text:
The Semantics of Racial Epithets 1. Christopher Hom Washington University, St. Louis
- Meryl Harmon
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 The Semantics of Racial Epithets 1 Christopher Hom Washington University, St. Louis I. Introduction Racial epithets are derogatory expressions, understood to convey contempt and hatred toward their targets. But what do they actually mean, if anything? There are two competing strategies for explaining how epithets work, one semantic and the other pragmatic. According to the semantic strategy, their derogatory content is fundamentally part of their literal meaning, and thus gets expressed in every context of utterance. This strategy honors the intuition that epithets literally say bad things, regardless of how they are used. According to the pragmatic strategy, their derogatory content is fundamentally part of how they are used, and results from features of the individual contexts surrounding their utterance. This strategy honors the intuition that epithets can be used for a variety of purposes, and that this complexity surrounding epithets precludes a univocal, context-independent explanation for how they work. Neither view is without difficulty, although to many the pragmatic strategy is prima facie more attractive. I shall argue, however, that the semantic strategy actually fares better on a number of criteria. In doing so, I shall motivate a particular semantic account of epithets that I call combinatorial externalism. The account has significant implications on theoretical, as well as, practical dimensions, providing new arguments against semantic externalism and radical contextualism, and for the exclusion of certain epithets from First Amendment speech protection. 1 Many thanks to José Bermudez, Eric Brown, John Doris, Jonathan Ellis, Robert May and the colloquium audiences at the Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Washington University in St. Louis, and the University of California, Santa Cruz and for their immensely helpful feedback on this (and previous versions of this) paper. 1
2 II. The Semantic Strategy The semantic strategy, as noted, adheres to the intuition that the derogatory content of an epithet is fundamentally part of its literal meaning. On a naive formulation, an epithet like chink as a derogatory term for Chinese people is synonymous with (something like) Chinese and despicable because of it. But if so, then the semantic strategy faces a difficult balancing act. Some epithets are particularly powerful in their derogatory force. For example the view must account for how the word nigger can be explosively derogatory when directed towards African- Americans. The term has been deemed one of the most racially offensive words in the language 2 and is even considered to be the most noxious racial epithet in the contemporary American lexicon. 3 Reducing its meaning to African-American and despicable because of it simply fails to explain the strength of this word s negative, derogatory content relative to others in comparison (e.g. chink ). Some theorists have an even stronger intuition that the word nigger expresses unspeakably bad content; meaning that is so strong that it derogates its intended targets on every occasion of use. These silentists introduce new types of semantic contents for explaining the force of epithets. At least a few prominent silentists in philosophy of language have yet to publish on this topic 4, but Hornsby (2001) advocates a version of silentism when she suggests that utterances of epithets are equivalent to gestures made while uttering the appropriate non- 2 The New Oxford English Dictionary (2001: 1157). 3 Monteiro v. Tempe Union High School District (1998), 158 F. 3d 1022, US Court of Appeals, 9 th Circuit, Judge Stephen Reinhardt. 4 On my understanding, similar views are presented in these talks: Mark Richard, Epithets and Attitudes (April, 2005) given at the Syntax and Semantics with Attitude Workshop, University of Southern California, and David Kaplan, The Meaning of Oops and Ouch (August 2004) given for the Howison Lectures in Philosophy Series at U.C. Berkeley. 2
3 pejorative correlate 5, and that an aspect of the word s meaning is to be thought of as if it were communicated by means of this (posited) gesture. 6 Unfortunately, Hornsby does not explicate the view in detail. A plausible interpretation of her view is that the semantic content of nigger is equivalent to someone uttering the word African-American while making the gesture of holding up the middle finger of both hands. The problem is that this version of gestural silentism fares no better at the difficult balancing act that faces all semantic accounts. The phrase fuck the African Americans hardly seems worse than African-American and despicable because of it. It also fails to capture the inherently racist content of the word. But perhaps we have not specified the correct accompanying gesture. Imagine the gesture of bringing the index finger of one hand horizontally across your own throat. Perhaps the throat-slash gesture comes closer to presenting the derogatory content of nigger. The problem is that while performing this gesture with an utterance of African-American might threaten, it also fails to capture the inherently racist aspect of the word. To illustrate the point, imagine that I say Red while performing the gesture in question in front of a redheaded person. I might successfully threaten him, but not because of his red hair. In this instance, I have failed to convey my general contempt or hatred towards redheads qua redheads, as a class. I have merely threatened this redheaded person. In straightforwardly derogatory contexts, speakers who utter an epithet wish to derogate someone because of their ethnicity (or gender, or sexual orientation). The utterance of NPC with the throat-slash gesture is merely a localized threat. While we could continue playing this charade, I suspect that any silentist who posits a new kind of linguistically inexpressible content (gestural or otherwise) is offering a dead-end 5 For any racial epithet, call its non-pejorative correlate (NPC) the expression that picks out the supposed extension of the epithet but without expressing derogation toward members of that extension. For example, the NPC of chink is Chinese, the NPC of kike is Jewish, the NPC of nigger is African-American, etc. 6 Hornsby (2001: 41). 3
4 explanation. Positing such entities will invariably be mysterious and ad hoc. Mysterious because it is unclear both what such entities are supposed to be and what they are supposed to contribute to the truth-conditions of sentences. If these words make no contributions, then we are faced with the unenviable consequences of truth-value gaps and having to alter the traditional rules of logical deduction. 7 The move is ad hoc because these entities are postulated just to explain how epithets work. It is doubtful that they arise for the semantic explanation of any other type of expression in natural language. Lastly, the main problem is that if these contents are intrinsically derogatory, then the silentist account fails to explain particular non-derogatory uses such as appropriated uses between members of the targeted class, and uses that highlight the racist concepts expressed by epithets in order to refute them. This is a problem we shall return to in some depth in Section IV. The challenge for the semantic strategist is to specify the semantic contents of epithets that successfully negotiate the difficult balancing act without positing mysterious, ad hoc entities. This balancing act focuses on two crucial features of epithets; that their contents are both shifty and scalar. The derogatory contents of epithets are shifty in that they can derogate in some contexts (e.g. straightforwardly racist contexts) but not in others (e.g. appropriated contexts). The derogatory contents of epithets are scalar in that their force can vary between individual epithets (e.g. the difference in force between nigger and chink ). III. The Pragmatic Strategy The complexity of the balancing act facing the semantic strategy for explaining epithets suggests that there is an inherently contextual element to the content of such words. This 7 To allow for truth-value gaps is to allow for assertoric sentences that are neither truth nor false. Traditional logic assumes bivalence for all assertoric sentences, so sentences with truth-value gaps cannot be accomodated in logical reasoning without revision to the truth-conditional rules of deduction. I take no position on whether such moves have merit, but only that they are ill-motivated merely to account for the meanings of racial epithets. 4
5 suggests a more pragmatic strategy that takes into account the contextual features that surround how epithets are used. I will consider two plausible formulations of the pragmatic strategy. Call the first radical contextualism. 8 According to this view, the meaning of an epithet varies according to the features of its particular context of utterance. The idea is that just as indexical words like I, here, and now can respectively refer to different people, places and times in different contexts of utterance, epithets can have different meanings in different contexts of utterance some even non-derogatory. In his investigation into the word nigger, Kennedy (2002) endorses contextualism when he says that nigger can mean many different things, depending upon, among other variables, intonation, the location of the interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and those to whom he is speaking. 9 Because their meanings vary from context to context, so does their derogatory content. According to Kennedy, certain uses are even sanctioned depending upon contextual features. Kennedy presents many detailed examples, but fails to specify the determinate rules for calculating the contents for any given context of utterance. The account seems to hold that unlike I, here and now, nigger has no clear rules for deriving its content from contextual features of its utterance. That contextualism offers little in the way of predicting the content in a context is particularly unsatisfying because of the stakes surrounding these words. Uses of epithets can incur higher penalties for crimes, result in the termination of their speakers employment, generate controversial speech regulations, and continue to antagonize many, if not most, of their intended targets. 10 The recognition of the phenomenal complexity surrounding such words is a positive explanatory step, 8 To be clear, I distinguish radical contextualism as a specific theory about epithets from Radical Contextualism as a general theory for all linguistic expressions. This section is a consideration of the former. Section VII is a consideration of the latter. 9 Kennedy (2002: 54). 10 The lack of determinate criteria for judging whether certain uses of epithets are derogatory also has significant legal implications for First Amendment speech issues. Section VIII will present a detailed consideration of how combinatorial externalism impacts these issues. 5
6 but not the last, and is certainly not constitutive of an explanatory theory. Contextualism is a premature surrender in the search for a principled analysis of epithets, and should be left as a last resort. The pragmatic strategy can be presented in a more moderate form, with a less ambitious, specification of the contextually-determined content of epithets. Such a minimalist specification would still be consistent with the principal tenet of the pragmatic strategy - the denial of a semantic, context-independent explanation of derogatory content. Call this view pragmatic minimalism. Williamson (forthcoming) advocates pragmatic minimalism and holds that while derogatory content is non-semantic, it is specifically determined in each context as a result of conventional implicature. 11 The derogatory content is merely implicated and not part of what the sentence literally says (i.e. derogatory content is not part of the semantic content of the sentence). The derogatory content is conventionally implicated because it appears in every context of use and is not calculable from Gricean conversational maxims. According to pragmatic minimalism, epithets literally say nothing more than their non-pejorative correlates (NPC s), e.g. chink is synonymous with Chinese, kike is synonymous with Jewish, nigger is synonymous with African-American, etc. Another important feature of the view is that the falsity of the derogatory content that is pragmatically conveyed is consistent with the truth of what is literally said. So the difference between chink and Chinese is on the order of the difference between but and and. Thus the proposition semantically expressed by (1) is identical to the proposition semantically expressed by (2): 1. Shaq is huge but agile. 2. Shaq is huge and agile See Williamson (forthcoming: 20-25). 12 Examples (1) and (2) from Bach (1999: 1). 6
7 however (1) also conventionally implicates contrastive force between the properties of being huge and being agile. The lack of contrastive, conventionally implicated content is consistent with the truth of (2), so the truth of (1) depends solely on the truth of (2). The contrastive content is thus detachable because it is not semantically expressed as part of the truth-conditions for the sentence. Analogously, the proposition semantically expressed by (3) is identical to the proposition semantically expressed by (4): 3. Yao is a chink. 4. Yao is Chinese. however (3) also conventionally implicates derogatory force towards Chinese people for being Chinese. (3) implicates (something like) the proposition expressed by: 5. Yao is Chinese and despicable because of it. The lack of this derogatory, conventionally implicated content is consistent with the truth of (4), so the truth of (3) depends solely on the truth of (4). Because the derogatory content of (5) is merely implicated and not semantically expressed by (3), it is detachable from the semantic content of (3). Derogation is thus the speech act of conventionally implicating (5) in uttering (3). There are a number of reasons for being suspicious of pragmatic minimalism. First, the same difficulty in balancing derogatory content described above is equally present, recast pragmatically rather than semantically. While the proposition expressed by (5) might capture the derogatory content that is implicated by chink in (3), the correlate of (5) for the derogatory content of nigger hardly captures the requisite force of the word. Second, unlike with Gricean 7
8 conversational implicatures, conventional implicatures are not cancelable. Derogation ought to occur in every context of use for epithets without any means for cancellation. However, I will show that there are meaningful, felicitous uses of epithets that are non-derogatory. For example, the sentence Institutions that treat Chinese as chinks are morally depraved is meaningful, felicitious and also true. We return to discuss this issue in some depth in Section IV. Third, if epithets are synonymous with their NPC s then the minimalist account generates the unintuitive result that certain racist claims are trivially true. For example, the sentence Chinese are chinks is not only literally true according to this view, but analytically true in the way that Lawyers are attorneys is true. Lastly, Bach (1999) offers good evidence for thinking that cases of conventionally implicated content are actually part of what is literally said. The strongest argument is that many conventional implicatures pass his Indirect Quotation (IQ) test: An element of a sentence contributes to what is said in an utterance of that sentence iff there can be an accurate and complete indirect quotation of the utterance (in the same language) which includes that element, or a corresponding element in the that -clause that specifies what is said. 13 Bach s argument is that if speaker A utters sentence (1) to speaker B, and speaker B reports what A said by uttering (6): 1. Shaq is huge but agile. 6. A said that Shaq is huge and agile, B has misreported what A has said. B s report is incomplete, so the contrastive content is not detachable (as conventional implicatures are supposed to be), but in fact part of what is said. 13 Bach (1999: 7). 8
9 Applying Bach s IQ test to racial epithets leads to an analogous result. So if speaker A utters (3) to speaker B, and speaker B reports what A said by uttering (7): 3. Yao is a chink. 7. A said that Yao is Chinese, B has misreported what A has said. B s report is incomplete, so the derogatory content is not detachable (as conventional implicatures are supposed to be) but in fact part of what is said. Consider some further cases of indirect quotation that show that racial epithets pass Bach s IQ test: 8 A : Institutions that treat Chinese as chinks are racist. 8 B : A said that institutions that treat Chinese as Chinese are racist. In this first pair, A says something true with an utterance of (8 A ), but B reports A to be saying something false with an utterance of (8 B ). 9 A : I am Chinese, and not a chink. 9 B : A said that he is Chinese and not Chinese. In this second pair, A has said something consistent, but B reports A to be saying something contradictory. 10 A : Chinese people are chinks. 10 B : A said that Chinese people are Chinese. In this pair, A says something racist and plausibly false, but B reports A to be saying something non-racist and analytically true. 9
10 11 A : Chinks are Chinese people who are despicable because of their race. 11 B : A said that Chinese people are (Chinese people who are) despicable because of their race. In this pair, A says something true by definition, but B reports A to be saying something empirically false. 12 A : Am I racist if I believe that Chinese are chinks? 12 B : A wondered whether A was racist if A believes that Chinese are Chinese? In this last pair, A asks herself a legitimate question about racism, but B reports A to be asking herself whether believing a trivial identity statement is racist. In each case, the incompleteness or defectiveness of B s report shows that racial epithets pass the IQ test; that derogatory content is not detachable and is, thus, part of what is semantically expressed by epithets. This casts serious doubt on pragmatic minimalism which holds that the derogatory content of an epithet is a pragmatic feature of conventional implicature. IV. Conditions of Adequacy We have considered an array of both semantic and pragmatic options for explaining racial epithets. While each can honor certain intuitions surrounding epithets, neither seems entirely adequate. Ought we surrender to radical contextualism? The issue cannot be settled until there is a deeper consideration of the complexity of the data. To this end, it will be helpful to switch gears and explore this phenomena in order to set up adequacy conditions for any successful explanatory account of racial epithets. Here are some uncontroversial features of how epithets function in ordinary, natural language: 10
11 1. Derogatory force: Epithets forcefully convey hatred and contempt of their targets. Derogatory force is the extent to which an epithet has the capacity to derogate its target. One of the main distinguishing features of racial epithets is their capacity to derogate their intended targets in deep and explosive ways. Calling someone a racial epithet is extremely pejorative, controversial, and usually much more insulting than using ordinary derogatory terms like stupid or lazy. 2. Derogatory variation: The force of derogatory content varies across different epithets. Some epithets are more insulting than others. While epithets like nigger are extremely derogatory towards African-Americans, epithets like limey are much less derogatory towards the English. 3. Derogatory autonomy: The derogatory force for any epithet is independent of the attitudes of any of its particular speakers. For example, uses of chink carry the same derogatory force no matter how racist or non-racist the particular speaker is towards Chinese people. Another example of autonomy is how derogatory variation is independent of particular speakers attitudes. A speaker may be extremely prejudiced against the English and not at all prejudiced against African-Americans, and yet this psychological state will have almost no effect on the pejorative force of the speaker s uses of limey and nigger. 4. Meaningfulness: Sentences with epithets normally express complete, felicitous, propositions. 11
12 Sentences with epithets may be inappropriate, rude, derogatory, useless, false, and morally offensive, but they are not meaningless. People know what racists are trying to say when they use epithets. Their meanings are determined by the linguistic conventions that are operative for the rest of the language, including conventions regarding their interpretation in varying syntactic positions. Specifying their meanings should also avoid positing new kinds of ad hoc semantic entities, if possible. 5. Truth-conditions: Epithets make determinate contributions to the truth-conditions of assertoric sentences in which they occur. While epithets make meaningful semantic contributions to sentences, their contributions are unsatisfiable. For example, the sentence Yao Ming is a chink is meaningful but false, and false for any substitution of referring term in the subject position of the sentence. In other words, there are no chinks. Racist claims are wrong, and incorrectly track the world. In this way, chink is similar to unicorn. There are neither chinks nor unicorns, and anyone convinced that there are is deeply confused about the world. There are, of course, Chinese people, but they are not chinks. 14 The predicted contribution to the truth-conditions for sentences containing epithets is also independent of any particular generally accepted semantic framework. 6. Evolution: The meaning and force of epithets evolve over time to reflect the values and social dynamics of its speakers. 14 Proponents of pragmatic minimalism will deny this claim as they hold that chink is synonymous with Chinese, so that the sentence Yao Ming is a chink will be true, not false. I have already presented reasons for being suspicious of pragmatic minimalism. Section VI presents further decisive arguments against pragmatic minimalism. Section VII presents plausible reasons for why speakers might mistakenly think that chink refers to Chinese people. 12
