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The Paper Rose Co. Blog
Latest Happenings
Just before the fourth my friend Amanda, who owns and runs Hummingbird Gardens, announced that she had an extra large harvest for her weekly deliveries. Being that I'm continually inspired by what she's growing (I actually used her photos as a reference for my cosmos!), I arranged to get one of her gorgeous buckets of flowers that week.
- Jul 11, 2017 A wildflower study
- Jun 30, 2017 A client gift with corporate spirit
- Jun 15, 2017 Spider Pride Feature
- Jun 9, 2017 40th Birthday Gift
- Jun 1, 2017 The Paper Anniversary
- May 31, 2017 Richmond Bride
- May 12, 2017 Ledbury's last-minute Mother's Day gift guide
- Apr 14, 2017 Mother's Day Collection 2017
- Mar 5, 2017 The Spring Collection
- Mar 4, 2017 Awl Snap + Paper Rose
- Feb 2, 2017 The Knot DC, Maryland & Virginia write-up!
- Jan 15, 2017 Valentine's Day Collection
- Dec 28, 2016 The Aloha Rose
- Nov 28, 2016 Over the River Holiday Market & Holiday Bundles
- Oct 3, 2016 A collection for fall
- Sep 22, 2016 Welcoming fall
- Sep 16, 2016 Naming collection #1
- Sep 15, 2016 The first collection!
- Sep 15, 2016 Why paper flowers?
Recent Posts
Just before the fourth my friend Amanda, who owns and runs Hummingbird Gardens, announced that she had an extra large harvest for her weekly deliveries. Being that I'm continually inspired by what she's growing (I actually used her photos as a reference for my cosmos!), I arranged to get one of her gorgeous buckets of flowers that week.
Through my career as a designer, I've had the opportunity to meet many impressive and ambitious entrepreneurs. None have ever impressed me as much as Christina Dick, owner of TFB Agency, a social media and public relations strategy company here in Richmond. She takes the concept of drive to a whole new level!
Earlier this month I had the honor of being featured by my Alma Mater, the University of Richmond, via their new Alumni platform Spider Pride. Here's the intro to their piece, which you can find here.
This custom order had been arranged well ahead of schedule, so I was excited to get to work on it after I returned from my vacation in May. After hanging out with my childhood best friends and celebrating our impending 40th birthdays, I also realized that this gift is putting all of the birthday gifts I've given to shame! Talk about a real show-stopper!
Right before Mother's Day, I got an email from a friend of mine about a custom order. She and her wife were about to celebrate their first anniversary and she wanted to know if I had any flowers, or if I could make something similar to the flowers they had in their bouquets. "I'm sure you know that the traditional gift for the first anniversary is paper, so I thought this would be perfect.", she wrote. Well, I have to admit, up until this point I had never put these pieces together. I sure am glad that Caroline did, because she's right—this is a brilliant gift idea!
A few weeks ago I had a lovely chat with an editor at Richmond Magazine who was nice enough to write a little blurb about Paper Rose in the current issue of Richmond Bride. Issues are available with Richmond Magazine subscriptions or on newsstands now!
Amidst their big announcement (a women's collection!—oh?) Ledbury made my day by including Paper Rose in their Mother's Day gift guide this morning. Better yet, I'm listed right along with my BFF's, House of Floralie. That's some excellent company if I do say so!
For month's I've been thinking about what I wanted to do for this collection. Mother's Day is an excellent occasion to send flowers—and paired with the time of year when it seems like everything is coming into bloom—it's the perfect storm of inspiration.
For this collection, I focused on flowers that come and go pretty quickly this time of year (if you can get your hands on them at all) and the fresh pops of color we're all longing for after a dull gray winter.
Upon realizing our booths would be next to each other at a local market, my pal Erin of
If you want to learn more about
I'm extremely honored to be included in The Knot's DC, Maryland & Virginia's Spring/Summer 2017 issue. You can check out the entire issue online here, and look for the piece about Paper Rose under the Local Lowdown on page 204! Not bad for my first official piece of press!
I created this collection of crepe paper flowers in hopes of inspiring and encouraging everyone to spread a little more love this year. Not just because there's a day on the calendar coming up that says that's what we're supposed to do. And not just for that one particular person we call our significant other—but to the people in our lives who may need a little pick me up. To the friends and family who know they are loved but might not always hear it. Heck—to yourself because you're awesome!
I absolutely love custom orders for two reasons: 1) I usually get to try something new, and 2) I often get a wonderful story about the reason why the gift is being ordered or about the person it's being ordered for. In this case, both were true.
Yesterday's OTRMM Holiday Market was a huge success and since I've gotten lots of inquiries about whether or not any I have any holiday bundles left, I'm adding them to the shop. I'm also working on a handful of custom orders so if you're looking for a special gift, send me a note!
Fall is my absolute favorite time of year. Its arrival always brings me back to my teenage years growing up in State College, PA—apple picking, football games, high school dances, John Cusack… movies. It might be wishful thinking (or old age), but nothing brings me back to that time in my life like a good John Hughes movie and the smell of freshly fallen leaves.
I have a peony problem—we all do, it's ok. Peonies are the heart eyes emoji of the flower world. That said after I put together my first collection of arrangements I realized I needed to branch out (that wasn't an intentional pun, but I'm leaving it).
I love a good playlist. By that, I mean I love a good playlist that's utterly embarrassing and makes me sing along to the shock and horror of anyone in a 5-mile radius. So, when I was trying to come up with a system to name my first collection of arrangements it dawned on me to look to my playlists for some inspiration. I'm also going to blame Stranger Things for that. At any rate, in case you were wondering who these pieces were named after I figured I'd share this little gem. Enjoy!
I've already written quite a bit about why, but I wanted to add a quick post to commemorate this initial collection here in its entirety. Hopefully, this is the first of many to come!
A week ago I met with a friend and mentor about some projects I'm working on for my "real job." Towards the end of our conversation, I happened to mention that I'd been spending some of my time working on a collection of paper flowers. "Do you have any photos?" he asked, unsure as to what I was even talking about. The minute I handed him my phone and saw his expression, my attitude, and my energy totally changed.


