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Designing a Wireless Sensors Network for Monitoring and Predicting Droughts
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1 Designing a Wireless Sensors Network for Monitoring and Predicting Droughts A Gaddam, M Al-Hrooby, W F Esmael, Center for Engineering & Industrial Design Waikato Institute of Technology Hamilton, New Zealand Abstract Global warming and lack of rain were the main problems that caused increased drought around the world. In New Zealand, according to National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) the drought in 2012 and 2013 was the worst drought in the last 70 years. Therefore, there is a need for technological intervention to monitor basic information about the weather and soil condition in order to identify and predict drought conditions. Initial experiments have shown that the proposed wireless sensor drought monitoring system is capable of remote real-time monitoring for extended periods. This monitoring can also help identify drought in the early stages and thereby indicate promptly when to take corrective measures. Intelligent sensors in a wireless network monitor the soil condition. These sensors collect various environmental; parameters and then send the pre-processed data wirelessly to a base station. From the base station this data uploads every two seconds to the cloud (internet) for further analysis. If a drought condition is identified by the monitoring system then an alert message is sent to the user via text message or . Keywords-wireless sensor network, drought monitoring, Internet of things digital signal processing, internet of things, zigbee, raspberry pi, remote sensing I. INTRODUCTION The climate is getting hotter for several reasons, such as greenhouse gas emissions, population growth. Thus, the environmental problems will increase and affect soil condition. Global temperatures have increased by about 0.75 C in the past 100 years as shown in Figure 1 [1]. Figure 1. Change in temperatures around the world in the last 100 years [3] Drought refers to a lasting water shortage due to water consumption or water demand higher than water supply [2]. This leads to unbalanced water cycling. For example, insufficient rainfall and strong vaporization result in continued loss of soil water for subsequent drought. Generally, there are three concepts of drought, meteorological, hydrological, and agronomic/agricultural. Global warming is one of the primary causes of drought around the world. Scientific studies have shown that despite all the strong measures to reduce global warming it is still happening [3]. Therefore, there is need for technological intervention to monitor the basic information about the weather and soil condition in order to identify and predict drought conditions. It is well known fact that environmental monitoring is remote and widely distributed. The traditional approach to analyzing soil parameters is doing an on-the-spot evaluation, which is always a very inconvenient procedure and require additional labor. Several soil monitoring systems were developed to [4] make use of the technology. However, these systems are mainly connected by cables to transmit and collect soil data and require a power supply distributed across vast remote farms. Data and power lines make the whole system very hard to deploy, difficult to expand, and costly to invest in. In order to circumvent these problems, we designed a wireless drought monitoring system based on wireless sensor network. The proposed system can be a transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, by monitoring various parameters in a farm, this system can facilitate the enduser with real-time information of the farm. This information can be accessed from anywhere around the work over the internet. This approach will play a greater role in the gathering of environmental information, and will help in the development of agricultural information resources [5]. By integrating Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Internet of things (IOT), we aim to develop a system that can report drought condition promptly and to help achieve smart, precision agriculture. II. DROUGHT CONDITION IN NEW ZEALAND In general, a drought is a rainfall decrease that may cause problems for farming and crop growth [6]. Soil is affected by the drought by losing water, humidity and nitrogen which is will reduce the soil productivity. For that reason this section will compare 2010, 2011, and 2012 for the soil moisture, the amount of drought and the climate change impact [6, 7]. After a three month period of extremely low rainfall, drought in the Waikato region of New Zealand was announced in January 210
2 2010. The soil moisture deficits continued until the end of May 2010, by which time there was an extreme drought in Auckland and the Waikato [8]. In 2011, the soil moisture deficits were short, especially in January. However, there was a huge drought in February 2011, so that significant soil moisture deficit was experienced by the end of February 2011 in most of New Zealand s cities. However, this drought considered somewhat in to August and September 2011, although there was little rain, there was a soil moisture flaws in end of the year in some of the South Island. In 2012, soil moisture deficits were unusually prevalent in most of New Zealand by the end of January. In March, 2012, the drought was reducing and the soil become more productive but by the start of September the drought was back, and prevalent throughout New Zealand. In November, 2012 the drought was continuous for a long period of time in the North Island, which was unusual. According to the records held by NIWA, the drought in New Zealand continued until 2013, which meant that New Zealand recorded the highest drought for 70 years [8]. III. RELATED WORK Several solutions are presented in the literature or available in the market, but they provide limited functionality, high cost, and constant maintenance issues. In Murcia, Spain an ecological horticultural enterprise [9, 14] has been established to wirelessly monitor the drought condition. The area selected is a semi-arid region, which makes drought a frequent concern. The project consists of two types of networks sensors and one wireless sensor network. The first sensor network is called Soil Mote. It has ten nodes connected by a cable. This sensor monitors soil temperature, moisture content and salinity. The second sensor network is called Environmental Mote. It also has ten nodes, which measure the ambient temperature and humidity in the field. as shown schematically in Figure 2. The drawbacks for this kind of system is the high cost of each sensor and wired installation [15]. Also, the data captured from this kind of system is on a local database which cannot be accessed by the users from a remote site [12, 13]. By considering all these issues, we have designed and developed a low-cost drought monitoring system that can be easily deployed and the captured data can be accessed from any computer or mobile device. IV. