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Caring for Infants Then & Now 1935 to the Present
- Edwina Griffin
- 2 years ago
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1 Caring for Infants Then & Now 1935 to the Present Kimberly Deavers, MPH and Laura Kavanagh, MPP U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Health Resources & Services Administration Maternal & Child Health Bureau
2 Produced by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau in 2010 in recognition of the 75th anniversary of Title V of the Social Security Act. Bright Futures was produced by the American Academy of Pediatrics under its cooperative agreement (U06MC0002) with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Maternal and Child Health Bureau.
3 Table of Contents Preface Bath Time Infant Sleep...6 Medical Supervision Infant Immunizations...9 Preventing Illness Injury Prevention Breastfeeding Breast Milk Alternatives...13 Introduction to Solid Foods Oral Health Sun Exposure Physical Activity...19 Traveling with Baby...21 Role of Fathers
4 Preface To celebrate the 75th Anniversary of Title V of the Social Security Act, the Health Resources and Services Administration s Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) developed Caring for Infants: Then and Now to highlight the Bureau s longstanding commitment to high quality information for parents. This publication provides snapshots of infant care recommendations selected from Infant Care1, published by the Federal Children s Bureau in 1935, and Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents2, published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2008 under a cooperative agreement with the MCHB. Infant Care was first published by the Children s Bureau in 1914 in response to high rates of infant death found throughout the country3. The pamphlet provided mothers with up-to-date information, with the goal of improving babies health and preventing infant deaths. At the time, many women learned how to care for their children through motherly and peer advice, cultural traditions, and trial and error, rather than written resources. Infant Care was the first government publication of its kind, and it became a Children s Bureau bestseller. In 1935, the year Title V of the Social Security was enacted, over 8 million families received a copy of Infant Care4. By the final 1989 edition, several hundred million copies had been distributed. While some messages have remained consistent over time, others have changed, reflecting the evolution of both scientific knowledge and attitudes about the roles of parents vis-à-vis professional experts. Since the first edition of Infant Care to the current Bright Futures, the Federal government has continued to support parents, families, and caregivers with up-to-date information about their infants health and development. References 1 United States Department of Labor. Infant Care, Children s Bureau Publication No. 8, Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office; Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM, eds. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children and Adolescents, Third Edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; Reed J. Infant care - then and now. Children Today. 1981; Jan/Feb: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Story of Infant Care. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office; 1965.
5 Bath Time In 1935 Infant Care advised... A healthy baby should be bathed everyday. During the first two weeks this and all the matters pertaining to the care of the baby usually are under the supervision of the doctor or nurse. The full tub bath may be given as soon as the scar where the navel cord was attached has fully healed. For some weeks a tiny baby may be bathed in a basin or bowl; after that he should have a tub bath. The mother may find it more convenient to give the bath before the mid-morning feeding, after the bowels have moved. Never bathe a baby within an hour after feeding. Sometimes it may be more convenient to give the bath at night, just before the baby s bedtime. The water should be slightly above body heat; that is about 105 F. A bath thermometer that floats is useful, but if none can be had the mother may test the temperature with her elbow. When the water is neither hot nor cold it will be comfortable for the baby. Never add hot water to the bath while the baby is in the tub. Never put the baby into the bath while the tub is standing on a stove or heater; he might be seriously burned in this way. Never bathe a baby close to the kitchen stove. Never leave a young baby alone in the tub. Bright Futures now recommends... Your baby s skin may not need to be washed with soap daily. However, cradle cap can be prevented with frequent washing of the scalp. To protect your baby from tap-water scalds, the hottest temperature at the faucet should be no higher than 120 F. Before bathing the baby, always test the water temperature with your wrist to make sure it is not too hot. Never leave your baby alone in a tub of water. A bath seat or bath ring is not a safety device and is not a substitute for adult supervision. A newborn baby s skin is sensitive. Using fragrance-free soaps and lotions for bathing, and fragrance-free detergents for washing clothes will reduce the likelihood of rashes. In addition, oils and heavy lotions tend to clog pores and increase the likelihood of rashes. For areas of dry skin, such as creases and feet, moisturizing lotions are recommended. Powders are not recommended because of the possibility of inhalation and possible respiratory problems.
6 Infant Sleep In 1935 Infant Care advised... A very young baby should sleep from 20 to 22 hours out of the 24; during the second and third months about 18 to 20 hours. It should be remembered that babies vary in their needs for sleep. Some require less than these amounts; some require more. The baby should be trained from birth to have his longest unbroken sleep at night. He should always sleep in a bed by himself, and whenever possible in a room by himself, where he need not be disturbed by the presence of other persons and where light and ventilation may be adjusted to his particular needs. A baby should never be put to sleep in all of his clothes. Before going to bed at night he should be sponged off with a wash cloth wrung out of lukewarm water. He will sleep better both day and night if he is comfortable. Never allow a baby to go to sleep with anything in his mouth. He should not be allowed to suck a pacifier, nor his fingers, nor even his bottle. Bright Futures now recommends... At this age, newborns usually lack a day/night schedule and sleep for a longer stretch during the day. Your baby will need help from you and other caregivers to develop sleep and feeding routines. Putting your baby down to sleep in the same place every time and establishing a regular routine for feeding and sleeping will help him get on a schedule and will help him sleep at night. To reduce the risk of SIDS, it is best to always have your baby sleep on her back, not on her tummy or side. Do not use loose, soft bedding (blankets, comforters, sheepskins, quilts, pillows, pillow-like bumper pads) or soft toys in the baby s crib, because they are associated with an increased risk of SIDS. Thin blankets can be used to swaddle the baby, or in a crib if the blankets are tucked in under the crib mattress. It is also a good idea if your baby sleeps in your room in her own crib (not in your bed). If you breastfeed or bottle-feed your baby in your bed, return her to her own crib or bassinet when you both are ready to go back to sleep. Remember to choose a crib with slats that are no more than 2 3/8 inches (60 mm) apart and with a mattress the same size as the crib. A crib should be certified by the Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association. Using a pacifier during sleep is strongly associated with a reduced risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
7 Medical Supervision In 1935 Infant Care advised... To keep a baby well there should be continued supervision by a doctor trained in the care of babies. The mother can not know nor recognize many of the early signs of trouble because she is not trained to do this and because she is too near the baby and sees him too often to realize that any change is taking place. The doctor, who sees the baby once or twice a month, looks at him with a trained eye and can see whether he is as rosy as usual or is becoming a little pale, whether he is as active as he should be, or whether he shows other early signs that are the forerunners of trouble. A mother can not know just when her particular baby needs to have his food changed or increased, nor when is the best time for her baby to be protected from diphtheria and vaccinated against small pox. Such things as these the doctor will know, and his advice is of the greatest importance to every mother who would keep her baby well. The doctor s supervision of a baby should begin as soon as the baby is born. Regular visits to the doctor should be made for three purposes: (1) Weighing (weekly); (2) advice (monthly); (3) health examinations (every four months). The mother and baby should be seen by the doctor whether at his office or at a wellbaby conference, at least once a month, and oftener if the baby is not doing well or if he is artificially fed so that the baby s diet may be discussed as well as his habits of eating, sleeping, exercise, outdoor life, and elimination. Bright Futures now recommends... The first priority of every health supervision visit is to attend to the concerns of the family. Many parents are aware of developmental delays or irregularities before they are told them by a health care professional. Their concerns must be promptly responded to, and an appropriate evaluation must be initiated. The number of newborn health supervision visits will depend on the mode of delivery and the presence of maternal and neonatal complications.
