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Effects of day-time exposure to different light intensities on light-induced melatonin suppression at night
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1 Kozaki et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2015) 34:27 DOI /s ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of day-time exposure to different light intensities on light-induced melatonin suppression at night Tomoaki Kozaki 1*, Ayaka Kubokawa 2, Ryunosuke Taketomi 2 and Keisuke Hatae 2 Open Access Abstract Background: Bright nocturnal light has been known to suppress melatonin secretion. However, bright light exposure during the day-time might reduce light-induced melatonin suppression (LIMS) at night. The effective proportion of day-time light to night-time light is unclear; however, only a few studies on accurately controlling both day- and night-time conditions have been conducted. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different day-time light intensities on LIMS. Methods: Twelve male subjects between the ages of 19 and 23 years (mean ± S.D., 20.8 ± 1.1) gave informed consent to participate in this study. They were exposed to various light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) between the hours of 09:00 and 12:00 (day-time light conditions). They were then exposed to bright light (300 lx) again between 01:00 and 02:30 (night-time light exposure). They provided saliva samples before (00:55) and after night-time light exposure (02:30). Results: A one-tailed paired t test yielded significant decrements of melatonin concentration after night-time light exposure under day-time dim, 100- and 300-lx light conditions. No significant differences exist in melatonin concentration between pre- and post-night-time light exposure under day-time 900- and 2700-lx light conditions. Conclusions: Present findings suggest the amount of light exposure needed to prevent LIMS caused by ordinary nocturnal light in individuals who have a general life rhythm (sleep/wake schedule). These findings may be useful in implementing artificial light environments for humans in, for example, hospitals and underground shopping malls. Keywords: Light, Light intensity, Melatonin, Day-time, Night-time Introduction Light is thought to have the most powerful impact on the human circadian rhythm and sleep/wake cycle. Prior to artificial lighting, humans adjusted their circadian rhythm to match the natural 24 h bright/dark cycle (i.e. the earth s rotation). In modern society, however, bright environments still exist at night while, thanks to modern buildings and underground spaces, dim light environments are possible during the day. Modern humans, especially in urban areas, are hardly ever exposed to a 24-h bright/dark cycle. The modern light environments possibly cause the * Correspondence: 1 Faulty of Design, Kyushu University, Shiobaru, Fukuoka city, Minami-ku, Japan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article desynchronization of our circadian rhythm and 24-h life rhythm. Bright nocturnal light has been known to suppress melatonin secretion [1 4], and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified work shifts that involve circadian disruption as a probable carcinogenic factor (Group 2A). Because melatonin may have potent anti-cancer activity [5, 6], light-induced melatonin suppression (LIMS) at night may increase the risk of cancer. Some research has found that LIMS occurs at night even under low light intensities ( lx) [7, 8], which would suggest even greater health risks. Yet bright light at day-time has been thought to increase melatonin secretion [9 11] and may reduce LIMS at night. Hebert et al. [12] evaluated LIMS after daytime exposure to different light conditions for 1 week Kozaki et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
2 Kozaki et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2015) 34:27 Page 2 of 5 The subjects were exposed to bright light (both by being outside and by using a light box inside) and wore dark goggles (that allowed about 2 % light transmission) during the day-time. Significantly, more LIMS was found after subjects experienced dim light conditions than when they experienced bright conditions. Smith et al. [13] measured LIMS after different day-time light stimuli (200 vs. 0.5 lx) for 3 days. LIMS significantly increased after dim light exposure compared with bright light exposure. Yet another study measured LIMS in indoor and outdoor workers and reported a significant correlation between the percentage of LIMS and the subjects average light exposure in a 24-h period [14]. These findings suggest that a bright/dark cycle is necessary for health. To maintain an adequate secretion of melatonin, it is important to understand the effective proportion of day- to night-time light. However, this proportion is unknown because there have been very few studies on accurately controlling both day- and night-time light conditions. This study, therefore, evaluates the effect of different day-time light intensities on LIMS. In this study, the light intensity of night-time light is set at 300 lx, based on ordinary light conditions in a home. Materials and methods Subjects Twelve male subjects aged years (mean ± S.D., 20.8 ± 1.1) gave informed consent to participate in this study. All subjects were free of medical conditions at the time of the experiment, and none had a history of psychiatric or sleep disorders. The subjects were instructed to abstain from alcohol and caffeine beginning 1 day before the experiment began and to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (24:00 to 08:00) beginning 7 days before the experiment. The sleep wake schedule was confirmed by a wrist-worn actigraph (Actiwatch-L 9 (AWL); Mini-Mitter, Bend, OR, USA). Experimental procedure The experiments were carried out from August 2012 to November 2012; the experimental schedule is shown in Fig. 1. The subjects arrived at the experimental chamber before 23:00 and were exposed to dim light conditions (<10 lx). They slept in the experimental chamber under dark conditions until 08:00 and then had breakfast until 09:00 under the same dim conditions experienced prior to sleep. After breakfast, the subjects experienced light conditions from 09:00 to 12:00. After this exposure, the subjects had lunch until 13:00 under dim light conditions, which were maintained until 01:00, and provided saliva samples every hour from 15:00 to 18:00 in order to determine the threshold of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) [15, 