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Initial oxidation of zirconium: oxide-film growth kinetics and mechanisms
- Claribel Strickland
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1 Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme (ehemals Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung) Stuttgart Initial oxidation of zirconium: oxide-film growth kinetics and mechanisms Georgijs Bakradze Dissertation an der Universität Stuttgart Bericht Nr. 238 November 2011
3 Initial oxidation of zirconium: oxide-film growth kinetics and mechanisms von der Fakultät Chemie der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Abhandlung vorgelegt von Georgijs Bakradze aus Riga/Lettland Hauptberichter: Mitberichter: Prüfungsvorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Ir. E. J. Mittemeijer Prof. Dr. J. Bill Prof. Dr. E. Roduner Tag der Einreichung: Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR INTELLIGENTE SYSTEME (ehemals MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR METALLFORSCHUNG) INSTITUT FÜR MATERIALWISSENSCHAFT DER UNIVERSITÄT STUTTGART Stuttgart 2011
5 Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen. 1 L. J. J. Wittgenstein ( ) 1 (Germ.) What we cannot speak about we must pass over in silence.
7 Contents Contents General introduction Initial oxidation of metals Focus of the thesis Zirconium and zirconium oxide (zirconia) Zirconium Zirconium oxide (zirconia) Short overview on zirconium oxidation studies Methods of characterization Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Real-time in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry Scanning tunneling microscopy Time-of-flight secondary ion mass-spectrometry References The different initial oxidation kinetics of Zr(0001) and Zr(10-10) surfaces Introduction Experimental Data evaluation AR-XPS data RISE data Results and discussion Oxide-film constitution... 38
8 2.4.2 Oxide film thickness: comparison of AR-XPS and RISE analyses Oxide-film growth kinetics Conclusions References Valence-band and chemical-state analyses of Zr and O in thermally-grown thin zirconium-oxide films: an XPS study Introduction Experimental procedure and spectra evaluation Results and discussion The oxide-film valence band spectra The local chemical states of O and Zr in the oxide films Conclusions References An STM study of the initial oxidation of single-crystalline Zr surfaces Introduction Experimental Results and discussion Oxide-film microstructure at T = K Evolution of the oxide microstructure at 450 K Conclusions References Atomic transport mechanisms in thin oxide films grown on zirconium by thermal oxidation, as-derived from 18 O-tracer experiments...83
9 5.1 Introduction Experimental Specimen preparation Thermal oxidation In-situ deposition of an Al capping layer XPS, ToF-SIMS and HR-TEM analysis The oxide-film microstructure O-tracer depth distributions: identification of governing transport mechanisms Proposed oxidation mechanism Conclusions References Summary Zusammenfassung List of used abbreviations List of publications Acknowledgements...117
11 Chapter 1 General introduction 1.1 Initial oxidation of metals The chemical interaction of a metal surface with oxygen gas is a typical example of a heterogeneous chemical reaction, which can be described by the following chemical equation: x Me(s) + y/2 O 2 (g) Me x O y (s). (1.1) The oxidation reaction typically has a large thermodynamic driving force, owing to a negative standard free-energy change, G. Consequently, most oxidation reactions run spontaneously in the forward direction under ambient conditions: i.e. they do not require any activation. As a result, a native oxide film inevitably forms on most metal surfaces under ambient conditions. However, the sign and magnitude of G only states the feasibility (i.e. the thermodynamic driving force) for the oxidation reaction. It does not bear any information on the rate of oxide formation, as governed by the reaction kinetics at the phase boundaries (i.e. the gas/oxide and oxide/metal interface), as well as by the transport rate of the reactants (metal, oxygen and electron species) through the initial oxide film [1]. The native oxide layer on a metal surface typically acts as a diffusion barrier between the reactants, thereby inhibiting further oxidation of the underlying metallic compound. In practice, this knowledge is utilized to enhance the corrosion resistance of metallic coating systems under operation at higher temperatures by the deliberate (pre-)formation of a protective (i.e. adherent and stable) α-al 2 O 3 or α-cr 2 O 3 overlayer [2-3]. The thin surficial oxide on a metal has a direct influence on the chemical and physical properties of metallic components (e.g. corrosion resistance, adhesion activity, thermal stability, catalytic properties, tribologic properties, wear resistance, electrical properties etc.), as applied in state-of-the art technologies, such as optical, adhesive and corrosion-resistance coating systems, functionalized surfaces, microelectronics, heterogeneous catalysis and sensor devices [4]. Clearly, most of the above-mentioned properties are determined by the microstructure (e.g. thickness, morphology, chemical constitution, crystallographic and defect structure) of the surficial oxide. In order to control the oxide-film microstructure and, thereby, the material's properties during fabrication and subsequent operation, a profound
12 10 Chapter 1 knowledge on the relationships between the oxide microstructure and the oxidation conditions (e.g. temperature, oxygen partial pressure, surface purity) is required. In addition, fundamental understanding of the transport phenomena in thin growing oxide layers is needed to improve e.g. the corrosion resistance of metal and alloy surfaces. Up to date, the growth kinetics, the microstructural evolution, as well as the mechanical and transport properties, of oxide layers grown on metals and alloys by thermal oxidation have been investigated mainly at elevated oxidation temperatures (say at T > 500 K) [5]. At such elevated temperatures, solid-state transport through the growing oxide film (under influence of chemical potential gradients) becomes pronounced and, consequently, relatively thick (typically up to several hundreds of micrometers) oxide scales develop. The microstructure of these oxide scales can be well-characterized by conventional analysis techniques, such as gravimetry, interferometry, light or electron microscopy and XRD analysis. Contrarily, our knowledge on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the oxidation process at low temperatures (of, say, below 500 K) is far from complete and still suffers from the lack of reliable quantitative experimental data. This can be mainly attributed to the fact that the oxide films developing on metallic surfaces at low temperatures are typically only very thin (thickness < 10 nm). Delicate and expensive ultra-high vacuum (UHV) systems for surface preparation, controlled oxidation and surface analysis are mandatory to process and characterize the thin oxide-film microstructure in-situ. Additional experimental difficulties arise due to elaborate in-vacuo surface-preparation procedures. Indeed, first studies on the controlled oxidation of metals at low temperatures (under well-defined conditions) were reported in parallel with the fast development of UHV technologies, starting from the late 1960s. Already long before it was recognized that the electrochemical and mechanical properties of metal and alloy surfaces depend, to a great extent, on the crystallographic, defect and electronic structure of the native oxide. Wagner was among the first to develop a theoretical description for the hightemperature oxidation of metals and alloys on the basis of the thermally-activated diffusion of reactant species through the developing oxide scale under influence of the acting chemical potential gradients [6]. His theoretical framework in turn promoted the postulation of theories on the low-temperature oxidation behaviour of metal surfaces (i.e. in the absence of thermally activated diffusion), as governed by the surface field setup by chemisorbed oxygen species on the oxidizing surface (cf. Mott-Cabrera [7], Fromhold [2] and Fromm [3]). Despite these important advances in the field of low-temperature oxidation, the processes that occur and the changes that take place at the metal surface, in the developing oxide film, and at the
13 General introduction 11 metal/oxide and oxide/gas interfaces during the initial and subsequent stages of oxide-film growth are still only partially understood. Clearly, the initial oxidation of a bare metal surface is a complex physicochemical process, which involves a series of competing and overlapping processes (see Fig. 1.1), such as [2]: (i) oxygen molecule impingement on the metal surface and (ii) subsequent physisorption (i.e. O 2(g) O 2(phys) and/or O 2(g) 2O (phys) ), (iii) chemisorption of oxygen species (i.e. O (phys) + e O (chem) and/or O 2(phys) + e O 2 (chem) ); (iv) place exchange between atoms in the metal subsurface and chemisorbed oxygen species, incorporation of anions and cations into the growing oxide film and (v) oxide nucleation and continued oxide-film growth. Fig Schematic illustration of some competing physical and chemical processes for the initial stages of dry thermal oxidation of a bare metallic substrate as described by Eq. 1.1: (i) impingement and (ii) physisorption of oxygen molecules on the surface, (iii) dissociative oxygen chemisorption, (iv) incorporation of anions and cations into the growing oxide film. Note: only transport processes in the direction parallel to the surface normal are shown. Oxide nucleation, lateral growth and coalescence of oxide nuclei, followed by continued oxide-film growth (thickening), generally involve both volume and short-circuit transport of the reactants (metal cations, oxygen anions and their vacancies, as well as electrons and their holes) through the developing oxide film. The aforementioned theoretical descriptions of the oxidation process typically assume that the initial oxide layer covers the metal surface uniformly and that further oxide-film growth proceeds in a uniform way (i.e. by a layer-by-layer thickening). Evidently, these oversimplified assumptions are serious deficiencies in the theoretical treatments [2-3, 7] of, particularly, the initial oxidation stages [8]. The situation becomes even more complicated by the fact that the coupled (charged) currents of ions/vacancies and electrons typically act in the presence of steep gradients in the defect concentrations, intrinsic stress-level and/or the electric-field across the developing oxide film. Finally, it is noted that the oxidation behavior not only depends on the developing
14 12 Chapter 1 oxide-film microstructure, but also on e.g. the crystallographic orientation of the parent metal substrate, the presence of any (segregated) impurities, and in some cases on the rate of dissolution of oxygen into the metal (especially for elevated oxidation temperatures and low oxygen partial pressures). 1.2 Focus of the thesis The present PhD work addresses the growth kinetics (Chapters 2), chemical composition (Chapters 2, 3), morphology (Chapter 4) and transport properties (Chapter 5) of zirconiumoxide films, as grown by the dry, thermal oxidation of single-crystalline Zr surfaces at low oxidation temperatures (for details see Section 1.4). To this end, oxide films with thicknesses in the range of 1-10 nm were grown on bare (i.e. without a native oxide) Zr(0001) and Zr(10 1 0) surfaces by controlled exposure to O 2 (g) in the temperature range of T = K at an oxygen partial pressure of po 2 = Pa in an especially-designed UHV system. This study reveals, for the first time, the effect of the metal substrate orientation on the low-temperature growth kinetics and microstructural evolution of the initial oxide overgrowths on Zr single-crystalline surfaces with basal and prism orientations. Furthermore, two-stage tracer oxidation experiments using 16 O and 18 O isotopes were performed to reveal the governing atomic transport mechanism(s) in the thin oxide films developing on both Zr single-crystalline surfaces at 450 K. 1.3 Zirconium and zirconium oxide (zirconia) Zirconium Zirconium (Z = 40, [Kr]4d 2 5s 2 ) belongs to the IV group of the periodic table and, together with titanium and hafnium, forms a small IVb subgroup of metals, which all to a large extent exhibit very similar physical and chemical properties. Metallic Zr is extracted from minerals, such as zircon (ZrSiO 4 ) and the natural form of zirconium oxide baddeleyite (ZrO 2 ). Typical natural impurities in zirconium are oxygen, iron and hafnium. Zirconium has a silver-grayish colour with a characteristic metallic blister. Under atmospheric pressure zirconium has two allotropic modifications: the hexagonal α- phase with a Mg-type crystal structure (c/a = 1.59, a = Å, stable at T < 1139 K) and the BCC cubic β-phase with a α-fe-type crystal structure (stable at T > 1139 K) [9]. The relatively low α-to-β transition temperature in combination with the high chemical reactivity
15 General introduction 13 of metallic Zr make it very difficult to prepare pure Zr single crystals. Pure Zr is ductile and can be readily processed by conventional metal forming techniques like forging, cold-rolling or drawing and welding under inert atmosphere [10]. However, the presence of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen strongly affects the mechanical and chemical properties of Zr [5]. Fig The Zr-O phase-diagram [11]. Note an extensive region of solid solutions of O in α-zr even at low temperatures. Zirconium and its alloys are stable in water, air and acids (except hydrofluoric and concentrated sulphuric acid) at room temperature. Due to its good corrosion resistance at low temperatures, Zr and its alloys are increasingly being used in applications for chemical processing equipment, oceanic instruments and marine hardware [12-13]. Some Zr alloys are used in biomedical applications (e.g. for hip joint implants) due to their wear resistance and compatibility with biological tissues [4]. Zr has a high affinity for oxygen ( G = 1037 kj/mol at standard conditions [14]) and actively absorbs gases (like O 2 and H 2 ) [5] at elevated temperatures T > 500 K. In addition, the O solubility in α-zirconium is as high as 30 at.% even at moderate temperatures (see Fig. 1.2). Consequently, Zr is very reactive to the residual gases in vacuum (especially to CO
