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Report of the President s Commission on the Status of Women: Background, Content, Significance
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1 Report of the President s Commission on the Status of Women: Background, Content, Significance by Elizabeth Singer More, Lecturer, Committee on Degrees in History and Literature, Harvard University Summary The President s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) was established by the executive order of John F. Kennedy on December 14, It was charged with evaluating and making recommendations to improve the legal, social, civic, and economic status of American women. It was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt until her death in 1962 and run by Executive Vice Chairman Esther Peterson, Assistant Secretary of Labor and Director of the U.S. Women s Bureau. The PCSW released its report, American Women, on October 11, 1963, on what would have been Eleanor Roosevelt s seventy-ninth birthday. Although it was characterized by internal tension between treating women primarily as homemakers and presenting them as equal participants in the public and economic realms, American Women nevertheless advocated major reforms. It called for an end to sex discrimination in hiring, for paid maternity leave and universal child care, and for judicial recognition of women s equality under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. The President s Commission on the Status of Women helped set the stage for the emergence of liberal feminism in the mid-to-late 1960s. The networks of women it connected, the ideas that emerged from its research and deliberations, and the public discussions of women s inequality inspired by its Report changed the course of history for women in the United States. After briefly describing the establishment of the PCSW, this memo will review the social and political forces that shaped the Commission and its Report, outline the Report s key recommendations, and discuss its impact on American women. A list of the Commission s membership is appended.
2 I. Establishment of the Commission The President s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) was established by the executive order of John F. Kennedy on December 14, 1961, for the stated purpose of developing recommendations for overcoming discriminations in employment on the basis of sex and for services which will enable women to continue their role as wives and mothers while making a maximum contribution to the world around them. It was charged with evaluating and making recommendations about seven topics: 1. Employment policies and practices by private employers under federal contracts 2. Federal social insurance and tax law 3. Federal and state protective labor legislation 4. Legal equality of men and women in political rights, civil rights, property rights, and family relations 5. Social and educational services 6. Employment policies and practices of the federal government itself, including the need for affirmative action Impetus for the establishment of the PCSW: Esther Peterson, Assistant Secretary of Labor and Director of the Women s Bureau under Kennedy, was the primary force behind the establishment of the Commission. President Kennedy was under pressure from women in both the Democratic Party and the labor movement to take action on women s issues. Peterson, an early Kennedy ally and the most prominent woman in the administration, suggested the appointment of a commission as the best way to address their demands. An advocate for labor women since 1929, Peterson had been frustrated by the federal government s long quiescence on women s issues. She viewed the PCSW as a chance to press for important reforms, such as equal pay and non-discrimination policies. She also believed that it would delay Congressional consideration of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which she opposed, while the Commission was conducting its inquiries. II. Social Context: More Children, More Employment Despite the pervasive celebration of the suburban nuclear family and women s roles as homemakers during the two decades following World War II, women s roles were changing rapidly. Life Cycle During the fifteen years prior to the establishment of the Commission, women s life cycles had taken on a pattern that would be unique to the middle part of the twentieth century. Three demographic factors distinguished women from : They married young: the median age at first marriage for women had dropped to 20 years old by They had more children: more third and fourth children were born during 1957 than in any other year in the 20 th century. 2
3 They spaced their children more closely together, so that despite having larger families, they completed their childbearing earlier than women in the past. Births began to decline (in absolute numbers and in births per woman) from their baby-boom high after Taken together, these factors meant that women who came of age from the late 1930s through the late 1950s tended to divide their adult lives into three distinct phases: a short period of work or higher education in their late teens and early twenties roughly a decade of full-time caregiving while their children were young thirty or more healthy years in which their child care responsibilities were reduced or eliminated entirely Thus, although the concentrated years of young childrearing contributed to a popular culture that stressed women s roles as full-time homemakers, this pattern actually paved the way for mothers increased workforce participation once their children were in school. Employment The employment of married women more than doubled between 1940 and 1960, from approximately 14% to over 30%. Married women were actually more likely to participate in the workforce if they had school-aged children than if they did not; nearly 40% of mothers of children between 6 and 18 years old worked for pay. They tended to be clustered in lower-paying pink collar clerical and service-sector jobs. Their earnings enabled their families to buy houses, cars, and household goods, and to pay for education and health care. They thus contributed significantly to the consumer-driven economic boom of the postwar period. Nonetheless, with a few exceptions, they remained stuck on the lower rungs of the ladder in most professions, business, and government. III. Political Context: ERA Feminists v. Labor Feminists After women won the vote in 1920, women s activists disagreed about the best way to improve women s lives, opportunities, and standing in American society. Some, led by Alice Paul s National Woman s Party, called for an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution. Inequality and discrimination against women in national, state, and local law was so pervasive, they argued, that only a constitutional amendment could offer a comprehensive remedy. Others, particularly women in the labor movement, argued that the ERA would undermine sexspecific laws that protected women from dangerous or exploitative working conditions. They instead called for specific bills for specific ills, or changes to individual laws and policies that harmfully discriminated against women, while leaving intact those that they believed helped women. They further called for the expansion of protective laws to include both men and women, arguing that men would benefit from better working conditions and women would not be disadvantaged by sex-based restrictions. Finally, they advocated for sex-specific policies that they believed would ultimately make women more equal in the workforce, such as paid maternity leave. 3