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hello everyone ! we have some really exciting news …… some of you will know that over the last year we've been putting out our "sunday night videos" – basically covering a bunch of our favourite songs and recording and filming them in weird and wonderful locations all over the world . a forest in […] Read More »
hello everyone !!
hope you've all had a great week ?!
we've had a brilliant one – after the most phenomenal show at Kew The Music 2017 we went on to the iconic Montreux Jazz Festival in switzerland where we were lucky enough to share the stage with The Lumineers (such a good band !!!)
then last night we were in beautiful northern spain at Cap Roig Festival… three very different gigs but each of them incredible in their own way 🙂
a massive thanks to everyone that came along xxx
i also wanted to share one final sunday night video with you….
this is one of my all time favourite songs and in my eyes a total masterpiece . for this reason its a song i thought i would never cover as its one of the "untouchables" …. but i did …. sorry …. i hope i haven't ruined it !!
its a slightly different approach to the previous cover songs ….
firstly , its just me and guitar this time as i felt like the lyrics and melody required as much space as possible . the video is also super simple . its just ariel footage of the lake district in northern england . i think with a song as perfect as this simplicity is the key ….
a huge thanks to Yousef Thami for capturing such stunning visuals .
remember , you can watch all of the "sunday night videos" here www.youtube.com/passengermusic and listen to all of the studio versions at https://Passenger.lnk.to/SundayNightSessionsFA
as i said , this will be the last one of the series . its been a wonderful project to work on . thank you all so much for your amazing feedback and for sharing the videos around . also a massive thanks to Jarrad Seng Photography and Bryan Dos Reis as well as my brilliant band and crew for making it all possible .
i'd like to dedicate this video to my good friend chris simmons and his family .
loads of love .
mike x
LONDON – just wanted to say a massive and heartfelt thank you for the most extraordinary show at Kew The Music 2017 .
it was without doubt the wettest gig i've ever played and i was sure that the terrible weather would affect the turn out and the mood of the evening ….
not only this but less than 24 hours before the gig , my amazing bass player (rob) broke his little finger and for a while it was hanging in the balance as to whether he'd be able to play or not ….
i'd been looking forward to this gig all summer – my biggest ever uk headline show and to play at kew gardens is pretty special in itself so i was feeling fairly upset by the situation .
i needn't have worried . rob was an absolute trooper and managed to not just make it through the show but didn't miss a note . and what a crowd !!!! 7000 strong and drenched to the bone . you sang and danced and gave everything . the atmosphere was electric and i really mean it when i say that it was one of the best musical moments of my life .
thank you all so so much !!!
next up the
Montreux Jazz Festival with the The Lumineers . can't wait 🙂
photo by http://www.belindaenthoven.com/
hey guys ,
here's a new playlist that we've put together called "sunday night sessions" . its a bunch of cover songs that the band and i have been playing over the last year …. hope you enjoy it .
mike xx
listen on spotify or apple music – Passenger.lnk.to/SundayNightSessionsWE
wow !!!
another fantastic week on the road 🙂
three amazing shows at Bråvalla festival , Rock Werchter (pictured below) and OpenAir St.Gallen – official . we had an absolutely brilliant time with you all xxx
we're now in beautiful ITALY at the Gardone Riviera and have a show here tomorrow night …. a handful of tickets left at http://www.anfiteatrodelvittoriale.it/acquistare-biglietti/ if you wanna come down !!
on thursday we're in switzerland again at Summerstage Basel and then on satuday we'll be at the austrian grand prix … what a crazy summer 🙂
see y'all soon xxx
photo by http://robwalbers.com/
what an epic few days here in GERMANY …. beautiful shows in MUNSTER and BONN followed by the most incredible gigs at Southside and Hurricane Festival . i love playing in this country so much . thank you to all of you for coming and watching !!
one more german show tomorrow night at Tollwood festival in MUNICH . tickets available on the door if any bavarians are at a loose end …. loads of love . mike xx
photo by http://www.kaimarksphoto.com/
hey guys ,
just wanted to say a huge thank you to Bergenfest and Komos Festival for having us at the weekend . its always such a pleasure to play in SCANDINAVIA and i'm looking forward to heading back up that way for Bråvalla festival next week !!
before that though we're off to GERMANY 🙂
on thursday we'll be at Kunst!rasen festival in BONN and on monday night at Tollwood in MUNICH . these are both headline shows and you can still get tickets from Passenger.lnk.to/TicketsFA .
over the weekend we'll be at Hurricane Festival and Southside Festival . these will be my last german shows for a long time so hopefully see as many of you as possible !!
lastly i just wanted to share another amazing moment from our concert at the Ziggo Dome a few months ago …..
its a pretty incredible feeling when 14,000 people go this quiet ….. I'm getting goosebumps thinking about it .
thank you again AMSTERDAM for a night that i'll never forget .
as always please feel free to share this video with your friends !!
love and thanks .
mike xx
wow , what a week !!
thank you to everyone that came out to see us in JERSEY and GRONINGEN – two fantastic shows !
Pinkpop Festival was an absolute dream too … so much fun to be back on a massive festival stage !!!
big thanks to Ben Houdijk Photography for the snaps 🙂
we have a few days off now before heading to Bergenfest … lots of love xxx
hi everyone !
its been a while … hope you're all doing well 🙂
we're getting back on the road again this weekend and we'll playing a bunch of beautiful looking festivals and gigs around europe . i can't fucking wait !!!!
we're kicking things off in JERSEY tomorrow night at Gloucester hall and you can still grab tickets from here if you fancy coming along .
(be sure to check out the support lucy rose ….. she's AMAZING !!!)
we're then on to HOLLAND for one of my favourite festivals pinkpop and to do our own show in groningen (sold out) .
talking of the netherlands , this video is a bit special …. its from my show at the ziggo dome in amsterdam back in october last year . it was the biggest ever passenger headline show with an amazing 14,000 people there .
it was an incredible night for many reasons but i think this has to be the highlight …. what a moment !
we used to sing this song together every night when i was supporting ed a few years ago so it was pretty lovely to be able to do it again after so long .
massive thanks to ed sheeran , the boys at seesaw and my sound guys for capturing it so beautifully , my fantastic band and to everyone that came along that night .
please feel free to share this with your mates and i look forward to seeing some of you throughout the summer !!
loads of love .
mike x

subset: commoncrawl


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Copper indium selenide M940095
Testing Status of Copper indium selenide - M940095
Related Links
Search for data on this test article
: 12018-95-0
Formula: Cu-In-Se
Synonyms/Common Names
Copper indium selenide (CuInSe2)
Known Uses
Used in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells; photoelectric devices
Chemical Properties
Toxicity Effects (HSDB)
Special Studies
Absorption Disposition Metabolism Elimination (Gavage) (S0561) Completed
Citation: Copper Indium Selenide in Liver/Kidney/Fetus/Blood Samples. March 28, 1995
Male and Female Rats: F344/N
Absorption Disposition Metabolism Elimination (Intratracheal) (S0969) Completed
Citation: Morgan DL, Shines CJ, Jeter SP, Blazka ME, Elwell MR, Wilson RE, Ward SM, Price HC, Moskowitz PD. Comparative pulmonary absorption, distribution, and toxicity of copper gallium diselenide, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Dec;147(2):399-410.