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The developed wireless system consists of five wireless sensor modules that are distributed over a farm, each sensor module monitors an area of about 1.8 km radius (Figure 3). These modules continuously collect key environmental parameters such as relative humidity, soil moisture content, sun light (luminance levels), and ambient temperature. The data collected by each individual sensor will be sent wirelessly to the base station through a Zig Bee radio. The recorded data is displayed on Google Apps via Raspberry pi which is connected to the internet. Figure 3. Functional block diagram of wireless drought monitoring system This system pre-processes and sends the data wirelessly to Google Apps to log and visualize captured data in the form of graphs in real time. Figure 2. Functional block diagram of drought monitoring system[8] The third wireless sensor is called Water Mote. It is located in one of the ponds used to irrigate the crops on the farm. The Water Mote monitors salinity and temperature to determine the water quality [12]. All the recorded data is sent to the central computer in the farm offices through a wired gateway V. WIRELESS DROUGHT MONITORING SENSOR DESIGN Three types of sensors and a Zig bee based wireless module were selected for the prototype monitoring system. To interface the sensors and, to process, wirelessly communicate the data from the sensors Arduino Uno which is equipped with ATmega 328 microcontroller chip was used. A. Atmospheric Digital Temperature & Humidity Sensor Relative humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor contained within the air which is usually expressed as percentage humidity. Humidity is a very important 211
3 environmental element that must be controlled for healthy plants. It controls the rate of transpiration and how the nutrients are received by the plant. The humidity levels works as a pressure cap on the plant, keeping the moisture in the plant, allowing it to have proper transpiration rates of the fluids. When humidity levels drop too low, the plants transpire at a rate much quicker than that of nutrient uptake. The nutrients or minerals do not transpire through the plant, only the water does. So this leaves behind a concentrated level of nutrients in the plant that will actually cause a nutrient overload, which is not desirable for plants. Conversely, when humidity levels get too high, moisture is building up on the plants and walls, forming whole colonies of molds, fungi, and mildews. Similarly the biochemical functions in plants that are required for growth and survival are temperature dependent. An optimal temperature range within which a particular plant species will be carrying out photosynthesis at its maximum rate (given that sufficient CO 2, water and light are also present) outside this range, photosynthesis and other plant processes begin to slow down, to the point where they stop and growth ceases. B. Soil Moisture Sensor Despite the importance of soil moisture information, widespread and/or continuous measurement of soil moisture is all but non-existent. "The lack of a convincing approach of measurement of soil moisture is a serious problem" [9]. Clearly, a need exists for continuous measurements of surface soil moisture. Also, remote soil moisture sensing increases the efficiencies of irrigation systems by preventing over watering and leaching of fertilizers and other chemicals offsite. Soil Moisture sensor FC-28 comes with a pair of tech probes that can be inserted in the soil. A small current flow through the probes and the level of resistance will be measured. The resistance increases if the soil is dryer. The output from the sensor is an analogue output that can be connected to one of the analogue to digital port (ADC) available on the microcontroller board. Figure 6. FC-28 Soil Moisture Sensor Figure 4. DHT22 Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor DHT22 sensor was chosen to monitor ambient temperature and humidity (Figure 4). This sensor proved to be reliable and stable. The output from DHT22 is a calibrated digital signal which can be interfaced directly to Arduino Uno port pin. It utilizes exclusive digital-signal-collecting-technique and humidity sensing technology that calibrates automatically. With its small size, low power consumption, and ability to function in all kinds of harsh application occasions, make the DHT22 suitable to use as a drought monitoring sensor. The output from this sensor is shown in the graph in Figure 5. FC-28 soil moisture sensor module has been calibrated in order to verify accurate operation of the device. A pot with potting soil was taken and the moisture levels are changed regularly. The pot was exposed to hot sun in order to get rid of the moisture. This allowed us to simulate a dry, arid soil environment. Similarly, the pot was watered to various levels, and the output from the sensor was recorded in Table I and is plotted as shown in Figure 7. TABLE I. CALIBRATION RESULTS FOR (FC-28) SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR Sensor reading Soil Condition (ADC value) 0 ~300 Dry soil 300~700 Humid soil 700~950 Saturated with water Figure 5. Data from DHT22 Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor Figure 7. Data from Soil Moisture Sensor 212
4 C. Light Intensity Sensor The cloudless skies associated with drought not only imply below-average rainfall, but also an increase in the amount of direct sunlight hitting the ground, which leads to higher evaporation rates. Intense heat and direct sunlight caused faster evapotranspiration rates. Without water, the plants go under stress and becomes dormant. BH1750FVI light intensity sensor was used to monitor the sun light as shown in Figure 8. Humidity soil sensor GND D 0 Light sensor (BH1750FVI) A 5 Temperature and humidity sensor (DHT22) R=10KΩ D 4 D 2 Display Arduino Microcontroller Computer UART ZigBee Wireless GND Com Port Base station (receive data) Figure 8. BH1750FVI Light Intensity Sensor This module with a built-in 16 bit Analogue to digital converter generates a digital signal output. The data from this module is light intensity in lx (lux) with a resolution of 1 lx and a range of 1~ lx (Figure 9). (Router) Sending data wirelessly Figure 10. Circuit Block Diagram of Sensor Module Figure 11. Wireless Drought Moinitoring Sensor Module D. Interfacing Sensors Figure 9. Data from light intensity sensor Five drought sensing units were built for the drought monitoring system (Figure 11). Each sensor unit consists of three sensor modules that can monitor four different parameters. These sensors are DHT22 Temperature/Humidity sensor, FC-28 Soil Moisture sensor and Digital Light sensor. Zig Bee wireless is an RF chip powered by 2.7 to 3.3V and can be connected to the microcontroller without any additional power-supply circuit. The XBee series-2 modules are configured as Coordinator AT and Router AT, which can transmit data up to 1.6 kilometers line of sight.. The three sensor modules are connected to the Arduino UNO as shown in Figure 10. E. System Setup When the sensing unit is set-up the coordinator is able to make an automatic connection to the routers and creates a wireless mesh network. Broadcast commands are sent by the coordinator to the routers and the routers can send information back to the coordinator. The received data is checked for correctness. The sensor units are programed to send a unique identifier for each type of sensor. This enables the software program to identify the type sensor it is communicating with. The Table II below shows the data packet sensors send to the coordinator. TABLE II. DATA PACKET FROM SENSORS SEND TO THE COORDINATOR Sensor ID Luminance (lux) Relative Humidity (%) Ambient Temp ( o C) Soil Moisture (ADC value) S S S S S
