text:
The palynomorphs from surface sediments of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos lagoon
- Conrad Flynn
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 The palynomorphs from surface sediments The palynomorphs from surface sediments of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos lagoon Svetlana Medeanic CNPq, CAPES, UFRGS, Instituto de Geociências, CECO Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP , Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. ABSTRACT The eight samples from the surface sediments of intertidal marshes on the margin of the Patos Lagoon Estuary were studied by palynological analysis. Pollen and spores of vascular terrestrial and aquatic plants were identified and compared with present vegetation cover of intertidal marshes in order to establish the relationship between pollen-and-spore assemblages and the vegetation cover. The recognized pollen-and-spore assemblages generally coincide with the currently existing vegetation in the intertidal marshes, but show a higher diversity. Other observed palynomorphs include: zygospores and colonies of freshwater chlorococcales, cysts of acritarchs and dinoflagellates, fungal spores, and microforaminiferal linings. Marine algae cysts are a distinguishable characteristic of palynomorph assemblage from surface sediments of intertidal marshes. The anthropogenic impact on this region is emphasized by pollen of introduced plants, such as, Pinus, Eucalyptus, and others. Key words: Palynology, vegetation, intertidal marshes, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. RESUMO Os palinomorfos nos sedimentos superficiais de marismas atuais na parte estuarina da laguna dos Patos. São apresentados os resultados palinológicos de oito amostras coletadas nos sedimentos superficiais de marismas atuais na parte estuarina da Laguna dos Patos. A composição taxonômica de pólen e esporos identificados foi comparada com cobertura vegetal de marismas atuais para estabelecer a correspondência de dados palinológicos e vegetação atual de marismas. Outros palinomorfos encontrados incluem zigosporos e cistos de algas de água doce e marinha, esporos de fungos e invólucros de microforaminiferos. O impacto antrópico nesta região é expresso pelo pólen de plantas introduzidas tais como Pinus, Eucalyptus, e outros. Palavras chave: Palinologia, vegetação, marismas atuais, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. INTRODUCTION The reconstruction of past vegetation is usually based on pollen and spores of terrestrial and aquatic vascular plants, recorded in corresponded sediments (Gritchiuk & Zaklinskaya, 1948; Bryant, 1978; Sheshina, 1980; Druschits et al., 1986; Jackson, 1994; Traverse, 1988; Busk, 1997; Hjell, 1997; Woo et al.; 1998, Mulder & Janssen, 1999). The non-conformity between pollen-and-spore assemblages from surface sediments and vegetation cover may be caused by the varying pollen productivity of plants, unequal pollen and spore dispersion capacity, and the mode of pollination (Dimbleby 1967; Berezina & Tyuremnov 1973; Faegri & Iversen 1989; Paez et al., 1997). The destruction of pollen grains and spores may result in the decrease of the taxonomic variety of fossil pollen and spores, and a rise in the discrepancy between recent pollen-and-spore assemblages from surface sediments and existing vegetation cover (Berezina & Tyuremnov, 1973; Bryant, 1978; Traverse, 1988; Tauk, 1990; Brush & Brush, 1994). The sporopollenin-like fungal and algal palynomorphs, resistant to destruction, may also help reconstruction of palaeoenvironments (Cross et al., 1966; Graham, 1971; Traverse, 1988). The ph of environments is an important factor, influencing the preservation of palynomorphs in sediments. The alkaline conditions of environments are disadvantage for the preservation of palynomorphs in sediments (Bryant et al., 1994). Based on the palynological study of the core material from the bottom of the Patos Lagoon, Lorscheitter (1983), and Cordeiro and Lorscheitter (1994) made the first reconstruction of the past
2 50 MEDEANIC, S. history of the vegetation in the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul during the Holocene. With this study, the past intertidal marshes were confirmed. The pollen of Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Typha domingensis Pers. and spores of Azolla filiculoides Lam. were indicated as reliable indicators for intertidal marshes. The new recent palynological records have demonstrated the significant increase of intertidal marshes in the same region during the maximum of the last marine transgression, which occurred around years BP (Medeanic et al., 2001; Clerot et al., 2003). All these reconstructions were made without previous study of palynomorphs from surface sediments of different ecosystems, spread over the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, and establishment of their correspondence to vegetation cover. The first data on palynomorphs from surface sediments of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon were represented by Medeanic (2003). Besides pollen and spores of vascular plants, the cysts of acritarchs and dinoflagellates, microforamineral linings were found. The palynomorph assemblage is characterized by frequent pollen of Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Juncaceae, Juncaginaceae, relatively rare Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae (Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth type), Asteraceae (Senecio L. type). They, in generally, correspond to vegetation cover of the intertidal marshes distributed in this region. Next to the territory, the establishment of relationship between palynomorph taxa from the surface sediments of the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina, and vegetation cover of surrounding areas was made by Grill and Guerstein (1995). The prevalence of pollen of halophilous herbs corresponds to the predominance of these plant taxa in the neighboring vegetation cover where species of Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae are most frequent. In addition, these authors indicate the importance of marine palynomorphs (acritarch and dynoflagellate cysts), which have indicative value for coastal environments of elevated salinity. Palynological data from surface sediments of mangroves, analogues of salt marshes from south hemisphere till latitude 24º, from Eastern Venezuela are characterized by frequent pollen taxa of Acrostichum aureum L., Cocos nucifera L., Rhizophora L., Avicennia L. These plants are certain indicators of mangroves. The correspondence between pollen and plant taxa in this region prove a great possibilities of pollen analysis for palaeoenvironment reconstructions of past mangrove spreading (Rull et. al., 1999). In this paper, the detailed characteristics of palynomorph assemblage from the surface sediments of recent intertidal marshes in the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul are represented. These data are based on the samples, collected from the different places of intertidal marshes of the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon. The obtained pollen-and-spore assemblage was compared with the currently existed vegetation cover, described by Costa and Davy (1992), Cordazzo and Seeliger (1995), Costa et al. (1997), and Azevedo (2000). MATERIALS AND METHODS Studied area The studied area is located in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon, between the beach of Cassino and the city of Rio Grande (Fig. 1). The climate of this region is warm-temperate, due to the influence of the warm Brazil and the cold Falkland currents (Vieira & Rangel, 1988). The average annual temperature is about 18ºC, averaging 24.6ºC in January, and 13.1ºC in July. The average annual atmospheric precipitation is about 1200 mm. The recent intertidal marshes (marismas) in the Patos Lagoon estuarine region occupy approximately 70 km 2 with individual units varying between 0.9 and 39.8 km 2 (Costa et al., 1997). In the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon, the intertidal marshes include brackish-water and salt marshes, developing in a regime of fluctuating sea level, as a result of tidal rhythms, seasonal changes in wind direction, changing the salinity, depth, and temperature. The biodiversity of intertidal marshes depends on many factors, among them: frequency of tidal cycles, weather and topography, connection with channels, creeks, and temporary freshwater influxes (Chapman, 1974). The important factor influencing the vegetation cover of saline habitats is the concentration of sodium chloride in substrate that depends on the duration of tidal flooding, rainfall, geomorphology, and the effect of freshwater influxes (Rieley & Page, 1990). The plant distribution here is correlated to the static gradient of inundation from land to sea (Davy & Costa, 1992). The intertidal marshes divide in: constantly flooded oligohaline, frequently flooded mesohaline, occasionally flooded, and rarely flooded marshes (Costa, 1992). Intertidal marsh communities consist mainly of halophilous perennial and annual herbs.
3 The palynomorphs from surface sediments Cabr., Salicornia gaudichaudiana Mog., Scirpus maritimus L., S. olneyi A. Gray, Senecio bonariensis Hook & Arn., Spartina alterniflora Lois., S. densiflora Brongn., Rumex argentinus Rech., Triglochim striata Ruiz & Pav., Typha domingensis Pers., Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. are frequent. The species of minor occurrences belong to the families of Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae. Sampling for palynomorph analysis To perform this study, during field work in January, 2002, the eight locations from intertidal marshes, situated on the margin of the Patos Lagoon estuary were chosen. Eight samples were collected by soil knife from the surface layer of silt or silty sand at a depth of 1 to 3 cm from each location (Fig. 1). The chosen square before sampling was cleaned from growing plants and roots. Fig. 1. Map, showing studied area and locations of the sampling (1-8) in the intertidal marshes. The present intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon, like those in many other parts of the world, are under threat from land use. During the last two-three decades, the tendency of diminution of intertidal marshes and their plant taxonomic variety are observed (Costa and Davy, 1992). Recently, the plant diversity of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the State Rio Grande do Sul has been reduced, due to land being used for agriculture, pasturages, and road constructions. A high level of pollution of the Patos Lagoon, especially of its estuarine part, led to abnormal quatities of some plants and decrease others. Nowadays, the species of Chenopodium album L., Apium graveolens L., Ipomea cairica (L.) Sweet are wide spread in intertidal marshes of this region, sometimes in abnormal quantity, as a result of organic waste deposits (Costa et al., 1997). The species of families of Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Juncaceae are most frequent in the intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon (Cordazzo & Seeliger, 1995, Azevedo, 2000). The species of Cladium jamaicensis Crantz., Cotula coronopifolia L., Crinum americanum L., Cyperus giganteus Vahl, Hibiscus cisplatinus St.-Hil., Juncus acutus L., Limonium brasiliense (Boiss.) O. Ktze, Paspalum vaginatum Sw., Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Chemical treatment of samples All collected samples were desiccated in a furnace under a temperature of 60 o C. The samples of 50 g in weight were treated as follows: cold HCl (10%) and NaOH (5%), boiling for 15 minutes. Inorganic substances were separated from the organic matter by dense liquid an aquatic solution of ZnCl 2 (density 2.2 g/cm 3 ). The residual organic material was mounted in glycerol-jelly to prepare the slides. The slides are conserved in the Center of Coastal Geology and Oceanic Studies of the Institute of Geosciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Palynomorph study The examination of the obtained organic material included the taxonomic identification of different palynomorphs (pollen and spores of vascular terrestrial and aquatic plants, zygospores of Chlorophyta, cysts of dinoflagellates and acritarchs, and fungal spores). The taxonomic definition of pollen and spores was based on the collection of pollen and spores of recent plants, distributed on the Coastal Plain of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In order to avoid the invalid definitions, pollen were identified as sensu lato (to family or genus level). Currently, morphology and taxonomy of recent pollen, both in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and in Brazil, are not complete. The taxonomic determination of zygospores of coccal freshwater green algae was based on Van Geel (1976), Van Geel & Van der Hammen (1978), Van