16]. The subjects were allowed to watch movies and read books in the experimental chamber; however, the illuminance of the movie displays was kept at less than 2 lx, because bright light from movie displays may suppress melatonin secretion [17]. Then, the subjects had dinner and showered from 18:00 to 20:00. Saliva samples were collected under dim light conditions every 30 min from 20:00 to 01:00, and the subjects experienced bright light (300 lx) exposure for 90 min from 01:00 to 02:30. After exposure to bright light, the subjects provided saliva samples. They were instructed to maintain a sitting position on their chairs during saliva collection because posture might affect melatonin secretion [18]. For each subject, exposure to the five different light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) were conducted in five different experimental sets with one light condition per set, namely, repeated measure design. Experiments were performed under different conditions in random order at intervals of more than 5 days. Although the subjects conducted their normal life during the intervals, they were instructed to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (24:00 to 08:00). The ambient temperature in the experimental chamber was kept at 27 C. Light conditions Intensities of <10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx were used for the experiment s day-time light conditions ( Light conditions in Fig. 1). Day- and night-time light conditions ( Bright light in Fig. 1) were achieved by using a white fluorescent lamp (Panasonic Ltd. Co., Osaka, Japan), which was placed in front of each subject. The correlated colour temperature, general colour rendering index and chromaticity coordinates (x, y) of the light source were 4523 K, 86 and (0.362, 0.381), respectively, as measured by a spectroradiometer (Lightspec, Gretag- Macbeth, NY, USA). Figure 2 shows the relative spectral Fig. 1 Time schedule. The subjects were exposed to different light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) from 09:00 to 12:00 and to bright light (300 lx) from 01:00 to 02:30
3 Kozaki et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2015) 34:27 Page 3 of 5 Fig. 2 The spectral distribution of the light source power distributions. The vertical illuminance level of each light condition at the cornea was set using an illuminance metre (HD , Delta Ohm, Padua, Italy). Salivary melatonin assay Saliva samples were collected using non-cotton (polypropylene polyethylene complex swab) collection devices (Sarstedt K.K. Numbrecht, Germany), because cotton swabs might interfere with the assay results of salivary melatonin [19]. Saliva samples were centrifuged at 1500 g for 5 min and then frozen at 30 C until assayed. Melatonin levels in the samples were analysed using a commercially available Radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit (Direct Saliva Melatonin RIA; Buhlmann Laboratories, Allschwil, Switzerland). The kit s limit of detection was 0.9 pg/ml, and its limit of quantification was 0.2 pg/ml. The mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variance were 7.9 and 9.8 %, respectively. Data analysis Since there is substantial inter-individual variation in endogenous melatonin levels [20, 21], a salivary threshold was determined by calculating the mean of the four base melatonin values plus twice the standard deviation of these values [15]. In this study, four base melatonin values were obtained from the saliva samples collected from 15:00 to 18:00 for each light condition. The thresholds varied among subjects and ranged from 0.68 to 3.2 pg/ml (mean ± S.D., 1.6 ± 0.9). The time of the DLMO phase was determined by linear interpolation between the time points before and after melatonin concentration increased and remained above the thresholds [15, 16]. Data on two subjects were excluded from the analysis because DLMO times were not detected during the sampling period (20:00 01:00); two subjects showed lower melatonin levels than the thresholds during the sampling period. Thus, results for only 10 subjects were analysed. The DLMO phases were compared for each light condition using a one-way repeated-measured analysis of variance (ANOVA). To assess the differences in melatonin concentration over time and between preand post-nocturnal light exposure, data were analysed by using a two-way, within-subject factor, repeated-measured ANOVA. For post hoc analyses, comparing the melatonin concentration between pre- and post-bright light exposure under each light condition, a one-tailed paired t test was used. These statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Differences in which p was <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Power analysis were also performed to calculate the type II error probability (β) for each statistical analyses using G*Power version 3.1 [22], because the sample size of this study (n = 10) was relatively small. Results The time courses for mean melatonin concentrations under the five different light conditions are shown in Fig. 3. There were no significant differences in the DLMO phase for each light condition (F 1.36 =1.4, n.s., β =0; Table 1). Figure 4 shows mean melatonin concentrations of each morning light condition before (pre-exposure) and after (post-exposure) the nocturnal light exposure. Twoway, repeated-measured ANOVA for the experiment period demonstrated that time intervals have a significant effect on melatonin secretion (F 1.9 =15.8, p <0.01, β =0) and interact with light conditions (F 4.36 =5.4, p < 0.01, β = 0), and light conditions do not have a significant effect (F 4.36 = 0.10, n.s., β = 0.37). Post hoc comparison revealed significant melatonin decrements after nighttime light exposures under day-time dim, 100 and 300 lx light conditions (dim; t 9 =8.7, p <0.01, β =0: Fig. 3 The time courses for mean melatonin concentrations under the five different light conditions from 15:00 to 0:30
