text:
Beltane is a Web-based central management console for the samhain file integrity system. If samhain is used in a client/server setup, beltane enables the administrator to browse client reports, acknowledge them, and update file signature databases stored centrally on the log server.
Release Notes: Some problems related to the samhain "stealth" option have been fixed, as well as an incorrect error check in the beltane_update command. The display of md5 and sha1 checksums has been modified to better match the output of md5sum/shasum.
Release Notes: A bug has been fixed that would make it possible for users to lock themselves out accidentally.
Release Notes: The database search function has been enhanced to allow searching for file rename events (pairs of added/missing files with an identical inode yet different names). For regular expressions (e.g. in filters), Perl-style regexes are used now instead of POSIX regexes, because the latter are deprecated as of PHP 5.3.0.
Release Notes: The UI for the 'Search' function has been modified to make it easier to list all filesystem changes between two arbitrary dates. The code for detecting and diagnosing broken PHP installations has been added. Also, the 'From:' address in email messages sent from beltane has been modified.
Release Notes: This release fixes the problem where paths would not be displayed if an Oracle database was used due to the incorrect handling of the CLOB datatype.
A Fluent OpenStack client API for Java.
A TWiki appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.


text:
Quick Look
Property brokered by
Get more listing details on brokerage site
Presented By:
Alison Jaeger
(252) 422-5655
Email Agent
Alison Jaeger
(252) 422-5655
Email Agent
Property DetailsHomesite to build your Soundfront home in the gracious and upscale gated commmunity of Royall Oaks, on Bogue Sound, with Ocean access in Dolphin Ridge. Experience Sound Views, beautiful sunsets and walkway to a sound pier and gazebo, only to exclusive walkway lots, to enjoy nature at its best! Emerald Isle's Coast Guard Road is designed to walk and bike to town and town's nature spots! Tennis Courts/Pool/Clubhouse option with membership to Emerald Isle Pool & Beach Club. High lot to give you the view you want to see every day! Expired 4-BR septic Seller will reinstate w/acceptable K.
Area Recent Sales
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Additional Property InformationThis listing is located at 9818 Drive, Emerald Isle, NC. The property is presently offered at $249,000.
This property is listed by Alison Jaeger of Bluewater Real Estate located in North Carolina.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We are offering our clients a natural range of Herbal Hair Products. Widecomposition of our range helps in rejuvenating and stimulating hair growth and providing protection against dust pollution, and dandruff. Continuous usage provides strength and smooth texture to all hair type.
Valued as a reliable manufacturer and supplier, we are engaged in offering the best quality of Herbal Hair Oil which is formulated using natural ingredients and herbs. Amla retards aging process and prevents hair loss. Moreover, jatamansi prevents brittle hair and split ends. Processed by using high quality jasmine extract, the offered tonic promotes hair growth and reduces hair loss. In addition to this, The offered tonic is packed with standardized packaging before dispatched at the customers' end.
We are counted as one of the leading manufacturers and suppliers of the finest quality of Hibiscus Shampoo that we are offering to our prestigious clients is an all natural solution for various hair related problems. The offered shampoo prevents hair loss. In additions to this, the offered shampoo effectively promotes hair growth. Moreover, to ensure high standards of quality, the offered shampoo is processed by using herbal ingredients.
As a leader of this domain, we are engaged in processing the best quality of Shikakai Shampoo. This is enriched with the goodness of amla and shikakai, in which both amla and shikakai adds natural shine and glow to the hair. We prepare this shampoo with the extracts of natural amla and shikakai to solve problem of hair like hair falling and dandruff problem. Moreover, rendered by us at cost effective prices, the quality of the offered shampoo is maintained as per the industry laid norms.
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What was showcased at 1939 worlds fair in regards to televison
1st presidential speech on telivison
how many commercial television stations were in existence from 1945-1948
how many cities had commercial television service during this time frame
in 1960 how many commercial VHF stations were there? How many UHF stations?
75 UHF stations
in 1960 ,how many US households had a tv set ?
what is a coaxial cable and what is it used for ?
there made of cooper and surrounded by insulation they are used for transmit television
when ,where ,by whom and and for what purpose were the first experimental coaxial cable lines
the first experimental coxial cable lines were laid by at&t between new York and Philadelphia in 1936. these cable were and are used to transmit television telephone and data sinal
in the years after WWl television became the focus of entrepreneurs creative artists and journalists.name one of each and describe what they brought to television
Sarnoff and Alan Dumont-are representavive of the entrepreneurs
creative artist
Arthur miller and paddy chayevsky introduced American to high drama in program like kraft television theater studio one and the actors studio beginning in 1947
john Cameron Swayze introduced America to weekday new programming via the camel newsreel theater in 1948
when was color tv first demonstrated to the fcc and by whom
peter goldmark worked for cbs demonstrated his color tv system to the fcc in 1946
how did it work
it produced color pictures by having red-blue-green wheel spin in front of a cathode ray tube
when where by whom and for what purpose was the first experimental microwave relay system used
in 1945 the 1st microwave relay system was introduced by western union between new York and Philadelphia this distribution system transmitted communication signal via radio along a series of towers with lower cost than coaxial cable microwave relay station carried most tv traffic by the 1970's


text:
95 - 85 Final
Lewis has season high 35 as Sonics beats ClippersNov 23, 2006 - 6:39 AM LOS ANGELES (Ticker) -- Rashard Lewis and the Seattle SuperSonics liked the idea of being the first team to beat the Los Angeles Clippers at home.
Lewis scored a season-high 35 points and Ray Allen added 23 as the Sonics handed the Clippers their first home loss with a 95-85 victory.
Los Angeles entered the game with a 6-0 record as the home team at the Staples Center, but Lewis helped Seattle start strong, netting nine points in the opening quarter for a 27-18 advantage.
"It seemed like Rashard scored so easy tonight," Sonics coach Bob Hill said. "They were double teaming him, fronting him and he just took his time and read the double teams when they did come. He took the right shots. He really played a great game."
Seattle owned a 49-43 advantage at the break. Lewis scored 11 of the Sonics' final 14 points in the third quarter, resulting in a 69-62 cushion.
"I thought they were a little bit slow in doubling me in the post," Lewis said. "That gave me time to make my move and get into my shot. I noticed they were coming but not right away. They were coming when I went to make my move."
After the Clippers crept within 75-72 on a jumper by Elton Brand with 8:12 left, Allen drained a 3-pointer to double the lead with 7:54 remaining. Seattle was never threatened thereafter.
Tim Thomas scored 15 points and Sam Cassell added 13 for Los Angeles, which dropped its second straight game.
Brand contributed just seven points on 3-of-12 shooting but grabbed 16 rebounds and blocked four shots. Chris Kaman added 12 points and 14 boards for the Clippers, who were outrebounded, 48-40.
"We doubled Elton a lot of times and at different times," Hill said. "When he caught it and when he dribbled it. Then late, we didn't double him at all. We got him out of rhythm and that helps."
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We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
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After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
CCTV / Satellites / Alarms
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Two aerials on the chimney blown over in the wind needs repointing.
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Move router from front room to entrance hallway. Cable to go through a wall. Router to be placed...
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Macy's Make a Wish Believe campaign is a great way to get staff and students involved, and to practice letter writing: http://social.macys.com/believe/?cm_mmc=VanityUrl-_-believe-_-n-_-nOpen in New Window
Recently Google Apps for Education launched a new app available from the Web Store called Google Classroom. Google Classroom has a professional, yet simple and clean layout for a virtual classroom. Students can join a class created by a library media specialist or a teacher by downloading the app, selecting "student' and then entering in the code from his or her teacher librarian.
In the virtual classroom, students can view all online materials needed for a class including links and attachments. If a teacher posts a document from Google Drive into Google Classroom, students do not need to make their own copy of the document to begin writing on it. (They used to have to do this in Google Drive.) Students also do not need to save their document or share their document back with their teacher when they are done because it automatically syncs with their teacher's Google Drive.
Add PDF's, pictures, videos and more all while fostering discussion and increasing digital literacy skills in your students while using Google Classroom!


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the site.
This step is voluntary but will seriously raise your chances of people actually reading your profile and contacting you. Write a few sentences about yourself, your pasttimes and upload any nice photographs of yourself.
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text:
Raisin-Almond Bread
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 4 cups all-purpose flour, divided
- 1 package active dry yeast
- 1⁄2 cup water
- 1 cup milk
- 1 cup butter or 1 cup margarine
- 1⁄4 cup sugar
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄2 cup raisins, chopped
- 1⁄2 cup almonds, ground
- 2 eggs, slightly beaten
Directions See How It's Made
- Mix 2 cups flour with yeast. In large saucepan, stir water, milk, butter, sugar and salt over low heat until butter melts.
