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Digital Signal and Image Processing
Computational Color Science
Variational Retinex-like Methods
Color is a sensation generated both by the interaction of the visual sensors in the eyes with the natural environment and by the elaboration of visual information by higher brain functions.
This book presents the mathematical framework needed to deal with several models of color processing of digital images.
The book starts with a short yet exhaustive introduction to the basic phenomenological ...
From Photon to Pixel Revised and Updated 2nd Edition
The Digital Camera Handbook
This second edition of the fully revised and updated From Photon to Pixel presents essential elements in modern digital photographic devices.
Our universal infatuation with photography profoundly affects its usage and development.
While some sides of photographic culture remain wholly unchanged art photography, journalistic and advertising photography, scientific photography, etc. new fa...
Signals and Control Systems
Application for Home Health Monitoring
The purpose of this book is the study of signals and deterministic, linear, time-invariant, finite and causal dimension systems. A set of practical tools is presented for automatic and signal processing. Methods of representation of dynamic linear systems and the analysis of their behavior are put forward. The identification and synthesis of control laws for stabilization and regulation is then di...
Fundamentals of Signals and Control Systems
The purpose of this book is the study of signals and deterministic, linear, time-invariant, finite and causal dimension systems. A set of practical tools is presented for automatic and signal processing. Methods of representation of dynamic linear systems and the analysis of their behavior are put forward. The identification and synthesis of control laws for stabilization and regulation is then di...
Digital Signal Processing with Python Programming
This book addresses the basic principles of statistical inference. The first chapter recalls the basis of probabilities. The second chapter is devoted to point estimation, the hypothesis test, including p-values, the confidence region determination, mentioning only the most important concepts. The main practical approaches, such as the least squares minimization, the moment method and the likeliho...
Fourier Analysis
This book focuses on the use of fundamental concepts in the treatment of deterministic signals. Each chapter presents the basic principles of the different aspect of the study of Fourier analysis, followed by a series of exercises for the reader to try.
These exercises provide the reader with a good working knowledge of the principles that are at the basis of Fourier analysis.
"We do not learn a...
Digital Signal and Image Processing using Matlab® 2nd edition
Volume 3 Advances and Applications: The Stochastic Case
Volume 3 of the second edition of the fully revised and updated Digital Signal and Image Processing using MATLAB®, after the first two volumes on the fundamentals and applications of Image and Signal Processing, focuses on the stochastic case. It will be of particular benefit to readers who already possess a good knowledge of MATLAB® and a command of the fundamental elements of digital signal proc...
Multi-modality Cardiac Imaging
Processing and Analysis
This book presents current and emerging methods developed for the processing and analysis of multi-modality cardiac images from state-of-the-art imaging systems, especially cardiac ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray computed tomography (CT). The availability of multi-dimensional images (2D, 2D+t, 3D, 3D+t, etc.) allows for the quantitative assessment of the heart's shap...
Digital Signal and Image Processing using Matlab® 2nd edition
Volume 2 Advances and Applications: The Deterministic Case
Volume 2 of the second edition of the fully revised and updated Digital Signal and Image Processing using MATLAB® is essentially a collection of examples and exercises which also presents applications of digital signal- or image processing, and techniques which were not touched upon in the previous volume. It will be of particular benefit to readers who already possess a good knowledge of MATLAB®,...
Regularization and Bayesian Methods for Inverse Problems in Signal and Image Processing
The solution of inverse problems is an unavoidable step in the signal and image processing chain, situated between data acquisition and decision making. Various inversion problems are presented by the authors of this book, such as tomography, detection-estimation, multi-resolution analysis, moving object tracking, and sparse approximations.
Recent mathematical concepts and tools in information t...
Tracking with Particle Filter for High-dimensional observation and State Spaces
Whilst the domains of electronics and micro-electronics saw much progress in the last three decades, the acquisition of video sequences became a task of increasing triviality. However, these advancements, which have given rise to rapid improvements in sensor quality and therefore image resolution, as well as increases in computer processing power and memory, have made it possible, perhaps essenti...
Mathematical Foundations of Image Processing and Analysis 1
Mathematical Imaging is currently a rapidly growing field in applied mathematics, with an increasing need for theoretical mathematics.
This book, the first of two volumes, emphasizes the role of mathematics as a rigorous basis for imaging sciences. It provides a comprehensive and convenient overview of the key mathematical concepts, notions, tools and frameworks involved in the various fields of...
Digital Signal and Image Processing using Matlab® 2nd edition
Volume 1 Fundamentals
Volume 1 of the second edition of the fully revised and updated Digital Signal and Image Processing using MATLAB® presents the most important theoretical aspects of Image and Signal Processing (ISP) for both deterministic and random signals. The theory is supported by exercises and computer simulations relating to real applications.
More than 200 programs and functions are provided in the MATLAB...
Mathematical Foundations of Image Processing and Analysis 2
Mathematical Imaging is currently a rapidly growing field in applied mathematics, with an increasing need for theoretical mathematics.
This book, the second of two volumes, emphasizes the role of mathematics as a rigorous basis for imaging sciences. It provides a comprehensive and convenient overview of the key mathematical concepts, notions, tools and frameworks involved in the various fields o...
Quaternion Fourier Transforms for Signal and Image Processing
FOCUS Series in Digital Signal and Image Processing
This book presents the state of the art, together with the most recent research results, in the use of Quaternion Fourier Transforms (QFT) for the processing of color images and complex valued signals. It is based on the work of the authors in this area since the 1990s and presents the mathematical concepts, computational issues and applications on images and signals. The book, together with the M...
Signal Integrity
From High Speed to Radiofrequency Applications
Presenting the concepts necessary for the design and testing of radiofrequency and high-speed circuits, this book explores signal and propagation theory for various circuit levels, from the chip to the PCB. The co-existence of high-speed wideband signals, radiofrequency signals and supply circuits is developed in order to provide design rules for engineers and Masters-level students it can also ...
Medical Imaging Based on Magnetic Fields and Ultrasounds
The importance of medical imaging for diagnostics is strongly increasing. It is now necessary to have a good knowledge of the different physical principles possible.
This book provides an overview of the progress made in the different domains of imaging from various angles. It describes the principles and types of equipment used in medical imaging. Chapter 1 focuses on medical ultrasound imaging,...