4 Kozaki et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2015) 34:27 Page 4 of 5 Table 1 Mean DLMO times (time of day) for each light condition. Standard deviations (S.D.) are in minutes Light conditions DLMO Dim 22:15 (69) 100 lx 22:10 (70) 300 lx 21:58 (72) 900 lx 21:52 (76) 2700 lx 21:51 (57) Mean (S.D.) 100 lx; t 9 =1.9, p < 0.05, β =0.47: 300 lx; t 9 =1.9, p < 0.05, β = 0.46). No significant differences were present in the melatonin concentrations between night-time pre- and post-light exposure of day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions (900 lx; t 9 = 1.1, n.s., β = 0.73; 2700 lx; t 9 = 0.4, n.s., β = 0.90). Discussion There were no significant differences in melatonin concentrations between night-time pre- and post-light exposure under day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions; however, melatonin concentrations significantly decreased after night-time light exposure under day-time dim light conditions. The subjects were instructed to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (beginning sleep at 00:00 and waking at 08:00) 7 days before the experiment began. Mean DLMO times showed no significant differences among day-time light conditions and occurred at about 22:00. The subjects were thought to have a circadian rhythm synchronized with a general life rhythm because DLMO occurred about 2 h before sleep began at 00:00 [23]. Present findings suggest the amount of light exposure needed to prevent LIMS caused by ordinary night-time light in individuals who have a general life rhythm (sleep/wake schedule). Fig. 4 Mean (+S.D.) melatonin concentrations of each morning light condition before (pre-exposure) and after (post-exposure) the nocturnal light exposure Melatonin concentration before night-time light exposure was high under day-time dim light condition; however, no significant differences were present on the melatonin concentrations among day-time light conditions. The high melatonin concentration may be caused by tryptophan in the breakfast. Melatonin concentration was increased by having tryptophan-rich breakfast with exposure to bright light at day-time [24]. In this study, melatonin levels were compared pre- and post-three-day experiment; the subjects had tryptophan-rich breakfast and exposure to bright light at day-time for 3 days. Therefore, ingested tryptophan before present experiment possibly had an impact on melatonin secretion. One possible reason that diurnal light exposure limits LIMS is that, as has been suggested in previous research [25, 26], non-visual photoreceptors (melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mrgcs)) are mainly responsible for mediating LIMS. In an animal study [27], light-induced desensitization of mrgss was measured after 52 min of dark- and bright light conditions. The response amplitude to 5-s light pulse was reduced after the bright background light. Another animal study [28] showed a significant increase in melanopsin expression under prolonged exposure of constant darkness. Prolonged exposure of constant bright light, on the other hand, decreased melanopsin expression. Although whether these animal findings can accurately explain these conditions remains to be seen, the response of mrgcs and/or melanopsin expression may be one of the reasons that LIMS is prevented by diurnal light exposure. Because melatonin concentrations showed no significant decrease after night-time light exposures of bright light conditions during the morning (>900 lx), we may conclude that day-time light exposure may be needed more than night-time light exposure to prevent LIMS. A one-tailed paired t test was used to decrease Type II error probabilities because of small sample size. The probabilities, however, were high under day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions (900 lx; β = 0.73; 2700 lx; β = 0.90). These high probabilities imply that no significant decrease of melatonin concentration is obtained after night-time light exposure in other subjects. Although no significant differences were present among the mean DLMO obtained at each separate light condition, variations were present among the individual DLMOs obtained for separate subjects within each light condition. Phase dependence of the light-induced phase shift has been reported as a phase response curve (PRC) [29 31]. According to the PRC, the phase advancing effect of the light is greater at 2 6 h after the circadian phase at 0 h (CP0); it is lesser within 2 h after CP0. Given that the preventing effect of diurnal light on LIMS also has a PRC, lower doses of diurnal light exposure may prevent LIMS in individuals who have a later sleep schedule.
5 Kozaki et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2015) 34:27 Page 5 of 5 Conclusions Although our findings are limited, the present study provides application data that suggest that day-time exposure to a minimum dose of light can prevent LIMS even within just 1 day. These findings may be useful as humans adapt to artificial light environments in, for example, hospitals and underground shopping malls. Light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression, however, depends on the duration of light exposure as well as the light intensity [32]. The wavelength composition of nocturnal light also affects lightinduced melatonin suppression [8, 33 35]. In addition, photosensitivity may be involved based on the basis of the person s eye colour [36] and ageing [37]. Therefore, further research is needed to examine the parameters of light exposure and the photosensitive variation of human beings. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors contributions TK participated in the design of this study. AK, RT and TH conducted all experiments and collected the data. TK conducted the statistical analysis and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Author details 1 Faulty of Design, Kyushu University, Shiobaru, Fukuoka city, Minami-ku, Japan. 2 Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, Shiobaru, Fukuoka city, Minami-ku, Japan. Received: 9 January 2015 Accepted: 23 June 2015 References 1. Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science. 1980;210(4475): Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Rosenthal NE. Manic-depressive patients may be supersensitive to light. Lancet. 1981;1(8216): Strassman RJ, Peake GT, Qualls CR, Lisansky EJ. A model for the study of the acute effects of melatonin in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65(5): Hashimoto S, Nakamura K, Honma S, Tokura H, Honma K. 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subset: commoncrawl


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With the hiring of Pat Shurmur as head coach, team president Mike Holmgren cemented his status as the Browns' organizational leader. Or, the former Super Bowl winning coach merely finished the work he began a year ago in laying out his vision for the team's future. In many ways, the marriage of Shurmur to the Browns can be traced through last year's arrival of general manager Tom Heckert, who has a great deal of experience in finding players qualified to run the West Coast version of offense that Holmgren has envisioned.