- Cool for about 5 minutes.
- Add flour and yeast. add remaining flour, raisins, almonds and eggs.
- Dough will be stiff.
- Knead on a floured board until dough is smooth and elastic and raisins are well distributed.
- Coat the inside of 2 1-pound coffee cans with small amount of oil.
- (Author sprayed with Pam). Divide dough in half. Place half in each can. Cover cans with plastic tops.
- let rise in warm place until dough reaches to about 1" from top.
- Remove plastic tops.
- Bake at 375 F. for about 35 minutes, or until top sounds hollow when tapped.


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30 Seconds To Mars Do Or Die Lyrics MP3
I do not own this song. I only made the Lyrics Video. Thanks & Enjoy.
Papa Roach - Do Or Die MP3
"Do Or Die" Today I saw my hero fall apart, The one who taught me to be strong, On the outside I look fine, But on the inside I am dying My strength is overcome ...
Swollen Members - Do or Die MP3
Download "Dagger Mouth" Now @ http://itun.es/iBk8nW Music Video for "Do or Die" performed by Swollen Members from the album Dagger Mouth © 2011 ...
Grace Jones - Do or Die MP3
The divine Grace Jones and her 1978 hit "Do or Die". The song comes from her second album, "Fame". The video was shot for "Stryx" - an old, outstanding and ...
Afrojack vs. THIRTY SECONDS TO MARS - Do Or Die (Remix) MP3
Deluxe version: http://smarturl.it/ForgetTheWorldDeluxe Music video by Afrojack, THIRTY SECONDS TO MARS performing Do Or Die. (C) 2014 Virgin Records ...
Do Or Die - Picture This (Full Album) MP3
Everyone please subscribe to my new channel!! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXtE5vEcf4o6jJsHWDCyGGQ I have a lot of new content to upload. I need ...
Diamenz By Do Or Die MP3
Back 2 The Game By Do Or Die Chicago Rap Music Album.
30 Seconds To Mars - Do or Die MP3
I didn't make the video! Just found it ;)
Wigwam - Do or Die MP3
Album: Nuclear Nightclub.
Twista & Do or Die "Intro" (Official Audio) MP3
Twista & Do or Die combine forces for their 'Withdrawal' EP. Listen to the official "Intro" to the EP. Download Twista & Do or Die's 'Withdrawal' EP on iTunes: ...
DO OR DIE - The Meaning Of Honor 2002 [FULL ALBUM] MP3
DO OR DIE ,THE MEANING OF HONOR 2002 BELGIUM ,SCREAM RECORDS 1.-Musica De La Bella Famiglia 2.-Breakthrough 3.-65 Years of Respect,Blood ...
Do Or Die Po Pimp MP3
Do Or Die Po Pimp Rare it was rare cause i was the first to have it posted on youtube before errbodys.
Brownside-Do Or Die MP3
A song from Brownside enjoy!!
Do or Die - Thirty Seconds To Mars (Lyric Video) MP3
watch my other video too!! just click this link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXjZ-Fry4-Y ______ I got bored so I made my first ever lyric video (and put a lot of ...
Afrojack VS. Thirty Seconds to Mars - Do Or Die (Remix) OUT NOW! MP3
Download or Stream Hey (ft. Fais) - http://afrojack.lnk.to/Hey Afrojack vs. Thirty Seconds To Mars - Do Or Die (Remix) Out now on Beatport: ...
The Human League - Do or Die MP3
The Human League - Do or Die.
Sex Appeal By Do Or Die MP3
Back 2 The Game By Do Or Die Chicago Rap Music Album.
Twista & Do or Die Interview: DJ Pharris | Power 92 Chicago (@Power92chicago) MP3
Twista and Do or Die stopped by Power 92 with DJ Pharris to talk about the new music scene in Chicago, their reunion, and new EP Withdrawal.
Psychodrama & Do Or Die - Magic MP3
from psychodramas greatest hits. had lots of good times while listening to this.
Do or Die - Foreign feat Johnny P (Picture This 2) MP3
Do or Die - Foreign feat Johnny P (Picture This 2)


text:
Sitting in the food court at Logan airport, I noticed a man stand up, buckle his kid into a stroller, and walk away. Behind him was a big, fresh, seemingly untouched salad still sitting on the table he just vacated. A fork stood standing straight up from the center of a cucumber as a monument to the extravagance of the overpaid.
Who does such things?
People in airports do.
A vagabond can easily get a good snack by going into hawk eye mode, sitting perched in a good vantage point watching what all the fliers are bringing to their seat with them, what they do with it when there, and, most pertinently, what they leave behind. Often — perhaps because they get call for boarding their flight, the airport food did not taste good enough, indigestion, nerves over flying, or simply because they are wealthy enough to waste food — customers at airport food courts will leave good food behind, often untouched.
These people seem to have no qualms over leaving food that they pay for unconsumed. But, perhaps by force of culture, perhaps the force of guilt, rather than putting their perfectly good food into the trash, they leave it out on the tables or sit it right on top of the trash receptacles where the trays are meant to go. "Hey, I didn't waste any food," I can imagine the justification going. Or perhaps they just can't be bothered to throw it out.
As I saw the salad left unattended on the table I dived in for the kill. I grabbed it, smiled, and then noticed that the receipt was also left behind. I picked that up too. Did this salad come as an unwanted part of an otherwise wanted meal, or did this guy pay for this side dish and then discard it for some unspecified reason? It was the later. $3.99 was paid for the salad that I chomped down for free.
Keep vigilance in the food courts of airports, as free meals occasionally abound.


text:
Precisely as I feared, they messed with the clit scene in Dorei to Usagi 1, the same as they did in Shoujo x3 1, which was from the same h-mangaka. I just knew Pink Pineabpple was going to ruin that scene by toning it down just as they did before.
Please use the Hentai ID thread for all hentai ID requests. Click me for link!
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Originally posted by Shinji103 View PostPrecisely as I feared, they messed with the clit scene in Dorei to Usagi 1, the same as they did in Shoujo x3 1, which was from the same h-mangaka. I just knew Pink Pineabpple was going to ruin that scene by toning it down just as they did before.
And as for Taimanin Yukikaze, I'm so convinced that the series will leave me unsatisfied that I might just wait for the game. Apparently someone is trying to translate it, but not too sure how motivated he really is.
Kuroinu and Yukikaze thoughts:
Kuroinu: It wasn't bad per-say, but it felt very rushed. They tried to go through too many girls and a large chunk of time was dedicated to one girl getting the same gang rape that the other episodes already have. The scene with the little girl and the giant monsters wasn't even really exciting. It was extremely fast and there was no time to enjoy it. The last 1/4 of the episode was very forgettable and not all that interesting.
Yukikaze: Decent, but barely any sex scenes at all. There was one actual sex scene and two blowjob scenes. The blowjobs were the best part, IMO, especially the one after the credits. Unless they can top what they did in this episode I'm not very hopeful for the next one as it'll just be more of the same.
All in all, were either of these worth the hype? I don't think so. Here's hoping Kuroinu 4 is a bit better, but with them trying to stuff as many girls as they can into an episode now, I'm not going to hold my breath.
Kuroinu is just suffering from the downfall of any H-anime that goes over a certain # of episodes. The first one or two are exciting because they are still fresh, but now that we're on episode 3 the plot is just regurgitating with different girls for the most part (The VN is the same way at least)
Combine that with the hype that leads up to the releases now, there's barely any way for it to live up to expectations for everyone.Nutaku IRC -
Network: Quakenet
Channel: #aigis
Ongoing Aigis Unit Stat/Skill Guides -
Melee Units
Ranged Units
Enjoyed the third ep of Kuroinu. The loli scene in particular was everything I was hoping for, just kinda wish was a tad longer. Kaguya's scenes did indeed felt like weakest part of the episode mainly because wasn't as intense as either mercenary's girl or loli. Far from bad, but it have could been a little stronger as it had all the elements for it. Then again it probably has more to do with me not being a anal lover.
Overall much better than 2nd episode.
Yukikaze was pretty meh, way too vanilla for Lilith.Last edited by DullahanEX; 11-30-2013, 09:42 AM.
kuroinu/ junk land /Dorei Usagi to Anthony The Animation are my favorite this monthWe are Homo Ludens ! sigpic
Wow. I think this might be the most hyped up month of hentai that had the biggest dissapointment I have ever seen.
