text:
Stakeholder considerations for ACA exchange and Medicaid interim final rules Posted on April 6, 2012
A brief outlining stakeholder considerations of the federal Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) exchange establishment and eligibility final rule and Medicaid final rules. The document reflects feedback from the Exchange Rules Analysis Committee (ERAC), a diverse group of stakeholders convened by HPIO to examine the issue.
Download pdfTags: Affordable Care Act (ACA), Exchange, marketplace, Medicaid
Categorized in: Affordable Care Act (ACA), Medicaid, Publications


text:
"The Food Processor Fumble," Reunion Ramen for Aunt Bea and the Best Web Series of All Time — Jeff's Star Reportby Jeff Mauro in Food Network Star, Recap, August 3, 2015
It's a Dom-free week here on Food Network Star, and his personality and great narration will be missed. His witty every-man narrations were a large part of the previous eight episodes, and I'm curious to see how the episode flows without them.
We are left with the final four, and they are faced with a challenge involving live TV. In walks television's own Catherine McCord to help guide the guys through the unpredictable wilderness of live television. Per usual, Eddie gets very excited at the site of a real-life woman. Because of this, I am confident Eddie will nail this first challenge.
They get assigned various themes: Eddie gets burgers, Jay gets after-school-snacks, Alex gets a hot date, and Arnold gets to make yet another yummy breakfast.
The 30-minute cooking session begins and the vibe is tense. Everybody is going for the gold here, except Jay, who is keeping it simple and concise, just like an after-school snack should be.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
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Life by Mariska1974Watch
©2011-2017 Mariska1974
Dedicated to my friend Happy Birthday my dear Russ, many years of life, health and peace!
Feature by *Tailgun2009 [link] and =Tigles1Artistry [link] and *primalfuryan [link]
Feature by *Tailgun2009 [link] and =Tigles1Artistry [link] and *primalfuryan [link]
Elles sont superbes !
Very beautiful flowers for Russ!
beautiful my friend!
Amazing and beautiful photography!
Wonderful flowers
muy lindas flores en el verjel
Awesome Shot,hun.
and Happy Birthday Russ
and Happy Birthday Russ
Very amazing dedication for your friend, dear Karla!!
A very beautiful shot
A very beautiful work and birtday gift dear Karla Maria!!!
You are an amazing photographer, your comment is a honor for me. Thanks you, my dear!
You know, you´re always very, very welcome dear Karla Maria, it´s always a joy for me to see, comment and fav your new artworks!!!
Crystall clear focusing...Wonderfull feeling I felt when I faced it. thanks for sharing
You are always kind, a very sweet person.
bir kez daha desteğiniz için teşekkür etmek istedim.
bir kez daha desteğiniz için teşekkür etmek istedim.
so pretty
Nice photo and nice gift. I love how colorful it looks, nothing is more colorful than nature
beautiful Karla
very beautiful photography my friend, such vivid colors beautiful gift for Russ


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Nov 26, 2002
|Filing date
|Oct 27, 1998
|Priority date
|Oct 27, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Alexander B. Romanovsky
|Original Assignee
|Teloptics Corporations
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (108), Non-Patent Citations (42), Referenced by (8), Classifications (11), Legal Events (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to light modulators and light switches, and more particularly to electro-optic modulator arrays. The inventor anticipates that primary application of the present invention will be in high-speed printing and image processing, although it may also be used in optical interconnects, telecommunications and flat panel displays.
Electro-optic modulators have been well known in the art for years, but for multi-channel applications they have suffered from several disadvantages. Prior art modulator arrays have usually been formed from single wafers of electro-optically active material onto which surface electrodes have been attached, to form channels which are defined by the electric field lines within the optical wafer. Cross-talk, or interference between channels, has been a problem because electro-optic modulators are vulnerable on at least two levels. Since the channels are not restricted except by the electric field lines, activity in one channel can easily induce electro-optic interference in a nearby channel. This is in addition to usual electrical cross-talk experienced by closely grouped and unshielded electrical contacts. Also, previous electro-optic modulators and light switches have often relied on surface deposited electrodes, which produce electric field lines that are fringed, rather than channeled and directed. Due to the exponential decay of the electric field intensity inside the material, very high voltages may be required to drive the material to produce the desired electro-optic effect.
Electro-optic materials, such as LiNbO3, can be expensive, and can require high driving voltages. Liquid crystal modulators have also been used, but response times for this type are typically very slow, on the order of milliseconds. Also, the electro-optic effect exhibited by a material can be of several different orders, depending on the material. A first order effect, called the Pockels effect, is linear in its response to increase in applied voltage. A second order effect, called the Kerr effect, is quadratic in its response, thus a greater increase in effect can be produced relative to an increase in voltage. This can theoretically allow smaller driving voltages in a primarily Kerr effect material to be applied to produce a comparable electro-optic effect compared to material which produces primarily Pockels effect.
