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Xdp Truck And Jeep Power - BAK Tonneau Covers in Farmingdale, NJ
Xdp Truck And Jeep Power
1758 State Route 34 North
Farmingdale, NJ 07727
Phone: 732-719-0955
Website: http://www.xtremediesel.com
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Please Call for Availability
Store Location
As an authorized BAK tonneau cover and accessories dealer, Xdp Truck And Jeep Power located in Farmingdale, NJ, is committed to helping you make the best tonneau cover decision for your pick-up truck and your lifestyle. Xdp Truck And Jeep Power has been in business for many years and has a wealth of experience when it comes to all sorts of truck bed covers and accessories. Xdp Truck And Jeep Power are expert tonneau cover installers and will ensure that your truck bed cover is installed professionally and properly. Simply put, Xdp Truck And Jeep Power offers the best choice of soft, roll-up, hard, folding, retractable, and custom fit truck bed covers and accessories. They also sell and install most pickup truck accessories. If you want the best deal on a brand new BAK tonno cover and want it done right, quickly and with no remorse, then head over to Xdp Truck And Jeep Power in Farmingdale your local BAK Industries dealer, needless to say, all of their work is guaranteed!
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jailed Bollywood actor Sanjay Dutt, who was sent to prison for his involvement in the 1993 Mumbai serial blasts case, will walk out a free man in first week of March, official sources said here on Tuesday.
The sources indicated that barring last-minute glitches, Sanjay would be released by March 7 after completing his 40-month sentence.
He was found guilty and sentenced to five years jail by the Supreme Court in March 2013 for his involvement in the Mumbai serial blasts case.


text:
Posts by jacob
Total # Posts: 906
Mathematics question
In my town some of the animals are really strange. Ten percent of the dogs think that they are cats and ten percent of the cats think they are dogs. All the other cats and dogs are perfectly normal. One day I tested all the cats and dogs in the town and found that 20% of them ...
In addition to spanning a river which is 50 metres wide, a straight bridge also has considerable overlap of both banks of the river. One third of the bridge overlaps one bank and one half overlaps the other bank. The total length,in metres, of this bridge is A. 100 B.150 C.200...
Washington state history
please help What about Washingtons post-World War II economy does the image represent? A.a change in focus to large businesses, science, and technology B.a change in focus to large businesses, science, and technology C.a decline in building and city growth D.a shift from...
College Chemistry
No Thank you very much.
College Chemistry
You have combined 1.218 moles of calcium ions and 0.943 moles of lithium ions in enough solvent to make 500.00mL of solution. What is the mole fraction of lithium ions in this solution? What type of problem is this and how do I set it up to solve?
A 60m long bridge has an opening in the middle and both sides open up to let boats pass underneath. The two parts of the bridge floor rise up to a height of 18 m. Through what angle do they move?
Algebra 2
Use the values of a_1( 1 is below the a) and s_n (n is below also) to find the value of a_23. A_1=10, s_23=2760, find the value of a_23 Please help, I really need help. Thanks.
rewrite each statement two ways using object pronouns : Tenemos que recordar la informacion.
A diver springs upward with an initial speed of 2.93 m/s from a 3.0-m board. (a) Find the velocity with which he strikes the water. [Hint: When the diver reaches the water, his displacement is y = -3.0 m (measured from the board), assuming that the downward direction is chosen...
yes! thank you much
seven times the sum of a number and seven is 13 more than the number. what is the number? i know it cant be that hard but please help
A box weighing 700 pounds is on a ramp inclined at 15 degrees with the horizontal. Find the force necessary to prevent the box from sliding down the ramp.
A diagonal of a parallelogram is 10 inches long and makes angles of 25 degrees and 43 degrees with the side. how long is the longest side?
word problem
Thank you
word problem
Ashton and molly start out 97.2 miles apart .They begin riding their bicycles toward each other with Aston riding three mph faster than Molly. If they meet in three hours, how fast was each person riding? Please help
Help Me!! ____no centeral goverment at the time, there would have been no peace inth land. a)There had been b)Should there be c)Had there been Wich will be correct answer?
Prove that the function defined by: f(x)={1 if x is rational, 0 if x is irrational is not integrable on [0,1]. Show that no matter how small the norm of the partition, ||P||, the Riemann sum can be made to have value either 0 or 1.
Use the table of complex ion formation constants to calculate the molar concentration of free Fe^2+ in 0.510M aqueous solution of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) K4(Fe(CN)6) at 25 degrees celsius. I know the answer is 1.96*10^-6 m, but I'm at a loss on how to get there. I...
Urea, which has the chemical formula (NH2)2CO, is a fertilizer that can be prepared by reacting ammonia (NH3) with carbon dioxide (CO2). Given the following chemical equation, what is the theoretical yield of urea (in grams) if 4.16 mol ammonia is the limiting reactant? 2 NH3(...
What is the identity of the precipitate that forms when 70 mL of 0.3 M BaCl2 reacts with 65 mL of 0.35 M Na2CO3
Social Studies
Your answer is wrong, check it again
State the similarities between Coloumb's law And Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation.
Fireflies flash at a rate that depends on the temperature. At 29oC, the average rate is 3.3 flashes every 10 seconds, whereas at 23oC, the average falls to 2.7 flashes every 10 seconds. Calculate the "energy of activation" (in kJ/mol) for the flashing process.
A hollow sphere has a uniform volume charge density of 4.61 nC/m3. The inner radius is a = 14.6 cm and the outer radius is b = 43.8 cm. What is the magnitude of the electric field at 21.9 cm from the center of the sphere? What is the magnitude of the electric field at 140. cm ...
Order the following from least to greatest 0.3 3/5 0.66 2/3 0.35
Linear Algebra
(a) Use the triangle inequality: ||u + v|| <= ||u|| + ||v|| to prove that (i) ||u - v|| <= ||u|| + ||v|| (ii) ||u|| - ||v|| <= ||u - v|| (b) If ||u|| = 5 and ||v|| = 3, what are the smallest and largest possible values of ||u - v|| and ||v - u||?
Linear Algebra
Find the matrix of the following transformations: (a) Multiplication of the point (x, y, z) in ?^3 to give the point (x - y, y + 2z, x + z) (b) Reflection of points in ?^2 across the line in y = x.
-1/2x-3greater than 8
Jane has $4.50 in pennies, nickels and dimes. She has twice as many pennies as she has nickels and dimes combined. How many of each coin does she have?
Even a young actor can appear old through the ___ of stage makeup.
Pinocchio's lies cause his nose to grow, but when he ___ it returns to its usual size.
A bag contains 45 marbles of various colors. Jon draws 60 times, each time replacing the marble before drawing again. He gets a total of 12 blue marbles. Which is best prediction of how many blue marbles are in the bag?
The table shows the results of a spinner with four colored sections. Use the table to answer the question. The spinner is spun 50 more times. Which is the best prediction for the number of times the spinner will stop on blue?
Brahim completed 18 free throws and missed 12. Using experimental probability, how many free throws is he predicted to complete in the next 100 tries?
Find the values for the following functions. If f(x)=2^x, show that f(x+3) -f (x-1)=15/2f(x) If G(x)= sin 2x, find G(0),G(1/4 pie),and G(7/8 pie)
Find the domain of the variable x for which the following equations determine y as a real function of x. If G(x)= sin 2x, find G(0),G(1/4 pie),and G(7/8 pie) can someone help me please!
Math Help ;)
Oh ok. I get it now. Thank you so much Ms.Sue. Have a wonderful day!
Math Help ;)
So, I've been stuck in these for quite some time.... can someone help me? Which ratios can form a proportion? A) 9/45 , 8/40 B) 8/12 , 12/21 C) 8/12 , 12/15 D) 9/22 , 14/28 I think it might be C but my brain is fried. Thank you so much, Jacob
A football is kicked at ground level with a speed of 17.7 m/s at an angle of 39.8 ? to the horizontal. How much later does it hit the ground? Answer=> t=_____ s Express your answer using three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
A 50.0 mL aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide has a pH of 12.50. If 36.00 ml of 0.0200 mol/L sulfuric acid is added to this sodium hydroxide solution, what will be the new pH of the resulting solution? Assume that the temperature stays constant at 25 C, and that the volumes ...
Pre Algebra
Pre Algebra
No so the answer would be -2. If so i get what I did wrong. For some reason I always make simple mistakes.
Pre Algebra
No -1 would be the answer
Pre Algebra
So the answer would be -64
Pre Algebra
I meant -8 instead of -5
Pre Algebra
Pre Algebra
Please help this is really ergent.
Pre Algebra
A number is divided by -4, then multiplied by -5. The result is 40. What is the number? I had problem finding a formula for it. And this one was also like it. A number is multiplied by -8, then divided by -4. The result is 4. What is the number?