16 14 Chapter 1 which dissolves readily). These properties insure the use of Zr-alloys as a getter material in a new generation of getter pumps for UHV applications [15]. For many decades, zirconium finds his primary use in the nuclear industry 1 for inreactor components, especially in the cladding of the fuel rods, due to zirconium's low neutron scattering cross-section and passivating oxidation behavior at low operating temperatures < K [12-13]. The integrity of the passivating oxide film on the cladding elements is crucial in order to assure the safe reactor operation. Hence thorough information is required concerning the structure, composition, kinetics and mechanism of the growth of oxide films on Zr and its alloys Zirconium oxide (zirconia) Zirconium-oxide consists in three crystalline forms: the monoclinic α-phase at low temperatures, the tetragonal β-phase above 1400 K and the cubic γ-phase above 2600 K [14]. Crystalline zirconium-oxide generally exists in the monoclinic phase at room temperature. However, the cubic phase can be stabilized at lower temperatures by the enhanced formation of vacancies in the anion sublattice, as induced by the addition of e.g. ZrN, CaO, Y 2 O 3, MgO [17]. The existence of a metastable, amorphous Zr-oxide phase has also been reported for the thermal oxidation of Zr substrates for short oxidation times at low temperatures (up to about 573 K) (see Ref. [18]) and can be rationalized on a thermodynamic basis [19]. In nanomaterials, the tetragonal ZrO 2 phase can be stabilized due to its lower interfacial energy (as compared to monoclinic phase) [20-21]. Zirconia finds diverse applications in jewellery, microelectronics, fuel cells and oxygen sensors [22-23]. Due to its high melting point (2953 K), chemical durability and high hardness, zirconium dioxide has long been used for refractory containers and as an abrasive medium. Zirconia-based materials have similar thermal expansion coefficients as some hightemperature-resistant metallic alloys and are therefore widely applied in thermal barrier coating systems for jet-engines [24]. In recent years, zirconia has also been considered as a promising candidate for tunnel barrier applications in next-generation metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOS-FET) devices owing to its high dielectric constant (κ 25), its large conduction band offset with Si, as well as its predicted stability with respect to solid-state reactions with Si [25-26]. 1 Unlike other metal alloys, zirconium alloys applied in nuclear applications are rather pure (>97-98% Zr) and can almost be considered as single-component systems [4]. However, a strong influence of foreign elements on the diffusion in Zr has been reported in [16].
17 General introduction Short overview on zirconium oxidation studies Up to date, the oxidation behaviour of zirconium and its alloys has been extensively investigated under various oxidation conditions (e.g. oxidation temperature and time, partial oxygen pressure, oxidizing atmospheres; cf. Refs. [27-32]) and by using a broad range of (surface-)analytical techniques. Particularly, the effect of the oxidation temperature and partial oxygen pressure on the oxide-film growth kinetics and the developing oxide-film microstructure has been studied thoroughly, but unfortunately unsystematically. Many of the earlier oxidation studies on Zr pertain to the high-temperature oxidation regime and often suffer from the fact that only a single analytical technique has been applied to characterize the developing oxide microstructure. Several theoretical and experimental studies have focused on the very initial stages of oxygen interaction with the bare Zr(0001) surface (i.e. for oxygen exposures < 50 L) [33-40]. It was found that, at 90 K, 293 K and 473 K the adsorbed oxygen atoms preferentially occupy octahedral subsurface sites in the Zr(0001) substrate for low oxygen coverages (< 0.5 ML) [33, 40]. The oxygen atoms may penetrate into the subsurface octahedral sites, thereby leaving free sites on the top surface layer and thus enabling further adsorption and incorporation of oxygen. Initial exposure of the bare Zr(0001) surface up to about 1 Langmuir (see footnote 1 ) of O 2 (g) and subsequent flash-annealing to about 473 K yields a well-ordered (2 2) O-adsorbate overlayer structure by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) [38, 41-43]. On the prism plane the stable surface phase is Zr (10 10) -O(2 4) [44]. The oxidation kinetics of the Zr(0001) surface for more prolonged oxygen exposures have been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy [40]. It was found that oxide-layer growth proceeds by a layer-by-layer growth mechanism at 90 K, whereas at T 293 K oxidation occurs by initial formation of oxide islands, which predominantly grow inwardly into the metal substrate. Oxidation of the Zr(0001) surface at room temperature results in the formation of a ultra-thin disordered (amorphous), overall non-stoichiometric oxide film [38, 41]. Investigations by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) have revealed that the oxide film is constituted of a non-stoichiometric suboxidic layer (ZrO x with x < 2, which contains several Zr δ+ valence states with δ < 4) at the interface with the parent Zr metal and a (near- )stoichiometric ZrO 2 oxide adjacent to the surface [4, 30-31, 45]. 1 1 Langmuir = Torr s.
18 16 Chapter 1 Only a few studies have been reported on the oxidation of single-crystalline Zr surfaces other than Zr(0001). Noteworthy, the oxidation behaviour of the Zr (10 10) prism plane is of particular industrial interest, because the cold-rolled Zr samples are textured with {10 1 0}-planes parallel to the surface [34, 44]. Already in the early 50s, it was found that Zr (10 11) and Zr (1120) surfaces have a lower oxidation rates than Zr(0001) and Zr (10 10) surfaces [34]. For the oxidation of Zr at 773 K in steam [46], the oxidation rate of Zr surfaces of different crystallographic orientation increased in the order: (10 12) < (1120) < (10 10) < (10 11) <(0001). However, these findings are in contradiction with the results reported in Ref [47], stating that the oxidation rate of polycrystalline Zr reached its minimum when the c-axis was normal to the surface plane, whereas the maximum oxidation rate is attained when the c- axis is inclined to the surface plane of the sample by 20. The kinetics of oxidation of Zr(0001) and Zr (10 10) (1 4) surfaces were investigated by the Norton group [38, 43-44] in the K range, however the oxygen exposures in all experiments were very low and the oxidation kinetics of both substrates has not been done. Current scientific and technological interest concerns primarily the successive stages of the oxidation process associated with: (i) formation of a closed oxide film on the Zr metal surface and (ii) subsequent thickening of the thin (thickness < 100 nm) oxide-film by transport of reactant species (i.e. cations, anions and their vacancies, as well as electrons and electron holes). Surprisingly, the initial oxidation of Zr at intermediate temperatures (i.e. T = K), where oxide films can be grown with controllable thicknesses in the nanometer range, have been largely unaddressed up to date [34, 44]. Also comprehensive knowledge on the developing oxide-film microstructure and its atomic transport mechanisms during the oxidation process at intermediate temperatures is still lacking. This is also evidenced by the contradictory statements in the scientific literature on the oxidation mechanisms of Zr at low and intermediate temperatures. For example, it was postulated in Ref. [48] that the growth of an amorphous Zr-oxide film on Zr at low temperatures proceeds by the coupled currents of cations and electrons across the oxide-film under influence of the surface-charge field (as setup by chemisorbed oxygen species at the oxidizing surface). Also in Ref. [31], the transport of Zr 4+ ions to the film surface was proposed as the rate-limiting step for the oxidation process. However, according to Ref. [49], the rate-limiting step in the oxidation process is either the O 2 dissociation rate or the O transport rate through the growing ZrO 2 film. There are also contradictions regarding the rate-controlling step for oxygen dissolution into the Zr metal at elevated temperatures. As evidenced from O 18 -isotope tracer oxidation
19 General introduction 17 experiments, the inward migration of oxygen along oxide grain boundaries (GBs) plays a dominant role in the growth of thick, polycrystalline oxide scales on Zr [50-52] and its alloys [53] at elevated temperatures. According to Ref. [54], the O dissolution rate is governed by the transport rate of O through the interfacial suboxide layer and not by the rate of oxygen dissolution in the metal at the suboxide/metal interface (as postulated in Ref. [33]). Upon oxidation of zirconium alloys at higher oxidation temperatures (T > 600 K) oxygen shortcircuit transport along the crystallite GBs is commonly considered as the predominating transport mechanism [29, 51]. Recently, an investigation on the initial oxidation of weakly textured, polycrystalline Zr surfaces in the temperature range of T = K was carried out at Max Planck Institute for Metals Research (Stuttgart). In that study the native oxide on the Zr surface was removed by Ar + sputter-cleaning (SC) under UHV conditions [55-56], but without performing a final in-vacuo annealing step prior to oxidation (to restore the distorted crystallography at the ion-bombarded surface). Consequently, the surfaces were not in the crystallographically well-defined state and hence the effect of the substrate orientation on the oxidation process could not be established. 1 The present study, for the first time, presents a direct comparison of the initial oxidation of single-crystalline Zr surfaces with basal and prism orientations (i.e. Zr(0001) and Zr(10 1 0), respectively) performed under the same, well-controlled experimental conditions in the temperature range of K and at po 2 = Pa. To this end, well-defined, single-crystalline Zr surfaces were prepared by an elaborate cyclic treatment of alternating Ar + SC and in-vacuo annealing steps under UHV conditions. The relationships between the oxidation kinetics, the developing microstructure and the crystallographic orientation of the parent metal substrate were established by application of various (surface-)analytical techniques (see Section 1.5). Furthermore, two-stage tracer oxidation experiments using 16 O and 18 O isotopes were successfully employed to reveal the atomic transport mechanisms in the very thin (thickness < 10 nm) oxide films, as grown on the single-crystalline Zr surfaces by thermal oxidation at 450 K and po 2 = Pa. 1.5 Methods of characterization Thorough characterization of the growth kinetics and microstructural evolution of thin (< 10 nm) oxide overgrowths on bare Zr substrates requires a complex experimental approach by 1 To see the effect of SC on the surface morphology see Fig.4.1.
20 18 Chapter 1 various in-situ, preferably non-destructive, surface-sensitive analytical techniques. In the present thesis, a combined experimental approach by in-situ angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS), real-time in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (RISE), in-situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), ex-situ High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and ex-situ time-of-flight secondary mass-spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been applied to study the microstructural evolution and growth kinetics, as well as transport mechanism, during growth of thin oxide overgrowth on Zr single crystals Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS belongs to the vast family of electron spectroscopic techniques and is widely used for chemical characterization of near-surface regions in solid compounds. The working principle of XPS is based on the measurement of the energy spectrum of electrons emitted due to the outer photoeffect, i.e. due to the high-energy photon-induced photoemission of electrons from characteristic energy levels of the atoms in the sample [57]. Fig Schematic view of the AR-XPS principle. The sample is exposed to a flux of monochromatic photon radiation with energy hν. The kinetic energies, E k, of the ejected electrons are recorded at different detection angles θ, thus obtaining depth-resolved information of the investigated chemical species. Adopted from Refs. [57-58]. In an AR-XPS set-up the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons, E k, can be recorded at various detection angles θ (with respect to the sample surface normal), as illustrated in Fig The sensitivity of XPS to the surface composition of the sample originates from the fact that emitted photoelectrons with kinetic energies below 500 ev are
21 General introduction 19 easily inelastically scattered in the solid. For example, for the electrons with energies of ev in inorganic solids, the inelastic means free paths (IMFP) is generally less than 10 Å. Only the photoelectrons, which are emitted in the near-surface region of the solid, have a finite probability to escape from the solid into vacuum and reach the detector without kinetic energy (KE) loss [59]. The measured KE of these unscattered and elastically scattered electrons can be easily be converted into the respective binding energies (BE), E b, using the following equation: E b = hν E k Φ, (1.2) where Φ denotes the work function of the spectrometer (for conductive samples it equals the work function of the sample). If the effects of elastic scattering of the traversing photoelectrons are neglected, 95% of the unscattered and elastically scattered photoelectrons (for θ = 0) will originate from depths up to 3 times the IMFP below the sample surface. The effect of elastic scattering can be accounted for by using the so-called effective attenuation length (EAL, symbol λ eff ) instead of the IMFP. The information depth then varies with the photoelectron detection angle according to: 3λ eff cos θ. Angle-resolved XPS measurements thus principally allow the investigation of the depth distribution of various chemical species in very thin (thickness < 6 nm) oxide films. In Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis, AR-XPS analysis of the bare and oxidized metal substrates has been applied to determine the thickness, chemical composition and constitution of the oxide overgrowths on Zr. One of the most challenging problems in the quantitative processing of the recorded XPS data is the deconvolution of a measured spectrum into its individual spectral contributions as originating from different the chemical states of the elements in the solid [59]. The accuracy of quantitative AR-XPS analysis strongly depends on the methods used to reconstruct and subtract the superimposed background intensity of inelastically scattered electrons to the measured spectrum [58]. For a measured binding energy region of a corelevel photoelectron line with a single chemical-state contribution, the inelastic background can be easily removed by subtracting some arbitrary background, such as a linear or a Shirley-type background [58]. However, if the recorded XPS core-level spectrum contains several (overlapping) peaks (as is typically the case for a recorded XPS spectrum of an oxidized metal, which consists of at least one metallic and one or more oxidic main peaks; see Fig. 2.3), each main peak provides its own background of inelastically scattered electrons and, consequently, the simplified methods for the background subtraction can cause significant errors in the determination of e.g. the oxide-film thickness and composition. In
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We demonstrate the functionality of an en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with images from the retina and skin. En-face images collected at different depths are subsequently used to reconstruct a 3D volume of the tissue. The reconstruction allows software inferred OCT longitudinal images at any transversal position in the stack. The position in depth in the stack before creating longitudinal OCT images is also adjustable, offering a valuable guidance tool for exploring the 3D volume of the tissue. This is illustrated by Quick time movies showing either depth or lateral exploration along one of two possible different directions in the stack of transversal OCT images. Sufficient accuracy of the volume rendered is obtained in 20 seconds when the system operates at 2 frames a second. The system, equipped with the 3D rendering feature acts as a valuable diagnostic tool allowing "peeling off" of transversal and longitudinal biologic material to investigate different internal features.
© 2000 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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subset: commoncrawl