4 52 MEDEANIC, S. Geel et al. (1980/81, 1986), Canter-Lund & Lund (1995), and others. Other found palynomorphs, as cysts of dinoflagellates and acritarchs, were identified according to Tomas (1997), Pals et al. (1980). One taxa of fungal spore was determined according to Garcia (1997). The relationship between the palynomorph taxa (%) was established from total palynomorph sum. For the samples 2-5, 7, 8, more than 200 grains of palynomorphs per sample were counted. The total sum of all palynomorphs in the samples 1 and 6 was less than 200 grains per sample. The full list of palynomorph taxa (pollen and spores of vascular plants, zygospores of Chlorophyta, fungal spores, cysts of dinoflagellates, and acritarchs) and their percentages are represented in Table 1 and shown on Figure 2. The frequency (%) of zygospores and colonies of different freshwater algal palynomorphs is shown in Figure 3. The obtained data were plotted on the percentage palynodiagram, using the Tilia Software, designed by Grimm (1987). The comparison between obtained pollen and spores taxa from surface sediments and taxonomic composition of vegetation cover of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon, described by Cordazzo & Seeliger (1995), Costa et al. (1997), Costa & Davy (1992), Davy & Costa (1992) is shown on the Table 2. The four plates of microphotographs (Figs. 4-41) show the most frequent palynomorphs from the surface sediments of the studied area. RESULTS In the samples from the surface sediments, the frequency of pollen of arboreal plants, AP, is ranging between %. Pollen grains of Pinus maritima Mill. ( %) and Palmae ( %) are more frequent. Other arboreal pollen, present as single grains, are Alchornea Sw., Eucalyptus L Herr., Caprifoliaceae, Ilex L., Lauraceae, and others (Tabs. 1, 2). Nonarboreal pollen, NAP % are TABLE 1 Percentage of palynomorphs, observed in the samples from surface sediments of intertidal marshes in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon, * number of grains of palynomorphs for the sample 1 were not counted). Palynomorph taxa Samples Arboreal pollen, AP Palmae 1* Pinus maritima Mill. 16* Other AP 1* Non-arboreal pollen, NAP Asteraceae 1* Chenopodiaceae 3* Cyperaceae 1* Fabaceae Juncaceae Juncaginaceae 1* Poaceae Typhaceae Other NAP 2* Spores, S Anthoceros L Phaeoceros L. 2* Monolete psilate Monolete verrucate 2* Trilete psilate 1* Trilete echinate Azolla filiculoides Lam. 12* Lophosoria C. Presl. 1* Lycopodiella Holub 8* Algae Chlorophyta 5* Dinophyta 7* Acritarcha 5* Fungi 6* Microforaminifera Total Sum
5 The palynomorphs from surface sediments mainly represented by Amaranthaceae (Blutaparon Raf. type), Asteraceae (Senecio L. type), Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodium L. type), Cyperaceae (different morphological types), Juncaceae (Juncus L. type), Juncaginaceae (Triglochin L. type), Fabaceae (Luteola vigna (Jacq.) Benth. type), Poaceae (different morphological type), Typhaceae (Typha L. type) (Tab. 2). The spores of bryophyts ( %) are relatively abundant and represented by Anthoceros L., Phaeoceros L., and Sphagnum L. The spores of Pteridophyta ( %) present by monolete psilate, monolete verrucate, trilete psilate, trilete echinate morphological types. Other spores of Pteridophyta are less numerous and less diverse. Among them, megaspores of aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides Lam. are relatively frequent (till 4.2%). Spores of Lophosoria Presl. and Lycopodiella Holub are constantly present in all studied samples. Other spores of ferns, such as Anogramma Link., Blechnum L., Equisetum L., Huperzia Bernardi, Lycopodium L., Ophioglossum L., Osmunda L., and Selaginella Beauvois are rare. Besides pollen and spores of vascular plants, the zygospores and colonies of coccal Chlorophyta ( %) were identified. Colonies of Botryococcus Kütz ( %) and zygospores of Spirogyra Link ( %) are encountered more frequently, than zygospores of Debarya (De Bary) Witrock (0-1.9%), Mougeotia C.A. Agardh (0-0.9%) and Zygnema C.A. Agardh (0-1.2%). The cysts of acritarchs ( %) are represented by Cymatiosphaera (Wetzel) Deflandre and Micrhystridium Deflandre, and dinoflagellate cysts ( %) present by Operculodinium Wall. Rare exemplars of microforaminiferal linings are encountered in some samples (Tab. 1, Fig. 2,). Fungal spores ( %) represented predominantly by Tetraploa Berk & Br. Other morphological indeterminate types of fungal palynomorphs are rare. DISCUSSION The different quantities of palynomorphs were connected to the lithology of the studied samples. The lowest frequency of palynomorphs was observed in samples 1 and 6, represented by sandy silt. The most concentration of palynomorphs was in the samples 2-5, 7, and 8, represent by silt (Tab. 1). TABLE 2 Pollen and spore taxa from the surface sediments and vegetation cover of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon. Data on vegetation cover are extracted from Costa & Seeliger (1988), Costa (1992), Costa et al. (1997), Azevedo (2000). Plant taxa Pollen and spores Vegetation cover Trees and shrubs Alchornea Sw. + Caprifoliaceae + Ephedra L. + Eucalyptus L Herr.* + Ilex L.* + Lauraceae* + Loranthaceae + Magnoliaceae* + Melastomaceae* + Moraceae Urticaceae + Palmae + Pinus maritima*mill. + Myrsine L. + Rubiaceae + Salix L.* + Smilax L. + Trema Lour. + Herbs Amaranthaceae (Blutaparon Raf.) + + Amaryllidaceae (Crinum L.) + + Apiaceae + Asteraceae + + Asteraceae (Senecio L.) + + Brassicaceae* + + Chenopodiaceae + + Commelinaceae + Cyperaceae + + Gunneraceae (Gunnera L.) + + Fabaceae + + Fabaceae (Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.) + + Juncaceae + + Juncaginaceae (Triglochin L.) + + Lamiaceae + Malvaceae (Hibiscus L.) + + Onagraceae (Ludwigia L.) + Poaceae + + Primulaceae + Scrophulariaceae + Solanaceae + + Verbenaceae (Phyla Lour.) + + Aquatic plants Azolla filiculoides Lam. + + Myriophyllum L. + Typhaceae + + Utriculariaceae + Mosses Anthoceros L. + Phaeoceros L. + Sphagnum L. + Ferns Monolete psilate + Monolete verrucate + Trilete psilate + Trilete echinate + Anemia Sw. + Lophosoria C. Presl. + Lycopodiella Holub + * introduced plants, + presence, absence
6 54 MEDEANIC, S. Fig. 2. Percentage pollen diagram of the surface samples. Total sum for percentage calculation includes arboreal pollen (AP), non-arboreal pollen (NAP), non-arboreal pollen of aquatic plants (NAP aquatic), cysts of acritarchs and dinoflagellates, and fungal spores. Fig. 3. Percentage diagram of chlorophycean and zygnematophycean coccal algae, registered in the surface samples of intertidal marshes. Total sum for percentage calculation includes zygospores and colonies of algae.
7 The palynomorphs from surface sediments The pollen-and-spore assemblages do not correspond completely to the vegetation cover of inertidal marshes, described by Cordazzo & Seeliger (1995), Costa & Davy (1992), Costa (1992), Costa et al. (1997), and Azevedo (2000). The presence of arboreal pollen in the surface samples, and the absence of arboreal plants in intertidal marshes are explained by wind transport of that pollen by air and current inflows from the neighbouring terrestrial areas. Probably, in this same way, the pollen of Alchornea L., Ephedra L., species of Caprifoliaceae species, Palmae, Pinus maritima Mill., Myrsine L., Smilax L., and Trema L. were transported and deposited on the soil. The predominance of pollen of introduced plants of Eucalyptus L Herr., and Pinus maritima Mill. is explained by the high pollen productivity of these anemophilous (wind pollination) species, and high capacity of pollen in wind transport. Today, in the region, these introduced plants are common, as used for ornamentation. The single grains of pollen, belonging to plants indicators of the Atlantic Rainforest, such as Ilex L., Lauraceae, Melastomaceae, Moraceae-Urticaceae (Reitz et al., 1988) were transported by air or water influxes into intertidal marshes. Today, these species together with species of Magnoliaceae and others (Tab. 2) are widely used for ornamentations of parks and gardens in the extreme south of Brazil. The herbaceous pollen from surface sediments coincides in sensu lato with taxonomic composition of herbaceous terrestrial and aquatic plants growing in intertidal marshes (Tab. 2). Pollen of Asteraceae (Senecio L. type), Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodium L. type), Amaryllidaceae (Crinum L. type), Gunneraceae (Gunnera L. type), Fabaceae (Vigna luteola type (Jacq.) Benth.), Malvaceae (Hibiscus L. type), Juncaceae (Juncus L. type), Juncaginaceae (Triglochin L. type), Polygonaceae (Rumex L. type), Typhaceae (Typha L. type) are important indicator taxa of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon. Other herbaceous taxa, represented by Amaranthaceae (Blutaparon Raf. type), Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Commelinaceae, Lamiaceae, Onagraceae (Ludwigia L. type), Primulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, came from the neighbouring wetlands and dunes (Table 2). The low capacity of moss and fern spores being transported by wind is well known (Traverse, 1988). The relatively low frequency of fern spores in surface samples was, probably, caused by their allochtonous origin, i. e. they were transported by permanent or temporal water influxes, channeled into intertidal marshes from the adjacent wetlands. The rare grains of spores of different ferns, such as Anemia Sw., Anogramma Link, Blechnum L., Dicksonia L Hér., Hyperzia Bernardi, Lophosoria Presl., Lycopodiella Holub, Microgramma Presl., Osmunda L., Polypodiaceae (Table 2) were transported by water influxes from the adjacent areas without influence of salt water and more favourable for their growing. Relatively high frequency of moss spores, especially, Phaeoceros L., makes it possible to propose their distribution in situ. The spores of the aquatic fern, Azolla filiculoides Lam., were observed in all surface samples. Its high frequency corresponds to the botanical data on the wide spreading of A. filiculoides Lam. of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon (Cordazzo & Seeliger, 1995). The high frequency of zygospores and colonies of the green coccal algae Botryococcus Kütz and Spirogyra Link in the surface sediments give new additional information about their distribution in environments of elevated salinity. Maybe, some these algal palynomorphs were transported by freshwater influxes, rivers, channels into studied locations of intertidal marshes. The obtained data on the frequency of Spirogyra zygospores in surface sediments of intertidal marshes agree with phycologists data about wide spreading of Spirogyra in the Patos Lagoon (Coutinho & Seeliger, 1984, Torgan et al., 2001). A great number of Botryococcus colonies of the different morphological types were registered from the Holocene lagoonal sediments formed during the last marine regression (after at about 5000 years BP) in the Tramandaí region (Medeanic et al., 2003), confirmed opinion about distribution of some morphological types of Botryococcus colonies in environments of elevated salinity (Torgan et al., 2001). The zygospores of pure freshwater algae (Mougeotia C. A. Agardh, Debarya (De Bary) Witrock, and Zygnema C. A. Agardh, encountered in a small quantity, or even as single elements in the samples, probably, were transported by freshwater influxes, rivers and channels from adjacent wetlands, freshwater marshes, and small rivers into intertidal marshes. The cysts of marine acritarchs (Cymatiosphaera (Wetzel) Deflandre and Micrhystridium Deflandre), dinoflagellate (Operculodinium Wall), and microforaminiferal linings are important palynomorphs,
