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Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646
- Karin Benson
- 2 years ago
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1 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N L2/ Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. March 4, 2009 Contents Proposal Summary Form i 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 1 3 Characters Proposed Character Set Basis for Character Set and Glyph Shapes Characters Not Proposed The Writing System General Features Inadequacies of the Script Supression of Inherent Vowel Consonant-Vowel Ligatures Consonant Conjuncts Nasalization Consonant Gemination Creation of New Characters Punctuation Abbreviations Number Forms and Unit Marks Variants Implementation Encoding Model Collation Character Properties Outstanding Issues References 18
2 List of Tables 1 Glyph chart for Khojki Names list for Khojki List of Figures 1 Inventory of Khojki vowel letters from Grierson (1905) Inventory of Khojki consonant letters from Grierson (1905) Inventory of Khojki consonant letters from Grierson (1905) Inventory of Khojki independent vowel letters from Asani (1992) Inventory of Khojki dependent vowel signs from Asani (1992) Inventory of Khojki consonants (b to dy) from Asani (1992) Inventory of Khojki consonants (jh to s) from Asani (1992) Inventory of Khojki consonants (sh to l) from Asani (1992) Inventory of Khojki consonants (m to dhr) from Asani (1992) Traditional arrangement of Khojki characters Arrangement of Khojki characters on the traditional Indic phonological pattern Comparison of Khojki with other scripts (a to au) from Khakee (1981) Comparison of Khojki with other scripts (ka to ḍa) from Khakee (1981) Comparison of Khojki with other scripts (ḍha to ba) from Khakee (1981) Comparison of Khojki with other scripts (bha to ha) from Khakee (1981) Comparison of Khojki with other scripts (ra to sra) from Khakee (1981) Title page of the So Kīrīā printed in Khojki and Gujarati Pages from a Khojki book printed with the metal fonts cut by Laljibhai Devraj Hand-written Khojki in a printed English-language catalogue of Ismaili literature
3 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 PROPOSAL SUMMARY FORM TO ACCOMPANY SUBMISSIONS FOR ADDITIONS TO THE REPERTOIRE OF ISO/IEC Please fill all the sections A, B and C below. Please read Principles and Procedures Document (P & P) from for guidelines and details before filling this form. Please ensure you are using the latest Form from See also for latest Roadmaps. A. Administrative 1. Title: Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC Requester s name: 3. Requester type (Member Body/Liaison/Individual contribution): Individual contribution 4. Submission date: March 4, Requester s reference (if applicable): N/A 6. Choose one of the following: (a) This is a complete proposal: No (b) or, More information will be provided later: Yes B. Technical - General 1. Choose one of the following: (a) This proposal is for a new script (set of characters): Yes i. Proposed name of script: Khojki (b) The proposal is for addition of character(s) to an existing block: No i. Name of the existing block: N/A 2. Number of characters in proposal: Proposed category: B.1 - Specialized (small collections of characters) 4. Is a repertoire including character names provided?: Yes (a) If Yes, are the names in accordance with the character naming guidelines in Annex L of P&P document?: Yes (b) Are the character shapes attached in a legible form suitable for review?: Yes 5. Who will provide the appropriate computerized font (ordered preference: True Type, or PostScript format) for publishing the standard?: ; True Type format (a) If available now, identify source(s) for the font and indicate the tools used: The characters of the digitized Khojki font are based on normalized forms of printed Khojki characters. The font includes characters from a digitized Khojki font called KhojkiJiwa.ttf (provided by Shafique Virani), as well as several new characters not found in KhojkiJiwa and revisions to several glyphs. The font is a work-in-progress and the final font will be a new work that will be produced by from printed Khojki sources. 6. References: (a) Are references (to other character sets, dictionaries, descriptive texts etc.) provided?: Yes (b) Are published examples of use (such as samples from newspapers, magazines, or other sources) of proposed characters attached?: Yes 7. Special encoding issues: (a) Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing (if applicable) such as input, presentation, sorting, searching, indexing, transliteration etc. (if yes please enclose information)? Yes; see proposal for additional details. 8. Additional Information: Submitters are invited to provide any additional information about Properties of the proposed Character(s) or Script that will assist in correct understanding of and correct linguistic processing of the proposed character(s) or script. Examples of such properties are: Casing information, Numeric information, Currency information, Display behaviour information such as line breaks, widths etc., Combining behaviour, Spacing behaviour, Directional behaviour, Default Collation behaviour, relevance in Mark Up contexts, Compatibility equivalence and other Unicode normalization related information. See the Unicode standard at for such information on other scripts. Also see and associated Unicode Technical Reports for information needed for consideration by the Unicode Technical Committee for inclusion in the Unicode Standard. Character properties and numeric information are included. 1 Form number: N3102-F (Original ; Revised , , , , , , , , , , , )
4 C. Technical - Justification 1. Has this proposal for addition of character(s) been submitted before?: No 2. Has contact been made to members of the user community (for example: National Body, user groups of the script or characters, other experts, etc.)? Yes (a) If Yes, with whom?: Shafique Virani University of Toronto - Mississauga i. If Yes, available relevant documents: N/A 3. Information on the user community for the proposed characters (for example: size, demographics, information technology use, or publishing use) is included? Yes (a) Reference: See text of proposal 4. The context of use for the proposed characters (type of use; common or rare): Common (a) Reference: The script was used primarily by the Ismaili religious community in South Asia. 5. Are the proposed characters in current use by the user community?: Yes. Members of the Ismaili community and specialists studying Ismaili literature require the script. (a) If Yes, where? Reference: In the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, and Pakistan. 6. After giving due considerations to the principles in the P&P document must the proposed characters be entirely in the BMP?: No (a) If Yes, is a rationale provided?: N/A i. If Yes, reference: N/A 7. Should the proposed characters be kept together in a contiguous range (rather than being scattered)? Yes 8. Can any of the proposed characters be considered a presentation form of an existing character or character sequence? No (a) If Yes, is a rationale for its inclusion provided?: N/A i. If Yes, reference: N/A 9. Can any of the proposed characters be encoded using a composed character sequence of either existing characters or other proposed characters? No (a) If Yes, is a rationale provided?: N/A i. If Yes, reference: N/A 10. Can any of the proposed character(s) be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) to an existing character? Yes (a) If Yes, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? Yes i. If Yes, reference: See text of proposal 11. Does the proposal include use of combining characters and/or use of composite sequences? Yes (a) If Yes, is a rationale for such use provided? Yes i. If Yes, reference: See text of proposal (b) Is a list of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images (graphic symbols) provided? N/A i. If Yes, reference: N/A 12. Does the proposal contain characters with any special properties such as control function or similar semantics? Yes (a) If Yes, describe in detail (include attachment if necessary): Virama 13. Does the proposal contain any Ideographic compatibility character(s)? No (a) If Yes, is the equivalent corresponding unified ideographic character(s) identified? N/A i. If Yes, reference: N/A