Pubmed Abstract
Rats: Sprague Dawley
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Description: Current Research and Real World Application. Updated in its second edition, Life Span Development: A Topical Approach maintains the student friendliness that has been the hallmark of Feldman's development texts. Rich in examples, it illustrates the applications that can be derived from the research and theory of lifespan developmentalists. The text takes a modular approach providing both readers and instructors with maximum flexibility. MyPsychLab is an integral part of the Feldman program. Key learning applications include, MyDevelopmentLab video series, MyVirtualLife, and MyVirtualChild. Teaching & Learning ExperiencePersonalize Learning – MyPsychLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program. It helps students prepare for class and instructor gauge individual and class performance.Improve Critical Thinking – "Review and Apply" sections consist of short recaps of the chapters' main points, followed by questions designed to provoke critical thinking. Engage Students – At the beginning of each chapter are Chapter Opening Prologues, a short vignette, describing an individual or situation that is relevant to the basic developmental issues being addressed in the chapter. Explore Research – "From Research to Practice" boxes describe current developmental research or research issues applied to everyday problems.Support Instructors – All supplements were developed around the textbook's carefully constructed learning objectives. 0205989381 / 9780205989386 Lifespan Development: A Topical Approach Plus NEW MyPsychLab with eText -- Access Card PackagePackage consists of: 0205206514 / 9780205206513 NEW MyPsychLab with Pearson eText -- Valuepack Access Card0205951031 / 9780205951031 Life Span Development: A Topical Approach
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text: keech998 - Unregistered June 14, 2009 1:35 AM F1 is a joke now, because of MM and BE, thats a fact. It doesn't help that BE says that Jenson and Brawn's success is bad for F1. He never complained when Ferrari dominated for so long. The budget cap needs to be brought in over a few years, the medals system needs to be scrapped,and never even thought of again as F1 is not an olympic sport,its a team sport,and the rules need to be the same for all teams. Also why only three teams have been added is beyond me.The more cars/teams the better. Ferrari are right, and i agree with the comment made about a special deal done between Ferrari and the FIA.It seems that Ferrari/FIA deal,which was against the F1 spirit,has backfired. 24 agree 0 disagree


text:
Let the Money Follow the Student
By Marie Gryphon. Cato.org. December 28, 2006.
Russia's Disproportionate Response to Borat
By Anna Krasinskaya and Igor Fedyukin. Cato.org. December 27, 2006.
Voting with Our Dollars to Expand Global Trade
By Daniel Griswold. The Kansas City Star (Online). December 26, 2006.
By Daniel Griswold. San Francisco Chronicle. December 21, 2006.
By Alan Reynolds. TownHall.com. December 21, 2006.
By Jerry Taylor and Peter Van Doren. South China Morning Post. December 21, 2006.
By Alan Reynolds. Washington Times. December 17, 2006.
Conflicting Views Create Hardship for U.S. Schools
By Neal McCluskey. Detroit Free Press. December 17, 2006.
By Andrew J. Coulson. TCSdaily.com. December 15, 2006.
By Robert L. Bradley Jr.. American Spectator (Online). December 15, 2006.
'New' Congress simply More of the Same
By James A. Dorn. Australian Financial Review. December 14, 2006.
By Alan Reynolds. The Wall Street Journal. December 14, 2006.
By Daniel J. Ikenson. National Review (Online). December 12, 2006.
By Steve H. Hanke. Forbes. December 11, 2006.
Examining the Libertarian Vote in Depth
By David Kirby and David Boaz. TCSdaily.com. December 11, 2006.
By Patrick J. Michaels. American Spectator. December 11, 2006.
Went to War? Good President! Kept the Peace? Not so Hot
By Gene Healy. Chicago Sun-Times. December 10, 2006.
By Michael F. Cannon. Albuquerque Journal. December 8, 2006.
Data Mining Can't Improve Our Security
By Jim Harper. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Online). December 7, 2006.
By Jagadeesh Gokhale. American Spectator. December 7, 2006.
Smoking Bans Are Dangerous to a Free Society's Health
By Thomas A. Firey. The Baltimore Sun. December 6, 2006.
The Nation Needs More than a Minor Course Correction on Iraq
By Christopher A. Preble. Cato.org. December 6, 2006.
By Justin Logan. McClatchy News Service. December 4, 2006.
By Brink Lindsey. New Republic (Online). December 4, 2006.
By Alan Reynolds. Washington Times. December 3, 2006.


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VideoHive 3D Floor Template 3327024
Apple Motion Template \ Openers \ Corporate
Included \ Template \ Motion \ Floating \ Presentation \ Render \ Particles
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Free-Fall Apparatus
Show your students that objects in a vacuum fall at the same acceleration regardless of their mass. Evacuate the tube using our vacuum pump and amaze your students as they watch a feather and metal disc fall at the same rate. Or run vacuum tubing from the evacuated tube under water and open the stopcock; water bursts into the tube, creating a beautiful fountain. Apparatus includes acrylic tube, end plugs, metal disc, feather, vacuum stopcock, and tripod base.
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A man who was possibly hit with a stun gun and then stabbed staggered into the Family Dollar store in Atlantic City on Sunday, police said.
The incident took place at about 5:30 p.m. on the 1330 block of Atlantic Avenue, Sgt. Monica McMenamin said.
McMenamin said that reports that the man was "tased" were still unconfirmed, but that the man was stabbed in the chest before walking into the store.
Three male suspects were seen leaving the scene, she said.
There was no information as the extent of the man's injuries, McMenamin said, adding that he was still in surgery several hours later. The man's name was not yet available.


