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Smoking Policies at Major League Baseball Stadiums April 2, 2015
- Elisabeth Atkins
- 2 years ago
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1 Defending your right to breathe smokefree air since 1976 Smoking Policies at Major League Baseball Stadiums April 2, 2015 Arizona Diamondbacks Chase Field Chase Field is designated as a non-smoking facility. For those guests wanting to smoke, designated areas outside the facility are located at areas: Outside of Gate A (north plaza) Outside of Gate J (east) Outside of Gate K (northeast) As these locations are outside the ballpark, you will need your ticket stub and "re-entry" card to reenter. Smoking is not permitted in any of the seating areas, general concourses, suites or restrooms. The policies outlined above apply to electronic cigarettes, cigars, as well as traditional cigarettes. Atlanta Braves Turner Field Turner Field is primarily a smoke-free facility. Smoking, including e-cigarettes, is permitted in designated areas only. As shown on the ballpark directory and maps, these areas include certain entryways, stairwells and landings. Smoking is prohibited in the seating bowl, concourses, Plaza, restrooms and in all premium seating areas. Baltimore Orioles Oriole Park at Camden Yards Oriole Park at Camden Yards is a smoke-free facility. Smoking is prohibited anywhere inside Oriole Park, including electronic and smokeless cigarettes or any device that mimics the act of smoking. Boston Red Sox Fenway Park Smoking is not allowed in Fenway Park. Chicago Cubs Wrigley Field Smoking is strictly prohibited in Wrigley Field. Chicago White Sox U.S. Cellular Field Pursuant to the Smoke-Free Illinois Act , there will be no smoking inside of U.S. Cellular Field. Electric cigarettes, e-cigarettes and vapor cigarettes also are not permitted. The ramps are a part of the building and may not be utilized as a smoking area. A designated smoking area is located on the ground level outside of Gates 2 and 5 (Gate 5 is located on the north side of 35th Street). Smoking is not permitted within 15 feet of any entrance or exit or any air handling units. Guests failing to comply with the policy may be asked to surrender his/her ticket and leave the ballpark. Cincinnati Reds Great American Ball Park Ohio voters passed issue Number 5, on November 7, 2006, which calls for a smoking ban in public facilities and places of employment under Ohio Revised Code Chapter Thus, Great American Ball Park has been designated as a completely non-smoking facility. Guests are not permitted to smoke inside of Great American Ball Park. Violators may be subject to ejection and potential fines. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are also prohibited San Pablo Avenue, Suite J Berkeley, California (510) / FAX (510)
2 Cleveland Indians Progressive Field In accordance with the laws of the state of Ohio, Fans are not permitted to smoke or use tobacco products anywhere on Progressive Field Property. Electronic Cigarettes, "E-Cigarettes," Vapor Cigarettes, or any device that mimics smoking are also prohibited. Progressive Field is a non-smoking facility. Fans may use the re-entry available at Gate A to smoke outside of the ballpark. Colorado Rockies Coors Field In consideration of the health and comfort of others, Coors Field prohibits smoking, including the use of e-cigarettes, vaporizers and other similar devices at Coors Field except in designated smoking areas. Interior designated smoking areas are marked by yellow lines: GATES Outside of each main entry gate A re-entry hand and ticket stamp must be obtained prior to exit for re-entry WELLS FARGO CLUB Outdoor terrace behind sections (after the start of the game) Outside terrace behind section 247 SUITE LEVEL Wells Fargo Club terraces Outside Suite Level, left-field corner of suite entrance, across from Suite 56 UPPER CONCOURSE Behind sections 316, 325, 347 and near the Clocktower MEZZANINE Behind the top of sections 204 and 205 near the escalators ROCKPILE On the elevated platform near scoreboard It is illegal to consume marijuana in public. Smoking or otherwise consuming marijuana is prohibited in all areas of Coors Field, including designated smoking areas. Detroit Tigers Comerica Park Comerica Park is a smoke free workplace and venue, this includes e-cigarettes (except for the Asylum Cigar Bar which allows the smoking of cigars only). Guests wishing to smoke may do so at designated locations outside the ballpark, behind section 101 on Adams Street, and behind section 140 on Brush Street. Guests entering the smoking area must have