The same can be said for decisions made along the defensive side of the ball, as veteran coach Dick Jauron has been tapped to revamp, or possibly reinvent a traditional Browns' weakness. While not exclusively a Holmgren disciple, Jauron will likely install a defense that is more familiar to Heckert than Eric Mangini's 3-4 scheme. After all, Heckert's contributions to recent Philadelphia drafts focused on finding more traditional 4-3 types of defenders.
Of course, aligning all the major components of an NFL franchise was the easy part. And yes, after more than a decade of futile front office direction in Cleveland, this is perhaps the greatest understatement ever uttered. Finally, the overall direction of the Browns has been set in place and more importantly, it appears that a clear chain of command exists.
But now comes the hard part. Despite the presence of what appears to be some badly needed front office unity, success in the NFL is decided by the talent on the field.
In the Browns' case – particularly among the defense – a talent upgrade is badly needed. Heckert's recent thoughts seem to foreshadow some offseason changes.
"It's gonna be a challenge, no question," Heckert said. "There's gonna be some turnover. We have some age on the team. We have to get younger."
While many Browns' followers are lamenting the decision to "blow up" the team's defense after some modest gains in 2010, the on-field and injured reserve evidence is overwhelmingly apparent. The numbers may have inched forward, but last season's Mangini-built defense simply lacked playmakers. Built for power, the defense wore down as the season progressed, thanks to a combination of age and injuries.
In a hypothetical sense, the same types of roster turnover would have occurred for another season with Mangini at the helm. Regardless of scheme, the Browns' front seven is littered with players either ready to test free agency or dip their toes in the waters of retirement.
In fact, it's possible that only three of the team's regular front seven starters will return next season.
Along the front line, injuries again short-circuited veteran Robaire Smith's season. Smith suffered a serious back injury early in the season, which hurt the team's run defense. Across the line, Kenyon Coleman played on a shaky knee for most of the season, while Shaun Rogers was largely invisible. The only consistent performance found along the defensive line was the play of Ahtyba Rubin. However, thanks to the limited depth around him, Rubin fell apart in December.
Behind Rubin and the veteran starters on the depth chart are a collection of unknown players such as Travis Ivey, Ko Quaye, Brian Sanford, Jayme Mitchell and the scrappy, yet underwhelming Brian Schaefering.
A similar story can be told regarding the team's linebackers. A midseason injury to Scott Fujita significantly contributed to the defense's second-half decline in 2010 – particularly against the rush. Fujita's injury forced Matt Roth into more of a run defense role, which hampered the team's pass rush. While Chris Gocong played well inside, his veteran counterparts – including Eric Barton and David Bowens – could not be counted on to play significant roles.
Moving beyond the 2010 starters, the rest of the linebacking corps includes situational pass rusher Marcus Benard and a host of special teams players, including Jason Trusnik, Titus Brown, Eric Alexander and Blake Costanzo. Former starter D'Qwell Jackson and 2009 draft pick Kaluka Maiava both ended the season on injured reserve.
Looking ahead to 2011 and a move towards a 4-3 alignment, it's possible that only Rubin and Fujita are locks to return to the starting lineup. Gocong and Roth are both free agents, while Smith, Coleman, Barton and Bowens will likely not be part of the new regime's plans. Perhaps the same can be said for Rogers, who is still owed a sizeable chunk of money for next season.
As it stands now, Rubin could greatly benefit from a shift towards a more traditional four-man line. Despite his considerable size, Rubin was often pushed around as a nose tackle. The addition of another defensive tackle could also reduce the wear on Rubin's body in 2011. As for the linebackers, Fujita should prove capable as a 3-4 outside linebacker – a position he has played in the past – while Gocong could be brought back to play inside. The rest of the roster's current prospects don't offer much beyond Benard possibly shifting to defensive end, which in reality, is what he mainly played for most of 2010.
Basic math would tell you that retaining only three to four potential 2011 defensive front seven starters is a frightening proposition. However, I suppose none of us should be too surprised. After all, the 2010 Browns' defense was largely comprised of veterans on their last legs.
Perhaps even more frightening is the idea that only Rubin, Jackson and Maiava were original Browns' draft picks.
Suddenly, Heckert looks like a prophet … one who has a lot of work to do.


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Summer School Vocabulary Review #31-50: Question Preview (ID: 25922)
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Text with the purpose of telling about details, facts and other true information.
|a) literary/narrative text
|b) point of view
|c) informational/expository text
|d) plot
To know or expect that something is going to happen in a text before it does.
|a) predict
|b) plot
|c) personification
|d) persuade
A selection or writing that may be fiction or nonfiction.
|a) onomatopoeia
|b) mood
|c) metaphor
|d) passage
The main reason the passage was written.
|a) mood
|b) main idea
|c) irony
|d) literary devices
A series of events that make up a story.
|a) plot
|b) opinion
|c) irony
|d) inform
A selection of writing that deals with real people, events, and places without changing any facts.
|a) fiction
|b) nonfiction
|c) point of view
|d) inform
The position or angle from which the narrator tells the story.
|a) opinion
|b) fact
|c) point of view
|d) irony
To cause to do something by using reason or argument; to cause to believe something.
|a) persuade
|b) opinion
|c) passage
|d) main idea
A term used to describe words who pronunciations suggest their meaining.
|a) metaphor
|b) mood
|c) onomatopoeia
|d) plot
What one thinks about something or somebody.
|a) opinion
|b) metaphor
|c) irony
|d) mood
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Шоколадное пирожное со сникерсом
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About the Book
La vida y preceptos de Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu. La filosofia de Mahaprabhu culmina en el amor por Dios atraves del bhakti yoga.