13 Epithets must evolve with the values and practices of their speech community. This explains the derogatory variation of single epithets over time. For example, gay has lost almost all of its derogatory force with common contemporary uses of expressions such as gay marriage, gay rights, and gay pride. The word has become synonymous with homosexual and derogatory expressions like That s gay seem antiquated, juvenile, and almost infelicitous. 15 Evolutionary fluctuations for the contents of epithets can also vary in their rate of change. As target groups gradually integrate into the dominant society and active discrimination subsides, the derogatory content of the corresponding epithets will typically fade. Examples of gradual decline might include epithets for Irish immigrants such as mic or paddy (for American English), terms that were much more antagonistic one hundred and fifty years ago in the United States. Target groups can also accelerate the process of disarming epithets through appropriation. 7. Appropriation: Targeted groups often appropriate uses of their own epithets to alter their meanings for non-derogatory purposes. The appropriation of an epithet is a phenomenon whereby the targeted group takes control of the epithet, and alters its meaning for use within the group. Appropriated uses of epithets are typically non-pejorative, but their derogatory force is not entirely dissolved. The appropriated epithet serves many functions: it is a means for the targeted group to recapture political power from the racist group by transforming one its tools, it is a means for toughening up other members of the targeted group by desensitizing them to uses of the epithet, it is a means of in-group demarcation to bring members of the targeted group closer together and to 15 John Doris reports seeing a bumper sticker that plays off this specific feature. It read: Marriage is gay. 13
14 remind members of the targeted group that they are, indeed, a targeted group. 16 For example, the appropriated form of the word nigger, which is often marked with a different spelling ( nigga in the singular, and niggaz in the plural), makes a distinction between African-Americans as victims of racism, and African-Americans as empowered individuals. In a documentary about his own life, rapper Tupac Shakur characterizes this distinction when he says Niggers was the ones on the rope, hanging off the thing; Niggaz is the ones with gold ropes, hanging out at clubs. 17 While not impossible, it is very difficult for whites to employ the appropriated term. Even white rapper Eminem, who frequently employs the epithets bitch and faggot in his 18, 19 lyrics, refrains from using nigger saying that, that word is not even in my vocabulary. 8. NDNA uses: Epithets can occur in non-derogatory, non-appropriated (NDNA) contexts. There are sentences that make meaningful uses of racial epithets that are true, nonderogatory, and non-appropriated. Epithets in such contexts do not directly derogate their intended targets, but do retain their capacity for derogation. I call these these NDNA uses. NDNA uses often occur in pedagogical contexts about racism. They make use of an epithet s derogatory content without actually derogating its intended targets. For example, in a discussion about racism, someone might utter: Institutions that treat Chinese people as chinks are racist which seems to be true, meaningful, and felicitous. The epithet in NDNA contexts carries its racist content while falling short of derogating its target because that is the very point of its use. 16 Thanks to William Ladusaw for helpful discussion on this topic. 17 The quote is from an interview in the documentary film, Tupac: Resurrection (2003). 18 Kennedy (2002: 51). The quote is originally from an interview in Rolling Stone (July 2000). 19 Note that Eminem s quote is strangely paradoxical. The demonstrative in the quote obviously does pick out a word in his vocabulary. He perfectly understands the derogatory content of nigger. That is why he wouldn t use it, which is what he is actually saying. The word obviously exists in his vocabulary in order for him to make this judgment. 14
15 Here are some examples of pedagogical sentences containing epithets that are meaningful, true, and non-derogatory: 13. Yao Ming is Chinese, but he s not a chink. 14. There are lots of Chinese people at Cal, but no chinks. 15. Chinese people are not chinks. 16. Chinks are (supposedly) despicable because of their race, but Chinese people are not. 17. There are no chinks; racists are wrong. 18. Racists believe that Chinese people are chinks. 19. Thinking that Chinese people are chinks is to be radically wrong about the world. 20. Institutions that treat Chinese as chinks are morally depraved. Notice that these are not the commonly thought of uses that display or gesture at the speaker s racist attitudes. In many cases, NDNA uses illustrate the denial of the common racist presuppositions that often come with ordinary uses of racial epithets. There are also perfectly meaningful, non-derogatory pedagogical questions containing epithets: 21. Are Chinese people chinks? 22. Do racists commonly believe that Chinese people are chinks? 23. What is it to believe that Chinese people are chinks? 24. Why do racists think that Chinese people are chinks? 25. Am I racist if I believe that Chinese people are chinks? 26. Am I racist if I have never had the thought that Chinese people are chinks? 27. Am I racist if I would never think that Chinese people are chinks? Any adequate view must allow for the non-derogatory uses of epithets in questions, especially for ones like (25)-(27), otherwise speakers who ask them will be culpable of racism merely in virtue of having asked the question. Such questions will incorrectly serve as their own affirmative answers. 15
16 9. Generality: The account of derogatory force for epithets needs to generalize to similar language; e.g. sexist, gender-biasing, religious epithets and approbative terms. An adequate account of racial epithets should generalize over other kinds of epithets such as bitch, fag, whore, witch, and damn. To cover the entire expressive spectrum the account should also generalize over approbative terms angel, blessed, stud and goddess. These criteria map out a large portion of the phenomena to be explained by any adequate account of racial epithets. In Section V, I present a novel semantic view called combinatorial externalism (CE), and in Section VI, I return to the criteria of adequacy to see how CE fares against the presumptive favorite, pragmatic minimalism. V. Combinatorial Externalism Semantic externalism is the view that the semantic values, or meanings, of words are not completely determined by the internal, mental states of individual speakers. Rather, the meanings for words such as proper names, natural-kind terms, and indexicals are at least in part dependent on the external, social practices of the speaker s linguistic community. A particular speaker s beliefs and intentions are not sufficient by themselves to generate linguistic meaning. In addition to having the right kind of beliefs and intentions, a speaker must also stand in the relevant causal relations to the world and to her speech community. The meanings for words are, thus, causally determined in part, by factors external to, and sometimes unknown by, the speaker. Several persuasive arguments have been given for semantic externalism in the literature, and I will not go over those arguments here. 20 Instead I will develop a novel account 20 In particular, see Kripke (1972), Putnam, (1975), and Kaplan (1977). There are certainly dissenting views, but I will not rehearse those arguments here either. 16
17 of racial epithets that naturally follows from a causal, externalist, semantic theory. As we will see, the theory reveals interesting properties about semantic externalism as well as the distinction between semantics and pragmatics. On my view, the derogatory content of an epithet is semantically determined by an external source. The plausible candidates for the relevant external social practices that ground the meanings of racial epithets are social institutions of racism. For example, the meaning for the word chink is derived from, and supported by, the institution of racism towards Chinese people. An institution of racism can be modeled as the composition of two entities: an ideology, and a set of practices. An ideology is a set of (usually) negative beliefs about a particular group of people. For racism towards Chinese people, the ideology might include beliefs such as: that Chinese people have slanted eyes, that Chinese people are devious, that Chinese people are good at laundering, etc. In general, the set of racist practices can range from impolite social treatment to genocide. The two entities that make up racist institutions are closely related, as racists will typically justify and motivate racist practices with their corresponding racist ideology. Against the theoretical background of both semantic externalism and racist institutions, we have a natural explanation for how epithets get their derogatory content and what derogation with epithets amounts to. Combinatorial externalism (CE) is the view that racial epithets express complex, socially constructed, negative properties determined in virtue of standing in the appropriate external, causal connection with racist institutions. The meanings of epithets are supported and semantically determined by their corresponding racist institutions. Epithets both insult and threaten their intended targets in deep and specific ways by both predicating negative properties to them and invoking the threat of discriminatory practice towards them. The meanings for epithets can be presented with the following schematized, complex predicate: 17
18 ought to be subject to these discriminatory practices because of having these negative properties, all because of being NPC. These meanings are represented more formally as the following complex property: ought be subject to p* p* n because of being d* d* n all because of being npc*, where p* 1,, p* n are deontic prescriptions derived from the set of racist practices, d* 1,, d* n are the negative properties derived from the racist ideology, and npc* is the semantic value of the appropriate non-pejorative correlate of the epithet. For example, the epithet chink expresses a complex, socially constructed property like: ought to be subject to higher college admissions standards, and ought to be subject to exclusion from advancement to managerial positions, and, because of being slanty-eyed, and devious, and good-at-laundering, and, all because of being Chinese. In this way, epithets express derogatory semantic content in every context, but they do not actually derogate their targets in every context. Derogation is the actual application, or predication, of derogatory content. This speech act of applying the epithet to an individual is to predicate the derogatory semantic content to someone, and thus literally to say something deeply negative, and threatening, towards that person. In effect, the racist says: You have these negative properties and thus ought to be subject to these negative practices all because you are an NPC. It is this important distinction between derogatory content as a complex property, and derogation as the application of this property that allows for epithets to carry their derogatory 18
19 content without actually derogating their intended targets. 21 Epithets are words with derogatory content; speakers derogate by using words with such contents. VI. Meeting The Adequacy Conditions At this point, it will be of value to compare CE to the other approaches that have been mentioned with regard to the adequacy conditions set forth in Section IV. The other approaches included: naïve semanticism, silentism, and radical contextualism, but the presumptive favorite was pragmatic minimalism. 1. Derogatory force: Epithets forcefully convey hatred and contempt of their targets. According to CE, calling someone a racial epithet is much worse than just calling someone stupid or lazy because epithets literally say something more negative by invoking an entire racist ideology along with the discriminatory practices that it supports. Epithets prescribe these practices for their targets because of supposedly possessing the negative properties ascribed to their race. The explosive, derogatory force of an epithet is directly proportional to the content of the property it expresses, which is in turn directly proportional to the turpitude and scope of the supporting racist institution that causally supports the epithet. A brief consideration of the properties and practices associated with racism towards African-Americans explains the derogatory force behind the word nigger. 22 None of the other views mentioned offer an explanation for this feature of racial epithets. 21 Of course indirect derogation is still a possibility. If someone asks, How many chinks are in your class?, they do not predicate, but conversationally implicate the false, but racist proposition that Chinese people are chinks. Notice that this phenomenon is secondary to my semantic view. The implicated proposition is derogatory in virtue of the thick, racist property semantically expressed by chink. My analysis applies to the proposition regardless of its evolution. Thanks to Chris Mole for helpful discussion on this topic. 22 See Kennedy (2002: 3-36) for a variety of examples. 19
20 2. Derogatory variation: The force of derogatory content varies across different epithets. According to CE, the variation in derogatory force associated with different epithets is a result of having different racist institutions causally support their predicative content. The word nigger, as a derogatory term for African-Americans, has tremendously explosive derogatory force in virtue of the active, pernicious and wide-ranging institution that supports it. On the other hand, the term limey as a derogatory term for English people has much less derogatory force, as its corresponding institution is much less active, pernicious and wideranging. Another way to put the point: the derogatory force for epithets varies with the quantity and quality of the content it expresses, and this varies with the racist institution that supports it. None of the other views mentioned offer an explanation for this feature of racial epithets. 3. Derogatory autonomy: The derogatory force for any epithet is independent of the attitudes of any of its particular speakers. According to CE, because the predicative material is causally determined externally from the speakers psychology, the explosiveness and variation in derogatory force for epithets is autonomous from the beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of individual speakers. Thus the view explains why you cannot derogate an Englishman with limey to the extent that you can derogate an African-American with the word nigger ; regardless of your intentions, or how racist your individual beliefs might be towards the English, or how non-racist your individual beliefs might be towards African-Americans. The epithet limey simply does not predicate as negatively, and it does not prescribe a set of practices that are as threatening. The word no longer has a racist institution in support of it. A further point: because the semantic contents of 20
Frege s theory of sense
Frege s theory of sense Jeff Speaks August 25, 2011 1. Three arguments that there must be more to meaning than reference... 1 1.1. Frege s puzzle about identity sentences 1.2. Understanding and knowledgeMore information
Perfect being theology and modal truth
Perfect being theology and modal truth Jeff Speaks February 9, 2016 Perfect being theology is the attempt to use the principle that God is the greatest possible being to derive claims about the divineMore information
The Inconsistency of the Identity Thesis
The Inconsistency of the Identity Thesis Christopher Hom Texas Tech University Stanford Humanities Center Robert May University of California, Davis April 18, 2012 1 The Identity Thesis for PejorativesMore information
or conventional implicature [1]. If the implication is only pragmatic, explicating logical truth, and, thus, also consequence and inconsistency.
44 ANALYSIS explicating logical truth, and, thus, also consequence and inconsistency. Let C1 and C2 be distinct moral codes formulated in English. Let C1 contain a norm N and C2 its negation. The moralMore information
Grice: Meaning. In cases of natural meaning, x means that p entails that p; in cases of meaning NN, there is no such entailment.
INTENTION BASED SEMANTICS Grice: Meaning Grice is proposing an intention based semantics i.e., a semantical theory according to which the meaning of an utterance is explicated in terms of the psychologicalMore information
Critical Study David Benatar. Better Never To Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)
NOÛS 43:4 (2009) 776 785 Critical Study David Benatar. Better Never To Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) ELIZABETH HARMAN Princeton University In thisMore information
DIVERSITY. Harmony, Division and Solution. Diversity means differences or variations or unlikeness. In our modern world,
DIVERSITY Harmony, Division and Solution Diversity means differences or variations or unlikeness. In our modern world, diversity plays an important role. Present study, diversity has been sorted with manyMore information
Subject area: Ethics. Injustice causes revolt. Discuss.
Subject area: Ethics Title: Injustice causes revolt. Discuss. 1 Injustice causes revolt. Discuss. When we explain phenomena we rely on the assertion of facts. The sun rises because the earth turns on itsMore information
The John Locke Lectures 2009. Being Realistic about Reasons. T. M. Scanlon. Lecture 3: Motivation and the Appeal of Expressivism
The John Locke Lectures 2009 Being Realistic about Reasons T. M. Scanlon Lecture 3: Motivation and the Appeal of Expressivism The cognitivist view I have been defending has two important features in commonMore information
Boonin on the Future-Like-Ours Argument against Abortion. Pedro Galvão Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa
Boonin on the Future-Like-Ours Argument against Abortion Pedro Galvão Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa David Boonin s recent book 1 is an impressively deep and detailed attempt to establishMore information
General Philosophy. Dr Peter Millican, Hertford College. Lecture 3: Induction
General Philosophy Dr Peter Millican, Hertford College Lecture 3: Induction Hume s s Fork 2 Enquiry IV starts with a vital distinction between types of proposition: Relations of ideas can be known a prioriMore information
Argument Mapping 2: Claims and Reasons
#2 Claims and Reasons 1 Argument Mapping 2: Claims and Reasons We ll start with the very basics here, so be patient. It becomes far more challenging when we apply these basic rules to real arguments, asMore information
The Meta-Problem of Change
NOÛS 43:2 (2009) 286 314 The Meta-Problem of Change THOMAS HOFWEBER University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1. Introduction One of the central problems in metaphysics over the last so many centuriesMore information
Sounds Like Like. Peter Lasersohn. University of Rochester. Abstract: It is argued that the verb sound is ambiguous between
Sounds Like Like Peter Lasersohn University of Rochester Abstract: It is argued that the verb sound is ambiguous between one reading where it denotes a two-place relation between individuals and properties,More information
Does rationality consist in responding correctly to reasons? John Broome Journal of Moral Philosophy, 4 (2007), pp. 349 74.
Does rationality consist in responding correctly to reasons? John Broome Journal of Moral Philosophy, 4 (2007), pp. 349 74. 1. Rationality and responding to reasons Some philosophers think that rationalityMore information
The Refutation of Relativism
The Refutation of Relativism There are many different versions of relativism: ethical relativism conceptual relativism, and epistemic relativism are three. In this paper, I will be concerned with onlyMore information
Session 8 Smith, Is There A Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law?
Session 8 Smith, Is There A Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law? Identifying the Question Not: Does the fact that some act is against the law provide us with a reason to believe (i.e. evidence) thatMore information
87 CONCEPTUAL CONTINGENCY AND ABSTRACT EXISTENCE BY MARK COLYVAN Mathematical statements such as There are infinitely many prime numbers and 2 ℵ 0 > ℵ 0 are usually thought to be necessarily true. NotMore information
Descartes rationalism
Michael Lacewing Descartes rationalism Descartes Meditations provide an extended study in establishing knowledge through rational intuition and deduction. We focus in this handout on three central claims:More information
Is there a problem about nonconceptual content?
Is there a problem about nonconceptual content? Jeff Speaks (forthcoming in the Philosophical Review) 1 Two understandings of nonconceptual content.................. 1 2 The case for nonconceptual content..........................More information
COMPARATIVES WITHOUT DEGREES: A NEW APPROACH. FRIEDERIKE MOLTMANN IHPST, Paris email@example.com
COMPARATIVES WITHOUT DEGREES: A NEW APPROACH FRIEDERIKE MOLTMANN IHPST, Paris firstname.lastname@example.com It has become common to analyse comparatives by using degrees, so that John is happier than Mary wouldMore information
Using, Mentioning and Quoting: A Reply to Saka 1 Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore
Using, Mentioning and Quoting: A Reply to Saka 1 Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore Paul Saka, in a recent paper, declares that we can use, mention, or quote an expression. Whether a speaker is using orMore information
The compositional semantics of same