Lead zirconate titanate polycrystalline ceramic which is doped with lanthanum (PLZT) is a relatively inexpensive, optically transparent ceramic which can be made to exhibit either the quadratic Kerr effect or the linear Pockels effect, depending on the composition, and can be formed into wafers easily and used in sol-gel moldings. The concentrate of lanthanum, or "doping", is variable, and can lead to varying characteristics in the material. PLZT that is commercially available is typically made from a "recipe" which produces a very high dielectric constant κ. Very high κ values produce high capacitance values C, which in turn produce high power requirements, as power (P) is proportional to CV2/2 where V=voltage. High power consumption in turn generates heat, so that some modulators that require high voltage also may require cooling. If the proportion of lanthanum dopant, or other components, in the material is adjusted, the dielectric constant value and electro-optic constant value, as well as the type of electro-optic effect (Kerr or Pockels), may also be varied, with the result affecting capacitance and power consumption.
Prior art inventions for modulating light in arrays generally suffer from common problems experienced by multi-channel optical and electrical systems in which the channels are not appropriately isolated. As discussed above, interference is easily induced in nearby channels resulting in cross-talk which can distort image clarity and corrupt data transmissions. Additionally, much of the prior art requires high driving voltages that are incompatible with TTL level power supplies.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,942 by Moulin shows a wafer of PLZT electro-optic ceramic material with a large number of surface mounted electrodes. This invention suffers from the disadvantage of cross-talk between channels, although there is discussion of attempts to decrease cross-talk by use of large electrodes and increased space of the electro-optic windows. This results in less efficient use of the material. Although typical driving voltages are not given, with larger areas of material, higher applied voltages become necessary to provide the necessary electric field density in the wafer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,543 by Bennion et al. describes a spatial light modulator made of a solid sheet layer of electro-optic material such as PLZT, which has paired surface electrodes. This has the disadvantage of requiring a driving voltage of approximately 20 volts to produce a phase retardation of PI radians. U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,521 by Mir et al. discloses a panel of electro-optic material which uses electrodes to define pixel regions. It speaks of using voltages in the range of 100-200 volts. U.S. Pat. No. 5,033,814 by Brown et al. also shows a single slab of electro-optic material which requires a driving voltage of 150 volts. U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,414 to Oakley discloses a single wafer of Pockels crystal with surface mounted electrodes requiring a 70 volt driving voltage. Besides being obviously incompatible with TTL voltage levels, none of these inventions have any mechanism for confining electric field lines. Also, in general, use of higher driving voltages will generate heat in the electro-optic material, which can mean that a cooling system may be required.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,643 by Collings discusses an array of optical modulators which are built into a neural network. These modulators are mostly of liquid crystal type, although use of PLZT is mentioned. U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,994 by Sprague shows a single slab of electro-optic material with an array of electrodes which create fringe electric fields, which are not channeled. Sarraf's U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,748 also discloses a modulator array in which mirror-like devices deflect or deform when electrostatic force is applied. U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,946 to Varner also discusses a light valve array, with one specifically preferred material being PLZT. However, all four of these inventions can be expected to have the same problems of cross-talk, which the present invention is designed to eliminate.
For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for an array of discrete light modulating elements which can operate at TTL voltage levels, and at high speeds, with almost no cross-talk, and which can be used to produce small pixels or which can be grouped together to create larger pixels and large two dimensional panels or sheets.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an array of discrete modulated elements of electro-optic material.
Another object of the invention is to provide arrays of electro-optically modulators that can be driven by TTL voltages, and thus be compatible with standard TTL power supplies.
Yet another object of the invention is to produce arrays of electro-optic modulators which have very little cross-talk between channels.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an array with very fast response and switching time.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an array of pixels which can be of very small dimensions to reduce problems of aliasing in optical displays.
A yet further object of the present invention is to produce light modulating arrays that can be manufactured by conventional methods very inexpensively.
The invention according to one mode provides an optical system that comprises a plurality of discrete protrusions comprising electro-optic material and a plurality of electrodes associated with each of the protrusions. Each discrete protrusion is electrically and optically isolated from each other and has defined a top face, a bottom face, a first side face or first and second side faces, and front and back faces. The electrodes are capable of inducing an electric field in the electro-optic material for independently modulating one or more light beams which are incident upon one of the faces of the protrusions.
In one aspect of the invention, each of the protrusions includes a first portion of the electro-optic material to which a plurality of electrodes is associated. Each of the protrusions further includes a second portion comprised of material with an index of refraction (N2) matching that of the first portion when no voltage is applied to electro-optically activate the first portion. The index of refraction (N2) of the second portion, however, is less than the index of refraction (N1) of the first portion when the first portion is electro-optically activated by application of appropriate voltage. The first and second portions are in close conjunction with each other such that a boundary is formed at the junction of the first and second portions. Each of the protrusions is oriented with respect to the one or more light beams such that each of the light beams enters the first portion of each protrusion and strikes the boundary between the first and the second portions at an angle. This angle is such that each light beam is reflected by total internal reflection when the first portion is electro-optically activated by application of sufficient voltage. The light beams, however, will pass substantially unreflected through the boundary when the first portion is not electro-optically activated.