their ticket. Alcohol is not permitted in the outside smoking areas. Guests with access to the Tiger Club may smoke cigars in the Asylum Cigar Bar. Smoking of cigarettes is prohibited in the Asylum Cigar Bar. Houston Astros Minute Maid Park Smoking at Minute Maid Park is allowed only in designated smoking areas. Fans seated in the Club, Suite and Upper Concourse levels may go to any of the roof terraces. Ask any ballpark personnel for the exact locations of these areas. Fans in the Main Concourse may leave the building at the Right Field. Fans must have their ticket scanned before exiting the building and scanned for re-entry. Smoking is strictly prohibited on any concourse or in any of the stairwells. All smoking restrictions extend to e-cigarettes and similar products. 2
3 Kansas City Royals Kauffman Stadium Smoking is not permitted anywhere inside the structure of Kauffman Stadium. Designated smoking areas are located along the perimeter fence line at Gates B & D and along the perimeter fence line at Gates A & E. Electronic cigarettes and other smoking devices are not allowed in the seating bowl or concourse. Designated areas for electronic cigarettes and other smoking devices are available at the designated smoking areas. Los Angeles Angels Angel Stadium For the health and comfort of others, smoking will not be permitted in the seating areas, suites, concourses, and restrooms. Smoking will be allowed in designated areas such as the ramps and the Plaza Courtyard area. Electronic cigarettes are subject to the same restrictions. Fans who fail to comply with this policy may be subject to ejection from the ballpark. Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium Dodger Stadium is a smoke-free facility with designated smoking areas. Please see a Dodger Stadium representative for directions to these areas. Electronic cigarettes are subject to the same restrictions. Miami Marlins Marlins Park Smoking, E-Cigarettes, and Vaping are prohibited in Marlins Park. In consideration of all Guests, the Marlins ask for your cooperation. There are no designated smoking areas inside Marlins Park and exiting and re-entry is prohibited for this purpose. Smoking and Vaping will be limited to the East and West Plazas. Milwaukee Brewers Miller Park Use of tobacco products in any form, including smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes, is prohibited in Miller Park except in designated areas. In an effort to accommodate all guests, smoking is allowed only in designated areas of Miller Park. Designated smoking areas for guests are located on outer plaza areas on the Field Level, behind section 106 and Friday's outdoor patio. Smoking is prohibited in the entire seating bowl of Miller Park as well as all concourses, suites, restrooms, and within 25 feet of any Miller Park entrance. Minnesota Twins Target Field Target Field is a smoke-free facility. Smoking is no longer allowed anywhere within Target Field or its appurtenant areas. This includes the ballpark itself, Target Plaza, the Promenade behind the ballpark and the 5th and 7th Street sidewalks adjacent to Target Field. Electronic cigarettes are also prohibited at Target Field. There is no re-entry at Target Field. New York Mets Citi Field Smoking within Citi Field is prohibited, except for the three designated smoking areas located at: Plaza Level - Left Field Gate Field Level - Center field staircase landing across from the back of the CitiVision video board Promenade Level - The top of the ramp across from section 527 Any ticketholder smoking in any location other than the three specified above is subject to ejection. New York Yankees Yankee Stadium Smoking, including the use of electronic cigarettes, is prohibited in Yankee Stadium. There are no designated smoking areas, and re-entry is prohibited. Violators will be ejected immediately. 3
4 Oakland Athletics O.co Coliseum In accordance with the City of Oakland's smoking ordinance, Section , all A's events are Smoke Free. Violators of this policy will be subject to ejection and/or citation. There are no designated smoking areas anywhere in the stadium. Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes) are not permitted at anytime. Philadelphia Phillies Citizens Bank Park By City of Philadelphia ordinance, smoking is only permitted in designated areas (Third Base Gate and Left Field Gate). Violators may be ejected and/or have their season tickets revoked. Pittsburgh Pirates PNC Park In consideration of the health and comfort of others, the use of tobacco products of any kind is not permitted anywhere in PNC Park. This policy also applies to e-cigarettes. The Club reserves the right to eject any person violating this policy. Saint Louis Cardinals Busch Stadium Busch Stadium is a smoke-free and tobacco-free facility, including "smokeless" cigarettes. Exit/Re-Entry turnstiles will be set up at Gate 4 to allow guests access in and out of the stadium if they wish to smoke. Guests must get their hand stamped as they exit the stadium. Guests must also show ticket upon re-entry. Inspection policy will also be enforced. San Diego Padres Petco Park PETCO Park is a smoke-free facility. Guests who wish to utilize standard or electronic smoking devices at a PETCO Park event are required to utilize the designated locations outside the ballpark. Guests wishing to exit the ballpark and return to the same event must receive a re-entry stamp from gate personnel. San Francisco Giants AT&T Park In accordance with San Francisco City Ordinance, AT&T Park is a SMOKEFREE facility with no smoking areas. Smoking is not permitted anywhere in the ballpark. Electronic smoking and any other vaporized smoking is not permitted anywhere inside AT&T Park. The ballpark smoking policy is subject to change at the discretion of Giants management. Seattle Mariners Safeco Field In compliance with the Washington Clean Air Act, Safeco Field is a no smoking facility (including chewing tobacco and electronic cigarettes). Smoking is not permitted in any location inside Safeco Field or within 25 feet of all entrances, windows and ventilation intakes. Smoking is permitted only in designated areas 25 feet away from the Home Plate, Right Field, Left Field and Center Field Gates, as well as the north end of the Parking Plaza. Guests exiting the ballpark to smoke must have their ticket scanned for re-entry by a Gate Host at an entrance gate prior to exiting. Tampa Bay Rays Tropicana Field Tropicana Field is a smoke-free facility. Smoking is prohibited anywhere inside Tropicana Field, including smokeless cigarettes or any device that mimics the act of smoking. Guests are permitted to smoke inside the fenced areas outside the building at Gates 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7; or outside on the ramps at Gates 2, 3, 5 and 6. Texas Rangers Globe Life Park Smoking, Smoking Devices, or E-Cigarettes are not permitted in the seating bowl, the Lexus Club Level, suite level, or on the Main Concourse behind Section 44 past the Visitors Bullpen. But guests may smoke at designated areas near the outer perimeter of the main concourse and the upper 4
5 concourse. Additional smoking areas are located on the first and third base ramps, below the club concourse level. SMOKING SECTIONS There are ten designated smoking areas inside Globe Life Park. Main Concourse, along the outer wall behind the striping: Behind Sections Behind Section 39 Lexus Club Level, along the ramps behind the striping: Behind Section 208 Behind Section 243 Upper Concourse, along the outer wall behind the striping: Behind Sections Behind Section 310 Behind Sections Behind Sections Behind Sections Behind Sections Toronto Blue Jays Rogers Centre Since January 2006, Rogers Centre has been a smoke-free environment, in compliance with the Province of Ontario's Smoke-Free Ontario Act. Smoking is not permitted at any level in the building. Security issues preclude us from allowing guests back into the building if they choose to exit. Those fans leaving the facility to smoke will not be permitted re-entry to the stadium. Washington Nationals Nationals Park Nationals Park is a completely non-smoking facility. Guests wishing to smoke (including electronic cigarettes) must go to the designated smoking area at either the First Base Gate or the Third Base Gate. Guests wishing to exit Nationals Park to smoke must present a valid ticket and receive a wristband before exiting Nationals Park. Guests wishing to reenter Nationals Park must return with a valid ticket and assigned wristband. Guests may not exit and reenter Nationals Park using only an admission ticket for any reason. May be reprinted with appropriate credit to the American Nonsmokers Rights Foundation. Copyright American Nonsmokers Rights Foundation. All rights reserved. [LS-27] 5
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text:
The different VPN servicesPosted by: admin | Posted on: September 7, 2016
Today we talk about the different VPN services and how you can choose the best one for your needs
You want to install a VPN to hide your IP address or work around a geographic filtering? We had to sift through existing VPN offerings, and their performance in a real situation, to allow you to choose better.