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New! Signature Chile & Argentina (2017)
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Arrive in Santiago, capital of Chile, where you are met by an A&K representative and transferred to your hotel. This afternoon, relax at your hotel or explore this leafy, cosmopolitan city on your own.
Day 2: Santiago | Chilean Wine Tasting & Winery Visit
Visit the many landmarks of Santiago, including the Mercado Central, Plaza de Armas and Metropolitan Cathedral. Enjoy a tour of the Museum of Pre-Colombian Art before departing the city for a visit to the local wine district. Visit an acclaimed family-owned winery for a sampling of Chilean vintages and lunch.
The Ritz-Carlton, Santiago | Meals: B L
Day 3: Frutillar/Puerto Varas | Legacy of the German Settlers
Fly to Puerto Montt, in the gorgeous Chilean Lakes District, and then journey overland to Frutillar, a charming village established by Chile's first German settlers. Observe how their influence remains in the gardens and architecture here and enjoy breathtaking views of Osorno Volcano. Tour the German Colonial Museum before transferring to Puerto Varas, a town with Black Forest-style architecture and traditional German cuisine. After a light lunch at a local restaurant, continue to Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park to visit Petrohué Falls, its aquamarine rapids plunging over black volcanic rocks. By late afternoon, arrive at your hotel, on the shores of Lake Llanquihue overlooking Osorno Volcano.
Cumbres Puerto Varas | Meals: B L
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Travel to Pargua Bay and board a ferry to San Antonio de Chacao, a colorful village on Chiloé Island. Proceed to Puñihuil, a fishing village with a beach for watching Magellanic and Humboldt penguins as well as dolphins, sea otters and sea birds. Enjoy a lunch of delightful regional dishes at a local restaurant. Then, return to Puerto Varas.
Cumbres Puerto Varas | Meals: B L
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Llao Llao Hotel & Resort | Meals: B
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Fly to Iguazu Falls and visit them on the Argentine side. The falls are one of the most impressive sights in the world, with a breathtaking 275 cascades spread across nearly two miles. They are located in the lush Iguazu National Park, a sprawling forest that is home to macaws, toucans, monkeys and crocodiles. Walk above the falls surrounded by tropical flora, butterflies and exotic birds. Venture onto a catwalk that extends 3,600 feet over Devil's Throat, a roiling cataract that marks the border between Argentina and Brazil. Tonight, stay in the only hotel in the park.
Belmond Hotel das Cataratas | Meals: B
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Discover the Brazilian side of the falls, walking with your guide in the National Park of Iguazu and moving within arm's length of the cataracts. Then, climb a wooden staircase 115 feet to see the falls from the top.
Belmond Hotel das Cataratas | Meals: B L
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Fly to Buenos Aires and embark on a walking tour of this decidedly European-style city. This evening, learn the basic tango steps before attending a dinner and tango show at a renowned Buenos Aires venue.
Four Seasons Hotel Buenos Aires | Meals: B D
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Visit the many landmarks of Buenos Aires, including the parks of Palermo, the old quarters of San Telmo and the colorful La Boca district with La Bombonera. Stop at Recoleta Cemetery, gravesite of Eva Perón, Argentina's beloved and controversial former First Lady.
Four Seasons Hotel Buenos Aires | Meals: B
Day 11: Depart Buenos Aires
Tour the beautiful Teatro Colón, an opera house world renowned for its acoustics. Enjoy a late checkout on your final afternoon, before your evening airport transfer and your flight home.
Meals: B
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The 'Actor' is a stylish and comfortable large sized leather rucksack.
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One front pocket, two side pockets, spacious inside compartment and a zipped back pocket for extra security.
It will fit up to a 17'' laptop
H40.0 x W42.0* x D16.0 (cm)


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How to Create a simple makeup look styled after Megan Fox
Want to look like Megan Fox? Who wouldn't! You can thanks to Dunja Ghag, who shows you how to create a Foxy makeup look. She focuses on Fox's felinity, showing you the steps to applying catlike eyeliner. Fox has perfect eyebrows, and they define her face perfectly—and yours can, too! Also check out the vampish red liptone used.


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Thursday, April 24, 2008
Politics and privacy @ EIPSI
Earlier this week I had the great honour to be asked to speak at the launch of TU/e's new security institute, EIPSI, alongside some of my favourite security researchers (such as Bruce Schneier and Whit Diffie). The event went very well thanks to all the efforts of the organisers, and attracted over 300 attendees.
You can see the slides from my presentation on Politics and Privacy Engineering, and hopefully video will be available soon.
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Before we begin, let's wind back to the moment when we first unboxed our iPhones. Reminisce the sensuality of its slender frame. Recall how maddening it was to have held such a slim device. Feels good, doesn't it?
Now, let's begin.
Ladies and gentleman, it's been too long since we buried our iPhones under those sorry excuses for accessories we call iPhone covers. You know what I'm talking about. Those "shock protection" tank-like ones. Those overly blinked-out narcissistic ones. And those packed with so many features you'll think that it's trying to be Iron-man.
Believe me when I say that I've tried my fair share of these covers throughout my years of Apple fandom. Always hoping that the next one would be 'the one' for my iPhone. Always wishing that someone out there would get it right.
Don't get me wrong though, I love the over-protection I get with some covers, but my pockets always hated me for it. And some of the features are really useful when I actually use them. It's just that I've always felt as if I had to live with an iPhone cover just because there's nothing out there that works better. I get that there'll never be a perfect cover, but I'm a dreamer, so I dream.
And dream I did. For what my iPhone deserves. For what could be for my iPhone. What should be.
That dream came true with the SkinCase.
At 0.01in, SkinCase is the world's thinnest iPhone cover. It's so incredibly, ridiculously thin that you'll sometimes forget you even have a cover on. Really. This isn't an exaggeration. Just look.
Look at it. It's as if nothing's on.
To help you better imagine how stupendously thin it is, the Volume and Silent buttons on the sides are even with the SkinCase. This means that when you glide your finger over the area, you'll essentially feel a flat smooth surface with only a little breathing space around the buttons.
If you're worried about the annoying iPhone 6 camera on the back, don't worry, SkinCase's got your back too. It subtly protrudes around the camera to provide a reinforced bumper, but not too much that it'll make your iPhone rock when you put it down. If scrolling up is too much of a hassle, we've included the cover photo below for you to ...