8 Bright Futures Guidelines recommends at least a prenatal visit, newborn visit, first week visit, and follow-up visits at the first, second, fourth, sixth, and ninth month of life during the infancy period.
9 Infant Immunizations In 1935 Infant Care advised The large majority of babies are well when they are born. The universal problem is how to keep them well. Many diseases of babyhood are much less common today than they used to be because modern science has found out how they can be prevented. Some diseases can be prevented by feeding the baby properly and by giving him plenty of sunlight and some by vaccinating or inoculating him with a protective substance. Every baby should be vaccinated against smallpox before he is 12 months old. This should be done whether there is any smallpox in the community or not, as the disease may break out when least expected. Every baby should be immunized against diphtheria when he is six months old or as soon as is possible. This is done by the injection of three doses of toxoid or toxin-antitoxin. Six months later the baby should be given the Schick test to see whether the treatment has protected him against the disease. In the majority of babies thus treated the test shows that the baby has been protected, but in a few the test will show that they need to have the injections repeated. Be sure to have the Schick test done and find out whether your baby is safe. Bright Futures now recommends The value of immunizations in avoiding preventable diseases and disease complications is an important discussion for providers to have with parents. For the immunization schedule, Bright Futures uses the most current recommendations of the CDC National Immunization Program (http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines) and the American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book (http://www.aapredbook.org). In 2010, these sources recommended immunizations in the first year of life to protect against hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococccus, and rotavirus.
10 Preventing Illness In 1935 Infant Care advised... Prevention of Colds Babies are very susceptible to common colds and are frequently made very ill by what is just a cold in adults. All persons having colds or coughs should be kept away from the baby. No one should lean or talk over a baby, or breath in his face, since breath carries a fine spray which may be loaded with germs. Some persons though they apparently have no colds themselves, are carrying germs in their noses or throats which will produce disease in a baby. Avoid overheating of the rooms in which a baby lives. Keep the air fresh by leaving a window open a little way. Do not overheat the baby by wrapping him up too warmly when he goes out. If he perspires too freely outdoors he may be chilled when he comes indoors and has his wraps removed. Never take a baby into a crowded place, for some one in the crowd may have a cold and the baby is likely to catch it. Do not let the baby get too tired. Bright Futures now recommends... One of the most important steps in keeping your baby healthy is to wash your hands frequently with soap and water or a non-water antiseptic, always after diaper changes and before feeding your baby. You also should ask all family members and guests to wash their hands before handling the baby. Newborns are susceptible to illnesses in the first few months of life and need to be protected from anyone with colds or other illnesses. Outings to faith-based activities, restaurants, and movies should be considered carefully and avoided during cold and flu season. Avoid crowded places, overdressing, and exposure to very hot or cold temperatures. As long as you wash your hands before breastfeeding, you can continue to breastfeed through most illnesses that you or your baby have. Injury Prevention In 1935 Infant Care advised... How to Prevent Accidents: Burns Burns are far too common in infancy. They should be prevented by keeping the baby away from the stove, open fires, and gas or electric heaters. Keep him in his crib or in a play pen, at a safe distance from any heater. Never bathe him
11 close to the stove, as tragic accidents have been caused by overturned kettles of hot water. How to Prevent Accidents: Poisonings Keep all bottles of medicines or boxes of pills on high shelves or in cupboards well out of the baby s reach. Do not leave the bottle of iodine on the washstand or table. Keep the kerosene can in a closed cupboard or other safe place. A baby who bites his painted crib or other piece of painted furniture may get lead poisoning; he should have an unpainted wooden crib or one painted with paint containing no lead. Never use a baby powder containing stearate of zinc unless ordered by your doctor. Never give a baby a can of baby powder as a plaything, even one that is apparently empty. If he puts the top in his mouth he may inhale the powder. If stearate of zinc is inhaled, a serious and often fatal form of pneumonia develops. Always keep such poisons as lye on high shelves out of the baby s reach. Never leave a can of lye on the floor or in any place where a creeping child might get hold of it. Lye causes a type of burn in the mouth and throat that may result fatally. To avoid gas poisoning, be sure that gas fixtures do not leak and that lights that might be blown out accidentally are not left burning. Bright Futures now recommends Promoting safety and preventing injuries is a continuing task for parents during the first year of their child s life. Although suffocation and motor vehicle crashes are the most common causes of unintentional injury and death during this age, the infant also is at risk of other injuries, including falls, fires and burns, poisoning, choking, and drowning. Each of these tragedies is preventable, and appropriate counseling can provide parents with the knowledge and strategies for reducing the likelihood that these injuries will occur. Always put your baby down to sleep on his back, not on his tummy or side. Always use a rear-facing car safety seat to transport your baby in all vehicles. It is very important for your baby s health that your home, vehicle, and other places the baby stays are smoke-free. Do not drink hot liquids while holding the baby. Always keep one hand on your baby when changing diapers or clothing on a changing table, couch or bed, especially as she begins to roll over. Falls are the most common reason for emergency room visits for injury.
