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SO M O. Who reaps the fruit? Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Chain. June 2006
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1 SO M O Who reaps the fruit? Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Chain June 2006 Myriam Vander Stichele Sanne van der Wal Joris Oldenziel
2 This SOMO report critically analyses the influence of trade and distribution on production and production conditions in the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable (FFV) sector. The report identifies the key challenges and opportunities of the sector from the perspective of poverty eradication and sustainable development. The report provides an overview of the key production, trade and consumption characteristics and trends in the FFV sector. It outlines the main market structures and corporate entities in the FFV chain, lists the most relevant initiatives for corporate social responsibility in the sector and covers the most important international and EU legislation and regulation relevant for the sector. More specifically, the report provides insights into the market structures and trade channels on the world FFV market. The FFV chain is increasingly dominated and controlled, from production to distribution, by a few large multinational corporations. Such market structures influence the prices producers receive and the conditions under which they can produce. The study aims to provide arguments for civil society organisations to feed the debate on trade & investment, corporate accountability and globalisation. The final chapter provides a comprehensive framework of recommendations that tackle different bottlenecks in the FFV chain through a range of diversified instruments.
3 Who reaps the Fruit? Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Chain Myriam Vander Stichele, Sanne van der Wal & Joris Oldenziel June 2006 (update)
4 Who reaps the fruit: Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain Colophon Who reaps the fruit? Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain (Update) By: Myriam Vander Stichele, Sanne van der Wal & Joris Oldenziel Published by: Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (SOMO) Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations Copyright 2006 SOMO, Amsterdam ISBN ISBN-10: ISBN-13: Cover Design: Annelies Vlasblom Picture mango producers: Anne van Gelder, Max Havelaar This report is financed by: Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oxfam Novib, Consumentenbond Additional copies are available from: SOMO Keizersgracht CW Amsterdam Phone: +31 (0) Download and ordering at 2
5 Contents Introduction... 6 Chapter 1 Overview of the fresh fruit and vegetables sector Production and trade in fresh fruit and vegetables Worldwide production and trade in fresh fruit and vegetables Fresh fruit Fresh vegetables Prices Role of developing countries in global fresh fruit and vegetable production and trade EU consumption and fresh fruit and vegetable imports Consumption Imports Labour rights, environmental impact and trade related issues Labour rights Environmental impact Summary and conclusions Chapter 2 Corporate structures of the FFV chain Export production: trend towards large-scale companies Fruit combines and fruit brands Bulk products and large-scale production: the example of bananas Non-bulk fruit and vegetables Trends in demand that stimulate large-scale production Wholesale, export and import Transport: freight services Importers and agents Trends in wholesale and distribution of imported FFV, especially in Europe Leading distribution companies and structure of the European FFV wholesale market Retailing: from wet markets to hypermarkets Increasing sales of FFV by large supermarkets and discounters Consolidation in food retailing Relationships between retailers and their suppliers Buyer power and low prices for suppliers The impact of supermarkets operating in developing countries The importance of technological change Summary and conclusions Chapter 3 Sustainable development and poverty eradication: the case of Senegal s export-oriented mango supply chain Introduction Objectives Summary Exports Introduction 3
6 Who reaps the fruit: Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain Markets and characteristics of production Prices and trade Economic impact Workers rights Distribution of value in the supply chain Environmental impact Exclusion of small-scale farmers Conclusions...86 Chapter 4 Case study: the effects of local supermarket policies in Indonesia in the banana and carrot supply chain About the case study The supermarket sector in Indonesia Supermarket sector Supermarkets versus traditional markets FFV production in Indonesia: the banana and carrot supply chain Production of FFV in Indonesia Characteristics of the carrot and banana supply chain FFV retailing in Indonesia Conclusions...98 Chapter 5 Corporate Social Responsibility in the FFV Sector Critical elements of codes of conduct Overview of CSR initiatives Fair trade Social standards Environmental standards Food Safety Standards Integrating social and environmental standards Critical issues in CSR Summary Chapter 6 Trade and regulation in the fresh fruit and vegetable chain International standard setting Codex Alimentarius The WTO agreements on trade and standards : the SPS agreement and TBT agreement European regulation on health, safety and traceability Trade agreements on agriculture: WTO and regional trade agreements Issues relating to reducing tariff barriers Subsidies New negotiations in the WTO on agriculture, including FFV Trade in services: GATS rules for supermarkets and their impact on the production of fresh fruit and vegetables GATS rules and the production of fresh fruit and vegetables Liberalisation of trading and retail companies under the GATS GATS rules on trade barriers in distribution services Existing market openings in distribution services under the current GATS agreement Continuous GATS negotiations without impact assessment Liberalisation issues in the current negotiations
7 6.5.7 The lobby of the European retailers Competition policy Dealing with concentration Dealing with other malpractices Not dealing with buyer power Regulations at different levels and their deficiencies Summary, critical issues and conclusions Chapter 7 Recommendations Dealing with the trend towards increasing market concentration Dealing with downward price pressures Support for small farmers Annex 1 GATS rules and market access commitments: general explanation Introduction 5
8 Who reaps the fruit: Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain Introduction 1 fouthgsourhtsoh This study of the Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (FFV) sector investigates the influence of trade and distribution on production and production conditions of FFV products. SOMO focuses on the corporate structures and corporate relations throughout the sector and in the production, supply and value chains. The study aims to identify critical issues in the sector from the perspective of poverty eradication and sustainable development. The study concludes with arguments for civil society organisations to feed the debate on trade & investment and corporate accountability. SOMO conducted the study from 2004 to mid Southern partners in Indonesia and Senegal collaborated with the case studies. The study is part of a four-year research project ( ) in which SOMO conducts two sector studies per year. This research project is co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The FFV sector study was co-funded by Oxfam Novib and the Consumentenbond (Dutch consumer organization). Background of the project During international negotiations on trade in agriculture, it is often argued that more market mechanisms and increased export of agricultural products by developing countries will benefit the producers in these countries. Such arguments often lack insights into the market structure of trading in agricultural products on the world market and in distribution countries. There are huge concentrations in trade in agricultural commodities (including bananas) and in retail of non-bulk fresh fruits and vegetables. Another trend is the control over the market from production to distribution by a few companies (vertical integration). Such market structures influence the prices producers receive and the conditions under which they can produce. This, in turn, influences the fight against poverty and the chances for a shift towards sustainable agriculture. The research project aims to: Increase knowledge among Northern and Southern civil society organisations about the effects of corporations activities in developing countries and the position of developing countries in the world trading system. Build the capacity of Northern and Southern civil society organisations to improve their ability to influence the behavior and activities of corporations and the international regulatory framework in which they operate. 6