Check my awns-The true cost of fossil fuels - Quiz
Check my awns-The true cost of fossil fuels - Quiz
When you say last one is wrong do you mean the one I commented ? Or the last one
Check my awns-The true cost of fossil fuels - Quiz
Check my awns-The true cost of fossil fuels - Quiz
Which of the following is one benefit of recycling It increases the volume of solid waste. If it is recycled, and materials will not be biodegradable. It conserves resources and energy. It uses more raw materials that need to be mined. **?
Check my awns-The true cost of fossil fuels - Quiz
_________ is a solid fossil fuel that forms from plant remains. Coal ** Hydrocarbon Natural Gas Petroleum Air pollution can be controlled by Permitting more storm runoff. Burning more coal. Eliminating Sewage Putting scrubbers on power ** Formed how are fossil fuels? They are ...
Tommy walked 3 2/7 miles. write the distance Tommy walked as an improper fraction. A.4 B.4/3 <<my answer<< C.5/2 D.23/7 please tell me if B is right.
Check My Answer Please
Why were women fighting for suffrage? A:because they wanted to end abuse toward women B:because they wanted to win the right to vote**** C:because they wanted to gain the right to work D:because they wanted to end women's inequality Completely doing an educated guess right...
r is no less than 1 unit from 24
Suppose that $14,000 is invested in a savings account paying 5.2% interest per year. (a) Write the formula for the amount A in the account after t years if interest is compounded monthly.
Tony bought some stock for $504. If each share had cost $4 less he could have bought 3 more shares for the same $504. How many shares of stock did he buy
The diagonal and the longer side of a rectangular plot are together three times the length of the shorter side. If the longer side exceeds the shorter side by 140 ?feet, what is the area of the? plot?
Find the equation for the graph of the path of a point? P(x,y) that moves such that? P(x,y) is the same distance from the point ?(14?,0) and the? y-axis.
Divide by long division (4x^3 - 2x^2 - 8x+3)/(x^2 +5) Please help I can't figure this out.
You smell like your ugly mama
Using trigonometric ratios find the remaining side lengths and angle measurements to 2 decimal places each: (a) ? = 35°, ? = 90°, a = 30 (b) ? = 90°, b = 7, c = 6 (c) a = 33, b = 56, c = 65
Why won't the cookies taste the same though...? I'm so confused. I've been doing this stupid test for hours
Why do you have to use estimation to find the number of triangles you need for the string? I was wondering why this question is quite confusing and i was wondering if you can explain it to me in a way i can understand it. I'm not looking for an answer just a more simpler ...
0.5g of MG ribbon is reacted with 100ml of 1M HCL. The initial temperature of HCL is 20.4 degrees celsius. After the reaction the highest recorded temperature is 40.7 degrees celsius. Calculate the molar enthalpy of MG. I tried to find mol from HCl and then use nH=mcdeltat. ...
Fuel can burn in the furnace.
no B
1. What is the main difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves A. Mechanical waves involve transfer of energy; electromagnetic waves do not. B. Mechanical waves require a medium to travel in; electromagnetic waves do not. C. Mechanical waves have amplitude and ...
The square of a number is 3 more than half the number.find the possible values of the number.
Yes kickass is right! 20/20
Solve the system by elimination. X+y=4 X-y=-2 I can't figure this out please help
Yes I got it now. Thanks so much for the help.
The surface of the Grand Lake is at an elevation of 648 feet. During the current drought, the water level is dropping at a rate of 3 inches per day. If this trend continues, write an equation that gives the elevation in feet of the surface of Grand Lake after x days. I am ...
If the perimeter of a rectangle is 70 feet what is the height to length of a ratio of 4:5
A car leaves town traveling at 35 MPH. A 2nd Car leaves Town 2 hours later traveling in the same direction. In how many hours will the 2nd car be passing the first.
A car leaves town traveling 35 MPH. Two hours later a 2nd car leaves, in the same direction traveling 55 MPH.In how many hours will the 2nd car be passing the first?
A farmer had sheep and end.altogether 124 legs, how many sheep and hens
A vertical container with base area measuring 12.3 cm by 13.7 cm is being filled with identical pieces of candy, each with a volume of 50.0 mm^3 and a mass of 0.0200 g. Assume that the volume of the empty spaces between the candies is negligible. If the height of the candies ...
Thermodynamics physics
A lead bullet moving at 204 m/s is stopped in a block of wood. All of the kinetic energy goes into heating the bullet. The initial temperature of the bullet is 25 degrees C. What is the final temperature of the bullet in degrees C
leadership development
1.Even though Mike is a great basketball player, he tries with just half effort on drills during practice. This is an example of A wasting talent B getting distracted C allowing others to set goals 2.Jim would like to get a summer internship, but his dad thinks he should work ...
la language arts
Joe magarac, Man of steel 8. In section 1, what does the author mean when he says joe magarac is a folk hero? A. Joe was a real man who spent his whole life in the steel mills of Pittsburgh. B. Joe was a mysterious figure who vanished without a trace.* C. Joe was a legend ...
Which of the following statements is true? All spontaneous processes are exothermic All non-spontaneous processes are exothermic All spontaneous processes release free energy*** Entropy always increases in a spontaneous process
The rate of a chemical reaction normally decreases as temperature increases is slowed down by a catalyst increases as reactant concentration increases*** decreases as reactant concentration increases
I meant to mark B as my answer sorry
Activation energy is the heat released in a reaction the energy barrier between reactants and products the energy given off when reactants collide*** generally very high for a reaction that takes place rapidly
Both anorexia and bulimia can be treated by specific medications targeting eating disorders physiological therapy*** dieting personal trainers
People who experience episodes of _______ are not eating out of hunger; they are acting out of behaviors associated with bulimia and depression anorexia starvation dieting binge eating*** fasting
Which eating disorder might be discovered by a dentist anorexia bulimia*** starvation diet obesity
Bulimia can be difficult to discover because most sufferers hide there condition and they tend to be a normal weight, sometimes overweight*** severely underweight slightly underweight obese
_______ is a psychological eating disorder in which a person will binge eat and then purge there are no options for this one. I think it's bulimia but i'm not sure
_________ commonly over-exercise, abuse laxatives, and refuse to eat in order to lose weight Bulimics Binge-eaters Anorexics*** Perfectionists
Anorexia is considered a _______ disorder physical social predatory psychological***
Individuals suffering from anorexia suffer extreme weight loss, usually _____ below the person's normal body weight 5% 8% 10%**** 15%
Anorexia is a type of eating disorder that usually begins with young people with obese parents around the onset of puberty*** around the time they graduate high school who watch too much tv
A typical red blood cell subtends an angle of only 1.7×10−5 rad when viewed at a person's near-point distance of 25 cm. Suppose a red blood cell is examined with a compound microscope in which the objective and eyepiece are separated by a distance of 13.0 cm . ...
Glenn raced his motorcycle 30 times last season. He finished first 12 times, second 5 times, and crashed in 9 races. What percent of the races did he finish second ? Set up as a proportion and solve
How many 5-pound bags of apples can be made from 400 apples, each weighing ¼ pound?
i need someone to check my answers pless


text:
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It is doing very well. It is still new with near 7000 members only. It will be easy to get referrals as well.


text:
Dr. Raymond Robinson Jr MD Patient Reviews
- Neurology Mobile, AL
Overall Rating
18 Patient Reviews
- Friendly Staff
- Promptness
- Spends Time With Patients
- Bedside Manner
- Easy Appointments
- Wait Time 37.2 minutes
- Appropriate Followup
- Fair and Accurate Diagnosis
Showing 1 - 12 reviews
1.0 of 5
January 5th, 2017
Rude / Cocky
Dr Robinson has absolutely no bedside manner. He asked Why I was there and then promptly cut me off mid-sentence two times. I never did get to explain why I was there. Hindsight tells me I should have walked out of his office, but I didn't. A Dr is supposed to listen to his patient. Dr Robinson didn't learn that in medical school, or he is just naturally rude. His staff was very nice, but FIND ANOTHER DOCTOR!
1.0 of 5
March 25th, 2016
Bad experience
I drove my 83 year old father almost 2 hours to try and find out why he has headaches everyday. Someone in the office had our appointment date mixed up. I asked if any way possible we could be seen since we drove that far. They agreed to see my father but had wrong patient information. Told us we owed a copay from a previous visit. My dad had never seen this dr or been to this office before. The dr clearly was angry maybe because we inconvenienced him. He was very rude to my parents. I was very shocked to see a dr treat elderly people in this manner.
5.0 of 5
April 4th, 2014
Sincere, Excellent Doctor
Definitely recommend this doctor to a friend. Will tell it like it is but has given accurate diagnosis for 17 years; resolved migraine issues, refers to appropriate doctors when necessary; listens when needed; available whenever I need extra help; remembers what I asked on last visit; will not take bull from patients, prepare to be honest
1.0 of 5
November 19th, 2013
Rude Doctor
If you want to be treated like your on trial by the rudest lawyer ever then go to Dr. Robinson. He does't allow his pateints to talk other then (yes or no) answers, couldn 't care less how they fell nor does he act like he even cares what the patients concerns are not to mention the life changes that they are there for. All I could think was what a complete A-hole. I would NEVER recommend him because he DOSEN 'T CARE and he acts like he his hearding cattle, not dealing with hurt people. Hope the 10 minutes he was forced to see me didn't take up too much of his day since I waited over an hour to be treated like crap! Just because he is in a wheelchair doesn't give him the right to be rude nor judgemental. I had to post by bedside manner but he doesn't have any.