5 1 Introduction Purpose This is a formal proposal to encode the Khojki script in the Universal Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646). It replaces the following document: L2/08-201: Towards an Encoding for the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646, May 2008 Acknowledgments The proposal author is indebted to Professor Shafique Virani (University of Toronto, Mississauga) for providing Khojki specimens and for offering detailed comments on the forms of Khojki characters. This project was made possible in part by a grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities, which funded the Universal Scripts Project (part of the Script Encoding Initiative at the University of California, Berkeley). Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment of the Humanities. 2 Background The Khojki (хo) script takes its name from the Sindhi form khojā of the Persian Name k wājah master, lord. Literally, it means of the master (khojā + kī). The name appears in translieration as Khojakī and Khojkī. The common form Khojki is recommended as the formal name of the script h in the UCS. Overview Khojki is the name of the writing system used specifically by the Nizari Ismaili community of South Asia for recording their religious literature. It is a Brahmi-based script of the Landa family, which is a class of mercantile scripts that is derived ultimately from Sharada. Khojki is a refined form of the Lohāṇakī variety of Landa used in Sind that was purposely developed as an ecclesiastical script. It is believed to have become distinct in the 16th century ce. Popular Ismaili tradition states that the script was invented by Pir Sadruddin, an Ismaili missionary actively working with the Hindu Lohana community of Sind. Khojki is one of two mercantile Landa scripts that were transformed into literary scripts in order to serve the purposes of religious communities; the other is Gurmukhi. Developed in and used predominantly in Sind (in modern Pakistan), Khojki was used to represent Sindhi, Gujarati, Persian, and other regional languages. The majority of Khojki materials are manuscripts; however, hundreds of lithographs and books were published in the 20th century after Laljibhai Devraj produced metal types for Khojki in Germany for use at his Khoja Sindhi Printing Press in Bombay. Large collections of Khojki materials are housed at the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London and at Harvard University. Although Khojki possesses a limited user base, manuscripts and books were used in Ismaili religious ceremonies not only in South Asia but in East and South Africa, where large diaspora communities were formed starting in the 19th century. While the position of Khojki as a living script is declining, it is still used by members of the Ismaili community and by specialists who study the history and literature of the the community. An encoding for Khojki in the Universal Character Set will provide a means for the Ismaili community and specialists to preserve literature in the script and to advance the study of Ismaili religious and literary culture. 1
6 A 112B 112C 0 $ A0 112B0 112C0 1 $ A1 112B1 112C1 2 $ A2 112B2 112C2 3 $ A3 112B3 112C3 4 $ A4 112B4 5 $ A5 112B A6 7 $ A7 112B7 8 $ A8 112B8 9 $ A9 112B9 A $ 1128A 1129A 112AA 112BA B $ 1128B 1129B 112AB 112BB C $ 1128C 1129C 112AC 112BC D $ˇ 1128D 1129D 112AD 112BD E 1128E 1129E 112AE 112BE F 1128F 1129F 112BF Table 1: Glyph chart for Khojki 2
7 Various signs $ KHOJKI SIGN CANDRABINDU $ KHOJKI SIGN ANUSVARA Independent vowels KHOJKI LETTER A KHOJKI LETTER AA KHOJKI LETTER I KHOJKI LETTER II KHOJKI LETTER U KHOJKI LETTER UU KHOJKI LETTER E KHOJKI LETTER AI 1128A KHOJKI LETTER O 1128B KHOJKI LETTER AU Consonants 1128C KHOJKI LETTER KA 1128D KHOJKI LETTER KHA 1128E KHOJKI LETTER GA 1128F KHOJKI LETTER GGA KHOJKI LETTER GHA KHOJKI LETTER NGA KHOJKI LETTER CA KHOJKI LETTER CHA KHOJKI LETTER JA KHOJKI LETTER JJA KHOJKI LETTER JHA KHOJKI LETTER NYA KHOJKI LETTER TTA KHOJKI LETTER TTHA 1129A KHOJKI LETTER DDA 1129B KHOJKI LETTER DDHA 1129C KHOJKI LETTER NNA 1129D KHOJKI LETTER TA 1129E KHOJKI LETTER THA 1129F KHOJKI LETTER DA 112A0 KHOJKI LETTER DDDA 112A1 KHOJKI LETTER DHA 112A2 KHOJKI LETTER NA 112A3 KHOJKI LETTER PA 112A4 KHOJKI LETTER PHA 112A5 KHOJKI LETTER BA 112A6 KHOJKI LETTER BBA 112A7 KHOJKI LETTER BHA 112A8 KHOJKI LETTER MA 112A9 KHOJKI LETTER YA 112AA KHOJKI LETTER RA 112AB KHOJKI LETTER LA 112AC KHOJKI LETTER LLA 112AD KHOJKI LETTER VA 112AE KHOJKI LETTER SHA 112AF " <reserved> 112B0 KHOJKI LETTER SA 112B1 KHOJKI LETTER HA Dependent vowel signs 112B2 112B3 112B4 112B5 112B6 $ KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AA $ KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN I $ KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN II $ KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN U " <reserved> 112B7 $ KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN E 112B8 $ KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AI 112B9 $ KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN O 112BA $ KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AU Various signs 112BB $ KHOJKI SIGN VIRAMA 112BC $ KHOJKI SIGN NUKTA 112BD $ˇ KHOJKI SIGN SHADDA Punctuation 112BE KHOJKI DANDA 112BF KHOJKI DOUBLE DANDA 112C0 KHOJKI WORD SEPARATOR 112C1 KHOJKI SECTION MARK 112C2 KHOJKI DOUBLE SECTION MARK 112C3 KHOJKI VERSE MARKER Table 2: Names list for Khojki 3
8 3 Characters Proposed Number of Characters The 66 letters proposed here comprise the core Khojki character set. Character Names The naming convention for Khojki characters follows that used for Devanagari. Characters for the Sindhi implosive consonants gga, jja, ddda and bba are derived from their Devanagari analogues. There is no standard transliteration for these characters. Alignment with the names of analogous Devanagari characters will faciliate the recognition of characters. Allocation Khojki is currently allocated in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP) at the range U U+112CF. 3.1 Character Set Consonants There are 37 consonant letters: к khojki letter ka khojki letter ttha khojki letter bba х khojki letter kha khojki letter dda khojki letter bha khojki letter ga khojki letter ddha khojki letter ma khojki letter gga khojki letter nna khojki letter ya khojki letter gha khojki letter ta khojki letter ra khojki letter nga khojki letter tha khojki letter la khojki letter ca khojki letter da khojki letter lla khojki letter cha khojki letter ddda khojki letter va khojki letter ja khojki letter dha ш khojki letter sha khojki letter jja khojki letter na khojki letter sa khojki letter jha khojki letter pa khojki letter ha khojki letter nya khojki letter pha a khojki letter tta khojki letter ba Vowels There are 10 independent vowels: a khojki letter a u khojki letter u o khojki letter o å khojki letter aa khojki letter uu khojki letter au i khojki letter i e khojki letter e и khojki letter ii khojki letter ai Vowel Signs There are 8 dependent vowel signs: þå khojki vowel sign aa þu khojki vowel sign u þo khojki vowel sign o þi khojki vowel sign i þe khojki vowel sign e þ khojki vowel sign au þи khojki vowel sign ii þ khojki vowel sign ai 4
9 Various Signs There are 5 various signs: þ khojki sign candrabindu þ khojki sign virama þ khojki sign shadda þ khojki sign anusvara þ khojki sign nukta Punctuation There are 6 punctuation signs: khojki danda khojki double danda khojki word separator khojki section mark khojki double section mark khojki verse marker 3.2 Basis for Character Set and Glyph Shapes Basis for Character Set Given the absence of a standard for Khojki, this proposal intends to provide an idealized character set that may be used to encode any Khojki document completely. The character set proposed here is based upon the inventory of Khojki characters presented by George Stack s A Grammar of the Sindhi Language (as represented in George Grierson s Linguistic Survey of India: figures 1 3); Ali S. Asani in The Harvard Collection of Ismaili Literature in Indic Languages (figures 4 9); and Christopher S. Shackle and Zawahir Moir in Ismaili Hymns from South Asia (figures 10 11). Included in this character set are characters that are not enumerated in official Khojki primers, but are nonetheless attested in manuscripts and printed books, as well as in character charts. The presence of characters with which readers of Khojki are not necessarily familiar should not be a distraction, but rather should be understood as a letter of the script that at some historical period and within a particular region was identified as being part of the Khojki repertoire. These characters are: 1. letter ii Generally, Khojki does not distinguish between independent forms of i and ii. The characteri khojki letter i is used to represent both. However, Figure 4 shows the glyphиas an alternate form of ii. The character is included here in order to accommodate the attestation. 2. letter uu Khojki typically does not distinguish between independent forms of u and uu. The character u khojki letter u is used to represent both. Figure 4, however, shows glyphs for uu that are distinct fromu. The character is included here in order to accommodate the attestation. 3. letter jha Character inventories of Khojki show the glyph used to represent the letter jha /h /. However, they also show this glyph as representing khojki letter dha (/d h /). Although the formis used to represent both jha and dha, it is more commonly used to write dha and is, therefore, assigned here to khojki letter dha. The use of a single glyph to represent two characters requires a solution for representing both characters uniquely. Figure 6 shows the glyphfor jha, but this character is not found in traditional character inventories. Should the need arise to encode the character jha from a Khojki manuscript, using khojki letter dha is unacceptable; the appearance may be captured, but the semantic value of the character would disappear. Thus, jha is proposed for encoding in order to accommodate the attestation. 4. letter sha Although the characterш sha may be represented assa +þ nukta, it is proposed as an atomic character. Unlike other characters that are produced using nukta for the purpose of representing sounds not found in Sindhi, Khojki sha represents /Ë/, a sound native to Sindhi. 5