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Hotel Shiva
Call us 1800-300-2400-1 (Toll Free) and Get additional Discount upto 50% for this Hotel.
You are getting lowest possible rate for this hotel
- About Hotel
- Reviews
About Hotel Shiva
Hotel Shiva is a budget accommodation in Guwahati that is located at a distance of 1 km from the Bhangagarh Bus Stop and 8 km from the Kamakhya Temple. This 2 storey property has 24 well-maintained rooms. Each room is well equipped with amenities like toiletries, bottled/drinking water, and have a wardrobe and attached bathroom. Bathrooms have a hot and cold running water facility.
No of floors: 2 | No of rooms: 24
Checkin Time: 1200 pm
Checkout Time: 1200 pm
Hotel Amenities
- Laundry Facilities
- Medical Services
- 24-Hour Front Desk
- Restaurant
- 24 Hour Power Supply
- Room Service
- Parking
- H/C Running Water
- Bottled/drinking Water
- "Bottle Opener
- Complimentary Toiletries


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The Best of Orange County California: A Guide to Scenic, Recreational, & Historical Attractions
There is more to Orange County than just the things in the TV shows. Get in touch with the finer things in this great county with the handy guide!
I was just in the Netherlands a few months ago. Even though I saw a lot and it felt like a whirlwind, I still wish I had this guide.
Get in the mood for All-Hallows Eve by watching this DVD that takes you on a tour of some of the best and most elaborate haunted house attractions in the country.Tags: dvd, travel, Halloween, haunted houses, attractionsAdded 9 Years Ago from Hauntedhousesupplies
Let's face it, stopping and asking for direction has always been a bother. Luckily more and more companies are stepping up to the challenge of offering simple ways to find where you are going. Take this Garmin Nuvi 205W GPS sys... Let's face it, stopping and asking for direction has always been a bother. Luckily more and more companies are stepping up to the challenge of offering simple ways to find where you are going. Take this Garmin Nuvi 205W GPS system. The touchscreen interface allows you to easily tap and enter in addressed from all over the US and Canada. The 4.3" color TFT screen includes a sunlight readable display, so you can easily read what is on the screen no matter the time of day. Small and sleek, measuring in at 4.8"W x 2.9"H x .8"D makes this GPD super portable and able to fit into a pocket or handbag. The Garmin Nuvi 205W is also jam packed with features and at a great price. This GPS has a JPEG picture viewer, Point of Interest database (include school zones, area attractions, etc), turn by turn voice directions, and a microSD card for use with Garmin Travel Guides, which detailed data on area attractions. This GPS is perfect for travelers, college students, families, and anyone who loathes reading maps!Tags: travel, gps, nuvi, tech, satellites, family, directions, maps, voiceAdded 9 Years Ago from Abesofmaine
For the adventurous types - take a wide grin ride through the beautiful trails of Orange County.Tags: books, outdoor, bikes, mountain bikes, mountain biking, biking, guides, OC, travel guidesAdded 9 Years Ago from Amazon.com
Orange County is not just for chilling on the beach. If you are an outfdoorsy type this guide will give you all the tips and paths you need to realloy enjoy the natural beauty of this county.Tags: books, outdoor, hiking, guides, OC, travel guides, outdoorsy, orange county, day hikesAdded 9 Years Ago from Amazon.com