9 Increase cooperation between Northern and Southern civil society organisations in order to promote the exchange of information and views regarding corporate activities in developing countries. Lobby (inter)national decision makers with the goal of increasing the influence of Southern civil society organisations in the debate concerning Corporate Social Responsibility, the world trading system and investment regulations. The report The report aims to give insights into the major issues and problems in the FFV sector from the perspective of poverty eradication and sustainable development. Below, a brief description of the subjects covered by each chapter. Each chapter ends with conclusions and a summary that gives a quick insight into the critical issues. Chapter 1: Overview of the FFV sector This chapter provides an overview of the key production, trade and consumption characteristics and trends in the sector. The chapter also identifies some of the most important issues in trade, working conditions and the environmental impact of the sector. The overview focuses on figures and issues relevant for the Global South. Chapter 2: Corporate structures of the FFV chain This chapter outlines the main corporate structures and corporate entities in the FFV chain, from production in developing countries to sales in supermarkets in the North. This chapter shows how food retailing, while at the final stage of the fresh fruit and vegetable chain, has an impact that is felt throughout the chain, all the way down to the production level. This chapter particularly focuses on the EU and producers in the South. Chapter 3: The case of Senegal s export-oriented mango supply chain In order to highlight some of the most outstanding questions and problems in the FFV sector, a case study was conducted in Senegal and summarized in this report. The case study focuses on the chances and problems in mango production for export, particularly to Dutch supermarkets. Chapter 4: Case study: the effects of local supermarket policies in Indonesia in the banana and carrot supply chain A case study from Indonesia focuses on the influence of (western) supermarkets operating in Indonesia on FFV production in the country. The case study especially looked at carrot and banana production, from the perspective of poverty eradication and sustainable development. Introduction 7
10 Who reaps the fruit: Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain Chapter 5: Corporate Social Responsibility in the FFV Sector In the FFV sector, there is a large number of initiatives that can be seen as part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This chapter lists the most relevant initiatives in the sector and outlines the key conclusions and outstanding issues from these initiatives. A central question in this context is whether these CSR initiatives have made an impact and have contributed to poverty eradication. Chapter 6: Trade and regulation in the FFV chain This chapter covers the most important international and EU legislation and regulation relevant for the FFV sector. It includes a detailed description and discussion of trade barriers (both tariff and non-tariff) and preferences for FFV, trade rules governing liberalisation of supermarkets (GATS) and (non)regulation of concentration in the sector (competition policy). Chapter 7: Recommendations This chapter concludes the study with a number of recommendations aimed at sustainable development and poverty eradication. They focus on equitable purchasing and trading conditions as well as better social and environmental conditions throughout the whole FFV chain. Process and methods The results of this report are based on information from literature, databases, expert consultations, interviews with stakeholders (including workers) and their input at workshops in: Amsterdam (28 April 2005), organised by SOMO in cooperation with the Dutch CSR Platform Dakar, Senegal (12 July 2005) organised by ASPRODEB. In addition to these activities, (field) research was conducted by independent consultant Macoumba Mbodj under supervision of SOMO and ASPRODEB in Senega and the Institute for Global Justice (IGJ) in Indonesia. Thanks go to Macoumba Mabodj and IGJ for the research, to ASPRODEB for the supervision of the Senegal research and the organisation of the workshop. Information about SOMO The report is published by the Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO), an independent non-profit research institute that advises non-governmental organisations and trade unions in the Netherlands and worldwide. SOMO researches multinational corporations and their international context. By exposing unfair practices and systems, SOMO seeks to contribute to the struggle against exploitation, poverty and 8
11 disparity, and to provide means for achieving sustainable economic and social development and a globalisation based on justice. The objectives of SOMO are: Changing through knowledge building: SOMO s research is directed at inducing change. The research and analysis and alternatives SOMO puts forth contribute to the policy advocacy of NGOs and the policy development of international organisations, government and business. Strengthen civil society: SOMO brings fragmented available knowledge together and stimulates and coordinates cooperation between organisations. In addition, SOMO trains local organisations in the South. Policy influence: SOMO organises workshops, public meetings and lobby activities in order to influence government policies. SOMO wants the voice and development needs of the South to be brought to the front of Northern policy making that regulates corporations. The research and activities of SOMO focus on: corporations, sectors and supply chains in an international context, Corporate Social Responsibility and international trade and investment. Follow up This report is the result of two years of research and activities, but it certainly is not the end of the process. SOMO sees this report as an invitation to participate in further activities aimed at structural change. SOMO will follow-up this study with research about the processed food sector. Also, SOMO welcomes comments including about new issues, (NGO) perspectives and recommendations. Please send us your (research) experience in this sector or contribute to the list of recommendations. Comments can be sent to New information will be published on Myriam Vander Stichele, Sanne van der Wal & Joris Oldenziel Amsterdam, June 2006 Introduction 9
12 Chapter 1 Overview of the fresh fruit and vegetables sector Introduction This report highlights critical issues affecting the Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (FFV) sector. This chapter provides an overview of the key production, trade and consumption characteristics and trends, and focuses on data for the Global South, grouping developing countries and the least developed countries together to highlight trends. Comparative figures: World production and export for FFV Figures only apply to fresh fruit and vegetables and do not include potatoes and nuts (see footnote 2 for a detailed list of FFV included in this chapter) table 1: World production of FFV in million tons in 2003 World Developing countries Fresh fruit & vegetables 1, , Fresh fruit Fresh vegetables Least developed countries Source: FAOstat 2004 table 2: World exports of FFV in 2003 in thousand tons and million US dollars (including intra EU trade) Volume Value Fresh fruit & vegetables World Developing countries Least developed countries World Developing countries Least developed countries 73, , , , Fresh fruit 46, , , , Fresh 27, , , , vegetables Source: FAOstat 2004 Chapter 1 - Overview of the fresh fruit and vegetables sector 10
13 1.1 Production and trade in fresh fruit and vegetables Worldwide production and trade in fresh fruit and vegetables In 2003, annual global production of fresh fruit and vegetables 1 totalled 1.35 billion tons (see table 1), an increase of 43 percent over the last decade (1994 to 2003). Vegetables accounted for 64 percent of total production. Although global trade accounted for only a little over 5 percent of total FFV production in , this trade totalled 73 million tons (see table 2), valued at 45 billion US dollars, an increase of 37 percent in volume and of 51 percent in value over the last decade. Trade in fresh fruit accounted for 63 percent of global trade in volume and 59 percent in value. The primary internationally traded FFV by value (in descending order) were: bananas, tomatoes, apples, grapes, oranges and peppers and chillies. Trend Production and international trade in FFV has grown by 43 and 37 percent respectively in volume over the last decade. Trade in volume has grown more than for any other agricultural commodity Fresh fruit In 2003, world fruit production reached 488 million tons and total fresh fruit exports amounted to 26 billion US dollars, an increase of 44 percent in value since With 4.9 billion US dollars in export value and 15.9 million tons traded internationally (FAOstat) bananas 4 are the world s most popular fruit. They are both a staple fruit and also an internationally traded strategic commodity as the producer countries in the South depend heavily on them for export income 5. But the importance of bananas in total world fresh fruit exports has declined. In 1994, banana trade accounted for 23 percent of the total world fruit trade by value but by 2003 this share had fallen to 19 percent. Nevertheless, trade in bananas grew by 19 percent during the same period (see table 3). Other important fresh fruit exports for developing countries are those of non-traditional tropical fruits such as pineapples, mangoes, and papayas. These are often important foods in their countries of origin but in recent years an increasing proportion have been exported to countries where consumption was previously very limited. The 123 percent growth in exports (see table 3) reflects this trend. Nevertheless their combined share by value in world fruit trade is still modest, rising from 6 percent in 1994 to 10 percent in When looking at the combined share of fresh temperate fruit exports the picture is different. Exports in temperate fruits like apples, pears and grapes and those of other fruits like peaches and nectarines, berries and kiwi-fruit grew by about 50 percent. As this growth was close to the average for the combined growth of all fresh fruit exports, their Chapter 1 - Overview of the fresh fruit and vegetables sector 11
