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Cloud: It s not a nebulous concept
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1 WHITEPAPER Author: Stuart James Cloud: It s not a nebulous concept Challenging and removing the complexities of truly understanding Cloud
2 Removing the complexities to truly understand Cloud Author: Stuart James From the perspective of any business or indeed individual that uses any kind of technology, Cloud is the most over-used buzzword in business technology today, a loose label applied to a range of solutions that apparently solve all manner of issues and promise better services with all kinds of benefits. Contents 01. What is Cloud? P3 What s in a name? P3 In the beginning... P3 What is a Mainframe? P3 The problem with Mainframes... P4 How were they used at the time? P4 Has anyone concisely explained what it really is? Or is it all too easy to throw the word Cloud into an offering and expect that alone to demonstrate capability. In fact, have the majority of us just accepted it, as everyone else seems to know what it is and does, and we don t want to look ill prepared or uneducated amongst our peers? Virtualisation was born Why did we move away from Mainframes? The problem with modern day servers... P4 P4 P4 Throughout this whitepaper, nothing has been assumed, and to some may seem basic. This is intentionally so. My goal is for any reader to gain a clearer view of what Cloud really is. If you re looking to understand the possibilities of Cloud if utilised correctly, download our whitepaper entitled The Emperor s new Cloud. Questions this white paper will answer Is Cloud virtualisation? P5 02. The Cloud itself P6 03. Types of Cloud P7 04. What is Cloud Computing? P8 05. Conclusion P9 What is Cloud? Where has Cloud technology come from? Does it actually offer anything new? What is the difference between Public, Private and Hybrid Cloud What is Cloud computing Questions The Emperor s new Cloud white paper answers: Is Cloud the answer to all problems? Are there any true cost benefits? Does an Opex only model really help my business? How do I know if Cloud is right for my business?
3 01. What is Cloud? What s in a name? In the last 10 years we have been moving towards the consumption of technology in the same way we use gas or electricity. A few names were put forward for this model: Utility Computing, Grid Computing, Cloud Computing and to a certain extent even outsourcing or hosting. All of these mean more or less the same thing, however; Utility and grid aren t new terms and have been in use for many years Outsourcing became a dirty word in the late 1990 s when many businesses failed to realise the perceived benefits and went through a period of insourcing Hosting has been delivered successfully for many years from renting rack space in someone else s Data Centre (Co-Location). Or having a vendor providing a server for a businesses use (e.g. virtual or physical web servers) with the business paying a monthly or annual fee for the service So is Cloud simply a rebranding of what we already have? To a certain extent it is exactly that, a reinvention of what we already and have used for many years. However there is more than just one element to a Cloud solution. In the beginning... To many the first real use of computers in business were the huge Mainframes that powered the world s largest businesses in the 60 s and 70 s. Mainframe technology can actually trace its roots back to WWII and the ENIGMA code breaking machine, widely regarded as the first ever super-computer. So why are Mainframes so important to the understanding of Cloud? The answer becomes quite apparent; nearly every component that a Cloud service requires existed in the computing environments of the late 60 s and early 70 s! What is a Mainframe? Mainframes can be described very simply as a core group of required components: CPU (the processor that is the thinking part of a computer) Memory (where calculations and results are kept when in use) Storage (long term storage of files and documents, originally to large tape reels, now primarily disks) Network (allowing a computer to talk to another one) Operating System (the chief program that tells all the components how to work together) Programs (individual pieces of software designed to perform a certain task) So what has changed over the years? Arguably very little. All those components used then are still requirements now. They are just faster, cheaper, and far more widely available than ever before
4 The problem with Mainframes... Size - Many took up entire floors just to be able to run the monthly accounts. Cost - If your business had anything much more sophisticated than an electronic typewriter you would have had to invest a massive amount of money even for basic functionality. Complexity - Not by modern day standards, but you needed experienced and costly engineers to run, maintain and even worse, repair them. How were they used at the time? Now to the interesting part! Due to the size, cost, complexity and overhead many office buildings or campuses had a single Mainframe but then shared out the computing power to the tenant businesses. Let s put that another way, you shared computing resources with other businesses upon a single platform, paid a percentage towards the costs and had IT services delivered to your office and users with no upfront investment or associated cost of building your own infrastructure. Sound familiar? Virtualisation was born By the late 60 s it just seemed crazy to have all this computing power dedicated to running a solitary program, especially when loading the program could take many hours. A new idea was developed where a Kernel program was built onto the Mainframe hardware first. The Kernel s job was to talk to each of the programs and book a time slot for each one to take turns using the computing resources, thus ensuring the best possible use of the hardware. This was imaginatively called time sharing. That Kernel is what we would now call a Hypervisor, which is the basic component of a virtual environment. In the early 1970 s IBM coined the phrase Virtual Machine and also Virtualisation. Why did we move away from Mainframes? All those massive mainframes running all those programs could never be sustainable, so it was deemed a better idea to have a smaller computer that could happily run a program or two for a business and sit in a cupboard or under a desk, thus the modern day server was born. The problem with modern day servers... Roll forward through the years and we have new problems, those single box servers have multiplied. All of a sudden we need big costly rooms that get filled up with more and more servers, each running a new program, each requiring costly expertise to run, repair and deliver to the business the key applications it needs to function in modern times. A solution to this problem becomes clear, wouldn t it be a fantastic idea to build one big computer that replaces all the smaller servers, virtualise it and just worry about that one physical piece of hardware? In essence, virtualisation returns us to the days of the mainframe and we have gone full circle
5 Is Cloud virtualisation? There is much talk, and indeed incorrect statements that Cloud is virtualisation and vice versa. So is Virtualisation an exciting and new technology? Is it a ground breaking solution to business problems? Or is it in fact a 40 year old solution that has been in constant use by many globally and is currently enjoying new prominence over the last ten years? Modern virtualisation technologies are far more advanced and with many more features than those of decades past, and at best form a part of a cloud solution. Something that needs to be made clear though, is that you do not have to have any form of virtualisation to build a Cloud solution, it is a simple component. This is explained in more detail later in The Emperor s new Cloud whitepaper. What is true however is that virtual technologies are just cheaper, faster and far more widely available now than ever before