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January 6, 2011 by staff
Periodontist, David K. Dennison, DDS, MS, Ph.D., a periodontist in Houston, Texas, will be featured in the December issue of H Texas Magazine. The magazine periodically compiles a list of top professionals in several sectors, including dentists, doctors and lawyers, and the best professionals are featured in the magazine, based in Houston. Mr. Dennison is honored to be nominated for this prestigious award, recognizing him as one of the top periodontists in Houston. It is among a select group of dental professionals in the region as a "Top Dentist.
Mr. Dennison has practiced Periodontics in Houston for over eighteen years. He graduated from the University of Texas at Houston Dental Branch and received his doctorate at the University of Kansas Medical Center. Mr. Dennison is a board certified periodontist and holds the prestigious title of Diplomate of the American Board of Periodontology. It was published in a number of major medical and dental journals and has lectured nationally and internationally on topics related to dental implants and periodontics. The periodontist Houston is considered an authority in his field by a number of dental associations and education groups.
"I am honored to be considered one of the top Houston periodontists. Houston is a great place to work and live, and I am happy that I can provide a level of expertise and service to my patients who are considered among the best in the region, "said Dr. Dennison.
Lists "Top professionals are among the most popular sections H Texas Magazine. Nominations for the distinction of a professional title above are determined by ballot sent to industry professionals as well as for readers of magazines. Votes may be cast directly on the website of the magazine. Once the nominations have been compiled and a background check performed, the top 1% – 2% of professionals in each category is also listed in the magazine.
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For more information on Dr. David K. Dennison, a periodontist, a specialist in dental implants and sedation dentistry in Houston, Texas, and one of the "Top Dentists" this month, as determined by H Texas Magazine, visit http://gums-houston.com / or call 713-523-9040.
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The Savoy Palace is a friendly hotel set in a tranquil location yet its only a twenty minute stroll along the picturesque lakeside path leading into the centre of Riva. The hotel boasts an attractive pool area and carefully tended colourful gardens and its the perfect choice for a relaxing holiday.
Swimming pool
Heated indoor swimming pool
FREE sunbeds parasols and pool towels
Meals and Drinks:
Lounge bar serving snacks
Pool bar mid Jun mid Sep
Weekly Gala dinner
Bicycle hire subject to availability
Occasional Live music and dancing
Happy hour 56pm
Hotel room for up to 2 adults consists of
Double or twin beds
Bath or shower
Key Facts:
Main resort area: 500 metres
60 rooms
Official rating: 4 star
Note: :Some facilities and activities may incur a local charge
Hotel Savoy Palace
Via Longa 10
Riva del Garda
Italy 36066.
39 0454 554242