First off. Kuroinu. I cant believe that this was worse than the 2nd episode at least for me. Im not sure what to say. I mean granted, seeing 3 different girls, as opposed to basically just seeing 1 main girl last episode was interesting, (and my God do I feel bad for the loli, Im sorry, but that had to be the biggest organ destruction in a hentai ever) I sorta blame any extra money going to the Eroge series, but then again, we did have 3 girls this time, when in 1st episode we had 2, 2nd episode had first half of filler, and then the 2nd half was great with Alicia. But this, this was just a big dissapointment.
And now for Taimanin Yukikaze. Ok wow. The animation for this was very unique, something I dont remember seeing ever. Im not sure how to explain it, but it seemed really fluid, but the animation wasnt that great. Like I think they really needed to have more intense scenes, because it seems like they could really make this work, but for some reason, they didnt exactly pull it off in the 1st episode.
If you were to keep the same fluidness, but have more intense scenes, and take the animation up a notch, you would have an A+ title right here.
And also Yukikaze's ASS! It was so beautiful. Forget the dark elf, I want to see THAT ASS RAMMED! Love tanned girls.
This hentai has the potential, but I dont know if Ziz can pull it off. I hope they do, because I really really love Yukikazes design.
Junk Land - Well this was cute, not too great of a hentai, but it was solid I guess. Particularly liked the 2nd half.
Dorei Usagi- This was title of the month in my opinion, but that isnt really saying much. I remember previous Stringendo/Accelerando being better than this, but it was still decent.
I havent watched Kakushi Dere, so I hope its better than what I've seen so far
Only watched two titles this month so far, but either way here are my thoughts.
Oni hichi 2 Revenge: Standard poro. Lots of sex scenes, little story wich is very good.^^ Their titles just usually are okay-good in terms of animation, character design and the sex scenes themselves, and this one was no exception. Enjoyable, but not something I have to watch again soon. And what's up with the ending? Can we expect the creepy father getting ntr'd in the next episode? It's called revenge, so I certainly hope to see his daughters getting banged by some other guy.^^
Kuroinu: Well, just like I thought it wouldn't be the same as the first 2 episodes. It had 3 girls who got lenghty sex scenes, but something about the character design and animation didn't match the first 2. It's a problem I have with all this continuations, whether Eroge!, Rin+Ran or now kuroinu 3. They never manage to match the previous episodes. Besides the destruction of the dwarf character, I didn't think that any of the other girls have been fucked silly as the dark elves in the first episodes were or even alicia in the second. But that's just my opinion. Still a very good title.sigpic
Fakku subbed Vol.3, its up nyaa
Okay a bit off topic here but has anyone else had a problem while playing both TY and Kuroinu vol.3 (both upped by hikiko123). I'm using VLC media player and there are times it stops playing or the image gets distorted. I'm gonna see if I can solve this problem by converting the video using Format Factory.Last edited by evilkorpse; 12-01-2013, 10:18 AM.
Have they said anything about yukikaze 2 coming out?
that rinko, she needs some animes


text:
True TBB-24GAL-48-S 48" Back Bar Cooler | 2 Door Stainless Steel
This True beverage cooler is a perfect fit for bars looking to maximize existing space by installing refrigerated storage. The galvanized steel top is designed to fit into tight spaces, and the rest of the exterior comes in heavy-duty, long-lasting stainless steel.
The refrigeration components in this unit are long-lasting, as well. The evaporator coil is oversized, as is the condenser. The compressor is 1/3 horsepower, and the evaporator fan blades are also extra-large. These features contribute to the cooler's ability to hold product between 33 degrees Fahrenheit and 38 degrees Fahrenheit, as well as its talent for pulling product down to temperature fast.
Eco-Friendliness and Convenience of Your True Cooler
The shelves in this True beer cooler are adjustable, allowing you to determine the best use of your space. You can remove them for keg storage, or place them at half-inch intervals to suit your needs. True's back bar coolers are also energy efficient, and apt to earn you a little energy-savings. The positive seal doors conserve cold air inside the unit, and the airflow design doesn't expend excessive energy. The insulation and refrigerant are made using eco-friendly materials, as well.
True Beverage Cooler Features
- Door threshold protectors
- CFC-free 134A refrigerant
- Insulation won't lead to ozone depletion
- Door locks
- Interior lighting
- Commercial refrigeration components
Stock Up on Beer Pitchers with Your Bar Cooler
Rapids carries beer pitchers in several sizes and styles to meet the standards of your particular business. Tuff Plastic pitchers in cases of six are a popular choice. Or, to give the impression that your pitchers hold plenty of beer, you may want to go with this 60 oz. beer pitcher option. We also carry a heavy-duty Cambro beer pitcher that allows users to pour from the front or sides.
Warranty and Freight for Your True Beverage CoolerTrue offers a three-year parts and labor warranty for this unit, and a five-year warranty on its compressor. This item ships from Missouri.
Additional Information
|Door Material
|Number of Doors
|Stainless Steel
|Energy Star


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 15, 1978
|Filing date
|May 13, 1974
|Priority date
|May 13, 1974
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Cecil R. Gilbreath, Jimmie L. Womble
|Original Assignee
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (74), Classifications (29), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a high speed, special purpose auxiliary processor which performs repetitive type arithmetic operations on strings of sequential data (arrays).
More particularly, the processor operates as a direct memory access (DMA) peripheral device to address, fetch, process and store data arrays in central memory with a minimum of intervention by a central processor unit.
Application of minicomputer systems to gather and handle seismic data is prompted by the increasing demand for much more efficient, rapid and complete analysis of raw seismic data. Minicomputer systems can efficiently handle a great number of seismic data handling tasks with ease. However, when more advanced signal processing functions such as convolution, Fourier transform, complex arithmetic, spectral analysis, etc., are desired, computers heretofore are found to be inefficient. This is due to the fact that most minicomputers are general purpose machines intended for sequential instruction processing. Further, most minicomputers are limited to fixed point arithmetic capbility with limited accuracy. Thus, the minicomputer is ideally suited for the less critical tasks such as diagnostics, gain recovery and AGC, demultiplexing, editing, static corrections, simple NMO corrections, compositing (stacking), and general system control (bookkeeping). However, when more complex processing applications are required, special purpose hardware peripherals must be used to efficiently accomplish such tasks with requisite speed and accuracy, thus multiplying the processing power of the mini-system.
Array transform systems are presently commercially available which are not well suited to seismic signal processing. None include the full capability of the present processor. Most prior transform systems are limited to fixed point computation and thereby are greatly restricted as to computational accuracy and versatility. Others which have floating point capability are restricted in many other respects such as input/output formats, computational limitations and speed, flexibility, versatility, and seismic special function capability.
The present processor is an auxiliary processor which performs high speed processing of arrays of data, using floating point arithmetic. It operates as a direct memory access (DMA) peripheral processor and addresses, fetches, processes and stores data in memory with a minimum of central processing unit (CPU) intervention. The operations are organized in a pipeline structure which permits overlapping and paralleling of functions to achieve effective high speed for sequential sets of output results.
Preprogrammed read only memories (ROM), containing microprograms, control the addressing of central memory locations, the routing of data in the processor, and the processing of the data.
Since the present processor is microprogrammed, special purpose adaptations can be made by the user by changing or modifying the microprogram.
Two sets of buffer memories act to reduce the demands of the processor upon main memory when performing iterative operations such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Convolver (filter) operations.
In accordance with the invention, a special purpose hardware peripheral processor is provided which is a high speed auxiliary processor using floating point arithmetic. Processing, addressing, fetching, and storing of data in central memory is accomplished with minimum central processor unit (CPU) intervention. Optional formats, microprogrammed read only memory controllers, and a pipeline operation accommodate indexing, counting, and memory accessing in parallel with arithmetic operations.
More particularly, the arithmetic unit provides for array signal processing. A processor memory has two independent sections. A read bus and a write bus connect the central memory to both sections of the processor memory and to the arithmetic unit. Control means operates to alternate between the two sections of processor memory, a first flow of data words between the central memory and the processor memory and a simultaneous second flow between the processor memory and the arithmetic unit. The control means includes microprogrammed ROMs connected to the arithmetic unit and to the processor memory. A central memory address unit responds to one of the ROM controllers to control concurrent reading and writing of the central memory.
In a more specific aspect, each control unit has a multistate multibit per state ROM, and an address register to store the address to select a ROM state. A test (decision) section is responsive to selected programmable test bits in a present state output of the ROM and are connected to selectable test logic to check for the existence of predetermined sets of conditions. Means are provided to actuate the test unit and store the next state address in the register in dependence of the results of the tests.
In a further aspect, three sets of mutually exclusive tests are carried out by the test unit and any one of four addresses is loaded into the register, where one such address is loaded only by default.