8 56 MEDEANIC, S. characterizing the surface sediments of intertidal marshes. They show the close relationship between the intertidal marshes and the Ocean. The variations in frequency of these marine indicators in the samples are connected with a marine influence. A significant increase in marine palynomorphs in the samples is an evidence of constant marine influences on the area, and on the contrary, the absence, or low frequency of such marine indicators may prove an occasional marine influence. In addition to the opinion of Rampino and Sanders (1981), these palynomorphs may serve as indicators of eustatic sea level fluctuations during the Holocene and may contribute to the evaluation of episodic growth of tidal marshes. In comparison to pollen data from surface mangrove sediments, the above mentioned palynomorphs are characterized by the predominance of pollen of herbaceous plants, wide spread in the region (Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Poaceae). The exotic pollen in surface sediments is connected to wide introduction of exotic plants on the region. The fungal spores are relatively rare and differed by low taxonomic diversity. Increase in frequency of fungal spores in some samples corresponded to a decrease (or even absence) in marine palynomorphs. This fact may indicate that environments of elevated salinity are less favorable for distribution of fungi. The predominance of fungal spores of Tetraploa Berk & Br. between other fungal spores may indicate on dispersed spores of Tetraploa in situ, in the intertidal marshes. CONCLUSIONS The various palynomorphs from the surface sediments of intertidal marshes in estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon were studied. The observed palynomorphs include pollen and spores of terrestrial and aquatic vascular plants, algal zygospores, colonies and cysts, fungal spores, and microforamineral linings. The obtained data on pollen-and-spore assemblage from the surface sediments were compared to the currently existing vegetation in present day intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon. Pollen-and-spores assemblage generally corresponds to the existing vegetation on estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon. These results suggest a close relationship between local taxonomic plant composition of intertidal marshes and the nonarboreal pollen, encountered in superficial sediments. The pollen of the most important intertidal marsh plant taxa are represented by Amaryllidaceae, Asteraceae (Senecio type), Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae (different morfological types), Fabaceae (Luteola vigna (Jacq.) Benth. type), Juncaceae (Juncus L. type), Juncaginaceae (Triglochin L. type), Poaceae (different morphological types), Polygonaceae, and Typha L. The difference between pollen-and-spores assemblages and vegetational cover concludes in higher diversity of pollen than plants. An identified pollen spectra represents the native local vegetation of intertidal marshes and particularly vegetation from adjacent areas. Some pollen and spores, recorded in surface sediments characterize dunes, wetlands, coastal forests, and exotic plants. Relatively diverse spores of ferns in the samples, probably, were transported by current influxes in intertidal marshes from the neighbouring areas. All studied samples are characterized by a constant presence of the zygospores and colonies of Chlorophyta (Botryococcus Kütz and Spirogyra Link are predominant). By their constant presence in studied samples they may be included in palynomorph assemblages, characterizing surface sediments of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon. The marine indicators-cysts of acritarchs of Cymatiosphaera (Wetzel) Deflandre and Micrhystridium Deflandre, rare cysts of dinoflagellates (Operculodinium Wall), and microforaminiferal linings are important palynomorphs to distinguish palynomorph assemblages of intertidal marshes. Such criteria, as frequency of marine palynomorphs in surface sediments of intertidal marshes may be proposed for botanists as additional characteristics to classify the different types of intertidal marshes due to marine influence. The spores of fungi are rare and differ by low variety. Constant presence of fungal spores Tetraploa Berk & Br, in the samples allows us to consider them as palynomorphs in situ. The disturbance of native ecosystems in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon by human impact is revealed by frequent exotic pollen: Pinus maritima Mill., Eucalyptus L Herr., Ilex L., Salix L., some species of Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Melastomaceae, Moraceae-Urticaceae.
9 The palynomorphs from surface sediments The obtained data are important for an establishment of model palynomorph assemblages from intertidal marshes and use them for the Holocene palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The represented results are the first data, received from the surface sediments of intertidal marshes in the estuarine part of the Patos Lagoon. In the future we will plane to enlarge an area for the study of surface sediments of intertidal marshes and increase the number of samples for analysis. A close cooperation with the botanists who deal with taxonomy and ecology of plants, distributed in the intertidal marshes is needed. Besides, the obtained results will serve as useful information for the Latin American Pollen Database. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was carried out under the project Applied palynology for palaeoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions on the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul during the Holocene supported by CNPq (grant nº ) and CAPES. I am grateful to Dr. Marie Pierre Ledru (Institut des Sciences de Evolution, Palaeoenvironments, Montpellier, France) and Dr. Silvia Grill (Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina), for revision, useful comments and suggestions. I am indebted to Dr. Lezilda Carvalho Torgan at the Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul for her assistance in microphotography of palynomorphs and advices related to chlorophycean algae. The author is grateful to Dr. Maria Luiza Lorscheitter and Dr. Vera Regina Werner for revision of the last version of manuscript and useful comments and suggestions. I am indebted to biologist Haywood Dail Langhinghouse IV for his correction of the English version of the manuscript. REFERENCES AZEVEDO, A.M.G Habitats, associações vegetais e Fenologia das plantas das marismas da ilha da Pólvora estuário da Lagoa dos Patos (RS, Brasil). 115 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Oceanografia Biológica) Fundação Universidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande. BEREZINA, N.A., TYUREMNOV, S.I Sokrannosti i razrushenie pyltsy kak vazhnyi faktor v obrazovanii sporovopyltsevykh spektrov (Conservation and destruction of pollen as important factors in forming of palynological spectra). Methods of study in Palynology. Moscow: Nauka. p In Russian. BRUSH, G.S., BRUSH, L.M Transport and deposition of pollen in an estuary: Signature of the landscape. In: TRAVERSE A. (Ed.): Sedimentation of organic matter. Cambridge: Cambridge Press. p BRYANT JR., V.M Palynology: A useful method for determination palaeoenvironments. Texas Journal of Science, Dallas, v. 45, p BRYANT, V.M., HOLLOWAY, R.G., JONES, J.G., CARLSON, D.L Pollen preservation in alkaline soils of the American Southwest. In A.Traverse (Ed.): Sedimentation of organic matter. Cambridge: Cambridge Press. p BUSK, J. G. H The distribution of pollen in the surface sediments of Lake Malavi, Africa and the transport of pollen in large lake. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 97, p CANTER-LUND, H.; LUND, J.W.G Freshwater Algae. Their microscopic world explored. London: Biopress. 360 p. CHAPMAN, V.J Salt marshes and deserts of the world. 2 ed. New York: Interscience Press. 392 p. CLEROT, L.C.P.; MEDEANIC, S.; TORGAN, L.C.; DILLEN- BURG S. R.; TOMAZELLI, L.J Evolução da barreira IV na região do Cassino, RS durante o Holoceno. In: CONGRES- SO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ESTUDOS DO QUATERNÁRIO E II CONGRESSO DO QUATERNÁRIO DOS PAÍSES DE LINGUA IBÉRICAS, 2., 2003, Recife. Anais... Recife, p CORDAZZO, C.V.; SEELIGER, U Guia ilustrado da vegetação costeira no extremo Sul do Brasil. Rio Grande: Ed. da FURG. 275 p. CORDEIRO, S.H.; LORSCHEITTER, M.L Palynology of Lagoa dos Patos sediments, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Journal of Paleolimnology, Dordrecht, v. 10, p COSTA, C.S.B Tidal marsh and wetland plants. In: SEELIGER, U.; ODEBRECHT, C.; CASTELO, J.P. (Ed.). Subtropical Convergent Environments. The Coast and Sea in the Southwestern Atlantic. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p COSTA, C.S.B.; DAVY, A.J Coastal Salt march communities of Latin America. In: COASTAL PLANT COMMUNITIES OF LATIN AMERICA. Rio Grande: Ed. da FURG. p COSTA, C.S.B.; SEELIGER, U.; OLIVEIRA, C.P.L.; MAZO, A.M.M Distribuição, funções e valores das marismas e pradarias submersas no estuário da lagoa dos Patos (RS, Brasil). Atlântica, Rio Grande, v. 19, p COUTINHO, R.; SEELIGER, U The horizontal distribution of the benthic algal flora in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil, in relation to salinity substratum and wave Exposure. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Amsterdam, v. 80, p CROSS, A.T., THOMPSON, G.G., ZAITZEFF, J.B Source and distribution of palynomorphs in bottom sediments, southern part of the Gulf of California. Marine Geology, Amsterdam, v. 4, p DAVY, A.J.; COSTA, C.S. B Development and organization of salt march Communities. In: COASTAL PLANT COMMUNITIES OF LATIN AMERICA. Rio Grande: Ed. da FURG. p DIMBLEBY, G.W Soil pollen analysis. Journal of Soil Sciences, Oxford, v. 12, n. 1, p DRUSTCHITS, V.V.; RYBAKOVA, N.O.; SHESHINA, O.N Palinotsenozy raznofatsialnych osadkov i rekonstruktsia rastitelinosti. (Palynocoenozes from various sedimentary facies and vegetation reconstruction). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Serie Geology, Moscow, v. 4, n. 1, p In Russian.