14 Who reaps the fruit: Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain share in total fresh fruit trade only increased slightly. With only a 35 percent increase growth in fresh citrus exports was a little below average. table 3: World export of different groups of fresh fruit by value (in billion US dollars), by share of total fresh fruit exports, and by export growth ( ) Value Share Value Share Growth Bananas & plantains % % 19.0% Tropical fruits* % % 122.7% Citrus % % 34.9% Apples, pears & grapes % % 48.7% Other fruits % % 52.6% Total % *excluding bananas Trend Exports of non-traditional tropical fruits like mangoes, papayas and pineapples have more than doubled in value over the last decade. Whereas export growth for temperate fruits and traditional (sub)tropical fruits like citrus and bananas has been much more modest. 1.3 Fresh vegetables World fresh vegetable production totalled 861 million tons in 2003 and exports totalled almost 19 billion US dollars, an increase of 62 percent since Tomatoes dominate international vegetable trade (see table 4) with 22 percent of the total trade by value in Looking at export values, chillies and peppers, lettuce and cucumbers and gherkins are important fresh vegetable categories. Their share of exports, combined with those of tomatoes and the category vegetables fresh nes (nes means not elsewhere specified), which includes inter alia radish, bamboo shoots and celery, captured 58 percent of the total value of world fresh vegetable exports. The category other vegetables, with a 42 percent share of export value, (see table 4) includes a range of fresh vegetables like onions, melons, cabbages and mushrooms. Exports of chillies and peppers more than doubled in value over the last decade, making their growth in trade well above average. The 91 percent growth in value of vegetables fresh nes category was also above average. Although not mentioned specifically in table 4, the export growth for spinach (166%) and green corn (127%) have been dramatic. Even more remarkable has been the growth in exports for string beans, 6 with export growth of 3577 percent from 1994 to 2003! 12
15 table 4: Trend With a 62 percent increase in value from 1994 to 2003, total fresh vegetable exports are growing faster than those of fruit. World export of the most important (categories of) fresh vegetables by value (in billion US dollars), by share of total fresh vegetable exports and by export growth ( ) Value Share Value Share Growth Tomatoes % % 63.8% Chillies & Peppers, Green % % 113.4% Vegetables Fresh nes* % % 90.9% Lettuce % % 65.0% Cucumbers and Gherkins % % 51.6% Other vegetables % % 47.3% Total % *not elsewhere specified 1.4 Prices Real agricultural commodity prices 7 have declined by about 2 percent per year over the past four decades amounting to an almost 50 percent decline. However, the fall in real prices has been less severe for horticultural commodities 8. Real banana prices, for example, have declined by about 25 percent in the same period (see figure 1). As can be seen in figure 1 real unit prices for most selected fruits have declined little from 1992 to Decline in real prices for apples, grapes, and especially mangoes, was more pronounced than for those of papayas and pears. Real prices for pineapples, avocados and grapes have improved slightly (see figure 2) and those for bananas (see figure 1) improved (to later decrease sharply). Real unit prices for most selected vegetables like onions, cabbages and green peas also have declined little (see figure 3) during these ten years. Real prices for aubergines have remained stable. Real unit prices for green beans improved slightly, while those for green corn, and tomatoes increased more pronouncedly. Although real prices for most selected FFV have declined little over the last decade, the real prices for some FFV like bananas, avocado, papaya and green beans fluctuated considerably over time. This volatility is a problem for countries that depend greatly on income from exports of single or a few FFV. For instance important banana exporting countries Costa Rica, Panama and especially Ecuador all depend greatly from these exports. Banana exports constituted from more than 20 percent (Costa Rica, Panama) up to almost 30 percent (Ecuador) of their total export earnings 9. When prices go down, Chapter 1 - Overview of the fresh fruit and vegetables sector 13
16 Who reaps the fruit: Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain which in generally reflects a global oversupply, income is greatly reduced. Naturally the same is even more true when prices drop (more) structurally like those for mangos and bananas (with respect to bananas over a period of 40 years). This can be a serious problem as developing countries, and again especially least developed countries, often depend on greatly export income from agricultural products to be able to import food to make up for shortfalls in domestic production or to repay their debts. Needless to say that in developing countries many people depend on work in export oriented agriculture like FFV production 10. figure 1: Evolution of banana prices in US dollar cent per lb (+/- 0,45 kg) in nominal and real values Source: UNCTAD Commodity Price Bulletin 11 Trend Real prices for horticultural commodities have shown a decline over the last decade but much less so than for agricultural commodities in general. Real prices for most selected FFV, and especially vegetables, have declined little. However prices for some FFV (bananas, avocadoes, papayas, green beans) have shown considerable fluctuation over time and in some cases have dropped (more) structurally (mangoes),. This creates a problem for developing countries that depend on a few varieties of FFV for export income. 14
17 figure 2: Real unit prices in US dollar per ton of selected fruits Source: Hallam et al. figure 3: Real unit prices in US dollar per ton of selected vegetables Source Hallam et al. 1.5 Role of developing countries in global fresh fruit and vegetable production and trade Developing countries dominate world FFV production: they produce three quarters of the world supply although only 4 percent is produced in the least developed countries. China is the world s largest fruit and vegetable producer with 36 percent of world production (see boxed text and figure 4). India is the second largest producer but only has a 9.4 percent share of world production. Other important developing countries producing FFV are Brazil (fruits), Mexico (fruits), Turkey (vegetables) and Egypt (vegetables). Together these countries produce almost 55 percent of all FFV produced world-wide. Chapter 1 - Overview of the fresh fruit and vegetables sector 15
18 Who reaps the fruit: Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain figure 4: Leading countries in production of FFV, percentages shown represent the share of the selected countries of world production in 2003! " #$%! & figure 5: Leading developing countries in FFV exports, percentages shown represent the share of the selected countries of total developing country exports by value in 2003! & )$! *!)+ " '!( " & # & A considerable share of world fruit and vegetable production is the result of FFV grown and consumed locally in developing countries. Developing countries are however playing an increasingly important role in world fruit and vegetable trade. Looking at value, the percentage of developing countries exports in total world exports rose to 33 percent in 2003 (see table 2 for details on value and volume) up from 30.5 percent in And overall, both developing countries and least developed countries showed export growth of 64 percent. While fresh fruit exports from least developed countries have actually declined by 7 percent in this period, fresh vegetable exports in 2003 were more than three times those of Despite the considerable growth in FFV exports from least developed countries, their share of total FFV exports is still marginal: only 0.24 percent in 2003, up from 0.22 in A closer look at the exports of FFV from developing countries by country (groups) reveals considerable concentration (see figure 5). Roughly two-thirds of all developing world exports are from just eight countries. Although this concentration has declined since 1994 when the combined share of FFV exports from these big 8 was 4 percent higher. Mexico 16