4 IV. American Women The Report: Women as Homemakers vs. Women as Equals in the Workplace and Public Sphere The PCSW prepared its report during a period of growing tension in American society caused by the simultaneous intensification of women s domestic, nurturing role as mothers of young children, on the one hand, and their increasing engagement in wage-earning on the other. The Report, American Women, released October 11, 1963, reflected this historical moment, alternating between portrayals of women as primarily mothers and homemakers and calls for society to recognize them as full and equal participants in the economic and professional worlds. This conflict is reflected in its recommendations. For instance, under Education and Counseling, they recommended that girls be counseled to lift aspirations beyond stubbornly persistent expectations about women s roles and women s interests. By contrast, in the following section of the chapter, they called for girls (and only girls) to be taught home management from an early age. Still, some of its recommendations still seem radical and have yet to be achieved even today. In particular, its calls for universal, publicly-funded, high-quality child care and for paid maternity leave remain unrealized. Key Recommendations of the Report: A. Education, Employment, and Economic Security Expanded adult education to help mothers of older children reenter the workforce and to help displaced workers remain competitive Universal, high-quality, public child care, for the benefit of children, mothers, and society Tax deductions for child care for employed mothers Equal opportunity employment practices as a guiding principle in private employment and a requirement for federal contractors Development of more part-time work opportunities to better deploy the skills and manpower of mothers Expansion of protective labor legislation (including minimum wage and overtime laws) to cover both men and women and workers in industries not currently covered, such as hospitality and agriculture, and preservation of maximum hour laws for women until overtime laws were expanded to apply to all workers State laws guaranteeing equal pay for comparable work Expansion of widow s benefits under Social Security Old Age Insurance to equal what the husband would have received if he were alive Expansion of unemployment insurance to cover domestic and agricultural workers, state and local government employees, small businesses and nonprofits. Paid maternity leave 4
5 B. Political and Civil Rights Test cases challenging sex discrimination in federal and state law under the Fifth and, particularly, Fourteenth Amendments Participation by the United States in the United Nations and other efforts to assure equal rights for women worldwide Equality of jury service Reform of family and property law to eliminate legal disabilities of women, particularly married women V. Impact and Legacy of the PCSW Immediate Impact: Upon the Commission s request, President Kennedy in 1962 ordered federal agencies to end sex discrimination in hiring; special permission had to be sought to use sex as a hiring criterion. Passage of the 1963 Equal Pay Act the PCSW had endorsed equal pay legislation in its first session in early Although it was not directly involved in lobbying for the legislation, the Commission s recommendation (and its very existence as a body dedicated to improving the status of women in America) lent legitimacy to the Women s Bureau s efforts to pass the law. Wide media coverage of the Commission and its Report brought publicity and legitimacy to the growing public challenges to women s inequality Along with the 1963 Equal Pay Act and the inclusion of sex as a protected category in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the Report of the PCSW raised expectations for an active government role in fighting sexual inequality. Long-Term Impact: Development of the Fourteenth Amendment Strategy : Pauli Murray, a member of the PCSW and a civil rights lawyer, wrote a memo for the Commission s Committee on Civil and Political Rights that laid the groundwork for challenging the constitutionality of sex discrimination without the ERA. She argued that the Fourteenth Amendment s guarantee of equal protection to any person could and should be interpreted by the Supreme Court as prohibiting unreasonable sex discrimination. Murray later developed this line of reasoning in her groundbreaking article, Jane Crow and the Law: Sex Discrimination and Title VII. In the groundbreaking 1971 case Reed v. Reed, Ruth Bader Ginsburg successfully argued for the plaintiff that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits arbitrary legal distinctions on the basis of sex. Through its own work, and through the establishment of dozens of State Commissions on the Status of Women, the PCSW fostered the creation of a network of women s activists who would form one nucleus of the bourgeoning feminist movement, including but not limited to the founding of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in
6 Appendix: Membership of the PCSW Officers: Chairman: Eleanor Roosevelt (d. 1962) Executive Vice Chairman: Esther Peterson, Assistant Secretary of Labor Vice Chairman: Richard Lester, Department of Economics, Princeton University Public Servants: Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General Orville L. Freeman, Secretary of Agriculture Luther H. Hodges, Secretary of Commerce Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary of Labor ( ) W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary of Labor ( ) Abraham A. Ribicoff, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare ( ) Anthony L. Celebrezze, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare ( ) U.S. Senators George D. Aiken and Maurine B. Neuberger U.S. Representatives Edith Green and Jessica M. Weis (d. 1963) John W. Macy, Chairman of the Civil Service Commission Citizens: Mrs. Macon Boddy Mary I. Bunting, President, Radcliffe College Mary E. Callahan, Executive Board, International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers Henry David, President, New School for Social Research Dorothy Height, President, National Council of Negro Women Margaret Hickey, Public Affairs Editor, Ladies Home Journal Viola H. Hymes, President, National Council of Jewish Women Margaret J. Mealey, Executive Director, National Council of Catholic Women Norman E. Nicholson, Administrative Assistant, Kaiser Industries Corporation Marguerite Rawalt, attorney and past president of the Federal Bar Association and the National Federation of Business and Professional Women s Clubs William Schnitzler, Secretary-Treasurer of the AFL-CIO Caroline Ware, Historian Cynthia C. Wedel, Asst. General Secretary for Program, National Council of Churches of Christ 6
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LAKE ERIE UFO EXPLAINED! - Prepare ye the way of Maitreya! Benjamin Creme Confirms!