10 Basis for Glyph Shapes The digitized Khojki characters proposed here are based on the forms of the metal fonts developed by Laljibhai Devraj in Devraj used the fonts to produce the first printed versions of Ismaili devotional literature (ginān) at his Khoja Sindhi Printing Press in Bombay. Although different publishers in Sindh, Gujarat, and Mumbai printed works in Khojki, the majority of publications were produced by Devraj. Devraj s font, therefore is universally recognized by readers of Khojki. This digitized Khojki font contains characters not originally found in metal fonts, but additional characters have been designed with the spirit of Devraj s style, and it is hoped that this will appeal to the Ismaili community and will mirror the standard appearance of Khojki to which they are accustomed. 3.3 Characters Not Proposed Although the character set proposed for Khojki is an idealized inventory intended to enable the complete encoding of Khojki documents, there are some characters that have been identified in Khojki documents, but are not proposed for encoding at present for one or more of the following reasons: (a) insufficient information regarding the characters and their properties; (b) the possibility of representing a character with another of similar or equal function. 1. vowel sign uu Althoughkhojki letter uu is proposed for encoding based upon attested use of the character, sources attesting a unique character for vowel sign uu have not been identified. The general practice is to use þu khojki vowel sign u for dependent forms of both u and uu. Space has been reserved in the script block should a unique character for this sign be identified. 2. Characters for kṣa, jña, tra, and dra Khojki charts traditionally show the characters kṣa, jña, tra, anddra. These characters are consonant ligatures, and while their appearance differs from that of their constituent characters, they should be handled as such. The inclusion of these four characters in traditional character charts for Khojki is analogous to the inclusion of the conjuncts kṣa,tra, andjjña in charts of Devanagari for languages such Hindi. 3. Pre-composed characters for consonant + nukta There are several Khojki letters that are composed of a base letter + nukta:a a + nukta; ga + nukta (see section 4.8). It is not necessary to encode each of these uniquely. The only pre-composed character proposed for encoding isшkhojki letter sha. 4. Various signs derived from Devanagari Authors of Khojki instructional materials at times attempted to fix the deficiencies of the script by borrowing orthographic practices from scripts such as Devanagari. The specimen below illustrates such uses. One such script primer,иeo (Sindhī pahelī copaḍī), introduces vowel sign vocalic r and various diacritics to represent conjunct conjuncts with ra. These characters are not proposed at present until a determination can be made as to the necessity of encoding them. 6
11 5. Digits There are no unique Khojki digits. When digits appear in Khojki texts, they are generally Gujarati forms: (U+0AE6..U+0AEF). 6. Number forms and unit marks Fraction signs and currency marks are found in Khojki documents. The forms and semantics of these characters are identical to the North Indic number forms proposed for inclusion in the Common Indic Number Forms block (U+A830..U+A83F). See section 4.11 for additional information. 4 The Writing System 4.1 General Features Classification The Khojki script is an abugida of the Brahmic type and is written from left to right. Syllabic Formation The formation of syllables in Khojki follows the pattern common to north Indic scripts. Consonant letters bear the inherent vowel a when unaccompanied by a vowel sign. The inherent vowel is changed by applying a vowel sign to the consonant or suppressed by applying virama to produce the bare consonant. All dependent vowel signs are written above, below, or to the right of the consonant (including þi khojki vowel sign i). 4.2 Inadequacies of the Script The Khojki script has several incongruencies between glyphs and characters: 1. Redundancy One character represented by multiple glyphs 2. Ambiguity Multiple characters represented by a single or by multiple glyphs 3. Deficiency Ligature glyph forms composed of characters absent from the script 7
12 Redundancy As Khojki was developed to represent the Sindhi language, it has unique characters for representing sounds found in Sindhi, but not in other neighboring language groups. These sounds are the four voiced implosive consonants: // (velar), // (palatal), // (dental), and / / (labial). When the Khojki script was used outside of Sindh and by scribes unfamiliar with Sindhi, the phonetic value of the characters for the implosive consonants were unrealized. With the deletion of the implosive consonants, the glyphs for these characters were reassigned to represent characters for other consonants within the same articulation class. This deletion resulted in the use of multiple glyphs for a single character: khojki letter gga // came to represent /g/, already represented bykhojki letter ga. was also used for writing the consonant conjunct (ga + virama + ra) /gr/. khojki letter jja // came to represent //, already represented askhojki letter ja. In some caseswas also used to write (ja + virama + nukta) /z/. khojki letter ddda // came to represent /d/, already represented bykhojki letter da. The duplication of glyphs for da led to the duplicate use offor /d h / ( khojki letter dha). khojki letter bba / / came to represent /b/, already represented with ( khojki letter ba). In turn,was used synonymously withto write khojki letter bha /b h /. Other issues with redundancy are: was used to represent not only /d h / (khojki letter dha), but also /h / ( khojki letter jha)., the glyph for the ligature tra (ta + virama + ra) was at times used to represent /t/ ( khojki letter ta). Ambiguity In some cases, one glyph is used to represent multiple characters. The glyphiis used for the independent form of both i and ii. As ii is attested as a unique character in some Khojki manuscripts, it is encoded as an independent character and represented with the glyph и. The glyphuis used for the independent form of both u and uu. The signþu represents both dependent forms of these vowel letters. As uu is attested as a unique character in some Khojki manuscripts, it is encoded as an independent character and represented with the glyph. The charactereeis also represented asae. The character ai is also represented asae. The characteroois also represented aso. The character au is also represented asa andao. The glyphкis used to represent both ka and a letter *qa (/q/, used to transcribe arabic letter qaf). In some manuscripts, the glyph(assigned here to khojki letter nna) represents the characters dda, *dddha, and nna. Furthermore, given allophonic variation between dda and *dddha, it is difficult to determine precisely which of these characters is being represented by. 8
13 In most sources, the character dda is represented by the glyph; however in some this glyph represents *dddha. This ambiguity has been addressed by assigning unique glyphs to dda and nna; while the character *dddha has not been proposed for encoding (see section 3.3). o was used to represent both khojki letter o and khojki letter u. Deficiency The script lacks unique glyphs to represent sounds not found in Sindhi: In order to represent Arabic sounds, new characters are created by adding the diacritic nukta to an existing character (see section 4.8). The consonant ligature, which is composed of ka + virama + ssa; however, Khojki does not have a character ssa. 4.3 Supression of Inherent Vowel As most Indic scripts, Khojki has the special sign virāma, which is written as a combining character with a consonant letter to supress the consonant s inherent vowel a. Theþ khojki sign virama is written to the right of the consonant, not beneath as is typical in most Indic scripts, eg. Khojkiк k and Devanagariк k. 4.4 Consonant-Vowel Ligatures The addition of dependent signs to consonant letters results in consonant-vowel ligatures for all consonants. vowel sign i Unlike the practice in other Indic scripts, khojki vowel sign i is written to the right of the consonant, not to the left. The khojki vowel sign i has two forms: þi andþi. þi is used with characters that have right descenders: ci; vi. Or that possess a final right stroke that terminates at the baseline: к ki; di; hi. þi is used with characters that have rounded right edges: chi; ṅi;a ṭi; d i; ri; vowel sign ii The vowel sign ii has two forms: þи andþи: þи is used with characters possessing right descenders: cī and with characters with final strokes that terminate at the baseline:к kī. þи is used with characters that have rounded right edges: chī; vowel sign u With characters that possess a right descender, the þu vowel sign u is generally written as part of the descender: cu. Otherwise, the vowel sign is written as an extension of the basic final stroke of a character:к ku, chu, etc. 4.5 Consonant Conjuncts Consonant clusters are typically limited to two consonants and are represented in four ways: 9
