abroad in 1740, Whitefield founded an orphanage in Georgia, and went on a preaching tour during which he met Wheelock and spread ideals that prompted the Great Awakening. Although Whitefield was ordained in the Church of England, his enthusiastic preaching style and charismatic personality made him a controversial figure, and traditional clergyman on both sides of the Atlantic censured him. Nonetheless, he continued to be an important contact and friend of Wheelock's, and his dedication to Wheelock's vision was evident. He contributed money to the cause, secured various other funders, and donated an eighty-pound prayer bell to the school. More importantly, Whitefield not only suggested to Wheelock the idea of a fundraising tour in Great Britain, he hosted Occom and Whitaker shortly after they arrived in England, provided a house for them to reside in for the remainder of their tour, and introduced the pair to influential figures such as William Legge, the Earl of Dartmouth. Whitefield tabernacle's was the setting of Occom's first sermon in England on February 16, 1766, and many believe that Whitefield wrote the introduction to a pamphlet printed in London during the campaign (although he was not credited). Whitefield continued to be involved in Wheelock's work until he died in Newburyport, MA in September of 1770.
Samuel Brewer was a minister who served for 50 years at the Broad Street Church, also called the Stepney Meeting, the largest of the dissenting congregations (Congregational or Presbyterian) of London. Starting in the late 17th century, many dissenters, separatists, and independents congregated in Stepney, now a working-class and immigrant neigborhood in London's east end, but originally a village developed around the Church of St. Dunstan's on the outskirts of the city. Brewer took over the ministry at Stepney in 1746, when the congregation had dwindled, and increased attendance over the years, leaving a very successful church at his death in 1796. Though an independent, he was friendly with clergy from the Church of England, and was part of the group of eminent clergymen clustered around the evangelical preacher George Whitefield, his particular friend, who welcomed Occom and Whitaker when they arrived in London in 1765. Occom calls Brewer "a warm Servant of Jesus Christ," and records preaching at Mr. Brewer's meeting several times to crowded audiences who made generous collections for the Indian Charity School. Robert Keen mentioned Brewer as part of a group that met weekly to advise Occom and Nathaniel Whitaker on their activities and send letters of introduction and recommendation to the leading men of surrounding churches. Whitaker urged Wheelock to write to Brewer, among other energetic supporters, but there is no evidence that he did so.
John Smith was an affluent Boston merchant who supported Wheelock's school throughout the 1760s. It is likely that Smith and Wheelock were introduced by George Whitefield or someone similarly involved in evangelical and missionary efforts in the British Atlantic world: John Smith made somewhat regular trips to London for business, and had been in contact with Whitefield since the 1740s. Like the other Boston merchants who supported Moor's Indian Charity School (including Moses Peck, William Hyslop, and Nathaniel Eells), Smith traded with Wheelock and kept him up to date on political developments in Boston, especially as they concerned attitudes towards Moor's Indian Charity School. However, Smith was better educated (and likely more affluent) than the other merchants that Wheelock worked with, and, correspondingly, played a more important role than his brethren in Wheelock's efforts. Smith publicized the school independently (his letter to an unnamed friend, catalogued as 764318.2, is one of the most cited letters on the organization of Moor's) and assisted Wheelock in publishing the Narratives. John Smith's greatest contribution to Wheelock's design was his support during Samson Occom and Nathaniel Whitaker's fundraising tour of Great Britain (1765-1768). Smith set out for Britain in July 1765 to improve his health, and while there, acted as a vanguard for Occom and Whitaker. He managed their correspondence, suggested destinations, and served on an ad hoc advisory council that included George Whitefield, Samuel Savage, Robert Keen, and several other influential men. The pace of the journey caught up with John Smith, however, and he died in 1768 while in Britain.
Charles Hardy was a prominent London lawyer, and one of four executors of the affairs in England of the evangelical minister, George Whitefield (along with Robert Keen and Daniel West). Through these connections, Hardy learned about Wheelock's Indian Charity School, and as early as 1761, he donated £25 to Whitefield for the school. He probably met Occom and Whitaker when they arrived in London at the beginning of their fundraising tour. In 1766, Hardy was one of nine Englishmen who formed the Trust to manage the funds that Occom and Whitaker raised on their tour of Great Britain from 1765-1768. During the fundraising tour, Hardy personally donated £50 to the cause. He continued as member of the Trust until the funds ran out in 1775.