5.0 of 5
April 18th, 2017
5.0 of 5
February 1st, 2017
1.0 of 5
January 5th, 2017
1.0 of 5
January 5th, 2017
5.0 of 5
December 15th, 2015
5.0 of 5
August 14th, 2015
5.0 of 5
June 4th, 2015
5.0 of 5
April 27th, 2015
Health Guides
Adult ADHD
Get the facts about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, including the different types and symptoms of each.
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Dr. Raymond Robinson Jr, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near Mobile, AL.
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text:
Title: End Of The Road 2
Summary: Marie's POV
I couldn't believe it when I walked into the medlab and saw Jean straddled on Logan. I literally thought my eyes were gonna fall out of my head. I turned around and got the hell out of there as quickly as possible. A few minutes later when Logan pounded on my door I called him every cuss word I could think of. He actually sat outside for a good solid hour before finally taking the hint that I wasn't going to let him in so I could listen to some lame ass excuse. I went to Scott to tell him what happened; which I realized would hurt him, too, but I thought he ought to know. I told him I was leaving, because I just couldn't sit around and watch the Logan and Jean porno show. He suggested I go to his grandparents place in Alaska and after making a phone call, everything was arranged. I'd always wanted to see Alaska anyway, so that was fine by me. We left later that night after saying my goodbyes to Kitty and Jubilee and promising to stay in touch.
Scott stayed for a week, playing tour guide and helping me get settled. His grandparents were wonderful. They gave me a job working in the office of their charter airlines business and I lived in their guesthouse. Alaska was as breathtakingly beautiful as I'd imagined and I quickly adjusted to my new home.
Although I did cry myself to sleep for the first few weeks, even Kitty's phone call to let me know that Logan and Jean weren't an item did nothing to appease me. Scott and I spoke on the phone everyday, I think it was comforting for both of us. I was so upset for him that he had to still live under the same roof as Logan and Jean. He told me that going out on missions with them wasn't easy, but he tried to put on his best Fearless Leader persona. I really admired that about him.
Scott came to visit often and our previously close friendship started to turn romantic. All those walks in the snow holding hands and sipping hot chocolate in front of a roaring fire how could it not? When Scott came to visit for my birthday, he brought with him a modified version of the suppression collar used on Genosha that Hank had designed, except this was a bracelet that resembled one of those copper healing bracelets that were so popular. I could finally touch people without killing them or ending up with 'voices' in my head. Scott also wore one of the bracelets and I was the first person after Hank to see those amazing baby blue eyes. We celebrated that night by making love for the first time. By now it wasn't about revenge; it was because we wanted to be together. It was tender, but also passionate. It was also the night that Sara was conceived.
Six weeks later when I suspected I was pregnant, Scott insisted on flying to Alaska to be there when I did the test. Did I mention that I love that man? When the little stick turned blue we celebrated by making love all afternoon. He asked me to marry him, but I told him I didn't want a clichéd shotgun wedding. Over the next seven and a half months Scott would visit as often as he could, making sure he was there for all the important milestones: the first time hearing the heartbeat and the first ultrasound. We were lying in bed just snuggling one morning early in my fourth month when the baby decided to kick for the first time. Scott skimmed his hand gently across the small swell of my stomach and managed to catch a few more ripples as his child moved within me, the grin across his face was priceless.
I e-mailed photos to Jubilee and Kitty as my pregnancy progressed with strict instructions not to let anyone else know, particularly Logan. I swore I'd never speak to either one of them again, if a certain wild Canadian showed up on my doorstep asking questions I didn't want to answer.
Two days past my original due date Sara entered the world at a healthy seven pounds five ounces. Her father cut the umbilical cord and helped to bathe her. As I cradled her in my arms for the first time he asked me to marry him again and once again I politely declined. When I sent the first photo of the three of us, Kitty wrote back and asked if it was okay to show Bobby and John. Knowing how much they both disliked Logan and would keep my secret, I conceded.
Scott's visits became more frequent and he was lucky to be able to catch most of his daughter's 'firsts' – like the first time she sat alone for more than thirty seconds or the first time she did more than just rock back and forth on her haunches, but actually crawled. He arrived for a visit the day after she cut her first tooth, but was there the first time she stood alone. She would walk around the coffee table or if you held her hands and guided her along. I took video of him walking her around the living room of his grandparent's house, her chubby little hands wrapped around his fingers as he beamed proudly.
When his grandparents decided to finally retire and sell the charter business Scott used it as the perfect excuse for me to return to Westchester. I was initially leery, but figured that enough time had passed and I could be under the same roof as Logan and Jean without cringing.
The evening we returned I was noticeably nervous, I wasn't sure how I'd handle seeing Logan after having no contact for so long. I strolled into the kitchen casually with Sara perched on my hip as if I hadn't been gone for two years and hadn't had a baby during my absence.
"Hey, Logan," I said brightly, hoping the quiver in my voice didn't betray me.
I thought he was gonna choke on his beer when he looked up and noticed Sara.
"I'll warm up Sara's bottle," Scott offered as he took her out of my arms.
"Sara," Logan repeated, "She's beautiful, Marie. How old is she?" He asked, trying to sound casual, but I noticed the catch in his voice.
"Thank you," I replied politely, "she'll be a year old in three days."
Just then Jubilee entered the kitchen, followed shortly right after by Kitty, negating any further conversation with Logan. I saw his face fall when Jubilee mentioned the photos I'd sent. I still can't believe Jubilee managed to keep a secret, I must remember to call the Guinness Book of World Records. The word must've quickly spread that we were back, because it seemed like the entire population of the mansion was crammed into the kitchen.
As we got up to leave so that I could put Sara to bed, Logan grabbed a hold of my arm and asked if we could talk. I told him we had nothing to discuss and continued walking, trying to ignore the look of dejection on his face.
Three days later Logan was noticeably absent from Sara's birthday party. Jean thankfully was still attending a Senate hearing in Washington, DC so I was able to avoid that awkwardness. By the time Scott, Sara and I left for Jamaica the next morning Logan was still nowhere to be found in the mansion. John said he was probably still in some tramp's bed. Well, good for him I thought bitterly. Some things apparently never changed.
I knew it would be uncomfortable being around Logan, but his hangdog expression whenever he saw me with Scott made my heart ache. I was pleasant to him, but remained distant – afraid to trust him with more than casual friendship. Logan obviously wasn't aware of the depth of my relationship with Scott, that he spent his nights in my room and most importantly was Sara's father. Scott and I talked about the best time to break the news to Logan, but the weeks dragged on and we never did find that right moment. As Logan accelerated his flirting with me in some plan to change the scope of our relationship, I realized he'd have to be told sooner than later. In Jamaica I'd finally accepted Scott's long-standing marriage proposal and it wouldn't do to have Logan shamelessly chasing after me if I was going to be wearing Scott's ring. After all, I wasn't Jean; an engagement ring meant something to me. It meant commitment – one hundred percent commitment and not just until the offer of a quick roll in the sack with a hot guy became too tempting.
I was raiding the freezer late one night after Scott and I had just discovered new uses for whipped cream, when Logan cornered me demanding explanations. After I got over the initial shock at his audacity, I calmly told him he'd given up the right to be a part of my life when he climbed onto Jean. He asked me how long I was going to punish him for that one small mistake. I informed him that he was flattering himself if he thought I was punishing him, that I'd simply gotten on with my life – something I highly recommended he do, too. I turned and walked out of the kitchen doing my best not to be affected by the wounded look on his face.
The next day Logan confronted Scott in the garage as he tuned up my SUV. Scott finally found the right moment to let Logan know just how close he and I'd become while I was in Alaska.
Author's Note:
Initially, I wrote this as a one-shot, but it ended up being an entire series.
In sequential order, the storyline continues as follows:
Logan's Little Angel
Logan's Little Ballerina
Logan's Little Damsel In Distress
Logan's Little Lunch Date
Logan's Little Zoocapades
At The Crossroads
Infatuated With Mississippi
Logan's Little Conversation
In Love With Mississippi
A New Road


text:
Who we are
The nonprofit Urban Institute is dedicated to elevating the debate on social and economic policy. For nearly five decades, Urban scholars have conducted research and delivered evidence-based solutions that improve lives and strengthen communities across a rapidly urbanizing world. Our objective research helps expand opportunities for all, reduce hardship among the most vulnerable, and strengthen the effectiveness of the public sector.
How you'll contribute:
We're looking for a smart, creative writer and reporter who can tell compelling stories and elevate Urban Institute research. This is an opportunity to apply your journalistic writing, reporting, and editing skills toward short- and long-term projects that help inform and advance the public debate.