14 1. Ligatures There are four consonant ligatures in Khojki: kṣa = к ka + þ virama + *ssa jña = ja + þ virama + nya tra = ta + þ virama + ra dra = da + þ virama + ra 2. Full-Form of Initial Consonant + Visible Virama The most common method of representing consonant conjuncts is by writing the full forms of the initial consonant and marking it with virama; eg. pra = pa + virama + zwnj + ra 3. Full-Form of Initial Consonant + Sub-Form of Final Consonant This type of consonant conjunct is typically C + ra. 4. Half-Form of Final Consonant In some cases, consonant conjuncts are written with the full-form of the initial consonant and a half-form of the second consonant. 1 For instance, the conjunct kya may be represented asк ( ya half-ya). See section 5.4 for discussion. 4.6 Nasalization Nasalization is indicated byþ khojki sign candrabindu andþ khojki sign anusvara. 4.7 Consonant Gemination Geminated consonants are marked byþ khojki sign shadda. The sign is written above the consonant that is doubled, eg. la + la is written (as below), not as a conjunct character. This practice is similar to that in 1 Asani 1992: 72,
15 Gurmukhi, where the þˆ u+0a71 gurmukhi sign addak is used to denote doubled consonants, and also in the Arabic script, where theþ u+0651 arabic shadda is used. 4.8 Creation of New Characters The Khojki script may be extended by producing characters to represent sounds not native to Sindhi. This is done by writing the sign nukta above a Khojki character whose phonetic value most closely matches that of the sound being accommodated. The nukta is written using the above-base combining character þ khojki sign nukta. The nukta may be written with vowel letters, vowel signs, and consonant letters. In Khojki, nukta is used primarily to represent Arabic letters and sounds, eg. a a + nukta is used to represent u+0639 arabic letter ain. The nukta has a variant, which is simply an inverted form: þ. The list of attested nukta letters in Khojki is: þå = u+0639 arabic letter ain a = u+0639 arabic letter ain e = u+0639 arabic letter ain к = u+0642 arabic letter qaf х = u+062e arabic letter khah = u+063a arabic letter ghain = u+0630 arabic letter thal, dad, u+0638 arabic letter zah = u+0637 arabic letter tah = u+0641 arabic letter feh = u+062d arabic letter hah u+0632 arabic letter zain, u+0636 arabic letter 4.9 Punctuation Word Boundaries Khojki separates words using khojki word separator. This character resembles characters such asþ u+0903 devangari sign visarga. Khojki does not use visarga. Sentence Boundaries The danda and double danda are used to mark the end of sentences. 11
16 End of line is typically marked with word separator and double danda: double danda is also used to mark verse sections. Typically, double danda is written with word separator to the left and right of verse numbers: Section Marks The section mark characterskhojki section mark andkhojki double section mark appear frequently in Khojki manuscripts as punctuation that delimit the end of a section or another larger block of text. Both section marks are found in manuscripts. The khojki section mark is generally used to mark the end of a sentence, while khojki double section mark is used to delimit larger blocks of text, such as paragraphs. Both generally extend to the margin of the text-block. Verse Enumeration The khojki verse marker is used to mark verse numbers in long Khojki texts. It is an above-base extending character that is written above numbers: 525 Its function may be considered similar to the Latin mark vinculum, which is written over numbers to indicate that they are to be considered a group. Other Punctuation encoded in the UCS: Printed Khojki employs Latin punctuation marks, such as comma, which are already 12
17 4.10 Abbreviations Khojki has two abbreviations for Arabic benedictions. These are not proposed for encoding because they can be represented using other characters. 1. aå = alai-hi as-salām peace be upon him. 2. å = ṣallā allāhu alai-hi wa sallam God bless him and grant him salvation Number Forms and Unit Marks Number forms and unit marks are found in Khojki documents (see Figure 17). The most common characters are signs for writing fractions: eg. à u+a833 north indic fraction one sixteenth, ä u+a831 north indic fraction one half, etc.; and currency marks: eg. î u+a838 north indic rupee mark. These characters may be represented using those in the Common Indic Number Forms block (U+A830..U+A83F). See Pandey (2007) for more information on these characters Variants 1. khojki letter dha is also written as. 2. khojki letter ba is also written as. 5 Implementation 5.1 Encoding Model The encoding model for Khojki may be based on the model implemented for Devanagari. There may be a requirement to accommodate an idiosyncratic method of rendering consonant conjuncts for the script (see section 5.4). 13
18 5.2 Collation The collating order for Khojki is based on Sindhi. The script may be sorted according to both the Devanagaribased and Persian-based arrangement of letters. Devanagari-Based Sort Order Independent vowel letters are sorted before consonant letters. Vowels with special signs (candrabindu and anusvara) appear at the head of the vowel order. The collating order for special signs and independent vowels in Khoji is: a a a å i и u e o aå m aṃ a ā i ī u ū e ai o au Dependent vowel signs are sorted in the same position as their independent shape. Consonant-vowel combinations are sorted first by consonant letter and then by vowel sign. A consonant with virāma is sorted last. к к к кå кe к кo к к kaå m kaṃ ka kā ki kī ku ke kai ko kau k The pattern for consonants is as follows: к х a ka kha ga ḡa gha ṅa ca cha ja j a jha ña ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da d a dha na pa pha ba ш ba bha ma ya ra la ḷa va śa sa ha Persian-Based Sort Order Since the Sindhi language is now commonly written in an extended form of the Arabic script, Khojki letters may be sorted according to the Arabic arrangement of characters as extended for Sindhi. a ba b a bha ta tha ṭa ṭha pa pha ja j a jha ña ш к х ca cha da dha d a ḍa ḍha ra sa śa ka kha ga ga gha ṅa la ḷa ma na ṇa va ha ya 14
19 5.3 Character Properties The properties for Khojki characters in the Unicode Character Database format are: 11280;KHOJKI SIGN CANDRABINDU;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 11281;KHOJKI SIGN ANUSVARA;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 11282;KHOJKI LETTER A;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11283;KHOJKI LETTER AA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11284;KHOJKI LETTER I;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11285;KHOJKI LETTER II;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11286;KHOJKI LETTER U;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11287;KHOJKI LETTER UU;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11288;KHOJKI LETTER E;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11289;KHOJKI LETTER AI;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1128A;KHOJKI LETTER O;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1128B;KHOJKI LETTER AU;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1128C;KHOJKI LETTER KA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1128D;KHOJKI LETTER KHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1128E;KHOJKI LETTER GA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1128F;KHOJKI LETTER GGA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11290;KHOJKI LETTER GHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11291;KHOJKI LETTER NGA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11292;KHOJKI LETTER CA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11293;KHOJKI LETTER CHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11294;KHOJKI LETTER JA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11295;KHOJKI LETTER JJA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11296;KHOJKI LETTER JHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11297;KHOJKI LETTER NYA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11298;KHOJKI LETTER TTA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 11299;KHOJKI LETTER TTHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1129A;KHOJKI LETTER DDA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1129B;KHOJKI LETTER DDHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1129C;KHOJKI LETTER NNA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1129D;KHOJKI LETTER TA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1129E;KHOJKI LETTER THA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1129F;KHOJKI LETTER DA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A0;KHOJKI