19 is by far the most important developing country FFV exporter with almost 22 percent of export share, totalling 3.2 billion US dollars in Even more significant is Mexico s share in fresh vegetable exports which account for 45 percent of total exports from developing countries. It is clear that especially the fresh vegetable trade from developing countries is concentrated : Mexico and China, the second biggest fresh vegetable exporter (see also boxed text), highlight this concentration as together they capture 61 percent of the total value. With 1.5 billion US dollars in export trade, Chile is second to Mexico in FFV exports. Chile exports mainly fruit and is the most important fresh fruit exporter of the developing world. This country alone accounts for almost 16 percent of all developing world fresh fruit exports. Other important developing country FFV exporters are, in descending order of importance, Ecuador (1.2 billion US dollars, mostly fruit), Costa Rica (0.9), South Africa (0.8), Turkey (0.6) and Argentina (0.5). For comparison: least developed countries FFV exports totalled 0.1 billion US dollars or roughly 0.7 percent of all developing world FFV exports. Critical issue While developing countries capture a third of world FFV exports in value, and this share is growing, just a handful of developing countries, mainly from Latin- America, account for two thirds of all developing country exports. Developing country fresh vegetable exports are dominated by just two countries: Mexico and China. Least developed countries have a marginal share with only 0.7 percent of all developing world exports. As developing world FFV exports are dominated by a handful of countries, it is no surprise to find concentration when zooming in on exports of different kinds of FFV. For example, only four countries hold a 46 percent share in world banana exports in value. The most important exporting countries are Ecuador (20 percent of world exports in value), Costa Rica (11 percent), Colombia (8 percent) and the Philippines (7 percent). Chile and Mexico control half of world trade in avocadoes. Mexico, Malaysia and Brazil hold 60 percent of papaya trade. And Mexico, India and Brazil account for half of the world s mango trade. Morocco is almost the sole world string bean 12 supplier. Cyprus, Malaysia and Jordan control the total trade in okra. There are no least developed countries amongst leading exporters of FFV. However some lower income developing countries like Kenya (beans for shelling, see box below) and Côte d Ivoire (pineapple) are important FFV exporters. In general those countries that are successful in exporting FFV have more developed infrastructures and mostly rely on large-scale commercial farming for production. Some large-scale producers in these countries like Dole operate as vertically integrated chains and control the whole of the supply chain from production up to distribution (see also chapter 2). Off season produce Although the role that developing countries play in the supply of fresh vegetables is far less pronounced than in the supply of fresh fruit, some developing countries have been successful in exporting non-traditional crops like green beans, asparagus and onions to Chapter 1 - Overview of the fresh fruit and vegetables sector 17
20 Who reaps the fruit: Critical Issues in the Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Chain meet supermarkets off-season demands. Kenya, Zimbabwe, Zambia and other African countries have developed export oriented horticulture. Kenya is often cited as a success story for FFV production and export amongst developing countries (see box below). Kenya: an export success story? Kenya is often cited as an example of a developing country that is a successful exporter of horticultural products. Agricultural products accounted for between percent of the country s total exports over the period 1992 and 2000 in value 13. With more than 330 million US dollars generated in 2002, after tea, horticultural exports are the biggest source of foreign exchange 14. The industry employs 70,000 people 15. In 2003, Kenya was the world s leading exporter of fresh green beans for shelling (mostly french and runner beans, snow peas and sugar snaps) in value (FAOSTAT, 2004). Kenya is also an important exporter of more exotic tropical fruits like passion fruit. In 2003 Kenya exported 46,000 tons of vegetables and 20,000 tons of fruit up from 26,323 and 11,232 tons respectively in This remarkable growth is attributed to a dynamic private sector that benefited from structural and macro-economic reforms 17. Smallholder participation in FFV export chains has however decreased rapidly over the years: smallholder production for horticultural exports dropped from approximately 75 percent in 1992 to about 18 percent by One large company, Homegrown, is dominating the export (see chapter 2). The EU is by far the most important destination for Kenyan fresh horticultural produce, accounting for 85 percent in In 2003, Kenya was, after Morocco, the biggest fresh vegetable supplier to the EU, accounting for 16 percent of developing country imports. Kenya also exports to Saudi Arabia and South Africa. 19 Although exports have fared well, smallholders have difficulties to sell their produce to European retailers 20 and are increasingly excluded from the export chain. Large parts of productive land where people were growing food for local consumption has been turned into land for growing food for export. In the 1970s, Kenya was largely self-sufficient in food, now it is a net food importing country that has compromised its food security. 21 Critical issue Some countries like Kenya have food security problems related to increasing export production. In Mindanao (Philippines), 50% of the land has turned into the hands of foreign multinationals producing fruits, such as bananas by Dole, and other commodities for export. This has left the local population without land and food for local consumption resulting in hunger and migration. 22 Most fruit and vegetables in developing countries are produced in fields rather than in greenhouses, a common production method in developed countries. Hence producers in the developing world tend to have very low input costs in terms of energy. They can also rely on an abundant and cheap supply of labour. Other important factors that explain growth of FFV exports from developing countries are technical improvements in storing 18
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Colm O hEigeartaigh <cohei...@apache.org>
|Re: Status of 1.6 branch.....
|Wed, 21 Jul 2010 16:30:12 GMT
Hi Dan, I reckon the immediate priority is to release 1.5.9. It's been a year now since 1.5.8 was released. There are currently 5 open items: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WSS-237 https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WSS-236 https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WSS-234 https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WSS-233 https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WSS-204 I have to review David's patches for the first 2, and I have a patch for the other two that I need to finish off. I haven't looked at WSS-204 (i.e. SAML 2.0 processing support) in a while, I recall there was some issue with the patch. I will take another look. WRT 1.6, in addition to the previous items we have: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WSS-188 https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WSS-40 https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WSS-204 I've done some work on changing the behaviour of the callback stuff, which I will finish off and mail to the list. The big ticket items are the change to SAML 2 and support for chained certificates. I likely will not have the time to do these in the immediate future, so if someone is willing to contribute to tackling these all the better! I also have a couple of issues to iron out with the SecurityTokenReference Transform on trunk. I propose getting 1.5.9 out the door asap, and then focusing on 1.6. Thoughts? Colm. On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 3:03 AM, Daniel Kulp <email@example.com> wrote: > > Colm, > > I asw just wondering what that status of the 1.6 branch is? Aka: how close to > releasable is it? > > We're getting pretty close to CXF 2.3 and am trying to figure out if moving up > to 1.6 will be a possibility or if we need to stay on 1.5.x. > > Let me know if there is anything that I can do to help get 1.6 ready. > > Thanks! > > -- > Daniel Kulp > firstname.lastname@example.com > http://dankulp.com/blog > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- > To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com > For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
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text:
My brother is coming to town next week, and he wanted me to select a restaurant for next Saturday evening. I made reservations at Tosca for insurance, but wonder if I'm overlooking other choices.