In another aspect of the invention, at least one of the plurality of discrete protrusions selectively adjusts a light beam incident upon the protrusion. The protrusion comprises a first portion with a first index of refraction (N1) with respect to the light beam, a second portion with a second index of refraction (N2) with respect to the light beam, a boundary between the first and second portions, and the electro-optic material which is located within the first portion. The plurality of electrodes is arranged with respect to the first portion in order to induce an electric field in the electro-optic material upon application of a controllable voltage across the electrodes. The first index of refraction (N1) is changed relative to the second index of refraction (N2) such that according to a first voltage between the electrodes, the light beam is allowed to pass across the boundary substantially unreflected. In contrast, with a second voltage, the light beam is reflected by total internal reflection at the boundary. The first and second portions may have different relative thicknesses adjacent the boundary, or the second portion may comprise a non-electro-optic material adjacent the boundary.
In yet another aspect of the invention, at least one of the protrusions comprises first and second portions of material. Each of the first and second portions has a refractive index (N1, N2) and at least the first portion is comprised of the electro-optic material. Additionally, at least one of the electrodes is arranged with respect to the electro-optic material to induce a change in the refractive index difference between the first and second portions upon application of a voltage equal to or less than 5 volts across at least a part of the electro-optic material. The refractive index difference is variable between first and second values. The first value is sufficiently small to allow an incident light beam to pass substantially unreflected between the first and second portions. The second value is sufficiently large to cause the incident beam entering one of the first and second portions to be totally internally reflected.
In still another aspect of the invention, the optical system includes first and second portions of material each having a refractive index (N1, N2). At least the first portion is comprised of lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate. The lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate is adapted to induce a change in the refractive index difference between the first and second portions, such that the refractive index difference is variable between first and second values. The first value is sufficiently small to allow an incident light beam to pass substantially unreflected between the first and second portions. The second value being sufficiently large to cause the incident beam entering one of the portions to be reflected by total internal reflection.
In another aspect of the invention, each of the protrusions comprises a transmissive optical component comprising electro-optic material having an index of refraction that can be varied. The transmissive optical component is adapted to change the index of refraction between a plurality of values such that an optical beam incident on a surface of the transmissive optical component propagates along a first path when the index of refraction has one value and the optical beam propagates along a second path when the index of refraction has another value. An optical surface is disposed in spatial relation to the transmissive optical component such that the optical beam propagating along the first path is incident on the optical surface and the optical beam propagating along the second path avoids the optical surface.
In yet another aspect of the invention, each of the protrusions is formed in a prism shape. Each of the prism shaped protrusions is oriented with respect to one or more light beams such that each light beam incident upon the front face of the protrusion enters each protrusion traveling a first path and emerges at a first angle from the back face of the protrusion when no voltage is applied to electro-optically activate the protrusion. However, each light beam travels a second path and emerges at a second angle from the back face of the protrusion when the protrusion is electro-optically activated by application of appropriate voltage.
In another aspect of the invention, the plurality of discrete protrusions is formed from a matrix of the electro-optic material. This matrix contains a plurality of embedded adjacent electrodes, the electrodes being capable of inducing an electric field in the electro-optic material for independently modulating one or more light beams which are incident upon the matrix of electro-optic material.
In another aspect of the invention, the light beams incident upon one of the faces of the protrusions are linearly polarized in a first polarization orientation, and the optical system further comprises a power supply, a conductor, a switch, and a separator. The power supply is capable of supplying sufficient voltage to induce a desired polarization shift from a first polarization orientation to a second polarization orientation in a beam of polarized light entering the protrusions. The conductor is arranged to conduct electricity from the power supply to the plurality of electrodes. The switch is adapted to control application of voltage to the electrodes through the conductor, and the separator is configured to separate light of a first polarization orientation from light of a second polarization orientation.
In another aspect of the invention, a method of producing the optical system comprises providing a matrix of non-electro-optic material, molding the electro-optic material within the matrix, and depositing the electrodes adjacent the electro-optic material.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of producing the optical system comprises providing a matrix of the electro-optic material, molding a non-electro-optic material within the matrix, and depositing the electrodes adjacent the electro-optic material.
The invention according to another mode provides an optical system with a protrusion comprising electro-optic material and a plurality of electrodes associated with the protrusion. The protrusion has a top face, a bottom face, a first side face or first and second side faces, and front and back faces. The plurality of electrodes are capable of inducing an electric field in the electro-optic material for independently modulating a light beam which is incident upon one of the faces of the protrusion. The various aspects that further define the optical system according to the mode providing a plurality of protrusions also further define the optical system and respective protrusion according to this mode.
An advantage of the present invention is that it may be operated with TTL voltages or lower.
Another advantage of the invention is that because of the low voltage requirements, heating of the elements is reduced and requirements for cooling are minimized.
Yet another advantage of the present invention is that very small elements may be produced, thus allowing for very fine image resolution.
A further advantage of the present invention is that cross-talk between channels is nearly eliminated.
A still further advantage of the present invention is that standard micro-machining operations can be used, allowing for inexpensive manufacture.
A yet further advantage of the present invention is that sol-gel processes can be used to create arrays very inexpensively.
Yet another advantage of the present invention is that sol-gel processes can be used to make displays which are both thin and flexible. These molding processes can produce arrays with large numbers of elements quickly and for very low cost.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become clear to those skilled in the art in view of the description of the best presently known mode of carrying out the invention and the industrial applicability of the preferred embodiment as described herein and as illustrated in the several figures of the drawings.