10 58 MEDEANIC, S. FAEGRI, K.; IVERSEN, J Text-book of pollen analyses. New York: Hafner Press. 295 p. GARCIA, M.J Palinologia de turfeiras quaternárias do médio vale do rio Paraná do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Parte I: Fungos, Algas, Briófitas e Pteridófitas. Revista Universidade Guarulhos-Geociências, Guarulhos, v. 2, n. esp., p GRAHAM, A The role of Myxomyceta spores in palynology (with a brief note on the morphology of certain algal zygospores). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 11, n. 2, p GRITCHIUK, V.P., ZAKLINSKAYA, E.N Analiz iskopaemych pyltsy i spor i ego primenenie v paleogeografii. (Analysis of fossil pollen and spores its utility in palaeogeography). Moscow: Nauka. 222 p. In Russian. GRILL, S.; GUERSTEIN, R Estudio palinológico de sedimentos superficiales en el estuario de Bahia Blanca, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Polen, Madrid, v. 7, p GRIMM, E.C CONISS: A Tortran 77 Program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of the incremental sum of square. Pergamon Journal, Amsterdam, v. 13, p HJELL, K.L Relationship between pollen and plants in human-influenced vegetation types using presence-absence data in western Norway. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 99, p JACKSON, S.T Pollen and spores in Quaternary lake sediments as sensors of vegetation composition: Theoretical models and empirical evidence. In: TRAVERSE, A. (Ed.): Sedimentation of organic matter. London: Cambridge Press. p LORSCHEITTER, M.L Evidences of sea oscillations of Late Quaternary in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, provided by palynological studies. Quaternary of South America and Antarctic Peninsula, Rotterdam, v. 1, p MEDEANIC, S Registros palinológicos nos sedimentos superficiais nas marismas atuais na parte Estuarina da Laguna dos Patos: Contribuição nas reconstruções paleoambientais. In: CONGRESSO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ES- TUDOS DO QUATERNÁRIO E II CONGRESSO DO QUATERNÁRIO DOS PAÍSES DE LINGUA IBÉRICAS, 2., 2003, Recife. Anais... Recife: p. 10. MEDEANIC S.; DILLENBURG S.R.; TOLDO JUNIOR, E.E Novos dados palinológicos da transgressão marinha pósglacial em sedimentos da Laguna dos Patos. Revista Universidade de Guarulhos-Geociências, Guarulhos, v. 6, p MEDEANIC, S.; JANKOVSKA, V.; DILLENBURG, S.R The implication of green algae (Chlorophyta) for palaeoecological reconstruction of the Holocene lagoon system in the Tramandaí Lagoon region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Acta Palaeobotanica, Krakow, v. 43, n. 1, p MULDER, C., JANSSEN, C.R Occurrence of pollen and spores in relation to present day vegetation in a Dutch peat land area. Journal of Vegetation Science, Uppsala, v. 10, p PAEZ, M.M., VILLAGRAN, C., STUTZ, S., HINOJ, F., VILLA, R Vegetation and pollen dispersal in the subtropical-temperate climatic transition of Chile and Argentina. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 96, p PALS, J.P.; VAN GEEL, B.; DELFOS, A Palaeoecological studies in the Klokkeweel bog near Hoogkarspel (Prov. of Noord-Holland). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 30, p RAMPINO, M.R.; SANDERS, J.E Episodic growth of Holocene tidal marches in the northeastern United States: a possible indicador of eustatic sea level fluctuations. Geology, New York, v. 9, p REITZ, R.; KLEIN, R.M.; REIS, A Madeira do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre. 525 p. RULL, V.; VEGAS-VILARRUBIA, T.; PERNIA, N.E Palynological record of Early-Mid Holocene Mangrove in Eastern Venezuela. Implications for Sea-level rise and Disturbance history. Journal of Coastal Research, Florida, v. 15, n. 2, p RIELEY, J.O.; PAGE, S.E Ecology of plant communities. A phytosociological account of the British vegetation. London: Logman. 178 p. SHESHINA, O.N O stepeni shodstva palino-ifitocenozov i restavratsia paleotafocenozov. (Comparison between pollen-and spores assemblages and plant cover and restauration of palaeotafocoenozes). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Ser. Geologia, Moscow, v. 4, n. 4, p In Russian. TAUK, S.M Biodegradação de resíduous orgânicos no solo. Revista Brasiléira de Geociências, São Paulo, v. 20, n. 1-4, p TOMAS, C.R Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. New York: Academic. Press. 858 p. TORGAN, L.C.; BARREDA, K.A.; FORTES, D.F Catálogo das algas de águas continentais e marinhas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Botânica, Porto Alegre, n. 56, p TRAVERSE, A Paleopalynology. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd. 600 p. VAN GEEL, B Fossil spores of Zygnemataceae in ditches of a prehistoric settlement in Hoogkarspel (The Netherlands). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 22, n. 4, p VAN GEEL, B.; BOHNCKE, S.J.P.; DEE, H. 1980/81. A palaeoecological study of the Upper Late Glacial and Holocene sequence from de Borchert the Netherlands. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 31, n. 3, 4, p VAN GEEL, B.; KLINK, A.G.; PALS, J.P.; WILGERS, J Upper Eemian Lake deposits from Twente, Eastern Netherlands. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 47, p VAN GELL, B.; HAMMEN, T. Van der Zygnemataceae in Quaternary Colombian sediments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 25, n. 5, p VIEIRA, J.P.; RANGEL, S.R.S Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul: Geografia física, vegetação e dinâmica sociodemográfica. Porto Alegre: Sagra. 256 p. WOO, H.J.; OERTEL, G.F.; KEORNEY, M.S Distribution of pollen in surface sediments of a barrier-lagoon system, Virginia, USA. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Amsterdam, v. 102, p Trabalho recebido em 17.V Aceito para publicação em 30.VII.2006.
11 The palynomorphs from surface sediments Figs LM. 4. Acritarcha (Micrhystridium type). 5. Acritarcha (Cymatiosphaera type). 6. Dinophyta (Operculodinium type). 7, 8. Chlorophyta (Botryococcus type) Chlorophyta (Spirogyra type). 12. Fungi (Tetraploa type). 13. Microforaminifera lining. 14. Bryophyta (Phaeoceros type). 15. Bryophyta (Anthoceros type). Bar: 10 mm.
12 60 MEDEANIC, S. Figs LM. 16. Amarillidaceae (Crinum type). 17. Amaranthaceae (Blutaporon type). 18, 19. Asteraceae (Senecio type). 20, 21. Azollaceae (Azolla filiculoides type). 22. Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodium type). Bar: 10 mm.
13 The palynomorphs from surface sediments Figs LM , 31. Cyperaceae. 26, 27. Gunneraceae (Gunnera type). 28. Fabaceae. 29, 30. Fabaceae (Vigna luteola type). 32. Juncaginaceae (Triglochin type). 33. Malvaceae (Hibiscus type). Bar: 10 mm.
14 62 MEDEANIC, S. Figs LM. 34. Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus type). 35. Pinaceae (Pinus maritima type). 36, 37. Poaceae. 38, 39. Polygonaceae (Rumex type). 40. Typhaceae (Typha type). 41. Verbenaceae (Phyla type). Bar: 10 mm.
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.More information
Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Section 1: Community Ecology Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems Click on a lesson name to select. 3.1 Community Ecology Communities A biologicalMore information
CLIMATIC AND HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES ON TIDAL FLATS NEAR THE MOUTH OF AMAZON RIVER DURING THE HOLOCENE José Tasso Felix Guimarães 1 ; Marcelo Cancela Lisboa Cohen 1 ; Marlon Carlos França 1 ; Afonso CésarMore information
Aquatic Biomes, Continued
Aquatic Biomes, Continued Introduction Extent of Marine biomes Issues & challenges Factors influencing distribution Dynamics in time & space Depth Tour of marine biomes Issues (by biome) Freshwater biomesMore information
Recent ostracods from the Azores archipelago
Joannea Geol. Paläont. 11: 132-136 (2011) Recent ostracods from the Azores archipelago Ricardo P. MEIRELES, Antonio FRIAS MARTINS & Sérgio ÁVILA The Azores is an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean betweenMore information
ISME/GLOMIS Electronic Journal
Volume 5, No. 1 ISME/GLOMIS Electronic Journal An electronic journal dedicated to enhance public awareness On the environmental importance of mangroves ISSN1880-7682 July 2006 Changes in mangrove extensionMore information
Assessment of environmental vulnerability of Maputo bay using Remote Sensing data and GIS
Assessment of environmental vulnerability of Maputo bay using Remote Sensing data and GIS Introduction In tropical countries we can identify two types of ecosystems in risk along the cost: mangrove andMore information
THE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes
Biomes The Ecosystem - Biomes Side 2 THE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes By the end of this topic you should be able to:- SYLLABUS STATEMENT ASSESSMENT STATEMENT CHECK NOTES 2.4 BIOMES 2.4.1 Define the term biome.More information
Temporal characterization of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in Abrolhos Coral Reef Bank, Brazil
Temporal characterization of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in Abrolhos Coral Reef Bank, Brazil Maria Laura Zoffoli 1, Milton Kampel 1, Robert Frouin 2 1 Remote Sensing Division (DSR) National InstituteMore information
Delaware Integrated Marsh Monitor Network: Evaluating sedimentation and sea-levels effects on marsh surface elevation and evolution
Delaware Integrated Marsh Monitor Network: Evaluating sedimentation and sea-levels effects on marsh surface elevation and evolution Bartholomew D. Wilson Robert Scarborough David B. Carter Donald R. CahoonMore information
Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon. fact SHEET
Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon fact SHEET Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon Coastal Blue Carbon - An Important Wetland Ecosystem Service Coastal Blue Carbon refers to theMore information
The National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring Program Student Opportunities
NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program The National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring Program Student Opportunities Sara Stevens Program Manager NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program NPS Programs at URIMore information
Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan 2011-12 to 2020-21 Stream Implementation Plan November 2013
Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan 2011-12 to 2020-21 Stream Implementation Plan November 2013 Stream 2.2 Stream goal Vulnerability and spatial protection To provide the scientific foundationMore information
Welcome to the Understanding Dissolved Oxygen learning module. This section provides information on the following topics:
Introduction Welcome to the learning module. This section provides information on the following topics: How dissolved oxygen is defined and measured in numbers Why dissolved oxygen is important NaturalMore information
Climate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011
Climate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011 HEALTH Kindergarten: Grade 1: Grade 2: Know that litter can spoil the environment. Grade 3: Grade 4:More information
RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAGOONS by Hany Elwany, Ph.D. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Headwaters to Oceans Conference 25 October 2003 CE Ref #03-22 San Diego County LagoonsMore information
WATER AND DEVELOPMENT Vol. II - Types Of Environmental Models - R. A. Letcher and A. J. Jakeman
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS R. A. Letcher and A. J. Jakeman Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, The Australian National University, Australia Keywords: environmental models, environmentalMore information
4-H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency Program A Member s Guide
4-H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency Program A Member s Guide OVERVIEW The 4 H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency program helps you learn what you need to know about your 4 H project.More information
WILLOCHRA BASIN GROUNDWATER STATUS REPORT 2009-10 SUMMARY 2009-10 The Willochra Basin is situated in the southern Flinders Ranges in the Mid-North of South Australia, approximately 50 km east of Port AugustaMore information
GLOSSARY OF TERMS CHAPTER 11 WORD DEFINITION SOURCE. Leopold
CHAPTER 11 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Active Channel The channel that contains the discharge Leopold where channel maintenance is most effective, sediment are actively transported and deposited, and that are capableMore information
45 mm A MULTIPROXY APPROACH OF THE LATE HOLOCENE EVOLUTION OF THE PARATI-MIRIM RIA, SOUTHERN COAST OF THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL
A MULTIPROXY APPROACH OF THE LATE HOLOCENE EVOLUTION OF THE PARATI-MIRIM RIA, SOUTHERN COAST OF THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL Sousa, S.H.M. 1 ; Nagai, R.H. 1 ; Yamashita, C. 1 ; Endo, C.A.K. 1 ; Salaroli,More information
4.2 Buena Vista Creek Watershed
Buena Vista Creek Watershed 4.2 Buena Vista Creek Watershed Watershed Overview The Buena Vista Creek Watershed is the fourth-largest system within the Carlsbad Hydrologic Unit. The watershed extends approximatelyMore information
Biomes An Overview of Ecology Biomes Freshwater Biomes
Biomes An Overview of Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. Ecology can be divided into four increasingly comprehensive levels: OrganismalMore information
Sources to Seafood: Mercury Pollution in the Marine Environment Background on Presenting Scientists
Celia Y. Chen, Ph.D Dartmouth College Research Professor Department of Biological Sciences Class of '78 Life Sciences Center HB 6044 Hanover, NH 03755 (603)646 2376 email@example.com Dr. Celia ChenMore information
LIMNOLOGY, WATER QUALITY PA RANI ET E R S, AN D c 0 IV D IT I 0 N S AND ECOREGIONS Water Quality Parameters Nutrients are important parameters because phosphorous and nitrogen are major nutrients requiredMore information
Restoring Ecosystems. Ecosystem Restoration Services
Restoring Ecosystems Ecosystem Restoration Services 2 Ecosystem Restoration Services AECOM s integrated approach sciencebased planning, with innovative design and execution delivers sustainable and cost-effectiveMore information
WONDERFUL, WATERFUL WETLANDS OBJECTIVES The student will do the following: 1. List characteristics of wetlands. SUBJECTS: Science, Language Arts TIME: 60 minutes 2. Describe the functions of a wetland.More information
Introduction to Ecology. Lab practical next week. 1. Types of Ecology. What is ecology? Organismal ecology. Population ecology
Introduction to Ecology Reading: Chapter 50 Introduction, today Chapter 52 Population ecology, today and W Chapter 54 Ecosystem ecology, W&F Outline of Lecture 1. Branches of ecology 2. Factors affectingMore information
How do abiotic factors and physical processes impact life in the ocean?
