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More than anyone else, I feel sorry for the developers of Siege, who have made the game of their careers. It is an absolute peach, but while they're firefighting so many issues there's no time to look at long-term refinements for balance and maps. It's like Ubisoft's management doesn't comprehend just how good Siege is or how much its potential is harmed by Ubisoft's servers and uPlay.Perhaps Siege is seen internally as potential sequel material, Ubisoft's own Call of Duty cookie-cutter, rather than a platform to be grown over time. That would be so short-sighted—and such a waste of potential—that it has to be called mismanagement. Siege's quality is so high in parts that the game could become a serious e-sports platform and, given time, might even surpass the mighty Counter-Strike.Many CS: GO players are addicted to collecting and trading skins, making it an attraction that gets full-time attention from websites that specialize in trading and even gambling. It's all based on a system where cases are earned randomly during play, and must be opened using keys that cost $2.49. The price doesn't sound like much, but Valve's made sure to build the odds so that players typically spend dozens if not hundreds of dollars before they ever earn something deemed valuable.
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No Safe Place (Kerry Kilcannon Series #1)by Richard North Patterson
In the year 2000, Senator Kerry Kilcannon's insurgent campaign against Vice President Dick Mason has come down to/i>
- Overview
- Editorial Reviews
- Product Details
- Related Subjects
- Read an Excerpt
- What People Are Saying
- Meet the author
In his first book since the national bestseller Silent Witness, Richard North Patterson uses his mastery of characterization and suspense to give us a story of startling realism and originality -- an extraordinary novel of presidential politics.
In the year 2000, Senator Kerry Kilcannon's insurgent campaign against Vice President Dick Mason has come down to the last seven days -- the time remaining until the California Presidential primary. Whoever wins in California is likely to win the Democratic nomination, a prize that the Vice President is determined to deny Kerry at any cost. And for all the votes and enthusiasm his passion and personal magnetism have gained him, Kerry's problems are formidable.
He is haunted by the tragedy of his older brother, James, a presidential candidate who was assassinated in California 12 years earlier. Kerry has stumbled in his advocacy of abortion rights, and a right-to-life fanatic has pushed this explosive issue to the forefront by murdering three people at a women's clinic. In addition, a journalist for a national news magazine is striving to verify the lethal story that, two years ago, while still married, Kerry had a secret love affair with Lara Costello, a reporter assigned to him on Capitol Hill. And now, even more threatening, Kerry is being stalked by the abortion-clinic murderer himself.
This narrative is seamlessly interwoven with scenes from Kerry's past: his youth as the son of a drunken and abusive father; his self-image as the less-gifted younger brother of a brilliant yet distant senator; his reluctant ascension to his brother's place; his poignant romance with Lara Costello. And when Lara is ordered agains her will to cover Kerry in California, he is forced once more to evaluate his life, and the terrible cost of his ambition to become President of the United States.
With rare authenticity, Richard North Patterson depicts the world of high-stakes presidential politics on the verge of an explosion that is as dramatic as it is thought-provoking. But No Safe Place is also a story of people at their best and their worst: their passions, their ideals, their flaws. A novel that will hold the reader enthralled from the first to the last sentence.
Editorial Reviews
In New Jersey Sen. Kerry Kilcannon, Patterson introduces a dream candidate. Kilcannon's an earnest but existentially scarred former prosecutor who's challenging an incumbent vice president for the Democratic Party's 2000 nomination. Unafraid to speak truth to power, Kilcannon rails against the campaign finance system, calls for compulsory national service, advocates gay rights and trashes teachers unions. Yet while he's dynamite in public, he's given to bouts of introspection and self-laceration in private. He utters what many pro-choicers believe but rarely say -- that, yeah, a fetus is sort of a life. He knows he may be killed on the campaign trail; he knows, too, there's not much he can do about it. Kilcannon is like a Frank Capra character with a little script-doctoring by Albert Camus -- a curious mix of idealism and fatalism.
In April 2000, the final week of California's presidential primary, Kilcannon has to face down some internal adversaries as well as the sitting VP. For one thing, he's haunted by the memory of his older brother Jamie, who was assassinated in California during his own run for the presidency 12 years earlier. For another, a crazed anti-abortion zealot is stalking him, intent on repeating history. Finally, a newsmagazine is about to break a devastating story about his recent extramarital affair with Lara Costello, a young TV reporter who has begun covering the campaign.
Patterson packs all this into a brisk account of seven days in April. There are a few missteps here: One of the novel's major plot turns, for example, stands out like a gigantic water tower on a Midwestern prairie. You can see it about 30 miles away, but it seems like forever before you reach it. Nonetheless, Patterson -- who usually writes legal thrillers -- has done his homework. (In his acknowledgments, he thanks several dozen political and media bigwigs.) He is deadly accurate when he describes a presidential campaign as "hours of boredom punctuated by panic." His consultants and operatives are less cartoonish than in most political novels. And he includes great insidery references to countdown meetings and the color-coded symbology of Secret Service pins.
What gives No Safe Place unusual strength for a pop thriller is less its outer details than its inner subtleties. Running for president requires what Patterson rightly calls a "molten single-mindedness." But as his book demonstrates and our recent history affirms, we're probably better off with leaders who both grasp ambiguity and seek to gratify desires beyond their own. -- Salon
The New York Times Book Review
Entertainment Weekly
Irish America Magazine
San Jose Mercury News
The Washington Post Book World
"Engrossing . . . Ambitious and well-written, No Safe Place is a sort of ethical suspense novel."
The Wall Street Journal
"What is striking is how exactly right Patterson gets the politics and the journalism while telling a gripping tale that intertwines abuse and betrayal, ethics and ambition, romance and dysfunction."
The San Jose Mercury News
"Prescient . . . An important and impressive work of fiction . . . An exceptionally convincing, complex, and moving love story."
The San Diego Union-Tribune
Product Details
- 9780375702969
- Publisher:
- Random House Large Print
- Publication date:
- 08/22/1998
- Series:
- Kerry Kilcannon Series , #1
- Edition description:
- Large Print
- Pages:
- 626
- Product dimensions:
- 6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x 1.31(d)
Read an Excerpt
Prologue: The Campaign
April, the year 2000
At eight in the morning of his last day in Boston, Sean Burke paced out tight circles on the corner of Kenmore Square, waiting for the abortionist, a nine-millimeter semiautomatic handgun hidden in the inside pocket of his army jacket.
Sean knew his enemy from the demonstrationsa slight man with brown wisps of hair and hollow cheekbones, gray soulless eyes that ignored the pickets even when they cried out, "Don't kill me, Mommy and Daddy," in the imagined voice of a fetus. Part of Sean prayed for him to come; that other part, frightened and irresolute, hoped he would not. He encouraged himself by imagining the faces of the children he would save.
He passed forty minutes this way. With each moment, Sean felt more anxious.
And then the man was there, emerging from the subway.