LETTER DDDA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A1;KHOJKI LETTER DHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A2;KHOJKI LETTER NA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A3;KHOJKI LETTER PA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A4;KHOJKI LETTER PHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A5;KHOJKI LETTER BA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A6;KHOJKI LETTER BBA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A7;KHOJKI LETTER BHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A8;KHOJKI LETTER MA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112A9;KHOJKI LETTER YA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112AA;KHOJKI LETTER RA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112AB;KHOJKI LETTER LA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112AC;KHOJKI LETTER LLA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112AD;KHOJKI LETTER VA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112AE;KHOJKI LETTER SHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112AF;<reserved> 112B0;KHOJKI LETTER SA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112B1;KHOJKI LETTER HA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112B2;KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AA;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 112B3;KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN I;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112B4;KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN II;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112B5;KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN U;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 112B6;<reserved> 112B7;KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN E;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 112B8;KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AI;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 15
20 112B9;KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN O;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 112BA;KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AU;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 112BB;KHOJKI SIGN VIRAMA;Mc;9;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 112BC;KHOJKI SIGN NUKTA;Mn;7;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 112BD;KHOJKI SIGN SHADDA;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 112BE;KHOJKI DANDA;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112BF;KHOJKI DOUBLE DANDA;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112C0;KHOJKI WORD SEPARATOR;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112C1;KHOJKI SECTION MARK;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112C2;KHOJKI DOUBLE SECTION MARK;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 112C3;KHOJKI VERSE MARKER;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 5.4 Outstanding Issues Encoding Model 1. Half-form of final letter of a consonant conjunct Consonant conjuncts in Khojki are generally written with a visible virama. For instance, the conjunct kya is typically represented asк: к ka +þ virama + zwnj +ya Alternately, this conjunct may also be written in a rather unconventional manner: the full-form of the initial consonant letter and the half-form of the second consonant letter: 2 к. Despite the visual disjunction, к represents kya, not kay, and is semantically identical to к. Given this, the expected character sequence would be к ka +þ virama + zwj +ya (kya) not к ka +ya +þ virama + zwj (kay) Here, the appearance of the conjunct is the reverse of the semantic value of the characters. The letter ka remains visually unchanged and unmarked by virama, but the elision of its inherent vowel is indicated by the half form of ya. Thus, the rendering behavior of virama in this case affects not the character it is written after (ka), but the one that follows it (ya): (semantically ya, but visually half-ya). This behavior cannot be produced by the typical method of producing conjuncts by applying virama to the consonant letter in question Characters 1. Consonant letter dddha Some Khojki manuscripts usekhojki letter dda (//) to represent ṛa (//), which is analogous to Devanagari u+095c devanagari letter dddha. The sound is an allophonic variant of dda, which appears intervocalically. Other sources represent this sound using the glyph. Although is assigned here to khojki letter lla, it may be possible to propose it as khojki letter dddha, despite the fact that the glyphgenerally represents lla in other Indic scripts. The reassignment offrom lla to dddha would be further supported by the fact that Sindhi does not have the sound // that is generally represented by the letter lla in several north Indic scripts. 2 Asani 1992: 72,
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luna24 Review
I've ordered several Claddagh rings as gifts online before from another site, and this is the first & only ring I've ever been truly happy with. My family is of Irish descent, many family members (including myself) have their own Claddagh ring, so I'm extremely picky about how the ring is styled. I purchased this particular ring as a Christmas gift for a friend, & I love it so much I'm considering ordering one for myself to replace the one I wear now. As the previous poster said, pay attention to the 2nd picture: the crowns are different in the first & second pictures. The ring I received has the crown shown in the 2nd picture. The diamonds in the heart aren't over the top glittery, but they provide enough sparkle (in my opinion) even though they're smaller. I think that the ring looks like I paid about $100 or so for it, not the much lower price listed here on Overstock. My only complaint is that the inner part of the main portion of ring is hollow - I was hoping that the back of the crown, hands, & heart would be filled with sterling silver. The band itself is filled. However, even with this part of the design, in my opinion the ring is still smooth enough that it's comfortable. I would definitely recommend this product, & will most likely be back to purchasing my own ring once my size (hopefully) back in stock! Hopefully the friend I purchased this for likes it as much as I do!

subset: commoncrawl


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I would have cum in here face en and left her by herself. Then she could finish here cunt on here own. Filthy hore.
Maids outfit=the wife needs a hard butt fucking. Its her way of telling me.
reminds me when i dressed up for my bf in a maids outfit. he pounded my ass so hard we woke the neighbors.
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Surf Tips - How to do an Aerial MP3
The aerial or 'air' is one of surfing's more difficult and sought after manouevres, so we decided to lend you a helping hand. There are many variations to the ...
Surfing's Best Airs MP3
Huge surfing airs complitation of some of the best surfers in the world in HD. Song is Fabrication by Emalkay.
john john florencen y matt meola surfing aerial show MP3
matt meolas surf surfing airs jhon jhon florencen aerials backflips rodeo flip air reverse.
Surf From Above | Drone Footage of Pipeline MP3
Eric Sterman takes his DJI above the Banzai Pipeline on the best day of season, capturing epic aerial footage of John John Florence, Mason Ho, Jamie O'Brien, ...
Surfing tricks compilation MP3
SURFEDUKATORS presents a compilation video showcasing different surfing tricks, turns and maneuvers featuring the world's best surfers... Mick Fanning ...
MICK FANNING - The Free Surfer, The World Champion. MP3
Mick Fanning wins the ASP surfing world championship title in Hawaii. Flashback on his contest wins and some great freesurfs in Fiji and Indonesia. Images/Red ...
How To Do Frontside Airs MP3
Hawaii's Zeke Lau talks us through the execution of his frontside aerial attack.
Gabriel Medina pulls highest air in surf history MP3
Sky Surfing over Laguna Beach California! Aerial View in HD! MP3
http://www.bananahobby.com/1937.html Hi Friends! Thank you for joining me for this special video! Sky Surfing over the World Famous Laguna Beach, ...
Hangtime Aerial - Surfing Malibu Pier - Surfer's Beach MP3
Malibu Surfing 7.7.14.
Night Aerial video of Surfers Paradise on the Gold Coast MP3
This video is a compilation of some filming that we recently did of Surfers Paradise on the Beautiful Gold Coast in Queensland Australia. The video includes Q1, ...
Drone Footage, Surfing Huge Waves, Teahupoo, Tahiti In 4K July 2015 MP3
In July 2015 a massive swell hit Teahupoo, Tahiti in French Polynesia. This swell created massive 30 foot waves surfed by Raimana, Matahi Drollet, Niccolo ...
The Wedge Newport Beach, CA 9.2.11 aerial action - body surfer LAUNCHED! MP3
dude flung into the air (@ 1:22) while body surfing the wedge on 9.2.11. good a.m. action!
THE FREEDOM SURFER - Aerial Surfing - DJI Phantom 2 - GoPro - Cocoa Beach, FL MP3
THE FREEDOM SURFER - Aerial Surfing - DJI Phantom 2 - GoPro - Cocoa Beach, FL - Chapter I Be sure to Watch in HD! - Subscribe if you LIKE. We had the ...