The compositional semantics of same Mike Solomon Amherst College Abstract Barker (2007) proposes the first strictly compositional semantic analysis of internal same. I show that Barker s analysis failsMore information
Same-Sex Marriage and the Argument from Public Disagreement
Same-Sex Marriage and the Argument from Public Disagreement David Boonin Most arguments against same-sex marriage rest at least in part on claims about the moral status of homosexuality: claims to theMore information
Michael Lacewing Descartes arguments for distinguishing mind and body THE KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT In Meditation II, having argued that he knows he thinks, Descartes then asks what kind of thing he is. DiscussionsMore information
The Right of a State to Control Immigration
The Right of a State to Control Immigration Caleb Yong Nuffield College, Oxford firstname.lastname@example.com DRAFT only. Please do not cite. Comments very welcome. NOTE: This is a revised version of oneMore information
CHAPTER 7 GENERAL PROOF SYSTEMS 1 Introduction Proof systems are built to prove statements. They can be thought as an inference machine with special statements, called provable statements, or sometimesMore information
Read this syllabus very carefully. If there are any reasons why you cannot comply with what I am requiring, then talk with me about this at once.
LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING PHIL 2020 Maymester Term, 2010 Daily, 9:30-12:15 Peabody Hall, room 105 Text: LOGIC AND RATIONAL THOUGHT by Frank R. Harrison, III Professor: Frank R. Harrison, III Office:More information
How Expressivists Can and Should Solve Their Problem with Negation
NOÛS 42:4 (2008) 573 599 How Expressivists Can and Should Solve Their Problem with Negation MARK SCHROEDER University of Southern California Expressivists have a problem with negation. The problem is thatMore information
Friday, August 29, 2008 TRIAL ADVOCACY. The Art of Jury Selection: Working With Challenges. Ben Rubinowitz and Evan Torgan
Friday, August 29, 2008 TRIAL ADVOCACY The Art of Jury Selection: Working With Challenges Ben Rubinowitz and Evan Torgan It has been said that the purpose of jury selection is to select a 'fair and impartial'More information
MILD DILEMMAS. Keywords: standard moral dilemmas, mild dilemmas, blame
MILD DILEMMAS Gregory Mellema Department of Philosophy Calvin College Grand Rapids, MI firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract. This paper argues that, while the existence of strong moral dilemmas is notoriously controversial,More information
Last time we had arrived at the following provisional interpretation of Aquinas second way:
Aquinas Third Way Last time we had arrived at the following provisional interpretation of Aquinas second way: 1. 2. 3. 4. At least one thing has an efficient cause. Every causal chain must either be circular,More information
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS HOUSTON DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. CRIMINAL ACTION H-00-0000 DEFENDANT(S) JURY INSTRUCTIONS I. General A. Introduction Members of the Jury:More information
DISCUSSION NOTE BY MARK MCBRIDE JOURNAL OF ETHICS & SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY DISCUSSION NOTE JUNE 2011 URL: WWW.JESP.ORG COPYRIGHT MARK MCBRIDE 2011 Justifications and Excuses: Mutually Exclusive? V IRTUALLYMore information
Michael Lacewing Substance dualism A substance is traditionally understood as an entity, a thing, that does not depend on another entity in order to exist. Substance dualism holds that there are two fundamentallyMore information
CHAPTER 4: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION CHAPTER OVERVIEW Chapter 4 introduces you to the related concepts of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. The chapter begins with definitions of these threeMore information
A Puzzle about Ontology
NO ^US 39:2 (2005) 256 283 A Puzzle about Ontology THOMAS HOFWEBER University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1 Ontology Ontology is the philosophical discipline that tries to find out what there is:More information
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF HAWAII. J. MICHAEL SEABRIGHT United States District Judge
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF HAWAII August 8, 2011 J. MICHAEL SEABRIGHT United States District Judge GENERAL FEDERAL JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CIVIL CASES INDEX 1 DUTY OF JUDGE 2More information
Is Mental Content Prior to Linguistic Meaning?
NOÛS 40:3 (2006) 428 467 Is Mental Content Prior to Linguistic Meaning? JEFF SPEAKS University of Notre Dame Most contemporary work on the nature of intentionality proceeds from the thesis that the fundamentalMore information
THE ORDINARY CONCEPT OF HAPPINESS (AND OTHERS LIKE IT) [Forthcoming in Emotion Review] Jonathan Phillips 1, Luke Misenheimer 2 and Joshua Knobe 1,3 1 Program in Cognitive Science, Yale University; 2 DepartmentMore information
A Brief Guide to Writing the Philosophy Paper
HARVARD COLLEGE Writing Center WRITING CENTER BRIEF GUIDE SERIES A Brief Guide to Writing the Philosophy Paper The Challenges of Philosophical Writing The aim of the assignments in your philosophy classesMore information
Undergraduate Psychology Major Learning Goals and Outcomes i
Undergraduate Psychology Major Learning Goals and Outcomes i Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology Demonstrate familiarity with the major concepts, theoretical perspectives, empirical findings, and historicalMore information
Two-Dimensional Semantics
Two-Dimensional Semantics David J. Chalmers Philosophy Program Research School of Social Sciences Australian National University Two-dimensional approaches to semantics, broadly understood, recognize twoMore information
Omnipotence & prayer
Omnipotence & prayer Today, we ll be discussing two theological paradoxes: paradoxes arising from the idea of an omnipotent being, and paradoxes arising from the religious practice of prayer. So far, inMore information
Lecture 8 The Subjective Theory of Betting on Theories
Lecture 8 The Subjective Theory of Betting on Theories Patrick Maher Philosophy 517 Spring 2007 Introduction The subjective theory of probability holds that the laws of probability are laws that rationalMore information
From Logic to Montague Grammar: Some Formal and Conceptual Foundations of Semantic Theory
From Logic to Montague Grammar: Some Formal and Conceptual Foundations of Semantic Theory Syllabus Linguistics 720 Tuesday, Thursday 2:30 3:45 Room: Dickinson 110 Course Instructor: Seth Cable Course Mentor:More information
Stages in a Capital Case from http://deathpenaltyinfo.msu.edu/
Stages in a Capital Case from http://deathpenaltyinfo.msu.edu/ Note that not every case goes through all of the steps outlined here. Some states have different procedures. I. Pre-Trial Crimes that wouldMore information
Must Philosophers Rely on Intuitions? Avner Baz. For several decades now philosophers in the mainstream of analytic philosophy, in their
Must Philosophers Rely on Intuitions? Avner Baz For several decades now philosophers in the mainstream of analytic philosophy, in their pursuit of a theory of x (knowledge, necessary truth, causation,More information
The Role of Dispute Settlement Procedures in International Trade Agreements: Online Appendix
The Role of Dispute Settlement Procedures in International Trade Agreements: Online Appendix Giovanni Maggi Yale University, NBER and CEPR Robert W. Staiger Stanford University and NBER November 2010 1.More information
Things That Might Not Have Been Michael Nelson University of California at Riverside firstname.lastname@example.com
Things That Might Not Have Been Michael Nelson University of California at Riverside email@example.com Quantified Modal Logic (QML), to echo Arthur Prior, is haunted by the myth of necessary existence. FeaturesMore information
Kant s deontological ethics
Michael Lacewing Kant s deontological ethics DEONTOLOGY Deontologists believe that morality is a matter of duty. We have moral duties to do things which it is right to do and moral duties not to do thingsMore information
Flaws in the Use of Loan Defaults To Test for Mortgage Lending Discrimination
Flaws in the Use of Loan Defaults To Test for Mortgage Lending Discrimination Flaws in the Use of Loan Defaults To Test for Mortgage Lending Discrimination Stephen L. Ross University of Connecticut AbstractMore information
Same-Sex Marriage: Breeding Ground for Logical Fallacies
1 Same-Sex Marriage: Breeding Ground for Logical Fallacies One cannot offer any disagreement that same-sex marriage has gained a great deal of publicity in the recent years. While the issue played a largeMore information
Overview of the TACITUS Project
Overview of the TACITUS Project Jerry R. Hobbs Artificial Intelligence Center SRI International 1 Aims of the Project The specific aim of the TACITUS project is to develop interpretation processes forMore information
1/9. Locke 1: Critique of Innate Ideas
1/9 Locke 1: Critique of Innate Ideas This week we are going to begin looking at a new area by turning our attention to the work of John Locke, who is probably the most famous English philosopher of allMore information
Ethical Egoism. 1. What is Ethical Egoism?: Let s turn to another theory about the nature of morality: Ethical Egoism.
Ethical Egoism 1. What is Ethical Egoism?: Let s turn to another theory about the nature of morality: Ethical Egoism. Ethical Egoism: The morally right action is the one that best promotes the agent sMore information
A framing effect is usually said to occur when equivalent descriptions of a
FRAMING EFFECTS A framing effect is usually said to occur when equivalent descriptions of a decision problem lead to systematically different decisions. Framing has been a major topic of research in theMore information
Introduction. My thesis is summarized in my title, No. God, No Laws : the concept of a law of Nature cannot be
No God, No Laws Nancy Cartwright Philosophy LSE and UCSD Introduction. My thesis is summarized in my title, No God, No Laws : the concept of a law of Nature cannot be made sense of without God. It is notMore information
Methodological Issues for Interdisciplinary Research
J. T. M. Miller, Department of Philosophy, University of Durham 1 Methodological Issues for Interdisciplinary Research Much of the apparent difficulty of interdisciplinary research stems from the natureMore information
Introduction. Dear Leader,
Table of Contents Introduction...4 Meeting and Setting Goals...6 Week 1: The Great Human Questions...9 Week 2: Examining the Ways We Know...15 Week 3: The Christian Worldview...24 Appendix A: The DivineMore information
Sense and Meaning. Consider the following familiar and seemingly cogent anti-fregean argument. 1
Sense and Meaning João Branquinho Universidade de Lisboa firstname.lastname@example.com Consider the following familiar and seemingly cogent anti-fregean argument. 1 Take a pair of strict synonyms in English,More information
CROSS EXAMINATION OF AN EXPERT WITNESS IN A CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE CASE. Mark Montgomery
CROSS EXAMINATION OF AN EXPERT WITNESS IN A CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE CASE Mark Montgomery Post Office Box 161 Durham, NC 27702 (919) 680-6249 email@example.com Opinion Testimony by a Pediatrician/Nurse/Counselor/SocialMore information
Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals
Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals G. J. Mattey Winter, 2015/ Philosophy 1 The Division of Philosophical Labor Kant generally endorses the ancient Greek division of philosophy intoMore information
Actuality and fake tense in conditionals *
Semantics & Pragmatics Volume 8, Article 12: 1 12, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.8.12 Actuality and fake tense in conditionals * John Mackay University of Wisconsin-Madison Submitted 2014-08-02 / FirstMore information
Dummett s Legacy: Semantics, Metaphysics and Linguistic Competence
Dummett s Legacy: Semantics, Metaphysics and Linguistic Competence University of Genoa BIBLID [0873-626X (2015) 41; pp. 207-229] Abstract Throughout his philosophical career, Michael Dummett held firmlyMore information
Equalities briefing five: Perceived discrimination : the scope of the definition of disability
Equalities briefing five: Perceived discrimination : the scope of the definition of disability Rachel Crasnow, a leading member of the Cloisters employment and discrimination team examines to what extentMore information
IN RE MARRIAGE CASES (California): 2008
IN RE MARRIAGE CASES (California): 2008 These cases present the issue of the legality of gay marriage bans, in the context of previous State domestic partnership (CA) or civil union (CT) Statutes, underMore information
LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT LAW UPDATE FOR MAY 2016 LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA CITIES CONFERENCE. Timothy L. Davis. Burke, Williams & Sorensen, LLP www.bwslaw.
LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT LAW UPDATE FOR MAY 2016 LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA CITIES CONFERENCE Timothy L. Davis Burke, Williams & Sorensen, LLP www.bwslaw.com OVERVIEW FOR 2016 UPDATE Labor Law Court Decisions EmploymentMore information
EITF Issue No. 06-4 Comment Letter No. 2A, p. 1
EITF Issue No. 06-4 Helping You Keep Your Best People SM 3600 American Blvd. West, Suite 200 952 893-6767 PHONE Minneapolis, MN 55431 952 893-6797 FAX www.clarkconsulting.com June 2, 2006 Mr. LawrenceMore information
ON EXTERNAL OBJECTS By Immanuel Kant From Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
ON EXTERNAL OBJECTS By Immanuel Kant From Critique of Pure Reason (1781) General Observations on The Transcendental Aesthetic To avoid all misapprehension, it is necessary to explain, as clearly as possible,More information
Critical analysis. Be more critical! More analysis needed! That s what my tutors say about my essays. I m not really sure what they mean.
Critical analysis Be more critical! More analysis needed! That s what my tutors say about my essays. I m not really sure what they mean. I thought I had written a really good assignment this time. I didMore information
INTRODUCTION This brochure is intended to educate Treasury employees about the prevention of harassment in the workplace. Harassment is a matter of particular concern because it seriously damages the employee-employerMore information
Chapter 5, Learning to Think
From Derek Bok, Our Underachieving Colleges: A Candid Look At How Much Students Learn and Why They Should Be Learning More, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2006. Chapter 5, LearningMore information
The College Standard
The College Standard Writing College Papers: Identifying Standards and Critical Thinking Challenges Building Blocks Grammar Vocabulary Questions The Goals of Academic Writing Thesis Argument Research PlagiarismMore information
Traveling in A- and B- Time
Traveling in A- and B- Time Theodore Sider The Monist 88 (2005): 329 335 Some say that presentism precludes time travel into the past since it implies that the past does not exist, but this is a bad argument.More information
Review of Financial Statements
Review of Financial Statements 2055 AR Section 90 Review of Financial Statements Issue date, unless otherwise indicated: December 2009 See section 9090 for interpretations of this section. Source: SSARSMore information
Analyzing Research Articles: A Guide for Readers and Writers 1. Sam Mathews, Ph.D. Department of Psychology The University of West Florida
Analyzing Research Articles: A Guide for Readers and Writers 1 Sam Mathews, Ph.D. Department of Psychology The University of West Florida The critical reader of a research report expects the writer toMore information
Maximizing Strikes for Cause MAXIMIZING STRIKES FOR CAUSE IN CRIMINAL CASES BY ROBERT R. SWAFFORD I. INTRODUCTION This paper will introduce an approach to jury selection that is radically different fromMore information
Response to Critiques of Mortgage Discrimination and FHA Loan Performance
A Response to Comments Response to Critiques of Mortgage Discrimination and FHA Loan Performance James A. Berkovec Glenn B. Canner Stuart A. Gabriel Timothy H. Hannan Abstract This response discusses theMore information
Critical and creative thinking (higher order thinking) refer to a set of cognitive skills or strategies that increases the probability of a desired outcome. In an information- rich society, the qualityMore information
COURT S INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JURY (CIVIL) SEXUAL HARASSMENT. I will now explain to you the rules of law that you must follow and apply in
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA KEYBOARD()DIVISION KEYBOARD(), Plaintiff, v. KEYBOARD(), Defendants. ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] CV Members of the Jury: COURT S INSTRUCTIONSMore information
Is the Symmetry Problem Really a Problem?
Is the Symmetry Problem Really a Problem? Eliza Block The Symmetry Problem 1 is a simple and powerful challenge to the Gricean explanation of a certain class of Quantity implicatures, to the effect thatMore information
Moody Behavior. An individual s moral judgment is derived from intuition. Jonathan Haidt, who
Elias Torres Moody Behavior An individual s moral judgment is derived from intuition. Jonathan Haidt, who specializes in morality and intuition, states that even though this is how moral judgments areMore information
Intending, Intention, Intent, Intentional Action, and Acting Intentionally: Comments on Knobe and Burra
Intending, Intention, Intent, Intentional Action, and Acting Intentionally: Comments on Knobe and Burra Gilbert Harman Department of Philosophy Princeton University November 30, 2005 It is tempting toMore information
Skepticism about the external world & the problem of other minds
Skepticism about the external world & the problem of other minds So far in this course we have, broadly speaking, discussed two different sorts of issues: issues connected with the nature of persons (aMore information
A Primer in the Semantics of English
A Primer in the Semantics of English Some Nuts and Bolts 2000-2010 by Terence Parsons A Primer in the Semantics of English Some Nuts and Bolts Chapter 0: Preliminary Issues 0.1 What Sentences Do 0.2 Standing-forMore information
June 2007 Revised June 2007 Drawing the Line Between Meaning and Implicature and Relating both to Assertion
June 2007 Revised June 2007 Drawing the Line Between Meaning and Implicature and Relating both to Assertion By Scott Soames School of Philosophy University of Southern California Drawing the Line BetweenMore information
The Double Lives of Objects: An Essay in the Metaphysics of the Ordinary World
252 The Double Lives of Objects: An Essay in the Metaphysics of the Ordinary World, by Thomas Sattig. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 288 pages, ISBN 9780199683017 (hbk). In The Double Lives ofMore information
APPENDIX B GUIDELINES FOR CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS IN DIVORCE PROCEEDINGS American Psychologist July 1994 Vol. 49, No. 7, 677-680 1994 by the American Psychological Association For personal use only--notMore information
Arguments and Dialogues
ONE Arguments and Dialogues The three goals of critical argumentation are to identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments. The term argument is used in a special sense, referring to the giving of reasonsMore information
In Defense of Kantian Moral Theory Nader Shoaibi University of California, Berkeley
In Defense of Kantian Moral Theory University of California, Berkeley In this paper, I will argue that Kant provides us with a plausible account of morality. To show that, I will first offer a major criticismMore information
Comments on Professor Takao Tanase s Invoking Law as Narrative: Lawyer s Ethics and the Discourse of Law
Proceedings from the 2005 Sho Sato Conference in Honor of Takao Tanase Comments on Professor Takao Tanase s Invoking Law as Narrative: Lawyer s Ethics and the Discourse of Law Norman Spaulding StanfordMore information
The dynamics of subjectivity
Proceedings of SALT 23: 276 294, 2013 The dynamics of subjectivity Nicholas Fleisher University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Abstract I adapt the dynamic framework for vagueness of Barker 2002 to the analysisMore information
1 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR ADVANCED MASTERS PROGRAMS CURRICULUM STUDIES 2 PREAMBLE VINCENTIAN SPIRIT AND URBAN MISSION Given that the School of Education subscribes to the Vincentian spirit and urbanMore information
Introduction: Presuppositions in Context Theoretical Issues and Experimental Perspectives
Introduction: Presuppositions in Context Theoretical Issues and Experimental Perspectives Florian Schwarz Abstract A central issue in semantics and pragmatics is to understand how various different aspectsMore information
Descartes Fourth Meditation On human error
Descartes Fourth Meditation On human error Descartes begins the fourth Meditation with a review of what he has learned so far. He began his search for certainty by questioning the veracity of his own senses.More information
WHAT ARE MATHEMATICAL PROOFS AND WHY THEY ARE IMPORTANT? introduction Many students seem to have trouble with the notion of a mathematical proof. People that come to a course like Math 216, who certainlyMore information
Reality in the Eyes of Descartes and Berkeley. By: Nada Shokry 5/21/2013 AUC - Philosophy
Reality in the Eyes of Descartes and Berkeley By: Nada Shokry 5/21/2013 AUC - Philosophy Shokry, 2 One person's craziness is another person's reality. Tim Burton This quote best describes what one findsMore information
OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL. Opn. No. 2000-1
Page 1 of 6 Opn. No. 2000-1 US CONST, FOURTH AMEND; CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW 1.20, 140.10, 140.25, 140.30; PENAL LAW 10.00; 8 USC, CH 12, 1252c, 1253(c), 1254(a)(1), 1255a, 1324(a) and (c), 1325(b). NewMore information
PHILOSOPHY 101: CRITICAL THINKING [days and times] [classroom] [semester] 20YY, [campus] [instructor s name] [office hours: days and times] [instructor s e-mail] COURSE OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES 1. IdentifyMore information