The abortionist's hands were in his coat pockets. His eyes focused on the sidewalk, and his breaths became thin puffs in the surprising chill of a bright April day. He did not notice Sean.
Sean swallowed. His throat was dry, his mouth sour, the pit of his stomach clenched and raw. Clumsily, he reached a gloved hand into his left pocket and popped the last antacid pill into his mouth, teeth grinding it to chalk.
Dr. Bowe disappeared inside the building.
It was an old brownstone hotel, converted to offices for doctors, dentists, milliners, discount jewelers; passing through the double glass doors, a pregnant woman could be shopping for a necklace, not seeking an accomplice to help murder her unborn child. Sean knew only that the offices were on the first floor: because of a court order, picketswere required to stay outside and keep the walkway clear. The red carpet, their leader, Paul Terris, had named it. But neither Paul's exhortations nor all their protests had stopped the flow of blood.
Yet Sean stood there, still afraid. The chalk in his mouth tasted bitter.
If Sean acted, he would have to leave all he knew behind: the comfort of the church where he served as caretaker; the room above the parish offices, his home for three years now; the compassion of Father Brian Shaw, who praised his work and worried, in his soft-voiced way, about Sean's "intensity." In the newspapers and on television, in the streets and the bars of Charlestown, they would call Sean a murderer.
Let God be his judge, then. God and the children.
But Sean stood frozen, a slender man, with lank black hair and pale-blue eyes. Alone, as he had felt almost all his life, Sean watched the random pageant of the city pass him by: tardy workers rushing from the subway; cars honking; students heading for Boston University; an Asian nanny with a plaid wool scarf at her throat, pushing a baby in a blue carriage. They did not notice him and would not have understood had they known.
Then he saw hera young woman in a wool coat, knit cap pulled tight over her curly red hair, her face more Irish than Sean's own. He could imagine her sitting next to him in school.
Pausing on the sidewalk, she gazed at the double glass doors beneath the letters that spelled "Kenmore Building." Sean could feel her reluctance as intensely as he felt his own.
She was there for the abortionist, Sean was certain. Her back to Sean, she seemed barely to move. In his mind they were coupled: if she did not enter, perhaps Sean would grant the clinic a reprieve. Just for today.
Please, he murmured, save your baby. He prayed she was not one of them.
With a shrug, so small that Sean perhaps imagined it, the young woman walked toward the door.
Sean felt the anger come. If she was not worthy of the life she bore, then he must be.
Oblivious to traffic, Sean crossed the street. As he touched it, the gun in his pocket reassured him.
On the Saturday before last, he had driven to New Hampshire and bought the weapon at a package store: the same model, the owner informed him, that the Turkish guy had used to shoot the Popesmall, light, easy to conceal. Sean stifled his dislike. "God bless the Holy Father," he said simply.
In the woods nearby, Sean had practiced.
Aiming the gun, he had imagined looking into his victim's face, blocking out all doubt, all fears. His aim had been goodfirst trees, then rocks, then a careless squirrel which had almost vanished in a single shot. But now Sean's hand shook.
He was five feet from the door, then four feet. Each step felt leaden.
He must remember the lessons of history, Sean told himself. If he could have murdered Hitler, the Nazis would have called him a criminal, reviled the name Sean Burke. Perhaps Göring and the others would have hung him on a meat hook. And, perhaps, millions of others would have livedJews and Slavs, Gypsies and children . . .
Damp with sweat, Sean paused in front of the door, taking a last deep breath of morning air.
He walked into the dim hallway, looking to both sides. He saw a travel agency, an accountant's office. And then he found it.
A green laminate door with metal letters: "The Boston Women's Clinic." Since the demonstrations had failed, the abortionists in their arrogance no longer had a guard there.
Sean took the wool cap from his inside pocket and pulled it over his head.
For a last moment, his left hand rested on the doorknob. He made himself imagine the red-haired girl, nervously waiting for the abortionist to put a plastic tube between her legs and suck the life from her womb.
Sean murmured a final prayer and opened the door.
The girl was there. She gazed up at him from behind her magazine, as if surprised. With her cap off, her hair was a riot of red curls.
"Yes?" the receptionist asked.
Sean turned to hera vulpine older woman with hair dyed a frightening black and lipstick as red as blood.
Softly, he said, "I'm here for Dr. Bowe."
The skin of her face was pale as parchment. She stared up at him from her swivel chair, still but for her left hand. There was a panic button beneath her desk, someone had told him; the day the others had occupied the waiting room, she had used it to call security.
"Don't." Sean's voice was harsh now. The red-haired girl dropped her magazine.
The receptionist's throat moved in a convulsive swallow, choking her words. "What do you want?"
Sean took out his gun. "To stop you," he answered, and pulled the trigger.
It was a kind of magic. As her head snapped back, a hole opened in her forehead. There was a soft concussive sound, like a melon hitting cement, almost lost in the red-haired girl's cry.
Sean stared in stupefaction as the woman died in front of him, blood trickling from her forehead. Only when she hit the carpet did Sean turn to the girl.
"Don't move." His voice came out panicky, too high. Gun in hand, he stumbled down the hallway.
The abortionist was in the room where he did his work, bent over a metal cabinet in the corner. Sean stared at him, then at the table covered in white paper, the altar where women sacrificed the innocent. His hand trembled as he raised the gun.
Dr. Bowe barely had time to peer sideways before Sean shot at his temple.
The red stain appeared. Sean watched in near astonishment as the abortionist fell to his knees, face pitching forward into the files of his victims. Only then did Sean register the melon sound again.
With a rush of anger, Sean lifted Bowe's warm twitching body and threw him onto the table, wrenching his legs open in the spraddle of all the women whose children he had murdered. The abortionist's eyes were glazed, his mouth agape, as if protesting this indignity.
Sean heard a gasp behind him.
A nurse stood in the door, a stethoscope around her neck, mouth forming words that would not come. Sean did not want to kill her; she was a tool, like the receptionist. But he had no choice.
"I'm sorry," he murmured, and shot her in the chest. The nurse crumpled in the doorway, then was still.
Sean stepped across her body, looking down at her. At least her family, if she had one, could gaze into her face without flinching. Sean walked down the hallway in a trance.
The red-haired young woman shivered on the couch, staring at the dead receptionist, too frightened to move. Tears streamed down her face. Sean could not bring himself to kill the life inside her.
Sean knelt in front of her, giving comfort, seeking it. "I had to stop him. Your sympathy should be with your baby, the life I came to save."
Comprehension filled her eyes. "I'm not pregnant," she stammered.
Sean felt the blood rush to his face. He stood, humiliated and confused, blood pounding like a trip-hammer in his temples. His finger squeezed the trigger.
"Please. I only came here for an IUD . . ."
Sean dropped his gun and ran from the building.
There was a subway station at the corner.