He likes places that have some distinguishing factor, menu, point of view, etc. I like quieter atmospheres and taking my time. We have both enjoyed Obelisk during one visit, as we like Italian. I chose Tosca because it seemed more authentic Italian than Italo-Amercan. But I've never been there before.


text: Posted January 16, 2014 Why did we lose? MKG and Zeller were on the bench for the majority of the 4th quarter. I'm on the start Zeller and see what he has when he's got competent pieces around him for 30 minutes. He might surprise the team. I understand that McRoberts is starting because of his playmaking ability, but I don't think his playmaking ability makes up for his defense and lack of scoring. 2 people like this Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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6 Replies
Dec 12, 2007 at 4:40 UTC
The comments on direct2dell.com are hilarious!
"Patrick said:
Are you guys smoking crack? Okay, the Multi-touch is nice but it is not worth almost $600 over Lenovo's X61 which has a faster CPU, higher resolution and more memory capacity...
You dropped the ball DeLL!"
Dec 12, 2007 at 5:26 UTC
That comment is hilarious! Thanks for posting the link, I got a good laugh out of reading those comments.....*sigh* Dell, when will you ever learn? At least it looks cool right?! That must be why it's so expensive, $1000 worth of parts and $1500 worth of cool :-)
Dec 12, 2007 at 5:33 UTC
I thought you would, I damn near spit my coke all over my screen! haha
Dec 12, 2007 at 5:36 UTC
And yes it looks great but I would never spend $2500+ on a tablet. If it was a gift, sure I'll take it.
Jun 2, 2010 at 4:37 UTC
The Dell Streak is released this week and it looks sweet.
Bit too big for a phone though which is what I'd want out of it due to it's small screen size.
Jun 9, 2010 at 2:35 UTC
Thanks for sharing the quote, too funny.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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About the Indicators
CHSI 2015 Topic and Indicator Selection Process
CHSI 2015 topic areas (e.g., leading causes of death, poverty), and final set of indicators (e.g., stroke mortality rates, percent of the population whose income fall below the federal poverty level) were selected through a deliberative process in collaboration with partners and subject matter experts. The process for identifying health outcomes and potential determinant topic areas consisted of a CDC staff review of the original Community Health Status Indicators (CHSI) and the more recent CDC monograph, Community Health Assessment for Population Health Improvement: Most Frequently Recommended Health Metrics which identified topic areas that are potentially important for understanding and improving community health. Next, a qualitative review of the scientific literature was performed to better understand the potential relationships between candidate health topic areas and population health outcomes. Finally, a systematic review of similar indicator initiatives and available data sources was conducted. The indicator initiatives reviewed included but were not limited to:
- The County Health Rankings and Roadmaps (www.countyhealthrankings.org)
- United Health Foundation's America's Health Rankings (www.americashealthrankings.org))
- State of the USA Health Indicators (www.stateoftheusa.org)
- The Health Indicator's Warehouse (www.healthindicators.gov)
- Canadian Index of Wellness (www.atkinsonfoundation.ca/ciw)
- Healthy People 2020 (www.healthypeople.gov)
- National Prevention strategy (www.surgeongeneral.gov/initiatives/prevention/strategy/report.pdf)
- Annie E. Casey Foundation's KIDS COUNT (datacenter.kidscount.org)
The results of these reviews were used to develop an initial candidate set of indicators for the CHSI 2015 launch.
Consistent with previous versions of CHSI, the final set of indicators were required to meet the following criteria:
The indicators were considered important to public health, were actionable, were regularly reported, and were available for at least two-thirds of U.S. counties. Additionally, all health factor indicators included in CHSI 2015 were required to be supported by a body of scientific literature establishing their association with population health outcomes and identifying plausible mechanisms and pathways for those associations. Final indicator selection was based on the synthesized scientific evidence input from external advisors and CDC subject matter experts and consistency with similar indicator initiatives.
Primary and Associated Indicators
For topics where multiple indicators were available such as poverty, we identified a primary indicator based on the following considerations:
- Applicability to the entire or largest percentage of population (e.g., percent of all persons below the poverty level is applicable to a larger portion of the population than percent of children below the poverty level), and
- Indicators are most strongly associated with health (e.g., on-time high school graduation rate vs. percent of adults with an associate college degree).
Important indicators not identified as primary (e.g., percent of older adults in poverty) are included in CHSI 2015 as "associated indicators".
Indicator Descriptions
Each CHSI 2015 indicator is accompanied by information describing the significance (importance) of the indicator, source and years of the data, methodology for creating the indicator, and important limitations, where applicable. This information can be found by clicking the "Description" tab for the indicator when viewing county-level results.


text:
For sale by Sammy - VERIFIED SELLER VERIFIED 5 Feb 4:56 pmLagos Mainland, Lagos
The device is brand new as seen on display, only dat it has been unsealed for inspection sake, but trust me, nothing inside has been changed. Here's its spec: android 5.0.2 lollipop, 3gb RAM, 64gb internal memory, 8mpxl camera, 12.2 inches in size, comes with an original pouch, power bank and a drifta for u 2 watch DSTV channels on it without Internet connection. D device is wifi only. An amazing tablet, built for professionals with a superb screen resolution, amazing camera sharpness, incredible ba3 power.... in fact, here is its model number: SM-P900, pls check it out urself coz i ll definitely mised out a lot of things abt d tab here. call me for more info.
Stay safe!
Watch out for:


text:
If you listen real hard, you can hear the sound of Pia Toscano's television set crashing through a window.
Yes, just five weeks after the American Idol judges used their only save of the season to keep Casey Abrams, the voters ignored the judges' unapologetic gushing over Abrams and even Jacob Lusk's horrendous performance Wednesday night, to send Abrams packing again.
And honestly, I think it was a little overdue.
Next to Paul McDonald, Abrams is the Idol contestant who fell the most short of his potential this season.
He was obviously a talented musician and he did have a decent voice - when he didn't growl through the lyrics that is. But Abrams never got out of his own way. He tried too hard to be edgy, and as a result that he became too over the top.
His stage presence consisted of either giving sinister looks into the camera, awkwardly slapping the hands of people in the audience, or forcing uncomfortable kisses onto the cheeks of Idol judges and audience members.