6 Cloud: It s not a nebulous concept 02. The Cloud itself Cloud is a confusing term, and is often used out of place. A simple statement answers What is the Cloud? The cloud is the network. The network could be your own business connections between one site and another or the internet. Think of the notion of Clouds as the metaphor itself. Above your head there can always be clouds, no matter where you are on the planet. Now think of that cloud covering as the internet and it can rain down connectivity to you wherever you are. This can be on a satellite phone, 3G modem, mobile phone, broadband and IP connectivity. In this modern age you can get connected anywhere thanks to a network that spans the entire globe. That is the Cloud network the Cloud Itself. On most network diagrams, where offices connect to each other, or break out through a firewall to the internet, each connection will be signified as a lightning bolt or a line, as used in the diagram below. All will be aiming at an illustration of a cloud. DATA CENTRE LARGE SITES HOMEWORKERS Y AR IM PR UP CK BA SATELLITE SITES BRANCH SITES
7 03. Types of Cloud There are three types of cloud networks and there are fierce debates over the values they offer and the correct choice for a business. They are: Private This can be best explained as your own private business network, you can join these remotely through a VPN connection on a PC, but is easier to understand as the connections you can make in an office or between offices before you break out to the internet through a firewall. As this is an isolated network only in use by your business it is deemed that Private Cloud networks offer the best overall security (as long as it is built correctly of course) as you or your communications provider, remain in full control Public - This is a network that involves the use of the World Wide Web, or accessing another computer and its applications through a www address. You should be prompted for security details to access the other computer or application, but the network connection itself remains a normal browsing connection. This is deemed the least secure as you are on the public network. In reality depending on what resources you intend to send and receive public Cloud connectivity is fine for the majority of standard transactions. You do however lose control of bandwidth and capability; if it was your own network you can improve direct connectivity to an application or resource Hybrid As you have probably already determined, this is a mixed delivery of private infrastructure that remains permanently secured within your own network, with public links to services external to your organisation So is the power of the network a new and ground breaking technology? No. The first bits of data sent between one computer and another occurred in the late 1940 s, by the 60 s they could communicate over dedicated telephone data lines, by the late 70 s you could receive a managed data network from suppliers globally. To continue the theme, there is nothing that new, it s just faster, cheaper and more widely available than ever before
8 04. What is Cloud Computing? Cloud computing simply means computing resource, where programs and applications are delivered centrally from the network. This results in the as a Service title that many of these solutions now employ. Again with so much associated with Cloud, there are many grey areas and blurring between different solutions. as a Service primarily consists of: SaaS Software as a Service. An application that is delivered traditionally on a per user basis. Many examples of this are currently available from mail services through to CRM systems and even collaboration and document management PaaS Platform as a Service. This allows the delivery of applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. All the required hardware and software components are delivered by a provider who then gives you the freedom to concentrate on providing the application back to your business IaaS Infrastructure as a Service. With IaaS a business is free to build, manage and use IT in the same way as on-premise, however the underlying physical components are delivered by a provider, removing the initial up front build costs and on-going maintenance and management fees. Infrastructure can be either dedicated physical components or dedicated Virtual environments Other aas - Many other solutions are trying to coin phrases to deliver additional service from the Cloud, with some the links are tenuous at best
9 05. Conclusion Cloud is a culmination of right place right time. We have the fastest, most reliable, affordable and available network and hardware yet. We have automation and virtualisation tools advanced enough to remove headaches, risks and failures from all aspects of our business applications, again at an affordable cost. All this coming together forms the Cloud and its services. In individual parts nothing is new, nothing offers a giant leap in technology, and nothing requires dramatic or drastic changes. Together though, it is a powerful and agile mix of technologies and that s why it is key to understand really what you are getting and what it means to your organisation. If you can understand its components you can easily be aware that when one vendor promotes Cloud, it s not actually always viable without looking into all other parts of what delivering (and receiving) cloud actually involves. Download The Emperor s new Clouds whitepaper for details including: Is Cloud the answer to all problems? Are there any true cost benefits? Does an Opex only model really help my business? If you wish to discuss your new found understanding of Cloud and want a provider that can deliver all the above, we at Timico believe in presenting a series of logical statements backed by fact, which allow s our customers and partners to make an informed choice from them. About the author Stuart has had a varied career delivering everything from communications to fully managed outsourced environments. He has worked as an IT partner and for the world s largest hardware and virtualisation vendors. He is passionate about dispelling myths and explaining technologies such as Cloud in plain English. Stuart is a regular speaker at Cloud events for businesses across the UK
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text:
Bjoergen wins women's 15K skiathlon at Sochi Games
KRASNAYA POLYANA, Russia
Marit Bjoergen won the women's 15-kilometer skiathlon at the Sochi Olympics, giving the Norwegian cross-country skier her fourth career gold medal.
Bjoergen pulled away from Sweden's Charlotte Kalla on the final straight Saturday to win in 38 minutes, 33.6 seconds and defend her title from the 2010 Vancouver Games.
Heidi Weng of Norway took bronze.
Kalla and Bjoergen pulled away from the leading pack of five skiers on the final uphill section coming into the stadium, but the Swede couldn't match Bjoergen's strong finish.
(Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pink-footed Goose
Anser brachyrhynchus
The Greenland/Iceland Pink-footed Goose population winters almost exclusively in Britain. This population breeds primarily in central Iceland with smaller numbers also occurring along the east coast of Greenland.
There is also a smaller population of Pink-footed Goose which breeds in Svalbard and winters in the Low Countries (the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and, increasingly, Denmark).
The Goose & Swan Monitoring Programme only monitors the Greenland / Iceland population.
- Status summary
- Life history
- Surveys
- Latest results
- Previous results
- Colour-marking
- Key references & links
Conservation Status
Global status (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species)
African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA)
European status (European Red List of Birds)
The Birds Directive (European Commission)
UK status (Birds of Conservation Concern)
UK quarry species (Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981)
Least Concern
Least Concern (Europe and EU27)
Annex II (Part B)
huntable during open season
Population Status
Flyway population size (CSR 6; Wetlands International 2015)
GB estimate (Musgrove et al. 2011)
GB trend (SUKB 2016)
Breeding success (GSMP survey)
372,000 individuals
360,000 individuals
Long-term trend (1988/89 – 2013/14): 108% increase
Ten-year trend (2003/04- 2013/14): 37% increase
Generally varied between 17% and 23% between 2004 and 2014.
Summary statistics
Annual census-derived estimates of the population size, percentage of young (%) and mean brood size (young per successful pair) of Greenland/Iceland Pink-footed Goose, 2003-2015. Data collected through the Icelandic-breeding Goose Census.