The purposes and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a system for modulating and switching light beams which uses a light modulating array, showing the modulation of impinging light beams;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a modulator array, and electrical circuit showing an alternative location for conductive pads;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a modulator array, and electrical circuit showing the elements mounted on a substrate of different material;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a modulator array and electrical circuit in which electrodes have been attached to the top and bottom wafer surfaces;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a modulator array and electrical circuit showing an alternate location for conductive pads;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a modulator array and electrodes;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment of a modulator array and electrodes;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of system for modulating and switching light beams which uses a modulator array and beamsplitters to separate modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of a system for modulating and switching light beams, which shows a single element of a modulator array used as an alternate mechanism for separating modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a system for modulating and switching light beams which shows a single element of a different version of a modulator array used as an alternate mechanism for separating modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a modulator array in which electrodes have been placed so as to produce an electric field which is collinear with the direction of light propagation; and
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of an embedded electrode array in a sol-gel matrix of electro-optic material.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is an array of light modulating and switching microstructure devices. The present invention solves many of the problems of the prior art by using lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate crystal (PLZT), which is an optically transparent ceramic that becomes birefringent when proper voltage is applied. PLZT has a quadratic electro-optic response to voltage increase thus allowing lower driving voltages. In addition, the present invention uses an optimized compositional "recipe" in which the proportion of lanthanum dopant and matrix elements has been designed to produce low dielectric constant κ, higher electro-optic efficiency, and thus low power requirements. Additionally, the electro-optic elements are 3-dimensional and of very small size, generally 10 μm-200 μm in the light propagation direction, or much less, depending on the design. This allows production of very high-density electric fields in these elements by using small voltages, including TTL levels of approximately 5 volts, and lower. This has advantages because power supplies that are already set up for TTL level digital components can supply the electro-optic modulators as well. Cross-talk has been nearly eliminated by the use of grooves or regions which are filled with air or other dielectric materials. These physically separate at least a portion of the elements, thus directing and channeling electric field lines more closely. PLZT, as well as other electro-optic materials, also allows for pico-second response time, thus theoretically allowing very high switching frequencies of 100 GHz and more.
The use of embedded electrodes produces more uniform electric field strength in the elements. This allows a much lower driving voltage and a much more predictable and controllable electric field.
The present invention is also useful when using standard recipe electro-optic materials, in which the dielectric constant has not been minimized, and also in a variety of other electro-optic materials beside PLZT. Electro-optic materials fall generally into five categories, 1) electro-optic crystals, 2) polycrystalline electro-optic ceramics, 3) electro-optically active polymers, 4) electro-optic semiconductors, and 5) electro-optic glasses. Although the electro-optic properties of the materials are variable depending on composition, the present invention can be implemented with materials of any of these three categories. Specific examples of electro-optic materials besides PLZT which may be used include, but are not limited to, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, BSN, PBN, KTN, KDP, KD*P, KTP, BaTiO3, Ba2NaNb5O15 GaAs, InP, CdS, AgGaS2, and ZnGeP2. The very small dimensions of the elements result in very low element capacitance even when using material having a relatively large dielectric constant κ.
As illustrated in the various drawings herein, and particularly in the view of FIG. 1, a form of this preferred embodiment of the inventive device is depicted by the general reference character 10.
FIG. 1 illustrates an array of light modulating microstructures 10 as well as a system 11 for modulating or switching light in a number of independent channels. In this preferred embodiment, the array 10 is formed from a wafer 12 of PLZT. PLZT has been chosen for its large electro-optic effect and low absorption for thin wafers.
If PLZT is used, the relative proportion of the Lanthanum dopant in the ceramic can be very important in determining the driving voltage required for the elements. The composition also is important in establishing the optical properties such as transparency, grain size and pore size, speed, power dissipation, operating temperature and for maximizing both the linear and the quadratic electro-optic coefficients of the material. Commercial recipes for PLZT have largely used Lanthanum concentrations of 9.0% to 12%. If Lanthanum concentration is varied in the range of 8.5% to 9.0% of the PLZT ceramic and the concentration of Zirconium and Titanium are unchanged from typical ratios of 65/35, it may be possible to achieve a higher quadratic electro-optic coefficient (R) in the PLZT for the La dopant percentage closer to 8.5%. For the PLZT compositions, where Zr and Ti are maintained in a 65/35 ratio and the overall percentage of La is varied:
It is known that for La<8.0%, PLZT loses quadratic electro-optic properties. It is therefore expected that somewhere around 8.5% La there should be a maximum for R around (5-40)×10−16 m2/V2.
This enhanced value of electro-optic coefficient provides many advantages. It will permit lower required driving voltages, and thus lower power dissipation in the material and hence lower heating of the device. This in turn allows the device to be driven at significantly higher frequencies, even without external cooling. Also, the use of lower La concentrations (which is a free electron donor) will result in a reduced "charge screening" effect. The overall result is higher modulation efficiency of devices manufactured from this material.
The wafer 12 has regions or grooves 14 formed to produce protrusions 16 from the original thickness 18 of the wafer 12. The grooves 14 may be formed by any number of means, such as mechanical machining with micro-saws, chemical etching using photo-resist masks, or laser ablation, or the array may be molded in shape from polycrystalline ceramic, among other methods. The grooves 14 provide isolation between the channels of the array 10, serve to direct and channel the electric field lines in the electro-optic material and thus allow the array to operate with nearly zero cross-talk.