12 Breastfeeding In 1935 Infant Care advised... The way the baby is fed during the first year of life may make him either strong and healthy or weak and sickly; wrong feeding may even be the cause of his death. For this reason a physician experienced in the care and feeding of infants should be consulted as soon as the baby is born and at regular intervals thereafter; at least once a month if the baby is breast fed and more frequently if he is artificially fed. He will advise the mother with regard to all the details of feeding. For the sake of the baby s health the doctor s advice should be followed with the greatest of care. Breast milk is easily assimilated, cheap, clean, and convenient. No other thing has a greater influence on the development and health of the baby than breast feeding. Breast feeding gives a baby a better chance for life and for steady and normal growth. The death rate of babies not breast fed is higher than the death rate of breast-fed babies. Bright Futures now recommends. Breastfeeding is recommended for infants during at least the first year of life, because of its benefits to infant nutrition, gastrointestinal function, host defense, neurodevelopment, and psychological well-being. Cultural factors may influence breastfeeding initiation and success. Parents need practical support for breastfeeding, as well as culturally appropriate information and guidance. Breastfeeding during the first 4 to 6 months of life provides ideal nutrition and supports the best possible growth and development. You should feed your baby when she is hungry. A baby s usual signs of hunger include putting her hand to her mouth, sucking, rooting, pre-cry facial grimaces, and fussing. Crying is a late sign of hunger. You can avoid crying by responding to the baby s more subtle cues. In the first days of life, your baby should be encouraged to breastfeed about 8 to 12 times in 24 hours to help the mature breast milk come in.
13 Feed your baby until she seems full. Signs of fullness are turning the head away from the nipple, closing the mouth, and relaxed hands. Burp your baby at natural breaks (e.g., midway through or after a feeding) by gently rubbing or patting her back while holding her against your shoulder and chest or supporting her in a sitting position on your lap. Because alcohol is passed into the breast milk, it is important for mothers to avoid alcohol for 2 to 3 hours before breastfeeding or during breastfeeding. If you do not know your HIV status, it is a good idea to get tested; if you are HIV positive, it is possible to prevent transmission of the virus to your baby. Healthy babies do not require extra water, as breast milk and formula (when properly prepared) are adequate to meet the newborn s fluid needs. Breast Milk Alternatives In 1935 Infant Care advised... Artificial Feeding Every baby should be under the supervision of a doctor, and at no time is this more necessary than when artificial feeding is begun. During the first six months of life there is no perfect substitute for breast feeding. Therefore no baby should be taken off the breast during this time unless there is a good reason. After the baby is 6 months old artificial feeding can be begun more safely, but it is best that a baby should be at least partly breast fed until he is 8 or 9 months old. The most important problems in connection with artificial feeding are: (1) The choice of good milk supply; (2) the planning of the milk mixture so that it may be adequate in quantity and quality; (3) preparation of the milk mixture so that it may be safe and digestible. The problem of the milk supply may be met by buying a good grade of milk (certified or grade A) that has been pasteurized. Cow s milk is most commonly used, but in some sections of the country goat s milk is more abundant and may be used satisfactorily. The doctor should decide upon the ingredients of the feeding and upon the amounts to be used. It is the consensus of the opinion among child specialists to-day that any milk or milk mixture fed to a baby should be boiled to render it absolutely safe and at the same time more digestible.
14 Wet Nurses & Breast-Milk Agencies Some newborn babies, especially those prematurely born, and some babies who are very delicate or who suffer from chronic digestive disturbances can not be made to thrive on artificial food. If such babies can not be nursed by their mothers it is wise to provide breast milk, either by engaging a wet nurse or by buying breast milk from a hospital or a breast milk agency. In some large cities there are agencies where breast milk can be bought or wet nurses engaged. In small towns or in the country wet nurses or breast milk can be had by advertising or by inquiring at a maternity hospital in some near-by city. Sometimes breast milk may be obtained from a friend or a relative. It is often more satisfactory to buy breast milk than to employ a wet nurse in the home. If it is bought from an individual, it is desirable that the woman should come to the baby s home, so that there may be supervision of the expression of the milk. All breast milk obtained from an agency or hospital or from a wet nurse or other individual should be boiled and kept on ice in sterile bottles. Bright Futures now recommends.. For mothers who are unable to breastfeed their baby or who choose not to breastfeed, iron-fortified formula is the recommended substitute for breast milk for feeding the full-term infant during the first year of life. Cow s milk, goat s milk, soy beverages (not soy formula), and low-iron formulas should not be used during the first year. Reduced fat (2%), low fat (1%), fat-free (skim), and soy milk are not recommended for infants during the first 2 years. Carefully read the instructions on the formula container. It will give you important information about how to prepare the formula and store it safely. Talk with your health care professional if you have any questions about how to prepare formula or before switching to a different brand or kind of formula. Prepare 2 oz of infant formula every 2 to 3 hours at first, and then provide more if your baby still seems hungry. As your baby s appetite increases over time, you will need to prepare and offer larger quantities of formula. It is important to always hold your baby close when feeding, in a semi-upright position, so that you are able to sense her behavioral cues of hunger, being full, comfort, and distress. Hold your baby so you can look into her eyes during feeding. When you feed your baby with a bottle, do not prop the bottle in her mouth. Propping increases the risk that she may choke, get an ear infection, and develop early childhood caries. Holding your baby in your arms and holding the bottle for her give you a wonderful opportunity for warm and loving interaction with her. Burp your baby at natural breaks (e.g., midway through or after a feeding) by
15 gently rubbing or patting her back while holding her against your shoulder and chest or supporting her in a sitting position on your lap. Because formula is expensive, you may be hesitant to throw away any that is left in the bottle. For food safety reasons, if your baby has not taken all of the formula at one feeding and you plan to continue using it, you should put it back in the refrigerator. Do not mix this formula with new formula. If the formula has been heated and has been out of the refrigerator for 1 hour or more, discard it. Introduction to Solid Foods In 1935 Infant Care advised... Some of the foods that a baby needs during his first year of life, in addition to breast milk, are as follows: Cod-liver oil, which is given chiefly because it supplies vitamin D, the factor that prevents rickets. Egg yolk, which is given chiefly because it supplies iron. Cereals and bread, which are given because they supply starch, protein, and minerals. Dark wheat cereals and bread are especially valuable for minerals, vitamin B, and roughage. Stewed fruits, such as prunes and apples, which are given chiefly because they help to regulate the bowels. These fruits also supply iron and other minerals and vitamins A and B and roughage. Potatoes, which are given because they supply starch, minerals, and vitamin B. Bright Future now recommends Complementary foods, commonly referred to as solids, include any foods or beverages besides human milk or formula. The AAP Committee on Nutrition states that complementary foods can be introduced in infants diets between 4 and 6 months of age and when the infant is developmentally ready. The AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for a
16 minimum of 4 months, but preferably for 6 months. During the second 6 months of life, complementary foods are an addition to, not replacement for, breast milk or infant formula. Foods associated with lifelong sensitization (peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish) should not be introduced until after 1 year or even later. Your baby may be ready for solid foods when: The tongue thrust reflex (pushing food out of the mouth) fades. She can raise her tongue to move pureed food to the back of the mouth. As she sees a spoon approach, she opens her mouth in anticipation of the next bite. She sits with arm support and has good head and neck control so she can indicate a desire for food by opening her mouth and leaning forward. Your baby can tell you she is full or doesn t want food by leaning back and turning way. As you begin solids, it is import to feed your baby in a bouncy seat or high chair that is adjusted to make sure your baby s head, trunk, and feet are supported so that you can look at each other. Introduce single-ingredient new foods, one at a time, and watch for adverse reactions over several days or weeks. Oral Health In 1935 Infant Care advised The development of teeth begins at least six months before birth. It is probable that the proper foods in the diet of the prospective mother help to lay the foundation for healthy teeth in the baby and that lack of proper food will deprive both her own and the baby s teeth of some part of their normal vigor. After the baby is born, in order that the teeth may continue to develop normally, it is of the utmost importance that he himself receive the best diet possible, namely, his mother s milk. During the period of breast feeding it is also important that the mother should eat the proper foods and get plenty of direct sunlight.