Surf's Up!! Aerial Footage - Ventura, Ca. March 2014 MP3
Here's aerial footage surfers hitting the waves in Ventura, California. I've been out there before, and everybody is cool with the Hexacopter. Here's the link to my ...
Surfer Kelly Slaters unbelievable aerial manoeuvre MP3
Surfer Kelly Slaters unbelievable aerial manoeuvre Surfer Kelly Slaters unbelievable aerial manoeuvre Surfer Kelly Slaters unbelievable aerial manoeuvre Kelly ...
Bodyboard vs Surf - Red Bull Tow Out Session MP3
For more Surfing paddle over to http://win.gs/1alYVe2 Bodyboard vs Surf. This is the motivation behind the Red Bull Tow Out Session where Hugo Pinheiro and ...
AIS Aerial Surf Skate Training Facility - Hurley Surfing Australia HPC MP3
Rain, hail or shine, Australian surfers will be able to hone their aerial skills at the Hurley Surfing Australia High Performance Centre's AIS Aerial Surf Skate ...
Surfing Peniche | SUPERTUBOS, MOLHO LESTE, BALEAL, CONSOLAÇÃO | With aerial drone shots MP3
In February 2015 we went on another surftrip to Portugal. We stayed mainly in the area of Peniche. The shots cover spots like Supertubos, Molho Leste, Lagide, ...
Surfer Kelly Slaters unbelievable aerial manoeuvre MP3
Surfer Kelly Slaters unbelievable aerial manoeuvre Surfer Kelly Slaters unbelievable aerial manoeuvre Surfer Kelly Slaters unbelievable aerial manoeuvre Kelly ...
Aerial video of surfer at Long Beach NY MP3
Aerial video of surfer at Long Beach NY.
Free to Roam - John John Florence MP3
A compilation of clips from the professional surfer John John Florence.
Owen Wright Free Surfing Snapper Rocks MP3
http://www.shotspot.com.au - Pro surfer Owen Wright free surfing Snapper Rocks on the Gold Coast, Australia at the end of march 2011. Owen shows a top high ...
Surfer lands aerial on the back of haole MP3
Tentativa de Aéreo ou de assassinato?
Kelly Slater Insane Air at Hurley Pro MP3
Watch the 2015 Hurley Pro LIVE! www.worldsurfleague.com.
Marble Mountain Steadybrook Humber River Aerial Footage - Sky Surfer FPV Plane MP3
Flying around Steadybrook & Marble Mountain NL, Getting a few shots of the river and surrounding land, very low cloud ceiling today (June 29 2013) Gopro ...
Malibu Point Aerial - Inspire 1 DJI - Full HD MP3
Malibu point on Sunday March 29, 2015 with a good swell. Some of the surfers: Allen Sarlo, Randy Rodstoker, Scott Daley... Can you pick any others.
Real Surf: Dion Agius | Drone Dudes - RC Aerial Cinematography MP3
Follow us at http://www.dronedudes.com for the latest on our aerial adventures! The Drone Dudes spent a week in Mexico collaborating with Globe director Joe ...
Dane Reynolds - World's Best Surfer? MP3
http://www.epictv.com Surf season has begun for 2013, so we caught up with Dane Reynolds to find out what has been tickling his boat in the water.
Aerial footage of surfers at Steamer Lane Santa Cruz, CA MP3
Drone footage.


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Lattice Ribbed Jumpsuit - Black
Product Details
Popper Front Rib Jumpsuit with Lattice Detailing
- Cropped Leg Length
- Seamless Design Feature
- Soft Stretch Rib Fabric
- Silver Popper Front Detail
- Lattice Side Detail
Model is 5'6" and Wears Size S
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All discrepancies with orders need to be reported within 24 to 48hrs.
If your item is a Sale item this can be Exchanged or Refunded on to a Gift Card within 14 days of receipt.
Help & Support
Any product related questions, please do not hesitate to send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Read Latest Hindi Episode News and TV Serials and Channels Program News online at Times of India.
Hindi TV Shows News and Channel Programmes. Know Hindi Channel Episodes Schedule and latest news about the Hindi programmes online at Times of India.
News & Discussions for Colors India Online, News & Updates of all latest Hindi Serials Online ForColors.
Watch all Latest News, Breaking News and Exclusive News from India and all over the World LIVE on IndiaTV. Get 24*7 News Updates Online on IndiaTV News Live TV.
National Hindi daily newspaper published from New Delhi, India. Uttam Hindu.
Watch NDTV India Hindi News Channel Live Streaming Online With High Quality at YuppTV.
India TV is a Hindi news channel based in Noida, Uttar Pradesh. LIVE.
** Live Indian and English Tv Channels: Free Online Tv **.
Watch India TV live stream online. India TV is a Hindi news television channel based in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Hindi TV Channels, Indian Live TV Channels, News Live TV Channels.


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Customize ESPN
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Watch live: O.J. Simpson's parole hearing
Jeremy Schaap anchors our coverage of Simpson's hearing in front of the Nevada Board of Parole. Simpson could be released from prison as early as Oct. 1.
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The Open
Round 1
Follow live: Open leaderboard getting crowded up top
Jordan Spieth and Brooks Koepka carded 5-under to get the day started. Matt Kuchar and Charley Hoffman have joined the leaders at the Open Championship.
Spieth cards bogey-free 65, shares Open lead
Jordan Spieth played near flawless golf Thursday, to share the first-round lead with Brooks Koepka at Royal Birkdale among the early starters.
PGA Tour
On Wednesday, Rory McIlroy was apprised of his betting odds and said, "It's a good time to back me." Or not. Through nine holes of The Open Championship, he's already 5-over, the result of bogeys on five of his first six holes. Despite missing the cut in three of his previous four starts, the 2014 champion sounded optimistic about this week, but that optimism is quickly fading as quickly as McIlroy on the leaderboard.
MLB Trade Deadline
Olney: Teams that must decide whether to buy or sell
For clubs like the Pirates and Angels, a bad series could be what determines their strategy. And many contenders are waiting for an answer.
From Archer to Yu (Darvish): Every team's untouchable player
Blockbuster season is in full swing, and we know these names will come up. Here's the player on all 30 clubs who should make GMs hang up the phone.
What are the Dodgers and Astros looking to do at the deadline?
With playoff spots inevitable, MLB's two juggernauts have the flexibility to say no. But should they choose to pursue deals -- perhaps for an outfield bat in L.A. or a pitcher in Houston -- it'll be only for October's sake.
From The Mag
When athletes gotta go ... where do they go?
No one can resist nature's call, but for athletes, knowing when to let it flow can be the difference between victory and defeat.
Big-name rookies holding out again? Why it's possible
With six first-rounders -- including No. 5 pick Corey Davis -- still unsigned, we could see a repeat of Joey Bosa's holdout from last year. And the reasons are similar, too -- with a twist.
Sue Bird is ready to let you in
Bird is self-admittedly private. But the WNBA All-Star is finally opening up on her career, her relationship with girlfriend Megan Rapinoe and why it's important to talk now.
Inside the 6-0 road trip that has changed the Cubs' season
Everything is going right for the reigning champs after a first half that went wrong in so many ways. And it all started with a game-winning home run.
'Is this what we're doing?' Say hello to the Cubs' new celebration
Forget what you think of as The Wave; this is a new go-to move that's galvanizing the champs -- even if some stars haven't gotten the memo yet.
Trail Blazers
McCollum: Portland would contend in West with Carmelo.
Damian Lillard and CJ McCollum talk about the potential of Carmelo Anthony joining the Blazers, and McCollum predicts Melo's addition would make them a force in the Western Conference.
How Dream Teams are leading to superteams
The Beard, CP3 ... and Melo? The biggest NBA moves show us the link between Team USA and the superteam era.
Warriors reveal unique season-ticket plan for new arena
The Warriors are introducing personal seat licenses for fans to buy season tickets when the team moves to its new arena in San Francisco in 2019.