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[quote:Anonymous Coward 13696174:MV8xODE5NDg0XzMwNDExMTgyX0M2REE3QTY3] [quote:Anonymous Coward 13372289:MV8xODE5NDg0XzMwNDExMTE2XzEwNzUwNTM3] [quote:Anonymous Coward 13696174:MV8xODE5NDg0XzMwNDEwNDUwXzIzMERDMDg4] I don't know, Just seen him on History channel which a Harvard Doctor revealed he doesn't have normal human blood. That is a little hard to explain so..... [/quote] Get Mike to tell you what the doctor found. MLH has a habit of making shit up and blowing stuff all out of proportion [/quote] I don't need to ask Mike anything, It was all of the UFO hunters show which is what you debunkers don't seem to get? These are not Mikes Words you Dumb Asses... As promised, we are providing you with another Alien Abduction story from the "Case no. 58105″ showcased by UFO Hunters, History Channel. Michael Lee Hill is a 39 year old musician and UFO fanatic who lives in Cleveland, Ohio. He posses a number of authentic UFO videos which he filmed in the vicinity of his home over the last 5 years. It all started in August 18th 2006 when he sees something that changes his life and he even captures it on video. Subsequent to that, he films illuminated objects numerous times in the skyes above Eerie lake. Scepticists would say he is capturing airplanes or ground vehicles on the other side of the lake, but there is a nuclear plant in vicinity enforcing a TFR (Temporary Flight Restrictions) – a no-fly zone imposed by the U.S. government after the 9/11 incidents. Further, there is more than 57 miles to the other side of the lake making it impossible that the orbs in question could be lights on ground vehicles. Hill claims that the UFOs seem to be coming closer every year and that he senses that they are aware of him filming them. With the recent sightings, he is more and more convinced that aliens do exist. A number of people who also reside in the vicinity of Lake Erie, Ohio declare that the area is a real hotspot for UFO sightings. As outlined by Bob Dean, an UFOlogist, there are plenty of portals or stargates across the world and Lake Erie is just one of them which reveal why there are regular UFO sightings in the region. We will be covering some of these "stargates"(Stonehenge, Hudson Valley, Sedona, etc.) in subsequent posts. Many people consider his sightings and videos as authentic while others believe that he faked recordings simply to fire up publicity to promote his music, which he obviously declines. One of his videos was sent to a Hollywood Visual Expert and they declared that the recording was not interfered in any way. Nevertheless, people continue to be doubtful. Further, On the episode, the UFO Hunters decide to test Michael Lee Hill's blood and it is revealed Michael has a "Unknown" very rare blood anomaly/bloodline that the worlds best military and civilian doctors are at a loss to explain. A harvard doctor uncovered non-human elevated levels of Creatine Kinase in Michael's Blood stream. Creatine Kinase brings oxygen into the bloodstream to usually facilitate healing of torn muscle tissue. Oxygen carrying capacity in blood also equals percentage potential of nervous system usage and your bodies over all potential electrical capacitance ability. "I've got a funny feeling," Bill Birnes told Copeland and Hill during the episode, "that you are being recruited and there is a branch of the government that you're being recruited for - that somehow, some way, you are a hybrid between "ET" and humans." Could this be a characteristic of alien abductees? Making statements on a sample of only 2 individuals would be an absurdity and for more on this topic we will have to wait for an empirical study where a number of possible alien abductees would be tested accordingly. [youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4xikCLoAoI&feature=player_embedded[/youtube] [/quote]
Original Message
Prepare ye the way of Maitreya:
I heard the story on MSNBC about the unusual "UFO" that has been appearing regularly over Lake Erie for the past 10 days. I do not know exactly what that particular "UFO" actually is. However, it "may" be the "star" that is heralding Maitreya's Presence among us.
Maitreya holds the position known throughout the world as the Christ, Imam Mahdi, Krishna, Bodhisattva, the Messiah, and the Buddha, depending on a person's particular religion. He descended from His Himalayan retreat in 1977 and entered London, England where He has been living as a seemingly ordinary man.
Since January of this year He has been interviewed on numerous television programs in the US but not as the Christ. He is introduced as an ordinary man but with insights into the problems that confront the world. More interviews will follow and eventually He will be invited to address the world: the Day of Declaration. He will announce Who indeed He is and will show us the right way toward a glorious future based on sharing and cooperation, where division, competition, war and greed are left far behind.