17 Teething is a normal process which continues from about the age of 6 months to 2 ½ years. During the time when a tooth is actually coming through the gum the baby may be irritable or fretful and may not eat well, but teething alone rarely accounts for illness or fever. If, during the period from 6 to 18 months when the first 12 teeth are coming through, the baby is feverish or sick, a doctor should be consulted, and the illness should not be attributed to teething until all other possible causes such as colds, abscess in the ear, and other diseases have been ruled out by the doctor. The child s gums should be firm, dense, and a clear light pink in color, and they should hold the teeth firmly in place. Any sign of a gumboil should be regarded as a danger signal. Bright Future now recommends Sharing spoons and cleaning a dropped pacifier in your mouth may increase the growth of bacteria in your baby s mouth and increase the risk that he will develop dental decay when his teeth come in. To protect your child s eventual dental health, it is important for you to maintain good dental health. Because you may be the source of caries-promoting bacteria for your baby, it is important you visit the dentist, reduce the amount of sugary drinks in your diet, take meticulous care of your teeth through brushing and flossing, and use a fluoridated toothpaste and/or rinse. The use of fluoride supplements will depend on whether your baby is breastfed or formula fed, as well as the water source. The local health department may be a resource for information about local community fluoride levels. To avoid developing a habit that will harm your baby s teeth, do not put him to bed with a bottle containing juice, milk, or other sugary liquid. Always hold your baby for a bottle-feeding and do not prop the bottle in his mouth or allow him to graze (drink from the bottle at will during the day). If your baby is teething, he may drool, become fussy, or put things in his mouth. A cold teething ring may help ease his discomfort. Talk with a health professional if the symptoms persist. Early dental care, with the eruption of the first tooth, means using a soft toothbrush or cloth to clean your baby s teeth with water only.
18 Sun Exposure In 1935 Infant Care advised. When a baby is 2 weeks old put him out of doors for a short time a half hour to an hour, every day that the weather is pleasant increasing the time gradually until he is staying out most of the day. Hardly anything will do more to insure a healthy babyhood than outdoor life, and the result will well repay whatever trouble is necessary to give the baby this advantage. If no porch or yard is available the baby should be placed in a wide-open sunny window for several hours every day in the middle of the day. The room should be well heated and the doors kept closed. Sun Baths Sunlight is necessary for the proper growth of a baby. The growth of a child s bones is dependent not only upon the food that he eats, but also upon the direct sunlight that he receives, for sunlight enables the body to utilize food. If the baby does not get enough direct sunlight and cod-liver oil, his bones will not develop normally, and his muscles will be flabby. He will probably have rickets. The beneficial effect of sunlight is best obtained when the rays reach the skin directly. Clothing or ordinary window glass keeps out the ultra-violet rays the rays that prevent and cure rickets. Tanning shows that the sun s rays are reaching the skin directly, but not all babies tan even though exposed to the sun. Sun baths may be begun when the baby is about 3 or 4 weeks old outdoor sun baths for the spring and summer baby, indoor sun baths given inside an open window for the late fall and the winter baby. Bright Futures now recommends. Because your baby s skin is sensitive, do not expose her to direct sunlight. Sunscreens are not recommended. As much as possible, keep your baby out of the sun. If she has to be in the sun, use a sunscreen made for children. For babies younger than 6 months, sunscreen may be used on small areas of the body, such as the face and backs of the hands, if adequate clothing and shade are not available.
19 Physical Activity In 1935 Infant Care advised. The normal baby exercises constantly when awake. At a very early age he throws his arms and legs about aimlessly; he closes and uncloses his hand, stretches himself, and twists his neck. He gets a good deal of exercise by crying; some crying every day does not hurt a baby but is good for him, as it expands his lungs thoroughly and stimulates vigorous use of his arms and legs. A baby should not be so swaddled or wrapped about with clothing, shawls, and blankets that he can not move every part of the body freely, for this wrapping hampers him in getting his natural exercise. For this reason, also, the baby should not be left in his chair or carriage for any length of time, nor fastened by his clothing or bedding covers in such a way that he can not turn his body nor throw his arms and legs about as he wishes. A baby should not be taught to walk until he is ready for it and shows that he is. Too early walking may keep the natural bowing of a little baby s legs from straightening out or may actually increase it. (At birth the normal baby s legs are somewhat bowed. As he grows older they straighten unless he has rickets or walks too soon.) No baby walker should be used, nor any other device that forces the baby to walk with the legs spread apart. A baby walker may overtire a child because it holds him too long in a confined space and forces him to take a more or less rigid position. Bright Futures now recommends. Physical activity is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle and must begin in infancy and extend throughout adulthood. The first year of life is marked by dramatic changes in the amount and type of physical activity the infant displays. Motor skill development begins with involuntary reflexes that ensure the infant s survival. These reflexes become integrated as the infant gains voluntary control over his body. All infants usually acquire motor skills in the same order, but the rate at which these skills are acquired varies from child to child. Infants need parents and other caregivers to provide consistent, lively, and developmentally appropriate physical activity. Without adequate physical stimu-
20 lation, infants adopt more sedentary behaviors and tend to roll over, crawl, and walk later than babies who enjoy physical activity with a parent or caregiver. Part of the infant s day should be spent with a caregiver or parent who provide both systematic and spontaneous opportunities for active play and physical activity. Parents and caregivers can help the child be active through floor play, supervised tummy time, and all daily routines, such as diapering, dressing and bathing, pulling to sit, rolling over, lifting arms over head, pulling to stand, and helping to lift a foot for a sock. Games such as pat-a-cake, peek-abook, and how big is baby? all encourage active movement of the infant. Giving infants freedom of movement encourages them to explore their environment and learn about their surroundings. Playpens, wings, and infant seats may be appropriate at certain times, but parents should be encouraged to let the infant move around freely with close supervision. Infant walkers and jumpers and car safety seats should not be used as positioning devices in the home. When babies are awake, they enjoy looking around their environment and moving their bodies. One of the first skills babies must learn is holding their head up. One of the ways babies learn to do this is through tummy time. Although babies need to sleep on their backs, we want to encourage them to play on their tummies. Having them lie on their father s chest and look up into the face is a good activity in their first month. Tummy time also can help prevent the development of a flat area on the back of the head. Infant walkers should not be used by young children at any age. They are frequently associated with falls and can slow development of motor skills in children. Traveling with Baby In 1935 Infant Care advised... Any trip with a baby should be carefully planned. During the journey try not to let anything interfere with the baby s regular feeding, bathing, sleep, exercise, elimination, and frequent change of diaper. Wash his hands and face several times each day. Do not let strangers handle him. Keep him as cool and quiet as possible.