Samuel Savage was a London merchant and a member of the English Trust, the body formed to oversee money raised by Samson Occom and Nathaniel Whitaker in England between 1766 and 1768. His shop was on Gun Street, in Spitalfields, and he was likely a weaver. Few other personal details are known. Like most of Eleazar Wheelock's English contacts, Savage was a follower of the evangelical George Whitefield, transatlantic celebrity of the First Great Awakening, and it was through Whitefield that Savage became involved in Wheelock's initial attempts to gain a charter in the 1760s. Once Occom and Whitaker arrived in London in February 1766, Savage was part of the informal committee that handled their correspondence and suggested targets for fundraising. He was also made a member of the Trust when it was formally established in 1766. Savage, like John Thornton, continued to provide Wheelock with financial support after the fund was exhausted in 1775. Although most of the Englishmen who worked with Whitaker and Occom found Whitaker insufferable and praised Occom, Savage displayed a marked preference for Whitaker. Like Wheelock, he was worried that Occom would become prouder than he thought was appropriate for an Indian, and he expressed concerns that Whitaker had not been paid enough to compensate for his long absence from his family (no similar concerns about Occom's family were voiced). Since Savage's views on Occom were very close to the New England norm and represent a deviation from most Englishmen's views, one is tempted to conclude that he had spent time in America or had been born there, but that is pure conjecture.
Nathaniel Eells was a Congregationalist minister in Stonington, CT. Before 1767, Eells was very involved in Moor's Indian Charity School. He was a member of Wheelock's Connecticut Board of the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, and named in Wheelock's March 1767 will to a board to oversee the school's lands in case of Wheelock's death. However, the same month a scandal broke that forced Eells out of any management role in Moor's. The details of the affair are sketchy because Wheelock, Whitaker, and Eells tried to spin their involvement, but, essentially, before Whitaker and Occom departed on their fundraising tour in 1765, the Connecticut Board agreed that Whitaker should send money back to Wheelock by purchasing goods, some of which would supply missionaries (thus eliminating the cost of expensive imports), and the remainder of which would be sold at a profit through the Lathrops, a wealthy merchant family in Norwich. The Trust in England (a board headed by the Earl of Dartmouth, created in 1766 to oversee the money Occom raised) did not learn about the scheme until March 1767, when the volume of bills made them suspicious. To these English elites, increasing charitable donations through trade seemed unspeakably vulgar, especially since the Lathrops planned to keep a chunk of the profits. Eells made matters worse because he took the opportunity to try to get his son into business with the Lathrops (his daughter had married a Lathrop, but the match had not produced the expected economic payoff), and certain remarks in his letters to Whitaker made it seem that money was being diverted. Eells' involvement was all the more unfortunate since he had received £100 of the money in 1766, which he had invested in trade and lost (as of 1775, he had not repaid the debt). The Trust demanded that Eells and Whitaker withdraw from the management of Moor's, and Eells was indeed written out of Wheelock's 1768 will (Whitaker was initially retained as a member of the American Trust, but he was not made a Trustee of Dartmouth). Outside of his involvement in Moor's, Eells was a popular local minister who was able to remain at one church from 1733 until his death in 1786. He was close with Joseph Fish, minister at North Stonington, who had been his classmate at Harvard, and both ministers had some involvement with the Stonington Pequots. During the Great Awakening, Eells, like many other ministers, was accused of being unconverted by the radical evangelical James Davenport. Eells was subsequently on the 1743 Congregationalist congress that issued a statement condemning certain revival practices. He served as a chaplain when the Revolution began, despite his age.
Breed was a vendor who traded with Occom and Wheelock. His wares included food, building materials, alcohol, clothing, and finished metal goods. He was a staunch Wheelock supporter, and helped hold and deliver mail for Wheelock, as well as sending his (possibly first-born) son, John McLaren Breed, to Wheelock's school (J. Breed went on to graduate from Yale in 1768). While Occom was abroad, he was more lenient in supplying goods to Mary Occom than other local vendors, such as Captain Shaw, but eventually, he too refused to sell to her on credit.