Sean rushed down the stairs and through the turnstile. Some vestige of discipline made him find the men's room, leave his jacket, gloves, and wool cap in a stall, and walk to the platform with a numb unhurried stride, a young man in a Holy Cross sweatshirt.
Take the green line to Court Street, then transfer to blue. He recited this like a rosary as the subway stopped and he boarded the half-empty car. No one looked at him.
She was lying. Sean had saved her baby, and she had lied to save herself, believing he would think it less damning to thwart life with a piece of plastic. Perhaps Sean had taught her better.
Dazed, he imagined the sirens screaming as the cars arrived at Kenmore Square.
At Court Street, the subway doors hissed open. Arms folded, head bowed, Sean walked out and waited in the dingy tunnel, a portrait of urban anonymity.
He had asked Father Brian if he could take a week's vacation in New Hampshire. "Surely," the priest had answered in his mild way, "but is early April a good time? The mud season, they call it in New England."
Within minutes, the subway for Logan Airport came.
Sean's suitcase was in a locker at the airport.
He pulled it out. If his plan worked, the last trace of him found in Boston would be the jacket, the hat, the gloves. Remorse mingled with relief now at the lifting of his burden: he no longer stood watch, armed only with signs and slogans, while children died.
Face pinched, he went through security at Gateway C.
No one stopped him. He headed for the gate with his scuffed black suitcase, surrounded by vacationers, students on spring break, commercial travelers leaving their homes. But the only person in line was a black woman with glasses and a briefcase. Uncomfortable, Sean hung back until she was finished.
The blond ticket agent raised her eyebrows. "Next?"
There was a hint of challenge, Sean thought. This might be the end: the red-haired woman could describe him, and he was certain that the police kept files on Operation Life.
"Next?" she repeated, impatient now, studying his face.
Sean pulled the ticket from his back pocket and placed it on the counter.
She flipped it open. "Mr. Burke," she said. "Photo ID, please."
Sean took out his wallet. To his own eyes, the photo on his driver's license looked furtive. For a long moment, the ticket agent looked from Sean to his photo and back again.
One call, he thought. The airport swarmed with cops and blue-uniformed security officers. His palms felt moist.
"Did you pack your luggage yourself?" she asked.
"One bag?"
"Did someone you did not know give you anything to carry?"
Sean drew a breath. "I wouldn't do that," he said.
The ticket agent hesitated, watching him. "Zone C," she told him. "Seat twenty-five B. They board about one-fifteen."
Once on the plane, Sean realized, he would be trapped. He did not board until the final call.
At two o'clock, the plane had not taken off.
A mechanical problem, the pilot explained in his John Wayne voicea systems light that won't come on, probably just an electrical short. Sit tight and I'll keep you posted.
Sean bowed his head. They were holding him, Sean thought. At any moment, they would evacuate the plane and clap handcuffs on his wrists. The feeling came to him again: he was a small and lonely boy, terrified of his father, despairing for his mother's blank indifference. There was no safe place for him.
Sean stood abruptly. He reeled to the rear bathroom, past the other passengers, their faces weary, trapped, indifferent.
His own face in the mirror was white. When the retching started, racking his body, all he saw in the basin was saliva and traces of blood. The bathroom felt like a closet.
Sean opened the door, gulping for breath.
Slowly, he returned to his seat. He kept his eyes averted from the woman sitting next to him.
Ten minutes later, the pilot made his final announcement. Then the plane lifted into the air, vibrating with power, and Sean Burke left Boston forever.
From the Audio Cassette edition.
What People are Saying About This
The Washington Post Book World
"Engrossing . . . Ambitious and well-written, No Safe Place is a sort of ethical suspense novel."
The Wall Street Journal
"What is striking is how exactly right Patterson gets the politics and the journalism while telling a gripping tale that intertwines abuse and betrayal, ethics and ambition, romance and dysfunction."
The San Jose Mercury News
"Prescient . . . An important and impressive work of fiction . . . An exceptionally convincing, complex, and moving love story."
The San Diego Union-Tribune
Meet the Author
Richard North Patterson studied fiction writing with Jesse Hill Ford at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He has written nine novels, including the international bestsellers Degree of Guilt, Eyes of a Child, The Final Judgment, and Silent Witness. Patterson lives with his wife, Laurie, and their family in San Francisco and on Martha's Vineyard.
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A great story deserves a great reader. Patricia Kalember does a wonderful job of pulling you into the story.
A great story using past to show significance of present; real flesh and blood characters that are neither good nor bad but human; a page turner from start to finish. This man had become one of my favorite authors. Try him!!!
My first RNP. The book made that made me a fan of Richard N Patterson. After No Safe Place, Silent Witness,Escape the Night and Degree of Guilt Richard North Patterson proved to be my most favourite author, even over John Grisham and Steve Martini. This novel has politics and romance. The campaign trail is amazing, the romance touching and the way RNP takes us to the past of the protagonist Kerry Kilcannon is just great. His feelings and character are well written. Kerry Kilcannon is a lawyer mostly dealing with cases of domestic violence. He then enters politics and runs for president. His brother James was assasinated in a campaign. Past memories,his love and emotions make a great read; u gotcha read this book, you'll surely get hooked.
This book starts out really good but half-way thru it it's like the author lost his train of thought and it becomes very boring! I would not really recommend this book as a good read unless you want to be put to sleep!
" stay safe" i whisper then run off
The bloody tom pads in. "Spottedkit!" He yowled several times.


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1. Download and unzip the file. Format a USB stick FAT32, rename it WINPE and copy all files (42 folders and 6 files) to the root directory of the USB stick
2. Connet the USB stick to your WinKey, press the Power button and click F7 keyboard key repeatedly until you get to the boot device selection BIOS pop-up window.
We strongly recommend connecting a wired keyboard for this operation.
3. Choose the USB stick from the list of devices and the operation will start automatically.
Please do not touch the WinKey and do not shut it down.
4. After about 7 minutes the LED on the device will change from BLUE to RED. Press the Power button again.
The WinKey will start automatically. Please wait for the operation to end.
Once it is finished the Windows Setup Wizard will start.


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Pet Sitter in Salisbury
Older gentleman available most any time or day. I have always had a dog of my own to care for. I have never had a problem getting along with any dog and love most all.
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Encouraged by the level of interest from organisations from across a range of sectors, and from potential scheme operators, the ICO has started work on a legal framework for working with potential scheme operators. The ICO have also launched an invitation to tender for a marketing strategy and creation of the logo representing the privacy seal.
It is envisaged that the privacy seal proposal would involve a trademarked logo that each scheme operator would, once accredited by the UK Accreditation Service, award to organisations meeting their criteria, thus allowing accredited organisations to display the seal.
The purpose of the scheme is to give consumers an easy way of identifying those organisations meeting the highest data protection standards.