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NEW YORK (AP) Stephon Marbury's future with the New York Knicks was "not resolved" Monday during a meeting with team president Donnie Walsh, according to the players' association attorney representing him.
Marbury arrived at the team's practice facility at 2:25 p.m. ET and met with Walsh for about 20 minutes. His representative, Hal Biagas, walked out of the building shortly after 3 p.m. and into the car where Marbury was waiting.
"(We'll) try to keep this in house and so no comment at this time," Biagas said. "We'll keep you posted as things happen."
Walsh suspended Marbury for one game without pay and docked him an additional game's salary last week after the Knicks said the point guard refused coach Mike D'Antoni's request to play in a loss to Detroit last Wednesday.
Biagas wouldn't say if Marbury, who was penalized nearly $400,000, was reinstated or if there had been any progress toward a buyout.
"We had a conversation," he said.
Marbury wants out of New York and lashed out at teammates and coach Mike D'Antoni in Monday's New York Post.
GAME ON! BLOG: Not-so-fond farewell in New York
"I sat there for three weeks and didn't say one word," Marbury told the Post. "I didn't hear one of my teammates say, 'Why isn't Stephon Marbury playing? This is a good system for him, even to play with the second unit and bring more firepower.'
"When things got bad and then worse, guys like Quentin Richardson say, 'I don't consider him a teammate. He let his teammates out to dry.' He didn't care I was his teammate when I was banished. They left me out for dead. It's like we're in a foxhole and I'm facing the other way. If I got shot in the head, at least you want to get shot by the enemy. I got shot in the head by my own guys in my foxhole. And they didn't even give me an honorable death."
Knicks players have grown tired of the repeated controversies caused by Marbury, especially because they'd like more focus on their improved play this season. New York (8-8) ended November at .500 or better for the first time since going 7-6 in 2004.
"I don't know what to say to that, more than I'm sorry he feels that way and I don't get the impression that we've done that," forward David Lee said. "But moving forward, as I said, this has just got to get taken care of whenever it gets taken care of and we've just got to focus on winning. And buying into comments like that or responding to them does nothing more than take the focus off our team and winning."
Richardson criticized Marbury after the game in Detroit, when the Knicks were forced to play short-handed after injuries and trades. He seemed amused when asked about Marbury's comments after practice.
"He's entitled to his opinion just like I am. And obviously I said what I said and he feels differently about that, and he's entitled to that," Richardson said. "The main thing we want to do is we want to play basketball and win games. These aren't the things we want to come off the court and talk about."
Marbury isn't part of D'Antoni's plans and has been on the inactive list most of the season. However, D'Antoni twice asked Marbury if he would play when the Knicks were undermanned.
"Mike had no intentions of me playing basketball here," Marbury said. "He gave me straight disrespect. It was beyond disrespect. He put in (Danilo) Gallinari, whose back is messed up and (who) didn't participate at all in training camp ahead of me (in the season opener). ... That's saying, 'I'm letting you have it right now.' He was sticking it to me."
Walsh has said he's opposed to buyouts and agreed that it's difficult to trade Marbury because of his salary of approximately $21 million.
"He (D'Antoni) knew I was in my contract year and did everything they asked me to do. He's not trying to help me. He's trying to hurt me," Marbury said.
Marbury agreed to suit up last Friday night in Milwaukee so the Knicks would have the league-mandated eight players in uniform, but declined D'Antoni's offer before the game to take some available minutes.
D'Antoni and Walsh didn't feel that was insubordination, but Walsh believed he had to act this time, when Marbury turned D'Antoni down after guards Nate Robinson and Cuttino Mobley were unavailable in the second game of a back-to-back.
"He suspended me without hearing both sides," Marbury said. "That wasn't fair. He took it upon himself to fine me without even speaking to me."
The players' association plans to file a grievance because Marbury insists he never refused to play.
"Mike gave the option to play," he said. "He couldn't come to me man to man and say, 'You have to play.' It was an option."
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text:
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According to the latest EEA assessment, the European Union (EU), so far, has shown limited progress in improving the conservation status of EU protected habitats and species, and the many pressures on these habitats and species remain. This lack of progress makes it difficult for the EU to meet its 2020 objectives set in its Biodiversity Strategy.
As part of its contributions to the knowledge base for European environmental policy, European Environment Agency (EEA) hosts the European Biodiversity Data Centre and the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) providing information on protected areas, habitat types and species. One of its components, namely the EUNIS habitat classification, provides harmonised names and descriptions of European natural habitats. Harmonisation is important for countries' joint efforts on biodiversity monitoring and reporting. A new EEA briefing, published today, describes how the classification continues to be revised, with the current phase focusing on heathland, scrub and tundra habitats.
Following a fitness check of the Birds and Habitats Directives and with the aim to boost their contribution towards reaching the EU's biodiversity targets for 2020, the European Commission has recently adopted an Action Plan for nature, people and the economy. The Action Plan focuses on four priority areas and comprises 15 actions to be carried out between now and 2019. EEA tools and products support many of these actions.
In Europe, protected areas have a key role in safeguarding biodiversity. The Natura 2000 network of protected areas aims to ensure the conservation of targeted species and habitats of European Union interest. Currently, Natura 2000 covers over 18% of the EU land area and 6% of marine territory, making it the largest coordinated network of protected areas in the world. Last week, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the network, the European Commission proclaimed 21 May as European Natura 2000 Day.
In other European countries, the Emerald Network is based on the same principles as Natura 2000, helping to develop a coherent approach to the protection of natural habitats and species on the European continent.