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Temples and Tenements: The Indian Drawings of Deanna Petherbridge
Seagull Books, 1987 - Architecture, Hindu, in art - 88 pages
"Published on the occasion of the exhibition entitled Architectural rites at the Fischer Fine Art gallery, London, and on tour in India"--T.p. verso.
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This property is located on Ngam wong wan road heading to Viphavadee road. This site is very close to MRT Red line (Bang Khen Station) around 350 meter and Bang Khen railway with 500 meter. It is surrounded by all convenient place such as shopping mall; The mall Ngam wong wan, Pantip plaza and hospital; Nontavvej hospital, Viphavadee hospital also Kasetsart University and Dhurakit Bandit University. The property has frontage approximately 50 meter and depth approximately 115 meter. This property is suitable for residential and hospitality development.
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1 FACULTEIT ECONOMISCHE EN TOEGEPASTE ECONOMISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN SELF-CONTROL DEPLETION: MECHANISMS AND ITS EFFECTS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen door Sabrina BRUYNEEL Nummer
3 COMMITTEE Advisors: Prof. Dr. Siegfried Dewitte Prof. Dr. Luk Warlop Prof. Dr. Marnik Dekimpe Prof. Dr. Kathleen Vohs Prof. Dr. Klaus Wertenbroch
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the last couple of years, a large proportion of my time has been devoted to the writing of papers, the rewriting of papers, and some papers even had to be rewritten once more. Although I enjoy writing enormously, first blank pages are never easy. I have found myself staring at a first blank page without much inspiration more than once. What then typically happens is that I sigh, go get a coffee, and stare at the first blank page once more. Eventually, I find the right words and everything turns out all right. No first blank page has ever been so difficult for me to tackle as this one is, however. How will I ever be able to express my appreciation towards all the amazing people without whom I would never have obtained my PhD? Siegfried, have you ever noticed that people who spend a lot of time together sometimes start acting very similar? They start sharing facial expressions, gestures, and ways of saying things. Not so long ago, I met this PhD student who acts very much in the same way as his advisor does. It made me think. I hope that I will ever be able to resemble you in some ways, even if only a little bit. Your never-ending enthusiasm, your love for research, and your hard-working spirit all are true examples to me. I will never forget how lucky I have been these past three years to have had you as my advisor. Your door was always open and I could just pop in whenever I needed your advice on something or whenever I needed a listening ear. It seems like your resource never gets depleted. Thanks a million Luk, I am very grateful that you let me be part of your very lively and inspiring CB-group these past three years. Also, thank you so much for the invaluable
6 and always very to-the-point comments you made on my work. Marnik, it has been a true honor and privilege that you gave me the opportunity to work together with you. I have been able to observe how you tackle difficulties in the different stages of a research project, and I have learned tremendously from this. I truly hope that we will be able to continue working on joint research projects in the future. I am also greatly indebted to my two external committee members, Kathleen and Klaus. Kathleen, you have been there for me almost from the very beginning. We first met a couple of months after I started working as a PhD student. You immediately took an interest in me and even invited me to come spend some time with you in Vancouver, an offer that I eagerly accepted and that is still much appreciated to this day. Klaus, we first met only several months ago, but I immediately very much enjoyed our conversation and your insightful comments on my work and on self-control research in general. I would like it if we could have a lot of similar conversations in the future. There have been a lot of other very important people in my life during the past three years. First, my colleagues, you have made coming to work so pleasant each day. Some of you have become very good friends. Thanks for the many heartwarming conversations, both on research and other issues. Second, my family and friends, you have supported me in all my endeavors. Some of you have been very persistent in this, even though I sometimes accidentally almost shut you out of my life by forgetting to return phone calls or to answer s, or just not finding the time to meet during extremely busy periods. Finally, Wim, you have been my beacon and my rock. Thank you so much for understanding how important my research is to me and
7 how much I need it to keep going when things get so tough sometimes. Someone not so warm and loving would have given up on me a long time ago already. Sabrina Bruyneel Leuven, May 2006
9 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES INTRODUCTION.. 1 Self-control depletion and consumer behavior...3 Processes involved in exerting self-control 5 MANUSCRIPT I: REPEATED CHOOSING INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AFFECTIVE PRODUCT FEATURES...7 Previously studied determinants of susceptibility to affective product features 9 Lack of self-control resources and susceptibility to affective product features...11 Active choice-making and self-control depletion 13 The current studies...15 Study Method..17 Participants...17 Materials...17 Procedure.19 Results and discussion..20 Study Method..23 Participants...23
10 Materials...23 Procedure.23 Results and discussion..24 Study Method..26 Participants...26 Materials...26 Procedure.27 Results and discussion..28 General discussion 30 Summary of findings and limitations 30 Alternative explanations...32 Theoretical and managerial implications 34 Future research 36 MANUSCRIPT II: WHY CONSUMERS BUY LOTTERY TICKETS WHEN THE SUN GOES DOWN ON THEM. THE DEPLETING NATURE OF WEATHER- INDUCED BAD MOODS Study Study Method..56 Participants...56 Materials and procedure..56 Results and discussion..57 Study 3..59
11 Method..60 Participants...60 Materials and procedure..60 Results and discussion..62 Study Method.64 Participants..64 Materials and procedure..64 Results and discussion..65 General discussion MANUSCRIPT III: EXERTING SELF-CONTROL INDUCES A NARROW MINDSET Challenging tasks and narrowing of attention and cognition...74 Broad and narrow mindsets and the link with self-control The present studies...77 Study Method..78 Results...79 Study Method..80 Results...81 Study Method..82
12 Results...83 General discussion 84 GENERAL DISCUSSION...89 Summary..89 Manuscript I.89 Manuscript II 90 Manuscript III...91 Future research.91 Theoretical implications of the mindset hypothesis.92 Marketing implications of the mindset hypothesis...96 Mindsets, affective product features, and lottery play..96 Mindsets and other consumer behaviors..98 Positive effects of self-control depletion.100 REFERENCES...103
13 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figures Figure 1.1 Purchased amounts (in grams) of very attractive and less attractive candy in the choice condition and in the no-choice condition. Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Link between sunshine, mood, and lottery play. Hours of sunshine and lottery expenditures (August 23, 2001 August 21, 2002). Tables Table 2.1 Underlying drivers of lottery expenditures.