5 The setup of the drought monitoring system requires the installation of the serial port monitoring software. The program for Serial Data Acquisition in real-time was written using Processing programming language, Figure 12 shows the interface window. Once all the system hardware is connected, the serial port is opened on the software program. The program initially records and displays the number of sensors in the network as shown in Figure 16. This feature enables us to verify whether all the sensor nodes are communicating with the coordinator and working properly. Any sensor node failure can be detected and rectified at this stage. Figure 12. Software interface to collect data from sensors Once the developed software is installed and running, the Zig Bee coordinator is connected to the Raspberry Pi s USB port. The corresponding port numbers are then selected on the software program. The Zig Bee module acting as the coordinator is associated with WSN to collect the data and monitor the sensors. F. System Deployment Five drought monitoring wireless units were deployed around a farm (Figures 13 and 14). These units continuously monitor the soil and send data to the coordinator, which is inside the building as shown in Figure 15. Figure 16. Data packets from sensor units G. Initial Results We successfully deployed and tested our drought monitoring wireless system that is capable of providing spatially distributed soil/atmospheric data relevant for plant growth. The coordinator software records, displays the data in real time and simultaneously uploads on to Google Apps as shown in Figure 17. Figure 13. Drought Monitoring sensors locations on a farm Figure 14. Drought Monitoring Units on a farm Figure 15. Coordinator locations inside a building collecting data from sensor units Figure 17. Data from sensor-1 being plotted on Google Apps Figure 17 shows the real time data consisting of temperature and humidity of atmosphere, soil moisture and illumination. This snapshot shows the data collected during eight hours and twenty eight minutes in a day. In order to monitor the drought in different sites, we focused on upgrading our system with more wireless drought sensor units. By connecting the system to the internet, we can login to the system and get real time soil/atmospheric data remotely on 214
6 any mobile device with internet connection as shown in Figure 18. Figure 18. Data Being Displayed on a Mobile Device H. Conclusion & Future Work This paper reports that a wireless sensor network based drought monitoring system was developed and was successfully tested. It can monitor four different soil/atmospheric parameters. Once the data is captured it is recorded and displayed on Google Apps to be accessed by the user from anywhere. Further research could include looking at integrating a GPS sensor and a sensor to detect soil salinity in each wireless sensor unit. By gathering the data over time, a pattern can be formulated, which can help us to not only to identify drought but also predict future droughts. between soil CO2 fluxes, photosynthesis and environmental variables." Tree physiology 32, no. 1 (2012), pp: [10] V. Mhatre and C. Rosenberg, Design guidelines for wireless sensor networks: communication, clustering and aggregation, Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 2, no. 1, pp , Jan [11] W.-S. Jang, W. M. Healy, and M. J. Skibniewski, Wireless sensor networks as part of a web-based building environmental monitoring system, Automation in Construction, vol. 17, no. 6, pp , Aug [12] R. Mittal and M. P. S. Bhatia, Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring the Environmental Activities, Analysis, [13] N. S. Shamsuddin, Development Of Sensor Nodes In Wireless Sensor Network for Environmental Monitoring (WisNEM), [14] R. Kays et al., Tracking Animal Location and Activity with an Automated Radio Telemetry System in a Tropical Rainforest, The Computer Journal, vol. 54, no. 12, pp , Aug [15] S. E. Díaz, J. C. Pérez, A. C. Mateos, M.-C. Marinescu, and B. B. Guerra, A novel methodology for the monitoring of the agricultural production process based on wireless sensor networks, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 76, no. 2, pp , May REFERENCES [1] World-health, World Health Organization, 2008, website (http://www.who.int/world-health-day/toolkit/report_web.pdf) accessed on 2/11/2013. [2] Lindquist, Rosanna T. "Review of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), website (http://www. noaa. gov/)." Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 15, no. 2 (2014), pp: [3] An, Xiaofei, Minzan Li, Lihua Zheng, Yumeng Liu, and Hong Sun. "A portable soil nitrogen detector based on NIRS." Precision Agriculture 15, no. 1 (2014), pp: [4] Zhang, Qin. "Precision Agriculture for Grain Production Systems, Brett Whelan, James Taylor, CSIRO Publishing." (2014), pp: 159. [5] Tait, Andrew, Troy Baisden, David Wratt, B. Mullan, and A. Stroombergen. "An initial assessment of the potential effects of climate change on New Zealand agriculture." New Zealand Science Review 65, no. 3 (2008), pp: [6] Cameron, Michael Patrick. "The demographic implications of climate change for Aotearoa New Zealand: A review." (2013). [7] Tait, Andrew, James Sturman, and Martyn Clark. "An assessment of the accuracy of interpolated daily rainfall for New Zealand." Journal of Hydrology, no. 1 (2012), pp: 51. [8] López, Juan A., Antonio-Javier Garcia-Sanchez, F. Soto, A. Iborra, Felipe Garcia-Sanchez, and Joan Garcia-Haro. "Design and validation of a wireless sensor network architecture for precision horticulture applications." Precision agriculture 12, no. 2 (2011), pp: [9] Martin, Jonathan G., Claire L. Phillips, Andres Schmidt, James Irvine, and Beverly E. Law. "High-frequency analysis of the complex linkage 215
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2 days before death row inmate John Ramirez was scheduled to be executed, a federal district court in Corpus Christi halted the execution.
A federal district court in Corpus Christi halted the execution of Texas death row inmate John Ramirez on Tuesday, 2 days before he was set to die.