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a system that allows you to create a direct link between two remote computers, as if they were on the same local network. Often encrypted, it allows also generally to be a gateway to use the internet to the remote computer, which allows to benefit from another IP address and hide its geographical origin. First used in business to access the intranet of the company remotely in a secure way, VPNS also have more usefulness among individuals.
WHY A VPN ? – The importance of remaining anonymous online
There are two main interests in the use of a VPN by individuals: work around a geographic filtering using an IP to another country via a VPN, and better protect his anonymity on networks by hiding its real IP address.
Indeed the VPN complicates the identification and location of the user insofar as its IP address is hidden behind the VPN server. But go on the Web, sometimes it's take the risk of exposing its information to other users on the local network, even to Governments that can monitor connections. So it is best to use a VPN encrypted on a public network, a station or a hotel and prevents anyone on the network to monitor its traffic. By hiding the IP address of the user, it also allows to dodge the tracking done by online advertising and social networking.
The VPN does not in itself absolute protection, – indeed, the absolute protection does not exist – but it is a technique easy to implement and which enhances the confidentiality of exchanged data on the web, particularly on public networks.
Use a VPN is often legal, even if circumvention of a geo-blocking required by rights holders could be parsed as a circumvention of technical protection rights, banned in France by the DADVSI law. There is however no case law that makes clear to our knowledge. It is also possible to use a VPN to bypass Hadopi download on BitTorrent without using its IP address, but this isn't something to advise.
The choice of your VPN will be for many the use you want to make. If you want to access the American catalog of Netflix get a powerful VPN, at the risk that it protects less data. On the other hand, if you travel to a country in which the web is censored and where certain uses are prohibited, Vpntrends.com will help you choose between the many different services you will direct you to a VPN that does not record your traffic and who will not give your information to Governments… even if it means slower surfing.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Real Time SYstems (RTS) Field Engineer
- Reading, Berkshire
- £34,123 - £50,539
Real Time Systems Field Engineer (513727) Location: Flexible location at any main SSEN site in South East England including; Reading and Portsmouth...
- Recruiter: SSE
Principal Electrical Engineer - Sonar Systems
- Portsmouth, England, Hampshire
- Negotiable
Principal Electrical Engineer - Sonar Systems Would you like to play a key role in the design and integration of sonar systems for Royal Navy submarines? We currently have a vacancy for a Principal Electrical Engineer at our site in either Frimley, Weymou
- Recruiter: BAE Systems
Energy Technologist
- Hexham, Northumberland
- Competitive employee benefits
To plan optimisation of gas and electrical power use across both EGGER UK Plants (Hexham, Northumberland and Auchinleck, Ayrshire).
- Recruiter: Egger


text:
Here is an example of a clean way to communicate between React components without getting stuck passing
@prop callbacks all around. Inspired by looking at the new Flux React utilities.
We're going to start off with a simple HAML file:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Next comes our
Widget component.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
On line 1 we're defining some easy helper methods to access the
React.DOM object - otherwise on every line we'd be writing something like
React.DOM.div or whichever element we were going to call.
Line 4 is our render method. Everytime state gets mutated or the component is loaded, this method is called.