15 INTRODUCTION The man who acts according to the rules of perfect prudence, of strict justice, of proper benevolence, may be said to be perfectly virtuous. But the most perfect knowledge of those rules will not alone enable him to act in this manner; his own passions are very apt to mislead him sometimes to drive him, and sometimes to seduce him, to violate all the rules which he himself, in all his sober and cool hours, approves of. Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments People will only be perfectly virtuous if they do not allow their passions to mislead them. According to Smith (1892/1759), it takes more than perfect knowledge of all kinds of rules to adhere to them. What was he referring to? Individual freedom, according to Smith (1892/1759), is rooted in self-reliance, the ability of an individual to pursue his self-interest while commanding himself based on the principles of natural law. Without doubt, he was referring to what is currently better known as selfcontrol. The capacity to exert self-control is an important feature of human nature. Self-control refers to the self s capability to alter its own responses. In general, people are able to regulate their thoughts, control their emotions, alter their performance, or inhibit their impulses (e.g., Vohs & Baumeister, 2004b), and thus free themselves from control by the direct stimulus environment. Given the adaptive benefits of being able to control inner states and behavioral responses, self-control is of significant importance for achieving success in life (cf. Baumeister & Heatherton, 1996). Self-control theories have focused on various aspects of the processes involved in exerting self-control. For instance, scholars have pointed out that people 1
16 balance hot and cool cognitions (Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999), short-term and longterm considerations (Wertenbroch, 1998), low-level and high-level construals (Fujita, Trope, Liberman, & Levin-Sagi, in press), visceral responses and rational self-interest (Loewenstein, 1996), or desire and willpower (Hoch & Loewenstein, 1991) in exerting self-control. Others have stressed the distinction between automatic and controlled psychological processes in exerting self-control (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), the role of perceptions of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1991), and cybernetic feedback principles (Carver & Scheier, 1981), and the energetic nature of self-control (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998). This last theory, the theory of self-control depletion, has received a lot of attention lately. It states that all acts of self-control draw on a common limited resource that is akin to energy or strength. Hence, exertion of self-control is necessarily followed by a period of diminished capacity to exert subsequent selfcontrol. Eventually, with sufficient rest, the resource should build up again (e.g., Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). Studies on self-control depletion typically use a twotask paradigm. Participants are asked to exert self-control and then perform a subsequent, seemingly unrelated task that also requires self-control. In general, it is found that the first self-control task reduces performance on the second self-control task (see Vohs & Baumeister, 2004a, for a review). Researchers have demonstrated self-control depletion in various circumstances. Behaviors as diverse as thought suppression (Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister, 1998), persistence at strenuous tasks (Baumeister et al., 1998), emotion control (Vohs & Heatherton, 2000), response inhibition (Wallace & Baumeister, 2002), intellectual performance (Schmeichel, Vohs, & Baumeister, 2003), self-presentation (Vohs, Baumeister, & Ciarocco, 2005), 2
17 and attention regulation (Vohs & Faber, in press) have been shown to rely on the scarce self-control resource. We focus on the theory of self-control depletion throughout this dissertation. We will follow two related routes of research. A first contribution of this dissertation is to explore some important consequences of self-control depletion for consumer decision making behavior. A second contribution is to provide more insight in the process involved in exerting self-control and the factors that lead to self-control depletion. Self-control depletion and consumer behavior The prevailing paradigm to describe consumer behavior in marketing has long been the rational choice model. Consumers were assumed to be rational decision makers who implemented carefully evaluated decision alternatives (e.g., Bettman, 1979). However, this stance has proven to be incomplete accurate sometimes. There are episodes during which consumers act against their better judgment, engaging in behavior that is often regretted after the fact, and that would have been rejected with sufficient consideration. It appears that consumers are driven both by long-term rational concerns and short-term emotional factors (Loewenstein & Lerner, 2003). Hence, the notion of self-control, defined as efforts to avoid behaving in a shortsighted emotion-driven fashion, should be incorporated into the traditional decisionanalytic accounts of human behavior (e.g., Hoch & Loewenstein, 1991; Loewenstein, 1996, 2000). Baumeister (2002) outlined the applicability of self-control processes, and more specifically, of the theory of self-control depletion, to consumer behavior. 3
18 Causes of self-control failure might be important for understanding several aspects of consumer behavior. Effective self-control has been argued to depend on the acquisition of unambiguous standards, a successful monitoring process, and the capacity to alter one s behavior (e.g., Baumeister & Heatherton, 1996). First, consumers who do not know what they want (i.e., who have ambiguous standards) will be relatively susceptible to external influences such as sales persons and advertisements. Second, consumers who are not successful in keeping track of relevant behaviors such as the amount of money they spend (i.e., who are unsuccessful in monitoring their behavior), will be relatively susceptible to overspending. Finally, consumers who do have unambiguous standards and are successful in monitoring their behavior may still fail at self-control whenever they lack the capacity to make themselves perform the necessary actions. Exerting selfcontrol may influence this capacity through the depletion of self-control resources. Consumers in a state of depletion should be less likely to perform the necessary actions and, for instance, be more likely to spend money or to consume vice products (Baumeister, 2002). Empirically, depletion has been linked to consumer choices that are not conducive to long-term self-interest, such as impulsive spending (Vohs & Faber, in press). Resisting temptation has also been found to rely on the scarce self-control resource (Vohs & Heatherton, 2000), implying that consumers in a state of depletion will be more likely to yield to temptation. Vohs et al. (2004) observed that one of the most frequent activities during a shopping trip that is, active choice-making - depletes self-control resources. The first contribution of the present dissertation consists of adding to this literature. In Manuscript I, we replicate that choosing relies on the scarce self-control 4