Each protrusion 16 has a top face 20, a first side face 22 and a second side face 24, a front face 26 and a rear face 28. The grooves 14 can be cut through the entire original thickness 18 of the wafer 12, in which case, the protrusions will have an independent bottom face 30, or if the groove is not cut through the entire original thickness 18, the bottom face 30 will be integral with the wafer 12, as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 1.
The faces of the wafer 32 can be polished either before or after the grooves 14 are formed, to prevent scattering of light entering or leaving the wafer 12. Electrodes 34 are attached to the protrusions 16 by any of a number of ways, but one preferred method is to embed the electrodes 34, as this may produce a more uniform electrical field. It is also possible that the material of the electrode 34 may completely fill the grooves 14. Conductive pads 36 of gold or some other metal or conductive material are used to attach electrical leads 38 to the electrodes 34, which connect them in turn to the electrical power supply 40. An electrical field is thus established which is oriented in a transverse direction relative to the direction of the incoming light beams 42. The width of electro-optic material between the grooves 14 in the protrusions 16 establishs the electrode gap 44 in this configuration of electrode 34 placement.
For ease of reference, an assembly containing a protrusion 16, attached electrodes 34, and conductive pads 36 shall be referred to as an "element". The size of the wafer 12, the protrusions 16 and the electrode gaps 44 will depend on the material chosen, and the desired range of applied voltages to be used. The electro-optic effect exhibited by an element of a particular material depends on the electric field strength within that element. The density of that field will in turn depend on the amount of applied voltage, the material chosen, and the physical dimensions of the element in which the electric field is contained. Using very small elements allows a large concentration of electric field density by use of small to moderate voltages. In the present invention, in order to use voltages in the TTL range, around 5V, it is estimated that the physical size of the elements, if made of PLZT, will be on the order of 20 μm×20 μm×200 μm. The grooves 14 can be made very small, and indeed may be limited by the size of machining tools used to form them. Excellent results in terms of near zero cross-talk have been achieved using micro-sawing methods where the kerf size of the saw cuts are around 25 μm. Effective reduction of cross-talk between channels may be achieved with grooves as small as 5 μm.
Such tiny elements can produce modulated beams of very small size, producing such fine image resolution that the unaided eye is incapable of distinguishing it. It may have applications where microscopic images are required, or where multiple beams are combined in groups of 5 or 10 elements to make up 1 pixel in a display device.
The size of the elements will also depend on whether the beam is transmitted through the element or reflected from a rear surface, in which case, the length or the driving voltage can be cut roughly in half to produce the same degree of modulation. Materials with smaller electro-optic properties may require greater size or increased applied voltage to achieve proper modulation results.
In FIG. 1, a first element 46 and a second element 48 are shown, which in this preferred embodiment, will be assumed to be composed of PLZT. Between the first element 46 and the voltage supply line, an open switch 50 is shown to represent that the element 46 has no voltage applied, and is in an inactive state. It is, of course, to be understood that nothing so primitive as throw-switches need be used to practice the invention. Most likely, very high frequency (perhaps as much as 100 GHz or more) square waves of appropriate voltage will be used, but throw-switches are used here as an easy means of illustrating the state of the applied voltage.
The incoming light beams 42 having incoming linear polarization 54 which is aligned with the upper tip 45 degrees to the left of vertical, (which shall be referred to as "R" polarization) impinge on both elements 46 and 48. This incoming light may be linearly polarized laser light, or it may be initially unpolarized light, perhaps even including light from an incandescent bulb, which has been transmitted through a polarizer to produce linearly polarized light. First element 46 is inactive, thus the outgoing polarization 56 of the first element 46 is unchanged. It passes through an R aligned polarizer 60 and is detected by a light sensor or photo detector 62, perhaps to be recognized as a digital "1".
In contrast, switch 52 is closed leading to the second element 48, thus the supply voltage is applied and the element 48 is active. The element 48 becomes birefringent under the influence of the applied electric field. Birefringence causes an incoming beam 42 which is linearly polarized at a 45 degree angle relative to the direction of the applied electric field to split into two orthogonal components which are respectively parallel and perpendicular to the electric field lines. These components travel along the same path but at different velocities. The electro-optic effect thus will cause a phase shift between the two components, as one is retarded in relation to the other. After traveling through the element 48, the components re-combine with the result that the polarization of the emergent beam 58 is changed. If the voltage is sufficient to cause a λ/2 shift in polarization, the polarization will be rotated by 90 degrees, relative to its original orientation. In FIG. 1, it is assumed that a λ/2 voltage of 5 volts has been applied which produces a 90 degree phase shift to give a linearly polarized output beam 58, which is oriented with the upper tip now 45 degrees to the right of vertical (which shall be referred to as "S" polarization). This S polarized light is now blocked by the R aligned polarizer 60, which allows no light to reach the detector 62. This may be recognized by a digital device as a "0".