Multistate processor read/write, address control, and process control programs are stored in three independent ROM sets. ROM program states are shifted in accordance with satisfied process test conditions. Specific programmable ROM bits control common flags which serve to link (synchronize) the three ROM controllers.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a system block diagram of the processor of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a detailed diagram of the memory and arithmetic unit of the processor;
FIG. 3 details typical operation and construction of one of the three controllers involved in the processor;
FIG. 4 illustrates the utilization of processor control ROM bit to control the memory unit;
FIG. 5 illustrates typical ROM bit control and reset of the flags; and
FIG. 6 is an executive level flow diagram of a process in execution.
FIG. 1 illustrates the general relationship of components of an array processor 20, a general purpose computer 9 and the interface components therebetween. Computer 9 comprises a CPU 10 with a central memory 11 and a memory control DMAC 12.
In a preferred embodiment, processor 20 is attached to the DMA (direct memory access) channel 12 of computer 9. Computer 9 preferably is of the type manufactured and sold by Texas Instruments Incorporated of Dallas, Tex., and identified as the Model 980A Computer. This computer is described in detail in a series of manuals published in 1972 by Texas Instruments Incorporated and identified as Modle 890A computer.
Computer 9 communicates to the array processor 20 of the present invention by way of a read data bus 21, a write data bus 22 and an address bus 23. Read bus 21 is connected to elements comprising a standard control interface which is normally employed with a computer such as the 980A. In the present case, bus 21 is connected to an ATI (automatic transfer instruction) control unit 25, a status control unit 26 and a list control unit 27. The list control unit 27 is connected by way of a bus 28 to a store/fetch control unit 29 to which the address bus 23 is connected.
The bus 21 is also connected to a memory address unit 30 which communicates with the store/fetch unit 29 by way of bus 31. Detailed structure of a controlled interface similar to that comprised of elements 25-30 is provided in a Texas Instruments Incorporated manual entitled "Disc Memory Controller Maintenance Manual, Computer Field System" (CPS I). Manual No. 969259-9701, issued Aug. 1973. The status control unit 26 is connected to the read/write bus 22. List control unit 27 is connected by way of a bus 32 to the memory unit 30 and to a data format conversion unit 33.
It will be recognized that the interface units 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 serve in a conventional manner to control the flow of data and other information to and from memory 11 and to monitor operations such as status and control instruction. ATI control 25, status control 26, list control 27 and the store/fetch control unit 29 all interact with one another in serving as the interface between the computer and the array processor 20.
Processor 20 comprises five main elements. The first is an internal memory unit 40 which is organized as two separate memory sections 41 and 42 with their associated address counters and read/write control components 43.
The second major component of processor 20 is an arithmetic unit 50 comprised of an arithmetic logic unit for add and subtract and move operations. In addition, a multiplier section is provided in the arithmetic unit 50.
A third major element is a read controller 60 which is comprised of a test logic section 61, a state address transfer control 62 and a set of associated ROMs 63.
A fourth major element is an address controller 70 which is made up of a test logic unit 71, a state address and transfer control 72 and a set of associated ROMs 73.
A fifth element of the system is a process controller 80 which comprises a test logic unit 81, a state address transfer controller 82 and an associated set of ROMs 83.
A sixth component of processor 20 is a common flag control unit 90.
A data output bus 100 leading from the format conversion unit 33 is a bidirectional bus which leads to and from the formatter 33. Bus 100 also connects the internal memory unit 40 to the arithmetic unit 50. A processor bus 101 interconnects the arithmetic unit 50 and the memory unit 40 for bidirectional flow of data between memory 40 and arithmetic unit 50.
Control of arithmetic unit 50 and major aspects of the memory unit 40 is exercised by the process controller 80 by way of ROM section 83. Selected ROM bits are connected by way of ROM control bus 84 to arithmetic unit 50 and to memory 40. Memory 40 is also controlled by way of a bus 64 which leads from selected bits in the ROM set 63 in controller 60.
Memory address unit 30 is controlled by way of bus 74 which connects selected ROMs in the unit 73 to the memory address unit 30.
Common flag control 90 communicates with the three controllers by way of channels 65, 75 and 85, respectively.
In accordance with the present invention, the structure of processor 20 is arranged such that highly efficient operations are possible. This will permit the carrying out of very complex array transform type of operation in real time. More particularly, the system is particularly suited for seismic signal processing operations. During acquisition of seismic records, multibit seismic sample words are acquired in multiplex form. Samples are taken of a multiplicity, as many as sixty, separate signal channels on the order of one sample for each channel during sample intervals that do not exceed about 4 milliseconds, i.e., 60 32 bit words every 4 milliseconds. Operations involved in executing instructions of Table V set out hereinafter is made possible in real time by the present invention. Memory 40 is a high speed memory. Associated controls and arithmetic components are made compatible for such high speed operations. To process seismic data in real time, special process structure is employed in conjunction with the components thereof which will permit the high speed execution of any one of the selected instructions.
In one embodiment of the invention, the internal memory sections 41 and 42 each comprised 256 addressable memory locations of 32 bits each. These are high speed bipolar Schottky TTL memory units. Further, memory sections 41 and 42 are independently accessable by the address controller 70, read controller 60 or process controller 80.
In normal operation of the system, the address controller 70 and read controller 60 operate exclusively with one of the memory sections 41 or 42, while the process controller 80 operates exclusively with the other of the two sections 41 and 42. By this means, the system conducts two separate operations in parallel: (a) storing and fetching of data by the read controller 60 and address controller 70, and (b) processing data under the control of the process controller 80. Therefore, the three controllers 60, 70 and 80 operate simultaneously and in parallel to greatly enhance the efficiency of the system.
The three controllers are synchronized one with the other through the common flag control unit 90 which serves to identify the particular activity of each of the controllers 60, 70 and 80 through specified tests to indicate the status of each controller. In one embodiment of the invention, elements of memory sections 41 and 42 were of the type manufactured and sold by Texas Instruments Incorporated and identified as catalog No. S74S200, Schottky TTL type of bipolar memory having a 60 nanosecond access time maximum.
In FIG. 2, memory 40 and arithmetic unit 50 have been shown interrelated. In this system, the DBF bus 100 is shown connected to memory sections 41 and 42 by way of selectors 102 and 103. The DBP bus 101 is also connected to memory sections 41 and 42 through selectors 102 and 103. The output of sections 41 and 42 similarly are connected through output selectors 104 and 105. Thus, there are two output buses 106 and 107 either of which carry the output from memory unit 41 or the output from memory 42. A selector control unit 108 is connected by way of linkages 109 to selectors 102, 103, 104 and 105. Thus, while memory unit 41 is sending processed data to central memory 11 and receiving from central memory 11 new data to be processed, memory unit 42 is employed to supply data to the arithmetic unit 50 and receive processed data from AU 50. By proper actuation of selectors 102-105, parallel operations are carried out.
Selectors 110, 111 and 112 are connected at their output to buses DBI, DBP and DBF, respectively. The bus DBI is a direct communication link between memory 40 and AU 50. The buses DBF and DBP comprise buses 100 and 101, respectively. Buses DBF and DBP are connected to a selector 113 which in turn is connected to registers 114 and 115 of a floating point arithmetic unit. The three buses (DBI, DBP and DBF) are connected through selectors 116 and 117 to input registers 118 through 121 of a floating point multiplier. A sine/cosine input unit 122 is also connected to selectors 116 and 117. Registers 118 and 119 are connected to a selector 123. Registers 120 and 121 are connected to a selector 124. The outputs of selectors 123 and 124 serve as inputs to a multiply unit 125 whose output is connected to a register 126 which in turn is connected to a carry add unit 127. The output is then connected to a selector 128, one input of which is the DBI bus. The output of selector 128 is connected to the P register 129 which is connected at one input to an A register 130. A companion B register 131 is connected with two inputs leading from registers 114 and 115. Registers 130 and 131 are connected to an arithmetic unit 132 whose output is connected to the register 133 which in turn is connected to a normalizer 134. The output of register 133 is connected by way of line 135 as a second input to register 130. Normalizer 134 is connected to the inputs of each of a W register 136, a Q register 137 and an S register 138. The outputs of registers 137 and 138 comprise the third and fourth inputs of registers 130 and 131. W register 136 and Q register 137 are connected at their outputs to selectors 139 and 140. The outputs of selectors 139 and 140 comprise the buses 101 and 100, respectively.
With the foregoing understanding of the relation between memory unit 40 and arithmetic unit 50, consideration will now be given to the structure of controllers 60, 70 and 80. In general, they are similar one to the other. Each comprises a set of test logic, a state address and transfer controller and a set of ROMs. In FIG. 3, the arrangement for the controller 80 is shown as an example.