Features & Details
- Category Biographies & Memoirs
5×8 in, 13×20 cm
112 Pages
- Publish Date Aug 14, 2013
- Language Spanish
- Tags bhakti yoga, mahaprabhu, chaitanya, krishna, filosofia
About the Creator
Dustin Ellison is a San Diego native who currently lives in South India. His passion for art, culture, and nature comes to life in his dedication to provide unique and explorative photography. Dustin, now 29, has a degree in graphic design as well as many years experience with other mixed media art forms. In the last four years that Dustin has immersed himself in traveling and photography his creativity has grown and come to life as seen through the images he has captured. Dustin's love for surfing and his eagerness to travel the world have helped him to produce art that becomes a realistic journey into each place he visits. He attributes his success and passion for life to his family and friends who are always supportive of him. India is a long way from sunny San Diego, but Dustin has bridged that gap with tasteful and colorful images that bring you one step closer to the other side of the world.
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A. Smith Homers as No. 9 Softball Drops Series at No. 20 Texas A&M
COLLEGE STATION, Texas - Junior infielder Ansley Smith launched her second home run of the season in the second inning, but it wasn't enough for No. 9 Kentucky as No. 20 Texas A&M posted four runs in the third inning to earn a series-clinching 6-3 victory on Saturday at the Aggie Softball Complex.
The three-game series concludes Sunday with a 1 p.m. ET series finale. The game will be televised live on the SEC Network and available through WatchESPN. Texas A&M has won each of the first two games of the series, including a 3-0 walk-off victory on Friday. The Aggies lead the all-time series between the two teams, 3-2.
The score went back and forth until the third inning when the Aggies rallied for four runs in the bottom of the frame to take control of the game. The inning started with UK turning to sophomore pitcher Meagan Prince in the circle after true freshman Erin Rethlake had started the game and allowed two runs in the first two innings.
Prince allowed a hit-by-pitch, single and walk to start the inning, loading the bases with no outs. It appeared UK was going to get out of trouble when Prince started a 1-2-3 double play, but the Aggies answered with a walk and single to take a 3-2 lead. With the bases loaded and two outs, TAMU turned to Breanna Dozier to pinch hit, prompting UK head coach Rachel Lawson to bring Rethlake back in to pitch. Dozier answered the call by looping a doubled into leftfield to clear the bases and put the Aggies up 6-2.
Prince received the loss in the circle, going 0.2 innings allowing four earned runs on two hits with two walks. Rethlake tossed the other 5.1 innings in the game, allowing five hits and two runs - only one earned - with four strikeouts and three walks. Rethlake is yet to have a decision this season, sitting 0-0, while Prince moves to 7-3.
Offensively for Kentucky, Smith was the leader, going 2-for-3 with a home run and a double. Smith launched her second home run of the season in the second inning, working a 0-2 count to a full count before hammering a bomb over the leftfield fence. In the seventh inning, sophomore Breanne Ray hit a leadoff double to left-centerfield before Smith hit a line drive to the wall to score a run. Junior Nikki Sagermann recorded an RBI in the game, while Christian Stokes, Rachael Metzger and Maisie Steed each had hits.
The Aggies turned to Rachel Fox in the circle for the second straight day after she picked up her 11th win in Friday's walk-off victory. Fox tossed all seven innings to earn the win on Saturday, allowing three earned runs on seven hits with one walk and six strikeouts. For the series, Fox has tossed 15 innings allowing nine hits with 15 strikeouts.
Offensively, A&M got a 2-for-2 day from Kristen Cuyos, while Dozier was 2-for-2 with three RBI and Cali Lanphear and Brittany Clopton also recorded RBI in the game.
Kentucky will open its 2015 home schedule on March 11 against EKU. Season tickets for the 2015 season are on sale now for $35 per seat and are general admission tickets (no reserved seating). Season tickets include all regular-season home games, including four three-game home sets in SEC play against LSU, Alabama, South Carolina and Georgia
Tickets are available by calling the UK Ticket Office at 1-800-928-2287, in person at the Joe Craft Center Ticket Office or online at www.ukathletics.com/tickets. Single-game tickets are on sale now and are $5 for adults, $2 for seniors (ages 65 or older) and youth (ages 6-18) while children ages five and under will be admitted free of charge.
For the latest on UK softball, follow @UKSoftball on Twitter and Instagram, or like Kentucky Softball on Facebook.


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The euro price of corrected upwards after a strong downward movement in the previous days. It should be noted that the statistics on the US labor market on Friday was better than expected, but investors were disappointed by the growth rate of wages in the country. So the US unemployment rate in December fell to 5.6%, which is 0.1% better than expected and 0.2% better than the previous figure. At the same time, the number of new jobs has increased to 252 thousand against the expected 241 thousand. Wage growth for the year was 1.7%, and in December hourly wages fell by 5 cents. We expect the resumption of downward dynamics after a minor correction and volatility today will be limited due to the lack of publication of statistics in the euro area and the United States.