On line 6 we're creating an anonymous function but passing in the local scope using a fat arrow
=> so we can access our other functions in the class. We call it inside an anonymous function so we can pass an argument to it, in this case the message.
Line 7 is our function that fires the event. I'm using the
_sendMsg syntax to denote it is a private function. The first argument to the jQuery event emitter is the event name, followed by a list of arguments.
Now lets write our
Alert handler and go through it line by line.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Line 1 we're doing the same thing as before, creating a little helper method.
Line 3 is a class variable (we also could have used
props here but I went with the class variable instead).
Line 4 is a function that defines the initial state of the component once it is mounted on the page. Here we are saying that there is an empty
messages array.
Line 7 is a life cycle event of a React component, called
componentDidMount which is called after the component has been rendered into the DOM and mounted.
Here we are telling jQuery to bind to any events that are triggered on the
[data-ui="alerts"] object and process them. We take the current messages from
push the newest message on to the end and then finally call
@setState to mutate the components state.
Now the next part on line 13 is how we can gracefully remove messages after they have been rendered.
componentDidUpdate is another React life cycle event and is called after a render occurs (and renders occur because the component was updated).
We iterate over each message using the
map function and call
setTimeout with an anonymous function that calls
@_removeMsg and passes in an index.
@messageTimeout is how we access the class variable defined at the top of the file.
Line 17 is a
render call to display all the messages. Note that it is wrapped in a div because you can't return a collection of objects from render, it must a single root element with nodes underneath.
Line 23 is our message removal function. We set
@state.messages to a local variable, remove one element at
index and then mutate the state by setting it to our local variable with
Below is an example of the final product.
See the Pen ZYoEWg by Josh Rendek (@joshrendek) on CodePen.
I'd like to thank my friend/co-worker Robert Pearce for getting me into React and showing me that everything doesn't need to be jQuery!


text:
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Chadbourne & Parke's decision last month not to offer jobs to 11 deferred associates from 2009 obviously didn't sit well with those...
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2017 State of the Lateral Law Firm Market


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On Being the Right Size
- Abel Richardson
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 On Being the Right Size J. B. S. Haldane March 1926 The most obvious differences between different animals are differences of size, but for some reason the zoologists have paid singularly little attention to them. In a large textbook of zoology before me I find no indication that the eagle is larger than the sparrow, or the hippopotamus bigger than the hare, though some grudging admissions are made in the case of the mouse and the whale. But yet it is easy to show that a hare could not be as large as a hippopotamus or a whale as small as a herring. For every type of animal there is a most convenient size, and a large change in size inevitably carries with it a change of form. Let us take the most obvious of possible cases, and consider a giant man sixty feet high - about the height of Giant Pope and Giant Pagan in the illustrated Pilgrim s Progress of my childhood. These monsters were not only ten times as high as Christian, but ten times as wide and ten times as thick, so that their total weight was a thousand times his, or about eighty to ninety tons. Unfortunately the cross sections of their bones were only a hundred times those of Christian, so that every square inch of giant bone had to support ten times the weight borne by a square inch of human bone. As the human thigh-bone breaks under about ten times the human weight, Pope and Pagan would have broken their thighs every time they took a step. This was doubtless why they were sitting down in the picture I remember. But it lessens ones respect for Christian and Jack the Giant Killer. To turn to zoology, suppose that a gazelle, a graceful little creature with long thin legs, is to become large, it will break its bones unless it does one of two things. It may make its legs short and thick, like the rhinoceros, so that every pound of weight has still about the same area of bone to support it. Or it can compress its body and stretch out its legs obliquely to gain stability, like the giraffe. I mention these two beasts because they happen to belong 1