Controller 80 includes an address register 200 which is nine bits wide. The contents of the register 200 comprises the address for ROM set 201. ROMs 201 have 512 states, each 160 bits wide. The 160 bits of each of the ROM states are distributed. Part of them appear on bus 84 and are employed for hardware control. The remainder appear on bus 202 and are utilized for next state transfer control. In this embodiment, forty-eight of the ROM bits are reserved for next state transfer control and 112 are employed for hardware control. Thus, the 112 lines are included in the bus 84 and forty-eight lines are included in the bus 202.
In operation, the initial address in register 200 is address 0. The nine address bits in register 200 permit addressing any one of the 512 states in ROM 201.
Bus 202 includes three 9 bit subbuses 202b, 202c and 202d. Each comprises nine lines to apply addresses B, C and D to an address selector 203. Three additional subbuses 202r, 202s and 202t lead to inputs of a test logic selector unit 204. Buses 202r, 202s and 202t each comprises seven lines. Thus, each may designate any one of 128 different tests to be run under the control of selector 204 to determine the next address in ROM 201 to be selected by the selector 203. That is, a test logic unit 204 has an output to selector 203 comprising a linkage 205. Operation of selector 203 is to provide on the input to the address register 200 the next state location in ROM 201. Tests a, c and d are sequentially sampled by the unit 204. If any one of them turns out to be valid, then the selector 203 will be caused to apply to register 200 the address of lines A, C or D to be applied to register 200. These tests by unit 204 are mutually exclusive so that only one address will be selected. If none of addresses A, C or D are selectd, then by default the address B will be selected and applied to register 200 as the next effective address operative in control unit 80. It will be clear that since the tests a, c and d are mutually exclusive, if none of them is satisfied, then by default the address B is selected. Therefore, test logic for B need not be implemented in unit 204 and is not found necessary.
It will be noted that a present address is applied by way of a bus 206 to an add one unit 207 to supply address A which is the present address plus 1.
It will now be understood that the system as above described operates to select the set of control bits that are transmitted to the various control points in the system by way of the bit lines included in bus 84. As noted, where 48 lines are employed in the next state address control section 201a, the remaining 112 lines are available for programmable control from the ROM 201 and are connected through bus 84 to selected control points throughout the system for the control of the arithmetic unit 50, the memory 40, and the addressing 30.
The system shown in FIG. 3 will be understood to be typical of structure of read controller 60, the address controller 70 as well as process controller 80. Only the number of address bits and the number and nature of tests selected differ between controllers 60, 70 and 80.
In FIG. 2, in control of the memory units 41 and 42, the addresses effective at any time therein are controlled by four counters A, B, C and X. These counters are selectable by ROM bits and are connected to memory units 41 and 42 by way of selectors 210 and 211. Thus, the address represented by the count in any one of counters, A, B, C or X can be made the address then being employed in memory units 41 or 42.
FIG. 4 illustrates the specific manner in which ROM bits appearing on bus 84, FIG. 3, are employed to counter X to provide a memory address. More particularly in FIG. 4, a pair of NOR gates 220 and 221 are connected at their inputs to a decoder 222. The output terminals 1 and 2 of decoder 222 are connected to the increment and clear inputs, respectively, of counter X. The increment terminal is connected by way of an inverter 223. The counter X has a carry output line 224 and an output bus 225 of eight lines which represents the memory address. The NOR gates 220 and 221 are operated to provide the logical OR of the three ROM controllers 60, 70 and 80. This allows any one of the controllers to access to counter X functions. Thus, input line 220r is connected to a particular bit in the ROM in read controller 60. Line 220a is connected to a particular ROM bit in the address controller 70. The line 220B is connected to a ROM bit in process controller 80. Similarly, lines 221R, 221A and 221P are connected to other selected ROM bits in the respective controllers 60, 70 and 80.
In practice, the ROM bits will present a true or high output unless programmed in the ROM for a 0. If any of the lines 220R, 220A or 220P is low, then the output line leading to decoder 222 will be true or high. The same effect is produced on the output line from gate 221 from inputs 221R, 221A and 221P.
Decoder 222 thus provides a logic decode on its two input lines. If the output of 220 is high and the output of 221 is low, then the increment line reading to the counter is enabled. If the output of gate 221 is low and the output of gate 220 is high, then the clear line of counter X will be enabled.
In this manner, the ROM program is employed to control the counter X in developing a new address which will appear on line 225 or to clear the counter as the case may be. If both the outputs of gates 220 and 221 are true, then no operation is performed. Likewise, no operation is performed when the outputs of gates 220 and 221 are both false.
The carry output of the counter X is utilized in test operations. More particularly, in operation of the test logic such as unit 204, FIG. 3, a test may require determination of whether or not the count in counter X, FIG. 4, is 255. In other words, has counter X reached its maximum count signifying that it has reached the last address in the memory. Thus, one of the tests may be to sample the state on line 224 and in response to such state select a specified next address by means of the selector 203, FIG. 3.
Three additional counters A, B and C are illustrated in FIG. 2. Operation of counter X has been illustrated as representative of the manner in which the controllers 60, 70 and 80 may interrelate with the memory unit 40 through all counters A, B, C and X.
FIG. 5 illustrates the manner in which the common flag control 90 is employed. In this embodiment, the flag bit PCF is set to indicate when a process is complete. For example, when in FIG. 4 a test determines the output of counter X is at count 255, this indicates that the data in one of the two memory sections 41 and 42 in memory 40 has been fully processed and is ready to restore the processed results back into central memory 11. In order to signal this condition, process controller 80 recognizing that the counter X has reached count 255, will select a next address in ROM 83 which will have an output bit signifying that the process is complete, i.e., this bit serves to set the process complete flag. That ROM bit is connected by way of line 230 through an inverter 231 to a flip-flop 232. The Q output of flip-flop 232 appearing on line 233 is thus the process complete flag appearing in unit 90.
Address controller 70 in carrying out its functions will test the flag on line 223. When address controller 70 finds the flag on line 223 set, controller 70 will then clear the flag by applying an input to line 234 and will also actuate unit 108, FIG. 2, to switch the selectors 102 through 105 reidentifying the roles that the two sections of the memory play.
FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram which is typical of an execution sequence embodying processor 20 of FIG. 1. FIG. 6 illustrates the process flow as controlled by process controller 80. Illustrated are the points throughout the process in which the control flags are set and made available for use in the various tests by the other controllers 60 and 70. The operation set forth in FIG. 6 is outlined in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________300 Start at state address 0.301 Wait for list fetch to be completed by list controller.302 List having been completed, the process begins and the pipeline is initialized.303 Counter A is cleared to 0.304 Wait for fetch complete flag to be set by the read controller.305 With the fetch complete flag being set, fetch complete flag is reset and execution of the process begins.306 Perform the process specified by the ROM program on a particular memory sample or samples.306a Decrement element counter B.306b Increment memory counter A.307 Check to see if the total number of elements have been processed (ECB=0).308 If total number have been processed, then set SRF flag to signal that buffer store is ready; set PCF process complete flag indicating all elements have been processed; and exit to state 000.309 If all elements are not processed, then check to see if counter A equals 255. If not, repeat execution of loop for addition samples until counter B is not 0 and counter A equals 255.310 If counter A equals 255, then enter a new state in which the buffer store ready flag is set. Then go back and await for a fetch complete flag to be set by read controller 60. This sequence continues until counter B = 0.______________________________________
Operation of processor 20 is started by two control lists: (1) an automatic transfer instruction (ATI); and (2) a command initialization list (CIL).
To begin processor operation, CPU 10 issues an ATI command to processor 20. The first word of the ATI, Table II, is used to initialize processor 20 and identify the operational controls. The second word of ATI is used to specify the central memory (CM) location of the beginning of the command initialization list (CIL). Following the two ATI words, processor 20 will store an initial all zero status to indicate that the ATI has been accepted and that the processor is executing the instruction.
TABLE II______________________________________ATI FORMAT ##STR1## ##STR2##______________________________________ R = Reset M = Maintenance Mode I = Inhibit CPU C = Control Instruction (START, HALT, CONTINUE) DEV = DMAC Device Addressed
R = Reset -- Processor 20 will accept at any time an ATI with R = 1. This causes an unconditional reset with no status reported. If the processor is busy when an ATI with R = 0 is detected, that ATI will be interpreted according to Table III. If a parity error is detected on the first ATI word, the reset command is not executed if specified. An interrupt and store status will be issued for any ATI or list parity error, and the command terminated.