If the applied voltage causes a λ/4 rotation, the outgoing polarization 58 will be made into circular polarization, as the tip of the resultant electric field vector will describe a circle as it propagates. Intermediate voltage values will result in elliptical polarization. These will be incompletely blocked by the polarizer 60, which will allow only the R aligned component to pass. Thus, the light seen by the detector 62 may be theoretically controlled anywhere in the range from undiminished incoming intensity to total extinction, to produce analog-type output signals if the appropriate control voltage is applied.
FIG. 2 illustrates a different version of the modulator array 10. A wafer 12 is shown with attached or embedded electrodes 34, and in this embodiment, the conductive pads 36 are located in a different configuration for attachment to electrical leads 38.
FIG. 3 illustrates another version of the modulator array 10, in which the grooves 14 have been extended completely through the original thickness 18 of the wafer. The elements 64 here are composed of the protrusion 16 portions of the wafer 12 and their respective attached or embedded electrodes 22 and conductive pads 24 (see FIG. 1). A number of elements 64 have been formed on a substrate 66 made from a different material which the bottom faces 30 now contact. This substrate 66 is preferably a low dielectric material that is not electro-optically active, such as SiO2, for one example among many. The protrusions 16 may be attached or glued to the substrate 66 prior to machining or attachment of the electrodes 34 and pads 36, or the completed elements 64 may be assembled prior to attachment to the substrate 66.
FIG. 4 shows yet another version of the modulator array 10. In this embodiment, electrodes 34 are attached to the top faces 20 of the protrusions 16 and a single large electrode 68 is positioned on the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12. It is to be understood that a plurality of appropriately placed individual electrodes could be used on the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12 in place of the single large electrode 68 pictured here and in the following FIG. 5. Conducting pads 36 are attached to the top and bottom electrodes 34, 68 as attachment points for the electrical leads 38. Polished front faces 26 are indicated as before, and incoming light beams 42 are shown to indicate orientation. The polarization direction has not been shown, as the principles of phase retardation operate much the same as in FIG. 1, with a λ/2 shift producing a 90 degree rotation, etc. This placement of electrodes 34, 68 produces a different orientation of transverse electrical fields, but still retains the advantage of channel separation and minimization of cross-talk which was unavailable in the prior art.
FIG. 5 shows a variation of the configuration in FIG. 4, in which the upper conductive pads 36 are located in a different orientation relative to the wafer 12. The top and bottom electrodes 34, 68 are positioned as in FIG. 4, to produce a transverse electric field. The polished front faces 26 and incoming light beams 42 are again shown for orientation purposes.
Although not pictured here, it is to be understood that this arrangement of top and bottom electrodes and the variations in conductive pad locations seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be used with elements which have been positioned on a different substrate material, in the manner suggested by FIG. 3, if the substrate material has the proper conductive properties. It may also be possible for elements to be directly attached to a single large bottom electrode which can act as a substrate to support and position the elements. Alternately, the electrodes may be attached or embedded on both sides of the electro-optic material directly before mounting the assembled elements onto a substrate.
FIG. 6 shows another version of an array 10 of modified protrusions 72 which have either been formed on the original wafer 12 or formed separately on a substrate of different optically transparent material 66 in a similar manner to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. The modified protrusions 72 are shown to be oriented with their long sides parallel to the long edge of the wafer 12 or substrate 66, but it should be understood that they may also be oriented with the long sides of the protrusions 72 transverse to the long edge of the wafer 12 or substrate 66. An incoming polarized light beam 42 enters from the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12 or substrate 66 and is internally reflected on the angled first side face 74 and angled second side face 76 to reemerge from the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12. If appropriate voltage has been applied to the electrodes 78, the resulting polarization of the emergent light beam 80 will be modulated in the manner described above. The angles of the faces here are chosen to allow total internal reflection, but it is to be understood that if a reflective coating is applied to the faces, a variety of other angles may be used as well.
FIG. 7 illustrates yet another version of a modulator array 10 in which the protrusions 82 have been modified in another manner such that the angled second side face 84 of each has been angled to direct the emergent beam 86 out of the top face 20 of each protrusion 82. As in FIG. 6, the protrusions may be oriented in a transverse direction, a different substrate material may be used, and a reflective coating may be applied to reflecting faces.
FIG. 8 shows a system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses the modulator array 10 in much the same configuration as in FIG. 1. An incoming linearly polarized beam 42 of polarization "R" enters a first element 46 which is inactive due to an open switch 50, so that its exiting polarization 56 is unchanged. This enters a beamsplitter 88 that has been positioned so that light of R polarization will be reflected out of the beamsplitter at angle φ, as shown by reflected beam 90. In a second element 48, which is active, the voltage is assumed to be such as to produce a λ/2 shift, the polarization is rotated 90 degrees to "S" orientation, and this passes through the beamsplitter 88, as shown by unreflected beam 92. These beams can be used to carry separate digital information, and may be designated "channel 1" 94 and "channel 2" 96. It is to be understood that beamsplitters can be used as a channel separation device with any of the various embodiments illustrated herein.