But the judges did nothing but praise him every week since they saved him, which served no other purpose than to justify their own decision to use their save so early.
Well judges? Are you still happy that you used that save so early?
There are still five contestants left, Pia is long gone, and now so is your fuzzy golden boy.
I hope the voting process changes next year, as rumored, to take the final result out of the voters' hands just a little bit. That way, we'd still have Pia and Jacob would be back in Compton singing in the shower.
And I don't think Abrams has much of a shot at being a successful recording artist, unless he does it as a backing musician. There just isn't a unique quality to his voice. Other than his growling, and my beagle does a better job at that when he sees a squirrel in our yard.
Moving on, I think it is an absolute disgrace that Scotty McCreery was in the Bottom 3. He is clearly the contestant with the best voice and most potential left in the competition, but he's in the Bottom 3?
I hope the American Idol viewers listened to Jimmy Iovine tonight when he told the voters (and judges I expect) to stop judging the contestants against themselves and to start judging them against each other.
How many times have we heard this season's useless judges praise one of the weaker contestants because they improved from past weeks? Too many.
How many times has that pointless feedback come back to hurt another contestant who deserved to be in the competition more? I know Pia, too many.
I'm not pleased that Jacob Lusk wasn't eliminated, as I predicted. Even Mr. Iovine hinted that he should go home. But alas, we're going to be forced to here him shriek through at least one more song next week.


text:
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MILLRSBURG -- Holmes-Wayne Electric Cooperative Inc. is reminding area high school students that applications are being accepted for its 2017 scholarship program. The member-owned electric utility will award 10 cash scholarships in all, totaling $15,000.
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Now that the new year is upon us I have put some time into some of the things I want to get done. I have been watching money go out the window for some time now, and I am going to take some action, and try to cut down on wasted money.
One thing that I want to get done is I want to get some life insurance. Haven't had any because of the cost involved. I have been doing my research into the best term life insurance rates, and I am still not happy, but I have to think of my family at this point.
The next thing is that I want to get my car insurance lower. I have been with Allstate for quite a many years, but I sometimes feel that I am paying a lot more than is necessary. Every little bit counts in the money saving.
The last big thing I want to do is get my life in track with a new job. The job I am at just isn't cutting the bills the way that I want, so I must find a job first, as leaving without a job is just plain dumb.
What do you want to accomplish in 2010?


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#RiverfrontScramble. Fun runs, cold beer, hot party on the river – the evening race series that kicks off summer weekends is back! With three different courses and a new theme each month, Riverfront Scrambles provide a happy hour run for all abilities. Costumes are encouraged and awarded for creativity.
Grand Slam Scramble Series
Go for the big bling! The sparkly Grand Slam Scramble medal will be awarded to participants who register in advance and race all three Riverfront Scramble events.


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Jeff Majors Pray MP3
Great Song, Enjoy I was once quite confused, so down and lost in a maze I had so many questions, so I began to pray I wasn't one of the few who claim they ...
Jeff Majors MP3
Jeff Majors - The Lord's Prayer.
Heard My Cry JEFF MAJORS MP3
Jeff Majors / Al Johnson lead... Heard My Cry/ I love it!! Hope you like...heard my Cry...one of my favorite by him! (music only uploaded by chosenssh)
Jeff Majors performing Psalm 23 MP3
Jeff Majors at the Forum performing Psalm 23 with sacred voices and James Murphy lead.
Sweet Hour Of Prayer MP3
Jeff Majors - Pray (Drum Cover) MP3
JEFF MAJORS..PSALM 23.wmv MP3
The 23rd Psalm done with photos and a prayer that you will also dwell in the house of the Lord, forever.
A Tribute for Boston - The Lord's Prayer (Psalms 23) Jeff Majors MP3
The tragic events that took place in Boston on Monday, April 15, 2013 was so shocking and overwhelming all I could do was pray Psalm 23 for the families and ...
Jeff Majors - Pastor Leslie Matthews (The Lords Prayer) MP3
This excerpt of Pastor Leslie Matthews anointed message, given at Unity Christian Center in downtown Fayetteville, North Carolina has been presented for your ...
"Somebody Bigger Than You and I" MP3
I have been so barukh/bless while making this video. It was such an awesome opportunity! It was time consuming simply because I wanted to complete it to the ...
GodsDestinyDancers-Jeff majors MP3


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Limited Edition Coloured Vinyl LP!A crazed collection of Psychobilly and Neo-Rockabilly featuring tracks from The Deltas, Tim Polecat, Big Red Rocket, Kiria Le Pink, Sgt Bilko's Crazy Combo, The Marksmen, Guitar Slingers, The Zorchmen, Kemp, The Doppelgangers, Jack O Bones, Moonshine Stalkers, The Stockmen, Boz and Lyn Boorer, Shakin' DTs and The Wanktones.
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text:
Actual and actually
Actual is an adjective meaning 'true', 'real' and 'the thing in itself'. It does not refer to time. Actual always comes immediately before the noun it is describing:
We didn't go to the actual match but we watched it on TV.
People think she is over thirty but her actual age is eighteen.
Actual is often used in speaking in the expression 'in actual fact'. It has a similar meaning to 'in fact', but it gives more emphasis to what the speaker is saying:
In actual fact, her health a year ago was much worse.
See also:
Actually as a discourse marker
Actually is often used in speaking as a discourse marker. We use it to indicate a new topic of conversation or a change or contrast in what is being talked about. We also use actually to give more detail about a topic. We do not use it to refer to time:
I suppose you're going away this weekend?B:
Actually, I am going to stay at home. I've got a lot of work to do on the computer.
[a customer (A) in a large bookshop is asking about books about travel.]
Could you tell me where your books on Austria are kept?B:
What kind of books?A:
Well, actually I'm looking for a book on skiing in Austria.B:
Er, yes, they're in that corner over there.
See also:
Actually as contrast
We can use actually to emphasise a contrast with what is expected to be true or real:
He actually admitted that he enjoyed it. (He was not expected to enjoy it)
Where are they now?B:
They're very near to your apartment actually. (They were not expected to be so near)
We can also use actually to correct someone politely:
I think ten people, not eight, came to the meeting, actually.
Actual and actually: typical errors
In some languages actual has the meaning of 'current' and 'at the present time'. This is not correct in English:
The current population of the Russian Federation is 230 million.
The actual population of the Russian Federation…
At the present time she is working in London.
Actually she is working in London.
("Actual and actually" from English Grammar Today © Cambridge University Press.)
Create and share your own word lists and quizzes for free!
- Adjectives and adverbs
Easily confused words
- Above or over?
- Across, over or through?
- Advice or advise?
- Affect or effect?
- All or every?
- All or whole?
- Allow, permit or let?
- Almost or nearly?
- Alone, lonely, or lonesome?
- Along or alongside?
- Already, still or yet?
- Also, as well or too?
- Alternate(ly), alternative(ly)
- Although or though?
- Altogether or all together?
- Amount of, number of or quantity of?