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Gambit face link mesh, please help
I am trying to link mesh two faces within a channel. The vertical edges of the two faces have concentrated nodes towards the edge and the horizontal edges have equally spaced nodes. when i link the meshes, the vertical and horizontal node spacings switch on one of the faces. Can anybody explain why this is happening.
Thanks in advance
Re: Gambit face link mesh, please help
Sorry i forgot to mention, i am linking the faces for periodic boundary conditions and have unchecked the reverse orientation option
Re: Gambit face link mesh, please help
The direction of the orientation may be wrong when linking your face. You should watch the arrows when you're selecting the faces to determine if you need to use the reverse orientation or not. Or, just try it with the reverse orientation option checked and see if that's better.
Hope this helps, Jason
Re: Gambit face link mesh, please help
Thanks for your advice, the arrows are all orientated correctly, i have gona ahead and used reverse orientation as its the only way i can get the periodic boundaries to work
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· What is the difference between a job and a career?
· Did you learn something new today at work?
· Does your manager care about you and your work?
If the answers to last two questions are negative, then surely we can help you into a creative dynamic work environment where your ideas flourish and your hard work is appreciated.
HR will always take the initiative to provide all team members with needed resources. Each and everyone is essential, and our employees are the source and makers of our success.
To be successful, all employees must partake in the development process. They must receive training and incentives. We do our best to secure the best and provide thereby the best level of services.
We are constantly working to improve and develop. Our essential values are to support and promote a culture of excellence and achievement and learning, in a dynamic and vibrant atmosphere.
Our Vision
To achieve success through developing human capital and to provide opportunities for growth, innovation, and strategic partnership with the word of business.
To create corporate values based on the culture of learning, creativity, and team spirit. To create responsible and able human capital to provide the best services in an ideal work atmosphere. To always innovate on the level of the organization.
To develop our employees.
To lead them to success.
To enable them to achieve satisfaction.
To clarify how real life works.
Our Culture
Credibility + Trust


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About the Publisher
Lori Toye founded a small publishing company in August of 1989 and was later joined by her husband Lenard Toye a year later to officially form I AM America Publishing and Distributing. In their early years together Lori and Len traveled extensively throughout the United States lecturing and sharing many of the unique teachings, compiled from recorded trance sessions with Spiritual Teachers. In 1992 the couple moved their small business to Payson, Arizona, located at the foot of the majestic Mogollon Rim in the Golden City of Gobean.
I AM America Publishing is well known for the best-selling I AM America Earth Changes Maps, which introduced spiritual teachings of prophecy and the Time of Change. This initial work was published more than twenty years ago before public awareness of the serious environmental issues of Global Warming and Climate Change. I AM America publications have been featured on NBC, FOX, UPN, London's Carlton Television, Art Bell's Dreamland, George Noory's Coast to Coast, in the Washington Post and the New York Times.
The latest publications from I AM America Publishing feature many introductory teachings of contemporary Ascended Master teaching in the popular I AM America Trilogy. This series of books include "A Teacher Appears" (2013); "Sisters of the Flame" (2014); and "Fields of Light" (2016). More titles are planned for release in the upcoming years including "Sacred Energies of the Golden Cities" and "Temples of Consciousness" and include further instruction and information about the Golden Cities. The "New World Wisdom Series" will be available this year with updated Earth Changes prophecies and spiritual teachings. This three book series is accompanied by the I AM America Atlas, a full-color book featuring all of the I AM America Maps and the newest I AM America Map, the "Map of the Ancients."
I AM America Publishing is currently not accepting submissions, but we hope to in the near future. Please check back!