In this job, you'll translate complex research into concise, accessible content for various audiences and working with the visuals team to bring data to life. You will be responsible for writing, ghostwriting, and substantively editing features, blog posts, fact sheets, and other content.
This is an entry- to mid-level position on the Writing Services team. The job's core responsibilities include the following:
The cost of affordable housing: Does it pencil out?
Subtracting Schools from Communities
America's Gradebook: How Does Your State Stack Up?
Everyday violence: Gunfire near DC schools
What you'll bring
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New to Five Star Alliance: El Palauet Living Barcelona
Meet El Palauet Living Barcelona. Located on Barcelona's most exclusive boulevard at Passeig de Gracia 113, this five-story palatial mansion, built in 1906, is an extraordinary example of Modernisme (the sumptuous Catalan version of Art Nouveau). Its architect, Pere Falques, is also known for his ornate lampposts jutting from ceramic tile benches that are sidewalk landmarks at the Passeig de Gracia. He was a contemporary of Antoni Gaudi, whose acclaimed buildings are nearby. The facade of El Palauet reflects the great prosperity, creative genius, and unbridled imagination of the era. Palauet, in the Catalan language, is a small palau or palace.
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Fairmont Rey Juan Carlos I
Barcelona, Spain
The Fairmont Rey Juan Carlos I offers a wide variety of dedicated services designed to fulfill guests' every need. From state-of-the-art business services and amenities, including spacious work desks and High Speed Internet... more >>
Hotel Palace Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain
In the corner of the street Roger de Lluria with the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, stands one of the most majestic and emblematic buildings of the city, which now is home to El Palace Barcelona, formerly the Ritz Barcelona.... more >>
Hotel Arts Barcelona
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Hotel Arts Barcelona is a stunning seafront hotel that overlooks the Mediterranean on the Port Olimpic, next to the marina and Barcelona's famous beaches, and is surrounded by lush terraces and lively promenades. Close by, the... more >>
Majestic Hotel and Spa Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain
In the heart of Barcelona since 1918, the Hotel Majestic is located on Paseo de Gracia in the very center of it all, within walking distance to the city's most exciting landmarks: Las Ramblas, the Plaza de Cataluna, the Gothic... more >>
Neri Hotel
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Tucked behind an impressive façade, Hotel Neri Relais & Châteaux is a luxury hotel on Sant Felip Neri Square, next to the church where Gaudi used to pray daily. Set within two historical and aristocratic houses—one a medieval... more >>


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ED Magedson – Founder
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Bob Fitzgerald1160 Pittsford Victor Rd Bldg, A Pittsford, New York USA
Bob Fitzgerald Bob Fitzgerald Coaching Stop The Phone Calls!!!! Pittsford New York
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
I have tried repeatedly to stop the marketing calls from Bob Fitzgerald's office. Originally I was polite. Now I scream at them at they still call just days or a week later. They have to be taking notes of the nmber of calls and my responses yet they keep on calling. And they call my cell phone which is incredibly annoying. If these people do not stop call when asked politely and then impolitely I would hate to try and actually ask for my money back from them
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SDR Software for PDA's????
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- Is there SDR software that will run on a PDA platform? Is anyone
working on writing some? Is it possible? I think it would be so cool
to be able to interface a SDR transceiver with a PDA. 72, Doug, KI6DS
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text: is wearing Walk Me Dog Tag is wearing Argyle Dog Tag is wearing Surfer Dog Tag is wearing Trippy Dog Tag is wearing Retro Garden Pet Tag is wearing Blowin' in the Wind Dog Tag is wearing Campfire Dog Tag is wearing Time in the Garden is wearing Strawberry Pet ID Tag is wearing Wormy Apple Dog Tag Select size Size * Small Large Which size should I choose Small is 7/8" (2.2 cm) in diameter recommended for pets under 15 lbs (7 kg) Large is 1.25" (3.18 cm) in diameter recommended for pets 15 lbs (7 kg) & up Add custom text Line 1 (Name) Line 2 (Phone) Line 3 Line 4 Apply style * Modern Elegant Playful Default $12.99 Description Tag Details Surely your perfectly behaved pet never gets into mischief... Wrong! Don't let your pussycat or pooch get away with blaming the children anymore and remind yourself who's the real mastermind behind all the mayhem by customizing one of our wacky dog tags for pets. It's all in good fun, and you really wouldn't want your pet any other way, so live and let live with this hilarious pet ID tag. Trust us, your playful pet will never be the wiser! Lifetime legibility guarantee. Made in the USA. Durable stainless steel core. Permanent colorful graphics. Strong key ring included. Tags ship daily. Dog Tag Art Inspiration Every pet needs an ID tag. Please share! Facebook Twitter Pinterest Copy to clipboard Link was copied to clipboard.


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Global Day of Coderetreat 2016 - St Petersburg, Florida at The Iron Yard
October 22, 2016 from 9am to 4pm
The Iron Yard and Suncoast Developers Guild will be hosting a day-long fun practice event focusing on the fundamentals of software development, design and teamwork that is free to all attendees. By providing developers the opportunity to work side by side, and without the pressures of day-to-day work assignments, the coderetreat format has proven itself to be a highly effective means of skill refinement.Join us on October. 22nd, 2016 from 9:00 am until about 4:00pm at our campus in Downtown St.…See More


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Thursday, May 15, 2014 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.
Location: Charlotte White Center, 572 Bangor Road, Dover-Foxcroft, ME
For more information: 564-4346; pinetreehospice.org
Knowing how to support and communicate with those who are going through serious illness, bereavement, or other challenging life circumstances can be difficult. Val Walker, author of "The Art of Comforting" will offer tools and guidance to help us learn to be better comforters to family members, friends, and neighbors. Walker provides training at hospitals, universities, and businesses. She holds a Master of Science degree in Rehabilitation Counseling with a specialized study in grief, loss, and disability. This presentation will be on May 15th, 6:30-8:30 P.M. at the Charlotte White Center, 572 Bangor Rd., Dover-Foxcroft. Light refreshments will be provided. This event is presented as part of Pine Tree Hospice's "Caring For the Caregiver" Series and is a free presentation for community members. Contact Pine Tree Hospice at 564-4346 or firstname.lastname@example.com to register or for more information.
This post was contributed by a community member. Submit your news →


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Spay Baton Rouge, a nonprofit organization that encourages low-income pet owners to spay or neuter their pets, began with a soaked kitten on a rainy day.
On a sopping November day, Sandra DiTusa, an LSU research biologist, went to the animal shelter in Baton Rouge looking for her missing cat.
"I walked in and there was this tiny, drenched cat hanging onto the cage just screaming for help," DiTusa said.
"I knew what would happen to the kitten if it stayed there past so many days," she said. "I wanted to take ALL of them home and put them in the backyard where my husband wouldn't see them."
There are 60,000 feral cats in East Baton Rouge Parish, according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' formula based on a city or county's human population.
According to the ASPCA, 63 percent of households own pets, DiTusa said. "We help those who are financially stretched.
"About 110,000 people meet our financial criteria to be helped," she said. "Out of 110,000 people, if 63 percent are pet owners, we would have 69,300 pets to help, if each of those owners had only one pet. Many have more than one pet."
DiTusa didn't find her once feral cat at the pound. She eventually trapped the cat in a neighborhood next to hers.
The memory of the wet kitten clinging to the cage stayed with DiTusa.
"I started researching," she said. "I didn't want to be a shelter. I thought, 'Fix the problem, literally and figuratively.'"
DiTusa founded Spay Baton Rouge. The nonprofit organization, which has no paid workers and about 30 volunteers, has helped to spay or neuter 5,000 animals in a year.
East Baton Rouge Parish Animal Control euthanized 8,222 dogs and cats in 2009. That number had dropped to 6,023, a 27 percent decrease, by 2010, DiTusa said.
She credited the efforts of "all the animal welfare groups working together" to spay/neuter animals and promote adoption, she said.
DiTusa and friends are about to launch a mail solicitation fundraiser called "Strive for 5,000," to raise money for Spay Baton Rouge.
"We think we've done really well closing in on 10,000," said fundraising chairwoman Noelle Harper, a project manager at Franklin Press when she isn't raising money for Spay Baton Rouge.
"The reality is we could do 5,000 a year with the support of the community," Harper said.
Though only "spay," which means altering a female animal, is in the name, Spay Baton Rouge helps low-income pet owners neuter male pets, as well.
With the help of Azalea Lakes Veterinary Clinic, Baton Rouge Spay Neuter, the not-for-profit arm of Associated Veterinary Services clinic; and the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Spay Baton Rouge saves low-income pet owners hundreds of dollars in vet bills. Spay Baton Rouge has a budget of close to $80,000, DiTusa said.
In addition to mail solicitation, the group raises money through grants, a spring "Spay Soiree" and donations from individuals and businesses. For more information or to volunteer, call (225) 775-0101 or go to http://www.spaybatonrouge.org. Click on "Need Help Apply Here" or the "Donations" button.