TimeFrequency Domain for Segmentation and Classification of Non-stationary Signals
The Stockwell Transform Applied on Bio-signals and Electric Signals
Non-stationary signals are generally found in nature and any information concerning such signals cannot easily be described or predicted. The extraction, analysis and classification of these signals are complicated by different types of noise. As any false results could possibly have dire consequences, the robustness of tools used for these purposes in certain fields is of course vital.
With this...
Nonlinear Digital Encoders for Data Communications
The authors of this book present novel solutions for channel coding using nonlinear sequence generators in order to demonstrate that nonlinear encoders can be designed to provide good performances and to encourage researchers to investigate these approaches further.
Chapter 1 introduces nonlinear digital encoders, and their main applications for telecommunications are presented and discussed. A m...
Signal Processing with Free Software
FOCUS Series in Digital Signal and Image Processing
Signal Processing with Free Software presents practical experiments in signal processing in order to demonstrate some possibilities for the practical implementation of signal processing techniques. To do this, the author uses free software applications, including SoX, Audacity and Visual Analyser, focusing on their uses in real situations.
The text introduces elementary signals through elementary...
Remote Sensing Imagery
Dedicated to remote sensing images, from their acquisition to their use in various applications, this book covers the global lifecycle of images, including sensors and acquisition systems, applications such as movement monitoring or data assimilation, and image and data processing.
It is organized in three main parts. The first part presents technological information about remote sensing (choic...
Blind Identification and Separation of Complex-valued Signals
FOCUS Series in Digital Signal and Image Processing
Blind identification consists of estimating a multi-dimensional system only through the use of its output, and source separation, the blind estimation of the inverse of the system. Estimation is generally carried out using different statistics of the output.
The authors of this book consider the blind identification and source separation problem in the complex-domain, where the available statisti...
MRI Techniques
The rapid developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over the past 20 years have affirmed its supremacy over most other means of non-invasive exploration of the human body. This progress has had other consequences for imaging physicists: having knowledge about only one of the sides of MRI is nowadays no longer enough to develop new sequences or even to learn more about those that already exi...
Multi-factor Models and Signal Processing Techniques
Application to Quantitative Finance
With recent outbreaks of multiple large-scale financial crises, amplified by interconnected risk sources, a new paradigm of fund management has emerged. This new paradigm leverages embedded quantitative processes and methods to provide more transparent, adaptive, reliable and easily implemented risk assessment-based practices.
This book surveys the most widely used factor models employed wit...
Proportionate-type Normalized Least Mean Square Algorithms
FOCUS Series in Digital Signal and Image Processing
The topic of this book is proportionate-type normalized least mean square (PtNLMS) adaptive filtering algorithms, which attempt to estimate an unknown impulse response by adaptively giving gains proportionate to an estimate of the impulse response and the current measured error. These algorithms offer low computational complexity and fast convergence times for sparse impulse responses in network a...
Signal and Image Multiresolution Analysis
Multiresolution analysis using the wavelet transform has received considerable attention in recent years by researchers in various fields. It is a powerful tool for efficiently representing signals and images at multiple levels of detail with many inherent advantages, including compression, level-of-detail display, progressive transmission, level-of-detail editing, filtering, modeling, fractals an...
Signal and Image Processing for Biometrics
The aim of this book is to deal with biometrics in terms of signal and image processing methods and algorithms. This will help engineers and students working in digital signal and image processing deal with the implementation of such specific algorithms. It discusses numerous signal and image processing techniques that are very often used in biometric applications. In particular, algorithms relate...
Digital Color Imaging
This collective work identifies the latest developments in the field of the automatic processing and analysis of digital color images. For researchers and students, it represents a critical state of the art on the scientific issues raised by the various steps constituting the chain of color image processing. It covers a wide range of topics related to computational color imaging, including color f...
Digital Color
Acquisition, Perception, Coding and Rendering
In this book the authors identify the basic concepts and recent advances in the acquisition, perception, coding and rendering of color. The fundamental aspects related to the science of colorimetry in relation to physiology (the human visual system) are addressed, as are constancy and color appearance. It also addresses the more technical aspects related to sensors and the color management screen....
Photon-based Medical Imagery
The importance of medical imaging for diagnostics is strongly increasing. It is now necessary to have a good knowledge of the different physical principles possible.
This book describes the physical principles and technologies used in medical imaging in detail, and advanced devices are introduced (semiconducting detectors, optical tomography systems, etc.). Reconstruction methods and detection te...
Digital Spectral Analysis
Parametric, Non-parametric and Advanced Methods
Digital Spectral Analysis provides a single source that offers complete coverage of the spectral analysis domain. This self-contained work includes details on advanced topics that are usually presented in scattered sources throughout the literature.
The theoretical principles necessary for the understanding of spectral analysis are discussed in the first four chapters: fundamentals, digital s...
Tools for Signal Compression
In everyday life, we often come into contact with compressed signals: when using mobile telephones, MP3 players, digital cameras, or DVD players we are using devices that capture, send, and manipulate digital, compressed versions of much larger and more complex often analog amounts of data that represent the original sound, image, or video. Compression is the process by which the huge amount...
Mathematical Morphology
from theories to applications
Mathematical Morphology allows for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures using techniques based on the fields of set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. It is the basis of morphological image processing, and finds applications in fields including digital image processing (DSP), as well as areas for graphs, surface meshes, solids, and other spatial structures. T...
Inverse Problems in Vision and 3D Tomography
The concept of an inverse problem is a familiar one to most scientists and engineers, particularly in the field of signal and image processing, imaging systems (medical, geophysical, industrial non-destructive testing, etc.) and computer vision. In imaging systems, the aim is not just to estimate unobserved images, but also their geometric characteristics from observed quantities that are linked t...
Discrete Stochastic Processes and Optimal Filtering
Second Edition
Optimal filtering applied to stationary and non-stationary signals provides the most efficient means of dealing with problems arising from the extraction of noise signals. Moreover, it is a fundamental feature in a range of applications, such as in navigation in aerospace and aeronautics, filter processing in the telecommunications industry, etc. This book provides a comprehensive overview of this...