text:
Skinny Hottie BRUNETTE loves to get wet part 2
Skinny argentinian slut loves to get ass drilled
Sexy Skinny Hottie Masturbates To Orgasm On Webcam And loves Part3
Tiny pussy wife grinds toy to get skinny body wet
Skinny hottie loves to suck a cock dry after some butt sex...
Naughty hottie loves to get naked and bend over displaying
blonde babe loves to get her wet pussy explored
Hung boys piss gay Devin Loves To Get Wet!
Pissing by army gay Devin Loves To Get Wet!
she loves to get her wet pussy slammed and destroyed
Stunning brunette hottie loves to suck
Men model pakistan movie gay porn Devin Loves To Get Wet!
Pissing movies gay man first time Devin Loves To Get Wet!
she loves to get her wet pussy hammered like a nail
Wet Horny Teen Chubby BBW GF loves to get fucked-1
Wet Horny Teen Chubby BBW GF loves to get fucked-2
This slutty brunette loves to get both holes stretched to
Naughty college girl who loves to get wet & show off. W
Xxx gay porn of men showering together Devin Loves To Get Wet!
Sexy slender brunette loves to suck cock and to get nailed in the ass
Hottie brunette chick Alex Chance loves cock to fuck
Pretty brunette hottie is excited to get her cunt pounded h
TrafficHolder.com - Buy and Sell Adult Traffic|Trafficshop.com - Let your business grow|Contact Us|Webmaster
All content, including images, text, graphics, video and audio content contained in the website is protected under the laws of copyright, owned or under license to company or its designees,and represents proprietary and valuable intellectual property.
Contact Webmaster 18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement
Powered by Stream Rotator