Watchmaker Moses Peck took collections for Occom, and Wheelock had an account with him that involved shipping items to Lebanon and debits/credits for funding Occom. It is possible that Peck was Occom's credit source in Boston. He was enthusiastic about and involved in the Indian education mission, and offered Wheelock advice about how to deal with Anglicans. Wheelock had Peck print his brief defense of Occom to counter the London Society's rumors. Peck paid to send his son Elijah to school with Wheelock, although Elijah eventually failed his graduation examinations.
David Fowler was Jacob Fowler's older brother, Samson Occom's brother-in-law, and an important leader of the Brothertown Tribe. He came to Moor's in 1759, at age 24, and studied there until 1765. While at school, he accompanied Occom on a mission to the Six Nations in 1761. He was licensed as a school master in the 1765 mass graduation, and immediately went to the Six Nations to keep school, first at Oneida and then at Kanawalohale. Fowler saw himself as very close to Wheelock, but their relationship fragmented over the course of Fowler's mission, primarily because Wheelock wrote back to Kirkland, with whom Fowler clashed, but not to Fowler, and because Wheelock refused to reimburse Fowler for some expenses on his mission (767667.4 provides the details most clearly). Fowler went on to teach school at Montauk, and played a major role in negotiations with the Oneidas for the lands that became Brothertown. He was among the first wave of immigrants to that town, and held several important posts there until his death in 1807.
Nathaniel Whitaker was an outspoken Presbyterian minister with a long and wide-ranging career. Between his ordination in 1755 and his death in 1795, Whitaker ministered to five different congregations. His longest tenure was at Chelsea, CT (near Norwich), from 1761-1769, during which he joined Occom on his two-and-a-half-year fundraising tour of Britain. While in Chelsea, Whitaker was very involved in Wheelock's project. The two engaged in frequent correspondence, and Whitaker served on Eleazar Wheelock's Board of Correspondents in Connecticut, as well as on the Board of Trustees of Moor's Indian Charity School. At one time, he was Wheelock's presumed successor, but Dartmouth's Trustees demanded that Wheelock appoint another. Wheelock, in part due to his strongly-held belief that Native Americans were childlike and rash, was convinced that Occom needed an Anglo-American supervisor on his fundraising tour. After several candidates turned down the job, Wheelock selected Whitaker. He proved to be a poor choice; he was, by many accounts, a difficult man to get along with, and many of Wheelock's British allies, including George Whitefield and the English Trust (the organization that took control of the money Occom raised in England) preferred to deal with Occom, although Whitaker insisted on handling the tour's logistics. Furthermore, in Britain, Occom was the obvious star of the tour, and it was unclear to many why Whitaker asserted himself so prominently. Whitaker's poor decisions seriously alienated the English Trust and increased their suspicion of Wheelock's later dealings and treatment of Occom. He gave the English Trust the impression that they would have control over money raised in Scotland (which was in fact lodged with the parent organization of the SSPCK), and he was the executor of the "Eells Affair," a plan initiated by the CT Board of the SSPCK to bring the money that Occom and Whitaker raised back to the colonies by investing it in trade goods and selling them at a profit (Eells was one of the merchants who was to help with the resale of goods). The English Trust learned about the plan by reading letters that Whitaker had given them permission to open in his absence, and were immediately shocked. The wording of certain letters made it appear that only a percentage of the profit from the resale of the goods would go towards Moor's Indian Charity School, but beyond that detail, the English Trust was scandalized at the thought of money raised for charity being invested in trade. The English Trust blamed Whitaker entirely for these affairs, and issued specific instructions for Occom to notarize all documents requiring Whitaker's signature. In short, they wanted Occom to supervise Whitaker, when Wheelock had envisioned the opposite relationship (both Occom and Whitaker seem to have ignored their instructions, preferring to have as little contact with one another as possible). In 1769, a year after his return to Connecticut in 1768, Whitaker found himself dismissed by his Chelsea congregation (likely because he had spent two and a half years away from them). He went on to serve several more congregations before his death in 1795. Whitaker was an outspoken Whig, and during the Revolution he published several pamphlets on his political opinions.