Ramirez, 32, was convicted in 2009 in the stabbing death of Pablo Castro in Corpus Christi during a 2004 robbery. Castro was stabbed 29 times, and Ramirez wasn't arrested until more than 3 years later when he was found near the Mexican border, according to court documents. He was set for execution on Thursday.
The stay comes after 2 motions were filed last week by federal death penalty attorney Greg Gardner, even though he had no previous experience in the case. The court granted the motions to stop the execution and grant Ramirez new counsel because, the motion claimed, Ramirez's previous attorney had failed to file a clemency petition.
The state has appealed the court's decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which has the ability to overrule the lower court's decision before Thursday and reverse the stay.
On July 19, 2004, Ramirez and 2 women, Angela Rodriguez and Christina Chavez, were driving around in a van looking for people to rob for drug money when they spotted Castro taking the trash out from the convenience store where he worked, according to an opinion by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Rodriguez and Ramirez approached Castro, and Ramirez slashed his throat and repeatedly stabbed him in his head, neck, shoulders and back, according to court records.
Rodriguez went through his pockets and came back to the van with $1.25, according to Chavez's testimony. The 2 woman were found the night of the murder appearing high and drunk, records stated.
Rodriguez is currently serving a life sentence for murder, and Chavez pleaded guilty to aggravated robbery and got a 25-year sentence, according to prison records. She became eligible for parole in January.
Ramirez evaded arrest until Feb. 20, 2008, when he was found near the Texas-Mexico border. He was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death; he's been on death row for almost 8 years.
In the recent motions filed Friday, Ramirez claimed his previous appellate attorney abandoned him by not filing a clemency petition, a motion commonly filed in capital cases to the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles and the governor asking for a stay of execution or commutation to life in prison.
About 3 weeks after receiving an execution date, Ramirez wrote his previous attorney, Michael Gross, saying he wanted Gross to remove himself from his case so he could seek new representation. Gross complied, and didn't file a clemency petition, but neither did anyone else.
Attorney General Ken Paxton argued for Texas that Gross was simply following Ramirez's instructions, but the court ruled Gross was still responsible because he hadn't been replaced. After Ramirez's godmother called Gardner, he filed the motions.
Paxton said the 2 lawyers were engaging in "gamesmanship," noting that both were involved in another death penalty case that was recently stayed. The court said a hearing did not suggest any such tactics.
It is the 1st stay of execution in Texas this year, stopping what would have been the state's 3rd execution. Another execution is set for next Tuesday for Tilon Carter.
Source: Texas Tribune, February 1, 2017
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subset: commoncrawl


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North Country Baseball League Edit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|No. of teams
|United States
|Official website
|Official site
The North Country Baseball League is an independent, professional baseball league located in the Northeastern region of the United States. Operating in cities not served by Major League Baseball or their minor-league affiliates, the NCBL has four franchise teams spread throughout the states of New York and Maine. One of the teams, the Road City Explorers, is a traveling team, playing all of its games at one of the other three teams.[1]
Logo for the previously proposed East Coast Baseball League
The league was originally proposed as the East Coast Baseball League and had six teams, four in the United States and two in Ontario, Canada. Right before the season started, the Watertown team pulled out over what they claimed were unfulfilled promised by the ECBL management. The other U.S. based teams also pulled out and with Watertown reformed the current North Country Baseball League; the two Canadian teams then folded.[2]
Contents Edit
- 1 Teams
|Newburgh Newts
|Newburgh, New York
|Delano-Hitch Stadium
|Old Orchard Beach Surge
|Old Orchard Beach, Maine
|The Ballpark
|Road City Explorers
|Traveling Team
|Watertown, New York, Duffy Fairgrounds
|Watertown Bucks
|Watertown, New York
|Duffy Fairgrounds


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CCE Board Director Michael Hays of Dow Lohnes recently sat down for a one-on-one conversation with CCE Executive Committee member and Public Service Committee Chair, Chief Judge Richard Roberts of the United States District Court.
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Donations to CCE are fully tax deductible to the extent permitted by law.


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Butterick 4993; 1970s; Misses' Skirts. Below mid-knee length skirts, darted into waistbands, have belt carriers, mock fly front, side front pockets and topstitch trim. A - slightly flared with front pleats. B - tubular. Purchased tops.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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1. Lost in Translation. Sofia Coppola's funny, poignant film about friendship and cultural barriers stars Bill Murray in his best role ever and the supremely talented Scarlett Johansson, so wonderful, but under-appreciated, in 2000's Ghost World.
2. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. The final installment of Peter Jackson's Tolkien trilogy raises the 9-hour-plus film to towering classic status. Every detail is perfect, from the vertical cities of man to massive battle scenes and bonds of friendship between Hobbits, men and elves.
3. In America. Jim Sheridan's semi-autobiographical story of a family struggling to overcome grief by moving from Ireland to New York is sweet, lyrical and touching.
4. Mystic River. A top-notch thriller based on the Dennis Lehane novel that packs some of the year's most powerful performances, notably those of Sean Penn and Tim Robbins. Clint Eastwood is at the top of his game at 73 with this gripping and harsh material, expertly directing a cast that includes Marcia Gay Harden, Kevin Bacon and Laura Linney.
5. Spellbound. One of the year's most riveting thrillers is a documentary about middle-schoolers preparing for a national spelling bee. A pattern emerges of smart, curious and disciplined children and their devoted parents. The story's dramatic unfolding ensures that you'll root aloud for your favorite spellers.
6. 21 Grams. The most emotionally honest film this year is perhaps the hardest to sit through, with its naked exploration of senseless death and overwhelming grief. But it's worth the discomfort to watch a quartet of superlative performances: Naomi Watts, Sean Penn, Benicio Del Toro and Melissa Leo. Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu's worthy follow-up to the acclaimed Spanish language Amores Perros is told in a similarly fractured narrative style, which suits the story brilliantly.