Multivariate image processing
Multivariate imagery is now a very common tool in numerous applications, ranging from satellite remote sensing and astrophysics to biomedical imagery, monitoring of the environment or industrial inspection. Multivariate must be understood in th emost general way: color and multispectral imaging, but also multimodal, multisource or multitemporal imagery. In all the cases, the multivariate image co...
Data Analysis
The first part of this book is devoted to methods seeking relevant dimensions of the data. The variables thus obtained provide a synthetic description which often results in a graphical representation of the data.
After a general presentation of the discriminating analysis, the second part is devoted to clustering methods which constitute another method, often complementary to the methods describ...
Optimization in Signal and Image Processing
This book describes some of the optimization methods most commonly encountered in signal and image processing: artificial evolution and Parisian approach; wavelets and fractals; information criteria; training and quadratic programming; Bayesian formalism; probabilistic modeling; Markovian approach; hidden Markov models; and metaheuristics (genetic algorithms, ant colony algorithms, cross-entropy, ...
The principle of tomography is to explore the structure and composition of objects non-destructively along spatial and temporal dimensions, using penetrating radiation, such as X- and gamma-rays, or waves, such as electromagnetic and acoustic waves. Based on computer-assisted image reconstruction, tomography provides maps of parameters that characterize the emission of the employed radiation or wa...
Visual Perception Through Video Imagery
For several decades researchers have tried to construct perception systems based on the registration data from video cameras. This work has produced various tools that have made possible recent advances in this area. Part one of this book deals with the problem of the calibration and auto-calibration of video captures. Part two is essentially concerned with the estimation of the relative object/ca...
Scaling, Fractals and Wavelets
This book is organized around the notions of scaling phenomena and scale invariance. The various stochastic models commonly used to describe scaling are introduced: self-similarity, long-range dependence and multi-fractals. These models are compared and related one to the other. Second, they introduce fractional integration, a mathematical tool closely related to the notion of scale invariance. Al...
TimeFrequency Analysis
Concepts and Methods
Time-frequency analysis brings together some rather diverse concepts and tools with the aim of reconciling the temporal analysis and spectral analysis of signals in a single joint representation. This is an appropriate framework for the analysis and processing of various types of non-stationary signals, such as those of physiological origin, radar and sonar signals, acoustic signals, astrophysical...
Image Processing
Computer-aided automatic processing of images requires the control of a series of operations, which this book analyzes. Knowing the statistical properties of images, sampling them to reduce the observable world to a series of discrete values, restoring images in order to correct degradations all these operations are explained here, together with the mathematical tools they require. Topics covere...
Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Images
Synthetic aperture radar provides broad-area imaging at high resolutions, which can be used in applications such as environmental monitoring, earth-resource mapping and military systems.
This book presents the tools required for the digital processing of synthetic aperture radar images, which fall into three categories:
(a) theoretical/physical fundamentals;
(b) mathematical models;
(c) image...
Compression of Biomedical Images and Signals
During the last decade, image and signal compression for storage and transmission purpose has seen tremendous expansion. But what about medical data compression? Should a medical image or a physiological signal be processed and compressed in the same way as any other data? The progress made in imaging systems, storage systems and telemedicine makes compression in this field particularly interestin...
Two-dimensional Signal Analysis
This title sets out to show that 2-D signal analysis has its own role to play alongside signal processing and image processing. Concentrating its coverage on 2-D signals coming from physical sensors (such as radars and sonars), the text explores a 2-D spectral approach but develops the modeling of 2-D signals and proposes several data-oriented analysis techniques for dealing with them. Coverage is...
Modeling, Estimation and Optimal Filtering in Signal Processing
This book provides the reader for the first time with a comprehensive collection of the significant results obtained to date in the field of parametric signal modeling and presents a number of new approaches.
It begins by introducing discrete-time linear models such as AR, MA and ARMA models, their properties and their limitations, before addressing sinusoidal models. Estimation approaches based...
Bayesian Approach to Inverse Problems
The goal of this book is to deal with inverse problems and regularized solutions using Bayesian statistical tools, with a particular view to signal and image estimation.
Chapters 1-3 cover the theoretical notions that make it possible to cast inverse problems within a mathematical framework. Chapters 4-6 address the fundamental inverse problem of deconvolution in a comprehensive manner. Chapters ...
Digital Signal Processing Using Matlab®
This book uses MATLAB® as a computing tool to explore traditional DSP topics and solve problems. This greatly expands the range and complexity of problems that can effectively be studied in signal processing. A large number of worked examples, computer simulations and applications are provided, along with theoretical aspects that are essential in order to gain a good understanding of the main topi...
Information Fusion in Signal and Image Processing
The area of information fusion has grown considerably during the last few years, leading to a rapid and impressive evolution. In such fast-moving times, it is important to take stock of the changes that have occurred. This book offers an overview of the general principles and specifics of information fusion in signal and image processing, as well as covering the main numerical methods (probabilist...
Wavelets and their Applications
The last fifteen years have seen an explosion of interest in wavelets with applications in fields such as image compression, turbulence, human vision, radar and earthquake prediction. Wavelets represent an area that combines signal in image processing, mathematics, physics and electrical engineering. As such, this title is intended for the wide audience that is interested in mastering the basic te...
Channel Coding in Communication Networks
From Theory to Turbocodes
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the subject of channel coding. It starts with a description of information theory, focusing on the quantitative measurement of information and introducing two fundamental theorems on source and channel coding. The basics of channel coding in two chapters, block codes and convolutional codes, are then discussed, and for these the authors introduce weig...
Digital Filters Design for Signal and Image Processing
Dealing with digital filtering methods for 1-D and 2-D signals, this book provides the theoretical background in signal processing: z-transform, Shannon sampling theorem and fast Fourier transform. An entire chapter is devoted to the design of time-continuous filters which provides a useful preliminary step for the analog-to-digital filter conversion. Digital Filters Design for Signal and Image Pr...
Digital Signal and Image Processing using MATLAB®
This title provides the most important theoretical aspects of Image and Signal Processing (ISP) for both deterministic and random signals. The theory is supported by exercises and computer simulations relating to real applications. More than 200 programs and functions are provided in the MATLAB® language, with useful comments and guidance, to enable numerical experiments to be carried out, thus al...