M = Maintenance Mode -- Processor 20 is a high speed device. Most operations require consecutive memory cycles to fetch and store data. At such times processor 20 will have access to all memory cycles and will prevent CPU 10 from obtaining memory access. The M bit is used, when set to one, to cause processor 20 to access memory on alternate memory cycles when a condition occurs such that consecutive cycles would normally be required. This bit is programmable for each ATI operation and allows CPU 10 to access memory at least on alternate memory cycles when set to one. This bit may be changed at any time (busy, halted or idle) by issuance of the proper ATI CONTINUE instruction.
I = Inhibit CPU -- When an ATI is accepted with this bit true (I = 1), processor 20 will prevent CPU 10 from acquiring memory cycles until the operation is complete. (Execution of the last chained list). This bit may not be changed by a CONTINUE instruction.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR3##__________________________________________________________________________(Start) 0XX00 BUSY BUSY STATUS, INTERRUPT, HALT XX HALTED BUSY STATUS, INTERRUPT, HALT MI IDLE BEGIN NEW OPERATION(Halt) 0XX01 BUSY HALT OPERATION XX HALTED NO-OP XX IDLE NO-OP(Continue) 0MX10 BUSY CONTINUE, Accept M MX HALTED CONTINUE, Accept M MX IDLE NO-OP 0XX11 Any Illegal Operation__________________________________________________________________________ X - Indicates ignored
CO C1 = Control Instruction -- This two bit field is used to define the ATI instruction as one of the following four:
01 = halt;
10 = continue: and
11 = Illegal.
An ATI instruction is accepted by processor 20 at any time when properly addressed. Therefore, an ATI may be issued when busy, halted or idle, and the interpretation of the control instruction will depend on the busy status. Table III shows the exact interpretation of the ATI control instructions which depend upon the busy, halted or idle status.
Normally, a START instruction is used to initiate a new operation and is usually issued when processor 20 is idle. Under this condition, processor 20 will interpret the second word of the ATI as the beginning CM location to fetch the CIL required for the operation.
If a START issued when processor 20 is busy or halted, processor 20 will respond with an illegal (busy) status, interrupt and halt. Notice that the I (inhibit CPU) and M (maintenance mode) bits are here ignored.
A HALT instruction is normally issued when processor 20 is busy, and is used to temporarily stop the operation in progress. If a halt is issued while processor 20 is in the halt or idle state, the function of the instruction will be a NO OP (ignored).
A CONTINUE instruction is normally used to continue an operation which has been previously halted by a halt control instruction. If a continue instruction is issued while processor 20 is busy or halted, processor 20 will accept any change in the M bit, and continue its present operation without interruption. If a continue is issued while processor 20 is idle, the function will be a NO OP (ignored).
All execute commands in processor 20 require a CIL such as in Table IV. Each CIL occupies contiguous locations in memory 11. The number of words in the list is dependent upon the instruction specified from Table V. The number of list words for each command is fixed, but varies from command to command. While the format of the CIL is command dependent, certain general features are common. Most commands require up to three arrays, consisting of two input arrays and one output array. Some advanced operations also require auxiliary control arrays which are, generally, of fixed point format and are stored in consecutive locations in memory 11.
TABLE IV______________________________________BASIC COMMAND INITIALIZATION LIST (CIL)1 PCW Processor Command Word2 NOEW Number of Elements Word3 *FSA Format Specification Vector A4 AIA Address Increment Vector A5 SAA Starting Address Vector A6 *FSB Format Specification Vector B7 AIB Address Increment Vector B8 SAB Starting Address Vector B9 *FSC Format Specification Vector C10 AIC Address Increment Vector C11 SAC Starting Address Vector C12 AME Address for Maximum Exponent13 ANL Address for Next List______________________________________ *included when Extended Format is specified (E=1)
The normal CIL consists of thirteen specification words which are used to totally specify operation of processor 20 and the arguments used or generated by the operation. Table IV includes this normal set of list words. For advanced operations which require additional list words, the list is simply extended to specify these additional words.
The first word of the CIL is a processor command word (PCW) whose format is shown in Table V.
PCW is acquired and identifies the command. The complete list is acquired. Processor 20 then begins execution of the command specified. Command processing in no way interferes with data processing by CPU 10 except where there is conflict for memory access. Processor 20 is a high-speed, non-time-critical peripheral. It is given a lower access priority than any other DMA device. Processor 20 continues the command execution (fetching data and storing resultants) until the command is complete. Upon completion of the command, the chaining bit is examined and if chaining is indicated, the next CIL list is acquired and the specified command is executed. This process continues until chaining is not specified. When the operation is completed, the operation complete status bit is turned on and the store status and interrupt sequence is executed. At the end of each command an optional interrupt can be issued. The status will be stored with each of these interrupts, and the processor 20 will halt. Operation may be reinitiated by a Continue ATI instruction.
An option (E) is included, as a part of the PCW, for specifying an extended format option or a restricted format option. For extended format (bit E = 1) three vectors A, B and C may be independent formats. Therefore, the format specification words for these vectors must be specified. For a restricted format option (E = 0), the format specification words for vectors A, B and C are not included as a part of the software list. The vector format is therefore identified to be a 32-bit floating-point. The normal software list in this case consists of only 10 list words.
C = CHAINING. This bit is used to allow chaining of command operations. When set to one, chaining is indicated, and upon completion of the existing command, the next CIL list will be fetched. The new command specified will then be executed. This method allows indefinite chaining without a new ATI being required.
D = DETECT MAXIMUM ELEMENT. If the detect maximum element option is specified (D = 1), then the exponent of each resultant to be stored in CM 11 is compared to an internal reference exponent which is maintained equal to the largest encountered exponent. The initial value of the reference exponent is supplied by the program at the location to which the resultant exponent is to be stored (AME). At the end of the command operation, this maximum exponent plus sign is stored in CPU memory 11 at the (AME) location specified by list word B. The format of this word is as follows: ##STR5##
P = PROGRAM CONTROLLED INTERRUPT. Processor 20 will store initial status immediately after receiving an ATI START instruction (when idle). This status is always all zero and no interrupt is generated. The purpose of this initial status is to indicate to the CPU that processor 20 has successfully accepted the ATI instruction and has begun execution of the indicated operation.
If the PROGRAM CONTROLLED INTERRUPT is chosen (P = ) for a list command, at completion of the command execution processor 20 will store status, generate an interrupt and halt. All status conditions from the last status store operation to the current status store will be reported and processor 20 status register is re-initiated (cleared to zero). The operation may be resumed by a Continue command, or terminated by a Reset command. For P = 0, the program controlled interrupt and status store sequence will not be executed at the completion of the command.
At the completion of a command operation in which chaining is not indicated, the ATI operation is defined to be complete, and status is always reported. Status Bit 0 (operation complete) will be true (1). If P (program controlled interrupt) is indicated, an interrupt will also be generated with this terminal status. For P = 0, no interrupt will be generated.
If an abort condition occurs, during any command execution, processor 20 will discontinue the operation in progress, store status, interrupt CPU 10, and return to idle. Status is accumulative from the last status reported. Status Bit 0 (operation complete) will be true, and the abort condition (bit 1 or 2) will be true.
If an ATI-START command is issued while processor 20 is busy or halted, it will respond with a store status, interrupt and halt. Status will indicate Bit 15 (Illegal ATI) is true. The command execution may be resumed by a Continue instruction, or terminated by a Reset instruction.
E = EXTENDED FORMAT. When this option is chosen (E = 1), Extended Format Option is allowed for each vector and the format specification words for each vector must be specified and included in the list.
When this bit is zero, the format for each vector is restricted to floating-point and the Value, Sign and Scale options for each vector are not applicable and assumed zero. The Format Specification Words for vectors A, B and C are not included as part of the list, and their positions are used for succeeding list words. This option allows for simplified CIL's (Lists) for operations which both uses and generates floating point vectors.
K = STACK OPTION. Stacking is indicated when this bit is set to one. The STACK option and SUM options are allowed for all arithmetic type operations and some advanced operations as shown in Table VI.
TABLE VI__________________________________________________________________________ ATI START ISSUED WHILE AATP IS BUSY C=1 P=0 C=1 P=1 ##STR6## C=0 P=1 ##STR7####STR8##Store Initial Store Status (P=1) C=0, StoreStatus All 0 Interrupt Halt Store Status ##STR9## Status P=1, Interrupt Interrupt Idle Halt ##STR10## ##STR11##Status Status Status StatusAll Zero Illegal ATI Cumulative Cumulative and Status Status, Cumulative which is Operation Status normally Complete, and All Zero Cumulative Status__________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: CUMULATIVE STATUS IS FROM LAST REPORTED STATUS.