This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 7) is out of date. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Activitydevelop Ocean Abiotic FactorsMore information
The concepts developed in this standard include the following: Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of the Earth.
Name Date Grade 5 SOL 5.6 Review Oceans Made by SOLpass - www.solpass.org firstname.lastname@example.com Reproduction is permitted for SOLpass subscribers only. The concepts developed in this standard includeMore information
L OW E R C A R M E L R I V E R A N D L AG O O N F L O O D P L A I N R E S TO R AT I O N A N D E N H A N C E M E N T P R O J E C T AN INITIATIVE TO IMPROVE FLOOD PROTECTION RESTORE AND PROTECT RIPARIANMore information
Amherst County Public Schools. AP Environmental Science Curriculum Pacing Guide. College Board AP Environmental Science Site
Amherst County Public Schools AP Environmental Science Curriculum Pacing Guide College Board AP Environmental Science Site REV: 8/12 1 st 9 weeks AP Objectives Energy Resources and Consumption A. EnergyMore information
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 4 (a) Based on the rate cited above, calculate the expected increase in sea level, in meters, during the next 50 years. One point can be earnedMore information
Backyard Buffers. Protecting Habitat and Water Quality
Backyard Buffers Protecting Habitat and Water Quality What is a buffer? A buffer (also called a riparian buffer area or zone) is the strip of natural vegetation along the bank of a stream, lake or otherMore information
Coastal lagoon systems and sedimentary constraints on Holocene relative sea-level: Samsø, Southern Kattegat Sea
1 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science Coastal lagoon systems and sedimentary constraints on Holocene relative sea-level: Samsø, Southern Kattegat Sea Lasse Sander, ph.d. student Department of GeosciencesMore information
Climate, Vegetation, and Landforms
Climate, Vegetation, and Landforms Definitions Climate is the average weather of a place over many years Geographers discuss five broad types of climates Moderate, dry, tropical, continental, polar Vegetation:More information
Biology Keystone (PA Core) Quiz Ecology - (BIO.B.4.1.1 ) Ecological Organization, (BIO.B.4.1.2 ) Ecosystem Characteristics, (BIO.B.4.2.
Biology Keystone (PA Core) Quiz Ecology - (BIO.B.4.1.1 ) Ecological Organization, (BIO.B.4.1.2 ) Ecosystem Characteristics, (BIO.B.4.2.1 ) Energy Flow 1) Student Name: Teacher Name: Jared George Date:More information
The Everglades & Northern Estuaries; St. Lucie River Estuary, Indian River Lagoon & Caloosahatchee Estuary. Water Flows & Current Issues
The Everglades & Northern Estuaries; St. Lucie River Estuary, Indian River Lagoon & Caloosahatchee Estuary Water Flows & Current Issues Florida Governor Rick Scott August 20, 2013 Upper Chain of LakesMore information
Introduction. Vivian Jeske-Pieruschka and Hermann Behling University of Göttingen, Germany. Holocene Special Issue
Holocene Special Issue Palaeoenvironmental history of the São Francisco de Paula region in southern Brazil during the late Quaternary inferred from the Rincão das Cabritas core The Holocene 22(11) 1251More information
RESTORATION & REVITALIZATION Legal preservation has not proved to be sufficient to preserve natural communities. Restoration activities are diverse and includes revitalization of natural communities whichMore information
Unit C: Earth Science Chapter 1: The Changing Earth
Unit C: Earth Science Chapter 1: The Changing Earth Lesson 1: Layers of the Earth 1. Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the planet 2. Clouds are in this layer 3. Atmosphere contains gasesMore information
RECALLING Paragraph b of Article 13 of the Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1974 (Helsinki Convention),
CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE BALTIC SEA AREA HELSINKI COMMISSION - Baltic Marine HELCOM 19/98 Environment Protection Commission 15/1 Annex 3 19th Meeting Helsinki, 23-27More information
Introduction to protection goals, ecosystem services and roles of risk management and risk assessment. Lorraine Maltby
Introduction to protection goals, ecosystem services and roles of risk management and risk assessment. Lorraine Maltby Problem formulation Risk assessment Risk management Robust and efficient environmentalMore information
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES A) Name three general types of aquatic ecosystems and describe the salinity for each. Give an example for each. 1) 2) 3) B) MATCHING In the space provided, write the letterMore information
Data Quality Working Group
Data Quality Working Group In order to get an overview of the issues that have been discussed so far, I have summarized them a little and added some links and references. The interesting discussion isMore information
Curt Kerns, M.S., R.P.Bio., C.F.S. WetlandsPacific Corp. 250-722-7117 www.wetlandspacific.com
Curt Kerns, M.S., R.P.Bio., C.F.S. WetlandsPacific Corp. 250-722-7117 www.wetlandspacific.com Presentation Historical perspectives Present perspectives How wetlands function Examples of natural wetlandsMore information
ANALYSIS OF A ANTROPIC INFLUENCES IN A FLOODPLAN M.C.S. Pereira 1&2 ; J.R.S. Martins 1 ; R.M. Lucci 2 and L.F.O.L, Yazaki 2 1. Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil 2. Fundação CentroMore information
Middle and Upper Pleistocene natural environment in the Roman area: climate, vegetation and landscape
Middle and Upper Pleistocene natural environment in the Roman area: climate, vegetation and landscape M. Follieri, D. Magri Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza,More information
Dunas Laida - Dune regeneration on Laida beach (Urdaibai) LIFE04 NAT/ES/000031
Dunas Laida - Dune regeneration on Laida beach (Urdaibai) LIFE04 NAT/ES/000031 Project description Environmental issues Beneficiaries Administrative data Read more Contact details: Project Manager: XabierMore information
Environmental Compliance Questionnaire for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Federal Financial Assistance Applicants
OMB Approval No.: 0648-0538 Environmental Compliance Questionnaire for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Federal Financial Assistance Applicants Instructions The National Environmental PolicyMore information
Appendix B: Cost Estimates
Appendix B: Estimates This appendix presents the estimated costs of the monitoring and supplemental research components presented in Section 3 of this document. A 20% quality assurance and quality controlMore information
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter Test A CHAPTER 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best answers each question Part B: Matching 1More information
Pond Ecosystem Field Study MOLS
This multi-week lab involves field studies comparing ecosystem-level ecology between 2 freshwater ponds in Marshfield Outdoor Learning Sanctuary. We will be investigating a correlation between weatherMore information
Laws to promote environmental sustainability of oceans and seas
Laws to promote environmental sustainability of oceans and seas Laws regulations and other measures for conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources and biodiversity including those beyondMore information
FOREST RESTORATION MONITORING TOOL Draft version for field test INTRODUCTION FAO upon recommendation of its members identified the need to initiate a comprehensive analysis, evaluation and documentationMore information
Chapters 16 Soils Ecosystem Essentials
Chapters 16 Soils Ecosystem Essentials I. Soils A. Characteristics B. Properties C. Classification II. Ecosystem Components and Cycles A. Biotic components B. Abiotic components C. Limiting factors D.More information
Geography affects climate.
KEY CONCEPT Climate is a long-term weather pattern. BEFORE, you learned The Sun s energy heats Earth s surface unevenly The atmosphere s temperature changes with altitude Oceans affect wind flow NOW, youMore information
Ariana Sutton-Grier, Holly Bamford & Kateryna Wowk University of Maryland and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Future of our coasts: Potential for natural and hybrid infrastructure Ariana Sutton-Grier, Holly Bamford & Kateryna Wowk University of Maryland and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration GreenMore information
Copyright 2004, Instituto Brasileiro de Petróleo e Gás - IBP Este Trabalho Técnico Científico foi preparado para apresentação no 3 Congresso Brasileiro de P&D em Petróleo e Gás, a ser realizado no períodoMore information
reflect How do you respond to environmental changes? Maybe you wear different types of clothes in different seasons. Maybe you only ride your bike during certain times of the year. What if you moved toMore information
Broken Arrow Public Schools AP Environmental Science Objectives Revised 11-19-08
1 st six weeks 1 Identify questions and problems that can be answered through scientific investigation. 2 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer questions about the world by creating hypotheses;More information
Briefing Paper on Lower Galveston Bay and Bayou Watersheds Lower Bay I: Armand Bayou to Moses Lake and Adjacent Bay Waters
Briefing Paper on Lower Galveston Bay and Bayou Watersheds Lower Bay I: Armand Bayou to Moses Lake and Adjacent Bay Waters Jim Lester, PhD. and Lisa Gonzalez Houston Advanced Research Center GalvestonMore information
CONTENTS AREA STUDIES - REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: BRAZIL Area Studies - Regional Sustainable Development: Brazil - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 400 ISBN: 978-1-84826-171-6 (ebook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-621-6More information
Grasslands. Environmental Science Chapters 8
Grasslands Environmental Science Chapters 8 Grassland Biome A grassland ecosystem is an area that receives more rainfall than a desert, but not enough to support the trees of a forest. These usually existMore information
The San Juan Bay Estuary Program and its Initiatives toward a Climate Ready Estuary
The San Juan Bay Estuary Program and its Initiatives toward a Climate Ready Estuary CACCE Conference-Workshop 2012 Dr. Jorge Bauza-Ortega Scientific Advisor San Juan Bay Estuary Program Today presentationMore information
Recognizing Wetlands. For additional information contact your local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers office. Pitcher plant.