Spectral Analysis
Parametric and Non-Parametric Digital Methods
In signal processing, the concepts of frequency, which are usually referred to as spectral concepts, are omnipresent. The transition from analog methods to the use of digital tools in spectral analysis was first achieved by simple adaptation of the classical analog tools which had previously been used for a long time. However, beyond the simple quest for methods with better frequency resolution,...
Wavelet Denoising
Application in Medical Imaging
The advent of digital imaging technologies such as MRI has revolutionized modern medicine. With the wide-spread use of digital imaging in medicine today, the quality of digial medical images becomes an important issue. To achieve the best possible diagnoses it is important that medical images be sharp, clear, and free of noise. While the technologies for acquiring digital medical images continue t...


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Salted Sunflower Seeds by OliveNation are shelled, roasted, and ready for snacking. With a subtle nut taste, they are delicious on their own or paired with other foods. Squash your hunger with a handful of roasted and salted sunflower seeds. The nutritious snack packs 7 grams of protein and 2 grams of fiber per serving. Salted sunflower seeds are also rich in unsaturated fat, vitamin E, copper, and other nutrients. We roast our salted sunflower seeds in canola oil.
They are a great on-the-go snack. Take roasted and salted sunflower seeds hiking, camping, and to sporting events like kid's soccer games. Here are some other ways you can enjoy them:
Trail Mix with Roasted and Salted Sunflower Seeds
Combine ingredients in a bowl and enjoy. Store in an airtight container.
Unsalted Sunflower Seeds by OliveNation have no shells and are roasted in canola oil for your snacking pleasure. With a nutty flavor, munch on a handful or sprinkle them on other foods. Packing a nutritious punch, our roasted and unsalted sunflower seeds have 7 grams of protein and 2 grams of fiber. They also contain nutrients like vitamin E, magnesium, copper, and more. Roasted and unsalted sunflower seeds are also high in heart-friendly unsaturated fat. They are a convenient snack for busy lifestyles.
In addition to taking unsalted sunflower seeds on the go, you can cook and bake with them, too. Here are some ideas:
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Hole Punch Camera Concept
This hole-punch camera concept designed by Matty Martin is one that outputs its image in a truly unique way. Once an image is captured the camera punches out the corresponding image with holes of various sizes to produce the photograph.
When the photo is held up to a black surface a b/w picture appears. With a white background a negative of the image appears. Though the punched-out image is lower in quality compared to prints, there's a certain sense of novelty to be able to hand out the unique-looking photos immediately after capturing the shot.


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|Document Type:
|All Authors / Contributors:
Daniel H Cole; Elinor Ostrom
|9781558442214 1558442219
|OCLC Number:
|x, 492 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm
|Foreword / Douglass C. North --
Introduction / Daniel H. Cole, Elinor Ostrom --
Property systems. Opportunities and limits for the evolution of property rights institutions / Thráinn Eggertsson --
Variety of property systems and rights in natural resources / Daniel H. Cole, Elinor Ostrom --
California gold rush. Gold rush legacy : American minerals and the knowledge economy / Karen Clay, Gavin Wright --
Commentary / Peter Z. Grossman --
Gold rushes are all the same : labor rules and the diggings / Andrea G. McDowell --
Commentary / Mark T. Kanazawa --
Air. Property creation by regulation : rights to clean air and rights to pollute / Daniel Cole --
Commentary / Wallace E. Oates --
Rights to pollute : assessment of tradable permits for air pollution / Nives Dolšak --
Commentary / Shi-Ling Hsu --
Wildlife. Who owns endangered species? / Jason F. Shogren, Gregory M. Parkhurst --
Commentary / James Wilson --
Enclosing the Fishery Commons : from individuals to communities / Bonnie J. McCay --
Commentary / Anthony Scott --
Land and water. Evolution of zoning since the 1980s : the persistence of localism / William A. Fischel --
Commentary / Robert C. Ellickson --
Psychological entitlement, reference levels, and valuation disparities : the case of Native American land ownership / C. Leigh Anderson, Richard O. Zerbe --
Commentary / John A. Bagen --
Playing by different rules? Property rights in land and water / Richard A. Epstein --
Commentary / Henry E. Smith --
Political analysis of property rights / William Blomquist --
Commentary / Edella C. Schlager --
Water rights and markets in the U.S. semiarid West : efficiency and equity issues / Gary D. Libecap --
Commentary / Lee J. Alston --
Global commons issues. Climate change : the ultimate tragedy of the commons? / Jouni Paavola --
Commentary / V. Kerry Smith --
Sinking states / Katrina Miriam Wyman --
Commentary / Richard A. Barnes.
|edited by Daniel H. Cole and Elinor Ostrom.
"Over the past several years, much has been written about property rights in land and natural resources by scholars in many disciplines including economics, political science, history, and law. This book, based on a 2010 Lincoln Institute conference, addresses the tendency in social science literature to oversimplify the concept of property rights by assuming that only two or three forms of property rights are appropriate for the effective use and conservation of resources. Instead it focuses on recent developments in our understanding of how various property systems are applied to and affect the use of scarce natural resources. The chapters explore the multiple aspects of diverse resources in the design and implementation of property rights systems. The volume also includes a foreword by Douglass C. North and a keynote chapter by Thráinn Eggertsson, who discusses issues related to property rights institutions and the environment using six case studies from his native Iceland, where relatively simple and transparent institutions are ideal for identifying social regularities with general applicability. The topics addressed in the other chapters and accompanying commentaries include: the nature and variety of existing property systems; new thinking about the California gold rush; the role of psychological entitlement in property allocation; evolving property regimes governing fisheries; the evolution of zoning; attributes of property regimes governing water resources; the nature of property rights in tradable pollution permits; how regulations sometimes create property; and mechanisms for ameliorating property conflicts that arise from the presence of endangered species on privately owned lands."--Publisher's website.
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Related Subjects:(6)
- Right of property.
- Real property.
- Natural resources.
- Eigentum.
- Natürliche Ressourcen.
- Privateigentum.