Pelinka setting stage for LeBron in L.A.
Adrian Wojnarowski shares how Lakers GM Rob Pelinka is recruiting LeBron James' camp to the Lakers, and reveals a failed trade between the Bulls and L.A. for Dwyane Wade.
United States
CONCACAF Gold Cup
U.S. overcomes bites and more in victory
Wednesday's Gold Cup quarterfinal between the U.S. and El Salvador had everything. There was biting, nipple twisting and, oh, a couple of U.S. goals.
United States
United States continues 'lackluster' performance in win.
Taylor Twellman says the U.S. has not performed well enough to be the Gold Cup favorite.
Training camp previews
Adrian Peterson revival adds drama to Saints camp
Adrian Peterson and Drew Brees still have a fire that burns, the O-line is banged up and a prominent LB will likely miss the cut for the Saints.
Cowboys' goal in 2017: Show staying power
After riding Dak Prescott and Ezekiel Elliott to a 13-3 record last season, the Cowboys aim to avoid a letdown and prove they belong in the NFL's top tier.
Seahawks look to move past offseason drama
The Seahawks' core group remains together as they begin a quest for a sixth consecutive playoff berth.
The Undefeated
Colin Kaepernick's hair is not our business; Michael Vick telling him to cut it is a problem
Vick's advice to the free-agent QB is one of the oldest plays in the "black isn't beautiful" playbook.
WSOP Final Table
9 p.m. ET on ESPN2
World Series of Poker final table is set.
Get to know each of the players left standing in the tournament.
My Wish
Jalan produces his own story.
Sidelined by chronic pulmonary embolism, 16-year-old former athlete Jalan Sowell wants to inspire others like him by producing his own story on ESPN.
College Football
College Football
Can college football do anything about the length of games?
Every conference has its concerns, and each will begin to look for ways to trim games to keep up with today's audience.
College Football
Against-the-spread picks for 5 marquee college football matchups
With lines out for many of the fall's most anticipated games, here's a look at the best bets to make now that could provide value on game day.
Herman uses chicken and waffles as encouragement.
Texas head coach Tom Herman shares how he's going to return the Longhorns to prominence, starting with a winning breakfast as motivation.
Phelps calls swimming with shark 'a true treat.'
Michael Phelps explains how racing a great white shark actually played out and shares his interest in free diving and unexplored areas of the ocean.
Men's College Hoops
It's time again to think about expanding the NCAA tournament field
The NCAA tournament does not need 96 teams, but 72 makes sense. The rumblings have picked up, and plenty of coaches are on board.
30 For 30
8:30 p.m. ET, ESPN
George Best: All By Himself.
He was the Beatles of soccer. But Best was also the lead in a Shakespearean tragedy fueled by drink and excess and depression.
ESPN FC's Most Influential
The 50 most influential people in soccer
In 2015, ESPN FC counted down the 50 most influential men and women in the game. Two years later, we've got the updates.
Top influencers in each region
With the help of experts based in each region, we broke down the key influencers in specific parts of the world.
Celtics called on their ultimate weapon to land Gordon Hayward
Boston pulled out all the stops during its pursuit of Hayward. In the end, it came down to master recruiter Brad Stevens and the power of the Butler Bulldogs connection.
The Undefeated
The 30 best NBA throwback jerseys ever
Nike will release classic uniforms for eight teams this year, but we're looking back at the whole league.
How top MMA trainers would prepare Conor McGregor for Floyd Mayweather
How should the MMA star -- with no professional boxing fights on his résumé -- approach his bout with Mayweather? Top trainers weigh in.
The Undefeated
Mike Wise: Mayweather-McGregor tour sold hate, not a fight
Floyd Mayweather and Conor McGregor's promotional tour sunk to new depths of racism, homophobia and misogyny.
Summer league's top rookies, surprises, disappointments
Which players stood out, and what are the big takeaways?
Reflecting on Lonzo Ball's outstanding July
He started summer league with an alley-oop -- then a rough shooting night. But he ended it with an MVP award.
Ball is Lakers' newest sneaker free agent
The guard kicked off his NBA career by playing the field when it comes to footwear. Kobe Bryant did the same thing in 2003. How's how they compare.
Redef + ESPN
The drive to run and the history of man vs. beast
The pursuit of the finish line in San Francisco, and Michael Phelps is the latest to take on an animal: Read that and more in your daily mix from the world of sports in the REDEF newsletter.
Tour de France
Froome consolidates yellow
Romain Bardet closed the gap on Chris Froome to 23 seconds in the race for the yellow jersey as Warren Barguil won stage 18 to secure the King of the Mountains jersey.
news - uk cycling
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Last year at this time, Brown was on a couch taking care of his ailing girlfriend. Now in the final week of the Tour, he has her support in France.
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Marcel Kittel stated he was "inconsolable" after having to withdraw from the Tour de France during Thursday's stage 17 following a crash.
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On This Date: July 20, 1976
Hank Aaron's final home run
Only 10,134 spectators -- 21 percent capacity -- were in County Stadium that day to witness the designated hitter's 755th and final home run, a record that stood for 31 years.
Top QBs since 1978
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An All-Star panel of 10 NFL coaches and executives -- with 330 seasons of NFL experience and 20 Super Bowl rings between them -- set out to answer a simple question: Who are the 10 best quarterbacks since 1978?
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Assembling the absolutely perfect college basketball team
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The Body Issue
ESPN The Body Issue 2017
Your exclusive look at the stunning photos, revealing videos and unique stories of 23 athletes.


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The Vanitas Clock
Beyond its uncommon shape (a signature of the Fiona Krüger brand), the Vanitas wall clock truly impresses with its vivid interior color profile. The result of a collaboration between namesake watchmaker Fiona Krüger and historic manufacturer L'Epée...
Milan Design Week 2017: Lee Broom's "Time Machine"
Within an abandoned vaulted storage room next to the historic Milano Centrale station, a white carousel spun—the only object in a raw, unfinished space. On that carousel, visitors found reimaginings of furniture, objects and lighting drawn from ten...
Four Otherworldly Time-Telling Machines
The art of clock- and watch-making continues to see substantial developments as technical skill-sets are passed from generation to generation and new ideas come to light. This year's Salon International de la Haute Horlogerie Genève (SIHH) luxury watch...
Link About It: This Week's Picks
1. "David Lynch: The Art Life" Documentary An intimate and fascinating look at the life of the brilliant filmmaker and artist David Lynch will premiere at next month's London Film Festival. The documentary, called "David Lynch: The Art Life...
Scania's Clock Made of Trucks
In a deserted airfield, truck-maker Scania set up 14 of their vehicles (and 90 drivers) to create a clock made of trucks. The drivers kept track of every single second, minute and hour for 24 hours and the result is a mesmerizing real-life timepiece...
Maarten Baas Paints the Time at Schipol
Dutch designer Maarten Baas revisits his 2009 "Real Time" concept in a new site-specific project commissioned by Amsterdam's Schiphol airport, following in the footsteps of other "Real Time" clocks found in the nearby Rijksmuseum, as well as the...
Scott Thrift's Today Clock
Designer Scott Thrift has been reimagining the way we convey and perceive time for years now. In 2012, he released ThePresent: a wall clock with a colorwheel face that represents all 365 days of the year. ThePresent's dial reflects the changing...
Daniel Libeskind + Alessi's Time Maze Wall Clock
Undoubtedly a huge name in architecture and design, Polish-American Daniel Libeskind is responsible for designing Berlin's Jewish Museum and NYC's World Trade Center—among so much more. One of his most recent and (as always) striking creations...
Studio Job + Alessi's Comtoise Clock
Best known for their unique creative approach that merges art and design, Studio Job's creations are oftentimes easily recognized. The two Flemish designers leading the studio (Job Smets and Nynke Tynagel) have a knack for using plenty of symbols...