Research shows that spaying and neutering 75 percent of the feral cat population in a city and county results in fewer wild cats within five years, DiTusa said.
A statewide initiative in New Hampshire that got 80 percent of the veterinarians to spay or neuter the pets of low-income families lowered the number of homeless cats and dogs, DiTusa said.
"Initially, it wasn't just for low-income families," she said. But the numbers went down significantly when pets among the poor were targeted, DiTusa said.
In 2008, almost 11,000 cats and dogs were brought to the East Baton Rouge Parish Animal Control Center, DiTusa said. Many of those animals were picked up or brought to the shelter from low-income neighborhoods, she said. More than 80 percent of those animals were put to death, she said.


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Ecole Centrale Marseille, Technopôle de château Gombert, 38 rue Joliot Curie, 13451 Marseille cedex 13, France
Aix-Marseille University, Institut Matériaux Microélectronique Nanosciences de Provence IM2NP CNRS UMR 6242, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen Service 231, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
Thalès Optronique S.A., 2 Avenue Gay-Lussac, 78995 Elancourt Cedex, France
Depending on the size of the smallest feature, the interaction of light with structured materials can be very different. This fundamental problem is treated by different theories. If first order theories are sufficient to describe the scattering from low roughness surfaces, second order or even higher order theories must be used for high roughness surfaces. Random surface structures can then be designed to distribute the light in different propagation directions. For complex structures such as black silicon, which reflects very little light, the theory needs further development. When the material is periodically structured, we speak about photonic crystals or metamaterials. Different theoretical approaches have been developed and experimental techniques are rapidly progressing. However, some work still remains to understand the full potential of this field. When the material is structured in dimension much smaller than the wavelength, the notion of complex refractive index must be revisited. Plasmon resonance can be excited by a progressing wave on metallic nanoparticles inducing a shaping of the absorption band and of the dispersion of the extinction coefficient. This addresses the problem of the permittivity of such metallic nanoparticles. The coupling between several metallic nanoparticles induces a field enhancement in the surrounding media, which can increase phenomena like scattering, absorption, luminescence, or Raman scattering. For semiconductor nanoparticles, electron confinement also induces a modulated absorption spectra. The refractive index is then modified. The bandgap of the material is changed because of the discretization of the electron energy, which can be controlled by the nanometers size particles. Such quantum dots behave like atoms and become luminescent. The lifetime of the electron in the excited states are much larger than in continuous energy bands. Electrons in coupled quantum dots behave as they do in molecules. Many applications should be forthcoming in the near future in this field of research.
From atoms and molecules to crystals and bulk components, optical materials are naturally structured at different scales. Thanks to tremendous progresses in nanotechnologies, the optical materials can also be artificially structured at different scales.
The interaction of materials with optical waves and photons is strongly dependent on the structure, which can then be used to control light field distribution and light propagation. This allows the development of a large range of key components for optical systems and it is now a major field of photonics.
Refraction, interferences, diffraction, scattering, anisotropy, absorption, light emission, and nonlinear effects are all widely used to develop photonic components. Here, we will focus our attention only on a small part of this wide field. Our purpose is to try to have a general look at linear and passive interaction of light with structured transparent materials and to give a personal view on the related phenomena. The applications are numerous and generally belong to what are called information and communication technologies in its wider meaning and green photonics, in particular photovoltaic solar cells.
The electromagnetic theory based on Maxwell equations with a rigorous approach or with more or less simplifying considerations, allows the description of light propagation in complex media when the complex refraction indices of the materials are known. We will see that the notion of refractive index must be revisited in some cases of nanometer structures. With the increase of computer power Maxwell equations can be solved, whatever the structure is, but one has to keep in mind that the sampling of spatial and temporal variables, which is necessarily finite, is still an approximation.
The general aim of photonic components is to control the way light is distributed and propagates, and its polarization and frequency.
We will consider at first surface structures. The roughness of the surface induces light scattering even with a high-quality polishing process. The surface can also be artificially structured with a periodic pattern or a random surface to have antireflecting properties or to control the light direction by diffraction. A brief review of major results in the field is discussed.
Stacking thin films of different materials and different thicknesses is the important field of optical interference coatings. Depending on deposition process and the material, the natural micro/nanostructure of the films can be more or less complex. This has different consequences on their optical properties, which are reviewed. When the films are periodically structured in one- (1D), two- (2D), or three dimensions (3D), one speaks about photonic crystals because light waves behave like the wave function of electrons in crystals. Optical interference coatings can be considered as 1D photonic crystals. Metamaterials also belongs to the photonic crystal field. The name photonic crystal is now used in a wider meaning as it can also concern nonperiodic structures.
Another field of nanophotonics that is strongly developing is the field of nanoplasmonics. It concerns the use of plasmon resonance in small metallic structures of different shapes. A lot of work is performed in this field for different applications like plasmonic circuits, plasmonic solar cells, surface enhanced Raman scattering, or tip enhanced Raman scattering. Another domain that emerged a decade ago and which is another hot topic, concerns the optical properties of quantum structures to make biological tags, efficient light emitting diodes (LEDs), efficient solar cells, or low-consumption flat panel displays. The modeling of the constitutive properties of films including quantum dots cannot be performed by the usual harmonic oscillator model. New approaches taking quantum confinement of electrons into account are discussed.
Electromagnetic wave scattering from randomly rough surfaces and films has emerged as a discipline of considerable research in areas including surfaces optics and plasmonics. A randomly rough surface is described in terms of statistical parameters. We usually consider that there are two parts that define the surface roughness: its deviation from a plane reference surface and the variation of these heights along the surface. These surface properties are described by statistical distributions as surface height distribution functions and correlation functions that appear in the theory of wave scattering from randomly rough surfaces. In nanoscale roughness region, surfaces with large roughness height and small correlation length will have the steepest slopes. Some synthetic surfaces have much larger slopes than natural surfaces. A main tool for studying these surfaces is wave scattering simulation.
Because of its roughness, an optical surface scatters light. In 1956, Giacomo already gave the results of measurements of the angular distribution of light scattered by Fabry-Perot filters showing scattering peaks corresponding to angle of resonances of the filter.1 Since then, many works have been performed on scattering theory. For slightly rough surfaces and thin films, Kröger et al. 2 proposed a first order theory in 1970. The relation between the angular dependence of scattering and the statistical properties of optical surfaces was later described by Elson et al. in 1976.3 Each scattering angle is related to a spatial frequency of the autocorrelation function of surface roughness. In other words, the roughness of the surface is decomposed in a sum of gratings of different steps. A spatial frequency corresponds to a step of a grating and then a scattering direction. The depth of each grating determines the scattering amplitude.
When concerned with multilayers made of homogeneous thin films, the roughness of each layer boundary must be taken into account. The roughness of one boundry is linked to the next with an intercorrelation function. Depending on the spatial frequency, the deposition technique, and on the material considered, this intercorrelation function can be close to one. Both a first order theory and measurement of scattering from multilayer thin films have been given by Bousquet et al. in 1981.4 In this theory, a slightly rough surface is replaced by a plane surface holding a surface distribution of currents. These secondary sources send light in different directions for which the multilayer has different optical properties. The scattering diagram results from both the amplitude of these secondary sources and the transmission of the stack.
Different theoretical and numerical approaches have been developed to model the scattering of an electromagnetic field by random rough surfaces. The small-perturbation method5 (SPM) is used for surfaces with small roughness. An overview of the method for one-dimensionally rough surfaces is given by O'Donnel in chapter 5 of Ref. 6. The Kirchhoff approximation method7 is used for long correlation length surfaces, the method is described by Voronovich in Ref. 8 and in chapter 2 of Ref. 7. We can also cite the full-wave method analysis developed by Bahar,9 the surface-field phase-perturbation technique developed by Ishimaru and Maradudin,10- 11 and the quasi-slope approximation developed by Tatarskii.12 Research on numerically exact methods for randomly rough surfaces has increased over the past quarter century. Modeling rough surface scattering by exact methods often involves the choice of a one-dimension surface model due to the reduced computational complexity for these types of surfaces. But one-dimensional models are inadequate for a set of scattering effects such as cross-polarized scattering and scattering outside the plane of incidence. In the last decade, results have also been obtained by rigorous computational approaches for the scattering of polarized light from 2D randomly rough surfaces (see chapter 7 in Ref. 7 for an overview). For a randomly rough surface (i.e., stochastic problems), one can compute averages of scattered fields obtained by an ensemble of surface realizations and direct examinations of convergence are often appropriate. Problems with very large surface and Monte Carlo averaging require supercomputing resources to obtain results within a reasonable amount of time. Comparison with results obtained by analytical predictions of randomly rough surface scattering can give some insight about the accuracy of numerical computation, for example, in the case of small magnitudes of scattered intensity. We can notice that in studies of scattering from nanoscale rough surfaces, the goal is to understand the physical scattering process, subtle phenomenon whose magnitude and angle range are not very large, therefore, new analytical techniques must be developed rather than extensive use of numerical exact methods.