19 resource, and show that depletion enhances consumers susceptibility to purchasing products on the basis of affective product features, such as taste. In Manuscript II, we provide real-life evidence for a link between depletion and consumer behavior. More specifically, we observe that reduced exposure to sunshine is related to increased lottery expenditures. We show that a shortage of sunshine induces consumers who suffer from weather-induced bad moods to engage in active mood regulation attempts that are depleting in nature, resulting in a decreased resistance of lottery play. Processes involved in exerting self-control Although the self-control as energy analogy seems powerful and appealing, recent literature has pointed out the importance of broadening our perspective on selfcontrol and of investigating the exact nature of the scarce self-control resource (e.g., Vohs & Baumeister, 2004a). A start in tackling this question has been made by linking self-control resources to other self-related phenomena. Muraven, Baumeister, and Tice (1999) found that people showed improved self-control performance after a two-week self-control training period as compared to a control group. Martijn, Tenbült, Merckelbach, Dreezens, and de Vries (2002) showed that self-control performance can be guided by people thinking that the scarce self-control resource exists, suggesting that self-control might not be a matter of energy alone, but also of implicit theories and expectancies about self-control. Muraven and Slessareva (2003) advanced a similar view by suggesting that people act as if self-control is a limited resource. They showed that the traditional depletion effect is moderated by motivation. Vohs and Schmeichel (2003) observed that people experience time as moving more slowly during and after they have exerted self- 5
20 control, and found that this distorted experience statistically mediated the traditional depletion effect. Depleted people seem to be transfixed in the present, rendering them more susceptible to immediate stimuli, impulses, desires, and thus, a loss of selfcontrol. Vohs and Schmeichel (2003) labeled this experience the extended-now state. Although the aforementioned studies provide insight in several important moderators of the depletion effect, the exact nature of the scarce self-control resource remains hard to pin down to this day. Manuscript III intends to add to our understanding of the processes involved in self-control by demonstrating that exerting self-control leads one to narrowly direct one s attention towards concrete task characteristics. This possibly results in enhanced performance on the self-control task at hand but reduced performance on other tasks. 6
21 MANUSCRIPT I REPEATED CHOOSING INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AFFECTIVE PRODUCT FEATURES. Abstract The present research demonstrates that repeated active choice-making increases consumers susceptibility to salient affective product features. We show that affective features influence product choice more after a series of active product choices than after a series of compliances with purchase instructions. The combined results of three experiments suggest that repeated choice depletes self-control resource strength, in that repeated choosing renders consumers vulnerable to the temptation of emotionally-laden product features. 7
22 Imagine that you have promised your significant other that you would do today s shopping. Inside the store, you have a hard time choosing the best color for a new coffee mug. Should it be blue or should it be yellow? You also have difficulties deciding between one of two familiar-looking brands of laundry detergent because your shopping list does not specify which brand to buy. To complicate matters even more, you find it taxing to determine how many apples to purchase, because your shopping list does not say how many you need. You struggle through the rest of the list choosing and selecting items as well as you can. Then you see the freezer full of ice cream. Ice cream is the last item on your shopping list. There is a less expensive, less attractive brand of ice cream but also a more expensive and more delicious brand. You remember that you are on a limited budget but in the end you cannot resist the temptation. You buy the more expensive, more delicious ice cream. We propose that you may not have succumbed to the delicious-looking (and more expensive) ice cream if you had not previously made choices among coffee mug colors, laundry detergents, or calculated how many apples to buy. Specifically, we submit that the ability to stick to a fixed budget is impaired by previous episodes of choice-making. In this paper we present three studies to support this claim. Several decades ago, researchers began to recognize that consumer purchase decisions are driven by more than the tangible product or service being offered for sale. Indeed, the tangible product is but a small part of the total product. In addition to tangibles, the product includes pleasantries, images, packaging, advertising, and other product features, all of which are thought to receive considerable attention in consumer choice-making (Kotler, 1973). Now researchers know that consumer purchase decisions are influenced by considerations of both affective and cognitive 8
23 product features. 1 Affective product features furnish fun, pleasure, fantasy and excitement. In contrast, cognitive product features are primarily instrumental, functional and goal-oriented (Dhar & Wertenbroch, 2000). When consumers give more weight to affective product features at the expense of cognitive product features, they may be prone to making suboptimal purchase decisions that will bring regret later (cf. impulsive spending; Rook, 1987; Rook & Fischer, 1995; Rook & Hoch, 1985). We argue that susceptibility to affective product features can be brought about by a lack of self-control strength. In this paper, we argue that it requires self-control strength to give sufficient weight to cognitive product features and not to succumb to the enticement of affectively-laden product features. Moreover, the current approach views engagement in a repeated choice-making process as one route by which selfcontrol strength is depleted. Accordingly, an overvaluation of affective product features is thought to come about because of depleted self-control strength, a state that may well be a consequence of the shopping process itself. Previously studied determinants of susceptibility to affective product features It has been argued that consumers may overvalue affective product features at the expense of cognitive product features, depending on the environmental stimulation (for reviews see Bitner, 1992; Lam, 2001; Turley & Milliman, 2000) or the degree of novelty and complexity in the environment (Donovan & Rossiter, 1982; Mehrabian & Russell, 1974). Examples of in-store atmospheric variables that impact the environmental load and thus consumer behavior are music, odor, colour, and 1 Affective and cognitive considerations have been referred to as desire and willpower (Hoch & Loewenstein, 1991), as vice and virtue considerations (Wertenbroch, 1998), as parts of the hot emotional and the cool cognitive system (Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999), or as hedonic and utilitarian considerations (Dhar & Wertenbroch, 2000). For the sake of clarity, we will use the terms affective and cognitive throughout the remainder of the paper, following Shiv and Fedorikhin (1999). 9
24 lighting (Turley & Milliman, 2000). Research has shown that variations of atmospheric variables have an influence on the amount of money people spend, the number of items they purchase (Turley & Milliman, 2000), time spent in the store, and increased unplanned spending (Donovan, Rossiter, Marcoolyn, & Nesdale, 1994). Hence, there is evidence that in-store atmospherics through the novelty or complexity of the stimulation in the store - can create shopping experiences that are both affect-enhancing and cognitively demanding. As a result, shopping experiences can reduce consumers available cognitive resources and enhance consumers susceptibility to affective product features. Research on the effect of environmental load has focused only on the concurrent taxing of cognitive resources on consumers susceptibility to affective product features. Building on the self-control literature however, we aimed to demonstrate that susceptibility to affective product features can also be a consequence of previous taxation of scarce self-resources. Specifically, we focus on engagement in a series of product choices as a determinant of overvaluation of affective product features in a purchase situation. We investigate consumer choice-making in the context of a realistic shopping situation. We expect that consumers engaging in repeated choice-making will be susceptible to affective product features. Our rationale for this reasoning is twofold. First, it can be inferred from theorizations as well as empirical findings that it requires self-control strength to give sufficient weight to cognitive product features. Hence, giving more weight to affective product features and less weight to cognitive product features suggests a lack of available self-control strength (Hoch & Loewenstein, 1991; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999). Second, research on repeated choice-making has demonstrated that it brings about a loss of self-control due to a depletion of self- 10