Draft EU Data Protection reforms, the details of which are expected to be finalised at the end of 2015, clearly support the concept of privacy seal schemes. In a climate of increasing consumer concerns over the use and security of their personal data, it has perhaps never been more important to look at ways of increasing or maintaining consumer trust in this respect. Once the scheme is in place, accreditation might go a long way towards achieving this.This information is intended as a general discussion surrounding the topics covered and is for guidance purposes only. It does not constitute legal advice and should not be regarded as a substitute for taking legal advice. DWF is not responsible for any activity undertaken based on this information.


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I returned to a colonial site here in the Shenandoah Valley yesterday to enjoy some sunshine and commune with history. ;-)
Didn't find much besides the bottom of a 19th century iron kettle and this interesting piece. It's a shut off key for a colonial spigot (circa 1780-1810), from a keg or barrel which most like held spirits.


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$688,000.00 6 months ago
$688,000, 3br, ID KEE Lovely Sd Single Family Home In Murray Hill For Sale
ID: (KEE) Lovely Sd Single Family Home In Murray Hill For Sale Features 3 Br, 1 Bath, Living Room, Formal Dining Room, Eat-In-Kitchen, Open Basement W/ Separate Entrance. In District 25, All On A 23X100 Sq Ft Lot. Close To All!For more information please contact Carollo Real Estate at (718) 224-3083 or visit our website at www.CarolloRealEstate.com Why Go Anywhere Else? 11358 goo
6 months ago
New York, NY
$38,000.00 8 months ago
2 Story House For Sale in Princeton, WV (504 Kee St)
Approximately 1800 sq ft house for sale, located at 504 Kee St Princeton, WV. Will consider owner financing. The house is still under construction. It currently needs new flooring and baseboard heaters. The price of the house will increase as it is under construction and will be continually improved. This price is to sell as is. The house is two stories with a partial basement.
8 months ago
Southern West Virginia, WV
$21,000.00 11 months ago
Beautiful Views w/ Great Building Locations!!! (Lot 44 Kee Kee Ln, Berekely Springs, WV)
Beautiful Views with great building locations. Lot offers level locations as well as sloped in areas. This land is unrestricted and located close to the VA line, Cacapon State Park, and less than 10 miles to Sleepy Creek Rec Area.To speak with us directly about this home or schedule a showing, call Listing Courtesy of Holly Malcomb, Touchstone Realty, LLCMartha Rose, Broker
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Martinsburg, WV
$701,537.00 1 year ago
$701,537 Stunning 1930s Historic Bungalow has been beautifully restored with todays modern upgrades but kee
Stunning 1930`s Historic Bungalow has been beautifully restored with today?s modern upgrades but keeping the original architectural details from the era. Located in the Plant School District this 3 bed 3 bath home has two master suites. The downstairs, Featuring a front office/ sun room and 2 bedrooms downstairs with 2 full bath off the kitchen. Upstairs has a master suite with an office and a lar
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Tampa, FL
$399,900.00 1 year ago
$399,900 Here is a rare first floor corner unit now available at Kee-Mi-Con Lodge at Eagle Waters
Here is a rare first floor corner unit now available at Kee-Mi-Con Lodge at Eagle Waters. This 3 bedroom, 3 bath unit features 2106 square feet of single level living. The very clever design allows for use as a single 3 bedroom unit or one 2 bedroom unit with a 1 bedroom lockout. This maximizes rental opportunities for the very busy Eagle Waters Resort. The unit comes fully furnished with tasteful
1 year ago
Northern Wisconsin, WI


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As the owner of a hosting company, it's in your best interest to make the lives of your customers as easy as possible. Even though the commercial Internet has been around for about 20 years, most people still don't quite understand how everything works.
Let's assume that John Doe wants to simply register JohnDoe.com in order to publish a simple site which contains nothing more than his contact details. John Doe represents the average Internet surfer, a person who doesn't really know a lot about terms such as DNS propagation.
Help John Doe Out
Let's assume that John found your website after performing a google search. He knows that you need a "host†in order to publish a website but that's about it. If you start explaining that he needs to register a domain name via another company first and then change name servers (a term he has probably never heard about before), you've probably lost his business.
You need to make his life as easy as possible if you're interested in having him as a customer. In other words, your company needs to represent the solution to all of his Web-related problems. Offering domain names as well as hosting is extremely important if you're interested in turning visitors such as John Doe into loyal customers. If you make the process extremely easy for him, both parties will end up being satisfied. In other words, nothing more than:
A Few Simple Steps
If you guide customers such as John Doe every step of the way, you just can't go wrong. People always love the "just a few simple steps†approach. The first step would be represented by the domain name registration process. In other words, the visitor picks a domain name, clicks on the "check availability†button and then registers it if it's available. If not, he will be prompted to try another domain name until an available one is found.
As a hosting company, it may seem that offering domains as well is a bit too complicated but it's really not. You don't need to be ICANN accredited in order to offer domain names, not by a long shot. Being a reseller is more than enough. Most large companies such as Enom and GoDaddy allow you to be a reseller because it's in their best interest. They help you set everything up and you attract customers: a clear win-win situation.
After the customer puts step one (registering the domain name) behind him or her, it's time to move on to… you've guessed it, step two. As far as step 2 is concerned, the customer will have to choose a hosting plan and sign up for an account (maybe even make the payment, depending on how you choose to handle things).
Then (step 3, if you will), he and she will simply have to upload a few files and that's basically it. As long as you guide customers every step of the way, the entire process will be painless. Be sure to make it clear that if any problems occur, a member of your support staff is just an email away. If you turn the process into something extremely simple, you'll turn your company into a "John Doeâ€-friendly host and that is definitely recommended. After all, why say no to some additional business?
Domain Registration Automation – TOO Complicated?
Not at all, everything is as simple as it gets thanks to software providers. While it is true that things were a lot more complicated let's say 10 years ago, that is definitely no longer the case.
Domain name registrars such as Enom have evolved, software providers have evolved. Even if you're no expert when it comes to the technical side of things, you can still master everything related to domain registration automation. The software Plesk puts at your disposal is definitely more than enough. It does the job right and you don't need to be an experienced programmer in order to learn the ropes. Just as you need to cater to John Doe's needs, companies such as Enom (ICANN accredited domain name registration companies which make your life easier through their APIs) and Plesk (software providers) are here to cater to yours.
Ready to Get Started?
Assuming that you're a person with initiative and a desire to learn, you'll end up understanding that everything is a piece of cake after you break the ice. ICANN accredited domain registrars and software providers are willing to do all of the "worrying†when it comes to domain registration automation so that you can focus on the business-related aspect of things.
Running a hosting company as a "from A to Z†Web business has never been easier. There is definitely a bit of learning involved but that should definitely not intimidate you. The journey will be fun as well as lucrative: are you ready to get started?