The price of the British pound continues to correct upwards amid weakening US dollar and the need for the rollback after a dip in the previous week. Statistics from the UK shows a slowdown in industry and in the construction sector of the country. Low oil prices put pressure on inflation. Tomorrow will be published statistics on inflation in the country in case of reduction of which quotations of the British Pound may continue to fall. We expect continued upward movement within the correction, but at the moment there is no reason to change the downward trend.
The Japanese yen continues to strengthen after the release of statistics on the US labor market, which has led to the weakening of the US dollar. Today in Japan is the day off and investor activity will remain low. The demand for defensive assets also remain elevated due to the fall in oil prices, the political crisis in Greece and geopolitical risks. Tomorrow is expected the increase of activity of traders in connection with the publication of data on the balance of payments in Japan. We maintain our medium-term negative outlook on the yen, but assume continued growth of prices in the near future.
The price of the Australian dollar continued to strengthen against the background of the fall of the US dollar. The growth of the Australian dollar is also supported by the rise in the price of gold and copper. In addition, it was necessary to adjust the price after a long and strong reduction in recent months. Investors will continue to monitor the statistics on lending in China, which affects the volume of Australian exports in China, as well as the price of iron ore, which is the main export product of Australia. We maintain our medium-term negative outlook, but in the near future the price growth is likely to continue.
The price of the New Zealand dollar could not continue to grow following the Australian currency and stabilized around the level of 0.7850. For the continuation of ascending movement is required additional stimulus. It is worth noting that the previous increase was unreasonable and at the moment there is the possibility of renewed price declines. We maintain our medium-term negative outlook on the New Zealand currency.


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Your answer is one click away!
I have followed document to configure ssl in mongodb. But no luck.The mongod service doesnot start after configuring ssl in mongo.conf. I have gone through and looks like i need to use Scon first to support SSL/TLS. Can anyone please share steps or document, I need to follow first . I am using mongo version 2.6
This wiki should cover everything you need to build from source using scons. Ensure you have the correct ssl package installed as mentioned in the System Specific Requirements. Your scons command will look
scons mongod --ssl
If you are able to upgrade to mongodb 3.0+ from 2.6 most distributions include ssl support.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
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|Matt Benson <gudnabr...@yahoo.com>
|Ivy projects; day-to-day usage in IDEs
|Mon, 05 Mar 2007 16:10:51 GMT
I am just getting my feet wet in Ivy and haven't yet managed to work this out for myself: In e.g. Eclipse (but I'd like to know about IDEA and other IDEs as well), what is the generally accepted "right way" of working with Ivy? Using Ant builds exclusively, for starters? What about latest-integration builds + classpaths + code completion, etc.? Hopefully this gives you an idea of the kinds of issues and pitfalls I am thinking of, and will allow some of you to explain how they tend to work (or not) with Ivy in an IDE. Thanks, Matt ____________________________________________________________________________________ Be a PS3 game guru. Get your game face on with the latest PS3 news and previews at Yahoo! Games. http://videogames.yahoo.com/platform?platform=120121
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22 total
I have a child with my ex who I have a restraining order against. There is no visitations set in place and I feel that him and I can both be civil as far as setting up visitations go and where they will be. However; I also want to be present durin...
Yes, you can modify the order to allow for visitation with the child and /or contacts with you and/or the child. Good luck!See question
let her relocate with the child. Father is very involved in childs life spending over 40% of his time with child... loves the child .....
This is a difficult question.
"Removal" depends on a number of questions and is very fact specific and can depend on the judge , age of the child and reasons for the move. Best advice is to sit down with an attorney.
I offer a free consultation.
Please feel free to call me.
Matthew Barach, Esq.See question
My ex-bf and I have a set court order and visitation plan from OR. I have sole legal custody and was granted to relocate to FL. We've been here for 8 mos now and during the whole time we've been here my ex barely contacts my child and has missed 2...
You need to modify it in the state that has the order. Post in Oregon. Good luck!See question
and is throwing away money on divorce that is retirement money. What can be done? Spouse knows that there is a big change in other spouse on spending money they don't have can't get spouse to go to doctor Need help in Mass.?
You really should speak with a divorce attorney to understand your rights. If the divorce has been filed there is an automatic restraining order that limits what a spouse can do with marital assets. You also cannot force your spouse to see a therapist prior to divorce, but counseling might be an optionSee question
DCF changed the goal to adoption. They wAnt me to terminate my rights. They have found a adoption family for her already. I'm taking it to trial because I don't want to give up mY rights to my child. What can I do? What are my rights?
You should speek with your court appointed counsel and make sure that you are both on the same page. You are entitled to counsel and can take the matter to trial. It is important that you understand all of your rights and that you can fight to prevent the adoption of your child. Good luck.See question
process proceeds? Can someone help me get my husband into counseling (50 years of marriage and many children and grandchildren) Husband will not go to doctor and has not done do for well over 10 years?