To put more focus on the benefits people receive from nature, the EEA has launched a photo competition, 'NATURE@work', inviting European citizens to submit photographs until 15 August that illustrate how nature protects, inspires and provides for us. The winners of the competition will be awarded a cash prize, and the submitted photos can be featured in EEA products.
Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE)
European Nature Information System (EUNIS)]]>
Protected areas encompass a wide variety of natural and semi-natural environments. Historically, they have taken many forms, from indigenous communities' sacred sites and medieval hunting reserves, to more modern national parks and nature reserves. These different forms reflected the different needs that these areas were created to serve.
After the Second World War, the increasing appreciation of nature's intrinsic value founded the idea that a protected area's main role was to safeguard biological diversity. However, since the 1970s, a more blended model has emerged, in which protected areas are viewed as a critical component of a life support system, a repository of biodiversity and at the same time a potential source of economic wealth, provided that wealth is sustainably used. Increasingly, the social and economic value of protected areas receives recognition from society as people become more aware of the ecosystem services that protected areas provide beyond preserving biodiversity. These services include clean water, temperature regulation, food provision and aesthetic value.
The management regimes of protected areas vary greatly. Some protected areas ban activities such as hunting or extraction of natural resources, while for others, human activities are part of their identity and even necessary for maintaining and restoring target species and habitats. Participation and involvement of people is a key factor for the establishment and management of protected areas.
Silverån Natura2000, SE. Photo: Jan Bolding
In an attempt to describe and categorise the different management approaches in individual sites, the IUCN has identified seven different protected area categories based on management objectives.
This change in perception of what a protected area is has also involved a shift from conceiving the protected area as an isolated space, to recognising it as part of an ecological network. Protected area networks allow for a more effective and harmonised management of the shared natural heritage.
The concept of promoting international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of natural heritage has also gained appreciation since 1970's, giving rise to international types of protected areas and networks like the Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance.
At the EU level, through the Birds and the Habitats Directives, the Natura 2000 network was established. Its purpose is primarily to ensure the conservation of targeted species and habitats of European interest. The Natura 2000 network is largely complete as far as the terrestrial environment is concerned and connectivity — spatial and functional — of Natura 2000 sites across national borders is relatively good. However, the marine component of the network is still largely incomplete in many countries, and mostly includes inshore waters leaving the offshore waters with poor protection levels. More information on the progress of the Natura 2000 network is available from the Natura 2000 Barometer.
The Emerald Network was launched by the Council of Europe in the frame of the Bern Convention. The Emerald Network and Natura 2000 are based on the same principles, and are thus fully compatible with each other, helping to develop a coherent approach to the protection of natural habitats and species in the European continent. They constitute the two most important European networks of protected areas and the largest coordinated network of protected areas in the world
The last century saw a great increase in both the number of protected areas and the total surface area that has received protected status. With more than 120 000 sites designated across 52 countries, Europe accounts for more protected areas than any other region of the world. The size of Europe's designated areas varies greatly, ranging from an individual tree to over 97 million hectares (ha) for a site in Greenland. Nevertheless, ninety per cent of sites measure less than 1000 ha. To some extent this large number, but relatively small area, reflects the high pressure on land use arising from agriculture, transport and urban development in Europe.
Protected areas in Europe reveal in many cases a considerable geographical overlap between different designation types at regional, national and international levels. The designation types are in many cases complementary.
European policy regarding protected areas is mostly the product of initiatives from two main sources: the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and the European Union itself. Several instruments have promoted the creation of protected areas through specific provisions such as the Ramsar Convention, the World Heritage Convention, UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. At the pan-European level, the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) has also led to the designation of protected areas (Emerald network).
At the EU level, several directives have been particularly important for the creation of protected areas: the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive. As the European Union is also a signatory to the Bern Convention, the Natura 2000 network is in practice the EU's contribution to the Emerald Network.
The EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 is the main policy frame for EU action to address wider biodiversity goals. Target 1 of the strategy refers to the completion and good management of the Natura 2000 network. Centralised information about European biodiversity – policies, data and assessments – including further information about the Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 can be found in the Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE).
Hoces del río Riaza Natural Park, ES. Photo: Paco Sánchez
The European inventory of Nationally designated areas (CDDA), is an Eionet core data flow maintained by the EEA, which holds information about protected areas and the national legislative instruments that directly or indirectly create protected areas. The CDDA is the official source of protected area information from European countries to the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA).
The European Nature Information System, EUNIS, is a web application, which brings together European data for protected areas (Natura 2000 data, nationally designated areas (CDDA) and European Nature Diploma Areas (Council of Europe)) and their relation to species and habitat types. The EEA is the custodian of EUNIS and undertakes its continuous maintenance and revision. The EUNIS information system is part of the European Biodiversity Data Centre (BDC) hosted by the EEA and it is a contribution to the knowledge base for implementing EU and global biodiversity strategies and the 7th Environmental Action Programme.
A comprehensive overview report of Protected Areas in Europe was produced by the EEA on the current state of protected areas and aims to assist policy makers and the wider public in understanding the complexity of the current systems of protected areas.
The EEA maintains an extensive set of indicators, grouped by environmental theme. For biodiversity, the EEA hosts the indicator set developed under the Streamlining European Biodiversity Indicators (SEBI) process. Within this context, the indicator SEBI 007 indicates the status of the nationally designated protected areas and SEBI 008 indicates the status of sites designated under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives.
Protected areas are the backbone of nature conservation, but this type of 'protection regime' is not sufficient to address the significant pressures on European biodiversity, such as: semi-natural habitats and farmland-related species being lost by abandonment of agricultural practices or its intensification; large scale modification of freshwater systems; pollution and unsustainable fishing at sea. The clear local benefits of protected areas can only be multiplied through societal changes.
IUCN best practice guidelines on protected areas management
IUCN Categories of protected areas
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on the conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention)
Natura 2000 network
Emerald network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention)
The World Heritage Convention
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme
EUROPARC Federation – the voice of Europe's protected areas
World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA)
The 7th Environment Action Programme provides an overarching framework for EU environment policy planning and implementation to 2020. It also has a long-term objective of 'living well within the limits of the planet' by 2050.
Progress on 29 policy objectives were assessed on whether they can be met by 2020. Individual briefings provide further information on these assessments, including country level information.
Only about a third of the objectives are expected to be achieved while it is likely that another third will not be attained and it is uncertain whether or not the remaining third will be met by 2020. The report shows that EU environmental policies have been more successful on reducing pressures on the environment, improving efficiency and meeting 2020 climate and energy targets than on reducing overall impacts on people's health and well-being or on ensuring the resilience of natural systems.