text: Huawei announces 19% increase in sales revenue for first half of 2014 22 Jul 2014 11:51 AM Sales revenue reaches £12.8bn driven by sales of 4G LTE infrastructure and sales of flagship Ascend P7smartphoneHuawei's operating performance for the first half of 2014 saw sales revenues of CNY135.8 billion (£12.8bn), an increase of 19% year-on-year with an operating margin of 18.3%. In comparison, rival mobile infrastructure vendor Ericsson announced its half year results last week (18 July 2014) posting net sales of SEK 102.4bn (£8.7bn) – some £4bn less than Huawei - although the latter's sales are boosted by the fact that unlike Ericsson it still has a mobile handset division.Cathy Meng, Huawei's chief financial officer, commented: "Revenue and profit for the first half of 2014 are in line with our expectations. Driven by increasing investments in LTE networks worldwide, Huawei has further solidified its leadership position in mobile broadband. Rapid growth in software and services helped maintain steady growth in our carrier network business. "Our efforts in the enterprise business have begun to pay off. We have enjoyed accelerated growth in this area. We also achieved quality and sustainable growth in our consumer business thanks to the increase of brand awareness and smart devices sales worldwide. Our flagship smartphone, the Ascend P7, is being sold in more than 70 countries and regions. We are confident that in 2014 we will achieve sustainable growth, robust operations, and healthy financials."Looking ahead, Huawei said it will remain committed to open innovation and cooperation, creating greater value for our customers, advancing the ICT industry, and ultimately contributing to the building of a better connected world.See also: Ericsson posts sharp rise in net profit on stable revenues for Q2 2014Nokia revenue falls 7% in Q2 2014, but expected to strengthen by year end James Atkinson EditorLinkedIn |Google + |Email Leave a CommentPlease write code to prove you're humanMore on... Smart CitiesNokia unveils wireless router for power distribution networks ETSI forms new industry group for smart city solutionsMore on... HuaweiHuawei, Vodafone and Qualcomm create LAA ready networkMWC17: Cloud and video are the way forward for operators says Huawei


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Life Healthcare is a leading private hospital operator in South Africa and primarily serves the market for privately insured individuals, representing approximately eight million people. The group provides mainly acute care, high technology private hospital services.
upon request
Netcare Group provides innovative, quality healthcare in South Africa and the United Kingdom.
This information is intended for general information only and should not be considered as medical advice on the part of Health-Tourism.com. Any decision on medical treatments, after-care or recovery should be done solely upon proper consultation and advice of a qualified physician.
What is Testicular Sperm Extraction?
Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) is a sperm aspiration procedure for men who have no sperm in their ejaculate. Sperm are retrieved from the testicle and combined with eggs in the ICSI procedure with the aim of achieving pregnancy.
How is TESE carried out?
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H Carr list ping
That's a wild picture on my monitor. The stars seem to move when the screen is scrolled.
Now back to business. The last thing this country needs is more of the Permanent Ruling Class.
Is this the one that Chavez has Citgo paying a consulting fee to or is it the older Joe?
Just like European royalty, the inbreeding becomes more visually obvious with each generation.


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Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the Beaufort Sea enter hyperphagia in spring and gain fat reserves to survive periods of low prey availability. We collected information on seals killed by polar bears (n = 650) and hunting attempts on ringed seal (Pusa hispida) lairs (n = 1396) observed from a helicopter during polar bear mark-recapture studies in the eastern Beaufort Sea in spring in 1985–2011. We investigated how temporal shifts in ringed seal reproduction affect kill composition and the intraspecific vulnerabilities of ringed seals to polar bear predation.
Principal Findings
Polar bears primarily preyed on ringed seals (90.2%) while bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) only comprised 9.8% of the kills, but 33% of the biomass. Adults comprised 43.6% (150/344) of the ringed seals killed, while their pups comprised 38.4% (132/344). Juvenile ringed seals were killed at the lowest proportion, comprising 18.0% (62/344) of the ringed seal kills. The proportion of ringed seal pups was highest between 2007–2011, in association with high ringed seal productivity. Half of the adult ringed seal kills were ≥21 years (60/121), and kill rates of adults increased following the peak of parturition. Determination of sex from DNA revealed that polar bears killed adult male and adult female ringed seals equally (0.50, n = 78). The number of hunting attempts at ringed seal subnivean lair sites was positively correlated with the number of pup kills (r2 = 0.30, P = 0.04), but was not correlated with the number of adult kills (P = 0.37).
Results are consistent with decadal trends in ringed seal productivity, with low numbers of pups killed by polar bears in spring in years of low pup productivity, and conversely when pup productivity was high. Vulnerability of adult ringed seals to predation increased in relation to reproductive activities and age, but not gender.
Citation: Pilfold NW, Derocher AE, Stirling I, Richardson E, Andriashek D (2012) Age and Sex Composition of Seals Killed by Polar Bears in the Eastern Beaufort Sea. PLoS ONE 7(7): e41429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041429
Editor: André Chiaradia, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Australia
Received: February 27, 2012; Accepted: June 26, 2012; Published: July 19, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Pilfold et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial and logistic support from ArcticNet, Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Canadian Wildlife Federation, Circumpolar/ Boreal Alberta Research, Environment Canada, Inuvialuit Game Council, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (A.E.D.), Northern Scientific Training Program, Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Polar Continental Shelf Project, Polar Bears International, Quark Expeditions, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, and World Wildlife Fund (Canada). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Quark Expeditions is a commercial polar tour company which provided the authors with a donation with no conditions. This financial support does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Reproduction can incur considerable survival tradeoffs, including increased risk of predation. Mating competition, copulation, and parental care can increase detection of prey by predators, as well as energetically exhaust prey, reducing vigilance against predation [1], [2], [3]. Sexually dimorphic traits associated with mating success can also increase intraspecific vulnerability to predation, as many predators exhibit sex-selective prey choice (e.g. [4], [5], [6]). Synchrony in the parturition of prey swamps predators with an abundance of physically weaker and less experienced prey [7]. As a result, predators are responsive to prey reproductive cycles and the associated vulnerability of reproductive adults and their young.
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are obligate carnivores, and enter a period of hyperphagia during spring, facilitated by the reproduction and mating cycle of their prey [8], [9], [10]. Polar bears of the Beaufort Sea primarily feed on ringed seals (Pusa hispida), and occasionally bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), both of which reproduce and mate between late March and late May [8], [11], [12], [13], [14]. Success rates for polar bears hunting in winter are thought to be low [15], and evidence suggests polar bears are less active during this period [16], [17]. As a result, most polar bears are at or near their minimum body mass for the year in March [9]. Hyperphagic behaviour in spring allows polar bears to increase their mass before the onset of the open water season [9], when reduced prey availability can result in the onset of a fasting physiological state similar to hibernation in other bear species [18], [19], [20], [21].