US Army Corps of Engineers For additional information contact your local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers office. 1998 Edition Recognizing Wetlands Pitcher plant The information presented here will help youMore information
Georgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Water in Earth s Processes. (Approximate Time: 5-6 Weeks)
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans areMore information
1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources)
1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources) The Michigan Geological History Presentation provides an overview of the approximately 3 billion years of Earth Processes that theMore information
Keywords: Tectonics and the coast, sea-level change, Holocene, river deltas, barrier islands, tidal inlets, estuaries, coral reefs, rocky coasts
COASTAL EVOLUTION Richard A. Davis (Jr.) University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620 USA. Keywords: Tectonics and the coast, sea-level change, Holocene, river deltas, barrier islands, tidal inlets,More information
APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA By James Dawos Mamit, Ph.D. Deputy Minister Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,More information
In this lesson, students will identify a local plant community and make a variety of
MAKING COMMUNITY MEASUREMENTS: ABIOTIC FACTORS Grades 3 6 I. Introduction In this lesson, students will identify a local plant community and make a variety of measurements, preferably during two differentMore information
The Solar Radio Burst Activity Index (I,) and the Burst Incidence (B,) for 1968-69
Revista Brasileira de Física, Vol. 1, N." 2, 1971 The Solar Radio Burst Activity Index (I,) and the Burst Incidence (B,) for 1968-69 D. BASU Centro de Rádio Astronomia e Astrofisica, Universidade Mackenzie*,More information
Government Decree on Water Resources Management
NB: Unofficial translation; legally binding texts are those in Finnish and Swedish Ministry of the Environment, Finland Government Decree on Water Resources Management (1040/2006) Given in Helsinki onMore information
Prepared By: Tom Parker Geum Environmental Consulting, Inc.
Prepared By: Tom Parker Geum Environmental Consulting, Inc. Topics covered: Definition of riparian and floodplain restoration Floodplain attributes as a basis for developing criteria for restoration designsMore information
COASTAL MONITORING & OBSERVATIONS LESSON PLAN Do You Have Change?
Coastal Change Analysis Lesson Plan COASTAL MONITORING & OBSERVATIONS LESSON PLAN Do You Have Change? NOS Topic Coastal Monitoring and Observations Theme Coastal Change Analysis Links to Overview EssaysMore information
Advice For the multiple-choice questions, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer(s).
SPECIMEN ASSESSMENT MATERIAL GCSE GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 Living with the physical environment Specimen Materials For this paper you must have: a pencil a ruler. Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes InstructionsMore information
Web of Water. Teacher s Guide Webisode 1 Blue Ridge
Web of Water Teacher s Guide Webisode 1 Blue Ridge Table of Contents About Blue Ridge.... 3 South Carolina Science Standards.. 4 Discussion Questions.. 10 Knowitall Resources....... 13 Credits..... 14More information
Environmentally Significant Areas of Alberta. Volume 3. Prepared by: Sweetgrass Consultants Ltd. Calgary, AB. for:
Environmentally Significant Areas of Alberta Volume 3 Prepared by: Calgary, AB for: Resource Data Division Alberta Environmental Protection Edmonton, Alberta March 1997 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Large portionsMore information
Georgia Performance Standards Framework for Natural Disasters 6 th Grade
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans areMore information
6. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperature of two cities A and B.
1. Which single factor generally has the greatest effect on the climate of an area on the Earth's surface? 1) the distance from the Equator 2) the extent of vegetative cover 3) the degrees of longitudeMore information
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF SEDIMENTS FROM AMAZON WETLANDS José Tasso Felix Guimarães 1 ; Marcelo Cancela Lisboa Cohen 1 ; Marlon Carlos França 1 ; Yuri Souza Friaes 1 ; Antonio Alvaro Buso Junior 2More information
CONTENTS VOLUME IV. 1. Introduction 2. Choosing chapters 3. How did tropical botany get here? 4. Postmodern botany
CONTENTS VOLUME IV Tropical Botany: A Brief Introduction 1 F.R. Scarano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, IB, Depto. Ecologia, Brasil Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro,More information
DECEMBER 2014 TORO ENERGY LAKE MAITLAND PEER REVIEW BASELINE AQUATIC ASSESSMENT Document status Rev Author Reviewer/s Date Approved for Issue Name Distributed To Date 0 M Davies D Cancilla 27/11/2014 RMore information
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Correlation to. EarthComm, Second Edition. Project-Based Space and Earth System Science
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Achieve, Inc. on behalf of the twenty-six states and partners that collaborated on the NGSS Copyright 2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. Correlation to,More information
INFRASTRUCTURE: Examples from Brazil
INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: Examples from Brazil October 12, 2011 Webinar Conservation Leadership Network The Conservation Fund Denise Levy Denise Levy Environmental SafeguardsMore information
REB Volume 6 (3): 286-291, 2013 ISSN 1983-7682
286 REB Volume 6 (3): 286-291, 2013 ISSN 1983-7682 NEW STRANDING RECORD OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS (CUVIER, 1823) (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE) AT TRINDADE ISLAND, BRAZIL NOVO REGISTRO DE ENCALHE DE ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRISMore information
Investigator(s) Total Modules Centerline bearing Page of
Investigator(s) Total Modules Centerline bearing Page of Site Intensive Modules 1 o Plant Community County Plot configuration 2 o Plant Community Date Total area (ha) 1 o and 2 o HGM Latitude mod# corner#More information
Stream Ecology Black Hawk College Singing Bird Creek
- Define ecology and ecosystem. Stream Ecology Black Hawk College Singing Bird Creek Objectives - Identify the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem. - Discuss the impact of human population growthMore information
CARBONATE VS SILICICLASTIC DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: A FIELD TRIP GUIDE TO MODERN SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS AND THE GEOLOGY OF BOCAS DEL TORO, PANAMA Luis Ignacio Quiroz, Jaime Escobar, Cindy Gonzales, EdwardMore information
Questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversity
Questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversity Answers from the past Kathy Willis, Shonil Bhagwat, Angelica Feurdean, Cindy Froyd Long-term Ecology Lab Conservation BiologyMore information
Connecting Science and Management for Virginia s Tidal Wetlands. In this issue...
In this issue... We review the relationship between science and the management of tidal wetlands in Virginia. The program has evolved over the past four decades to address: E the public benefits providedMore information
The Marine Protected Area Inventory
The Marine Protected Area Inventory New pictures Jordan Gass, Hugo Selbie and Charlie Wahle ESRI Ocean Forum November 6, 2013 Outline What is the MPA Inventory? Purpose Data How it s used Future directionsMore information
APPENDIX D. EXAMPLES OF OTHER FORMATION-LEVEL CLASSIFICATIONS Main World Terrestrial Biome Types (Box and Fujiwara 2005, Table 4.4,) The authors provide 18 major biome types recognized by most modern treatmentsMore information
Natural Resources and Landscape Survey
Landscape Info Property Name Address Information Contact Person Relationship to Landscape Email address Phone / Fax Website Address Landscape Type (private/muni/resort, etc.) Former Land Use (if known)More information
Vegetation versus Flora
What lives where and why? Ecological hypotheses Do the species occur here because of similar climate? latitude? animal grazing? montane rain shadows? fire history? Australian grass savanna African grassMore information
Global Water Resources
Global Water Resources Highlights from assessment activities over the past two decades, which are used to establish present and future water trends, reveal that: 1. Freshwater resources are unevenly distributed,More information
Climate Change Impacts to the Water Environment: Thailand
Climate Change Impacts to the Water Environment: Thailand Wijarn Simachaya, Ph.D Pollution Control Department Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment http://www.pcd.go.th 1 Overview of PresentationMore information
Environmental Science
Environmental Science UNIT I: Introduction to Environmental Science The student will demonstrate the ability to use scientific skills necessary to identify and analyze environmental issues. a. Define environmentalMore information
Atmospheric cross-sections and photodissociation
Topic Name RUK Topic Description Panel Further descriptors and/or topic breakdown (for cross-cutting topics) tmospheric kinetics Reaction rates for atmospheric chemical processes as a function of temperatureMore information
Soil Erosion. Physics. Grade LEARNING OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION READINESS ACTIVITIES MATERIALS. Science
Soil Erosion Science Grade 10-12 Classroom Individual reading DESCRIPTION Soil erosion is a major problem in Agriculture. Tonnes of soil are lost from fields every year. This not only reduces crop production,More information


text:
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Applied Materials (AMAT) ticked upward Friday after the manufacturer received Intel's (INTC) Preferred Quality Supplier (PQS) award for its performance in 2013.
Applied Materials was one of 18 companies to receive the honor. The company performed well in the areas Intel measures for the award: quality, cost, availability, technology, customer service, labor and ethics systems and environmental sustainability.
"It is a great honor to receive Intel's Preferred Quality Supplier award for the fourth consecutive year," said Dr. Randhir Thakur, executive vice president and general manager of the Silicon Systems Group at Applied Materials, in a statement. "Our team deeply appreciates our collaboration with Intel, a strong technology leader instrumental in driving the advancement of Moore`s Law. We are very focused on delivering quality products with speed and differentiation that meet Intel's high standards."
Applied Materials was up 1.26% to $19.33 at 11:40 a.m. on Friday.
STOCKS TO BUY: TheStreet Quant Ratings has identified a handful of stocks that can potentially TRIPLE in the next 12 months. Learn more.
Separately, TheStreet Ratings team rates APPLIED MATERIALS INC as a "buy" with a ratings score of B+. TheStreet Ratings Team has this to say about their recommendation:
"We rate APPLIED MATERIALS INC (AMAT) a BUY. This is driven by a number of strengths, which we believe should have a greater impact than any weaknesses, and should give investors a better performance opportunity than most stocks we cover. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its solid stock price performance, revenue growth, largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures, growth in earnings per share and compelling growth in net income. Although no company is perfect, currently we do not see any significant weaknesses which are likely to detract from the generally positive outlook."

subset: commoncrawl


text: 48in Exmark TT HP with 17hp Kawi, mulch kit, sulky. This mower is in excellent shape with little use. It has only been used as a backup mower. PM me for more pics. Located in Spring Hill, FL 2004 6.5x12 Landscape Trailer with spring assisted gate lift, almost new 15in Carlisle tires, new paint, and excellent pressure treated decking. Located in Spring Hill, FL PM me for more pics


text:
1983 Plymouth Scamp Base Standard Cab Pickup 2-Door 2.2L
Price: US $2,500.00 Item location: Gillette, Wyoming, United States
- Make: Plymouth
- Model: Scamp
- Type: Standard Cab Pickup
- Trim: Base Standard Cab Pickup 2-Door
- Year: 1983
- Mileage: 86,059
- Engine size: 2.2L 135Cu. In. l4 GAS SOHC Naturally Aspirated
- Number of cylinders: 4
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Drive type: FWD
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1983 Plymouth Scamp
INTERIOR -good condition, clean
Exterior- been parked outside, paint is worn and cracked, good tires. Has not been started in a few years but was able to drive before we parked it.