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hillsborough Village Beechworth Victoria Australia
Nestled behind the elm trees along Beechworth's Sydney Road is Hillsborough Village, a stylish 17 house estate for over 55's with pretty gardens and a secure environment.
On 1 July 2016, Hillsborough Village was purchased by UPA Murray from Ian and Sharyn Vincent, Beechworth local residents, who developed the village.
Hillsborough is less than 1 kilometre from the historic town's centre and a 5 minute walk to the Beechworth Health Service, including nursing home and hospital facilities.
Beechworth is regarded as Victoria's best preserved gold rush town with an amazing streetscape and a vibrant community of small business, tourism services, cafes and boutique shops.
Hillsborough's name is from the 1850's gold mining settlement located between the local towns of Yackandandah and Stanley.
Come and visit Beechworth's only retirement living village with many excellent facilities.


text:
Bringing out the big rigs; 43,000 more wide-load permits issued in ND
Move over North Dakota drivers, because there are thousands more oversized semis on the roads than last year, officials say.
The North Dakota Highway Patrol reported 43,000 more wide-load permits in 2011 than the previous year.
"If you look at the types of equipment that is required to either service oil rigs or just the movement of the rig pieces themselves...we are permitting more over-dimensional loads," said Capt. Eldon Mehrer, NDHP Motor Carrier Operations commander in Bismarck.
The NDHP totals overweight load permits between Oct. 1 and Sept. 30. Mehrer said permits for semis that are overweight that cannot be taken apart have increased by more than 14,000 over last year. Permits for loads that can be taken apart have increased by almost 29,000 this year.
Dunn County Sheriff Don Rockvoy has not only noticed an increase in oversized semis on the road, he said more semis without oversized permits are being stopped.
"We check a lot of permits. We are checking them every day," he said, adding that the sheriff's department had weighed-in its second semi of the day as of 3:30 p.m. that day.
Rockvoy said some semi drivers try to get past the system, but some are not always intentional.
"Sometimes it might be a new company to the area and they haven't done their research and know that they are supposed to be using permits," he said. "Some we see they'll have a permit, but they'll have it permitted for way less than what they actually are."
Killdeer Police Chief Chris Fenstermaker said semis are not allowed on city residential streets, though some semis are caught driving in town.
"It is kind of a battle, but it's no more than anything else," he said. "They only usually do it once, and then they are done with it."
Semi drivers do not need a permit unless their loads are more than 8-feet, 6-inches wide, 14-feet, 6-inches tall or 75-feet long, Mehrer said.
Weight restrictions depend on the roads traveled. For example, semis can weigh up to 80,000 pounds on interstates without being permitted. Drivers are required to pay $20 for a 72-hour permit. Drivers can also get annual permits.
After receiving a permit, oversized semis must use banners and flags that designate their load as over the legal weight. Drivers are also not allowed to drive more than 30 minutes before sunrise or 30 minutes after sunset.
Mehrer said drivers should be aware of the blind spots over-dimensional loads may have. He added motorists should slow down and pull over to the right side of the road when meeting oversized semis.
Rockvoy also said motorists need to be aware of what the drivers need to do, such as making wider turns. He added drivers need to have patience.
"The (semi) drivers are professional, but the motoring public just has to be careful because it is a big piece of equipment coming down the road," he said. "We see a lot of people now that don't have the patience to follow them."
Mehrer said the No. 1 factor in accidents and crashes is speed, and driving around oversized semis is no different. Motorists should not let other activities distract them -- texting, talking, eating, etc.
"Ultimately, how you drive and how safe you drive is the responsibility of the person behind the wheel," he said. "There is a great deal of personal responsibility that people have to drive safely. We want people to concentrate on what they should be doing behind the wheel, and that's driving in the safest manner possible."