Previous studies of seals killed in the spring by polar bears suggest the proximate mechanism for prey access for polar bear hyperphagia is the synchronous birth of ringed seal pups, whom are vulnerable to surface predators [8], [10], [11], [22]. In shorefast sea ice areas, polar bears can be significant predators of ringed seal pups, killing up to 44% of the pup production in an area [10]. As such, the proportion of seal pups killed by polar bears in spring is sensitive to seal natality. Although sample sizes were limited, surveys of ringed seals killed by polar bears between 1971–1975 in the Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf showed a marked decrease in the proportion of pup kills in years with lower ringed seal natality, a conclusion that was supported by the simultaneous occurrence of reduced ovulation rates [11], [23]. Lower ringed seal ovulation rates were documented again in 1985–1987 at Sachs Harbour [24] and in 2003–2006, at Ulukhaktok [25]. However, the affect of lower ringed seal natality on polar bear predation and hyperphagia during these periods is unknown.
In addition to the increase of vulnerable pups, adult ringed seals may be at a heightened risk of predation in spring relative to other times of the year. During the open water season ringed seals are pelagic, and polar bears rarely catch seals without having access to them from sea ice [11], [26] (but see [27]). As maximal sea ice extent in the Arctic is reached in March [28], ringed seals in early spring are confined to using self-maintained breathing holes, limiting surfacing options. Due to reproductive activities and mating, ringed seal adults spend nearly 50% of their time out of the water in April and May, much higher than previous months [29]. Limited surfacing areas and increased time spent near or on the ice platform by adult ringed seals may increase the hunting success rate for polar bears. Adult female ringed seals birth and nurse pups in subnivean lairs [30], [31], and it has been hypothesized that killing ringed seal pups at the lair may provide polar bears a secondary opportunity of capturing the adult female [8], [12], [22], [32], although the success of this tactic is unknown. Diving profiles of adult male ringed seals during the breeding season indicate they spend more time near the surface to mark and guard shared breathing holes [29], [33]. Scent marking by adult males is a conspicuous form of mate signaling [34], [35], and likely increases the chances of detection by polar bears. It has been suggested, however, that the odour of breeding male ringed seals is strong enough to confer an anti-predation benefit from polar bears [10], [22], [31], although this has only been examined with hunting attempts on subnivean liars, not seal kills.
The objectives of this study were to: quantify the composition of species, age, and gender of seals killed by polar bears in spring in the Beaufort Sea; investigate how temporal shifts in ringed seal natality affect kill composition; and, test hypotheses on the intraspecific vulnerabilities of ringed seals to predation. If ringed seal natality rates affect the overall composition of kills by polar bears in a particular year, the proportion of ringed seal pups killed should be greater in years with high rates of ringed seal ovulation. In addition, if reproductive activities increase vulnerability to predation, more adult seals should be killed following the peak of parturition. Furthermore, if the strong and apparently unpleasant smell of adult male ringed seals in spring reduces their attractiveness to predators, it might be predicted that males would be killed less frequently than adult females. Finally, if ringed seal vulnerability increases because of exposure to predation at subnivean lairs, then a positive correlation should exist between the number of observed hunting attempts on lairs and both pup and adult kill rates. Observations of both pup and adult female ringed seal kills should occur at the same location, if polar bears are able to catch a ringed seal mother after killing her pup.
Materials and Methods
Observations of hunts (digs) and seals killed by polar bears were collected between early-April and late-May (range April 3 – May 28) in 1985–1987, 1992–1994, 2000, and 2003–2011. Observations were gathered opportunistically during polar bear inventory and ecology research. The study area was the eastern Beaufort Sea east of 141° W and south of 75° N, and the Amundsen Gulf (Figure 1). Helicopter flights originated from Tuktoyaktuk, Sachs Harbour, Ulukhaktok, Cape Parry, and Norway Island and were limited to within 150 km of the coast. Search effort included surveying active ice near leads and stable shorefast ice areas [36].
Digs and kills were identified from the helicopter during tracking of polar bears. Digs were categorized as snowdrifts along pressure ridges that were dug into by polar bears. Kill sites were confirmed by the presence of blood, carcass, remains that have been scavenged, or carcasses that were actively being fed upon by polar bears. Due to logistic restrictions, it was not possible to land and investigate all kill sites, so some were noted only from the air. When possible, sites with remains present were investigated and tissue, jaw, and claw samples from kills were collected. Species, age class, and gender were also noted when possible. In some cases where only blood remained, if the amount of blood was minimal, and it was found near a pressure ridge with a dig nearby, it was assumed to represent the kill of a ringed seal pup [26]. Observations of white lanugo at the kill site also helped confirm ringed seal pup kills when few remains were present. Seal kills by Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) were excluded based on the presence of fox tracks and the absence of polar bear tracks.
Tooth histology and claw samples were used to augment seal kill age class observations. Canine seal teeth were extracted from recovered jaws, decalcified, and aged to the year following Stewart et al. [37]. Claw samples were employed only to categorize a kill as either pup (0+ years), juvenile (1–6 years) or adult (≥7 years), because claw wear precludes accurately aging beyond 10 years [38].
DNA analysis was used to confirm species and identify gender of seal kills. Seal samples were stored at −20°C and included all observation years except 1985–1987. Extracted DNA of 147 seal kill samples were analyzed by Wildlife Genetics International (Nelson, British Columbia). DNA profiles for both species and gender yielded clear results (D. Paetkau, personal comm.). Results of laboratory age and species classifications were compared with field notes to test the strength of in situ records. This test assessed the confidence in the use of field observations when laboratory analysis was not available for confirmation.
Seal kill observations were pooled over all years (1985–2011), and pooled by time periods with data from Stirling and Archibald [11], associated with high (1971–1973; 2007–2011) or low (1974–1975; 1985–1987; 2003–2006) ringed seal ovulation rates. Differences in the proportion of kills between age classes within species, and between years within age classes, were tested for statistical significance using a Pearson Chi-square. The Marascuilo procedure was used for post-hoc analysis, as it allows for the comparison of proportion data of several populations simultaneously, using a Chi-square statistic [39]. Given that species was not identified in 31% of the 650 seal kill observations, and age-class was not identified in 58% of the observations, multiple imputation methods were considered [40]. However, Little's MCAR test was not significant (χ2 = 1.35, df = 1, P = 0.25), and pooled input values did not result in a significantly different estimate of the proportions of species or age-class; indicating little bias in using only complete data. Therefore, all proportions are presented using complete data only. Identified kills were also converted to total biomass for comparison following Derocher et al. [26]. Mean kill and dig observations per flight day were compared between 1985–1987 and 2003–2006 using t-tests, adjusted to seasonal day (April 11-May 10).
Seal kill observations were pooled into five-day intervals (n = 8) to test for the presence of within season trends. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze whether the distribution of kill observations was equal across time intervals. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons using Kruskal-Wallis ranks tested whether kill rates at individual time intervals differed.