There is no requirement that a party seek counseling prior to obtaining a divorce. You might want to try counseling on your own and then seek if your husband will attend with you. Otherwise, you may need to file for divorce to get his attention. If you file, perhaps, he will have a change of heart and you can always dismiss the action.See question
My ex fiance has been admitted to a mental hospital when she was 17 or so (now 20) for cutting. She has been arrested before. I have no record. When she was pregnant, she smoked pot and snorted molly (ecstacy) once. Someone called DSS on her. She ...
Yes. If you are on the birth certificate , you are the baby's father and certainly have rights for custody and visitation. You may need to file a complaint for custody and visitation and you may also need to pay child support as the father of the baby. You should go to the probate and family court where you live and speak to the "lawyer of the day" to obtain some assistance to file the correct paperwork so that you can be involved in the life of your child.See question
I'm in the military and I'm stationed in Kansas, currently deployed. I got married in North Carolina and I am unsure of how to go about divorce if I don't know where my husband is.
The military has a list of pro bono attorneys who will represent people seeking divorces and can help you obtain counsel and find or serve the papers on your husband. You should contact the military pro bono project for help. It will be an excellent resource for you and great place to start.See question
Her company is now kicking me off of the insurance.Is this legal?
You need to take a look at the health insurance provision in your separation agreement to determine how you will need to respond. You might be able to file a contempt if cutting of your insurance was not allowed in your agreement. It also might depend if the company is self insured. Start with your agreement and consult and attorney is the best advice.See question
After the financial ruin of divorce and 2 years unemployed I have a lucrative job teaching in Abu Dhabi. I want our daughter to live with her mother one years, spend vacations with me, then live with me the next year and spend vacations with her m...
This will depend upon your current agreement with your ex wife, and if she will agree to modify it to allow for what you are proposing. You should work thru her to see what you can agree upon. Removal- leaving the state with a child is an easy proposition particularly to go overseas. Good Luck!See question


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- For other uses of the word "dragon," see Dragon.
The Dragon Throne was the throne used by Rand al'Thor.
Notable OccurrencesEdit
Rand has the Lion Throne of Andor moved to make way for the Dragon Throne, which he uses while in Andor until Elayne Trakand's return, at which time the Lion Throne is returned to its proper place.
The Dragon Throne is described as large and ugly, likely red with carved dragons on the arms.
"a monstrosity, in the style of Tear as imagined by Cairhienin craftsmen, resting on the backs of a pair of Dragons with two more Dragons for the arms and others climbing the back, all with large sunstones for eyes, the whole glittering with gilt and red enamel." (TPOD Ch27)


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GraphicRiver Upload Data to Cloud Illustration 6039141
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Hand Picked Healthy Cookies Illustration; Unlock Consumer Mind; Search Folder Icon Set - Illustration; Share Favorite - Illustration; Business Data Process Services - Illustration; Gear Abstract Illustration; Chemistry Apparatus - Flask Set - Illustration.
Keywords: arrow sign, business plan, business strategy, cloud technology, cloudscape, data, direction, engineer, graph, guidance, technology, three-dimensional shape, vector.


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The ancient science of apologetics -- the defense of Christianity's claims to truth -- has been updated. Call it "APPologetics" -- as in apps for Smartphones, iPads and other tech vehicles that believers and unbelievers can use to duke it out.
The New York Times took a look at 21st century God wars in the apps world, where it's Bible Thumper for atheists to dial up odd verses, versus Baptists tapping up "Fast Facts, Challenges & Tactics."
Still, it's neither news nor a problem for some believers if atheists are hard-wired to software arguments. Tech-savvy evangelicals are loaded with APPologetics. Albert Mohler Jr., president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary considers "the app store is now the new public commons," and tell the Times that students need to be armed with arguments, because...
There is not one student on this campus who doesn't have at least one person in his circle of family and friends voicing these (skeptical) ideas.
Brie Loskota, of the Center for Religion and Civic Culture at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, wraps up the apologetics apps commentary on a posting at USC's media and religion site, saying:
The only thing Americans seem to like more than the culture war is trying to make money off the culture war. As soon as the "Jesus fish" appeared on the back of a minivan, another enterprising group started selling the "The Darwin fish" (it has feet). "The Truth fish" ate "The Darwin fish," "The Gefilte fish" arrived on the scene, and even people who liked the band Phish jumped in.
Loskota laments:
Unfortunately, the new technology doesn't seem to be adding anything new to the content of the debate. By opening up the digital market to culture war profiteering, these apps allow skeptics and believers to outsource not only their knowledge but the foundations of their own convictions, all for a couple of bucks.
And Susan Jacoby, from The Spirited Atheist blog, frets:
What is so demoralizing about these Christian and atheist apps is that they attest to a loss of cultural memory, and the capacity for sustained thought, that have invaded every aspect of our intellectual lives...
These apps, Jacoby says, offer...
... nothing more than rote answers for people who are increasingly unable to think for themselves and who lack the base of knowledge that allows one to engage in intellectual and philosophical discourse on what used to be an adult level.
Are apps the new Cliff Notes for the philosophy of life? Can you make your case for belief or unbelief without relying on a gadget?
Cathy Lynn Grossman is too fidgety to meditate. But talking about visions and values, faith and ethics lights her up. Join in at Faith & Reason. More about Cathy.