7. House of Sand and Fog. The acting is superb in this tragic tale of an Iranian émigré and a down-on-her-luck American divorcée who battle to the end over ownership of a modest Bay Area home. Based on Andre Dubus III's gripping best-selling novel.
8. Finding Nemo. The journey of a father fish searching for his lost son is funny, sweet and touching. And the computer-animated visuals are among the most stunningly beautiful ever seen. An undersea treasure for all audiences.
9. The Fog of War. A fascinating documentary offering life lessons of one of the most controversial and brilliant U.S. political figures, former defense secretary Robert McNamara. At 87, he is lucidly candid, on the Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam War and U.S. foreign policy in general, with implications for the current war on terrorism and the Iraq War. It's a testament to documentarian Errol Morris' artistry that McNamara is, by turns, unnervingly honest, swaggeringly self-serving and cagily disingenuous, but always human.
10. The Magdalene Sisters. An exploration of convent laundries in Ireland that existed until the mid-1990s to brutalize and humiliate "fallen women." Three young actresses, who portray teenage girls sent away indefinitely by their families to face daily torment, give heart-wrenchingly powerful performances.


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WANTED: water kefir grains and kombucha scoby - London
Before I make an ebay purchase I would like to ask if anyone in the uk has any water kefir grains and a kombucha mother to spare?
R Chan
Before I make an ebay purchase I would like to ask if anyone in the uk has any water kefir grains and a kombucha mother to spare?
R Chan
I'm in the UK and I'm coming down with kombucha scobys - they're breeding like mad at this time of the year. I wouldn't know how to send one in the post though, and it needs to be sent with some kombucha too as a starter. I think the cost of postage would be quite high.
Where do you live?
I bought mine from Happy Kombucha on ebay and was very satisfied with the purchase.
It took 5 weeks and all I used was a bit of Kambucha I bought, home made green tea brew and sugar. It's grown to huge proportions and I think it's even had a baby. But I wouldn't know how to get it to you. Kefir is easy to buy from a health shop. Scoby's you'll either have to grow your own or get one from someone close by.
Sorry I didn't see this earlier, would have been happy to send a scoby
Sounds like you are all set with a scoby. Just wanted to say that you can grow one in less than 2 weeks from a bottle of raw, store-bought kombucha. I worked up the details for Brod & Taylor's test kitchen, basically it comes down to feeding the store bought bottle of 'bucha 2:1 (2 parts kombucha:1 part sweetened black tea), then fermenting it in a fairly large container so that it has a large surface to volume ratio. About 80F is the right temp to maintain (27C). And use black tea, not green, or you'll have a very thin scoby.
If anyone needs a scoby in MA (US), I'm happy to share :)
It's maybe too late, but I have plenty of kefir grains if someone needs some.
I'm in the Midlands, but I can dehydrated some and send by post.
Let me know if you fancy
I am looking for some water kefir grains. Peroba, I have just sent you a PM. Does anyone else have any in London? Thanks everyone :-)
Hi Rowena, Did you manage to find any water kefir grains? If so, would you have any to spare? I've just moved to London and would be happy to collect. Thanks, Frances
Hi everyone I'm looking for a scoby (can be tiny/thin, that's ok) in london. I'm in E1. Anyone close by has a scoby spare? Would really appreciate it. Thanks!
Find a plain (non flavoured) kombucha that is live. I believe wholefoods sell a good brand. Get a big glass jar and clean it thoroughly. You've gotta be careful when making your own kombucha, cleanliness is very important. Make a very strong black tea and sweeten with sugar. Find a recipe with quantities online. Then add in some of the live kombucha and mix. Place in the back of a cupboard and wait a few weeks. A scoby will form.


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WATCH VIDEO: Does She Have a Case?
A 55-year-old woman from Tennessee has filed a complaint with the Department of Health because she says a doctor told her that her back pain was a case of 'ghetto booty."
News Channel 3 tried to get the doctor for an interview on camera, but he declined. He did admit to using the term when trying to explain to the patient that she had "lumbar lordosis," and he doesn't seem to think what he said was racist at all.
Check the video and tell us what you think... Does she have a case?


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Lego N64 Logo by gpscWatch
©2009-2017 gpsc
I might post a second version of this. I have mixed feelings about how this turned out. At first I thought that the transparency wasn't working right but I think that it is. I thought about making this chrome. I think that'd look cool but POV-Ray seems off on it's ray-tracing when I use chorme. For obvious reasons I could not use the original colors, but this is a cool effect. Feedback is welcomed. Full download is 1280x1024. Some restrictions apply. Void where prohibited. Batteries not included.
looks like glass dude very cool i love using POV
H aha Nice dude! 64 rocks
Interesting Keep it up !Thank you 4 the fave!
Yeah, I think they are a little too translucent too. But I love the refracted shadows on the ground of the light going through the pieces.
I agree with both of you about the translucence. It's accurate, but I think I might try to tint the bricks so that the light doesn't go through the pieces as much. I'm glad you like the refraction, I was worried POV-Ray wouldn't be able to handle that much detail but it did
well I gave a light tint to the bricks but that blocked more light so it didn't give that same shadowy effect that you and I both liked.
Eh, the blocks are a little bit to transparent. But still good.


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0.75 CT. T.W. Champagne and White Diamond Layered Waves Ring in Sterling Silver
Item# 19992075
The Peoples Difference
Why shop Peoples?
Orig. $799.00
Now $679.15
Layers of dazzling diamonds make this fashion ring a stand-out look anytime. Created in sterling silver, this ring features ribbons lined with regal champagne and shimmering white diamonds arranged in a clever wave pattern. An eye-catching look, perfect with any attire, this ring captivates with 0.75 ct. t.w. of diamonds and a polished shine. Custom made to fit her ring size. Sterling silver rings cannot be resized after purchase. View product details.