Andrew Gifford was the leading Baptist minister in England in the 18th century. He was born in Bristol, the son of Emmanuel Gifford (1673–1723), a Baptist minister, and his wife, Eleanor Lancaster (1662–1738); and grandson of Andrew Gifford, also a Bristol Baptist minister. He served as a Baptist minister in Nottingham (1725–1726) and Bristol (1727-1729). In January 1730, Gifford became Baptist minister at Little Wild Street, London, but was ostracized because of charges of sodomy that were never proven, and in 1736, he formed a new congregation in Eagle Street, where he remained as pastor for the rest of his life. Also a noted coin collector, he was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and was appointed assistant librarian in the British Museum in 1757. With the fortune of his second wife, Gifford encouraged an educated Baptist ministry through his support of Bristol Baptist College. His unusual combination of Calvinist theology with evangelical passion made him a partisan of George Whitefield, whose "Eighteen Sermons" (1771) Gifford edited; it was a volume that sold widely in England and America. He also supported Wheelock's missionary efforts; in his "Narrative" for June 1764, Wheelock records that Gifford sent the school "a neat Pair of Globes, and a valuable Collection of Books," and appeals to him for help in advancing the School's interests in London. Gifford was one of several prominent clergymen who befriended Occom and Whitaker on their fundraising tour in England. Occom records hearing Gifford preach, preaching at his church, and dining and lodging at his house. A measure of Occom's affection for Gifford is that he and Mary Occom named their youngest son Andrew Gifford (b 1774 in Mohegan).


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by Val
St. Joseph, I pray that you will intercede in the help of keeping my husband safe on the job, the health of me, my husband and 3 children, and for the quick and profitable sale of our home. Please help us make wise decisions on the potential purchasing of a new home. In Jesus's name...Amen!
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Having trees in the backyard can be a real asset to the garden. They provide shade for the whole family to sit under on a sunny day and can be a good playground for children who can spend hours having fun in a tree house or on a swing that has been built between the branches. For all the benefits that trees can provide, there are a few drawbacks which may require a professional Perth tree services provider to deal with any potential problems.
This is a guide to some of the most common problems that trees can cause
Blocking The View
As a tree's branches grow this may block the neighbours' view of their garden. As well as being frustrating for the neighbours it can also cause tensions to arise. It is better to deal with any complaints quickly, so if a neighbour complains then it is a good idea to get in touch with a tree surgeon as soon as possible and co-operate fully.
If tree roots or branches encroach over the official boundary between two houses onto a neighbour's property can be a serious legal matter. By removing these roots or trimming the branches with their permission, it could be in breach of the law. If it is the case that a tree is encroaching, consult with the neighbour and get them to agree to any work that needs doing. It is worthwhile for the encroacher to cover the costs whilst allowing the neighbour to choose a company themselves to remove the roots or branches. This helps the neighbour to feel in control of the process without having to foot the bill themselves.
Blocking Sunlight
If tree leaves and branches are blocking sunlight to the garden, this can prevent plants and flowers from growing properly can cause them to wilt and die. This can be a financial headache especially if the flowers were expensive to buy in the first place. By getting the branches cut, this will allow enough sunlight to give plants the vitamin D they need to thrive.
Falling Hazard
Overgrown trees can become a falling hazard. This is dangerous for people in the garden and can also be a risk to any part of the house which is in range of the tree. If a tree looks like it is leaning to far one way or that it sways heavily in high winds, then it is best to either have the tree removed or to have the branches significantly lopped.
Roots Interfering With Utilities and Foundations
Tree root can grow extremely long and thick and can find their way into the pipes of a house if they are not kept in check. This can interfere with the plumbing and can cause extensive damage. Also, roots can grow deep enough to interfere with the foundations of a house and make them potentially unstable. Having roots removed before they cause this kind of damage could save a lot of money on repairs.
Hopefully this guide will help homeowners to properly maintain trees in the garden so that they don't cause any of these problems.


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UK's Medley Relays Impress at Penn Relays Friday
By Jacob Most
April 25, 2014 -
PHILADELPHIA – Kentucky made impressions with its medley relays on Friday at the 120th running of the Penn Relays. The Wildcats broke the school record in the men's DMR, and finished as runners-up in the women's SMR.
Entering the distance medley, 17th-seeded Kentucky was not expected to contend in a field featuring the 2014 NCAA Indoor Champions Stanford, runners-up Oregon and two more of the top-8 from indoor nationals.
Nonetheless the team of Keffri Neal (1,200m), Terence Boyd, (400m), Robert Scharold (800m) and Matt Hillenbrand (1,600m) broke the 25-year-old indoor/outdoor school record by more than three seconds with a time of 9:30.52.