Sign up for Faith & Reason e-mail alerts


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Blake Shelton, Ryman Hospitality to Open Entertainment Venue in Nashville
The 2001 Blake Shelton hit "Ol' Red" will get an updated image when the new lifestyle brand and entertainment brand takes over Nashville's Lower Broadway. In a partnership with Ryman Hospitality Properties, Shelton will create a retail and entertainment venue that includes digital content and encompasses the genre's fast-growing fan base.
"It's amazing to me to see a song that's been such a big part of my career come to life in the plans for Ole Red," said Shelton (quote via Music Row). "Nashville and Tishomingo are both places that are important to me, and it's great that each location is going to have its own personality inspired by one of my favorite songs. It's always been a dream of mine to create something like this where people know they're going to have a good time as soon as they walk in the door, and I couldn't be more excited that my friends at the Opry and Ryman Hospitality Properties are making it happen."
Ole Red Nashville will be a multi-level, 26,000 sq. ft. entertainment venue. The property will feature a two-story bar and restaurant, retail store, performance stage, dance floor and VIP booths. The complex will be complete with an upscale rooftop bar.
"The Grand Ole Opry is known for connecting fans to the artists and the music they love and that is what the Ole Red brand is all about," said Colin Reed, Ryman Hospitality Properties Chairman/CEO. "Not only is Blake Shelton one of the most popular entertainers of his generation, his performance style and passion for authentic country music have also made him a fixture on the Grand Ole Opry stage since the early days of his career. Ole Red will immerse fans in all the elements of a great country song—with some unexpected twists from Blake along the way."
Ole Red Nashville is slated to open at 300 Broadway in 2018. The collaboration will also include a second venue, Ole Red Tishomingo, which has an anticipated fall 2017 opening in Shelton's hometown of Tishomingo, OK. The location will be built in the old Pink Pistol store, previously owned by Sheltons's ex-wife and fellow country star Miranda Lambert. Shelton purchased the property in early 2016 along with the adjoining office and teased that he had something in the works.
"As a resident of Tishomingo I'm very sorry that the Pink Pistol has decided to move its operations out of the area," Shelton said at the time. "We all, as a community, appreciate everything it has done for our town. As for the actual properties left behind… I was offered the opportunity to buy them, and I have a plan brewing."
The news was revealed during a press conference held in the iconic Ryman Auditorium on Thursday (Jan. 5).


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Where do you meet men that date single moms?
Ok so after years of partying it up at bars and clubs I've settled down and enjoy building snow forts and kite flying. My question is where or how do you meet men that date...
Started by Leigh on 02/04/2009 in Single Mothers Who Are Dating
Last update on 05/30/2017 by Zamor


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PLEASE NOTE: In accordance with accreditation criteria, content hours will not be awarded for completion of this course beyond 8/31/2017.
Expiration Date: August 31, 2017
This course covers the trends of cancer in the United States and discusses what is currently known about the epidemiology of cancer. Cancer has in some ways become a chronic illness with many phases, signposts, and trajectories. Although some of the inroads being made in the fight against cancer are worthy of celebration, the situation is complicated.
This course is an extraction of, and should not be taken in conjunction with, N1460 Cancer Nursing: A Solid Foundation for Practice, 3rd Edition.
Course Objectives
Ellen Carr, RN, MSN, AOCN, is currently surgical nurse case manager at the Moores Cancer Center of the University of California, San Diego. She has been a healthcare writer for the past 25 years, specializing in clinical nursing, therapeutic and diagnostic technologies, and patient advocacy. She continues to contribute to communication projects championing clinical oncology nurses, evidence-based research, and oncology nurse navigator practice standards.


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...more designer favorites from Nordstrom
Two Date Night Looks
...more designer favorites from Nordstrom
Two Date Night Looks
11 comments:
Love both looks!ReplyDelete
Loving both of your looks! Can't go wrong with Nordstrom. Best customer service EVER!!! Great post XXReplyDeleteReplies
The best customer service!! xoxoDelete
Just found your blog and I'm completely obsessed!ReplyDelete
Followed on Bloglovin'
Thank you! Love yours too - great blogging tips!! xoDelete
- AnonymousJune 14, 2016 at 7:59 AM
So cute both of these! Loving that bag and those rockstuds too!ReplyDelete
Meggan, those Valentino heels look incredible. They are on my wishlist as well, what made you finally take the plunge? Brooke, I love that top!ReplyDelete
x Tali
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
I really liked the first one among the two. This is very classy and I am gonna adapt the one for my date night. Though the second one is equally sexy, I got stuck to the first one....:)ReplyDelete
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Hoteluri in Azuqueca de Henares, Spania (3 hoteluri)
Data sosire: 05 aug. 2017 Data plecare: 08 aug. 2017 Nopti: 3 Numar camere: 1 Camera 1: 2 adulti
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Rooms: all of them with full bathroom, air conditioning, heating, direct dial telephone, fax service, piped music, safety box, satellite tv and wake-up system. facilities: meeting and conference rooms, tv lounge, parking, bar, restaurant and breakfast room.
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Hotel offers guests a wide range of top quality services and facilities such as a meeting room able to host any smaller event, 24 hour business centre, exterior car and bus-parking, free wireless internet and broad band hook-ups in rooms and most public areas. This hotel is an excellent alternative to Madrid due to its easy access and excellent facilities and services. (DO 06. 2010) Very comfortab...
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