Autumn/winter Estimate of population size Percentage of young (%) Mean brood size 2015 536,871 18.8 1.89 2014 393,170 19.4 2.01 2013 372,074 17.3 2.16 2012 359,175 21.1 2.30 2011 260,325 8.5 1.77 2010 297,798 19.9 2.32 2009 364,212 17.3 1.87 2008 351,188 22.9 2.08 2007 284,405 20.0 2.27 2006 230,123 19.3 2.20 2005 302,774 18.1 1.7 2004 276,644 19.4 2.1 2003 280,998 19.0 2.19
Musgrove, A.J., G.E. Austin, R.D. Hearn, C.A. Holt, D.A. Stroud & S.R. Wotton. 2011. Overwinter population estimates of British waterbirds. British Birds 104: 364-397.
Greenland/Iceland Pink-footed Geese breed primarily in central Iceland and in smaller numbers along the east coast of Greenland. Many thousands of non-breeding birds migrate from Iceland to northeast Greenland to moult. Migration begins in early autumn to the wintering grounds, which are almost entirely in Britain. Very small numbers also occur in Ireland. From mid April, birds begin to leave Britain and stop over in southern Iceland before departing for the breeding grounds, where they arrive from mid May (Mitchell & Hearn 2004).
Flyway of the Greenland/Iceland Pink-footed Goose
Arrival in Britain begins in September particularly in northeast Scotland, at places such as Loch of Strathbeg, Aberdeenshire, and there is rapid movement further south as far as Lancashire. As winter progresses many of the birds in east central Scotland move south to England. Numbers in the southernmost wintering area of Norfolk have increased considerably since the early 1990s, and now up to half of the population occurs there in mid winter.
The traditional main winter habitat is thought to have been saltmarsh, but from the late 19th century the species has moved inland to feed on farmland. In recent decades birds have fed on valuable agricultural crops, such as fertilised grassland and cereals, and have been frequently accused of reducing crop yields and puddling soils. In autumn when they feed on fields containing post-harvest root crops, such as potatoes and waste sugar beet, they do no harm, but during mid winter and spring they graze on growing cereals and come into direct competition with livestock for the spring growth of grass leys. Local feeding studies have demonstrated seasonal changes in the diet of Pink-footed Geese apparently responding to, and in part driven by, seasonal changes in the habitats available.
Mitchell, C. & R.D. Hearn. 2004. Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus (Greenland/Iceland population) in Britain and Ireland 1960/61 – 1999/2000. Waterbird Review Series, The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust/Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Slimbridge.
Icelandic-breeding Goose Census
The Greenland/Iceland Pink-footed Goose population is monitored through the Icelandic-breeding Goose Census; an international census undertaken in Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and the Faeroe Islands. The census is undertaken annually and involves coordinated counts carried out in autumn and early winter.
Results from the census are presented in annual reports, which can be downloaded from the Reports & newsletter page.
Find out more about the Icelandic-breeding Goose Census
GSMP age assessments
The annual breeding success of the Greenland/Iceland Pink-footed Goose population is monitored through age assessments that are undertaken annually throughout the autumn and early winter. Counters record the number of first winter birds present within a flock and individual brood sizes (i.e. how many young in each family group).
Results from these age assessments are presented on the 'Latest results' tab, and a summary table can also be found on the 'Status summary' tab.
Find out more about age assessments
Results for 2015/16 [added August 2016]
The 56th consecutive Icelandic-breeding Goose Census took place during autumn and winter 2015, providing information on the abundance and distribution of Greenland/Iceland Pink-footed Geese. A full account of the census can be found in Mitchell (2016). Counts were conducted by a network of volunteer observers and professional conservation staff over the weekends of 17/18 October and 14/15 November 2015. Coverage in the UK was good and similar to the preceding year, with 113 sites visited in October and 126 in November. Outside the UK, counts were made at several sites in Iceland during October, when some birds had yet to leave breeding areas.
Totals of 530,961 and 270,101 Pink-footed Geese were counted in October and November, respectively (Table 1). The total numbers counted in these months were 37.1% higher and 19.4% lower than the respective counts in the previous year. Coverage was good and only one estimated count needed to be added to the unadjusted total. The peak winter total in October was used to derive a population estimate of 536,871 geese. This represents an increase of 36.5% since 2014/15 (Figure 1), when a population size of 393,170 individuals was estimated.
A mass arrival of Pink-footed Geese into Britain occurred just before the October 2015 count weekend. A quarter of the population had arrived in both East Central Scotland and Southeast Scotland/Northeast England and just under a fifth in Southwest Lancashire by the middle of the month. Only a half of the October count was recorded in November, with Southeast Scotland/Northeast England, for example, falling from holding a quarter of the October count total to just 4%
Table 1. Regional distribution of Pink-footed Geese during October and November 2015 (nc = not counted).
Region October November Iceland 8,000 nc Faroe Islands nc nc Ireland nc 75 North Scotland 35,293 22,195 Northeast Scotland 75,277 70,841 East Central Scotland 132,370 77,795 Southeast Scotland/northeast England 133,158 21,212 Southwest Scotland/northwest England 16,409 6,976 West England 94,332 25,531 East England 36,122 45,476 Total Counted 530,961 270,101 Estimated counts 5,910 – Adjusted total 536,871 270,101 Population estimate 536,871
Figure 1. Annual census-derived estimates of Pink-footed Goose population size, 1960-2015. Five-year running mean shown as red line. (e.g. mean for 2013 is from population estimates for 2011-2015).
Breeding success
Between early September and early November, a total of 16,765 Pink-footed Geese, in 39 flocks, was aged at various localities throughout Scotland and west England. This sample, expressed as a percentage of the 2015/16 census-derived population estimate, was 3.1%. The brood size of 404 families was also determined during this period.
Breeding success was similar to the mean for the previous decade, with 18.8% young (mean 2005-2014: 18.4% ± 1.22 SE) (Figure 2). The mean brood size of successful pairs was 1.89 juveniles, which was also similar to the mean recorded during the previous ten years (mean 2005-2014: 2.07 ± 0.07 SE).
Age counts were taken in several regions, but at different times during the autumn. This leads to differences in the percentage young and mean brood sizes recorded both spatially and temporally. Traditionally, all age counts have been collated and overall figure calculated, but the results from autumn 2015 suggest that there is some variation in age assessments both geographically and temporally and collating all the figures masks these differences.
Table 2. The percentage of young and mean brood size of Pink-footed Geese in autumn 2014.
Region Time period Total aged Percentage of young (%) Number of broods Mean brood size North Scotland Late Oct 1,350 18.4 – – Northeast Scotland Late Sep 1,000 27.1 36 2.33 Early Oct 1,500 26.5 29 2.17 Late Oct 1,000 19.8 5 2.20 Early Oct – – 2 1.50 East Central Scotland Early Oct 1,050 19.3 7 2.57 Late Oct 4,300 17.2 10 2.70 Southwest Scotland Late Sept 427 34.9 17 3.29 West England Early Oct 3,400 12.6 181 1.67 Early Nov 443 10.6 24 1.45 East England Late Oct 2,295 20.3 93 1.77 Overall 16,765 18.8 404 1.89
Figure 2. The percentage of young (blue columns) and mean brood size (red circles) of Pink-footed Geese, 1960-2015.