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- UI Library Business Items February 2012(158 items)
by rperret updated 2012-02-06


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I've seen the doctors' strong response to this question already but i've found 2 websites that explain the procedure. Have things changed since you responded to this same earlier question (don't see date)? This supposedly is a fairly new procedure. I have not been able to find any docs who do it. Know any? Updated thoughts? Can it work? I read it's done endoscopically. A small incision under the armpit provides the necessary opening through which the surgeon performing scarless breast lift surgery inserts instruments, loosening the breast tissue from the chest muscle. The next step is to remove a pie-shaped section of breast tissue, bringing remaining tissue together with sutures. Scarless breast lift surgery is done when the breast is lifted into position and the incisions are closed. Could this work for non extreme cases?
Breast Lift Through Arm Pit for Minimal Scarring Finally Possible?
Doctor Answers 10
Beware of things that sound too good to be true
Hi there-
The simple fact that you are asking this question says that you yourself are dubious about it, right?
And with good reason.
Please understand that there are many physicians promising things that are too good to be true from operations with cute names that the majority of us have never heard of that they say will revolutionize how we do things...
But intuitively most intelligent people realize that it probably isn't possible to revolutionize an industry once a month...
You need to be careful what you ask for and what you believe- because you will have no trouble finding a surgeon to take your money after promising you whatever you want to hear. Operations with cute names are usually promoted by surgeons doing so in order to attract patients by convincing them that they are the only surgeon with the skills to make them happy. Is someone like this really the kind of professional you want to trust with your safety and happiness? When you have the cute scar you wanted but your breasts are funny looking, are you going to be happy??
Please be careful.. Find the best surgeon you can and trust them to guide you along the path to your goals. Find the right surgeon- not the cutest scar.
Learn more: http://www.DrArmandoSoto.com
Breast lift through armpit
This type of technique is probably not very effective at producing a lifted, tightened, perkier breast. It would be desirable to discover a breast lift technique that did not leave scars on the breast. Because the problem in many cases is loose, excess stretched out skin, some of it will have to be removed which puts scars on the breast. Otherwise I believe you will have a very minimal lifting effect, which produces very minimal results, unless the procedure somehow changes the skin intrinsically. The trend in plastic surgery is towards minimally invasive procedures, but I don't think you can reliably achieve spectacular breast lifts this way yet.
No Way Around Incisions for Breast Lift
This is an interesting concept. The reality of the matter is that you must identify the problem and develop a solution.
PROBLEM: Saggy Breasts (Breast Ptosis)
Excess skin in relation to a smaller amount of breast tissue
SOLUTION: Breast Lift (Mastopexy)
Removal of excess skin and reshaping of breast tissue
Based on this simple equation most women with breast ptosis can not be treated in the manner of the endoscopic procedure you have found.
You might also like...
Breast lift through the armpit is not a generally accepted technique.
I doubt that this operation can work, but I have been wrong before. I have never seen any results from this technique which means there are not many being done. That may be for a very good reason.
Learn more: http://www.zubowicz.com/subpag,16-atlanta-breast-reshaping.htm
Scarless Breast Lift?
There are many different degrees of saggy breasts. We have four different degrees of breast lift surgery to treat them: Nipple Lift , Vertical Lollipop Lift, Circulat Lift and Anchor Breast Lift ($5560). For minor degrees of sag breast implants placed thru the arm pit can produce enough lift. As for an internal suspension done thru the arm pit for mild sag, yes it's possible, but not likely to give a good result in every case.
Dr Foster
Breast lifting without Scars?
Thank you for the question.
Be very careful about surgeons who make promises that sound too good to be true.
Breast lifting involves some amount of skin excision. The skin excision serves to "tighten up" the breast skin envelope. How much skin needs to be removed will depend on each specific patient's situation. In other words, some patients require more "lifting" and have the need for additional incisions. Generally, these incisions range from around the areola, vertical breast incisions, and transverse incisions ("anchor").
Most patients (If properly selected and who are doing the operations and the right time of their lives) accept the scars associated with breast augmentation/breast lifting surgery as long as they are happy with the improvement in contour, size, and symmetry. This acceptance of the scars is the essential "trade-off" associated with many of the procedures we do and the field of plastic surgery.
Again, be very careful about what you read/ believe and in your choice of plastic surgeon.
Best wishes.
Learn more: http://www.poustiplasticsurgery.com/Procedures/Procedure_breastLiftAug.htm
Scarless Mastopexy
As long as the Laws of Physics haven't changed, then the answer to your question hasn't changed either. Your quest for a scarless mastopexy is not alone, and many like you are willing to believe in anyone that can adequately promote it as a real and reproducible surgery. Unfortunately, you cannot get around the fact that a sagging breast's problem is inelastic, expanded skin and subcutaneous tissue that will not comform to normal, natural contours, when a surgery is performed that only addresses the 'inside' of the breast. Many descriptions of internal suturing performed in conjunction with more conventional mastopexy surgeries as being superior have failed to yield results that confirm that claim, indicating that contouring and lifting the breast is all about planning and executing precise skin and subcutaneous tissue excision and removal, not internal sutures. And this, as you know, leads to external scars.
Best of luck!
Learn more: http://www.drminniti.com
#BreastLift Through Arm Pit for Minimal Scarring Finally Possible? ANS:
Well....I looked it up too out of curiosity and found one site that describes putting the camera in and then removing a pie shaped wedge of breast tissue and suturing it up....That was it....So no real description on how to do it or what kind of patient to do it on....So, I would think that the original answers to your question are the same and an even better approach would be to post your pics and see what type of lift the Doctors here would recommend...I do a lot of Endoscopic Breast Augmentation and I don't see much wide spread benefit. Any lift this way I would imagine would be minimal...
Breast lift
An incision less breast lift is not yet a reality. I'm sure some surgeons will tell you otherwise, but unless you move the location of the nipple and remove the loose skin it simply will not work.
Breast lift without implants and no vertical scar
Hello Sivadelle,
Not sure how an endoscopic lift procedure could succeed in significantly raising the breast mound and anchoring it in place. I can tell you about a technique called the Ultimate Breast Lift that is like no other technique currently executed that reshapes the breast and anchors it permanently to minimize descent. And unlike other techniques that utilize a vertical scar, the UBL has successfully eliminated it to further strengthen the lift. You see, a vertical scar inherently weakens a lift by placing an incision at the point of maximum tension. Most honest PS will acknowledge that this is the site where most wound failures occur. The UBL not only keeps the skin envelope intact, it most importantly redisigns the breast mound from the inside out. Please continue your research. This is a great start.