text:
Sydney Exhibition Centre @ Glebe Island is the new home for
Sydney's major trade and consumer exhibitions while world class
Sydney international convention, exhibition and entertainment
facilities are built at Darling Harbour.
Now open, Sydney Exhibition Centre @ Glebe Island offers up to
25,000 square metres of high quality space specifically constructed
for Sydney's exhibitions and tradeshows.
To ensure exhibitors and consumers can easily reach the venue,
the NSW Government is providing special event transport on show
days. The venue is a fully equipped, hard-wall structure that
provides all the services needed for successful events.
Large public exhibitions and trade shows attract more than half
a million people each year and generate annually about $100 million
in economic benefit for NSW.
For example, Sydney International Boat Show organisers report
each one of their shows turns over $450 million, including follow
up orders. That means about $5 million per hour. The Boat Show
provides work for about 5,000 people.
During the redevelopment at Darling Harbour, Sydney Exhibition
Centre @ Glebe Island will support the thousands of exhibitors and
associated businesses - such as riggers, electricians, fit out
companies and caterers - that rely on large exhibitions for their
For more information or to make an enquiry for your event to be
held at Glebe Island visit www.sydneyexhibitioncentre.com.au.
Tuesday, May 16, 2017
Deputy Premier John Barilaro, Minister for Roads, Maritime and Freight Melinda Pavey and Member for Barwon Kevin Humphries have today announced $150 million for Round One of Fixing Country Rail. Read more
NSW Treasurer and Member for Hawkesbury Dominic Perrottet and Minister for Western Sydney Stuart Ayres today released the long term plan to mitigate flood risk for the Hawkesbury-Nepean Valley. Read more
Thursday, March 16, 2017
Minister for Corrections David Elliott today announced the preferred proponent for a new 1700-bed prison in Grafton, providing regional jobs, state-of-the-art security and rehabilitation services for inmates. Read more