Large counts at some of the principal resorts in mid October 2015 suggested that there had been a mass arrival of Pink-footed Geese into Britain in the weeks prior to the count weekend. The count of 85,632 Pink-footed Geese at Montrose Basin, Angus, was the largest IGC count ever recorded at a single site and accounted for 16% of the entire population. West Water Reservoir, Borders held 82,920 birds on the same date. A total of 14 sites held over 10,000 geese at the time of the October census and 27 sites held over 5,000 birds. It is well established that some key wetland sites support higher numbers of geese soon after they arrive in northern Britain, and numbers decline as geese move south within Scotland or onto Lancashire and Norfolk. However, the low number counted in the November census (269,579, or 50% of the October count) was remarkable in how few birds were counted.
The 2015 population estimate of 536,871 was 36.5% higher than the figure for October 2014 (393,170) and, by far, the highest population estimate ever recorded. Breeding success in 2015 was about average and appears to be more than compensating for annual mortality. The 2015 population estimate confirms that the counts of autumn 2010 and 2011 underestimated the total number of geese in the population in those years. However, the increase of nearly 144,000 birds between 2014 and 2015 suggest that the most recent counts in 2012-2014 also probably underestimated the true number of birds in the population. Assuming steady growth in the population the annual rate of increase since 1987 has been at about 3.0% per annum.
Pink-footed Goose breeding success in summer 2015, at 18.8%, was unremarkable and similar to the long-term average of 18.4% (+ 1.22 SE) over the most recent ten years. The average productivity was also confirmed by the proportion of young in the Iceland bag; at 26.9%, this was just lower than the recent average (28.2%) for the ten year period 2005 to 2014 (A. Sigfússon in litt.). Hunting of Pink-footed Geese in Iceland appears stable with 16,656 shot there 2014 (the year for which the most recent data are available). Unfortunately, no comparable data exist for the number shot in the UK. It would appear that sustained output of around 20% young per annum, and annual mortality probably static, in terms of the number of birds shot, is sufficient to fuel a steady increase in numbers.
The November 2015 count recorded only 270,101 birds, approximately half the number counted a month before. In the three years prior to 2015, the November count had been, on average, 83% of the October count. Poor weather, particularly around the Irish Sea on the weekend of the November count affected count conditions on the Solway Firth and probably at other western sites too, which may have led to undercounts. In Southwest Lancashire numbers fell from over 92,000 geese to 24,000 between October and November, a difference of nearly 70,000 birds. The number in Norfolk only increased by 15,000 birds so it is unlikely that those absent from Southwest Lancashire were there. Thus, undercounting on the Solway Firth and Southwest Lancashire in November is a very real possibility. In addition, recent telemetry data has identified a number of new roosts, including flooded areas close to rivers, that, due to their temporary nature, are not counted. Some Pink-footed Geese in November may have been using such roosts.
Alternatively, the October counts may have over-estimated the true number of Pink-feet in Britain. To this end, counters were asked to double check their count figures and typographical errors in the data entry were also checked. As far as is it is possible to tell, the high October count appears to be valid. Checks were made in Denmark and there was no evidence from marked birds, or ring-recoveries that there had been an influx of birds from the Svalbard population (J.Madsen in litt.). It is possible that in the years between 2009 and 2015, some Pink-footed Geese remained in Iceland, or even in east Greenland, at the time of the October counts, although information from hunters in the interior of Iceland in early October suggest that this is unlikely. The first snows in the interior of Iceland tend to occur in mid September, pushing the birds south, and GPS location data from marked Pink-footed Geese indicated that movements from East Greenland to Iceland were in early September and departure from Iceland was in the last days of September.
Thus, it must be tentatively concluded that since 2009/10, the annual autumn IGC counts have probably underestimated the true number of Pink-footed Geese within the Iceland/Greenland population. The breeding range and abundance of Pink-footed Geese in Iceland and north and east Greenland have increased in recent decades, confirming a population increase. However, it is apparent that the surveillance undertaken to track the population is markedly different to the situation up to the early 2000s. In some years since 2000, more roosts, that are not counted, are probably being used, and the timing of the IGC October count needs to be carefully chosen to avoid large number of birds remaining in Iceland. Pink-footed Geese tend to leave the highlands of Iceland once the first snow falls in September. The timing of the departure from Greenland is largely unknown. Any change in the timing of early autumn snowfall, caused by climate change may be affecting the dates the geese arrive in the UK.
In 2015, it would appear that for the first time since 2009/10, the vast majority of geese had left Iceland and they were concentrated at traditional roosts that are well covered by IGC. A combination that was conducive to the best population estimate possible.
As ever, thanks are extended to the many IGC counters who provided the basis of the population assessments. Of particular importance is the role of the Local Organisers. Goose count information was also provided by G. Gudmundsson and A. Sigfússon from Iceland, and Helen Boland from Birdwatch Ireland from Ireland. Ian Patterson, Kane Brides and Larry Griffin kindly provided additional age counts.
Mitchell, C. 2016. Status and distribution of Icelandic-breeding geese: results of the 2015 international census. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust/Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report, Slimbridge.
Previous annual results will be archived here. Annual Icelandic-breeding Goose Census reports can be found on the Reports & newsletter page.
In the 1950s, WWT initiated a study into the population dynamics of Pink-footed Geese. The first capture was of seven in southwest Scotland on 22 March 1950, and the following winter a further 686 were marked. By the end of the decade, some 11,844 had been newly ringed in northern Britain. Two expeditions to the breeding grounds in central Iceland caught 1,151 flightless Pink-footed Geese in 1951 and a remarkable 8,745 in 1953. The geese were marked with metal rings only but generated many recoveries with rings being returned by wildfowlers.
A second phase of marking began in the late 1980s, with renewed interest in the fortunes of this population as numbers were increasing. The birds were marked in wintering areas, primarily WWT Martin Mere and Loch Leven, with either engraved plastic leg rings or neck collars. The highest number caught was 348 in 1988 and between 1987 and 2016, a total of 3,345 had been marked. A further 41 birds were caught in Iceland in July 1987. Then, between 1996 and 2000, WWT joined colleagues from the Icelandic Institute of Natural History to capture geese on their breeding grounds in north and central Iceland. This resulted in a further 3,246 newly ringed birds, the vast majority of which were fitted with neck collars. In recent years, captures have been much reduced but have continued in Britain thanks to efforts by the Tay Ringing Group and the Grampain Ringing Group.