Keffri Neal gave UK the lead at the first exchange with a split of 2:53.70, Terence Boyd then ran a quarter-mile split of 47.63 and Robbie Scharold completed the 800m in 1:49.58.
Matt Hillenbrand received the baton in fourth position, but clawed his way back into the lead pack (made up of runners from Oregon, Stanford and Villanova) by the third lap of the anchor leg.
Hillenbrand surprised much of the Franklin Field crowd of 38,135 when he raced into the lead at the bell, but with 300 meters remaining Edward Cheserek – a freshman three-time NCAA champion – made his move to win the relay for Oregon with a time of 9:25.40.
Villanova (9:28.93) and Stanford (9:29.66) were second and third, while UK took fourth.
The Kentucky women's sprint medley relay of Dezerea Bryant, Keilah Tyson, Angelica Whaley and Allison Peare turned in a strong performance too.
Bryant – the NCAA indoor 200m champion – ran the first half-lap, while Keilah Tyson finished the first 400m among the leaders. Angelica Whaley ran the 400m leg in 54.4, and Allison Peare anchored over 800m in 2:07.94.
Peare briefly had the lead on the final lap, but UTech (Jamaica) went ahead coming off the final turn to claim the Penn Relays SMR Championship of America in 3:47.14. Kentucky finished as the runner-up team with a time of 3:48.24.
Leah Nugent qualified for Saturday's 100m hurdles final with a wind-legal personal best time, 13.31.
Terence Boyd placed second in the long jump "college division," with his outdoor best mark this season, 7.27m/23-10.25.
Kentucky's women's 4x200m relay of Dominique Booker, Sha'Keela Saunders, Kenyattia Hackworth and Whaley missed the Championship of America final by one spot and .2 seconds with a season-best time of 1:35.35.
Over at the Triton Invitational in San Diego, Rebecca Famurewa had a season best discus throw, with a mark of 54.04m/177-03 to place 13th in the invitational flight.
Famurewa and Brandi Walker placed 21st & 22nd in the hammer throw with respective marks of 51.09m/167-07 & 50.92m/167-01.
UK's 4x100m relay did not finish in the college division race as the Wildcats failed to pass the baton on the first exchange.
The Penn Relays and Triton Invitational will continue on Saturday, and much of UK's teams will also compete tomorrow at the Bellarmine Classic in Louisville, Ky.


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Stadium planners are using locally based contractors to help with the construction, there will be local restaurants for meals, local breweries for beer, and there will even be Minnesota hot dogs to be served at the games. But there is another dynamic that has also come to the forefront recently – artwork from local artists that will be displayed throughout the new stadium.
"One of the primary goals throughout stadium construction and operation is to utilize Minnesota companies and Minnesota people, and this partnership with Sports and the Arts fits that theme," Vikings owner/president Mark Wilf said in a statement. "This is an opportunity for Minnesotans and Vikings fans to further impact the design of this stadium with artwork that recognizes the history of the Vikings and celebrates the many attributes of this state and region. When fans see this art throughout the building, it will further emphasize that this stadium is for their benefit and enjoyment."
The Vikings are hoping to find pieces submitted by local artists that showcase the team's history, the history of Minnesota sports and other regional history. With that, they hope to create a "one-of-a-kind, museum-quality art collection for the new stadium." They are accepting work from artists with varying levels of experience, and that deal with various mediums. Mediums for submission include paintings, sketches/drawings, mixed media, photography, sculptures, murals, and digital art.
With a Super Bowl coming to town in 2018, an NCAA Final Four in 2019 and a multitude of concerts and other events being hosted in the new stadium, it will be a chance for the artwork to been seen by people from across the country, not just local Minnesotans.
There is already a little over $1 billion dollars invested into this stadium, with the taxpayers being responsible for $477 million. With that in mind, this stadium should be represented by not only the Vikings and their ownership but by the people of Minnesota as well.
Timeline for submissionFeb. 1, 2015 – Artist Submissions Open
Mar. 31, 2015 – Deadline for Submissions
June TBD 2015 – Artists Notified of Acceptance
If you or someone you know is interested in submitting a piece, submit a short bio, sample images of artistic pieces indicating the style of work and any other relevant information via PDF to firstname.lastname@example.com. PDF submissions should be no larger than 5MB and contain up to eight visual samples of past pieces created by each artists.