text:
The evictions of Somalia's al-Shabaab from its stronghold in Kismayo, and of Ansar al-Sharia from Benghazi in Libya are the latest successes in a concerted, US-driven effort to eradicate al-Qaida-related groups from the Middle East and Africa. But it is doubtful that this is the end of extremism in either location, or that force of arms will deliver long-lasting security solutions in the region.
Read Full Article »


text: Breeder: Canadian Seed Co. Type: Indica / Sativa hybrid Genetics: Killer Queen x Sugar Klingon See Also Edit Strains Cannabis Strain Lineages Retrieved from "http://cannabis.wikia.com/wiki/Zagorsk?oldid=34414" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Strains Hybrid Add category Cancel Save


text:
Neil Matheson chopped off over eight inches of hair for Bounce! Hair Studio's campaign It's Only Hair. The campaign is running for all of 2016.
©Submitted photo
Sharon Keller, owner operator of Bounce! Hair Studio launches It's Only Hair campaign
Neil Matheson was feeling the spirit of giving this past Christmas season.
He was also looking for a new image for 2016.
So the Charlottetown man decided to completely change his appearance by cutting eight inches of his long chestnut-coloured hair and donating it to people who have no hair at all.
Matheson reached out to Sharon Keller, owner operator of Bounce! Hair Studio, to make an appointment to cut off the hair he had been growing out for two years.
Keller told him he couldn't have called at a better time as she was in the beginning stages of launching her 2016 year-long campaign, It's Only Hair.
Matheson ended up donating over eight inches of hair to the small salon in Long Creek. The hair is being sent off-Island to be made into wigs for cancer survivors.
"It felt good to know that I was doing it for a reason in cutting it all off and that it was going to be put for good use."
QUICK FACT: To knot one wig, which is similar to rug hooking, takes about eight to 15 ponytails.
The idea of this campaign was inspired by one of Keller's clients earlier in December when the woman had requested a big haircut.
As Keller combed the woman's hair, she threw the idea out that if she went an inch shorter, the hair could be donated.
"She didn't even hesitate, she was just like, 'Yup, cut it', and this is a girl that is super attached to her hair."
Keller went home that evening and thought about how easy it was to get a donation and pondered if she could get more people to do the same.
That's when the idea of getting involved in wig donations was born, and she started her campaign, It's Only Hair. So far, Keller has had four hair donations.
"Your hair shouldn't define you in how beautiful you feel. What you do with your life should define you in how beautiful you feel," said Keller.
Keller is sending the hair off to one of two places: 360 Hair in British Columbia and the Pantene Beautiful Lengths campaign through the Canadian Cancer Society.
Keller will donate the majority of the locks to 360 Hair as it will take anything, including coloured hair, as long as it's six inches or more.
The donations to 360 Hair will go towards making custom-made wigs for cancer patients under the age of 19.
For the Pantene Beautiful Lengths campaign, a minimum of eight inches is required and it must be what is referred to as "virgin hair" meaning no dyes, bleaches or chemicals.
"I think it's great that this 360 Hair is accepting six inches because six inches is much less traumatizing for somebody to cut off than eight," said Keller. "It just opens a whole new world of donations. Now, those people with coloured treated hair can donate."
Matheson said cutting off so much hair was a bit of an adjustment, but he feels it was for a worthwhile cause.
"Sharon is on the right track," said Matheson. "It's only hair and it grows back, especially for someone that is in a healthy position that can grow their hair."
Matheson said this was the first time he donated his hair and would consider doing it again.
"I think Sharon has a great thing going here. I really hope that she reaches her goal of how many inches she would like to get. I would encourage people to go out and support her in this venture."


text:
BUS 250 - International Business
3 credits (PREREQUISITE: BUS 101, or BUS 107)
This course provides the theory and practice of international business including such topics as the global market place, the role of culture, ethics and corporate social responsibility in international business. The course stresses the study of national trade policies, international monetary systems, managing international business and international marketing and operations management. Students learn to access the global market for their small business enterprise. (Sp)


text:
Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Painter / Decorator
Added 22/10/2016
Services required: painting 2 x hallways, 1 x stairs Hall stairs and landing in small 2 bed....
Painter / Decorator
Added 17/05/2016
Services required: painting, wallpapering - unpatterned 1 x bedroom wallpaper on one wall...
Painter / Decorator
Added 31/10/2012
paint landing, toilet, bathroom and entrance
Painter / Decorator
Added 28/07/2012
hall way going up stairs to have an ocean view
Painter / Decorator
Added 10/04/2012
Painting of internal doors, skirting and banister.
Painter / Decorator
Added 26/04/2010
Hall/stairs/landing - newly plastered
Great team, work completed on time, as requested and for the price agreed. Thanks
Would highly recommend, they were extremely punctual, friendly and reliable. We booked the job with quite short notice but Natasha and her team where extremely flexible and worked all hours to make sure the work was completed on time. We needed our flat to be painted within a day and they arrived at 7.30am and stayed working until at least 11pm to make sure it was done. Good value and very easy to work with! Will 100% be using again for future jobs
Victor and his boys were wonderful. He made sure that he knew exactly what we wanted before beginning the work. He was also very knowledgeable and was able to advise us of all available options and their pros and cons. The standard of work done was excellent and his team were polite and courteous. We would not hesitate to recommend Victor to anyone, we were delighted with the work he did for us.
Very professional service
Very courteous and helpful, punctual and reliable. I would recommend them to my friends
Very tidy . Came when promised. Very satisfied with work done. Would recommend to others.
Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


text:
Need a walk in lab test in Marshfield, WI? Simply order affordable testing online and get a walk in lab test in Marshfield, WI (Find More Locations):
Why would I get a Walk In Lab Test?
A Walk In Lab Test is ordered by people in Marshfield, WI for general screening or ongoing tracking of their health.
How much does Walk In Lab Test cost?
Our prices for a Walk In Lab Test include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Marshfield, WI, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
What does a Walk In Lab Test report look like?
For a popular Walk In Lab Test sample report, please CLICK HERE.
In a time of rising healthcare costs, our Walk In Lab Test service in Marshfield, WI can reduce cost and increase access to lab tests.
Walk In Lab Test in other cities near Marshfield, WI:Arpin | Auburndale | Babcock | Blenker | Hewitt | Junction City | Milladore | Nekoosa | Pittsville | Port Edwards | Rudolph | Stratford | Vesper | Wisconsin Rapids


text:
A year of change and impact: CREDO's 2012 Activism Report
Click here to download the report.
2012 was a huge year for CREDO.
With the launch of CREDO SuperPAC, we played a major role in defeating five of the worst Tea Party Republicans in Congress, and giving Michele Bachmann the electoral scare of her career.
In the process, we rewrote the book on superPACs–funding our grassroots field campaign with nearly $2.5 million from 70,000 small donors, and engaging more than 3,000 volunteers in a year-long grassroots campaign that went toe-to-toe with big money and corporate interests–and won.
Not only that, but we engaged our members in dozens of state initiative fights all over the country, winning 24 key battles for marriage equality, the environment, human rights and sanity in election spending.
In addition to our electoral work, we launched hundreds of advocacy campaigns that delivered nearly 20 million petition signatures to decision-makers, generated more than 200,000 calls, and recruited 5,000 activists who engaged in on-the-ground fights in their communities.
In 2012, we redoubled our already considerable efforts to hold the line as the strongest voice for uncompromised progressive positions on the issues we care about. Embracing our progressive flank positions, we knew from the start we wouldn't always win. But we fought for what we believed in, rather than concede from the start in the face of Republican obstructionism and hostage-taking. We took on Democrats and Republicans alike in our fight for progressive values.
Our campaigns reached all across the country, from recruiting a handful of our members to attend public meetings against coal export terminals in rural Montana to mobilizing half-a-million people against Rush Limbaugh's advertisers after his sexist attacks on a feminist law student.
Please enjoy the following report and share it widely. While it describes only a fraction of more than 500 campaigns launched in 2012, it should give you a sense of the size and scope of the change and impact that CREDO and our three million members can make over the course of just 12 months.
Thank you for being a part of this work. Working together, our activism is powerful. It is effective. And it remains of vital import. We look forward to many more fights and victories in the year ahead.
Becky Bond and Michael Kieschnick


text:
We produce beautiful books that bristle and shimmer with life.
Jim Taylor is a Consultant Anthropologist at the University of Western Australia in Perth, where he was formerly a Lecturer in Anthropology.
The University of Western Australia (M419)
35 Stirling HighwayCrawley, PerthWestern Australia 6009
Telephone: (+61 8) 6488 3670
Business and Administration:firstname.lastname@example.com
Marketing and Media:firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
|Start new thread in this topic | Flip this thread | Refresh the display
To think that it wouldn't be too difficult or costly to teach basic sign language in schools?(164 Posts)
Not expecting a five year old to sit and learn the entire BSL, but I think it would be nice if children were taught the basics. Maybe they do in some schools, but none I've ever heard of. Why do you think that is? Am I being unreasonable in thinking that it wouldn't be that difficult to do?
I've taught my class the BSL alphabet as part of their active spelling activities. They love it and have gone off and looked more up on the Internet, their parents have shown them more wee bits etc.
One of my DCs did some BSL at school.
The 'cost' element would arise from the time taken to train teachers (and I remember mrz's comments about teacher training courses giving only a couple of days on how to teach children to read, which shows how difficult it would be to add there; and I've no idea how you'd cover enough already qualified teachers). Plus of course the opportunity cost of something being taken out of current timetables. How long per week would be needed? And what would be top of your list of things which could be disposed of?
We have 2 severely hearing impaired children at our school, not why I've taught my class though.
I'm quite good at makaton because I use it at the SEN school I work at.
My ds's attend a mainstream school and learnt/learning makaton in the nursery and reception.
When ds1 was in the nursery, one of the TA's (who's still in the nursery now with ds2) was specialising in makaton, so I took her in a copy of some signs I had on paper.
Both ds's really enjoyed it and it means we can communicate in loud busy surroudings, they understand when we are at a party when I sign that I'm going to the toilet or (most popular) that it's time for cake.
I think anything that promotes inclusion for people who have any kind of barriers to overcome is well worth it, but where's the time? If it was done as a matter of course, that teachers just used it, dc's would catch on in no time.
* I'm sure it's all very lovely to learn, but round here it's very much a middle class thing to do which has no real life relevance . I view it in the same way as learning mandarin ( anyone really know anyone who's needed to use that in real life? ) *
1 in 7 have a hearing impairment. Many elderrly people are very lonely because they have lost some / all of their hearing.