In December of 2008 "Share International" magazine sent a press release to the world's media announcing that what appears to be a "star" will be seen around the world both night and day. This "star" heralds Maitreya's Presence among us and is akin to the Star of Bethlehem in biblical days. A month later, in January of 2009, such an unusual "star" began being noticed around the world. Dozens of videos have now been uploaded to YouTube, Internet blogs have appeared asking what it may be, and even a few newspapers have dared mention the unusual object being noticed over their towns.
The "star" is actually 1 of 4 very large spaceships that originate from the planets in our solar system. All of our sister planets are inhabited on what are called the ethereal planes: very fine planes that underlie the dense physical. The UFO crews are our Space Brothers and work tirelessly to clean our atmosphere of the toxic pollutants we dump into it. The most dangerous of these pollutants are levels of radiation that seep from nuclear reactors, unrecognized by our primitive scientific equipment, and is largely responsible for such diseases as Alzheimer's.
For what it's worth, Benjamin Creme's Master confirms Lake Erie UFO's are the real deal.
Media report the 'star' over Cleveland
A mysterious light in the skies of Cleveland, Ohio, USA, has created a lot of media interest, with substantial reports on MoxNews and Fox8News. On 12 March 2010 MoxNews reported that a light had been seen for the ninth night in a row around the same place and time – 7-8pm – sometimes staying for several hours – over Lake Erie in Euclid, Cleveland. The light was first seen by a young local man, Eugene Erlikh, who said: "Absolutely nothing we have on this earth even looks like that." He added: "It was such a brilliant beam of different lights, it was going red, yellow, green, blue. It was never the same colour, it was always like it was pulsating." His friend, Nick Hausen, was also a witness. "At first, I figured it was just a star but the way it would move, it would move so fast, I've never seen anything like it," he said. Erlikh filmed the light – and on another occasion, two lights – which can be seen on the media reports on YouTube. (Source: fox8.com; moxnews.com; YouTube)
(Benjamin Creme's Master confirms that it was the 'star', but that from time to time there were also UFOs from Mars. See also letter above titled "Lake Erie 'star' sightings".)
Source - [
link to www.share-international.org
Lake Erie 'star' sightings
Dear Editor,
On the evening of 16 March 2010 three of us were in Euclid, Ohio, on a high bluff overlooking Lake Erie. Shortly after arriving there, a star-like object or UFO suddenly appeared in the skies to the northwest. One person in the group who had a compass commented that it was on a heading of 300 degrees. As we watched, the object gradually brightened and began sparkling as it remained stationary. Some time later, it slowly dimmed until it was no longer visible. Over a period of an hour, this phenomenon repeated itself several times – with the object appearing, disappearing, and then reappearing in the same position.
One person, who has been photographing this activity for two weeks, said that the infrared feature on his video camera allows him to see the UFOs after they have become invisible to the naked eye. He also said they can become quite brilliant. As soon as that comment was uttered, the luminosity of the star-like object increased dramatically and was momentarily brighter than the star Sirius (which was also visible to us).
Later, a second UFO or star-like object appeared to the lower left of the first one. For several moments, these two hung motionless in the sky together. Then the second one began moving towards the position held by the first one. A minute or so later, the first object began moving towards the position where the second object had appeared. This conveyed the impression that they were switching positions with each other.
Once this 'exchange' had been completed, the second star-like object became stationary. The first one then receded very slowly, as if on a westerly trajectory (i.e moving away from us). As it departed, the light gradually dimmed and began taking on a deep red hue the closer it approached to the horizon. When we were leaving the bluff, the second star-like object emitted a flash of brilliant white light and then disappeared.
Can you say whether these star-like objects are the 'star' that heralds Maitreya's emergence? Were the brilliant flashes of white light a response to our thoughts?
M.L., Lorain, Ohio, USA.
(Benjamin Creme's Master confirms that the 'star' and a spacecraft were seen over Lake Erie. The flashes of white light were not in response to thought.)
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the plastic surgeon its her ex husband. she remarried.


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text:
A justice reform watchdog has urged the government to publicly reveal information about stays of execution for death row convicts.
The Institute for Criminal Justice Reform (ICJR) regretted the government's decision to execute four drug convicts on Nusakambangan prison island in the early hours of Friday. A firing squad killed Indonesian Freddy Budiman, Seck Osmane from Senegal and Nigerians Michael Titus and Humphrey Ejike, despite international and local pleas to halt the executions.
3 of the convicts - Freddy, Ejike and Osmane - had requested pardons from President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo, ICJR executive director Supriyadi W. Eddyono said on Friday, lambasting the executions. The 2010 Clemency Law stipulates that the death penalty cannot be carried out before a convict receives a presidential decree declining clemency.
The government used reasons of confidentiality to protect information on whether the President granted or declined the convicts' requests.
"We already filed a lawsuit against the State Secretariat with the Central Information Commission [KIP] on the openness of information. We won, but the State Secretariat appealed to the State Administrative Court," he told thejakartapost.com.
The Attorney General's Office announced on Friday that the executed convicts had judicial reviews of their cases rejected twice by the Supreme Court, which made their sentences final and binding.