In the mid-1980s, a new popular method, called the small-slope approximation (SSA),8,13- 16 was proposed by Voronovich. The SSA is an appropriate candidate to bridge the gap between the Kirchhoff approximation and the small-perturbation method. It is valid for arbitrary roughness, provided that the slopes of the surface are smaller than the angles of incidence and scattering. This method has been extended up to the third-order to 3D vector cases for Gaussian and non-Gaussian randomly rough surfaces. The coherent and incoherent component formulations of the electromagnetic intensity for cross- and co-polarization have been developed in bistatic and monostatic cases.15 The SSA method has also been used to study different rough structures like a 3D slab or a film, considering the effects of higher orders in a perturbative expansion. The small slope approximation has been extended to the fourth-order terms of the perturbative development, and the expression of the cross-sections for the different polarization states can be found in Ref. 16. New formulations of the SSA are described in Ref. 16. In the development of the SSA series, the third-order SPM kernel has been taken into account. An expression of this kernel is developed in chapter 6 of Ref. 7 for 2D surfaces and a 3D slab, the development up to third order of the SPM is mandatory to analyze the phenomenon of backscattering enhancement, a well-defined peak in the retro-reflection direction of incidence for the case of nanoscale surface roughness. The Voronovich SSA was generalized to a layer bounded with two randomly rough surfaces. New terms in the SSA were introduced to consider the coupling between the two rough surfaces. Complete expressions of the scattering matrices and the expression of the needed cross-section for the different polarization states have been developed.16 With this new formulation of the SSA, the backscattering enhancement for a slightly rough layer can be calculated and new analytical theories have been developed to understand the backscattering enhancement effects.17a,17b
The last problem is described by random volume and surface scattering. Useful phenomena in the optical range can be produced by random media with randomly rough surfaces. Designing these disordered slabs with rough surfaces can produce new optical components, which can transmit or scatter optical field with specified angular, spatial, or spectral properties. Understanding how light interacts with disordered matter is a fundamental issue in optoelectronics and photonics and has huge consequences in communications, imaging, and sensing. New formulations have been developed for a three-dimensional disordered medium with randomly rough interfaces.18 This structure describes a device based on metallic nanoparticles embedded in insulators or dielectric media. A theory of transport based on the Bethe-Salpeter equation is presented in Ref. 18. For a three-dimensional system composed of a random medium bounded by two randomly rough surfaces, the Bethe-Salpeter equation is constructed in order that the medium and the boundaries are treated on the same footing. With this unified Bethe-Salpeter, a general expression is obtained, whatever the choice of the scattering operators used at the boundaries.
This type of simulation computation can give some experimental conditions and specifications to realize highly integrated optical devices that use metallic or metallo-dielectric nanoscale structures. For 3D slabs with nanoscale roughness and nanoparticles, the enhanced backscattering is produced by different mechanisms, the wave scattering by the same boundary, the wave coupling by the two boundaries, or the wave scattering by the random volume. All of these models and simulations can demonstrate that plasmon-polariton resonances are responsible for remarkable optical phenomena.
The control of surface roughness with tuned statistical properties is a mean to choose the scattered light distribution.19 The method based on photofabrication using the speckle of a diffused laser beam has been proposed by Gray.20 It allows tuning the statistical properties of the generated surface by modifying parameters of the exposure. Several other results based on this method have been derived after Refs. 21- 23, in particular for extending depth of focus or light uniformization.24 More recently, a method based on a spatial light modulator to control the laser beam shape appeared to be flexible.25
Controlling the stochastic parameters of randomly rough surfaces can be a method to "design" the scattering of an electromagnetic wave. For example, the problem is how to design a 2D randomly rough surface that scatters, in a specified manner, an optical wave incident on it and the surface realized is not a deterministic one. We notice that this kind of process is an inverse one; we must determine the structure of the surface considering the pattern of the scattered wave and the mean intensity of the scattered field, which is regarded as a spatial average of the scattered intensity over an area containing many realizations of the surface roughness. A subtle question arises when we compare the definition of wave scattering from a randomly rough surface. In the case of a theoretical computation, the scattered field is averaged over the ensemble of realizations of the surface profile function. The measurement is considered on a single realization of the surface profile function. The assumption that the spatial average is equivalent to the ensemble average, can only be proven if the generated surfaces are stationary and it is not always the case. The validity of this assumption is common to all experimental work.
Black silicon has been studied for more than 10 years. Black silicon texture has been produced by techniques including laser-chemical,26 electrochemical,27 and reactive-ion etching.28 Whatever the production technique, a black silicon surface generally exhibits quasiperiodical conical structures of height and a period of a few microns (Fig. 1). In some cases, irregular nanometer structures on the top of the cones make the surface more complex. Such a surface has been obtained by Mazur et al. 29 by sending femtosecond UV laser pulses in a SF6 gas on a silicon surface. Sulphur is embedded into the silicon surface. Black silicon presents remarkable wide band antireflection properties and makes the silicon highly absorbing both in the visible and in the near infrared, below silicon band gap.30
Low resolution SEM of the black silicon surface (Ref. 29).
Wet etching of silicon using a chloroauric acid bath is also an inexpensive way to make black silicon.
Reactive ion etching has also been used to replicate a photoresist pattern on a silicon substrate. Troconical pyramidal shapes made by photolithography with one or two periods also gives a very wide band antireflection silicon surfaces.31- 32 Other techniques to make black silicon do not need photolithography. The masks are made of silica or polystyrene33- 35 particles directly deposited on silicon.
If the remarkable properties of black silicon are not yet well explained, it seems that both the structure and a possible high doping of the material may play a role. A question that is still opened concerns the smallest structures, as nanometer structures may induce quantum confinement effects.
A major issue arises with black silicon: can black silicon be the inexpensive way toward visible-short IR wavelength detectors? Besides HgCdTe and InGaAs, black silicon is a new way to capture visible, near infrared, and small wave infrared light.
The use of interferences in multilayer coatings has been developed for many years to reduce the reflection of an optical surface, to make wavelength filters of different types like mirrors, band pass, high pass, low pass, etc. Optical coatings are now widely used in optical systems and very often they are key elements for the implementation of very important applications. Between others, low-loss mirrors are in production for gyrolasers used in automatic navigation systems. Very narrow-band pass filters are key components for dense wavelength division multiplexing optical communications or for astronomy. A very rich literature is available on this subject.36
Depending on the deposition technique used, the micro/nanostructure of thin films can be more or less complex. It is well known that low energy evaporation condensation techniques based on e-beam gun or on heated crucible give columnar thin films for most of the materials.37 The typical dimension of a column is in the order of 20 nm and in some cases substructures of smaller dimension can be detected.38 The refractive index is generally smaller than the refractive index of the bulk material. This is attributed to the lacunar structure of these films. In particular columnar thin films have a packing density that can be much smaller than one. The packing density is given by the ratio of the volume occupied by bulk material over the total volume of the layer.
In air, even for low moisture, water is adsorbed in the pore of the material, leading to an increase of the refractive index and then to a red shift of the optical properties of interference filters.39 Under such conditions, thin film materials are made of a mixture of bulk material and vacuum or water. The problem of the refractive index of these mixed materials induced a lot of work some years ago and different models40- 42 taking into account the mixing have been proposed without giving a very satisfactory solution. In particular, the change induced by water adsorption cannot be fully explained. Porous films can be seen as a mixture of two materials and, following the homogenization theory, the permittivity ε, i.e., the square of the refractive index, of the mixture is the weighted meaning value of the ε1 and ε2 of the two materials. The weights are the proportions of the volume occupied by each material.
This homogenization theory was first proposed by Rytov.43 In particular, he has shown that a periodic stack of films, very thin relative to the wavelength, with alternating high and low refractive indices behaves like a single-axis homogeneous material with the optical axis perpendicular to the surface.
Columnar thin films also exhibit a form birefringence. When the deposition is performed with an oblique incidence of vapor (angle α in front of the normal to the surface), the columns are inclined (angle of β) (Fig. 2). The relation between α and β is approximately given by tanα = 2.tanβ for α < 45°. The anisotropy increases with an increasing angle44 and the material has a biaxial behavior.45- 46 When the angle α slowly changes during deposition, the material can have a zig-zag, an S, or a helicoidal nanostructure with a nematic or chiral behavior.47- 49 Such "sculptured thin films" can be classified as nanoengineered metamaterials.
Model of anisotropy for columnar thin films.
The optical properties of stacks made of anisotropic layers can be calculated by the use of a 4 × 4 matrix formalism.50- 51 Polarizing filters can be made with these materials like halfwave plates52 or polarization rotator in reflection.53
With ion assisted deposition or ion beam sputtering, the deposition processes are more energetic and the materials do not exhibit columns any longer.38 As they are denser, they are also insensitive to moisture.