Knowing some basic signs would make life less lonely.
If you live in Asia, knowledge of Mandarin is very useful, and I know lots of (non-Chinese) people who use it. The world doesn't stop at The Channel, and Mandarin is just as useful as any other language.
Perhaps the timetabling issue might be resolved by adding it as an approved MFL?
What Custardo said
The only real way that could work in practice would be if volunteers offered after school clubs to teach it to any child who was enthusiastic or had parents who felt their kid would enjoy it AND had time to spare over and above all their homework/activities/downtime/family time etc.
My dc learn Makaton, and love it. They do it alongside their everyday life, so at the school gate and in the morning they sign 'goodmorning Mrs X', when they choose their lunch options they sign. In choir they learn signs as well as the words. It is led by one of the TAs, who helps to disseminate it. Sometimes the children will teach the teachers a sign they have learnt too. The whole of the primary school sign. They have a signer of the week who gets a reward in assembly. It is fairly established and although each class has some children with SN all children are expected to use it.
Dh has had to learn BSL for his work, and there are lots of overlapping signs, but some which are significantly different! I think that one problem with teaching BSL would be that the sentence structure is different, and that every word is signed, whereas in Makaton you talk in standard English, adding in signs for some words. You would need separate lessons for BSL whereas Makaton can be integrated into normal lessons.
If your school is interested then have a look at www.sign2sing.org it is a good way to start Makaton, might be too late for this year, as their school has just started learning the songs, and the national event is on 6 Feb.
The evidence is that it enhances language and commuunication, and is so easy to add into the school day.
DS1 has learned Makaton throughout nursery (from 11m), preschool and now school. At school it is a volunteer who comes in to teach it - no "cost" except finding time.
It is very useful in supporting and including a handful of children with SEN, specifically spoken language delay, who sign well.
I was at a primary school with a semi-integrated Deaf Unit, and we all learned a reasonable quantity of BSL to.communicate with our friends. But by the end of my first year at my next school I had forgotten it all.
I think fingerspelling is a very useful skill for anyone in a service industry tbh and particularly for anyone in the NHS. The kinaesthetic spelling support is fascinating - hope more research is done.
I do a little bit of work for a local deaf charity and they are always trying to apply for grants etc.
It is a great skill and could be rolled out into schools, money permitting.
Well, obviously if you live in Asia then Mandarin is useful, but I would hazard a guess that 99% of us using this site don't and 100% of the children and adults I come across and that my DH teaches definitely don't!! That's like saying that if you live in Lithuania, then Lithuanian would be useful so should be taught in British schools
Mandarin is extremely useful and a language that will be used a lot in the future. A great deal of business is now conducted with Asian countries...so a number of business people/bankers are indeed learning Mandarin.
Communication is so very important. Going back to the deaf community - I had no idea, before I worked alongside people with impaired hearing, how very isolated so many feel. There is an odd reaction to them - blind people are treated with sympathy and kindness, whereas people with hearing loss are treated as if they are 'daft' or 'annoying.' It's a shocker - but I have learnt a lot from a deaf friend. Teaching children when they are young is spot on. Hopefully they then grow up as tolerant adults..not ones who shout and laugh and someone for whom the world is largely silent and potentially hostile.
But the difference is with Mandarin, that most Mandarin speakers whom you come across will have chosen to come to the UK (or wherever you live) and so might have learnt some English. A deaf person or a person with SN hasn't chosen to live in a country where no one can speak in a language that they can't understand, they were just born into that situation.
The NDCS would like to see fingerspelling taught in schools -- it's something you do tend to remember once you've learned it and while it's not ideal for communicating with deaf people it does provide an option. If there is also a benefit to children in their regular learning from using fingerspelling then that would seem a no-brainer (it's very quick to learn).
There's a pretty wide crossover in vocabulary between Makaton and BSL, at least with basic everyday words (although also some glaring disconnects, e.g. "happy" in Makaton looks rather similar to the BSL for... umm... something that might very well make you extremely happy but isn't normally discussed in front of children) but BSL has its own complex structure and grammar and really ought to be taught by a Deaf instructor (or if that's not possible by someone highly qualified and experienced). Having Makaton as a regular part of nursery life seems like a good idea and more achievable than teaching all children BSL at school. I would like to see BSL more widely available as a GCSE modern language option, though.
Sorry can understand
Hopefully they then grow up as tolerant adults..not ones who shout and laugh I never learnt to sign and wouldn't deal with a hearing impaired person in this manner!! I think tossers will be tossers whether they've been taught to sign or not.
Yes, but moogy1a you still think that it is fine for someone to live in a society where most people can't understand them and they can't understand most people. My dc know how easy it is for them to learn Makaton, so wouldn't see why people should continue to be isolated.
I understand your point, moogy - but it is all about it becoming mainstream, part of society rather than people on the outskirts, struggling to understand and be understood.
Less tossers. Indeed. But sometimes tosser radar can start earlier...
A deaf person or a person with SN hasn't chosen to live in a country where no one can speak in a language that they can't understand, they were just born into that situation.
Spot on.
I agree with those who point out that perhaps it wouldn't be very useful in day-to-day life for some children, but I do think it would help them become more aware. Not implying that children who don't know any sl are intolerant, but I think it would be lovely for them if they did meet a deaf person, to be able to at least say "hello, nice to meet you" and not be too intimidated to give the basic level of politeness they'd give anyone.
I've only met a few deaf people outside of OH's family, but it has come in useful. Once was on a train, where a man was travelling to London alone and had no-one to talk to. Had a nice (albeit slightly rusty on my part) conversation. If I hadn't known any sl we'd have nodded hello and sat in silence for an hour and a half <shrugs>
They do at both my DCs (community) preschool and DS1s infant school. They do Makaton at the pre-school as they are ECAT accreddited and have lots of children with S&L difficulties there.
DS1s class teacher just happens to know BSL so does a lot of signing with them.
I would love them to have it as part of the curriculum TBH. Would prefer it to them learning French TBH.
but I do think it would help them become more aware.
I have no argument with that.
But where do you suggest cuts are made to free up the time and money within the school budget and timetable in order to incorperate a new subject, train staff ? Which subjects should lose time to make room for this ?
My son goes to a non traditional school with less "over stuffing of programme" than a typical school, but I can't see what can be cut without casuing a shortfall in his learning. And I don't want his day extended. He has subjects over and above the school timetable that we as parents need to prioritise due to our circumstances. He has a busy (and IMO valuable) social life with sports and hobbies and downtime.
I have already turned down a request from him to learn something else this year, cos for the life of me I don't see where I can shoehorn it in unless he gives something else up, which he doesn't want to do.
Multiply me by a few hundred, and you can see why it would be a bit of a nightmare for schools to sell the concept to the parents, let alone find the time, money and trained staff to make a good go of it and not fall into the trap of lip service.
Oh, and the reason that there aren't any children who sign in mainstream secondary schools is that deaf children are usually sent to boarding schools so that they can be with other people who sign. Children in mainstream schools are often marginalised from their peers at best. If more people signed then they would be less isolated in their home communities. Sometimes even their own parents can't be bothered to learn to sign, imagine never talking to your own child. At least if any of the children in my dc's school had a deaf child they would (having used signs for 7+ years) have some rudimentary basis for communicating with their child.
Would prefer it to them learning French TBH.
I couldn't give a toss about French, it's not on our programme. But I'd be seriously put out if Spanish were cut from my son's school to make room for sign language.
I don't think I'm the only parent who places importance on modern languages.
x2boys ds has had SALT since he was 10 months old, because of swallowing issues and poor oro motor skills, and we have been learning Makaton since then (not formally, but using books, dvds and just picking it up from SN nursery). We always say the word as we sign, and I help ds to do the sign using hand over hand, he has just starting signing a bit spontaneously to us (he is 2.6). I think my heart would break in 2 if he started to speak, but he has a probable diagnosis of a rare genetic disorder, and many of the children with this disorder remain non-verbal, or have very limited expressive language. Ds is at the level of a 6-8 month old with speech, no words, limited babble (no bababa, dadada) his main noise is - 'uh', and he is often silent. Sometimes he points to his mouth and moves it as if to talk, but he doesn't seem to be able to control the way his tongue moves very well, and so even if his verbalisation improves, I think it would be very difficult to understand what he says. However, he has fairly good understanding, and communicates a lot through his eyes and his body language, and to me it seems the most important thing is not to teach him to speak, but to communicate, and makaton signing is a very good way of doing that, obviously the more people around him that can understand the signs, the less frustrating the world will be for ds.
I think the thing about Makaton that makes it such a perfect thing to introduce into the early years curriculum, is that it is so simple for children to learn, it is whole word signs, that are not complex, and are universal. It is useful for all children with a speech delay or social communication problem, and is something that can be taught, simply through use - so songs being sung in assembly, with the signs included, simple signs being stuck up around the classroom.
i think it is wonderful that a programme like Something Special, has become so mainstream and loved by all children, because it helps children to realise that children with disabilities and additional needs are just like them, and with children with sn being part of mainstream education, I think it is really important that we include the language that is so helpful for communication in the curriculum.
hmm. worked in a school with a hearing impaired unit some years ago. we weren't allowed to use sign - totally not politically correct. the mainstream community uses the spoken word so devices to boost hearing and learning to lip read and to speak were considered important. sign was a distraction. a teacher who knew sign and taught some was sanctioned.
|Start new thread in this topic | Flip this thread | Refresh the display
Join the discussion
Registering is free, easy, and means you can join in the discussion, get discounts, win prizes and lots more.Register now
Already registered with Mumsnet? Log in to leave your comment or alternatively, sign in with Facebook or Google.
Please login first.


text:
"Manohar is one of the best (to head the BCCI for the time being), but he won't agree. He is not interested in cricket (administration) any more. He told me this. He has enjoyed the highest post in the BCCI. Before that, he was president of Vidarbha Cricket Association for several years.
Not interested
"Shashank will not come back. He is not even the Vidarbha Cricket Association president now. He has resigned and is just a member. The BCCI can appoint anyone from the five vice-presidents (Arun Jaitley, Shivlal Yadav, Chitrak Mitra, Niranjan Shah and Sudhir Dabir) for the time being," said Lele from Baroda on Saturday.
Srinivasan should have quit
Lele felt Srinivasan should have stepped down given the current scenario, but may take a call soon. "He is taking his time. I feel he might step down after the final because his team is playing on Sunday and he doesn't want to tarnish the image of the IPL," said Lele.
Having been secretary for a number of years, what would he have done if he were in current secretary Sanjay Jagdale's shoes? "I would have immediately called for an emergency meeting of Board members and take their views on whether the BCCI president should continue. If they felt he shouldn't, then I'd say, 'thank you, Mr President'. If they felt he should continue, it would be fine," said Lele.