During the winter, Pink-footed Geese are usually caught using large nets fired over grazing flocks; these were initially powered by rockets, but since the 1980s, cannons have been used. During the summer months on the breeding quarters, goslings are growing their first flight feathers and the adult birds become flightless whilst moulting and replacing their flight feathers. It is, therefore, possible to round up the flightless geese (rather like rounding up sheep) into netted corrals.
In total, more than 65,000 sightings of colour-marked birds have been made since the late 1980s. These individually-marked birds, some of which have been seen more than 50 times throughout their lifetime, have allowed a detailed understanding of the individual pairing and breeding success, survival rates and site selection. This information, along with other demographic data from the Goose & Swan Monitoring Programme, has been used to explain changes in population size and distribution (e.g. Frederiksen et al. 2004).
Resightings of colour-marked Pink-footed Geese have led to a number of important discoveries concerning their movements and individual use of the flyway. This work has confirmed that the geese migrate from breeding grounds in Greenland and Iceland, staging at important sites in east Scotland before perhaps up to a half of the population migrate south to Lancashire and Norfolk, though there is almost certainly also some direct arrival into Lancashire.
Ring combinations used
Grey neck collar Orange leg ring White leg ring Alpha/numeric A3 – U7 – – Alpha/alpha AA – ZZ – – Numeric/numeric – – 01 – 99 Numeric/alpha 3A – 7L – – Alpha/alpha/alpha AAA – TZZ AAA – BZZ AAA – TYZ
If you see any colour-marked Pink-footed Geese with these combinations please send your sightings to email@example.com
Frederiksen, M., R.D. Hearn, C. Mitchell, A.Þ. Sigfússon, R.L. Swann & A.D. Fox. 2004. The size and dynamics of Icelandic-breeding goose populations: a reassessment of the evidence. Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 315-334.
Survey results
Icelandic-breeding Goose Census reports: See the Reports & newsletter page
Wetland Bird Survey annual report
Relevant publications
Mitchell, C. 2012. Mapping the distribution of feeding Pink-footed and Iceland Greylag Geese in Scotland. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust / Scottish Natural Heritage Report, Slimbridge. Download
Mitchell, C. & Hearn, R.D. 2004. Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus (Greenland/Iceland population) in Britain and Ireland 1960/61 – 1999/2000. Waterbird Review Series, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust / Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Slimbridge. Download
Other relevant material
Birdlife International Species factsheet
British Trust for Ornithology: BirdFacts
Review of Goose Management Policy in Scotland 2010
Hunting in Iceland: The numbers of Pink-footed Geese hunted in Iceland are available here.


text:
Noble Quarter of Ryoko Owari Toshi was the home of pretty much all the Scorpion samurai in the city. It was exempt from the vice that filled the rest of the city. [1]
Appearance Edit
It was built on the Noble Hill and there was a thick and beautiful wall around, to keep the social ranks pure and separated from the rest. [2] The houses in this district were the biggest, the buildings the most graceful, and the gates, sables and gardens were flawlessly kept. The streets were smooth and comfortable. [3]
Old Section Edit
The Old Section neighborhood stretched along the wall between the Noble and Merchant Quarters, which was the oldest part of an the city. It was actually burned down by the Lion Clan at one point, and most of the buildings were newer than those in the New Section. [3]
Locations Edit
- The Civil Hall: was the city heart of politics, and housed cells and torture chambers. [4]
- The Shosuro Palace.
- The Dragon's Gate.
- The Gate of Condescension.
- The Scorpion Garden.
- Sacred Truth Home, a holding of the Hogosha family.
New Section Edit
The New Section neighborhood was built during the the reign of Hantei XIX, when the growth of the city necessitated the expansion of the Noble Quarter. When the Lion Clan attacked a few decades later, they spared the New Section. The houses here were a little smaller than in the Old Section, and the streets were not quite as wide and generous, but it was still a beautiful part of town, full of cozy streets and tidy gardens. [5]
Locations Edit
- The Bettaku: was a cluster of small houses in the New Section of Ryoko Owari Toshi near South Peony drive. Mostly women lived there, generally from families of minor noble status. They were all the out of sight lovers or mistresses of prominent nobles. [6]
- The Ide Residence: it had a bulbous roof and encircling wings, which made one of the most strange buildings in the city. [7]
- The Magistrate Residence.
After the Coup Edit
Along with the Temple District, the Noble Quarter suffered the most severe losses when the Crab razed the city during their march against Otosan Uchi. The Noble Quarter had been completely repaired. [8]
- ↑ A Forgotten Saga, Part 1, by Shawn Carman
- ↑ City of Lies: Player's Guide, p. 31
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 City of Lies: Location Guide, p. 50
- ↑ City of Lies: Location Guide, pp. 51-52
- ↑ City of Lies: Location Guide, p. 52
- ↑ City of Lies: Location Guide, p. 53
- ↑ City of Lies: Location Guide, pp. 52-53
- ↑ Way of the Thief, p. 65
|This Scorpion Clan related article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


text:
Mark and Livy: The Love Story of Mark Twain and the Woman Who Almost Tamed Himby Resa Willis
Olivia Langdon Clemens was not only the love of Mark Twain's life and the mother of his children, she was also his editor, muse, critic and trusted advisor. She read his letters and speeches. He relied on her judgment on his writing, and readily admitted that she not only edited his work, but also edited his public persona.Until now, little has been known about Livy's crucial place in Twain's life. In Resa Willis's affecting and fascinating biography, we meet a dignified, optimistic women who married young, raised three sons and a daughter, endured myriad health problems and money woes and who faithfully traipsed all over the world with Twain--Africa, Europe, Asia--while battling his moodiness and her frailty.Twain adored her. A hard-drinking dreamer with an insatiable wanderlust, he needed someone to tame him. It was Livy who encouraged him to finish his autobiography even through the last stages of her illness. When she died in 1904, Twain's zest for life and writing was gone. He died six years later.
A triumph of the biographer's art, Mark and Livy presents the fullest picture yet of one of the most influential women in American letters.
Editorial Reviews
Product Details
- 9781135936822
- Publisher:
- Taylor & Francis
- Publication date:
- 06/01/2004
- Sold by:
- Barnes & Noble
- Format:
- NOOK Book
- Pages:
- 366
- File size:
Read an Excerpt
Chapter One
"I feel so frightfully banished."