Light can also propagate in the thickness of transparent multilayers, being trapped by total internal reflection.54 The modes are then guided and the propagation constants can take only a finite number of values. A particular electric field distribution corresponds to each guided mode with the guided energy more important in one layer, several layers, or in the whole stack. A guided mode can be seen as a resonance of the optical field in the direction perpendicular to the layer boundaries. The guided mode propagation conditions correspond to constructive interferences in the direction parallel to the layer boundaries. They also correspond to poles of the reflection coefficient. The guided modes can be excited with a prism and this has been widely used as characterization techniques as well for refractive index measurements55- 56 as for loss measurement.54 The m-line technique is now developed for gas sensing.57
For optical coatings, the light is reflected or transmitted through the sample. On the contrary, diffraction structures are generally used to distribute the light in a controlled way in different directions of the space. The association of diffractive and interference structures in 3D components allows control, as well the directions, of propagation as the spectral distribution of the optical waves in the space. In particular, the local field and the propagation in the structure can be adjusted with the photon lifetime. The typical dimensions of the structure are in the order of a part of the wavelength. These periodically structured materials are also named photonic crystals because light waves similarly behave to the wave function of electrons in crystals.58- 59 Another way to describe the light behavior in such structures is to use the density of optical modes as Purcell defined the density of modes for electrons in solid.60
Photonic crystals can also be considered as metamaterials with optical properties impossible to achieve with nonstructured materials. As an example, the structure can behave like a material having a refractive index of zero or even negative. Many laboratories and companies pay a lot of attention to the study of metamaterials as important applications may come soon with cloaking properties and stealthiness or perfectly stigmatic optics. It is interesting to consider multilayer mirrors not only as an interference system but also as a diffractive component. A mirror is a periodic stack made of alternating high and low refractive indices, each layer having an optical thickness of a quarter wave for the centering wavelength. It can be considered as a Bragg grating. This concept can be extended to Bragg grating in waveguides. The main difference is that each half period must be quarter wave but for an optical thickness defined with the effective index of the guided mode. This principle can be used to design waveguide filters and well known optical interference coating design methods can be helpful.61
As a mirror does not transmit a part of the spectrum, it has a forbidden frequency band for photons and it is a 1D photonic crystal. Thin film Fabry-Perot filters can also be seen as photonic bandgap structures with a defect.
Generally, models used to study the optical properties of nanostructures are based on the electromagnetic theory, but when the dimension of a semiconductor nanocrystal is smaller than the de Broglie wavelength, quantum phenomena must be considered. The de Broglie wavelength can be seen as the coherence length of the electron wavefunction.
Because of their interesting electronic and luminescent properties, plenty of research concerning quantum structures is performed in different laboratories.62 A structure limited to a few nm in the three dimensions of space is called quantum dot (QD). QDs have an atom-like behavior, as the energies of the electron or hole can only take discrete sets of values. Their absorption and luminescent spectra depend both on the properties of the semiconductor used and on the size of the QDs. They can be very efficient light emitters with photoluminescence quantum efficiency as high as 80%. Their emission can be continuously tuned through a large spectrum by changing their size. As an example, CdSe QDs emit anywhere from 470 to 630 nm by varying their size from 3 to 6.5 nm.
Apart from applications already implemented such as multiple quantum wells63 for lasers and detectors,64 other important applications are forthcoming with the study of quantum structures. Among others, QDs can be used to make biological tags.65 More recently, they have been used to develop high efficiency white LEDs.66 They are also under study to make more efficient OLEDs (QLED).67
Quantum structures are also studied to increase the photovoltaic solar cell efficiency and to go beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit of 32% for Si based solar cells.68
There are two ways for enhancing the conversion efficiency. The photovoltage or the photocurrent can be increased. To increase the photovoltage, the hot carriers must be extracted from the photoconverter before they cool. The energetic hot carriers must produce two or more electron-hole pairs through impact ionization to increase the photocurrent.
In principle, QDs can be used in these two ways, which exclude one to the other in different QD solar cell configurations.69 Another way to collect UV photons is to change their frequency to convert them into visible photons. QDs can also be used to make quantum dot-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. They can also be organized in a thin layer with an absorption band complementary to the absorption band of another material composing the solar cell.70
In most photonics components, quantum dots are embedded in thin films. So, to model the optical properties of such components, the refractive index n of thin films including quantum dots (TFIQD) must be known. The classical model used to describe n cannot apply to quantum structures and the quantization of the electron energy must be taken into account.
If the radiative recombination rates of electrons generated by energetic photons are faster than cooling rates, frequency conversion can occur and can increase cell efficiency.
As an example, when considering wide band gap semiconductor nanocrystals like ZnO, the UV can be absorbed and changed into longer wavelengths. Green and UV are emitted. The luminescence in the green is not completely explained but it can be due to oxygen vacancies.71 The luminescence in the UV is coming from quantum confinement with an energy level close to the edge of the bandgap. The UV shift of the bandgap is well explained by calculation (Fig. 3).72
Absorption spectrum of ZnO nanocrystals in a solution of MeOH.
In this case of luminescence, the charges generated by the UV photons must radiatively relax before being transferred to the surrounding media, being recombined at the nanocrystal surfaces, or being coupled to phonon nonradiative decays.
Depending of their size, CdSe nanoparticles produce electrons and holes from different photon energies of the visible spectrum. The charges can be transferred to the surrounding medium if resonant transfers are possible. These particles can replace dye molecules in TiO2 sensitized dye.73 It is interesting to notice that, thanks to the relative band offset, CdSe quantum dots have a resonant electron energy level with the conduction band of TiO2. "Rainbow" solar cells using CdSe of different-sized quantum dots assembled in an orderly fashion are under study.74
Hybrid organic/inorganic cells can also be made with P3HT and CdSe nanorods or P3HT and PbS nanoparticles. With size-quantized PbS nanoparticles, 3% incident photon to current efficiencies (IPCE) under 550-nm monochromatic irradiation is obtained.75 A 6.9% IPCE under 0.1 milliwatt per square illumination at 515 nm is obtained with 7-nanometer by 60-nanometer CdSe nanorods.76
When photoexcited carriers elastically collide with one another, no energy is lost. On the contrary, collisions with the atoms of the cell material are inelastic. They induce an energy loss with phonon induced decays. In principle, if atomic collisions can be avoided during the time it takes a photogenerated carrier to cross the cell, such a thermalization loss can be avoided. Carriers either have to go through the cell very quickly or cooling rates have to be slowed in some way. If, instead of giving up their excess energy as heat, the high energy electron-hole pairs are used to create additional pairs, higher efficiency would be possible (Fig. 4). This can be achieved by using QDs because of the longer lifetime of the discrete excited states. The creation of more than one pair by high energy photons has attributed to impact ionization by the photoexcited carriers. In such a case, many electron-hole pairs could be generated by each incident photon (Fig. 5).77
Quantum yield versus the relative energy of photons in front of the material bandgap showing multiple exciton generation with PbSe nanoparticles.
Sketch of a multiple exciton generation process.
In principle, MEG can give up to 75% efficient conversion. To the best of our knowledge, only the Auger principle has been demonstrated, but there may be different competing processes. Charge cooling because of phonon coupling is, of course, one of them but also, if the absorption occurs into the wrong state, there will be no impact ionization. Auger recombination after decay can also happen.
The value of the complex refractive index or permittivity is needed to calculate the optical properties of photonic structures. The bulk value of the refractive index is not fitted when the materials are structured in small dimensions and the classical model78- 80 cannot be used.
A model for quantum wells can be used as a first theoretical model. Many works have already been performed on single and periodic quantum wells of square and nonsquare profiles.81- 82 The model presented in Ref. 72 based on the approximation of the effective mass, can be applied to single wells, coupled periodic, and nonperiodic multiple wells and to stacks of wells of any depth and any width. The main advantages of this model are its easy implementation and its small computation time.
In a multiple well, a recurrent relation can be found for the function $Q = {{\frac{1}{m}\frac{{d\psi }}{{dx}}}}/{\psi }$Q=1mdψdx/ψ, where ψ is the electron wave function and x is the direction perpendicular to the well boundaries
Display Formula
If the electron is confined in the structure, ψ is evanescent in the surrounding media. The equation describing the possible discrete energy levels is then derived from these considerations.
The wavefunction and the square of its modulus giving the electron density probability distribution, can then be calculated in the whole structure
Display Formula
In identical coupled wells, the energy levels of the single well are split (Figs. 6- 7) and when there are a large number of coupled wells, they become energy bands. In nonperiodic structures, the electrons can be localized or delocalized like electrons in molecules (Fig. 8). It is worth noticing that the properties of the charges can then be engineered, to some extent, by adapting the size of the QDs and their coupling distance.
Splitting of the highest energy level of electrons in coupled quantum wells, when considering from left to right 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 identical coupled wells. Each well has a depth of 2.9 eV, a width of 1 nm and the distance between the wells is also 1 nm.
Electron density of probability for the lowest energy level in a structure composed of nine identical coupled wells.
Electron density of probability in a nonperiodic structure composed of five coupled wells of depth 2.9 eV, of widths 1, 1, 2, 1, and 1 nm, respectively. The distance between each well is 1 nm.
A lot of new applications are expected to come with such artificial molecules.