- Any more or anymore?
- Anyone, anybody or anything?
- Apart from or except for?
- Arise or rise?
- Around or round?
- Arouse or rouse?
- As or like?
- As, because or since?
- As, when or while?
- Been or gone?
- Begin or start?
- Beside or besides?
- Between or among?
- Born or borne?
- Bring, take and fetch
- Can, could or may?
- Classic or classical?
- Come or go?
- Consider or regard?
- Consist, comprise or compose?
- Content or contents?
- Different from, different to or different than?
- Do or make?
- Down, downwards or downward?
- During or for?
- Each or every?
- East or eastern; north or northern?
- Economic or economical?
- Efficient or effective?
- Elder, eldest or older, oldest?
- End or finish?
- Especially or specially?
- Every one or everyone?
- Except or except for?
- Expect, hope or wait?
- Experience or experiment?
- Fall or fall down?
- Far or a long way?
- Farther, farthest or further, furthest?
- Fast, quick or quickly?
- Fell or felt?
- Female or feminine; male or masculine?
- Finally, at last, lastly or in the end?
- First, firstly or at first?
- Fit or suit?
- Following or the following?
- For or since?
- Forget or leave?
- Full or filled?
- Fun or funny?
- Get or go?
- Grateful or thankful?
- Hear or listen (to)?
- High or tall?
- Historic or historical?
- House or home?
- How is …? or What is … like?
- If or when?
- If or whether?
- Ill or sick?
- Imply or infer?
- In the way or on the way?
- It's or its?
- Late or lately?
- Lay or lie?
- Lend or borrow?
- Less or fewer?
- Look at, see or watch?
- Low or short?
- Man, mankind or people?
- Maybe or may be?
- Maybe or perhaps?
- Nearest or next?
- Never or not … ever?
- Nice or sympathetic?
- No doubt or without doubt?
- No or not?
- Nowadays, these days or today?
- Open or opened?
- Opportunity or possibility?
- Opposite or in front of?
- Other, others, the other or another?
- Out or out of?
- Permit or permission?
- Person, persons or people?
- Pick or pick up?
- Play or game?
- Politics, political, politician or policy?
- Price or prize?
- Principal or principle?
- Quiet or quite?
- Raise or rise?
- Remember or remind?
- Right or rightly?
- Rob or steal?
- Say or tell?
- So that or in order that?
- Sometimes or sometime?
- Sound or noise?
- Speak or talk?
- Such or so?
- There, their or they're?
- Towards or toward?
- Wait or wait for?
- Wake, wake up or awaken?
- Worth or worthwhile?
- Nouns, pronouns and determiners
Prepositions and particles
- Above
- After
- Against
- Among and amongst
- At
- At, in and to (movement)
- At, on and in (place)
- At, on and in (time)
- Below
- Beneath: meaning and use
- Beyond
- By + myself etc.
- During
- For
- For + -ing
- From
- In front of
- In spite of and despite
- In, into
- Near and near to
- Of
- On, onto
- Over
- Prepositional phrases
- Prepositions
- To
- Under
- Until
- With
- Within
- Without
- Words, sentences and clauses
Using English
- discourse markers
- emphasising and downtoning
- functions
- numbers
- people and places
- speaking
- types of English (formal, informal, etc.)
useful phrases
- According to
- Actual and actually
- Approximations (around four o'clock)
- At all
- Else
- Hear that, see that
- However, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whoever
- May as well and might as well
- More or less
- Of course
- Point of view
- Vague expressions
- writing
- Verbs
Word of the Day
a feeling of respect or admiration for someone or something


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The Australian Professional Standards for Teachers is a public statement of what constitutes teacher quality. The Standards define the work of teachers and make explicit the elements of high-quality, effective teaching in 21st-century schools, which result in improved educational outcomes for students. The Standards do this by providing a framework that makes clear the knowledge, practice and professional engagement required across teachers' careers. They present a common understanding and language for discourse between teachers, teacher educators, teacher organisations, professional associations and the public.
Teacher standards also inform the development of professional learning goals, provide a framework by which teachers can judge the success of their learning and assist self-reflection and self-assessment.12 Teachers can use the Standards to recognise their current and developing capabilities, professional aspirations and achievements.
Standards contribute to the professionalisation of teaching and raise the status of the profession. They could also be used as the basis for a professional accountability model,13 helping to ensure that teachers can demonstrate appropriate levels of professional knowledge, professional practice and professional engagement.
The Australian Professional Standards for Teachers is organised into four career stages and guide the preparation, support and development of teachers. The stages reflect the continuum of a teacher's developing professional expertise from undergraduate preparation through to being an exemplary classroom practitioner and a leader in the profession.
The Graduate Standards underpin the accreditation of initial teacher education programs. Graduates from accredited programs qualify for registration14 in each state and territory.
The Proficient Standards will be used to underpin processes for full registration as a teacher and to support the requirements of nationally consistent teacher registration.
The Standards at the career stages of Highly Accomplished and Lead will inform voluntary certification15.
"I expect these standards will be a useful tool for teachers, enabling them to reflect on their practice, inform their professional development and thereby further enhance their work with young people."
— Mr Stephen Elder, Director, Catholic Education Office, Melbourne


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Women Seeking Women 93Favorites [+]
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DRM-free downloads offer content that is not limited by standard Digital Rights Management (DRM) access technologies. These technologies allow hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the usage of digital content.
When you purchase DRM-free downloadable content, that content is available for you to download on any computer and save to a disk whenever you like. You can also download to multiple computers. There is no timeframe associated with your purchase and the content will not expire.
Running Time: 158 minutes
Released: 05/2013
Studio Name: Girlfriends Films
Series: Women Seeking Women
Description: Restless hearts searching for that one perfect woman. Beautiful woman-woman sex which is sure to excite you! Simply the most realistic sex in lesbian adult video.
4 Scenes from Women Seeking Women 93
Women Seeking Women 93: Scene 1 Free Preview
Starring: Madison Ivy Heather Starlet ... More Details
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text:
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Aug 23, 2006 | 3:11 AM EDT
- File Info
- Song
- 2 min 32 sec
- Score
- 3.74 / 5.00
Related Content
Heard in 8 Entries!
View all submissions featuring this audio file.
You might also enjoy:
Licensing Terms
Please contact me if you would like to use this in a project. We can discuss the details.
- Score:
- Rated 3.74 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 47,305 Plays | 11,117 Downloads
- Share Links:
- Genres:
- Other - Ska
- None
Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Brilliant song. I don't normally listen to Ska, but this track is really something else.
The vocals are brilliantly clear, a problem faced by many here who try to use vocals in their songs.
Is the brass live performed as well?! I seriously think you guys should go to a record dealer and talk with them, you have an amazing song here. I am sorry to hear that you guys broke up, truly, when such talent goes away, the world loses out.
I have absolutely nothing to add or remove from this song, so i'll stop here.
easily a 5/5 from me. Good luck to all your futures.