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VINELAND — City police on Friday arrested three juveniles who allegedly slashed 32 tires and a pool liner around the 1800 block of North West Avenue on Wednesday and Thursday.
The juveniles — two 14-year-olds and a 15-year-old — all admitted their involvement in the incidents and the use of knives to cause the damage, police said.
The juveniles are charged with criminal mischief, possession of a weapon, unlawful possession of a weapon and theft, police said. Police said they also charged the teenagers in connection with the theft of two bicycles.
One 14-year-old will be held in the Cumberland County Juvenile Detention Center, police said. The other two teenagers will be released into the custody of their parents, they said.
According to police, the damage and thefts occurred between 7 p.m. Wednesday and 10 p.m. Thursday. There are 28 victims, they said.
Police said Patrolman Justin Selby was able to arrest the three juveniles after talking to "numerous victims and witnesses."
Authorities said they recovered two knives allegedly used to slash the tires and cut the pool liner, and also the pair of stolen bicycles.
Contact Thomas Barlas:


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Voyeur : March 2009
CANBERRA SYDNEY AUCKLAND APRIL WHAT'S ON TEXT :: LUCY ROBERTSON, NICOLE DEMOVIC // PHOTOGRAPHY :: AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TOURISM NEWCASTLE Fill your shopping bags at the best boutiques RETAIL THERAPY ? CITY_GUIDES_ BETWEEN THE SHEETS There are few better things than slipping between clean, 400 thread-count cotton sheets. Except, perhaps, when they are patterned with gorgeous designer checks, florals, stripes and textured whites. HOUSEHOLD LINENS is a linen manufacturer based in Australia and New Zealand that began 40 years ago in the basement of owner Avis Nelson's home. Its latest store recently opened in Newmarket, Auckland. Today, Avis's daughter, Jacqueline, runs the business and she still designs the linen according to her mother's initial inspiration – quality cottons, designer fabrics and uncompromising manufacturing. The outlet also sells covetable bedroom accessories like jute mats, merino blankets and waffle robes. You've never looked forward to bedtime so much. Where and when: There are seven stores in Australia and New Zealand, including the latest store, located at 3 Teed Street, Newmarket, Auckland. Open weekdays 9.30am to 5.30pm, Saturday 9.30am to 5pm and Sunday 11am to 4pm. Fly to: Auckland. Price: Queen sheets range between NZ$99 (A$79) and NZ$695 (A$558), depending on quality. Contact: Call +64 9 523 3630 or visit www.household-linens.com. 03 ONE OF A KIND Former Avalon style guru Nicole Jordan has packed up her beach bags and relocated to Scone, a three-hour drive from Newcastle. WILLIAM'S WORKSHOP sells vintage- inspired children's toys, clothing, exotic homewares and artworks. Head to 9 Susan Street, Scone, Thursday to Sunday, 10am till 4pm. Call +61 2 6545 2286. GET DIRTY at the Julia Creek 2009 Dirt & Dust Festival, seven hours' drive west of Townsville, until 5 April. Visit www.dirtndust.com. 10 11 17 BOOT SCOOT into the Hughenden Country Music Festival, four hours' drive from Townsville, until 12 April. Visit www. queenslandholidays.com.au. ESCAPE to Fremantle, 30 minutes' drive from Perth, and see top buskers at the Streets Arts Festival, until 13 April. Visit www.fremantlefestivals.com. GET INKED The stylish tattoo has landed – and where else but Bondi, Sydney's fashionista capital. Creator of BONDI INK Matthew Passaro says this is tattooing with a difference. "Our customers are tattooed with taste," he says, explaining the concept behind his tattoo parlour, which fuses art with fashion. Visit www.bondiinktattoo.com.au. BACK TO THE FUTURE History meets the modern day at charming BUNGENDORE VILLAGE, only 30 minutes' drive from Canberra. Speciality shops are housed in historic buildings dating back to the 19th Century, but you'll be more impressed by the fine collection of arts, crafts and fantastic handmade treats. Visit www.bungendore.info. MARCHVOYEUR 139 DISCOVER your green thumb at Botanica 2009: From the Desert to the Seaat Sydney's Royal Botanic Gardens, until 26 April. Visit www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/friends.
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Category:Heads of state of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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- ► Presidents of the United States (56 C, 47 P)
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As I have been reading up on things, I came across several items in the Va Code, amended in 2005, which said that the person who doesn't want the fence has to reply to that effect within a certain amount of time and that they want their land to remain open. It has to do with there not having been an existing fence before and that allows the person who doesn't want it, and doesn't need it, eg., for agriculture or livestock, not to have to pay for half or to maintain it. And yes, I have a survey, and iron pins at both back corners. I think that I should also tell him that I will prune any foliage of the Leylands that may overhang his property to avoid his damaging the trees which are actually planted on my property. In other words, if he does a hatchet-job and kills them, I would sue him for damages (he already has damaged so much of my property). But doesn't he in a similar fashion to the Leylands have to make sure his horses Noses stay on His side of the fence if it is not going to be trespass on my property?
I do not know who moved into the properties first, you or your neighbor. If you moved in later, I would personally move. As you age, your neighbors help is worth so much more than boundary issues. We removed our fence with our neighbors. We have helped them sandbag their home to keep it from flooding. They in turn have helped us with mowing, cleaning up the yard, taking us to town or to the hospital or doctor visits. Being neighboryly is worth so much more than a stupid fence. They fence we installed was a pain to maintain anyway. Both our neighbor and us both removed the fence that caused us from being neighboryly,,,I hope in the future you and your neighbor can be friends! Our neighbors have turned out to be true gems after removing the fence and worrying about whose property line is being trespassed,,sometimes worrying about property line issues is an underlying problem and not worth the hassles, as we have found out. There trees hang over into our yard, but being neighborly and being friends is worth so much more than worrying about property line issues, trees. I am so glad we have our neighbors now,,,their help and friendship is worth much more!!