Special Offers
Diamond carat weights (CT.) represent the approximate total weight (T.W.) of all diamonds in each setting and may vary no more than .07 below the stated weight. Typographic errors are subject to correction. Merchandise enlarged to show detail and may not always be exactly as pictured. Promotions, prices, styles and availability may vary by store and online.


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The following FAQ entries may contain spoilers. Only the biggest ones (if any) will be covered with spoiler tags. Spoiler tags are used sparingly in order to make the page more readable.
For detailed information about the amounts and types of (a) sex and nudity, (b) violence and gore, (c) profanity, (d) alcohol, drugs, and smoking, and (e) frightening and intense scenes in this movie, consult the IMDb Parents Guide for this movie. The Parents Guide for Texas Chainsaw can be found here.
No, in fact this film is a direct sequel to the original 1974 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and ignores the events of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986), Leatherface: Texas Chainsaw Massacre III (1990), and The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1994). This film also has nothing to do with producer Michael Bay's 2003 version or to the prequel that followed it in 2006.
The 1973 scene has four actors returning from previous installments. John Dugan reprises his role as Grandpa from the first movie. Bill Moseley, who played Chop Top in Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, plays Drayton Sawyer (popularly known as "The Cook") from the first two movies. Gunnar Hansen, who played Leatherface in the first movie, plays a new relative called Boss Sawyer. Later in the film, Marilyn Burns, who played Sally Hardesty in the first film and in Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation, portrays Verna Sawyer-Carson.
The film takes place several weeks after Verna's death, which was September 29th, 2012 (according to her gravestone). Given the group is celebrating Halloween, film takes place most likely in the last week of October. The post-credit scene takes place in November.
The script says that she is in her early 20s, but there has been debate over how old she should be given the original film was made in 1974, and a title card at the beginning of the film places the date at August 19th, 1973. (While Heather is searching through the police file, the number "1973" is smudged out except for one part just before she realizes who her mother was, and it can be clearly seen that the date is "Aug. 19, 1973".) Presumably this was either an oversight by the filmmakers, or an act of reconnecting the series continuity to make the events of the original film take place sometime in the late 1980s, despite the original film's release date. Everything in the film points to the story taking place in 2012, e.g., smartphones, today's gas prices, modern technology, and the date on Verna's tombstone.
Boss Sawyer and Bear Sawyer (David Bell) are two white-bearded men who appear to be in their sixties. Dodie Brown is Loretta Sawyer, the mother of Edith Rose Sawyer, who later becomes Heather Miller (Alexandra Daddario). Verna Sawyer-Carson is Heather's grandmother.
A draft of this film's script had his name being Jebadiah Sawyer. This was changed to Jedediah "Jed" Sawyer. He was called Bubba by his brother Chop Top in Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2. However, Bubba could have just been a nickname. It has been used between brothers. In the comic Jason vs Leatherface, Nubbins calls Drayton "Bubba" because he treats him like a brother.
That is not answered in the film. Earlier in the film, Heather used the code "0819" to get through the gate. She could have called her foster parents and told them the code before meeting Leatherface. However, that would seem like a bit of a stretch since she was mad at them for lying to her and they did not wish for her to go there in the first place. Another possibility is that she gave them the code after Leatherface took her in. Whether or not she intended to have them killed by Leatherface as revenge for their deception is unknown.
It is implied that Leatherface dug her up and put her in the house, possibly to treat it as if it was alive. This is not something unheard of in the series. In Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, Chop Top uses his twin brother Nubbins' corpse as a puppet and pretends that it is alive. In Leatherface: Texas Chainsaw Massacre III, the Sawyers seat Grandpa's corpse at the dinner table and treat it as if it was alive. At the end of this film, Leatherface buries Verna again after accepting Heather into his home.
Heather decides to live with Leatherface because he defended her and she has realized that everyone who was close to her before had lied to her. The letter from her grandmother helps her realize that she has finally found a family. Verna writes that Leatherface will protect her as long as she takes care of him.
Yes. Heather's adoptive parents, Arlene and Gavin Miller, arrive at her new house, hoping to get a share of what she has inherited. Leatherface opens the door and appears with a chainsaw.
Mark Lanegan - The Beast In Me
Producer Carl Mazzocon asked Moseley to play the character portrayed by Jim Siedow in the first two films. Moseley thought that it was strange that he was asked to play him instead of Chop Top and said in an interview that the rights to the film series, which Lionsgate purchased from Platinum Dunes, may not have included Chop Top. Moseley was good friends with Siedow in the years before he died and wanted to protect his legacy, instead of having some other actor do a job that was not up to par.
Not only since 2007's overly brutal TCM: The Beginning, gruesome acts of violence are one of the series' trademarks. Therefore, it was fitting that the newest entry received the MPAA's infamous NC-17 rating. Since that is not lucrative for a theatrical release, censorship was applied in order to get the "R" rating (for strong, grisly violence and language throughout). Also, past experiences let hardcore fans keep calm because the uncensored version could be expected on the home video releases later on. Unfortunately, the announcement for the DVD and Blu-ray disc did not contain any information about a longer cut of the movie. Would customers really have to accept the censored "R"-rated version on those releases, as well? After weeks of silence, many of them tended to do so and were completely surprised once again when the news broke that the unrated version does indeed exist and will be available exclusively as video-on-demand on US iTunes. The censorship isn't as exciting as the background facts. The alterations are typical MPAA repertoire, so it's either framecuts or usage of harmless alternate material. Altogether 11 differences can be found between both versions and a detailed comparison with pictures can be found here.
Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!


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About Brandiose
Brand-iose, the Branding strategy event which has its genesis this year, will span two days and will expose participants to some never-seen before challenges. The eight best teams will face each other in a real-world scenario and apply all the marketing gyaan they have gleaned over the years, to oust the competition and emerge as the marketing messiahs of tomorrow!