2 to the same order as the gazelle, and both are quite successful mechanically, being remarkably fast runners. Gravity, a mere nuisance to Christian, was a terror to Pope, Pagan, and Despair. To the mouse and any smaller animal it presents practically no dangers. You can drop a mouse down a thousand-yard mine shaft; and, on arriving at the bottom it gets a slight shock and walks away, provided that the ground is fairly soft. A rat is killed, a man is broken, a horse splashes. For the resistance presented to movement by the air is proportional to the surface of the moving object. Divide an animal s length, breadth, and height each by ten; its weight is reduced to a thousandth, but its surface only a hundredth. So the resistance to falling in the case of the small animal is relatively ten times greater than the driving force. An insect, therefore, is not afraid of gravity; it can fall without danger, and can cling to the ceiling with remarkably little trouble. It can go in for elegant and fantastic forms of support like that of the daddy-longlegs. But there is a force which is as formidable to an insect as gravitation to a mammal. This is surface tension. A man coming out of a bath carries with him a film of water about one-fiftieth of an inch in thickness. This weighs roughly a pound. A wet mouse has to carry about its own weight of water. A wet fly has to lift many times its own weight and, as everyone knows, a fly once wetted by water or any other liquid is in a very serious position indeed. An insect going for a drink is in a great danger as man leaning out over a precipice in search of food. If it once falls into the grip of the surface tension of the water -that is to say, gets wet - it is likely to remain so until it downs. A few insects, such as water-beetles, contrive to be unwettable; the majority keep well away from their drink by means of a long proboscis. Of course tall land animals have other difficulties. They have to pump their blood to greater heights than a man, and, therefore, require a larger blood pressure and tougher blood-vessels. A great many men die from burst arteries, greater for an elephant or a giraffe. But animals of all kinds find difficulties in size for the following reason. A typical small animal, say a microscopic worm of rotifer, has a smooth skin through which all the oxygen it requires can soak in, a straight gut with sufficient surface to absorb its food, and a single kidney. Increase its dimensions tenfold in every direction, and its weight is increased a thousand times, so that if it to use its muscles as efficiently as its miniature counterpart, it will need a thousand times as much food and oxygen per day and will excrete a thousand times as much of waste products. 2
3 Now if its shape is unaltered its surface will be increased only a hundredfold, and ten times as much oxygen must enter per minute through each square millimeter of skin, ten time as much food through each square millimeter of intestine. When a limit is reached to their absorptive powers their surface has to be increased by some special device. For example, a part of the skin may be drawn out into tufts to make gills or pushed in to make lungs, thus increasing the oxygen-absorbing surface in proportion to the animal s bulk. A man, for example, has a hundred square yards of lung. Similarly, the gut, instead of being smooth and straight, becomes coiled and develops a velvety surface, and other organs increase in complication. The higher animals are not larger than the lower because they are more complicated. They are more complicated because they are larger. Just the same is true of plants. The simplest plants, such as the green algae growing in stagnant water or on the bark of trees, are mere round cells. The higher plants increase their surface by putting out leaves and roots. Comparative anatomy is largely the story of the struggle to example, while vertebrates carry the oxygen from the gills or lungs all over the body in the blood, insects take air directly to every part of their body by tiny blind tubes called tracheae which open to the surface at many different points. Now, although their breathing movements they can renew the air in the outer part of the tracheal system, the oxygen has to penetrate the finer branches by means of diffusion. Gases can diffuse easily through very small distances, not many times larger than the average length traveled by a gas molecule between collisions with other molecules. But when such vast journeys-from the point of view of a molecule-as a quarter of an inch have to be made, the process becomes slow. So the portions of an insect s body more than a quarter of an inch from the air would always be short of oxygen. In consequence hardly any insects are much more than half an inch thick. Land crabs are built on the same general plan as insects, but are much clumsier. Yet like ourselves they carry oxygen around in their blood, and are therefore able to grow far larger than any insects. If the insects had hit on a plan for driving air through their tissues instead of letting it soak in, they might well have become as large as lobsters, though other considerations would have prevented them from becoming as large as man. Exactly the same difficulties attach to flying. It is an elementary principle of aeronautics that the minimum speed needed to keep an aeroplane of a given shape in the air varies as the square root of its length. If its linear dimensions are increased four times, it must fly twice as fast. Now the power 3