Kind regards,
Dr. H
Learn more: http://www.fastcodesign.com/1663319/how-one-surgeon-is-reinventing-the-female-breast-sfw
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Ser lingüista: un oficio diverso y polifacético. Diez años de una Maestría en Lingüística
- Logan Palmer
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1 Ser lingüista: un oficio diverso y polifacético. Diez años de una Maestría en Lingüística
2 Colección Lingüística Serie: 6. Obra conmemorativa Comité Editorial de la Serie Bernard Comrie Departamento de Lingüística Instituto de Antropología Evolutiva Max Planck University of California, Santa Barbara Karen Dakin Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Jane H. Hill Escuela de Antropología Universidad de Arizona Yolanda Lastra Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Søren Wichmann Departamento de Lingüística Instituto de Antropología Evolutiva Max Planck
3 Ser lingüista: un oficio diverso y polifacético. Diez años de una Maestría en Lingüística Editores Zarina Estrada Fernández Albert Álvarez González María Belén Carpio Hermosillo, Sonora, Editorial Unison, 2009
4 P125.S47 Ser lingüista: un oficio diverso y polifacético. Diez años de una Maestría en Lingüística / editores: Zarina Estrada Fernández, Albert Álvarez González, María Belén Carpio -- Hermosillo, Sonora : Editorial Universidad de Sonora, c p., 21 cm. -- (Serie Lingüística 6. Obra conmemorativa) ISBN Algunos textos en inglés. Incluye referencias bibliográficas. 1. Lingüística Ensayos, conferencias, etc. 2. Universidad de Sonora. División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes. Departamento de Letras y Lingüística. Maestría en Lingüística. I. Estrada Fernández, Zarina, ed. II. Álvarez González, Albert, ed. III. Carpio, María Belén, ed. Área de Análisis Bibliográfico, Subdirección de Servicios de Apoyo Académico, DSU, Universidad de Sonora. Ser lingüista: un oficio diverso y polifacético. Diez años de una Maestría en Lingüística Zarina Estrada Fernández Albert Álvarez González María Belén Carpio Editores Primera edición: 2009 Diseño de portada: Andrés Acosta Félix Imagen de portada: La fascinación por el barro Abuela pinocho y su mundo. Getty Images D.R. 2009, Universidad de Sonora Maestría en Lingüística Departamento de Letras y Lingüística División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México Tel./Fax: +52 (662 ) Este libro se publicó con el apoyo del Programa Integral de Fortalecimiento Institucional C/PIFI ISBN
5 Linguistics past and present: A view from the Rhine Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. 1. A PERSONAL JOURNEY INTO LINGUISTICS I had never heard of linguistics when I graduated from high school in I had taken German, which I found extremely interesting, and in my English courses we had done lots of sentence diagramming of the Reed-Kellogg variety, which I absolutely hated, a curious thing given my eventual profession. I was interested in language, though. Two of my favorite novels back then were 1984 and Brave New World, and one of the things I found intriguing was the idea that language could be manipulated to affect the way people thought about things. I was also fascinated by the languages in Lord of the Rings, and I wrote my senior English paper on the use of Old English by Tolkien in it. I went to the University of California, San Diego, and in looking through the catalog for courses to take, I found linguistics, read up on it a bit, and decided to give it a try. I took my first linguistics class with Ronald Langacker and did not do particularly well. I really got going the following term in a course on historical linguistics taught by the late Margaret Langdon. Both Langacker and Langdon were extremely supportive and encouraging to me. I sat in on a graduate seminar on syntax taught by Langacker and found the ideas of generative semantics very appealing. In I spent my last year as an undergraduate at the University of Göttingen in Germany. There I studied linguistics in the English Seminar and took seminars on Chomsky s Aspects model and Case Grammar as developed by Charles Fillmore (1968). Generative semantics was not the favored approach there, and the courses in syntax had primarily an orthodox Chomskyan orientation. During that year I read Wallace Chafe s book Meaning and the Structure of Language (1970), which had a profound impact on my thinking about grammar. It was my introduction to the Prague School and Hallidayan ideas regarding what we now call information structure. While thinking about these ideas, it struck me one day that perhaps transformational rules are not triggered by arbitrary markers in deep structure but rather by discoursepragmatic factors like topic and focus, e.g., the passive transformation applies when the deep structure subject is focal and the deep structure object is topical. I also applied these ideas to the subject and object selection rules in Case Grammar, yielding a model in which a semantic underlying form is mapped into an overt syntactic form with discourse-pragmatic factors playing an important role. Moreover, following Fillmore, grammatical categories like
6 156 Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. tense, aspect and modality were represented in a separate subtree from the predicate, the arguments and the adjuncts. I wrote a long term paper for a seminar laying all this out. These ideas would reemerge later in a more sophisticated form as core concepts of Role and Reference Grammar [RRG]. I applied to graduate school while in Göttingen, and there seemed to me to be only one place to go: Berkeley, the citadel of generative semantics. Chafe and Fillmore were there, along with George Lakoff. By the end of my first year there, however, generative semantics seemed to have reached a dead end, and Chafe and Fillmore had gone in directions away from their work in grammar. So I looked for a new direction. I audited a lot of philosophy courses and took a field methods class with Chafe on Lakhota. I had gotten interested in discourse particles while in Göttingen, and I started focusing on German doch, which eventually became the topic of my Master s Thesis. In November, 1974, I met Bill Foley at Fillmore s house. Fillmore invited out-of-town graduate students who could not be with their families at Thanksgiving over to his house for Thanksgiving dinner. Foley and I were there, and once introduced we started talking and discovered that we had many interests in common. We were both interested in exotic languages (he was an Austronesianist), and we felt that not enough consideration had been given to such languages in theoretical debates; for example, the linguistic wars between generative and interpretive semantics had been fought with almost exclusively English data. Furthermore, that time period was the heyday of Relational Grammar, with its claim that the grammatical relations of subject, direct object and indirect object are universal primitives in the grammars of human language. This struck us as empirically very problematic, given what we knew about Austronesian languages, especially Tagalog, and about Lakhota; Dixon s grammar of Dyirbal (1972) had recently appeared, and it seemed to support our skepticism. About this time, too, there was a lot of typological work, which included work on grammatical relations (especially Schachter, Keenan, Comrie, Givón) and on topic and focus (Li, Thompson, Kuno). The first paper we did using ideas that would later figure prominently in Role and Reference Grammar was On the viability of the notion of subject in universal grammar in In a paper I published in 1977, Ergativity and the universality of subjects, the name Role and Reference Grammar was used for the first time; it was inspired by Schachter s paper Reference-related and role-related properties of subjects (1977). That year I also finished my dissertation, Aspects of Lakhota syntax, which presented the nascent ideas of RRG and which introduced a couple of concepts that would later prove especially significant. The first was the idea of semantic macroroles, actor and undergoer. The second was the idea that in languages like Lakhota the independent NPs and pronouns agree with the coding on the verb, not the