The innovativeness, creativity and out-of-the-path thinking will stand every team in good stand and differentiate the cream from the crop. So come down to Manipal this January for an event that's far removes from any you have seen so far!
Branding and marketing strategy event
Team size: 2 or 3
On Day 1, The 8 teams will be asked to prepare a presentation on the preliminary case study which will be presented on the 19th morning.
On Day 2, The teams will be exposed to a real-world branding problem faced by a small industry. They will be given one day to identify, observe and study the issue and come up with a unique and innovative strategy for the industry.
Ample opportunity and time will be provided to interact with the stakeholders and it is up to the marketing acumen of the team to emerge as the winners!
Teams must be prepared for any additional challenges that may be thrown their way. Creativity, communication and lateral thinking is a must!
The teams will have to present their marketing strategy in front of a distinguished panel.
The cumulative scores across all the rounds will decide who stands tall among the competition. It's all about grand plans, it's all about Brandiose!
Rules for Brandiose 2012-13 Prelims
1. Each team can consist of 2 or 3 members
2. Register on the Atharva Brandiose page for the preliminary round.
3. Please confirm your participation beforehand. Once registered for the prelims, you
would have received a link in your registration mail. Clicking on it will direct you to
the Atharva Brandiose page, confirming your participation
4. The preliminary round will consist of a marketing case study which will be mailed to
the confirmed participants.
5. Please ensure that you access the Atharva website at least 10 minutes prior to the
release of the case study to ensure proper loading of the web portal
6. You will be given exactly 7 days from the release date to complete the analysis.
8. Any violation of rules will lead to immediate disqualification.
9. In case of conflicts, the final decision will be at the discretion of the Brandiose Team
and Atharva.
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"India is performance great," Trump told in an interview on Monday.Donald Trump has commented on India for the first time after he entered the presidential race, saying that the country is doing great and no one is talking about it.
After lashing the presidential campaign trial, this is the first time that Trump gave a impression into his thought about India, even as he has been openly critical about many countries like China, Mexico and Japan in many of his speeches.
"That was the beginning of China. That was the beginning of India, when India -- by the way, India is doing great. Nobody talks about it. And I have big jobs going up in India. But India is doing great," Trump said.
"But that was the outset of China go through everything I told you all right, whether it's Iraq, whether it's Iran, whether it's China, whether it's India, whether it's Japan," Trump said referring to his CNN interview in September 2007.
"Just look at this country. We have gone from this massive power that was respected all over the world to somewhat of a laughing stock," he said.


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Street Style Trends Mulberry Bags at London Fashion Week
Mulberry Bags Abound the Streets of London Fashion Week
Start Slideshow
Mulberry Bags Abound the Streets of London Fashion Week
As serious tote-bag donating patrons of London Fashion Week, it's no wonder that Mulberry's popularity reigns supreme on the street. Ladies clad in vintage, designer and High Street, all seem to share a common love for the beautiful leather crafted brand. Check out these 11 amazing Mulberry bags seen around the BFC tent on the hottest press, guests and even a reality TV star at Autumn/Winter 2012 London Fashion Week here!


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3/31/16 Award finalist! Holly's five-part series for MindShift, "The Challenges of Identifying Dyslexia in Students," is an Education Writers Association Award Finalist!
Holly Korbey's journalism and essays have appeared in The New York Times, The Atlantic, Medium's Bright, Brain, Child Magazine, Babble, The Nervous Breakdown, the essay collection How to Fit a Car Seat on a Camel and others. She has been a regular contributor on education for NPR's MindShift blog, out of San Francisco member station KQED, for more than three years. Her fiction has appeared on McSweeney's Internet Tendency, and she has received honorable mentions for short stories entered in the Glimmer Train and Texas Observer Short Fiction contests.
Holly grew up in Evansville, Indiana, the daughter of a history teacher and certified balloonologist who worked as a clown on the weekends, both of whom contributed greatly to her twin obsessions of school and the arts. After receiving a BFA in Musical Theater from Webster Conservatory in St. Louis, and a short stint as a singing waitress (look, ma, I'm singing on Broadway!), she worked as a musical theater actress based in New York City, including the Broadway National Tour of the Tony-winning revival of Carousel.
But the plight of our national system of education grabbed her attention a few years later, when her own children became school-aged, and Holly started popular parent blog Parents for Educating Texas from where she was living in Dallas. She wrote an essay about refusing to "redshirt" her then-kindergarten-aged son that went viral, and was asked to appear on 60 Minutes alongside Malcolm Gladwell, discussing the "graying of kindergarten" and holding boys back. She was asked, among other things, whether or not she'd thought about college sports scholarships for her four-year-old.
Holly writes and speaks on issues of education--especially open-ended play, recess, kids in nature, and kids and the arts--from Music City, USA, where she lives along with her husband and three sons. She can usually be found reading a book at Little League practice.
Holly is currently at work on her first book.
How Hip-Hop Can Bring Shakespeare to Life, MindShift
British hip-hop star Akala talks about his Hip-Hop Shakespeare Company, and how Biggie and the Bard are more connected than we might think.
How Creating Imagery Can Help Dyslexic Students Struggling with Shakespeare, MindShift
A researcher finds that creating imagery alongside Shakespeare helps dyslexic students understand and remember.
How Can the College Application Process be Improved?, MindShift
To help fix the hyper competitive college application process, a coalition of universities is trying to develop a more equitable process.
The Dialogue Surrounding Dyslexia: Five Important Takeaways, MindShift
Kids with dyslexia struggle to find adequate services at school. Developments in technology have empowered some dyslexic students with better tools to help them learn.