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Taking advantage of the combination of stimulated Raman scattering and nonlinear polarization rotation in a single-mode optical fiber, a temporal reshaping of subnanosecond pulses is achieved by means of both spectral and polarization filtering. Shortening of down to temporally and spectrally stable pulses is experimentally obtained. Numerical simulations supporting this new temporal filtering are presented.
© 2009 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
F. Doutre, D. Pagnoux, V. Couderc, A. Tonello, B. Vergne, and A. Jalocha
Opt. Lett. 33(16) 1789-1791 (2008)
A. M. Weiner, J. P. Heritage, and R. H. Stolen
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5(2) 364-372 (1988)
M. Kuckartz, R. Schulz, and H. Harde
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5(7) 1353-1359 (1988)


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Auburn, Ala.--Coming off a bye week, the No. 21 Auburn Tigers got back to work on Sunday night with an hour and a half practice in shorts and shoulder pads as Coach Gus Malzahn's team prepares to face Arkansas on Saturday at Jordan-Hare Stadium.
Injuring his ankle against Mississippi State the last game out, sophomore running back Kerryon Johnson was on crutches last week as the Tigers practiced three days before taking the weekend off. With the team back on the field Sunday, Auburn offensive coordinator Rhett Lashlee said it was good to see Johnson back in action.
"He was out there, all the guys were out there," Lashlee said of Auburn's leading rusher. "He was moving around and ran the ball some and caught some balls. It was good to see him out there moving around."
Carrying the ball 105 times for 538 yards and six touchdowns, Johnson is currently seventh in the SEC in rushing with teammate Kamryn Pettway fourth, averaging 101 yards per game. Lashlee said while it's not a guarantee that he'll have the Madison, Ala. native back on the field Saturday he does feel confident it will happen.
"I feel pretty good," Lashlee said. "Got to see him move around today and it's a day-to-day thing but after today I feel like he's got a shot just knowing the kid like I do. We'll see as the week goes on but I'm optimistic."
The running back position isn't the only one on offense where injuries are a concern because the offensive line is still a question mark heading into the week because of the ankle injury to starting center Xavier Dampeer.
Missing the last two games has allowed Austin Golson to slide back inside to center with Darius James filling in capably at left tackle. With Dampeer back on the practice field the Tigers have a decision to make on the direction of the line, but Lashlee gave no hints on Sunday night.
"We're doing like we do every week," Lashlee said of the front five. "We're mixing and matching guys for scenarios that could come up. I think he's getting closer to 100 percent. I don't know if he's 100 percent, but I don't know if anybody is to be honest with you. He's better, he's moving around pretty good. We feel like we've got all of those guys ready to roll however we need to do it."
Saying the team had a good workout on Sunday, Lashlee said the practice allowed them to knock some of the rust off after a two-day break. Getting an early start on the gameplan with some work on Arkansas, he said the team has had a good bye week and now it's time to get down to business.
"We got a lot of work with the guys that were needed it that were healthy and the guys that were banged up after six games we were able to be as smart as we could with them," Lashlee said. "For this point of the season, six games in, I think we're in decent shape for the stretch run. Now it's just a matter of having a really good week and getting ready to go."null


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Listen to the New EP From Trent Reznor's How to destroy angels_
How to destroy angels_, Trent Reznor's project with his wife Mariqueen Maandig and longtime collaborators Rob Sheridan and Atticus Ross, will release their An omen_ EP next week (November 13) via Columbia. You can listen to the entire thing below, via the Hype Machine.
Check out footage of the band doing "Keep it together" in the studio.


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The past few months have been busy for New Carlisle (Ohio) Tecumseh linebacker Camren Moore as he attended a handful of summer camps.
"I went to Kentucky, Ohio State, Ohio, Purdue and Bowling Green," said the 6-foot-2, 228-pound Moore. "Ohio is showing the most interest right now and it would be a great deal to earn an offer from them as I have a lot of buddies down there.
"Just to earn a college scholarship would be an honor as I've been working for a long time as all I've ever wanted to do was earn a scholarship and play football at a big school."
As for this fall, Moore is looking to play a huge role in helping his team have success.
"We're hoping to win our league and go deep into the playoffs," he said. "I'm hoping to be the best player on the field at all times."


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Jose Mourinho: Chelsea manager says he cannot match Alex Ferguson's recordLatest News May 5, 2015 No Comments on Jose Mourinho: Chelsea manager says he cannot match Alex Ferguson's record
Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho has admitted that he cannot beat the record of former Manchester United manager, Sir Alex Ferguson who has won 13 English premier League titles.
Mourinho and his men just clinched Chelsea's first EPL title in five years following a 1-0 victory at home to Crystal Palace.
This season EPL title will be Mourinho's third after leading Chelsea to the title during his first stint as manager of the club.
May have pin pointed Mourinho as the manager who can go ahead and beat Ferguson's record, something he has however admitted that is 'impossible'.
"I have a long way to go, but Sir Alex left the bar in an impossible position for anyone. I cannot win 13 Premier Leagues," Mourinho told BT Sport in an interview.
"I can win 13 championships. I can. I have eight, I think I can go to 13. But 13 Premier Leagues, no, no chance," he added.


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Home Quality, Risk & Safety Quality, Risk & Safety Careers in Lucknow
Quality, Risk & Safety Jobs in Lucknow
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... . Your skill in baking high quality treats sh more
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... accurate information and desired content qua more
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... , always striving to produce high-quality work within given timeframes • Evidence ... more
Assistant Manager Email S...Mintstage Salary INR 40,000 to 50,000 / month
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Proposes risk mitigating strategies to leadership. "Deloitte" is the brand under which tens of thousands of dedicated professionals in independent firms... more
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Uwe Steiner
Catherine Echternach
Joan Ehnle
Rebecca and Brian Hafner
David and Susan Haupt
Sharyl Kidd
Mary Alice Malone
Donna Reber
Nancy Ruth
Grants and Programs
Thanks to generous donors, grants are available for instructors, youth riders, adult amateurs, breeders, judges, dressage groups and so much more!
Take a look.
News and Events
There's a lot going on at TDF! Stay up-to-date with the latest press releases and grant deadlines.
Find out more.