A death reflects the pattern of a life. It is one more daily incident, even if it is the last one. And so it was also for Olivia Langdon Clemens. Her death mirrored her life and her relationship with her husband, Samuel Clemens. As in all the events of her life, it was characterized by what she allowed her husband to see, what he wanted to see, and what really happened. As Mark Twain's greatest literary creation, the Livy he envisioned and the Livy that really existed lived together in an accepted tension in one very human woman.
Olivia Clemens spent the final day of her fifty-eight years, Sunday, June 5, 1904, at the Villa di Quarto, three miles from Florence, Italy. The villa had been her home since November 9, 1903 when her husband, her daughtersClara, aged twenty-nine and Jean, aged twenty-threemoved her there from Riverdale, New York with the hope that her health would improve in a warmer, drier climate.
Clemens described Livy in her final illness as "being smitten helpless by nervous prostration complicated with an affection of the heart of several years' standing."
It was the "affection of the heart," the complications from hyperthyroidism, that ended her life. Livy had suffered intermittently all of her life from the elusive nervous disorders that struck the upper-class nineteenth-century woman. It was called by a number of names: nervous prostration, neurasthenia, hysteria. Diaries, letters, journals of this time record women and their invalidism. Thedisease was elusive, for it tended to strike only the upper class. Poor women simply could not afford to be delicate and frail. Illness was one way of not dealing with a world that did not know what to do with an intelligent woman who was not allowed to achieve on her own, let alone compete with men. Whether real or imagined, the symptoms were painful enough to the women who suffered from this malaise. The wealthy could literally afford to be idle; being sick just legitimized itOlivia Clemens included.
Mysteriously paralyzed as a young woman, Livy spent two years on her back in a darkened room. She was eventually "cured" enough to marry Clemens, bear four children, and run an elaborate household as well as serve as literary editor for her husband. But she remained frail in the mind of her husband, despite his own words that "For from that day that she was eighteen until she was fifty-six she was always able to walk a quarter of a mile without stopping to rest; and more than once I saw her walk a quarter of a mile without serious fatigue."
A Countess Massiglia owned the villa that the Clemens family hoped would restore Livy as wife and mother to them. Clemens's private secretary Isabel Lyon remembered this countess as a pretentious American: "The Countess is none other than a vicious woman of whom I knew a little in Philadelphia about 15 years ago." Then her name was Mrs. Barney Campan. She was later divorced by her husband when she was found "tampering with the affections of her mother's boarder." Miss Lyon's dislike for the woman is obvious: "Count Massiglia is far away serving his country as Consul, in Persia or Siam, and he is likely to stay there too; and it seems to me that for the sake of peace or freedom, he has left this Villa in the hands of the Countess.... Here she remains, a menace to the peace of the Clemens household, with her painted hair, her great coarse voice, her slitlike vicious eyes, her dirty clothes, and her terrible manners."
The stormy atmosphere between the countess and Clemens proved worse than the damp and chill of Riverdale. The battle between them began the moment the Clemens family reached Florence. The countess forced the family to stay in a hotel because she would not allow anyone in the villa until the Clemens family occupied it. So an old friend and neighbor, Mrs. Janet Ross, could not prepare the villa as had been planned for their arrival. Mrs. Ross had found the Clemenses a Florentine villa twelve years before, and the fond memories of their stay at Villa Viviani had led the Clemens family to want to return to Italy.
His nerves no doubt frayed from Livy's ill health, Clemens saw the countess as determined to make him and his family as miserable as possible. Her actions seemed to confirm his beliefs. The lease stated a sick person could not be placed in the very room that had been chosen as the best one for Livy. He accused the countess of removing furnishings that were to go with the villa, smearing her dogs with kerosene so that they would rub against his daughters and visitors, cutting the telephone wires, shutting off the water, and locking the gates so Livy's doctors could not attend her. As Isabel Lyon stated, "Her viciousness seems to grow, as she realizes that she cannot make a tool of Mr. Clemens, nor use the lovely Clemens daughters as tools of another kind to give a place in society." The situation was aggravated by the fact that the countess and her mother lived nearby in a house on the villa's grounds. Clemens would seek restitution from this "excitable, malicious, malignant, vengeful, unforgiving, selfish, stingy, avaricious, coarse, vulgar, profane, obscene" woman through a series of lawsuits that were to drag on after Livy's death.
Clemens described the three-storied villa as "built for fuss & show ... not for a home." It was a "huge confusion of rooms and halls and corridors and cells and wasted spaces." Miss Lyon felt the more than sixty rooms had been "tortured into hideousness by the atrocious taste of the present owner."
Even if the villa was not the best location for a frail woman, in the spring of 1904 Livy was able to enjoy some of the beauty of the Italian countryside. Her bedroom and private parlor were at the southern end of the house. This location allowed the sun to pour "its light in through the thirty-three glass doors or windows which pierce the side of the house." From mid-May when she had the strength, for she could rarely stand for more than five minutes at a time, and when it was not raining as it did a great deal that spring, she could sit in her wheelchair on the veranda. She could see Dante's city of Florence on the plain below, often shrouded in a mist. The hills were dotted with other villas and the domes of distant churches. Snowcapped mountains peaked beyond. Olive trees that provided the aromatic wood for the fireplaces in the villa draped their branches over the high iron fence that surrounded the villa and the high stone walls on either side of the road. Sheep and donkeys traversed this narrow road that meandered down into Florence. Clemens described the scenery as a "persistent inspiration ... when the afternoon arrives there will be a new picture every hour till dark, and each of them divineor progressing from divine to diviner and divinest."
Katy Leary, the Clemenses' faithful servant for twenty-four years, remembered the bounty of roses that grew in the garden. Even in December a person could "cut the roses by the bushel." Blossoms from the orange trees and the roses filled the house in the evening with smells while nightingales, owls, and church bells filled the nights with sound. Don Raffaello Stiattisi, a neighboring priest who became a friend of the family and who housed Miss Lyon and her mother when the countess had them evicted from a cottage on the villa grounds, had the bell ringing stopped when he learned it disturbed Livy. Although he could not silence the owls, he informed the family that they regularly nested at the villa. Despite the priest's reassurances about the hooting, Livy told Katy, "I know that's a sign of death."
Clemens was optimistic about his wife's recovery. On Livy's last day, Sunday, June 5, 1904, he and Jean had gone out looking for another villa. As a young wife in Hartford, Connecticut, Livy had written her husband, "I believe there is nothing that sooner ruins the happiness of a family than a worrying woman." After thirty-four years of marriage, Clemens was still sensitive to his wife's worries. He had written in January that Livy worried about the problems with the countess and about her mounting medical expenses so much that she often couldn't sleep. Both Clemens and the countess wanted to be rid of each other; now he felt that Livy was well enough to be moved.