4 needed for the minimum speed increases more rapidly than the weight of the machine. So the larger aeroplane, which weighs sixty-four times as much as the smaller, needs one hundred and twenty-eight times its horsepower to keep up. Applying the same principle to the birds, we find that the limit to their size is soon reached. An angel whose muscles developed no more power weight for weight than those of an eagle or a pigeon would require a breast projecting for about four feet to house the muscles engaged in working its wings, while to economize in weight, its legs would have to be reduced to mere stilts. Actually a large bird such as an eagle or kite does not keep in the air mainly by moving its wings. It is generally to be seen soaring, that is to say balanced on a rising column of air. And even soaring becomes more and more difficult with increasing size. Were this not the case eagles might be as large as tigers and as formidable to man as hostile aeroplanes. But it is time that we pass to some of the advantages of size. One of the most obvious is that it enables one to keep warm. All warm-blooded animals at rest lose the same amount of heat from a unit area of skin, for which purpose they need a food-supply proportional to their surface and not to their weight. Five thousand mice weigh as much as a man. Their combined surface and food or oxygen consumption are about seventeen times a man s. In fact a mouse eats about one quarter its own weight of food every day, which is mainly used in keeping it warm. For the same reason small animals cannot live in cold countries. In the arctic regions there are no reptiles or amphibians, and no small mammals. The smallest mammal in Spitzbergen is the fox. The small birds fly away in winter, while the insects die, though their eggs can survive six months or more of frost. The most successful mammals are bears, seals, and walruses. Similarly, the eye is a rather inefficient organ until it reaches a large size. The back of the human eye on which an image of the outside world is thrown, and which corresponds to the film of a camera, is composed of a mosaic of rods and cones whose diameter is little more than a length of an average light wave. Each eye has about a half a million, and for two objects to be distinguishable their images must fall on separate rods or cones. It is obvious that with fewer but larger rods and cones we should see less distinctly. If they were twice as broad two points would have to be twice as far apart before we could distinguish them at a given distance. But if their size were diminished and their number increased we should see no better. For it is impossible to form a definite image smaller than a wave-length of light. Hence a mouse s eye is not a small-scale model of a human eye. Its rods and cones are not 4
5 much smaller than ours, and therefore there are far fewer of them. A mouse could not distinguish one human face from another six feet away. In order that they should be of any use at all the eyes of small animals have to be much larger in proportion to their bodies than our own. Large animals on the other hand only require relatively small eyes, and those of the whale and elephant are little larger than our own. For rather more recondite reasons the same general principle holds true of the brain. If we compare the brainweights of a set of very similar animals such as the cat, cheetah, leopard, and tiger, we find that as we quadruple the body-weight the brain-weight is only doubled. The larger animal with proportionately larger bones can economize on brain, eyes, and certain other organs. Such are a very few of the considerations which show that for every type of animal there is an optimum size. Yet although Galileo demonstrated the contrary more than three hundred years ago, people still believe that if a flea were as large as a man it could jump a thousand feet into the air. As a matter of fact the height to which an animal can jump is more nearly independent of its size than proportional to it. A flea can jump about two feet, a man about five. To jump a given height, if we neglect the resistance of air, requires an expenditure of energy proportional to the jumper s weight. But if the jumping muscles form a constant fraction of the animal s body, the energy developed per ounce of muscle is independent of the size, provided it can be developed quickly enough in the small animal. As a matter of fact an insect s muscles, although they can contract more quickly than our own, appear to be less efficient; as otherwise a flea or grasshopper could rise six feet into the air. And just as there is a best size for every animal, so the same is true for every human institution. In the Greek type of democracy all the citizens could listen to a series of orators and vote directly on questions of legislation. Hence their philosophers held that a small city was the largest possible democratic state. The English invention of representative government made a democratic nation possible, and the possibility was first realized in the United States, and later elsewhere. With the development of broadcasting it has once more become possible for every citizen to listen to the political views of representative orators, and the future may perhaps see the return of the national state to the Greek form of democracy. Even the referendum has been made possible only by the institution of daily newspapers. To the biologist the problem of socialism appears largely as a problem of size. The extreme socialists desire to run every nation as a single business 5