For all other operations the STACK option and SUM option are ignored and considered zero.
If the STACK option is chosen (K = 1), the results of each operation is added to the corresponding third array element and stored in place in this element. An example is shown in Table VII.
TABLE VII______________________________________K Σ Operation______________________________________0 0 Ci = ai � bi0 1 C = Σai � bi1 0 Ci = Ci + ai � bi1 1 C = C + Σai �______________________________________ bi
Σ = SUM OPTION. This option, like the stacking option, is allowed for many arithmetic operations. When selected (Σ = 1), the results of the arithmetic operation are summed internally and not returned individually to CM 11. When the number of operations specified have been completed, the accumulated sum is returned to CM 11 as determined by the Stack option.
OP CODE (Processor 20). Processor 20 is organized to execute a variety of repetitive type operations on strings of sequential data. Several operations are of the basic arithmetic types; add, substract, multiply, and divide. Other operations are more advanced, and perform their function by the execution of algorithms which use the simpler basic operations.
All operations of processor 20 are specified by an eight bit field (8-15) of the PCW as follows: ##STR12##
Most operations may be modified by the Stack and Sum options. Bit field (12-15) is used, with bit field (8-11) as zero, to specify the basic Move, Scan, Real Arithmetic and Complex Arithmetic, with the option of Stack and Sum for each, except Scan.
Bit field (8-15) is used to specify the more advanced operations. The Stack option is allowed only for certain specified advanced operations. For advanced operations where the Stack and/or Sum options are not allowed, the K and/or Σ fields are ignored and assumed zero.
NUMBER OF ELEMENT WORDS (NOEW). This word of most CIL's (Command Initialization List) is used to specify the number of operation sequences before completion. More specifically, this word denotes the number of output resultant elements to be generated by the executed command if the output is a vector, or the number of elements in the input vector array if the output is a scalar. NOEW is a positive 16 bit integer of value 1 to 216, where 0 is interpreted as 216.
List Words 3 -- 11 (ARRAY SPECIFICATION WORDS)
Each vector array is completely described by three words called the Array Specification Words (ASW), and consists of the following words for each vector A, B and C.
Fsa -- format specification for Vector A
Aia -- address increment for Vector A
Saa -- starting address for Vector A
For each primary array, the CIL contains fields which are used to define the characteristics of the array and its elements. Although there are exceptions, which are detailed in the command descriptions, each primary array is described by a 48-bit Array Specification Word (ASW) in the CIL. The complete CIL contains three ASW groups of 3 words each if E = 1, or 2 words if E = 0, as illustrated in Table VIII.
The basic program command format for most operations of processor 20 is summarized in Table IX.
TABLE IX______________________________________ ##STR14## ##STR15##______________________________________ R = RESET M = MAINTENANCE MODE I = INHIBIT CPU C0 C1 = DEVICE I/O CONTROL (START, HALT, CONTINUE) DEVICE = DEMAC DEVICE ADDRESS FOR ATP C = CHAINING OPTION D = DETECT MAX EXPONENT P = PROGRAM CONTROLLED INTERRUPT E = EXTENDED FORMAT K = STACK OPTION Σ = SUM OPTION F = VECTOR FORMAT * V = VECTOR VALUE OPTION S = VECTOR SIGN OPTION SCALE = VECTOR SCALE FACTOR *Not included in List When E = 0 (Extended Format Not Specified)
F = FORMAT. This three-bit field of the FSA is used to specify the format of the respective data array. The data format may be one of five types of input data arrays, or one of four types for output data arrays. Each data array may be independently specified as shown in Table X.
TABLE X______________________________________0 1 2 ##STR16##______________________________________0 0 0 32-bit Floating Point Format0 0 1 16-bit Fixed Point Format0 1 0 32-bit 980A Fixed Point Format0 1 1 32-bit ASC Fixed Point Format1 0 0 32-bit Translation Format for Input Only1 0 11 1 0 (Illegal Codes)1 1 1______________________________________
Details as to such formats are shown in Table XI.
TABLE XI______________________________________ ##STR17## ##STR18## ##STR19## 1) Sign bit is zero for positive data and one for negative data. 2) Binary point to the right of LSB. 3) Sign bit and binary number are represented in two's complement for negative numbers. ##STR20## 1) Sign bit is zero for positive data and one for negative data. 2) Binary point is to the left of the MSB of the binary fraction. 3) Sign and fraction are represented in Sign/Magnitude notation. 4) The characteristic is a biased exponent and represents the decimal range 16-24 to+63. 5) The number represented by the above floating point notation is: N = S � F � 16C-64 10 ##STR21## 1) Sign bit is zero for positive data and one for negative data. 2) Binary point is to the right of LSB. 3) Sign and fraction are represented in two's complement for negative numbers. 4) Gain field is six bit base two exponent which represents the applied gain. 5) The number represented by this format notation is: N = S � N � 2-GAIN______________________________________
V = VALUE. The element Value option is applicable only to data input arrays, and indicates that the affected array elements are to be treated as algebraic (normal) or absolute (positive number magnitude). This means that when the absolute option is chosen, the input data is to be converted to positive-absolute before being applied to the applicable algorithm.
In operations where the stacking option is allowed and chosen, the output array may be reused as a input. When used as an input, the value option is applicable. Therefore, it can conveniently be stated that the value option is applicable to any data input array.
V = 0 = algebraic (normal); and
1 = Convert to Absolute
S = SIGN. The Sign option, like the Value option, is applicable only to input data arrays. This bit is used to specify that the input data, for the specified input array, is to be treated with normal sign or sign is to be inverted.
One obvious application of inverted sign is to implement substraction using a complement and add operation:
S = 0 = normal Sign; and
1 = Invert Sign
SCALE FACTOR. This 9-bit field is used (when applicable) to specify a 9-bit 2's complement number which is to be interpreted as a scale factor for the array elements. The application of this number depends on whether the associated array is an input or output array.
For input arrays, this 9-bit field is interpreted as a binary 2's complement number exponent of base two (2N), which is to be used as a scale factor (multiplier) for all elements of the input array. Which means, the Exponent field is to be used as an exponent base-two multiplier to be applied to all the input elements when they are converted into the internal floating point format.
For an output array, this 9-bit field is likewise interpreted as a scale factor, which specifies a binary (2's complement) exponent to be added to the floating-point exponent before output and format conversion if any.
An exception occurs in the case of stacking, where the output array is also used as an input array. In this case, the Exponent field applies only as an output array and therefore does not affect the array when used as an input.
AI = ADDRESS INCREMENT. The second word of the ASW is used to specify the array element Address Increment. This index value is represented as a 16-bit two's complement number. For most commands, negative indices are allowed for reverse memory addressing. The address increment value is used to indicate the "element" increment value; where each element is represented by a number of successive memory locations determined by the Format specified. The Address Increment value is used to determine each element address with respect to the previous element address. For AI equal to zero, the data element is a scalar and the Starting Address is always the same value.
When the Address Increment value for any ASW is zero, the array is specified as a single element vector (scalar). Processor 20 recognizes AI = 0 as a scalar and does not fetch the scalar repeatedly, but maintains its value internally for reuse throughout the command execution. In general, the CM address for the (i )th element is:
CMi = SA + i (AI)
where SA = Starting Address.
SA = STARTING ADDRESS. The third word of the ASW is used to specify the array element Starting Address in CM 11, and is usually represented as SAA, SAB, or SAC respectively for each array.
Each array used is separately indexed, and the output resultant array may be permitted to overlay a source array. That is to say, resultants can be stored "in place" of source data to conserve memory space.
AME = Address for Maximum Exponent. This word is used to specify the CM 11 Address of both the initial and the final maximum exponent fetched/stored by processor 20 when bit 1 of the PCW is true (Detect Max. Exponent D = 1). The contents of this address are not used or modified when D = 0.
ANL = Address of Next List. This word is used to specify the address of the first word of the next list when chaining is specified by bit 0 (C = 1) of the PCW. When the command execution is complete, processor 20 will automatically acquire the next list and execute the specified operation. This chained process will continue until a list is encountered with chaining not indicated (C = 0). This ANL word is always acquired, but is not used when chaining is not indicated (C = 0).
STATUS. Processor 20 will store initial sttus following any ATI instruction which initiates a new operation. The Program Controlled Interrupt will allow (when specified) status reporting at completion of selected command (LIST) executions. Any abort action will report status and generate an interrupt following the occurrence of such action. At the completion of an ATI operation, status will always be stored. If the Program Controlled Interrupt is chosen, an interrupt will also be generated. Table XII shows a bit assignment for the status word.