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Golf Lesson with a PGA Pro
Course & instructors nationwide.
Year round, 7 days a week pending weather and instructor availability.
Click here for a list of courses & instructors nationwide.
Whether you are a beginner, a low handicap or a junior, a golf lesson with a PGA Pro in Phoenix is sure to take points off your score and improve your swing.
- Pick from a selection of golf courses and teachers
- Become more consistent on the golf course, improving your long or short game
- The ideal gift for a golf lover!
PGA Class A Professionals are universally recognized as the leaders in the field of golf instruction. This is your chance to put their years of training and knowledge to use for you.
Our instructors include regional PGA Teachers of the Year, Collegiate coaches, and former tour players.
With a private lesson from a PGA Class A Professional, you'll discover techniques and strategies for improvement that would otherwise take years to learn.
So whether you are looking to add distance to your drive, improve your short game, or learn how to finally hit your irons straight, your instructor will help you reach your goals.
Sample topics covered include proper alignment, grip, posture, ball position, swing mechanics and more.
Learn to play the course with confidence!
Instructor & course locations for the Phoenix region:
Jay Becher; Ahwatukee Country Club; Phoenix, AZ
The Ahwatukee Academy of Golf utilizes state-of-the-art teaching technology to enhance both the understanding of the swing and enjoyment of golf by all students attending a teaching session.
Instructor Jay Becher has served as Director of Golf at Ahwatukee Country Club for the past 17 years and is the lead instructor for the Ahwatukee Academy Golf Schools. Jay is a Swing Model certified instructor and is also the head instructor for South Mountain Community College students. Jay also teaches for Executive Golf Events.
Matt Trimble; ASU Karsten Golf; Tempe, AZ
PGA Class A member Matt Trimble has over 25 years of teaching experience, and has been ranked by Golf Digest as one of the Best Instructors in Arizona as ranked by his peers in 2005-2006 & 2013-2014.
As an instructor at the ASU/Karsten, Matt works on cooperative efforts with ASU's nationally ranked golf programs. As a consultant to Titleist, he helped develop their renowned club fitting program and design.
Matt's clientele include stand-out high school golfers, collegiate athletes, players on the mini-tours, and local scratch amateurs. Knowledge, clarity of communication, patience and a high success rate are what make Matt Trimble an instructor sure to improve your game.
Essential Information:
This experience includes course or practice facility fees. Golf clubs not included, participant must provide his or her own.
Instructors are PGA Class A professionals who have completed a multi-year series of work, study and training in every aspect of golf. They have passed an aptitude test and must maintain his or her expertise through continuing education programs.
Cloud 9 Living is not affiliated with the Professional Golfer's Association of America (PGA).
1 hour
Maximum Participants:
Not allowed
Weather Dependent:
Yes, this experience is weather dependent. In the event your lesson is canceled due to weather, you will be able to reschedule your lesson with your instructor.
What to Wear:
All golfers must wear proper golf attire, including golf slacks or golf shorts and appropriate golf shoes. Men must wear collared shirts and women must wear appropriate golf shirts.
Booking Information:
It is recommended to request bookings 14 - 30 days in advance. Lesson dates and times are subject to your instructor's availability.
Cancellation Policy:
Prior to scheduling/booking a date for this experience, Cloud 9's standard return and exchange policy shall apply. Once you have scheduled a lesson with your instructor, no returns or exchanges are allowed. Rescheduling will be subject to your selected instructor's rescheduling policy.
Experience ID:
Will my lesson be with a famous professional golfer like Phil Mickelson or Sergio Garcia?
No, your lesson will not be with a famous golfer from the professional tour. Rather, your lesson will be with a qualified instructor who has received his Class A certification from the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA).
What is a PGA Class A Professional?
All of our instructors have been certified by the Professional Golf Association (PGA) as Class A professionals. In order to receive their PGA Class A, he or she must have completed a multi-year series of work, study and training in every aspect of golf, must pass an aptitude test, and must maintain his or her expertise through continuing education programs.
What will the lesson focus on?
This is a customized lesson for golfers of all levels, from beginners to experienced golfers looking to hone their skills. Areas of instruction may include driving, putting, chipping, proper body alignment, grip, posture, ball position, swing mechanics and more.
Other Phoenix Gift Ideas:(View all 31 Phoenix experiences)
- Gift CertificatesFrom: $50.00
- Learn to FlyAvg Rating of: 4-half(17)From: $140
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- NASCAR Ride AlongAvg Rating of: 3-half(7)From: $100
- Old Town Scottsdale Food TourAvg Rating of: 5(32)From: $64
- Golf Lesson with a PGA ProFrom: $129
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- African Safari Zipline AdventureFrom: $107
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ExperiencesAll Phoenix Experiences


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Saudi Arabia is Said to Allow Israel Use its Airspace to Strike Iran..
Any official denying by the Saudi government?
Saudi Arabia to allow Israel use of its airspace to strike Iran – report
Saudi Arabia has reportedly agreed to let Israel use its airspace to attack Iran if necessary, in exchange for "some kind of progress" on the Palestinian issue, Israel's Channel 2 TV station quoted an unnamed European official as saying.
Spread the word:


text: If you were one of the first adopters who bought the $600 Fujifilm FinePix 3-D W1 back in 2009 and dealt with poor low-light sensitivity, grating noise, inability to shoot video and the size and weight of a brick, we hope you're really enjoying your paperweight. For those who held off, however, the new $400 version is slimmer, lighter, easier to use and has a 3-D display that gives Nintendo's 3DS a run for the money. The images don't reduce elements in the background to the flat, featureless forms found in bad stereoscopic 3-D movies and video games and look especially great when connected to a larger 3-D screen via an HDMI cable. More importantly, you get the ability to shoot 3-D video that, while funky-looking at first, is that wave of the future the Hollywood studios have been talking about for the past two years or so. It's the one 3-D camera product out there that actually looks like a real camera -- a rarity during a time smartphones are replacing point-and-shoot cameras -- but if you're going to experiment during the early stages of 3-D photography, shouldn't you at least look like a photographer while doing so? -- Written by Jason Notte in Boston. >To contact the writer of this article, click here: Jason Notte. >To follow the writer on Twitter, go to http://twitter.com/notteham. >To submit a news tip, send an email to: firstname.lastname@example.com.


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AG&P (Gardens and Landscape Architecture) Studio was founded in 1985 in Milan by a group of architects and agronomists with the aim to develop projects related to outdoor spaces, planning each phase of work in an interdisciplinary way. It is an approach that ahead of times, allowing the structure to tackle new and original themes of a rapidly developing field. The studio has carried out many projects of various scales, from private and public gardens to green for housing, industry and service sectors. It has brought its expertise on tourism, recreational and agricultural projects, the recovery of historic parks, cityscape and urban gardens. It has followed large-scale green plans, rehabilitation of degraded areas, the assessment of environmental impacts and environmental mitigation.
Over the years AG&P has led projects related to green works on most of the Italian territory and in several foreign countries, widening over time the composition of its staff and its consultants. The interdisciplinary team works with the help of geologists, naturalists, botanists, foresters, city planners, economists and engineers to comprehensively meet the needs of the clients represented by private individuals, companies, construction companies, real estate studies, tour operators, government public companies, engineering and architecture professionals.
The updating of the technical equipment has enabled the structure to deal effectively with the design by solving customers' needs. The experience of professionals working in AG&P and their expertise enable the studio to develop both small-scale spaces such as terraces, roof gardens, courtyards, and areas of larger size. In each context, attention is turned to the technical details and style. The experience gained in different geographical and climatic regions gives a swift evaluation of the character of an area and its potential. The ability to "visualise" the area becomes necessary to address issues that affect a landscape scale, such as the green in residential and tourist complexes, the environmental placement of architectural and civil works and environmental restoration.


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This huge online directory allows you to search for the preeminent company among the listed Springs Manufacturers. Here, a vast number of national and international Coil Springs Manufacturers, Suppliers, Importers, Traders, Exporters and Dealers are presented. They provide Torsion Springs, Wire Forming Springs, Tension Springs, Hook Spring, Conical Spring, Helical Compression Spring, Double Torsion Springs, Double Conical Springs, Compression Springs, Extension Springs, Parallel Dowel Pins, Spiral Dowel Pins, etc. All the Springs Suppliers have provided their complete information along with contact details to ease you. In addition, you can contact them as per your convenience using email, SMS or by using Call Me Free service.
Learn how to use Tradeindia for Buying and Selling.View More>
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