Understanding Dyslexia and the Reading Brain in Kids, MindShift
What is dyslexia, and how does it affect the reading brain? This is first of a five-part series on dyslexia in schools for MindShift.
Why Recognizing Dyslexia at School Can Be Difficult, MindShift
Dyslexia is the most common type of learning disability but diagnosing it and providing services for kids in private and public schools can be a long uphill battle.
Dyslexia and the Wider World of Creativity and Talent, MindShift
Having reading difficulties can make a person feel less smart compared to others, but by recognizing differences and talents, people with dyslexia can find ways to excel. Part of five-part series on dyslexia in schools.
Who Helps Kids with Dyslexia Gain Reading Fluency?, MindShift
Often, teachers don't receive enough training in what to do when kids fail to learn to read. Part of five-part dyslexia series.
Millions of Teachers Minting Millionaire Teachers, Medium's Bright
Teachers Pay Teachers is a multi-million dollar curriculum marketplace offering teachers something more than money.
Meet Nashville's Unlikely Entrepreneur, Medium's Bright
A Nashville tech entrepreneur, driven by a conviction that inequality is a serious threat to the future, creates an entrepreneurship program for low-income teens.
What Do Students Lose by Being Perfect? Valuable Failure, MindShift
The drive to perfection has made children risk averse. Parents and teachers can work together to give kids more autonomy and opportunities for agency.


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This property is no longer available.Search for Available Property.
190 acres in Rutland County, Vermont
GALLERY IN THE FIELD is located in west-central Vermont, in the artist-rich community of Brandon. Set amidst gently rolling fields and boasting panoramic views of the Green Mtn range, this nearly 200 acre property has enjoyed success as arguably one of the most luxurious art galleries in Vermont. The timber-frame construction, vaulted ceilings, gallery-white walls, and custom designed wood flooring combine to create a unique experience for whatever your pleasure may be; art gallery/studio, music center, culinary institute, restaurant, private B&B, or residential use. Excellent year-round access via air, rail and interstate travel make this a true destination spot.
Visit www GalleryintheField com to learn more. Offering is of the real property only.
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NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


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Physical Therapy Degrees and Programs Offered in Colorado (CO)
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Occupational Therapy Assistant A.A.S.
National American University , Colorado Springs
- Serving students in higher education since 1941.
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Massage Therapist (Pueblo)
IntelliTec College , Pueblo
- Designated as a 2015 Military Friendly School by Victory Media.
- Voted one of the Best Technical Colleges in 2014 by The Gazette's "Best of the Springs" magazine.
- Approved A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau (BBB) since 2005.
- Features public salons and massage clinics where students can get real-world experience.
- Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC).
- Accredited
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Diploma-Therapeutic Massage
Are you un-employed, under-employed or looking for a stable career where you can make a real difference? Well then, you have come to the right place.
IBMC College , Fort Collins
Are you un-employed, under-employed or looking for a stable career where you can make a real difference? Well then, you have come to the right place.
At locally-owned and nationally accredited IBMC College, you can train for a rewarding, new career, all in as little as 6-23 months! With nearly 20 program options to choose from, at nearby campuses, you will find the path that is just the right fit for you.
EducationConnection , Atlanta
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text: Wow that is a long title, any ways evidence. As you can see in the picture numoro 2 of Sam and Freddie looking shocked their hands are very close together, my theory is that they were holding hands. And I wonder why Sam is wearing heels? Perhaps for more comfortable make-out sessions with someone? ;) Moving on to the first pic. Sam looks rather girly, trying to impress someone Sam? Ok this one is probably me just trippin but notice that Freddie's lip shade is rather close to Sam's. If ya know what I mean... ;) God that sounds so wrong, but that phrase behind anything and it will make it sound wrong.


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Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
Ways People Can Develop An Eating Disorder
self-esteem issues
negative body image
other struggles
a difficult experience
Help phones you can call
Who Can Have An Eating Disorder
Anyone can develope an eating disorder, even the people you least expect.
Women are more likely to develope an eating disorder than men
Different Types of Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
Also known as EDNOS
By: Madi Gingras
if you or someone you know is struggling with an eating
disorder please tell an adult
kids help phone
1 800 668 6868
hope line network
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madisen gingrason 31 March 2014
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Emozioni TransFavorites [+]
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Running Time: 82 minutes
Studio Name: BOSS Film
Categories: Shemale Transsexual International All Sex
Description: Man or woman? The privileges of one and the desires of another makes for a perfect mix everyone leaves satisfied.
3 Scenes from Emozioni Trans
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Positions: Doggy Style, Reverse Cowgirl, Side Saddle, Missionary, Standing
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Data from: Does vocal learning accelerate acoustic diversification? Evolution of contact calls in neotropical parrots
Date Published: July 14, 2015
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qv565
Content in the Dryad Digital Repository is offered "as is." By downloading files, you agree to the Dryad Terms of Service. To the extent possible under law, the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data.
|Acoustic Parameters, Body Mass, Bill Length, and Vegetation Index of 51 sp from the Arini Tribe
|11 times
|This spreadsheet includes the data on acoustic parameters, body mass, bill length, and vegetation index of the 51 species from the Arini Tribe included in our study.
|Acoustic Parameters_Body Mass_ Bill Lengt...be.csv (6.594 Kb)
|View File Details
|Distribution overlap Arini 51 sp
|8 times
|This spreadsheet contains: 1) The range of each of the 51 species from the Arini tribe included in our study, and 2) The degree of overlap of distribution ranges for all possible pairs of species.
|Distribution overlap Arini 51 sp.xlsx (87.62 Kb)
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The ago period has seen the vendition industry germinate amazingly rapidly. With petite instance to eat, and the user-friendliness and availability of peddling machines, consumers have been evacuation the machines of their products. This is best news for those who are looking for a in haste budding undertaking that will sort them a favourable alive.
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