TABLE XII______________________________________BIT CONDITION______________________________________0 Operation Complete (Terminate)1 Command Error (Abortive)2 Command Parity Error (Abortive)3 Data Parity Error4 Exponent Overflow5 Exponent Underflow6 Divide by Zero Attempted7 Fixed Point Overflow91011121314 Hardware Service Required15 Illegal ATI While Busy______________________________________
STATUS BIT 0 = Operation Complete. A "one" indicates the completion of an operation in which chaining is not indicated. This bit will also be "one" following an operation abort action.
STATUS BIT 1 = Command Error (Abortive). This bit is used to indicate illegal commands. When an illegal command is detected, processor 20 will terminate (abort) the operation in progress (if there is one), store status and issue an interrupt. Command Error status bit will be indicated.
Ati control Instruction = 11
Fswa, fswb code = 101, 110, 111
Fswc code = 100, 101, 110, 111
Illegal Op-Codes
STATUS BIT 2 = Command Parity Error (Abortive). If an executable ATI or List Word is detected with a parity error indicated, processor 20 will abort the operation (return to idle), generate an interrupt and store status with this bit indicated. An interrupt will be generated regardless of the state of the Program Controlled Interrupt (P).
STATUS BIT 3 = Data Parity Error. If a data word is detected with a parity error indicated, the operation will continue, and this bit will be used to indicate a Data Parity Error at the next occurring store status sequence.
STATUS BIT 4 = Exponent Overflow. This bit is used to indicate that an operation has generated a result with an exponent greater than 7F16. When this condition occurs, 7F16 is substituted for the exponent and FFFFFF is substituted for the mantissa. The operation is continued and this status bit is indicated on the next occurring status store sequence. Sign is left uncharged.
STATUS BIT 5 = Exponent Underflow. This bit is used to indicate that an operation has generated a result with an exponent less than 0016. If this occurs, zero is substituted for the sign, exponent, and mantissa. The operation is continued and this status bit is indicated on the next occurring status store sequence.
STATUS BIT 6 = Divide by Zero Attempted. If an operation occurs with divide by zero attempted, processor 20 will set the resultant equal to the numerator value, and continue the operation. This status bit will be set and indicated at the next status store sequence.
STATUS BIT 7 = Fixed Point Overflow. If fixed point output is specified, and during this operation significant data bits are shifted beyond the MSB, an overflow occurs. This status bit is used to indicate such overflow conditions and is indicated at the next following status store sequence.
STATUS BITS 8-13 (Not Used).
STATUS BIT 14=Hardware Service Required. Certain internal failures are monitored, and the occurrence of any will indicate that service is required to correct the situation. This bit is used to indicate this condition and is indicated at the next occurring status store sequence.
STATUS BIT 15 = Busy. If an ATI is received which indicates START, and the processor is busy or halted, processor 20 will halt the operation in progress, generate an interrupt and store status. This status bit will indicate the Busy condition. A Continue instruction must be issued to continue the operation.
The instruction repertoire of the processor is shown in Table XIII. The processor accommodates 36 separate instructions, many of which are unique in function and are intended to enhance and improve the seismic processing capabilities. Each instruction is controlled by a microprogram stored in ROMs 63, 73, and 83. Additional functions of the processor including correlation, convolution, root-mean squared (RMS), and data multiplexing/demultiplexing. These are possible as special cases of the operating repertoire. Microprogram capability may be modified or completely changed to perform a completely new set of functions. This flexibility allows the processor to be changed as requirements change or new techniques are discovered.
TABLE XIII__________________________________________________________________________AATP OPERATIONS LISTCODE MNEMONIC K Σ OPERATION WORDS__________________________________________________________________________00 **01 VSM VECTOR SCAN MAX/MIN 1302 VSP VECTOR SCAN PEAKS 1303 MLL X X MOVE LINEAR LINEAR INDEXED 1304 MVL X X MOVE VECTOR LINEAR INDEXED 1305 MLV X X MOVE LINEAR VECTOR INDEXED 1306 ESQ X X ELEMENT SQUARE 1307 ESR X X ELEMENT SQUARE ROOT 1308 VEA X X VECTOR ELEMENT ADD 1309 VES X X VECTOR ELEMENT SUBTRACT 130A VEM X X VECTOR ELEMENT MULTIPLY 130B VED X X VECTOR ELEMENT DIVIDE 130C CEA X X COMPLEX ELEMENT ADD 130D CES X X COMPLEX ELEMENT SUBTRACT 130E CEM X X COMPLEX ELEMENT MULTIPLY 130F CCM X X COMPLEX CONJUGATE MULTIPLY 1310 FFN FFT FORWARD NATURAL/SCRAMBLED 1311 FFS FFT FORWARD SCRAMBLED/NATURAL 1312 FIN FFT INVERSE NATURAL/SCRAMBLED 1313 FIS FFT INVERSE SCRAMBLED/NATURAL 1314 OTS ONE TRACE SEPARATION 1315 OTC ONE TRACE COMBINATION 1316 TTS TWO TRACE SEPARATION 1317 TTC TWO TRACE COMBINATION 1318 CDO CHANGE DATA ORDER 13 * **20 FXF X FIXED FILTER 1421 FXD X FIXED FILTER AND DECIMATE 1522 ITF X INTERPOLATION FILTER 1523 SVL X SAMPLE VARIANT LINEAR FILTER 1724 SVI X SAMPLE VARIANT INCREMENTED FILTER 1725 SVF X SAMPLE VARIANT FETCHED FILTER 18 * **30 BMR BITWISE MATRIX ROTATE 1431 RFP1 REFORMAT AND PACK (WIGGLE) 1832 RFP2 REFORMAT AND PACK (VARIABLE AREA) 1833 RFP3 REFORMAT AND PACK (WIGGLE & VARIABLE AREA) 18 * **34 SRT SORT 1435 MRG MERGE 15__________________________________________________________________________ * Operation Codes Not Used K - Stacking Σ - Summing
Commands are separated into two classes: (1) those that operate on real data only; and (2) those that operate on complex data only. Commands which require complex data assume that the data is arranged as two words, a real component of 16 or 32 bits followed by an imaginary component of the same format. The array which contains this data is configured with the real part followed immediately by the imaginary part. Most commands operate with the input data as real and the output data as fixed point, floating point, or translation format. The output results may, in most cases, be specified as fixed or floating point format independent of the input. The output resultants, with one exception, would be of the same real or complex nature as the input. The exception is the complex conjugate multiply command which requires complex input data and produces a real resultant output.
Each instruction of processor 20 is controlled by a microprogram stored in ROMs 63, 73 and 83. Microprograms control each execution state of the processor to achieve the maximum possible execution speed. As the effective rate at which processor 20 can perform an operation depends upon the computation speed of arithmetic unit 50, the speed of format conversion in unit 33, and the rate at which data can be transferred to and from central memory 11. High operating speed is further attained by the pipeline operation where indexing, counting, and memory accessing is performed in parallel with the arithmetic operations on the data. In this embodiment, the processor 20 may achieve processing times as set out in Table XIV. The effective high speed of the processor 20 makes this system a highly efficient peripheral in seismic processing systems.
TABLE XIV______________________________________ AATP______________________________________INSTRUCTIONS 36FLOATING POINT ARITHMETIC YESDATA FORMATS 5FFT TIME FOR 8192 COMPLEX POINTS 126msCOMPLEX ELEMENT MULTIPLY TIME 4.5μSCONVOLUTION TIME FOR 1024 POINTS 10.1msADD/SUB Memory Limited 2.25μS______________________________________
Having described the invention in connection with certain specific embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that further modifications may now suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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Author | exchange4media Mumbai Bureau | Friday, Feb 06,2004 6:21 AM
The Board of Directors at Lintas India yesterday announced the appointment of Prem Mehta as Chairman of the Board. Mehta was earlier the Vice-Chairman. He succeeds Dr. Ranjan Banerjee.
In addition to being Chairman, Mehta will continue his role as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the company. He has been leading Lowe for 11 years now.
Speaking on his appointment, Prem Mehta says, "I aim to continue the legacy of integrity, commitment and compassion that was epitomised by Dr. Banerjee. His strength and dignity were an example we all need to emulate."
As reported earlier, Dr. Banerjee, Chairman, Lintas India passed away on January 31. He led the Board of Lintas India for over 23 years. Mehta says, "His passing away is the end of an era. He was an honorable man whose values of integrity, commitment and compassion were important to him above all else - above any form of self-interest. His strength and dignity could only be an example for us."


text:
Wednesday, January 8, 2014
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