text:
Osborne: unlikely Greece will exit euro now
Chancellor George Osborne said on Friday he thought it currently unlikely that Greece would exit the euro, warning people should not underestimate how traumatic the event could be if it did.
I wouldn't say at the moment it was likely, he told BBC radio when asked how likely Greece's departure was.
But clearly the rest of the euro zone have said to Greece that if it does not fulfil its part of the bargain then it is going to be faced with the choice of leaving the euro.
(Reporting by Avril Ormsby)


text:
Bella Danger – Naughty Office
Released: September 9, 2014
Bella Danger is visiting her man at the office. She hasn't seen him all week because he's been so busy. Well she's been so horny. Since the office is empty Bella takes this opportunity to whip out her man's dick and have him fuck her on his desk.


text:
Many thanks to Gavin and Karen and everybody at the Shandon Food group who we gave a talk to last night in Edinburgh. It was a great turnout and its brilliant to see an urban equivalent of the Fife Diet emerging. It's a very short time between all this being 'incredible' and 'impossible' and brand-new to lots of people trying it and it sort of becoming self-evident. The Shandon group are looking to:
* Work with local shops to increase the amount of local and seasonal produce for sale.
* Encourage more use of gardens and backgreens for growing fruit and vegetables, with access to free advice and materials; starter pack and web-based advice.
* Organising delivery of fruit and vegetable boxes from local organic producers on a much larger scale than at present.
* Increasing the amount of kitchen waste being composted for use in gardens.
The week before (or was it the week before that?) we were in Linlithgow at the brilliant Linlithgrow project, who are also Climate Challenge Fund winners and are doing an amazing job mobilising the town to downshift to our low-carbon future. Thanks to Mel and everyone there for organising that.
We really appreciated Mike coming to Linlithgow – it was an inspiring evening! look forward to hearing about other local food groups as they get off the ground
sorry for blowing your cover There was lots of good practical stuff too!
Hi and thanks for making us sound so highbrow! It's great to see something happening in the city.
Thanks for coming over to Shandon and giving the inspiring talk. Nice to see the quotes from Voltaire, Geddes and Mumford which put the whole endeavour in context.


text:
- Home >
- Footwear & Footcare >
- Cosyfeet - 5 Reflexology Insoles - Size 7 (Mens) Cosyfeet - 5 Reflexology Insoles - Size 7 (Mens)+-
You may also like: Insoles & Heel Pads
Cosyfeet - 5 Reflexology Insole
Give yourself a boost!
- These original reflex-zone insoles gently massage the pressure points of the feet helping to boost circulation to the head, pelvic and sciatic regions, improving breathing and relaxing muscle tension in the shoulders and upper part of the abdomen.
- Made from the softest calf leather, they provide all-day foot comfort whilst gently stimulating the body to produce an improved feeling of well being.
Why you'll love 5 Point Reflexology Insoles...
- A simple way to help boost circulation and enhance your feeling of well being
- Gents Size: 7
Related Categories
- Menu


text:
All Posts Tagged Tag: 'Word Game'
Waggle Words is Coming!
You and me and baby makes three. And another baby makes four. And two cats and two dogs and six chickens makes fourteen. And then Mama decides she wants honey bees and the total soars to somewhere around 25,000. That's the family that makes up …


text:
Status: Open
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Airline Pet Clinic practices at 3304 Glade Street, Muskegon, MI 49444.
Veterinarians offer general and emergency pet care services. Some veterinarians offer 24 hour emergency services-call to confirm hours and availability.
To learn more, or to make an appointment with Airline Pet Clinic in Muskegon, MI, please call (231) 739-1092 for more information.
Be the first MLive.com user to add photos or videos of Airline Pet Clinic
We recently took our six month old little puppy in for his first visit. He was handled with expert care and professionalism. A big thank you to the staff for taking such good care of our baby! We will return again and again.
Airline Pet Clinic is located at 3304 Glade St, Muskegon, MI. This business specializes in Veterinarians and Veterinary Medicine.
Airline Pet Clinic is a Veterinarians facility at 3304 Glade Street in Muskegon, MI.


text:
Every year, a handful of NFL Draft prospects get so hyped up that they end up hearing their name called a lot earlier than they should. Whether teams fall prey to the hype, or just flat out miss on their evaluations, you can go back every year and find at least one first round selection that shouldn't have been made.
We're still a couple months out from the Draft, but there are already prospects getting hyped up into the first round that shouldn't be. These are players that teams are likely to reach on, and the Denver Broncos shouldn't be one of them. This doesn't mean these players are not good, it is just that they don't belong in the first round.
Cam Robinson, Offensive Tackle, Alabama Crimson Tide
At 6-foot-6 and 320 pounds, Robinson has the size of an NFL offensive tackle. He is also young, set to turn only 22 years old during this next season. Add in the experience he has playing in the SEC and you can understand why he is going to get over-hyped. It's something that has already happened, though the hype seems to be calming down of late.
For the longest time, I stood alone on the "Robinson isn't a first round player" front. His technique is a mess. While his size may say NFL offensive tackle, what his play actually shows is NFL offensive guard.
He reminds me so much of Ereck Flowers out of Miami just a couple years ago. Flowers was one of those players taken in the first round who shouldn't have been. Like Flowers, Robinson projects best as a guard at the NFL level, though Flowers is playing left tackle, but doing it poorly I might add.
http://www.scout.com/nfl/broncos/story/1681565-5-reasons-you-should-go-p... Despite the experience Robinson has, scouts and offensive line coaches are seriously concerned with where his technique is at. At times, he shows beautiful technique, though it is very rare to see.
You often see him winning with superior strength, with help from a teammate, or with the defender losing the match-up more than Robinson winning it. Add in the fact he lunges on almost every snap, and you have a player that NFL defensive linemen are going to eat up.
Robinson simply isn't a first round prospect, and this is now being repeated by many scouts in and around the NFL. Scouts view him as a guard at the pro level.
It is likely a team gets desperate, drafts Robinson early and sticks him at left tackle, like the New York Giants did with Flowers. Fans should hope that the Broncos don't do that. There are better options at 20 for the offensive line than Robinson.
Malik McDowell, Defensive Line, Michigan State Spartans
McDowell flashes whenever you put on his tape. However, consistency is a major concern, along with maturity, motor and football IQ.
You can watch him do something excellent on one play, than the next he shows 20 percent effort, or gets sloppy and beaten. It is maddening to watch someone who has his ability seemingly not care for 50 percent or more snaps of a game.
Now there is no question that McDowell has a high ceiling. His flashes are jaw dropping. It's just that, on top of the previous issues mentioned, his technique is non-existent.
McDowell often relies on his strength, or athleticism to win, which is good, but you have to have technique. Players need a plan of attack and combining strength/athleticism with technique could make him even more dangerous than he is.
There is also the question of how long it'll be before McDowell is a full-fledged starter, which is what you want with a first round pick. It is my belief that he is a two-year project, at least, before being a full time starter.
He can contribute in 15-20 percent of snaps per game right away, then maybe 30-40 percent in year two. He is a project with a ridiculously high ceiling that he may not reach.
With his maturity, motor, football IQ, lack of technique and just being a long-term project, McDowell is a prospect to avoid in round one, especially for Denver.
Garett Bolles, Offensive Linemen, Utah Utes
It wasn't long ago I was okay with Bolles at 20 — if Denver doesn't address the offensive line in free agency. But as I've recently reported, they are expected to.
My opinion of Bolles changed after doing more tape study on him. His flaws were on display and changed my opinion fromhim being a day-one left tackle option to strictly a right tackle in the NFL.
First off, there is his age. He will be 25 years old before the beginning of the season.
http://www.scout.com/nfl/broncos/story/1755681-listen-rb-slot-wr-prospec... While people outside the NFL will make a bigger deal about that than NFL folks, it is still a concern for teams. There are also concerns about core strength, bend, lack of power in his lower body and many other issues with his game. He isn't a project, and can start day one, but he does need a lot of refining.
Take Bolles in the second round. I am all aboard with that. Watching him, I just don't see a first round player, nor a left tackle.
Playing in the AFC West, the right tackle has become just as important with edge rushers like Khalil Mack, Justin Houston and Joey Bosa, the value for right tackles is higher than ever. What it comes down to for Bolles is just not being a first round talent.
Zach Cunningham, Linebacker, Vanderbilt Commodores
Here, I am going to cheat a little. I said to start that these are players getting first round hype who shouldn't be, but with this player he should, but only for the right scheme. The scheme the Broncos run is not that scheme, however, and even if it was, he would be redundant with the personnel they already have.
Cunningham has a similar style to current Broncos linebacker Brandon Marshall. They play much better when not taking on blockers and can fly through space and openings to attack the ball carrier.
Put those two next to each other and you have two linebackers who struggle taking on blocks. Denver needs a linebacker who can take on blocks, which would open up Marshall. This is what Danny Trevathan did for Marshall and why they were a great tandem.
Cunningham is a great player. He has a lot of upside and talent. If you want a day-one starter in an attacking 4-3 scheme ad your weakside linebacker, Cunningham is your guy.
However, for the Broncos, his style is just too similar to Marshall for it to work for the defense and plays to Cunningham's weaknesses. So, yes. I cheated a little here, but Cunningham is still one the Broncos should avoid simply due to scheme and personnel.
Christian McCaffrey, Gadget, Stanford Cardinal
To put it bluntly, McCaffrey is not a first round prospect. Yes, he put up some big numbers in his time at Stanford, but you scout the player not the stats.
McCaffrey is a solid player that can do a lot for a team, which helps his value. That doesn't make him a first round prospect.
His vision is good, but not great. Balance is also good, but not great. His size isn't ideal and not that of a workhorse running back, which is fine because McCaffrey is a gadget player.
Five Hot Threads On The MHH ForumsKyle Shanahan: Broncos Dodged A Bullet Broncos Interested In Victor Cruz Where Broncos Sit In Draft Order Broncos Draft Talk Free Agent Wish LIst
He is the type of player you give 10-15 touches a game, mostly as a receiver out of the backfield or in the slot. That doesn't include as a returner, which also helps his value.
There are serious concerns about how much of his success was McCaffrey and how much of it was the team around him. Stanford had one of the best run-blocking units in college, which helped McCaffrey out a lot.
They often were able to give him so much space he just had to make one defender miss for a big gain. In the NFL, the odds are he won't have that benefit.
Being a gadget runner helps his value, but what hurts his value is that there are many other plays who can bring the same thing to a team that don't have to be taken early. McCaffrey is a constant riser and faller heading into this draft.
While he is a good player, he isn't first round good, even with his versatility. If Denver's options are to take McCaffrey in the first, or one of the other guys in the third or fourth round, then go with the other guy.
The talk I have heard has McCaffrey slipping out of the first, which would be perfect. He is excellent value in the second round, while bad value in the first, especially at 20.
McCaffrey isn't a top 32 player, let alone top 20. His dad's legacy in Denver doesn't change that, and Denver shouldn't reach for him. Many Denver-based media types are too caught up in his hype because of his dad's legacy to realize that.
So those are my five prospects the Broncos should avoid. Maybe now we should take a look at five player flying under the radar that the Broncos should consider in the first round. Stay tuned for that.
Erick Trickel is the Senior Draft Analyst for Mile High Huddle. You can find him on Twitter @ErickTrickel.
Follow Mile High Huddle on Twitter @MileHighHuddle and on Facebook.