It was a different situation for 10 other drug convicts who were initially listed for execution but still had ongoing legal processes. The 4 executed convicts were major drug traffickers, which lead to the decision to execute them by firing squad on the notorious high-security prison island.
Source: The Jakarta Post, July 30, 2016
ICJ condemns the executions in Indonesia
The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) has condemned the executions of 4 persons in Indonesia.
According to a press release on July 29, the ICJ vigorously calls on the Government of Indonesia to impose an immediate moratorium and take steps towards the abolition of the death penalty in the country.
The execution of these 4 persons is reprehensible. Indonesia should stop further executions, said Sam Zarifi, ICJ's Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific.
These executions damage Indonesia's standing in the international community since they go against the growing international consensus around the world to abolish the death penalty, he added.
|Michael Titus Igweh
The individuals executed shortly after midnight on July 29 were Freddy Budiman (Indonesia), Seck Osmane (Nigeria), Michael Titus Igweh (Nigeria), Humphrey Jefferson Ejike Eleweke (Nigeria).
Indonesia is a current member of the United Nations Human Rights Council, having been first elected in 2006.
The General Assembly resolution that created the Council specifically provides that members elected to the Council shall uphold the highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights? (res 60/251, 2006, para 9).
According to the ICJ, one of the persons executed, Michael Igweh was allegedly tortured by law enforcement authorities to extract his confession.
The Geneva-based organization, on several occasions, has called the Government of Indonesia's attention to its violations of Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which guarantees the right to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent, and impartial tribunal established by law. Any reliance on confessions extracted by torture would be a gross violation of the fairness of the trials.
Because of the irreversible nature of the death penalty, trials in capital cases must scrupulously respect all international and regional standards protecting the right to a fair trial, Zarifi further said.
The ICJ opposes capital punishment without exception and emphasizes the impact of the executions on the families of those who were executed.
The 4 persons executed were on a list of 14 people set to be executed soon. The other individuals are: Merri Utami (Indonesia), Zulfiqar Ali (Pakistan), Gurdip Singh (India), Frederick Luttar (Zimbabwe), AgusHadi (Indonesia), Pujo Lestari (Indonesia), Eugene Ape (Nigeria), Okonkwo Nonso Kingsley (Nigeria), Ozias Sibanda (Nigeria) and Obinna Nwajagu (Nigeria).
The ICJ strongly urges the Government of Indonesia to stop any further executions, immediately impose a moratorium, and take steps towards the abolition of the death penalty.
In December 2014, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 69/189, affirming for the 5th time that the use of the death penalty undermines human dignity and calling for countries that still maintain capital punishment to establish a moratorium on its use with a view to its abolition.
Source: mizzima.com, July 30, 2016
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"One is absolutely sickened, not by the crimes that the wicked have committed, but by the punishments that the good have inflicted." - Oscar Wilde


text:
Does the world need another basketweave scarf? Probably not, but every year I knit at least one more. And let's call these "checks". "Checks" sounds so much cooler, right?
The grey scarf in the above picture is the first item I ever knit that I didn't frog. It's the first thing I knit where I figured the pattern out for myself. This is a good unisex scarf and a good choice for charity knitting. I've been participating in the Red Scarf Project for three years now, and knit at least one of these scarves for them each year.
There must be a ton of patterns for basketweave scarves out there, but here's my basic pattern. I've kept it on a scrap of paper for almost six years. Time to commit it to pixels.
Check? Check! Scarf
Do not reproduce this pattern elsewhere. This pattern is for personal use only. In other words, don't try to make money off of it.
Your choice of size US 7-10.5 straight needles
Your choice of worsted weight yarn (~325 yds, for a 65-inch long scarf)
Yarn needle, for weaving in ends
Cast on 32 stitches. Knit one row.
Row 1: k2; *k4, p4; repeat from * to last six sts; k6
Row 2: k2; *p4, k4; repeat from * to last six sts; p4, k2
Row 3: repeat row 1
Row 4: repeat row 2
Row 5: repeat row 1
Repeat rows 1 through 5 until scarf is desired length. Cast off knitwise, weave in ends, and you're done!
You can adjust the width of the scarf with needle size. For example, using the above directions, US 10.5 needles gave me a ~7-inch wide scarf and with US 7s I got about a 5-inch wide scarf.
Width can also be adjusted by casting on any number of stitches that is a multiple of 4 and is divisible by an even number.
If you intend to fringe the scarf, I would recommend knitting two rows after casting on and knitting one row before casting off.
The two knit stitches at the beginning and end of each row creates a garter stitch border. If you prefer, you can eliminate these stitches to create a slightly curled/wavy edge.
A good first scarf for beginners. It looks a bit more polished than plain garter, while allowing the practice of knit and purl basics.
Pattern available for download as a pdf file.