7 Linguistics past and present: A view from the Rhine 157 other way around. (I later discovered that this idea goes back to von Humboldt (1836) and Boas (1911). It was later developed further within the typological distinction between head-marking and dependent-marking languages proposed in Nichols (1986)). The next big development in RRG was the publication in 1984 of Functional syntax and universal grammar. I spent at the Australian National University working with Foley on the writing of this book. It laid out a version of a semantically based theory of syntax that addressed many theoretical issues as well as presenting a theory of the syntax and semantics of complex sentences. The theory has continued to be developed to the present with contributions from linguists from all over the world. In the late 1980 s the layered structure of the clause was revised (Watters 1987 [1993]) and the projection grammar formalism proposed (Johnson 1987). Also at that time dissertations and Master s Theses began to be written which applied the theory of a range of grammatical phenomena. In Advances in Role and Reference Grammar (1993) the theory was applied to a wide range of languages, e.g. Mandarin, Nootka, Latin and Mparntwe Arrernte, and there were a number of theoretical advances, e.g. the incorporation of Lambrecht s (1986) theory of information structure, a first attempt at an explicit statement of the linking algorithms, a first attempt at extending the lexical decomposition system. Further contributions followed in the 1990 s, and the first textbook on RRG appeared, Syntax: structure, meaning and function (Van Valin & LaPolla 1997), which spurred more work in the theory. RRG Conferences have been held all over the world, from Brazil to Taiwan to Mexico City. In the past 10 years the pace of work has accelerated, and the developments up through 2005 are summa-rized in Exploring the syntax-semantics interface (2005), a notable feature of which is a major revision and expansion of the theory of clause linkage, stimulated in part by Bickel (1993, 2003) and Ohori (2001). Some of these contributors first learned about RRG from mini-courses that I have given on the theory in many countries. I gave my first course in Hermosillo in 1997, and since that time I have been affiliated with the Master s program in Linguistics, returning to do a second course in There were many excellent students in the courses, especially Lilián Guerrero-Valenzuela and the late Rolando Félix Armendáriz; Guerrero-Valenzuela went to Buffalo for her Ph.D. and wrote a superb dissertation on the syntax and semantics of Yaqui complex sentences (2004 [2006]). 2. CHANGES IN THE FIELD SINCE 1971 When I took my first linguistics class in spring of 1971, the great struggle in theoretical linguistics was between generative semantics and interpretive
8 158 Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. semantics. By the time I finished graduate school in 1977, the battle was over, and interpretive semantics seemed to have won. One of the striking features of the linguistic wars between 1965 and 1973 was something that is largely missing from the field now, namely vigorous cross-theoretical arguments and evaluative comparisons. In a series of papers ending with Some empirical issues in the theory of transformational grammar (1971), Chomsky argued vigorously against generative semantics, case grammar and relational approaches. Moreover, adherents of all of these approaches weighed in, criticizing the others while attempting to advance their own approach. Chomsky abruptly withdrew from the debate late in 1971 with the appearance of Conditions on transformations (published in 1973). This paper represented the first in a series of shifts that have characterized Chomsky s theoretical work. Two things are significant. First, he took generative grammar in a different direction, primarily in response to Ross (1967), Constraints on variables in syntax, and to concerns that transformation grammar of the Aspects variety was too powerful. Eventually it led to the Principles and Parameters version of generative grammar. Second, he stopped arguing with linguists outside his own group of followers. He would argue with philosophers or psychologists who held critical views or opposing positions, but no longer would he engage in theoretical debates with advocates of rival theories. For example, both Lexical-Functional Grammar [LFG] and Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar were developed in the late 1970 s and early 1980 s as alternative varieties of generative grammar, and the advocates of the theories offered serious critiques on previous and contemporary Chomskyan theories. No response from Chomsky was forthcoming; there was no vigorous debate like there had been in the late 1960 s and early 1970 s. This situation has continued to the present day. There are now vigorous debates among those working in a particular theoretical framework but very little across theories. I feel that cross-theoretical debate is important and that the lack of it negatively affects both the field and its practitioners, and I have done a number of things to try to stimulate it. First, in Van Valin & LaPolla (1997), there are suggested readings at the end of every chapter, and they refer to work in many different theoretical approaches. Second, in Van Valin (2001) there is a comparison of five syntactic theories in the final chapter, comparing their analyses of clause structure, passive, dative shift and WH-questions, as well as the role of the lexicon in each. Third, I am the general editor of the Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology series, which will eventually include volumes on all aspects of syntax and morphology; five have been published so far (Carnie 2008, Erteschik-Shir 2007, Farrell 2005, Fischer 2007, Roark & Sproat 2007). One significant feature of the series is that in each volume the author(s) must critically discuss the major theories in the domain under
9 Linguistics past and present: A view from the Rhine 159 consideration. Cross-theoretical comparison is an essential element in this series. Since the series is designed to be a research resource for both graduate students and faculty researchers, it is hoped that the inclusion of multiple perspectives will incite curiosity in readers about approaches other than the one they are working in. One aspect of contemporary linguistic theorizing that is particularly striking for someone who entered the field when I did is the return of many of the central ideas of generative semantics as part of the Minimalist Program [MP], particularly the practice of doing lexical decomposition in the syntax. What is even more surprising is that some of the adherents of the Minimalist Program that I have talked to are unaware that these ideas are recycled from generative semantics and that Chomsky argued strongly against them back in the late 1960 s and early 1970 s, as noted above. Another recycling of a previously prominent idea is that of language description and documentation. During the era of structural linguistics in the USA, the normal topic for a doctoral dissertation was the description of a language with data obtained through work with native speakers, i.e. fieldwork. With the rise of generative grammar, theoretical work was valued much more highly than descriptive work, in part because description was associated with the ancien regime. Descriptive work continued, but in many US linguistic departments a descriptive grammar was no long acceptable as a PhD dissertation; something more theoretical was required. In the last ten or fifteen years or so, however, concern about the ever diminishing number of human languages has let to a revival in language description, documentation and revitalization. Significant amounts of funding for this kind of research has become available from public and private sources. This is a very good development indeed. 3. THE PLACE OF LINGUISTICS IN THE INTELLECTUAL LANDSCAPE Linguistics is a field of extraordinary intellectual breadth, straddling the humanities, and social sciences and the natural sciences, with subfields ranging from semantics and pragmatics (related to philosophy, one of the most important humanities) to anthropological linguistics, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics (related to core social science disciplines) and further to acoustic phonetics and neurolinguistics (related to physics and neurology and neurobiology). Within academia in the United States it is one of the few disciplines in which practitioners may apply for research funding either to the US National Endowment of the Humanities or to the US National Science Foundation, depending on the nature of the research. In the early 1950 s structural linguistics was hailed as the quantum mechanics of the social sciences due to its perceived methodological rigor and