Livy had seemed better to him and "the girls," as she had always called her daughters. After twenty months of watching her waste away, Clemens reported his wife "ceases to be a pallid, shrunken shadow, & looks bright & young & pretty. She remains what she always was, the most wonderful creature of fortitude, patience, endurance, and recuperative power that ever was." His constant fear was always of her "retrogression"; that "pathetic something in the eye which betrays the secret of a waning hope would return."
The heart problems, the rheumatism, an attack of tonsilitis in January had all taken their toll. Clemens wanted to believe his wife was getting better, would recover as she had done in the past, that she would live, but Livy had given up. The choking sessions left her "white, haggard, exhausted, & quivering with fright." She was terrified and told her husband that she didn't want to die. Fear of strangulation forced her to sit up in bed both day and night, getting very little sleep. She often had to have oxygen to make her breathing easier or an injection of brandy to relax her tense body. She frightened her husband by asking, "You don't think I am going to die, do you? Oh, I don't want to die." Yet she conceded to Katy that she knew she was dying.
A week before her death she asked Katy to dress her when she died in a certain lavender satin gown trimmed with lace. The dress was a particular favorite by Madame Fogarty of New York. Mrs. Fogarty had made most of Livy's dresses including her wedding dress and trousseau when she was a young bride. Despite Katy's Irish insistence not to speak of such things, Livy said, "I don't think I can live much longer." Although very weak and seldom strong enough to speak, Livy whispered that she missed America and desired to see her sister, Sue Crane, again before she died. Katy admitted later, "I'm sure Mrs. Clemens knew she was going to die, but she didn't let the family know how she felt."
Her fear of exciting the family and worrying them to excess and their mutual fears for Livy had been the basis of their family life. During her most serious illnesses, Livy's doctors limited Clemens to restricted visits at his wife's bedside for fear that in his anxiety and dependence on her he would overexcite her and bring on the one thing the doctors hoped to minimize by keeping him from hera worsened condition.
In these last, lingering months of illness in Riverdale and now in Villa di Quarto, Clemens was permitted to see his wife only once a day to tell her good night. He was only to see her for five minutes, but Katy recounted, "He broke the rules pretty often and he'd slip in sometimes during the day, just for a glimpse of her. She'd put her arms around his neck the first thing, and he'd hold her soft, and give her one of them [sic] tender kisses.... It was a love that was more than earthly loveit was heavenly."
During much of their earthly married life, the Clemenses were often separated by the necessity of Clemens's lecture tours to earn money or his absence due to various other publishing or business ventures. In 1885 Livy had written her husband while he was away from home, "My wish now is that we might live yet together twenty or thirty-five years and never be one night seperated [sic]." She did not get her wish, but often had to communicate with her husband throughout their marriage in writing.
Clemens had first won Livy's heart through love letters. Now in the end of their life together, they again had to express their love on paper. Clemens's room was next to hers so they could hear each other's every move. He occupied his time by dictating, at Livy's suggestion, his autobiography to Isabel Lyon. When her health permitted, Livy still acted as her husband's editor by listening to portions of his autobiography during his brief visits. "Mrs. Clemens is an exacting critic," Clemens wrote Howells, "but I have not talked a sentence yet that she has wanted altered."
Livy felt their separation as keenly as her husband did. On a note folded in half and addressed to "S. L. Clemens Esq.," she expressed her love and loneliness:
Youth my own precious Darling:
I feel so frightfully banished. Couldn't you write in my boudoir? then I could hear you clear your throat & it would be such a joy to feel you so near.
I miss you sadly sadly. Your note in the morning gave me support for the day, the one at night peace for the night. With the deepest love of my heart your Livy.
The last afternoon Clemens spent with his wife he thought her health to be much better. When he and Jean returned from looking for another villa, Clara, who usually sat with her mother in the afternoons, greeted them with the news that she thought her mother was much more animated than she had been in a long time. The three of them then repeated, "Unberufen," the German word the Clemens family used for good luck, so as not to jinx Clara's observation and all their hopes.
Clemens described his wife in her illness as "the most wonderful creature of fortitude, patience, endurance, and recuperative power that ever was." In the last few hours of her life Livy presented a bright face to her husband, although she had been ill all afternoon and the nurse had felt it necessary to give her oxygen.
Clemens was confident he had found the perfect villa for them. In his grief a few days following Livy's death he described to his old friend Joseph Twichell how she had wanted to hear all the details. Clemens wrote, "She wanted a homea home of her own; that she was tired & wanted rest, & could not rest & be in comfort & peace while she was homeless." Clemens had spent much of his life blaming himself for often uncontrollable incidents that took place in his life. He condemned himself for their firstborn son Langdon's death at nineteen months of diphtheria and of their favorite daughter Susy's death at twenty-four of spinal meningitis. Now he added his wife's homelessness and death to his list of self-recriminations. After her death, in an attempt to expiate his self-induced guilt that he had made his wife homeless, he wrote her brother Charles Langdon to assure him that he had not spared any expense or consideration in caring for her.
At Livy's insistence about hearing of the new villa, Clemens remained in her room from 7:30 until 8:00 that evening although he was acutely aware that he was breaking the rules. "She was bright and cheerfula rare thing these last weeksand she would talk, although it was a forbidden privilege, because she was so easily exhausted. She was full of interest in the calls which Jean and I had been making, and asked all about the people, and was like her old self. And smiled!" He feared he would tire her. But she said no that he must come back and see her at his appointed time of 9:30 to say good night. Her interest, her smile, "It lifted me up and made me believe the impossiblethat she would walk again, be our comrade again!"
As he left her room, they threw kisses to each other. He gloried in her expression, "her face all bright with that new-found smileI not dreaming that I was looking upon that dear face for the last time in life." He left her room happy at the prospect of a future with his wife. In his "deep contentment," he did something he had rarely done since Susy's death eight years earlier, "whose death made a wound in her mother's heart which never healed"; he sat down at the piano to play and sing the Negro spirituals that Susy and Livy had so loved.
When Katy returned from church that evening, she went to attend Livy, as was her practice. Livy admitted to her, "Oh, I have been awful sick all the afternoon, Katy." She heard her husband playing "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot," "My Lord He Calls Me," and "Go Chain the Lion Down" on the piano. Her last words were, "He is singing a good-night carol to me."
The end came not by strangulation as she had feared but by heart failure. She died sitting up in bed. Katy recalled, "I was fanning her and thenshe fell right over on my shoulder. She died right then in my arms. She drew a little short breath ... just once, and was gone! She died so peaceful and a smile was on her face." The oxygen pipe to her mouth was no longer needed.