Fly On The Wall Clock
Designed to resemble a fly crawling across the wall, Yenwen Tseng's "Fly on The Wall" clock might not sound super-appealing in words, but the minimal piece is—in reality—curious and eye-catching. Made in Japan, the clock's oversized hands move in orchestra;...
MB&F's Sherman Robot Desk Clock
With each new release, luxury Swiss horological design house MB&F demonstrates a level of imagination uncommon in today's world of mechanical time-telling—especially when it comes to desk clocks. With Sherman (unveiled today at Geneva's annual...
1970s Desk Calendar
London-based Present & Correct, purveyors of new and old office items, have sourced a unique vintage desk calendar from the '70s that's reminiscent of friendly flip clocks. This one can be used year after year (no batteries required, as it's a hand...
Petal Clock
While it was made back in 1957 (by NYC's George Nelson Associates for the Howard Miller Clock Company), the Petal Clock is as beautiful today as it ever was. Inspired by a four-leaf clover, this authentic Nelson clock (now archived in the the Vitra...
Why We're Adding One Second to Today's Time
If today feels like it's going by slower than usual, it's because it is. A leap second will be added to today's time in order to keep the Earth's rotation in sync with the atomic clock. As NASA explains it, scientists once analyzed radio waves sent...
Limited Edition Starfleet Machine
Modeled after an intergalactic space station is the Starfleet Machine, a table clock dreamt up by horological design house MB&F and engineered by Switzerland's oldest clockmaker L'Epée 1839. Cool Hunting has partnered with MB&F to create a distinct...
Cool Hunting Editions Starfleet Machine
For years now, we've followed the work of Max Büsser, the mastermind behind horological design house MB&F. His distinct timepieces represent mind-bending innovation and eccentric inspiration, all hand-crafted, in an industry that more often than...
Four Creative Clocks to Spring Forward
Daylight saving time, as we know it, is thanks in large part to one man in New Zealand who wanted a bit of extra daylight for his hobbies. George Vernon Hudson worked as a clerk at the Wellington post office, but his passion was in entomology, astronomy...
Time in Color: Chrono Chroma
The ubiquity of clocks on our phones, tablets and computers lessens the burden of pinpoint accuracy for wall clocks, opening up the door for more (sometimes purely) decorative, experimental design pieces. Taking full advantage of this shift is...
Piet Hein Eek's Tube Series for Leff Amsterdam
Dutch designer Piet Hein Eek's work spans a wide range; since graduating from Eindhoven's Academy for Industrial Design in 1990, he has designed everything from furniture, desk lamps and eyewear to custom-made interiors and even holiday homes. Eek...
Home London Trade Show Highlights
At the most recent edition of London's Home trade show, held in the beautiful Victorian Olympia exhibition space earlier this week, a huge number of designers and brands gathered to showcase their latest products to buyers and press. The fair offers...
World Clock by 11+
South Korean design house 11+ is quickly gaining a reputation for its elegant yet approachable modern take on home accessories. The World Clock is an interactive desk clock that stylishly masks its complexity in a simple, minimalist design. A cylindrical...
Hand-Painted Wall Clock
Westkill, the Brooklyn studio of artists Joe Silver and Justin Horowitz, specializes in hand-painted and screen-printed home goods. Their one-of-a-kind clocks add a splash of character to a room or office.
Assembly Design's 00 Clock
Balancing a calculated academic approach with a very tactile studio process, the New York City-based duo Assembly Design (responsible for the imaginative furniture collaboration that debuted at this year's ICFF) is now exploring familiar territory...
Colour O'Clock
There's something soothing about the idea of telling time by color, which is the stress-relieving promise Colour O'Clock makes. As the seconds, minutes and hours tick by, the minimalist white clock cycles through the color spectrum with an ever-changing...
Baselworld 2014: MB&F's Starfleet Machine
As a symbol of their 175th anniversary, Switzerland's last remaining specialized high-end clock manufacturer L'Epée has engineered and crafted another visionary design by conceptual micro-engineering lab MB&F. The resulting desk clock, Starfleet...
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The Need For Discovering Atrial Fibrillation Plus The Problems Medical
Clinical providers find afib heart condition can be quite a complicated job for a variety of reasons. Above all, they don't grasp the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation, not only in general, but additionally inside distinct cases. Doctors do believe that there isn't any one explanation for this problem, however that a lot of variables may play a role.
The concern is that the quantity of cases are on the rise, specifically in males of various age groups as well as grownups who are more mature. Actually, one in four are anticipated to manifest this disorder between the ages of 40 and 95, with the rate truly being slightly lesser for ladies. Many patients suffering from high blood pressure levels will also be identified as having this problem, and those struggling with congestive heart failure will be more at risk.
If this condition has been diagnosed, the problems do not decline either. Lots of drugs currently utilized to treat this condition come with serious side effects and many will not be overly powerful. This may make it hard for medical providers to help remedy individuals who have also been labeled as possessing atrial fibrillation. Finally,the usage of antithrombotic treatment will have to improve, but it has to be done right. With a lot of afib treatment challenges, the health care industry must carry on and discover completely new solutions to overcome these challenges. Countless projects are in place right now, with cardiac ablation escalating in use in the last 15 years.
Three-dimensional mapping is often utilized within this process, not to mention medical providers may also rely on cryogenic balloons or radiofrequency-irrigated catheters. They're just a few of the techniques used to defeat these challenges, and more are accessible. Now is the time to concentrate on atrial fibrillation, and Abbott is certainly one company which is doing so with positive results.


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When 2014 tailback Parris Campbell Jr. (Akron, Ohio/Saint Vincent-St. Mary's) arrived at Beaver Stadium for a summer football camp, he didn't expect to leave with such a longing to return.
But after touring the campus and chatting with the coaches, the longtime Ohio State fan said he could see himself donning the blue and white one day.
"I didn't expect to get as much out of it as I did," said the speedy Campbell, who currently holds no offers. "Just the way the coaches were going through drills and stuff, they seem like good motivators and good coaches -- that's what I got out of it.
"Actually, one of the Penn State players came on the field and the type of relationship there with the coaches seemed really close, really tight, and that opened my eyes. I want that with a coach."
At this point next year, he might have his pick of a coaching staff. He's currently generating interest from nearby schools such as Penn State, Cincinnati, Northwestern, Akron and Indiana -- but this is his first year as the main ball carrier.
The Nittany Lions likely invited him to that summer camp then because of two reasons: Speed and potential.
As a 14-year-old sophomore, Campbell caused spectators to perform some double-takes during the outdoor track season. In the 100-meter dash, he clocked a time of 10.92 seconds. By comparison, one of Penn State's fastest players, wideout Alex Kenney, turned in a time of 10.6 as an 18-year-old senior in State College.
"Oh yeah, it's definitely my speed -- I think that's what separates me," Campbell said. "I use my speed a lot on the field."
The 6-foot, 181-pound athlete rushed 86 times for 703 yards and 16 touchdowns so far, and schools are beginning to take a closer look.
The Hoosiers appear to be targeting him most, and running backs coach Deland McCullough speaks with him just about every week. The junior attended the Oct. 13 Indiana-Ohio State game and stayed near McCullough's side for much of the pregame.
"About four weeks ago, he came down to our school," said Campbell, who's enrolled at LeBron James' former high school. "He said he really liked my highlights and invited me to a game."
Campbell has no plans for other unofficial visits this season, but he hopes to remain in contact with Penn State. He plans to email recruiting coordinator Bill Kavanaugh within the next week.
"I could definitely see myself going to Pennsylvania," Campbell added. "Right now, I couldn't tell you who my top team is. But if Penn State would step on up to me, I could see myself over there."