FIG. 9 shows a top plan view of another system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses a different version of a light modulating array 10. A single protrusion 16 is shown, which is composed of a first block 98 or portion of material having an index of refraction N1, and a second block 100 of material having index of refraction N2. A boundary 102 is formed at the junction of the two materials. One of the two blocks, in this case the first block 98, has top and bottom electrodes 104. First block 98 is composed of electro-optic material such that when electrodes 104 are uncharged, the electro-optic material is inactive, and N1=N2. When voltage is applied to electrodes 104, the first block 98 becomes active and the index of refraction changes for polarization components which are aligned with the electric field lines so that for this polarization, N1>N2. When first block 98 is inactive, an incoming beam 106 is projected into the first block 98 at entry angle ε to a normal such that the beam passes through the boundary between the two blocks 98, 100 and emerges as unreflected light ray 108. When first block 98 is active the index of refraction is increased such that total internal reflectance (TIR) occurs, and the beam is reflected back into the first block 98 at the boundary 102, and emerges as reflected light ray 110. The two emergent beams 108 and 110 are separated by angle δ, which has been greatly exaggerated here. These separated beams 108, 110, can be detected by sensors 112, and thus be used to establish channel separation for data transmission.
Alternatively, the protrusion 16 can be made from a single integral block of material, which has been electro-optically divided into portions or sections. A first section 98 may have electrodes 104 attached to induce a different index of refraction in this section. An incoming beam 106 will then be totally internally reflected, as described above, at the interface between the activated 98 and unactivated sections 100. This interface or boundary 102 can be established more definitely by having the second section 100, be of a different thickness than the first 98. This serves to direct the electric field lines better so that less fringing is produced, and a sharper interface boundary 102 is established.
FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of another system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses yet another version of the light modulating array 10 to perform channel separation. A single prism-shaped protrusion 114 is shown, which can be electro-optically activated by electrodes 116 to increase the index of refraction. This causes the light beam to be bent towards the normal upon entry slightly differently than when the material is an inactive state. Thus when the element is active, the light beam will follow a first path 118, and will emerge at a slightly different angle relative to the normal upon leaving the element, thus following a first exiting path 120. In contrast, when the element is inactive, the light follows a second path 122 upon entry, and follows a second exiting path 124. Both of these second paths are shown in dashed line in FIG. 10. These first and second exiting paths 120, 124 are separated by angle β, and they can be further directed by mirrored surfaces 126 to sensors 128 to produce separate channels. The separation of the paths and the separation angle has been exaggerated in the FIG. 10.
FIG. 11 illustrates yet another version of the present light modulating array 10 in which end-mounted electrodes 130 each having an aperture 132 have been attached to the front faces 26 and rear faces 28 of the protrusions 16. In this configuration, the electric field lines are collinear with the direction of incoming light beams 42. The application of appropriate applied voltage results in the change in polarized output in a manner similar to that discussed above. It is to be understood that the above mentioned methods of splitting the output into separate channels, or using an external polarizer and sensor may be used, as well as mounting of elements on different substrate material, and variations in conductive pad placement.
It is also possible to have a light-producing element, such as a diode laser, with a modulating element physically attached at the laser's output, in order to produce a single integrated element.
Another variation of the preferred embodiment uses sol-gel processing to create an array of elements that are fixed in a flexible medium. Sol-gel processing is a chemically based, relatively low temperature (400-800 degrees C) method that can produce ceramics and glasses with better purity and homogeneity than higher temperature (2,000 degrees C) conventional processes.
When using molding processes, two approaches are possible. In the first approach, a non electro-optic, optically transparent or non-transparent matrix is prepared. Electrodes are deposited on the side walls. Then it is filled with soft, curable electro-optic material of sol-gel type or polymer resin. It is then cured to produce an array of electro-optic modulators separated spatially by non electro-optic material.
In the second approach, an electro-optically active matrix of solid or flexible material is prepared. Electrodes are deposited on the side walls. Then it is filled with soft, curable non electro-optic material, of optically transparent or non transparent, sol gel type or polymer resin. Then it is cured to produce an array of electro-optic modulators separated spatially by non electro-optic material.
For the PLZT thin films made by the sol-gel process with 1-μm spacing between embedded adjacent electrodes, λ/2 voltages range from 20-30 Volts for 0.5 μm thick films, to TTL levels (4-5 Volts) for 1-2 μm film thickness. This idea is very attractive for large area flat panel display applications, which function like CRT tubes and which may successfully compete with them. Because electrode spacing is necessarily very small to achieve low driving voltages, resulting pixel size is also very small, which makes this embodiment ideal for high-resolution flat panel displays or spatial light modulators. This fine pixel structure is below typical resolution capability of the human eye, so for consumer applications, sub-micron and micron size substructures may be aggregated to produce standard sized pixels (usually dozens or hundreds of microns). To simplify the manufacturing process and make it compatible with existing flat panel technology, the pixel size can be made larger. In this case, each-pixel represents an interdigital pattern of PLZT embedded shutter electrodes.
FIG. 12 shows a top plan view of a modulator array 10 composed of embedded electrodes 134 that are contained in a sol-gel matrix 136. The arrow lines indicate electric field lines 138. The height of the electrodes 134 (out of drawing plane) is defined by the thickness of the film. In the figure, light also travels perpendicular to the drawing plane. For non-polarized light, the modulator array 10 is placed in between two cross polarizers (not shown).