text:
If you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase, you can return your order to the warehouse for a full refund (Bottles must be unopened, in the state you received them, and in the original packaging). We believe that in order to have the best possible online shopping experience, our customers should not have to pay for domestic return shipping. So if you're not happy with your purchase, just contact us right away and we will provide you with details for returning the unopened bottles - your domestic shipping costs are prepaid by us.
With the WineChateau.com 365 day return policy, there are no special catches or exceptions. All we ask is that you send the items back to us in the original packaging, unopened, and in the same condition you received them.
Have questions? Prefer to order by Phone? The Wine Chateau Customer Loyalty Team (WCCLT) is happy to help!
Call WCCLT Monday - Friday 10am - 7pm EST:
1-888-423-8079 or
Email Wine Chateau Customer Loyalty Team
Kendall-Jackson have remained at the peak of Sonoma County winemakers due to their commitment to produce quality, terroir-driven wines that also offer fantastic value to all consumers. Utilising their vineyards in the coastal regions, Kendall-Jackson are able to produce a Merlot that is both smooth of texture and flavour and yet jam packed full of concentration and richness. The length of flavour is helped by the addition of some Malbec and Petit Verdot which adds elegant structure.


text:
Flat Pigskin
We're not happy about it either, Jeb. Alas the Bowl Championship Series computer oracle has spoken: The Canes, who beat the Seminoles in an October slosh-fest, must face the team again on New Year's Day. Any real Floridian prefers a Buckeye-Cane Orange Bowl matchup. And Cane fans, like the Govenuh, seek redemption from the double-overtime loss to Ohio State in last year's championship game. Our hotels will be forlorn, our beaches desolate, our coffers lighter without those tanning and tipping Midwestern hides. Instead we must greet the year by wagering our hard-won bragging rights. Miami is also slated to take on the Tallahassee tribe for next season's opener. The teams could meet yet again in the ACC championship. One might be saddened thinking of so much free Sunshine State PR lost to the rest of the nation while our teams exhaust themselves with incestuous competitions. But 'tis the season to be as jolly as Cane Guard Chris Myers, who told a Miami Herald sportswriter he got goose bumps upon learning he was to live the drama of a drawn-out, in-state rivalry. Kickoff is at 8:30 p.m. at Pro Player Stadium, 2269 Dan Marino Blvd. Tickets range from $75 to $130. See www.orangebowl.org. Call 305-623-6100. -- By Victor Cruz
Counting Beaks
Birders keep tabs on winged wonders
Upcoming Events
The Spotlight
TicketsFri., Aug. 25, 10:00pm
Social Distortion
TicketsSat., Aug. 26, 7:00pm
Lez Zeppelin
TicketsSat., Aug. 26, 8:00pm
Venezuela es Mucho Mas
TicketsSat., Aug. 26, 8:00pm
They have their eyes peeled to the heavens searching for fine feathered friends. They are birders, in this case members of the Tropical Audubon Society, who are counting the number of winged species they see flying, swimming, or just hanging around parts of Coot Bay and Flamingo in the Everglades. The count is a yearly tally that reveals avian migratory patterns and activities. Be prepared for flamingos from the Yucatan and visiting warblers, as well as a good number of egrets, herons, and cardinals. The bird count starts at dawn at various locations throughout Flamingo. Admission is by donation. For details and directions call 305-380-0814. -- By Juan Carlos Rodriguez
Get the Things to Do Newsletter
Sign up for our weekly guide to events in Miami, and never be bored again. With suggestions for every day of the week, our recommendations will keep you busy on any budget.
Popular Stories
Upcoming Events
Mary J. Blige
TicketsTue., Aug. 22, 8:00pm
Premios Tu Mundo
TicketsThu., Aug. 24, 8:00pm
Looking for Summer Tour
TicketsFri., Aug. 25, 7:00pm
Friday Night Live
TicketsFri., Aug. 25, 9:00pm
Sponsor Content


text:
Urbafloria designs gorgeous, innovative landscapes with the natural environment in mind. Carefully considering the needs of the client, the existing site conditions, and the impact on the earth, we create a unique design that will truly thrive and look beautiful for years to come.
"Service is the rent we pay for the privilege of living on this earth." - Shirley Chisholm


text:
An Expressive Theory of Punishment
Category: E-Book
An Expressive Theory of Punishment By Bill Wringe
2016 | 200 Pages | ISBN: 1137357118 | PDF | 2 MB
This book argues that punishment's function is to communicate a message about an offenders' wrongdoing to society at large. It discusses both 'paradigmatic' cases of punishment, where a state punishes its own citizens, and non-paradigmatic cases such as the punishment of corporations and the punishment of war criminals by international tribunals.
Download link:
Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction - Premium is support resumable
Mirror Links


text:
Ableton Announces Distribution Agreement With Focusrite – Novation Live Controller On Its Way?
Ableton has announced a new UK distribution partnership with Focusrite, who owns Novation. The partnership has raised speculation among Ableton aficionados that a sanctioned controller could be on its way to the Live faithful.
Many Ableton Live users have wondered aloud whether the concern would ever get into the hardware game and release a designated controller to take the software's performance to the next level. Many artists, such as Sasha with his Maven, have gone to great lengths to construct their own controller from the ground up, including Ableton's very own Robert Henke, a.k.a. Monolake with his Monodeck.
The Future: The companies are quite chummy, and Focusrite developing a designated controller with direct input from Ableton is not out of the question, especially with the success that Novation has had in that arena.


text:
This Application collects some Personal Data from its Users.
Personal Data: email address
Personal Data: Cookies and Usage data
Malosa. Ashday Works Business Park, Elland Road, Elland, West Yorkshire. HX5 9JB. UK, email@example.com
Latest update: June 13, 2013
iubenda hosts this page and collects
some Personal Data about Users
Privacy Policy generated with


text:
Zamalek to lodge complaint against Augusto Inácio
Zamalek chairman Mortada Mansour has confirmed that his club will lodge a complaint to...
The Egyptian national volleyball team have won the 2015 men's African Nations Championship after an impressive 3-0 win against Tunisia.
The Pharaohs have won their eighth African Nations Championship (CAVB) after beating rivals Tunisia on Thursday, tying the Carthage Eagles' record for most titles in the process.
The Egyptian National Team crushed Tunisia in 78 minutes with three sets in a row ( 26-24, 25-18, 25-21) at Cairo Stadium complex.
The win marked Egypt's sixth title in a row since 2005. Prior to 2005, Egypt has not won the tournament since 1983.
The Pharaohs took home four individual awards:
Best server: Abdelhalim Abou
Best receiver: Mohamed Abdel Moneim
Best blocker: Mohamed Adel
Most valuable player: Ahmed Salah
Egypt is the top ranked CAVB team, followed by Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.
Come September, The Pharaohs may have a chance to play the Carthage Eagles again after both teams qualified for the 2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup in Japan.


text:
POSTED: Jun 30, 2013 6:57 PM ET
Andre Iguodala posted 13 points, 5.4 assists, and 5.3 assists a game for the Nuggets last season.
Nuggets free agent forward Andre Iguodala will be one of the more coveted players in free agency, according to several league sources. Among those expected to come at the 29-year-old Olympian and 2012 All-Star hardest, according to sources, is the Detroit Pistons, who will have significant cap room—more than $20 million—to fill their small forward hole.
The Pistons are interested in both Iguodala and Hawks free agent Josh Smith, who will also be in great demand when the free agent signing period starts at midnight. Smith is likely to leave Atlanta, with several teams, including Milwaukee and Dallas, expected to vie for his services.
Detroit took Georgia shooting guard Kentavious Caldwell-Pope with the eighth pick overall in the first round of the Draft last week, but needs a long-term solution at small forward after trading veteran Tayshaun Prince to Memphis as part of the three-team deal that sent Rudy Gay to Toronto.
Iguodala opted out of the final year of his max deal with the Nuggets earlier this month, leaving $15.9 million on the table to become an unrestricted free agent. He said earlier this month that he needed time to absorb the impact of the team's firing of George Karl. After Denver hired longtime assistant coach Brian Shaw a couple of weeks ago, Iguodala said he had heard "nothing but good things" about Shaw from former players.
A league source said that the Nuggets will send a contingent out to Los Angeles, where Iguodala will be entertaining offers, on Monday. Shaw, according to the source, will be part of the traveling party.


text:
|Recent | Best | Popular
|Page Views:
|Leo Paik, John McNamee, Frances Fierst, Monty, Monomaniac, Kristine Hoffman (sitewide)
|Submitted By:
|Julian Smith on Jan 8, 2002
|Reopened after flood damage! MORE INFO >>>
|Comments on Flying Buttress
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By TBurke Burke
From: Colorado Springs, CO
Oct 17, 2010
|Recommend both climbs if you are in the area. We did a 3rd pitch above the 2nd belay anchor, but don't recommend it! 1st two pitches are on good rock with good bolts & routes are straightforward.
By Kevin Earls
Nov 20, 2012
|The beta to find the area needs much more explaining. The Pikes Peak guide by Stewart Green (link in the comments of Hanging Gardens) has the magic keywords "150ft up the road" (from the rock foot bridge) just past the Pinnacle is the start of the trail that leads up a very loose steep scree gully. 1/3 of the way up this gully a faint trail leads off to the right (West) and switchbacks up -->400ft<-- of loose steep trail to the ledge with the pine tree. Expect 30 minutes of climbing scree just to get to the base of the routes. I can't comment on the climbing, as my partner wasn't able to make it up the trail. Definitely not a date climb!


text:
Download 7s short clips apk free for Android smartphone
Posted by 7seconds in Social | Sept. 18, 2013 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 0 bytes
Supports Android 2.3 and higher.
7 seconds lets you create and share short, beautiful videos on your Android phone.
Capture those memorable, precious moments of your life, and tweet your videos or post them on Facebook for your friends, family, and everyone else to see.
With 7 seconds app, you can apply a variety of filters to achieve an artistic look or reflect your mood, just the way you do it in Instagram.
Just like Vine, Instagram, and Cinemagram, 7 seconds is easy and a lot of fun to use.
7 seconds is free. It is truly free. There are no annoying ads, no bandwidth limits.
Download 7 seconds now, enjoy, and have fun!
(Questions or comments? Let us know by contacting us at [email protected] )
7seconds part of our Social and have average installs from 500000 to 1000000. Last Update Sept. 18, 2013. Google play rating is 77.2426. Current verison is None. Actual size 0 bytes.