text:
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Panetta: We didn't defend consulate under attack because of a lack of intel
10/26/2012 8:41:19 AM Ed Morrissey
216 Comments
One of the unanswered questions about the terrorist attack on our consulate in Benghazi is why the US military didn't intervene. Rumors had swirled that the US asked the Libyan government in Tripoli for permission to fly into Benghazi to break up
Obamateurism of the Day
10/26/2012 8:01:16 AM Ed Morrissey
49 Comments
One of the first things an attorney is supposed to learn is to never ask a question without first knowing the answer. One of the first things a politician is supposed to learn — at least since Gary Hart talked himself out of a presidential
Quotes of the day
10/25/2012 10:43:43 PM Allahpundit
534 Comments
Obama's Chicago-based brain trust had intended to highlight four years of "solid, steady progress" in the final days of the race, several Democrats told POLITICO, with a healthy dose of hammering Romney — a strategy that had given Obama a lead going into
Father of SEAL killed in Benghazi: Hillary told me, "We will make sure that the person who made that film is arrested and prosecuted"
10/25/2012 9:46:34 PM Allahpundit
180 Comments
Via Glenn Beck, the bit about Hillary comes at the start of the second clip but both are worth listening to as an insight into how O, Biden, and Clinton allegedly operate in semi-private circumstances. The awkward "cueballs" line from Biden
New ad: Your first time should be with Barack Obama
10/25/2012 8:46:21 PM Allahpundit
667 Comments
Worth watching if only as fodder for a thought experiment on how a similar ad would be received if it came from the right. Light-hearted or no, it would bring about the "war on women" End Times, a days-long tribulation of fake-outrage
Video: Obama asked to show ID while voting in Chicago
10/25/2012 8:01:27 PM Allahpundit
117 Comments
To cleanse the palate. If he'd forgotten to bring his driver's license, this clip would have been 24-karat comedy gold. As it is, I'm surprised that he didn't seize the opportunity to say something about voter ID laws afterward.
Team Obama raises $90 million in the first half of October
10/25/2012 7:21:33 PM Erika Johnsen
102 Comments
Earlier today, Team Romney (including Romney for President, Romney Victory, and the Republican National Committee) announced that, between October 1st and 17th, they raised a combined total of over $111 million, and still have about $169 million cash on
Romney hits 50 percent for first time in new ABC/WaPo tracking poll
10/25/2012 6:41:52 PM Allahpundit
183 Comments
Of the last seven national polls taken, he leads five and is tied in another. Four of those polls now have him up by exactly three points, and three of them — Rasmussen, Gallup, and this one — now have the race precisely at 50/47.
The War on Bacon
10/25/2012 6:01:33 PM Mary Katharine Ham
15 Comments
Kelly Maher of Revealing Politics and I are doing a little talk show for 30-45 minutes, here, at 6:15 p.m. every day. We named it The War on Bacon. We figure, since the government is after trans fats, big sodas, salt, and most other sinfully delicious
Obama on Leno: These banks are profit-seekers, which is precisely why we need to regulate them
10/25/2012 5:21:16 PM Erika Johnsen
96 Comments
Our president made his fifth visit to the "Tonight" show with Jay Leno on Wednesday evening, and for me, one of the most painful moments of the interview came when the president yet again paraded his woefully inept and downright disquieting
Virginia: Romney 50, Obama 48; Update: New Fox News poll also shows Romney by two
10/25/2012 4:43:21 PM Allahpundit
306 Comments
Romney could, in theory, replace Virginia's 13 electoral votes by winning Wisconsin (10) and New Hampshire (4), but Wisconsin and New Hampshire are supposed to be Plan B in case he loses Ohio. If he loses Virginia, then there is no Plan B:
Wind industry boom going bust
10/25/2012 4:01:07 PM Erika Johnsen
65 Comments
The continuance and/or discontinuance of the wind production tax credit is the subject of much debate among lawmakers and lobbyists at the moment, and it's an issue President Obama often likes to bring up as a hot talking point on the campaign
From Generation Hopenchange to Generation Disenchanted?
10/25/2012 3:21:01 PM Erika Johnsen
80 Comments
One of the key Hopenchange-influenced demographics that boosted Barack Obama's path to victory in 2008 was, of course, the starry-eyed youth vote, and part of Team Obama's strategy still relies upon urging the youth vote to vote again/vote
Detroit News: Thanks for those auto bailouts, but… we pick Mitt
10/25/2012 2:41:32 PM Erika Johnsen
98 Comments
President Obama has lately been trying to make hay over Mitt Romney's now-infamous "Let Detroit Go Bankrupt" 2008 article, mischaracterizing it as the callous approach of a cold-hearted let-them-eat-cake capitalist that contrasts
Doing the math: Obama recovery still the worst in decades
10/25/2012 2:01:20 PM Ed Morrissey
91 Comments
Lately, Barack Obama has taken to claiming that he's leading a slow but steady economic recovery, hampered by the nature of the 2007-8 Great Recession and other external factors. Two different analyses today rebut that assertion on the eve of the
The Ed Morrissey Show: Kerry Picket, Nick Popaditch
10/25/2012 1:46:27 PM Ed Morrissey
2 Comments
Today on The Ed Morrissey Show (3 pm ET), Kerry Picket brings us up to date on the goings-on inside the nation's capital. We'll also check in with Congressional candidate Nick Popaditch, running in CA-53 again this year, and maybe even have
Magic gone in Ohio?