In writing the sad news to his friend Howells, Clemens placed himself in Livy's room at her death. "Last night at 9.20 I entered Mrs. Clemens's room to say the usual good-night& she was dead! tho' no one knew it." Livy's obituary in the Elmira Telegram perpetuated the story that she died in his arms. Clemens placed himself with her at her death because he wished he had been. In reality, he had finished playing the piano, pausing only in surprise to find Jean listening to him. "She asked me to go on, only the astonishment remained, and it was a pleasant one and inspiring." When he finished, he went to his room. He pondered how he might tell Livy that Jean had enjoyed his playing and singing but decided not to for fear it would remind her of Susy. As Clemens was thinking of saying good night to his wife, Isabel Lyon came to him. Lyon recorded in her diary, "'Is it an alarm?' he saidbut I didn't know, they only told me to run and get him."
What Clemens found when he entered Livy's room, he set down in words a few hours later:
Livy was sitting up in bed, with her head bent forwardshe had not been able to lie down for seven monthsand Katy was on one side of the bed and the nurse on the other, supporting her; Clara and Jean were standing near the foot of the bed, looking dazed. I went around and bent over and looked into Livy's face, and I think I spoke to her, I do not know; but she did not speak to me, and that seemed strange, I could not understand it. I kept looking at her and wonderingand never dreaming of what had happened! Then Clara said, "But is it true? Katy, is it true? it can't be true." Katy burst into sobbings, and then for the first time I knew.
The remaining family members clung to each other and cried. Clemens held Livy in his arms for the last time. He remarked how beautiful, "young and sweet" she looked. In informing friends of her death, each time he repeated how death had seemed to rejuvenate her. "How sweet she was in death, how young, how beautiful, how like her dear girlish self of thirty years ago." To all, Sue Crane, Reverend Joseph Twichell, William Dean Howells, Clemens remarked how odd it was that Livy did not notice him touching her. She was "unresponsive to my reverent caressesa new thing to me and a new thing to her; that had not happened before in five and thirty years." He also insisted that her death was a surprise. "I was not expecting this. In the last few days I was beginning to hope and half-believe, she would get well."
As a writer, the bereaved husband tried to find some solace in words. At 11:15 that same evening he wrote, "She has been dead two hours. It is impossible. The words have no meaning. But they are true; I know it, without realizing it. She was my life, and she is gone; she was my riches, and I am a pauper. How sudden it was, how wholly unexpected." He spent the night pacingwandering from his room to gaze at her face.
Although Clemens insisted to friends and family that her death was unexpected, as all deaths are no matter how long the person lingers, he admitted in the passage he wrote a few hours after Livy's death that his desire for her recovery was only that, a wish.
Poor tired child, how she loved her life, how longingly and eagerly she clung to it through all these twenty-two months of captivity and loneliness and bodily suffering, and how pathetically she searched our eyes for hope! And how these bitter months we lied to her loyally and said she would get well sure, when we knew in our hearts it would never be! Only four hours agoand now there she lies, white and still!
Throughout Livy's final illness, husband and wife had "loyally" lied and put up a brave front to each other about her surviving. Eventually he would be able to admit to Twichell and others, "Deep down in our hearts we believed she would never get out of her bed again."
Only two years before, Livy had written a letter of consolation to a friend whose mother had died in which she had stated, "One of the hard things is that we go one at a time." In going one at a time others are left behind to cope. The importance of Olivia Clemens to her family can be seen in their reactions to her death. One of Clemens's pet names for her was "my dear little gravity" and for the Clemens family the name was appropriate. She was the center that held them together. At her death each drew into himself or herself with grief.
In his notebook Clemens chided himself, "I was full of remorse for the things done & said in these 34 years of married life that hurt Livy's heart." He blamed himself for staying too long in her room the night she died and for all the hurtful things, real or imagined, he said to her over the years. He was thankful for her release. He wrote Howells, "But how thankful I am that her persecutions are ended. I would not call her back if I could." The words "I wish I were with Livy" reverberate through his letters to friends. Clemens readily admitted that he felt tired and old.
He was not the only member of the family to feel tired and old. In the hours following her mother's death, Jean had her first epileptic seizure in thirteen months. Clemens paced until he was exhausted, yet he said of Clara, "It would break Livy's heart to see Clara." Clara lay sobbing under her mother's casket. When Katy could get her to go to bed, Clara insisted on lying in the bed her mother had died in. In a strange repetition of the ritual with Livy, Clemens was allowed to see Clara, who "keeps her bed & says nothing," only twice a day. As Clara's despair grew worse, "nervously wrecked by her mother's death," she would eventually have a breakdown and be "in the hands of a specialist" in New York. Clemens would not be able to contact her even by phone for a year. A year later Isabel Lyon accurately described Livy's death as "the great tragedy of this family."
The tributes to Olivia Langdon Clemens following her death give testament to a well-loved and respected woman. Howells declared, "She hallowed what she touched, far beyond priests." Clemens agreed with his adoration. "The family's relation to her was peculiar & unusual, & could not exist toward another. Our love for her was the ordinary love, but added to it was a reverent & quite conscious worship."
In his tribute, Twichell described Livy as "one of the loveliest and best of women. To an extraordinary grace of person and of manners she added an equal grace of universal kindliness and gentle good will.... A more right-minded woman could not be. In her domestic relations she was everything that is excellent; a perfect wife and mother. To her distinguished husband she was ever a good angel, and his intellectual companion and helpmate as well."
Sentiments expressed on the death of a loved one are often exaggerated, but for the life of Olivia Langdon Clemens enough superlatives could not seem to be found, nor were they mere outpourings of bereavement. Friends and family readily agreed with her husband that "she was the most beautiful spirit, and the highest and the noblest I have known. And now she is dead."
Yet every death begins with a life, and Livy's began in Elmira, New York.
Meet the Author
Resa Willis is Professor of English and chair of the English Department at Drury University, in Springfield, Missouri. She has lectured on Twain and Livy in the United States and abroad.
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I've not even seen Tweddle on TV. Why do I care? But I do
In gymnastics, the ideal competitor is a sparrow
I am in danger of developing Olympic fatigue. My access-all-areas press pass, which I tore from its wrappers back in July hangs now, on day 243 of these Games, like a grim reproach on the back of my bedroom door. When I wake and smell sunshine and drizzle in the air, and think of going to wake my daughter and maybe take her to the park or to the shops to buy something nice for lunch, I see it, hanging there on its grotesque orange and purple lanyard, and I remember, "Oh, the Games. The bloody Games."
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