Linear regression was employed to test for a relationship between the number of digs (independent) and the number of adult or pup ringed seals killed (dependent) each year. The correlation used data from the years 1985–1987, and 2003–2006, because these years had high sampling intensity (range 26–47 days), and dig observations were consistently recorded. Data were pooled (n = 14) into observations that occurred early in the sampling season (≤ April 25) and late (≥ April 26). Regression was performed on Box Cox transformed data ([41]; λ = 0.5), to meet the assumptions of normality (Shapiro-Wilk, P>0.05). All statistical tests were conducted in SPSS 18.0 (IBM, Chicago, Illinois), and 95% confidence intervals are reported with all means, unless otherwise stated. For all significance tests, alpha was set to 0.05.
Between 1985–2011, 369 helicopter flight days were flown over the Beaufort Sea, during which 650 kills and 1396 digs were recorded. Sampling effort between years varied with 72.9% of total flight days recorded in 1985–1987 and 2003–2006, accounting for 77.2% of the kills and 80.9% of digs.
Of the 650 kills, species was undetermined for 200. Ringed seals accounted for 90.2% (406/450) of kills of known species, while bearded seals accounted for the remaining 9.8% (44/450). DNA analysis agreed with the field assessment of species classification in 94.1% of the cases where both were recorded (n = 102). Of 450 samples from known species, age class was determined for 344 ringed seals and 32 bearded seals. For ringed seals, 38.4% (132/344) were pups, 18.0% (62/344) were juveniles and 43.6% (150/344) were adults. Overall, ringed seal pup and adult age classes were killed at a higher proportion than juveniles (P<0.001, n = 344). Of the ringed seal adults, 49.6% were ≥21 years of age (60/121), with the oldest being a 41 year-old female from Dolphin and Union Strait (Figure 2). The eight oldest ringed seals aged by tooth histology and identified by gender were all female. The oldest male was 30 years of age. Mean age for killed adult male ringed seals was 20.7±1.9 years and 22.6±3.4 years for adult females and did not differ by sex (t = 1.11, df = 62, P = 0.27). For bearded seals, 25.0% (8/32) were pups, 40.6% (13/32) were juveniles and 34.4% (11/32) were adults. Proportions of bearded seal kills did not differ by age class (P≥0.40), although the number of known age class samples was small (n = 32). When identified kills were converted to biomass, ringed seals contributed 67% of the overall prey biomass, while bearded seals contributed 33%. Tooth histology classification of seal ages by adult, juvenile, and pup, agreed with field assessment in 87.9% of the cases where both were reported (n = 33). DNA analysis of gender of ringed seal adult kills determined the sex ratio as 0.50 (n = 78).
Age class proportions of ringed seal kills from this study along with Stirling and Archibald [11], were not distributed evenly between time periods associated with high and low ringed seal ovulation rates (χ2 = 176.8, df = 8, P<0.001, Figure 3). Ringed seal pups were killed at the highest proportion from 2007–2011 as compared to any other time period (P<0.01). Proportions of adult ringed seal kills were lowest in 1971–1973 and 2007–2011 compared to the other periods (P<0.001). In 1985–1987, 2.20 kills/flight day were observed, which was not different than the 1.84 kills/flight day in 2003–2006 (t = 1.07, df = 228, P = 0.28). In 2003–2006, 5.16 digs/flight day were observed and was significantly higher than the 2.36 digs/flight day in 1985–1987 (t = −2.87, df = 228, P<0.01). Mean estimated age of adult ringed seals killed increased from 17.9±1.8 years between 1985–1994 to 21.6±2.3 years between 2000–2011 (t = 2.51, df = 113, P = 0.01).
Data from 1971–1975 reproduced with permission from Stirling and Archibald [11]. *Years with lower ringed seal reproduction as recorded at Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok [24], [25], [63].
Abundances of seal kill observations were not distributed evenly over the season (H = 47.5, df = 7, P<0.001, Figure 4a). Post-hoc analysis revealed kill observations were significantly higher from April 21 – May 5 compared to April 6 – 15 (P<0.01, Figure 4a). Pup and juvenile ringed seal kill observations per day (n = 40) did not differ over time (Hpup = 12.5, Ppup = 0.09; Hjuv = 8.6, Pjuv = 0.29; df = 7, Figure 4b). Observations of adult ringed seal kills per day varied (H = 17.8, df = 7, P = 0.01), as a post-hoc examination revealed that the number of kills observed was higher April 26 – 30 compared to April 6 – 15 (P<0.05, Figure 4b). Temporal correlation between daily observation rates of total kills and adult ringed seal kills was evident (Spearman rank correlation, rs = 0.69, P<0.001, n = 40).
4a: Mean daily number of all kills observed (± SE); error represents combined daily and annual variation in observations. Grey shading indicates peak ringed seal whelping in the Beaufort Sea [12]. 4b: Mean number of ringed seal pup (0+ years), juvenile (1–6 years) and adult (≥7 years) kills observed.
There was a positive correlation between the number of digs observed and the number of ringed seal pup kills (r2 = 0.30, df = 12, P = 0.04, Figure 5a) but no correlation between the number of digs observed and the number of adult ringed seal kills (r2 = 0.07, df = 12, P = 0.37, Figure 5b). Additionally, there were no observations of a pup and adult ringed seal killed at the same location. The closest proximity of a pup and adult kill was observed on April 29, 2009, when an adult female kill was found 1.76 km from a pup kill.
5a: pups (0+ years, r2 = 0.30, P = 0.04). 5b: adults (≥7 years, P = 0.37). Observations were pooled (n = 14) into early (▴, ≤ April 25) and late season (▪, ≥ April 26). Data shown untransformed; see text.
Extrapolating foraging behaviour of polar bears from opportunistic observations is subject to potential bias. Search effort in our study was not systematic, as kills were found while following polar bear tracks. This resulted in a high representation of the floe edge and moving ice habitats that polar bears show a preference for [36], while underrepresenting other habitats, potentially resulting in some bias in kill composition. However, because the objective of the research was to locate as many polar bears as possible, it is likely that the sampling reflected areas where polar bear foraging was successful, reducing the possibility of missing substantial numbers of kills in other habitats. Searching for kills was also dependent on the spatial scope of polar bear ecology and inventory research. Most research flights were flown between the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula and Herschel Island, or on the western and southern coasts of Banks Island and the western entrance to Amundsen Gulf, with less time spent further east in the Amundsen Gulf. Additionally, between 2007–2011, research flights were based only from Tuktoyaktuk, resulting in search effort restricted to the southern Beaufort Sea. As depth contours and sea ice conditions vary throughout the eastern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf, extrapolating from one area may not fully depict foraging behaviour for polar bears across the study region. Nonetheless, we believe our samples are broadly representative of the seals killed.