6 concern. I do not suppose that Henry Ford would find much difficulty in running Andorra or Luxembourg on a socialistic basis. He has already more men on his pay-roll than their population. It is conceivable that a syndicate of Fords, if we could find them, would make Belgium Ltd or Denmark Inc. pay their way. But while nationalization of certain industries is an obvious possibility in the largest of states, I find it no easier to picture a completely socialized British Empire or United States than an elephant turning somersaults or a hippopotamus jumping a hedge. About the Author John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (November 5, December 1, 1964) was a geneticist born in Scotland and educated at Eton and Oxford University. He was one of the founders (along with Fisher and Wright) of population genetics. His famous book, The Causes of Evolution (1932), was the first major work of what came to be known as the modern evolutionary synthesis, reestablishing natural selection as the premier mechanism of evolution by explaining it in terms of the mathematical consequences of Mendelian genetics. He was also a great science popularizer, and was perhaps the Stephen Jay Gould or Richard Dawkins of his day. His essay, Daedalus or Science and the Future (1923), was remarkable in predicting many scientific advances but has been criticized for presenting a too idealistic view of scientific progress. Haldane was himself a very idealistic man, and in his youth was a devoted Communist and author of many articles in The Daily Worker. Events in the Soviet Union, such as the rise of the anti-mendelian agronomist Trofim Lysenko and the crimes of Stalin, caused him to break with the Communist Party later in life. He is also known for an observation from his essay, On Being the Right Size, which Jane Jacobs and others have since referred to as Haldane s principle. This is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have: Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells. The conceptual metaphor to animal body complexity has been 6
7 of use in energy economics and secession ideas. Haldane was friends with the author Aldous Huxley, and was the basis for the biologist Shearwater in Huxley s novel Antic Hay. Ideas from Haldane s Daedalus, such as ectogenesis (the development of fetuses in artificial wombs), also influenced Huxley s Brave New World. He had many students, the most famous of whom, John Maynard Smith, was perhaps also the one most like himself. In one of the last speeches of his life, Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten Thousand Years (1963), Haldane coined the word clone, from the Greek word for twig. Haldane was a very quotable man. Some of the things he said are probably more famous than he is: The Creator, if He exists, has a special preference for beetles. This is referring to the fact that 25% of all known animal species are types of beetle. Four stages of acceptance: 1. This is worthless nonsense. 2. This is an interesting, but perverse, point of view. 3. this is true, but quite unimportant. 4. I always said so. This is referring to the stages that a scientific theory goes through. Now my own suspicion is that the Universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we CAN suppose. Often referred to as Haldane s Law (not to be confused with Haldane s rule), this is an explanation for the increasing counterintuitiveness of modern scientific theories. Would I lay down my life to save my brother? No, but I would to save two brothers or eight cousins. This is a joke based on the idea of inclusive fitness. Basically, the joke is as you only share 50% of your genes with a brother, and 12.5% with a cousin, you would have to save enough relatives to at least break even. 7
8 It is worth mentioning, to those who are keen on books for their own sake, that his most sought-after and valuable publication, as far as collectors are concerned, is the short story My Friend Mr Leakey - which indeed is where the queerer than we suppose quotation can be found in print (though it is likely that JBSH thought this one up beforehand and incorporated it in the story for our amusement). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License 8
Name That Adaptation. Background: Link to the Plan Read Section 5 (Whooping Crane Ecology and Biology) in the Management Plan
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