"Our scoreboard shows that EU environmental policies have delivered substantial improvements - Europeans enjoy cleaner air and water and more waste is being recycled. But more must be done to improve our air quality, protect our wildlife and natural resources if we are to meet our 2020 targets. It is becoming clear that we will need more integrated policies and knowledge to achieve our aim of living well within the limits of our planet, which is the long-term vision of the 7th Environment Action Programme," said Hans Bruyninckx, EEA Executive Director.
Looking beyond 2020, much greater change will be required to achieve the EU's 2050 vision of 'living well within the limits of our planet', the report says. This will require more ambitious environmental policies and a more fundamental transformation of the key systems that support our society, like food, energy, housing and mobility. The report stresses the need for more integrated policies and knowledge to achieve this long-term vision.


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Athens Beautification Day
Sunday, April 13, 2014 from 12:00 PM to 5:00 PM (PDT)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Athens Beautification Day is an event put on by Ohio University's Student Senate each year in the spring. The commission that plans Athens Beautification Day is collaborating with both the student body and the community to create one of their largest community service days. This year there will be over 50 projects worked on within Athens. If you have any specific questions please contact Rose Troyer at email@example.com
Athens Beautification Day this year is a partnership with the Keep Southeast Ohio Beautiful campaign.
This year is the 10th anniversary of Athens Beautification Day! Ohio University and the Athens Community are working together to make this year the biggest yet.
Registration will begin at noon on College Green and at 12:30PM speeches will begin. From 1:00PM - 4:00PM will be the projects. At 4:00PM there will be food and music provided.
Student Senate believes events should be enjoyable and sustainable. This year, ABD will be the largest zero waste event ever on campus. Instead of generating large amounts of garbage to be landfilled; the event will recycle materials to be made into new products and compost leftover food into new soil [aka 'Zero Wasted' resources]. Zero Waste stations set up around the event will include recycling, compost, and trash/landfill bins. Other Zero Waste efforts include digitizing each group's project assignment, utilizing social media for promotion, and arming trash collectors with knowledge and bags necessary to sort reyclable litter from trash. So get excited, grap your re-usabe water bottoe and be a part of history!!
When & Where
Athens Ohio
Sunday, April 13, 2014 from 12:00 PM to 5:00 PM (PDT)
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All brand new upgraded wireless charging base, adapting the mainstream QI standard, thin and tiny, ready to charge the Bluetooth speaker.
There is a wireless charging receiver comes with the speaker and base. Just connect it with your phone and put your phone on the base and you can charge your phone wirelessly. Note the receiver is for FREE!
The main body of the speaker is made of the china from Jingdezhen City, which is famous in the world for its china. Painted with Chinese traditional painting, it is more than a speaker but a piece of art.
Adapting the full frequency neodymium magnet loudspeaker, the Bluetooth speaker has strong balance and resolution.
Soft back light makes the keys visible even in the dark, the rotatable touch panel provides you with a brand new way of control.
|Output Power
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Our ultimate goal is to be an innovative, one-stop, online destination for anything you can find in the home and anything that you'll need in your life!


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The actress, who has twice been Oscar-nominated, was spotted leaving Buckingham Palace clutching a child's pink mobile phone which had bunny ears.
When asked if it had accidentally "gone off" during the investiture ceremony she joked "no, but the four-year-old did".
Bonham Carter made her name with a string of appearances in Merchant Ivory films which saw her typecast early on as an English rose restricted to period dramas.
But appearances in Hollywood blockbusters including Fight Club, Planet Of The Apes and the Harry Potter films soon put paid to that.
Her individual sense of style – she famously walked the red carpet at the Golden Globes wearing one red shoe and one green one – has also garnered her newspaper column inches.
Bonham Carter received the award during a Buckingham Palace investiture ceremony but spoke only briefly to the waiting press after receiving the honour.
The actress was dressed in a striking red tartan patterned dress and had a miniature top hat perched on her head.
The actress on the red carpet on an earlier occasion with husband Tim Burton
It was while filming the remake of Planet Of The Apes that she met her partner, director Tim Burton, and she has gone on to star in several of his films including Charlie And The Chocolate Factory and Alice In Wonderland.
The couple, who have two children, were photographed last year enjoying a New Year's Day walk with Prime Minister David Cameron and his wife Samantha, and were believed to have seen in the new year at Chequers.
Bonham Carter is no stranger to political circles. She is the great-granddaughter of former Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister Herbert Asquith and her uncle Mark Bonham Carter was a Liberal MP.
Bonham Carter was joined by Tim Burton at the ceremony and their two young children, son Billy Ray, aged eight and four-year-old Nell.
Bonham Carter with Colin Firth and Geoffrey Rush at the premiere of The King's Speech
The couple, who are said to live separately in adjoining houses in London, met the Queen last week when she hosted a reception to mark the 200th anniversary of Charles Dickens' birth as the actress plays Miss Havisham in a new film version of Great Expectations.
In the palace courtyard Bonham Carter was relaxed and chatted with the family members of other honours recipients and posed for pictures.
The Hollywood star agreed to be photographed by the waiting media but did not want to be interviewed, and would only say when asked about her big day that it was "very, very special".


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Ipswitch's widely used WS_FTP Server solution can now be deployed in a failover configuration for high availability. As MFT continues to become more strategic in IT environments, ensuring uninterrupted service to users and meeting SLAs is vital.
"We use WS_FTP Server to transfer HIPAA sensitive data securely from our customers' sites to our own," said Kelly Woods, Senior Systems Engineer, HealthMEDX, Inc., the number one US-based provider for long-term care software, home care software, and rehab software. "With the product's new failover capability, we can now deliver increased uptime and reliability to our customers."
WS_FTP Server makes administering a file transfer server easy and secure. Used by administrators globally to support millions of end users and petabytes of data, WS_FTP Server provides powerful administrative control over server access and user permissions. For added flexibility and ease of deployment, this new failover configuration supports both Microsoft Cluster Services (MSCS) or Microsoft IIS web farms using Microsoft Network Load Balancing (NLB).
"As organizations rely more and more on file transfer to exchange mission-critical files and data with global partners, employees, vendors and customers, downtime is not an option," said Jonathan Lampe, Vice President of Product Management, Ipswitch File Transfer. "Now that WS_FTP Server has failover capability, all of our server products deliver the high availability our customers demand, regardless of company size or project maturity."