10/25/2012 1:21:09 PM Ed Morrissey
292 Comments
In 2008, Barack Obama campaigned like a rock star, especially in places hard hit by the economy, like Ohio — which Obama won by five points in the election, while enjoying a D+8 turnout. Four years later, the rock-star vibe has utterly faded, and
President "you don't deserve a bunch of name-calling" Obama goes smaller and smaller
10/25/2012 12:41:20 PM Erika Johnsen
116 Comments
"If you were looking for a bunch of partisan rhetoric, I'm probably not your guy." "If you can't beat your opponent's ideas, you distort those ideas — maybe you just make some up. If you don't have a record
The "second term agenda": No immigration reform, no entitlement reform
10/25/2012 12:01:09 PM Ed Morrissey
143 Comments
Maybe this is the best recap ever of Barack Obama's campaign, taken from Obama's own speech this morning in Tampa Bay. Obama starts off by attacking Mitt Romney's economic agenda, and then momentarily can't find his own: Obama's
Team Romney raises $111.8 million — in 17 days
10/25/2012 11:21:55 AM Ed Morrissey
171 Comments
Normally we'd have to wait until sometime in November to see how fundraising went for candidates in the last full month of the campaign. The Romney campaign couldn't quite contain their excitement over their numbers for October, however, and
Durable goods regain two-thirds of August tumble in September
10/25/2012 10:41:07 AM Ed Morrissey
28 Comments
Last month, the durable goods report looked disastrous for Barack Obama's re-election effort, coming in with a 13.1% decrease in a single month, one of the worst reports in the last several years. Today, the Obama administration got better news


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Industrial wireless field units: 12 criteria for an effective technology choice
Industrial plants across the world continuously strive to improve their efficiency, enhance the quality of their products, and extend the lifetime of their installations. These 12 criteria will help you choose the best matched wireless technology to boost efficiency, increase resources, and reduce cost.
Industrial plants across the world continuously strive to improve their efficiency, enhance the quality of their products, and extend the lifetime of their installations. A common requirement for plant engineers optimizing plant performance is the growing need for process and asset condition information. Modern advancement of industrial wireless technology has enabled engineers of any background to easily add or create new measurement points and levels of safety in their industry at lower cost.
Mesh architecture and star network transmitters
Data communicated from field units is transmitted to a base radio, which acts as a gateway to the control system over a star network central hub. Star network wireless field units monitor gauge, absolute, and differential pressure measurements, as well as temperature and acoustic monitoring (commonly used to sense ultrasonic noise for gas and steam leak prevention). This topology allows for simple architecture and a very easy installation and startup over the 902-928 MHz frequency band. Efficient use of the wireless power can cover distances between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (line of sight) without repeaters, as designed for large area industrial plants.
Another wireless technology utilizing an ad-hoc "mesh" architecture has become an alternative to star network transmitters. The mesh network relies on field nodes that self-organize to create a route (or multiple routes) for process information transmitted to a control room. With an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz, the reliability and self-healing ability of this network grows with its number of devices; however, so does complexity. The maximum distance the network can cover also depends on the location and number of nodes. In the specific case of WirelessHART, a minimum number of at least five devices is required to obtain the benefits of intrinsic redundancy and the network's ability to self-organize. This requirement may prompt users to add repeaters in their system or externally powered devices, which contradicts the benefit of using wireless devices.
With more choices, instrumentation engineers now face a significant challenge to select the best wireless technology for their plant. Although the technologies are well differentiated, it is not always easy to select one wireless architecture over another without a specific set of criteria.
Criteria for choosing technology
The "needs vs. benefits" analysis that leads to the use of wireless transmitters typically considers:
- The addition of new measurement points at low cost, without using wires, and
- The ease of installation and commissioning.
Simple star network architecture satisfies even the most basic applications. But in reality, the number of industrial wireless applications grows every day as users continue to discover the advantages and uses of the technology. A deeper analysis of these applications will demonstrate in most cases that star network wireless technology is highly suitable for most users' needs for a lower cost and effortless preliminary configuration. However, other factors may influence the decision in a different direction. The table below provides a list of criteria to be used for the selection of the most suitable wireless architecture depending on the application, the user's technical capabilities, and the budget.
*Battery life is directly related to duty cycle, power and efficiency of the radio, battery type and size, existence or not of some energy harvesting device, and more. Above numbers vary greatly, but in general, star topologies tend to be more efficient as the field devices do not have to re-transmit signals from other devices, which is the case in mesh networks.
** The distance covered by the wireless transmitters varies largely depending on a number of factors, such as the topology of the plant, obstacles, repeaters, and type and location of the antennas. In the particular case of WirelessHART and ISA.100, the determination of the maximum distances covered by the devices in the mesh network is even more complex, and different manufacturers provide different figures as well as empiric results from measurements taken across industrial plants.
The industrial spectrum consists of countless requirements and conformity standards. Installing the best matched wireless technology in your facility boosts efficiency, increase resources, and reduces cost.