As for electrons, the energy levels of the holes can be calculated in quantum wells. The optical properties of quantum wells can then be deduced from the electron and hole energy distribution. An example of a model is proposed in Ref. 83 for the complex refractive index dispersion with a wavelength of interdiffused quantum wells. In the case of a film composed of quantum dot semiconductor embedded in a homogeneous matrix, the refractive index can be calculated from the refractive index of the quantum dots and the refractive index of the matrix by using the homogenization theory.
Knowing the energy levels of electrons and holes in a quantum structure84 and taking into account the band broadening phenomena induced by size dispersion and coupling effects, the absorption dispersion with wavelength can be approximately calculated. But the amplitude of the absorption in QDs cannot be directly calculated as it depends on their absorption cross section, which has not yet been modeled. The absorption amplitude can then be only obtained by measurement. By measuring R(λ) and T(λ) of a thin film including quantum dots, the extinction coefficient dispersion is deduced from the absorption A(λ) = 1 − R(λ) − T(λ)
Display Formula
So, research on quantum structures for photovoltaic cells is very active. In the near future, many progresses are expected to develop high-efficient and low-cost solar cells. The control of the material structures at a nanometer level is mandatory to fully benefit from the attractive properties of QDs of different sizes and made of different materials. Coupled QDs could also lead to new useful structures for many different applications.
The free electrons at a planar surface between a metal and a dielectric material can exhibit a collective oscillation of free electrons at a resonant frequency. The corresponding surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) electromagnetic wave of TM polarization propagates along the surface. This surface wave can only be excited with an evanescent wave. A totally reflecting prism can be used for that purpose.85
When considering metallic nanoparticles of dimension of a few tens of nanometer, the SSP can be excited on the nanoparticle surfaces.86 The two key interest areas are 1. the ability to channel light into sub-wavelength zones and 2. the local optical electric field is strongly enhanced on the metal surface thanks to plasmon resonance. This can be used to increase the absorption in the surrounding material or to enhance fluorescence and Raman scattering.
As the propagation length of a SPP is generally longer than the circumference of the metallic nanoparticle, the electric field amplitude is modulated on the surface. If several nanoparticles are close enough to be coupled, the optical electric field is also increased in the medium between the nanoparticles. The resonance and its width depend, of course, on the metal used but also on the size, the shape of the nanoparticle, and the dielectric properties of the surrounding medium. It can take place in the visible or in the infrared. The SPPs has a TM polarization when the dielectric media is isotropic but multiple modes of SPP-wave propagation with different polarization states can be simultaneously supported by a metal/structured thin film interface.87
The plasmonics features have been extensively studied by the international scientific community and are considered as extremely promising.88 Optical nanoantennas based on metallic nanostructures will boost the efficiency of light–matter interactions.89 This electromagnetic enhancement plays a key role in surface enhanced techniques: surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy , surface enhanced fluorescence, surface enhanced infrared absorption, etc. Using these techniques, single molecule detection can now be achieved.90 The correlation between the observed electromagnetic enhancement and the plasmonic properties of these nanoantennas is heavily studied.
Highly efficient plasmonic nanostructures are also required for further development of new optical near-field techniques such as tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy .91
Nanoplasmonic is also under study to make plasmonic optical circuits,92 highly efficient light emitting diodes,93 and extremely sensitive chemical and biochemical sensors.94
Plasmonics has a great interest in the photovoltaic domain in order to improve the photonic absorption, thus, the solar cell efficiency.95 For this application, the aim of plasmonics is to excite localized plasmons by using metallic nanoparticles to trap or confine light inside the photoactive material, or to obtain beneficial resonant internal light scattering on these metallic particles.96- 98 This excitation depends on several parameters such as the metal nature, the surface density of the particles, their diameter, the incident angle of light, the wavelength, the polarization, etc. Light absorption in the active material can then be increased, in particular in the spectral ranges where the photovoltaic material only weakly absorbs the light. As an example, one of the best power efficiencies for an organic solar cell [6.5%, Ref. 99] is based on an active donor:acceptor bulk heterojunction, the P3HT:PCBM. Its low cutting wavelength (close to 650 nm, i.e., a bandgap around 2.1 eV) greatly limits the efficiency. Enhancing light absorption around this spectral range where solar intensity is maximum is the current challenge. As a consequence, a precise and highly efficient characterization of optical nanoantennas used in such devices is essential and can be seen as a real challenge. Unfortunately, it remains a "largely unexplored terrain."88
Today, many theoretical calculations [finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), for instance] have clearly demonstrated the nature and the spatial localization of the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of metallic nanoparticles. As an example, the electric field distribution calculated with the FDTD method in a poly [2-méthoxy-5-(2-éthyl-hexyloxy)-1, 4-phénylène-vinylène]: 6, 6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (MEH-PPV:PCBM) bulk heterojunction including silver nanospheres is shown in Fig. 9. A comparison between the absorption with and without nanoparticles of such a heterojunction is given in Fig. 10.100- 101
Electromagnetic power density distribution in the plane {x, y} for an array of four silver nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a dielectric material. Incident wavelength: (a) 450 and (b) 600 nm.
Intrinsic absorption of MEH-PPV:PCBM (light gray), silver NPs (black), and absorption losses (reflection and transmission) (dark gray) for a structure with NP diameters of 100 nm and period of 200 nm.
Nevertheless, it remains extremely difficult to have an experimental nanometer localization of the enhanced electromagnetic field. In classical surface enhanced spectroscopy, the final optical signal is measured in far field and the precise localization of hot spots remains impossible due to the poor resolution. As a consequence, it appears extremely difficult to validate the nature of the enhanced electromagnetic field obtained with theoretical calculations by experimental measurements. Some experimental works have already been performed, but this remains an important topic of study.
With an increasing capability of structuring materials at a smaller and smaller scale, one can access more and more precise control of light/material interaction. We can expect to organize the propagation of optical waves as well, close to the material in the near field as at any distance of it.
Random surface structures that control statistical properties are developed to shape, at will, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of surface. Wide-band antireflection structures are rapidly progressing but also deeply etched surfaces like black silicon appear to exhibit remarkably strong absorption and antireflection properties even in the infrared. The inhomogeneities and the structure of thin films can now be partly controlled. This is used to make materials with defined refractive index with, in particular, birefringent properties of high interest for applications.
Photonic crystals have also experienced a very strong development these last years in particular with the metamaterials. New developments are now taking place with nanomagnetic structures. But when the structure can be controlled at a smaller size of a few thousands atoms, a new field is opening with a control of intimate properties of matter.
Quantum confinement, which can be used to tune the properties of electrons, must lead to completely new applications where electrons and photons must be considered together. The concept of permittivity is then revisited.
This concept is also different for metallic nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric material and the association of plasmon resonance and scattering again concerns both electron and photons.
Though not discussed in this paper, the dynamic properties of electrons and the nonlinear optical properties have yet to be jointly considered and a lot of research has yet to be performed in these fields. This should pave the way to more and more complex applications at low cost, well suited to nomadism, for every day life, energy, security, environment, and health.
Grahic Jump Location
Francois Flory graduated from Ecole Centrale Marseille in 1975, then received a PhD in optics in 1978 and a "Thése d'Etat" in 1987. He is currently a professor "classe exceptionnelle" at Ecole Centrale Marseille. He was deputy director of this institution for 6 years and co-founded the optical cluster POPsud. He performs his research at the Institute for Materials, Microelectronics and Nanosciences, Mareseille, France. His research interests are optical coatings and optical properties of nanostructured materials for different application fields such as solar cells, sensors, and light detectors. He is editor and co-author of the book Thin Films for Optical Systems (Marcel Dekker, 1995) and author of more than 200 publications, book chapters, patents, and conferences. He was the chairman of the conference Education and Training in Optics and Photonics (2005). He has been member of scientific committees of several international conferences and is a reviewer for several international scientific journals.
Ludovic Escoubas graduated from Centrale Marseille and received a PhD in optics in 1997. He is now a professor at Paul Cezanne University, Marseille, France and leader of the Optoelectronics Components and Photovoltaics (OPTO-PV) Team of IM2NP (CNRS Laboratory). His current research interests are micro- and nano-optical components and solar cells. He has authored more than 150 papers and communications, and he holds 6 patents.
Gérard Berginc received a Dipl. Engineer-Physicist degree from Ecole Centrale de Marseille and his doctorate in theoretical physics. He is currently a chief scientist and head of Advanced Research and Technology at Thales Optronique S.A. His research activities include high-frequency asymptotics, random volume and rough surface scattering, coherent effects in random media, and localization phenomena. He has authored or co-authored over 150 publications in books, journals and conferences, and is a Fellow Member of the Electromagnetics Academy. He holds more than 60 patents and was listed in Who's Who in Electromagnetism and Who's Who in the World.
François Flory ; Ludovic Escoubas and Gérard Berginc"Optical properties of nanostructured materials: a review", J. Nanophoton. 5(1), 052502 (August 10, 2011). ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3609266
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