text: Activists have handcuffed themselves to machinery. A group has moved into a grove of trees on a TransCanada easement. A 78-year-old great-grandmother, Eleanor Fairchild, whose late husband worked in the oil industry, spent a night in jail after trespassing â¿¿ along with actress Daryl Hannah of "Splash" fame â¿¿ on land condemned on her 425-acre farm. On Monday, eight others were arrested for their protest activities.TransCanada's pipeline, some landowners say, is more worrisome than those built by other companies because of the tar sands oil the company wants to transport. They point to an 800,000-gallon spill of mostly tar sands oil in Michigan's Kalamazoo River in 2010. It took Enbridge, the company that owns that pipeline, 17 hours to detect the rupture, and the cleanup is still incomplete. With a pipeline, landowners give up control of the land for a one-time check, risking a spill that could contaminate their land or water for years. It's a risk many are willing to take in exchange for cash â¿¿ to a point. Some say the risk of a spill now is too high to cooperate. Others want guarantees TransCanada will take full responsibility for a spill. Many just want respect. Most pipeline projects in Texas have been completed with an average of 4 percent to 10 percent of condemned land. TransCanada, however, has condemned more than 100 of the 800 or so tracts â¿¿ or about 12.5 percent â¿¿ of the land it needed to complete a 485-mile portion of the pipeline that runs through Texas. TransCanada has "common carrier" status in Texas, which allows companies building projects benefiting the public to condemn private property. The Texas Supreme Court recently ruled if a landowner challenges a condemnation, the company must prove its project is for the public good. Crawford, whose family has denied other pipelines access to their land, argues that since TransCanada's pipeline will have only one access point â¿¿ or a place where oil can get into the pipe â¿¿ at a hub in Cushing, Okla., it does not qualify for the status, which requires the pipeline be accessible in Texas.


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I'm working on a nonfiction project about vodka, and it's a pretty fascinating subject. It got me thinking about drinking, and books on drinking, or more specifically, the drinks themselves that we drink. I actually blogged about this once before and thought I'd take it a step further.
An article an author of mine is working on cites a couple of books on his subject, including Linda Himelstein's THE KING OF VODKA, which is about Pyotr Smirnov and his vodka empire. There have been so many ways alcohol and its long drunken history have been explored in books–from recipe cocktail books, which have been popular the last few years as the DIY movement has shifted to drinking and people are experimenting in their own kitchens, to practical books on wine, beer, and pairing foods with drinks.
What is interests me most, however, are the many excellent narrative nonfiction books about not only the drinks themselves, but the players behind them, like my own client Tilar Mazzeo's bestselling THE WIDOW CLICQUOT, which describes the fascinating life of Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin, the woman who Veuve Clicquot brand. THE BILLIONAIRE'S VINEGAR was a bestseller that delved deeper into the story behind the world's most expensive bottle of wine. Absinthe is another spirit that we talked about a great deal when thinking about ideas for Tilar. There's a lot of interesting history there. I personally love these historical narrative nonfiction accounts that paint a broader cultural picture of a seemingly narrow subject. In the hands of a skilled writer, there is much to explore.
In doing some research, I came upon this Wall Street Journal article that lists a few titles that are worth looking at if you're interested in this vast subject.
What are your favorite books about drinking? Are there any books on the subject you'd like to see that don't already exist? It's a little too early for me to start drinking, but the mood is definitely set for an evening cocktail!


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RICK PITINO is 45 years old and has never failed at coaching basketball. He put one more championship banner in the gym at the University of Kentucky, and his next standard for success is at least one more championship banner in the Boston Celtics' gym.
Pitino has earned the gigantic contract estimated at $70 million over the next 10 years. He joins the ranks of the new superstars of sports -- the men who coach and run the organization at the same time.
He is leaving one of the most legendary college teams -- ''magical'' was the word he used yesterday -- for the greatest professional team, now fallen on hard times. And he is doing it at a salary that makes him legendary, too.
The players tend to respect a coach who makes millions of dollars a year. And they tend to pay attention when a coach is also making the personnel decisions and has a long-term contract.
Bill Parcells knew this, which is why he lusted for the money and the control of the woeful Jets.
Pat Riley knew this, which was why he left the corporately owned Knicks for part ownership and total command of the Miami Heat.Continue reading the main story
It used to be this way for some of the most autocratic and successful coaches in the simpler days. Vince Lombardi of the Green Bay Packers could sneer down a player who asked for a raise. The football team in Cleveland had the same name as the owner and general manager and coach, Paul Brown. And Red Auerbach could light up his stinker of a cigar and dare anybody in the Celtics' organization to complain.
By winning, these coaches made their power stand up. Parcells and Riley are among the current coaches who have parlayed their records into high salaries and maximum control. Pitino belongs in that company. Until you get up close to see a few wrinkles, Pitino still looks like the youthful camper who absorbed lessons from his mentor, Hubie (''Hey, I don't hire no idiots'') Brown, at summer camps 25 years ago. Pitino has improved teams by fixing his feverish stare on his newest set of players, by swooping around the practice court, six inches above the ground. He is a born teacher, a born motivator, a born winner. He was frustrated when he coached the Knicks for two years because his general manager, Al Bianchi, kept making suggestions, and the corporation would not give Pitino autonomy.
Everybody is making a big deal about Patrick Ewing passing a little better in recent weeks. When Pitino coached the Knicks, Patrick was known to kick the ball out to an open shooter. Plus, the hot-eyed coach motivated a soft outside shooter like Trent Tucker to drive to the basket as well as guard Michael Jordan as well as most mortals could.
Instead of self-destructing with the Knicks, Pitino earned himself a bid to coach Kentucky, which was about to be penalized for serious infractions.
''The program was a shambles,'' Pitino recalled yesterday, but he had won with loyal home boys who loved the commonwealth so much they would stay and play for the outsider coach. And then Pitino started recruiting the best players in the country and he won the national title in 1996.
He always said he was happy where he was, but when he moved on, some people acted as if Pitino had lied to them. His critics didn't understand the creative urges of a master builder.
''When I say it, I mean it,'' Pitino said yesterday, explaining his move by adding, ''If I didn't take this opportunity, I would look back.''
Last year he politely turned down a large contract from the Nets, maybe because he knew there is no magic in that gym.
Instead, the Nets hired John Calipari, gave him money and control, but in the first year there were signs that the players looked into the rafters when Calipari was having a tantrum on the bench. This never happened with the Knicks when Pitino coached.
Yesterday, Pitino explained that young people's tastes change from the big band sound in one generation to rock (''I'm from the hippie generation,'' he said) to rap, but that young people themselves do not change.
''Pro players have a lot of pride,'' Pitino said yesterday. ''They may not look it, they may be jet-lagged, but they care.''
The players usually care when Rick Pitino coaches them. And the terms of his new contract will get their attention, too.Continue reading the main story