- WirelessHART vs. ISA100a, Stig Peterson and Simon Carlsen
- Field Wireless — Test Report Nbr. 7 — ISA100. 11a, Yokogawa Electric Corporation
- OneWireless Network Overview — Product Information Note, Honeywell Process Solutions
- Broadcast Range of WirelessHART Transmitters
- Emerson Process Experts, Emerson
- Edited by Anisa Samarxhiu, digital project manager, CFE Media, email@example.com
Key Concepts:
- With more choices, instrumentation engineers now face a significant challenge to select the best wireless technology for their plant.
- Installing the best matched wireless technology in your facility boosts efficiency, increase resources, and reduces cost.
Consider this
How do you select the most suitable wireless architecture?
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I personally believe the first criteria (which was missed out) is that the wireless technology shall be an industrial standard such as IEC 62591 (WirelessHART). Most plants have experienced the pain associated with being locked in with proprietary protocols for their wired transmitters and electric actuators / motor operated valves (MOV), tank gauging systems, and gas chromatographs etc. back in the 1990's. Plants need not get into that situation again. Make sure to invest in standard wireless infrastructure supported by multiple vendors. WirelessHART is supported by more than a dozen manufacturers.
Drawbacks of proprietary technologies include lock-in to a single vendor, so once the proprietary infrastructure has been deployed, any expansions or replacement required in the infrastructure is now single source so cost might go up. Same goes for the transmitters which also must come from the same single vendor. The single vendor may not have all the type of sensors required to meet all the application demands by all departments in the plant (reliability/maintenance, energy efficiency & loss control, HS&E, mechanical, and operations etc.). Deploying multiple diverse wireless networks to satisfy all application needs becomes a lot more challenging to manage. By using a standard like IEC 62591, users can buy wireless network infrastructure from one vendor, extend it or get replacements from another vendor. Transmitters are also available from multiple vendors, so users can choose from a much broader spectrum of sensors including vibration, valve position, radar level, pH, conductivity, vibration fork level switches, corrosion, and many other things.
Line of sight (LoS) does not exist in most plants because most plants are full of metal; steel vessels, pipe racks, and structural steel which cannot be penetrated by radio signals. When you stand in the middle of the plant unit and look in any direction you cannot see very far; 30-50 m (100-150 ft) at best. For this reason star topology does not work very well inside plants. Star network solutions have existed for decades but never became mainstream inside plants because of the challenges posed by all the surrounding steel. Only when full mesh topology was introduced with WirelessHART a few years ago could the challenges of these canyons of steel be overcome, and as a result of full mesh topology the adoption of wireless sensors in plants is now very fast.
That is, it doesn't matter if the line of sight distance of the radio is 250, 600, or 1,000 m (800, 2,000, or 3,000 ft) because inside the plant you or the radio signal can never see that far because of all the obstructions. What matters inside the plant full of steel is the ability of the PV transmission to work its way around obstacles. This is where mesh topology comes into play. When the line of sight from one transmitter to the gateway is blocked, the signal from that transmitter can instead 'hop' to another neighboring transmitter which in turn retransmits the signal to the gateway directly or alternatively through several other transmitters until the signal reaches the gateway. Sounds complicated? Well, for the user it isn't, because the routing of the signal happens automatically. It is self-organizing. This also means that if the environment changes (new obstructions like a tanker truck or whatever is introduced), the signal route will automatically be changed to ensure the signal reaches the gateway. Only in cases where there aren't any transmitters to route through does a repeater have to be deployed. The repeater is also battery powered so it is very easy to deploy. This compares favorably against star topology. In a star topology, if the signal from a transmitter to a base station is blocked by some obstruction, you will simply have to deploy another additional base station which is line of sight from the device. This makes star topology more difficult to use for the user even though the technology is simpler.
WirelessHART works in plants where other wireless technologies have been tried and failed
With 100 devices per WirelessHART network you can achieve 8 second update period. With fewer devices you can go as fast as 1 second.
WirelessHART repeaters do not require external power
The level of expertise required is low because a WirelessHART device can be commissioned using the same handheld field communicator as the plant already have and use for their 4-20 mA and fieldbus devices. They also use the same tool for other configuration, calibration, and diagnostics etc. and it is done the same basic way.
Battery for WirelessHART devices can last up to 10 years.
A meshed networked device can achieve the same distance as a star topology device, or longer if other devices are present or repeaters added
If the plant has deployed Intelligent Device Management (IDM) software part of their Asset Management System (AMS), WirelessHART devices can be integrated with such software which compares favorably against proprietary technologies which requires dedicated software to manage the devices. Learn more about IDM (device configuration, diagnostics, and calibration) here:
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text: TrueFan August 21, 2016 4:33 PM That's a great result for Crutchlow. He's tried his heart out and binned it so many times, and plenty on here have whined about his attitude. Well, suck it up kiddies. Now it's Cal's time in the sun... Not that there's much sun in Brno today, but figuratively speaking... Great tyre choice, perfect timing on when to pull the pin, and perfect ride to come from miles back and blitz the field. Huge congrats. You've done yourself, your team and your country proud! Reply Report abuse 95 agree 11 disagree


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