10 160 Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. formal analysis. The lack of methodological rigor and the inadequacy of its formal analyses were laid bare by the Chomskyan revolution beginning in the late 1950 s and early 1960 s. An important part of this change was the rejection of Bloomfieldian behaviorism and the reorientation of linguistics as mentalist and thereby placing linguistics at the center of the newly emerging interdisciplinary field of cognitive science. It has remained there until this day. The place of linguistics in the intellectual landscape looks somewhat different in Europe from the way it looks in the US. In both regions there is more and more work on the (neuro)cognitive aspects of language, esp. acquisition and processing. In Germany, for example, there are three Max Planck Institutes which have one or more sections devoted to these issues. The Max Planck Institute in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, is devoted to psycholinguistics, while there are sections in the Institutes for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig dedicated to neurolinguistics and language acquisition. While there are no such research institutes in North America, there has been a marked increase in the work on sentence processing and neurolinguistics in the past twenty years. This is related to the importance of the study of language for cognitive science. With respect to linguistic theory, there is in fact today significant theoretical diversity in theories of syntax and semantics, but its existence is sometimes obscured in the US by the continued dominance of Chomsky there. In Europe, on the other hand, there is considerable theoretical heterogeneity, and a wide range of theories is being taught in universities and serving as the basis for research. Some of these are theories that originated in the US, e.g. MP, RRG, LFG, Head- Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, while others developed in Europe, e.g. Discourse Representation Theory, Functional Grammar. One would hope that in the future this diversity will continue to develop and will be recognized by scholars in other disciplines interested in theoretical issues in linguistics. 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Anja Latrouite for comments on an earlier draft. 5. REFERENCES Bickel, B Belhare subordination and the theory of topic. In: K. Ebert (ed.). Studies in Clause Linkage (Papers from the First Köln-Zürich Workshop). Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, no. 12. Zürich: University of Zürich
11 Linguistics past and present: A view from the Rhine Clause linkage typology. Lecture series delivered at the 2003 International Role and Reference Grammar Conference, UNESP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil. Boas, F Introduction. Handbook of American Indian Languages. I. F. Boas (ed.). Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology. Carnie, A Constituent structure. (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology 5). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chafe, W Meaning and the structure of language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chomsky, N Some empirical issues in the theory of transformational grammar. In S. Peters (ed.). Goals of linguistic theory. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall [1973]. Conditions on Transformations. Indiana Linguistics Club, University of Indiana. Bloomington, Indiana, (Reprinted in Festschrift for Morris Halle, edited by P. Kiparsky and S. Peters. The Hague: Mouton, 1973.) Dixon, R. M. W The Dyirbal Language of north Queensland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Erteschik-Shir, N Information structure: The syntax-discourse interface. (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Farrell, P Grammatical relations. (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fischer, O Morphosyntactic change: Functional and formal perspectives. (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fillmore, C The case for case. In E. Bach and R. Harms (eds.). Universals in linguistic theory, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Foley, W. A. and R. D. Van Valin, Jr On the viability of the notion of subject in universal grammar. K. Whistler et al. (eds.). Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Functional syntax and universal grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Guerrero, L The syntax-semantics interface in Yaqui complex sentences: a Role and Reference Grammar analysis. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University at Buffalo The structure and function in Yaqui complementation. Munich: Lincom.
12 162 Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. Humboldt, W. von Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss aft die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlects. Berlin: Dümmler. Johnson, M A new approach to clause structure in Role and Reference Grammar. In R. D. Van Valin 1987 (ed.) Lambrecht, K Topic, focus, and the grammar of spoken French. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California Berkeley. Nichols, J Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language Ohori, T Some thoughts on a new systematization of interclausal semantic relations. Paper presented at 2001 Role and Reference Grammar Conference, University of California, Santa Barbara. Roark, B. and R. Sproat Computational approaches to syntax and morphology. (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology 4). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ross, J. R Constraints on variables in syntax. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. Schachter, P Reference-related and role-related properties of subject. In P. Cole and J. Sadock (eds.). Grammatical relations (Syntax & semantics 8), New York: Academic Press. Van Valin, R. D. Jr Ergativity and the universality of subjects. W. Beach et al. (eds.). Papers from the Thirteenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Aspects of Lakhota syntax. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. (ed) Davis Working Papers in Linguistics, no. 2. University of California, Davis. (ed.) Advances in Role and Reference Grammar. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins An introduction to syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Exploring the syntax-semantics interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Van Valin, R. D., Jr. and R. J. LaPolla Syntax: structure, meaning & function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Watters, J. K [1993]. An investigation of Turkish clause linkage. In Van Valin 1987 (ed.) ; published in Van Valin 1993 (ed.)
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Hi all!!!
We want/need your feedback. The Mom and Pop Shop is meant for people to sell their products and support other moms. However, it's getting run over with a lot of ads, from many who are not really members of our community.
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