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
A very very nice ska song, good bass, very very nice vocals, it was very well, suited. This is a very top track, prob best ska song ive heard on this site. Can you check my stuff out? If you could thatd be gun, nice song, seriously....


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Fans of USA TODAY's Pop Candy are likely aware of the Pop Five, where readers share their top five lists on any topic.
Using our sister community as inspiration, Game Hunters introduces the Leaderboard. Each Thursday, we'll feature a reader's Leaderboard, breaking down their top five list on the topic of their choice.
The only rule for submitting a Leaderboard: keep it connected to video games. Outside of that, feel free to be as creative as you choose.
There are two ways readers can share their Leaderboard:
1. Send a private message to my USA TODAY profile. Type "Leaderboard" in the subject line.
2. Send an e-mail to our brand new Game Hunters mailbox, email@example.com. Remember to use "Leaderboard" in the subject.
And don't forget to include your name (real or USA TODAY profile) and where you're from. To get this new feature started, here's a Leaderboard of my top five classic arcade games:
1. Galaga. Any time I spot a Pac-Man/Galaga arcade cabinet, I have to stop and admire, if only briefly. You could only move side-to-side and shoot with one button, but it was so addictive. Nothing was better than rescuing your captured ship and playing with two ships at the same time.
2. Time Pilot. Players started out with the biplanes and that giant blimp, travelling through several time periods before reaching the UFOs. However, the jets were the best.
3. 1943: The Battle of Midway. Plenty of quarters were lost pulling off loops and spraying bullets in all directions at oncoming planes. The power-ups were really cool, too.
4. Discs of Tron. OK, there were no light cycles or colorful cones you had to blast through, but I loved Discs more. Plus, you still got to use the futuristic Tron joystick.
5. Track and Field. It had Charlie Brown's teacher as the announcer, and no joystick. I remember slamming buttons like a madman trying to best my time in the 100-meter dash, but always got stopped at the javelin.
We look forward to seeing your Leaderboards. If you have questions, feel free to leave them in the comments section.
Mike Snider began covering the video game industry during the Super Nintendo-Sega Genesis clash in 1992. An original pinball wizard, he eventually was seduced by Robotron: 2084 and Tempest. These days he is a fan of action/shooters and lives out his Keith Moon fantasies playing a mean drum kit on music games. More about Mike.
Brett Molina has been writing about video games for USA TODAY since 2005. He is well-versed in Madden NFL, the fighting genre and first-person shooters. The first video game he played was Asteroids at a local arcade. He has been hooked ever since. More about Brett.


text:
This article needs to focus more on Lennon specifically and less on the Beatles, as they have their own article.
These problems might be so great that the article's factual accuracy has been compromised. Talk about it here or check the revision history or Manual of Style for more information.
John Winston Lennon was a Liverpudlian musician and songwriter known for his tenure with the Beatles. He later started another band with his second wife Yoko Ono. His work was one of the most widely known and studied music of the late industrial era and early information age.
Biography Edit
The Sixth Doctor jammed with the Beatles in Hamburg before they were big. (PROSE: Gone Too Soon)
The Beatles first performed at the Cavern Club in 1961. The Eleventh Doctor told Alice Obiefune that most of the audience were time travellers - including the Lennon that performed. (COMIC: What He Wants...)
The Tenth Doctor and Donna Noble went to see Lennon perform with the Beatles at the Cavern Club in 1963. Donna got him to sign a future album on compact disc. (COMIC: The Time of My Life) In the same year, the Tenth Doctor took Martha Jones to see a performance by the Beatles. (COMIC: Signs of Life)
Later that year, Susan Foreman and her friend Cedric listened to several Beatles songs on her transistor radio. (AUDIO: Hunters of Earth)
In early 1964, the Beatles' song "I Want to Hold Your Hand" was knocked off the top of the British charts by the Dave Clark Five song "Glad All Over," which peaked at No. 6 in the United States. (AUDIO: Threshold)
By 13 July 1964, the Beatles had sold out the first leg of their United Kingdom tour. (TV: Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?)
John Lennon and the other Beatles performed their song "Ticket to Ride" on the 13 May 1965 instalment of Top of the Pops, introduced by Jimmy Savile. The First Doctor and his companions Vicki Pallister, Ian Chesterton and Barbara Wright watched it via the Time-Space Visualiser. (TV: The Chase)
In 1969, the Seventh Doctor's companion Ace prevented Lennon and the other Beatles from being murdered during their Let it Be rooftop concert at the Apple Records building in London. However, Lennon was later shot and killed by the possessed assassin Mark David Chapman in New York City on 8 December 1980. (PROSE: The Left-Handed Hummingbird) At some point during the concert, time distortion from the Rift Manipulator transported the Beatles to the roof of the same building in early 2008. They were sent back after Torchwood opened up the Cardiff Rift. (TV: End of Days)
For some time, Lennon was trapped in Psychspace after dreaming about it too much. He was only freed with the help of the Eleventh Doctor's companion Amy Pond. (COMIC: Forever Dreaming)
In 1970, Paul McCartney left the Beatles. They acquired two new members, Billy and Klaus. (PROSE: The Devil Goblins from Neptune)
Mark David Chapman, manipulated by Huitzilin, shot Lennon outside his hotel on 8 December 1980. This act silenced Lennon's life. (PROSE: The Left-Handed Hummingbird)
Shortly after he died, Lennon told the Doctor that "talent borrows, genius steals." (PROSE: Eye of Heaven)
Minor references Edit
Susan Foreman liked John Lennon. (PROSE: Time and Relative)
The DJ of Tranquil Repose had a poster of John Lennon in his broadcasting studio. (TV: Revelation of the Daleks)
The Tenth Doctor cited John Lennon as a musician who had become a legend by dying in tragic circumstances, and asked the members of Pakafroon Wabster if they wanted the same thing. (COMIC: Interstellar Overdrive)
The Eleventh Doctor and Amy Pond travelled to 1963 to meet the Beatles, but were diverted into an alternate timeline created by the Daleks. Amy had wanted to see John Lennon, the Doctor suggesting Ringo. (GAME: City of the Daleks)
Alternate timeline Edit
In an alternate timeline created by Lenny Kruger in which the Common Men rose to prominence in place of the Beatles, Lennon was part of a group called the Famous Five, which was a joke name because there were only four of them: him, two Petes and Chaz. (AUDIO: 1963: Fanfare for the Common Men)
Behind the scenes Edit
- John Lennon, in a manner of speaking, played himself on Doctor Who in the form of archival footage of a Beatles concert shown in The Chase.
- An early 1960s photo shows John Lennon posing next to a Dalek.
- The novel The Devil Goblins from Neptune suggests that in the Whoniverse, the Beatles continued as a group after 1970, with Paul McCartney leaving the group and two new members replacing him.
- He was played by Christopher Eccleston in the film Lennon Naked.
- John Lennon is one of three historical figures who are avaliable as playable characters in the online game TARDIS Tennis.