Species composition in the diet of polar bears of the Beaufort Sea was similar to that reported in past studies [11], [14]. Polar bears primarily preyed upon ringed seals, with only small numbers of bearded seals being predated which, in part at least, reflects the relative abundance of the two species in the study area [42]. However, because subadult and adult bearded seals are substantially larger than ringed seals, it appears that the majority are killed by adult male polar bears, though carcasses may be scavenged by younger animals [14], [43], [44]. Although the numeric contribution of bearded seals to the kill composition is low, bearded seals contributed approximately one-third of the kill biomass. However, caution is warranted in interpreting the biomass composition to be anything but a rough estimate. The estimate of dietary contribution of bearded seals in this study is higher than from previous estimates using fatty acid analysis [14]. As the estimation technique pools juveniles and adults into the same weight class for each species [26], the calculation may have upwardly biased bearded seal contribution. Nonetheless, the finding supports polar bear dietary studies in other regions, which have found bearded seals to be an important contributor to the overall biomass intake [22], [26].
Age class composition of ringed seal kills varied temporally, in general association with years of low and high ringed seal ovulation rates. Ringed seal pups were killed at the highest proportion between 2007–2011, when ringed seal ovulation rates were over 90% [25]. The result suggests that when ringed seal recruitment is high, polar bears kill mostly ringed seal pups in spring. Ringed seal juveniles were killed half as frequently as adults between 1971–2011, which was unexpected given that polar bears focus on younger age classes during predation [8], [11], [15], [22]. However, this result may also reflect that the majority of kills were observed in years with lower ringed seal productivity. Juvenile ringed seals were observed to decrease in Inuit open water catches for two to three years immediately following low ringed seal natality [12], [24]. These results support the suggestion that the decadal cycle of ringed seal productivity affects the kill composition of polar bears in the spring [23], [45].
Observations of juvenile ringed seal kills were lower in 2003–2011 than in 1985–1987. The mechanism for the decline is not well understood. Juvenile ringed seals in the study area have been observed to be in worsening body condition over the past two decades [25]. Coupled with an increase in the average age of adult ringed seal kills, decreases in juvenile representation in the kill composition could be symptomatic of a declining population. However, our understanding of juvenile ringed seal behaviour and distribution are still inadequate. Juvenile ringed seals do not restrict themselves to a territory, and will spatially segregate themselves from adults during early spring to take advantage of high quality foraging areas [46]. This may translate into an unpredictable source of prey for polar bears, and disentangling the predator-prey effects from possible population effects is difficult. As such, it is unwarranted to speculate further on the causes of the observed trends.
Seasonal analysis indicated an increase in the rate of observations of ringed seal adult kills and total kills after the peak ringed seal whelping date. A temporal correlation between these two trends suggests ringed seal adult kills may have driven the increase in total observed kill rates. There are two nonexclusive hypotheses for the increased kill rates of adult seals following whelping. First, reproductive behaviour may increase predation risk for adults. Adult female ringed seals are income breeders [47], [48], and have a spatially restricted foraging pattern while nursing [29], [49]. Territorial behaviour in adult male ringed seals peaks post-whelping and less dominant males are excluded from prime-breeding habitat [12], [50]. Additionally, both male and female ringed seals spend an increasing amount of time out of the water during reproduction and mating [29]. The restricted spatial ranges of adults and repeated use of surfacing areas may increase the likelihood of predatory success for a sit-and-wait predator such as the polar bear.
Second, approximately half of the adults killed were ≥21 years, indicating a potential age related mechanism of vulnerability in adults. Although ringed seal life expectancy can range up to 45 years [51], the proportion of the adult population over 20 years old rarely exceeds 30% in catch statistics [12], [51], [52]. Using smoothed age-frequency estimates from Smith [12], ringed seal adults 21 years and older only compose ca. 15% of the adult age class. A high kill composition of pups and older seals supports the controversial theory that as a predator, polar bears may be killing the old and the weak in the prey population [53], [54]. For ambush predators, prey selection is largely limited to what avails itself, and therefore dependent on the behaviour of the prey. In years of high ringed seal ovulation, polar bears have access to a large number of vulnerable pups. In low ovulation years, polar bears diets include a higher proportion of older adult ringed seals, whose potentially more limited mobility (e.g. [55]) may increase their vulnerability.
The finding that adult male and adult female ringed seals were killed in similar proportion is contrary to the prediction that polar bears avoid adult males during spring. Previous studies had noted that hunting polar bears ignored ringed seal subnivean lairs with a strong rutting male scent [10], [22], [31]. Explanations for this avoidance included: the meat of rutting male ringed seals is unpalatable to polar bears [10], [22], [56]; breeding odour serves to confuse the olfactory senses of polar bears during hunting [22]; or adult males in subnivean lairs are more difficult to catch for polar bears than younger age classes [10], [31]. Results from this study suggested adult male ringed seals comprised a significant portion of the polar bear diet in spring, and therefore the only hypothesis supported by this study is the last: adult males may be more difficult to catch in stable ice subnivean lairs.
The number of observed attempted hunts on subnivean lairs (digs) was positively correlated with the number of pup kills, but not correlated with the number of adult kills. This observation is consistent with evidence that attacks on subnivean lairs in stable ice are predominately aimed at ringed seal pups [10], [22], [56]. However, there is a hypothesis that in cases where a pup kill provides limited energetic return, polar bears may attempt to exploit the mother-pup bond, and capture the adult female [8], [12], [22], [32]. Yet, during our study we found no support for such a hunting strategy.
Stirling and McEwan [8], reported that some of the newborn ringed seal pups killed at lairs are unconsumed, and given pups low energetic value and fat content during nursing, they suggested polar bears may have been hunting the adult females. Given dig success rates can be less than 10% [11], and polar bears are inefficient walkers [57], searching and digging for ringed seal pups alone may not result in a net energy gain. Due to the inability to screen out scavenging of kills by other predators, relative consumption rates were not examined in our study. However, despite pups' daily gain in fatty tissue [58], the number of pup kills we observed per day between mid-April and early May remained relatively constant. Two hypotheses could support these observations. First, the daily increase in the mass of ringed seal pups provides progressively greater thermal insulation, and pups spend more time in the water column as the nursing period progresses [59]. Reduced vulnerability to predation may counteract increased hunting effort by polar bears, explaining the relatively constant kill rate within season. Second, preying on ringed seal pups may be part of a greater overall strategy of polar bear females protecting cubs (<1 year old) in spring, and lower energetic gains are a consequence of their habitat selection. Habitat selection studies in the Beaufort Sea suggest that female polar bears with cubs select stable, shorefast ice habitat with subnivean lairs, segregating themselves from the rest of the polar bear population [36]. It is hypothesized that females with cubs avoid adult males [36], [60] due to risk of infanticide and being killed themselves [61], [62]. Adult females with cubs may trade reduced energetic input for protection of young during this period, which could contribute to the high proportion of ringed seal pup kills, despite the pups' limited energetic value.
We thank C. Spencer for expert assistance with tooth histology laboratory work and Dr. Corey Davis for supplying bearded seal DNA samples for reference material.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: IS AED. Performed the experiments: NWP IS AED ER DA. Analyzed the data: NWP. Wrote the paper: NWP.
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