25 regulatory resources (Vohs et al., 2004). Hence, the present paper considers repeated choice-making (e.g., through the process of shopping) as a key factor determining subsequent susceptibility to affective product features. Both lines of reasoning will be elaborated on in the next paragraphs. Lack of self-control resources and susceptibility to affective product features There are both theoretical reasons and empirical evidence to suggest that preferences for affective product features (relative to cognitive product features) imply low levels of self-control. Theoretically, it can be inferred that consumers will prefer attractive products over functional products when they lack sufficient selfcontrol resources (Hoch & Loewenstein, 1991; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999). Empirically, it was found that consumers with sufficient resources were better able to resist affective product features, whereas this was more difficult for consumers who lacked resources (Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999). Hoch and Loewenstein s (1991) theoretical framework of consumer purchases as a struggle between affective and cognitive considerations points to lowered selfcontrol as one primary reason. According to this analysis, when affective considerations exceed cognitive considerations, consumer self-control breaks down. Metcalfe and Mischel (1999) have argued that affective and cognitive representations can be conceptualized as two separate but interacting systems. Typically, responses that are determined by affective considerations are either approach or avoidance patterns. In contrast, responses that are established by cognitive considerations consist of descriptions, statements, assertions, and commentaries (i.e., reflections). According to Metcalfe and Mischel (1999), self- 11
26 control ability is determined by the capacity to limit the dominance of affective considerations in the service of cognitive goal pursuit. This is possible through engagement in cooling operations such as distraction, symbolic transformations of the affective stimulus, avoiding drift to affective considerations, and enriching cognitive considerations. However, the extent of cognitive elaboration varies depending on several factors. Trade-offs between affective and cognitive considerations have received empirical attention (Babin & Darden, 1995; Hinson, Jameson, & Whitney, 2003; Read & van Leeuwen, 1998). For instance, it has been shown that consumer choice between affective and cognitive product features depended on whether consumers had sufficient cognitive resources (Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999). Consumers who were under high cognitive load were significantly more influenced by affective product features than consumers who were under low cognitive load. In other words, consumers with sufficient resources were better able to resist affective product features, whereas this was more difficult for consumers who lacked resources. Framed according to the self-regulatory resource model, this suggests that consumers will buy the affective product when they are depleted and therefore lack sufficient self-control resources. In contrast, when consumers are not depleted and have sufficient self-control resources, they will be able to refrain from buying the affective product. In the present research, we show that susceptibility to affective products can be a consequence of previous taxation on scarce self-resources. Specifically, we focus on repeated choice-making as a determinant of preference of affective products over cognitive products. 12
27 Active choice-making and self-control depletion The capacity to exert self-control is an important feature of human nature. Self-control refers to the self s capacity to alter its own responses (e.g., to regulate one s thoughts, control one s emotions, alter one s performance or inhibit one s impulses; Vohs & Baumeister, 2004b). It has been argued that all acts of self-control draw on a common limited resource that is akin to energy or strength. Hence, exertion of self-control is necessarily followed by a period of diminished capacity to exert subsequent self-control. Eventually, with sufficient rest, the resource should build up again (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998; Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister, 1998; Vohs & Heatherton, 2000; Vohs, Baumeister, & Ciarocco, 2005). Studies on self-control depletion typically use a two-task paradigm. Participants are asked to exert self-control and then perform a subsequent, seemingly unrelated task that also requires self-control. In over 40 published experiments (see Vohs & Baumeister, 2004a, for a review), it has been found that the first self-control task reduces performance on the second self-control task. Researchers have attempted to demonstrate self-control depletion in diverse circumstances. For instance, controlling one s emotions or suppressing forbidden thoughts induced people soon afterwards to show impaired physical stamina or to give up quickly on unsolvable anagrams (Muraven et al., 1998). Likewise, resisting tempting chocolates or suppressing one s emotions caused people soon afterwards to quit faster on unsolvable puzzles or to show impaired performance on solvable anagrams (Baumeister et al., 1998). Resisting good-tasting snacks or controlling one s emotional expressions made dieters eat more ice cream in the next task (Vohs & Heatherton, 2000). 13
28 There exists evidence that choosing requires self-control and therefore depletes regulatory resources. Baumeister et al. (1998) found that making a meaningful personal choice (i.e., deciding whether or not to make a counterattitudinal speech) caused people to quit faster on unsolvable puzzles than people who did not have to make this choice beforehand. A more extensive test was conducted by Vohs et al. (2004), who asked some participants to make a series of choices among household products or to choose about features of a product class (i.e., choice participants), whereas other participants evaluated the same products and product features but did not make any choices (i.e., these were no-choice participants). Subsequently, choice participants were found to drink less of a bad-tasting beverage (Study 1 and Study 2), persist less on a cold water pressure task (i.e., keeping one s hand in water of 1 C; Study 3), and perform worse on a math task (Study 4) than nochoice participants. In Study 5 (Vohs et al., 2004) people were approached at a shopping mall and asked to complete a choice questionnaire. Subsequently, all respondents were asked to solve 100 addition problems. As predicted from the choice-depletion hypothesis, people who had made a lot of difficult choices during their shopping trip performed poorly on the addition problems. Vohs et al. (2004) concluded that across a wide variety of circumstances, active choice-making depletes self-control resources. These findings are in line with earlier accounts that stressed active guidance by the self as a requirement for all kinds of complex forms of information processing, including active choice-making (Schmeichel, Vohs, & Baumeister, 2003). 14
Is Willpower a Limited Resource?
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text:
About the Book
Facing Portugal and Spain contains an introductory essay about photography and our awareness of others' inner lives and 60 photographs of faces...animal sculptures, angels, mythical creatures, diasporic wanderers, and identifiable, celebrated luminaries. All taken in Portugal and Spain, this collection invites us to see beyond the surfaces.
Features & Details
- Category Travel
5×8 in, 13×20 cm
38 Pages
- Publish Date Apr 12, 2012
- Tags inner life, photography, faces, Spain, Portugal.
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