The electrode structures can be deposited either prior to the sol-gel film deposition, or after it, using standard etching or micro-machining, techniques. Using etching techniques and molding processes, the height of the electrodes 134 can be much higher, 10 μm or more with the same 1-2 μm spacing between electrodes. In this case, sol-gel can fill the spacings between electrodes 134 and the thin film can still be thin enough (a few microns) to guarantee the same fabrication process and similar process conditions. This will allow driving or switching voltages on the TTL level (4-5 Volts) or below (1-3 Volts and even lower). The arrays thus fabricated can be used in either transmissive or reflective modes. Additionally, the sol-gel material can either be used to completely fill the gap between electrodes, or it can instead be deposited on the sides of the electrodes as a coating . If used as a coating, an additional electrode can be added on the outer side of the sol-gel coating to make a complete element, each element being separated from its neighbor by a gap or groove.
In addition to the above mentioned examples, various other modifications and alterations of the inventive device 10 may be made without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure is not to be considered as limiting and the appended claims are to be interpreted as encompassing the true spirit and the entire scope of the invention.
The present device 10 is well suited for application in a wide range of fields in which light modulators and high speed light switching devices are used, such as in high-speed printing, image processing and telecommunications. The present invention 10 is also especially suited for use in flat panel displays and projection television.
Although the basic array structures 10 discussed above are in a one-dimensional line configuration, these may be configured and arranged to form two-dimensional sheets of large size. Additionally, by use of the sol-gel process, they may be used to make a kind of thin flexible display material almost like cloth, which may be used to cover three dimensional forms or perhaps even to make clothing.
The materials presently used in flat panel displays respond very slowly to changes in display information. This leads to the commonly observed problem, especially in flat panel displays of laptop computers, that the display of a moving object will leave trails behind, due to the lag in the response of the display. The present invention, by contrast, is capable of switching speeds of 100 GHz and more, producing such fast response that it is beyond the ability of the human eye to register individual steps in a display of motion.
Prior art displays also may exhibit the problem of aliasing, or the jagged edges sometimes seen around the outline of a displayed object due to the comparatively large size of pixels in a digital display. By contrast, the elements of the present invention 10 may be made as smaller than 1 μm×1 μm in cross section, each element being capable of producing an independent signal. Thus each element is potentially an independent pixel. The use of the present invention completely eliminates the problem of aliasing down to the microscopic scale. Indeed, the human eye cannot resolve such small elements. Thus for use on the scale of ordinary unaided human vision, the elements may be grouped into larger pixels, whose overall size can still be small enough to provide far better image resolution than is presently available. There may also be applications in which microscopic pixel size is advantageous, such as making microscopic photo masks for microchip manufacture. The ungrouped pixels of the present invention are uniquely suited for such uses.
The very small size of the elements allows low driving voltages to be used to produce the necessary electric field density to induce the desired electro-optic effect. TTL levels may be used with some materials. The use of TTL level voltages has many significant advantages. TTL level power supplies have been well developed over many years and are commonly available "off the shelf". Thus power supplies can be easily obtained for systems that utilize the present invention 10, without having to provide a customized power supply. This also allows easier introduction of the present invention 10 into equipment that uses TTL devices and already has the appropriate power supply in place.
The present invention 10 also may be designed to utilize sub-TTL levels. It is useful in many applications in which these smaller driver voltages are supplied.
Prior art light modulators and optical switches that are fabricated on a common wafer without benefit of any feature to channel the electric field lines commonly suffer from problems with cross-talk between the channels. This interferes with image clarity and can corrupt transmitted data. By contrast, by utilizing the discrete elements of the present invention 10, cross-talk between channels is practically eliminated, resulting in cleaner image production and improved accuracy and integrity of data transmission. This has very many industrial applications in a wide variety of devices Such as printers, telecommunications, and visual displays.
In addition, for telecommunications applications, prior art diode lasers which have been used, have typically suffered from the problem of "chirping" which is interference which can be produced when the voltage supplied to a diode laser is rapidly modulated. In contrast, the present invention 10 modulates the optical output, rather than the diode laser itself. This greatly reduces interference and can eliminate the problem of chirping. This can be an important advantage for telecommunications applications.
Another feature that makes tile present invention 10 especially desirable for industrial applications is its ease of manufacture and low cost. It can be made using existing technology by varying methods such as micro-machining, laser ablation, selective etching in an electric field, and molding by conventional means or using a sol-gel process. For micro-machining, the same kinds of micro-saws as are presently used in trimming silicon wafers can be used to form the slots between the projections.
Another method for manufacturing, light modulating arrays 10 is the use of sol-gel processing to create an array of elements that are fixed in a flexible medium. Sol-gel processing is a chemically based, relatively low temperature method that can produce ceramics and glasses with better purity and homogeneity than higher temperature conventional processes. Another of the attractive features of the sol-gel process is the capability to produce compositions not possible with conventional methods.
Thin films of PLZT electro-optic ceramic made with the sol-gel process have a number of advantages relative to PLZT ceramics prepared from powders. Large surface areas of thin film can be created which have very uniform (homogeneous) material structure. Small grain sizes are achievable, in the range of 10's of nm, with much less porosity compared with PLZT ceramics prepared from powders. A wide range of film thickness from a few nanometers to a few microns can be produced.
Sol-gel manufacture also easily lends itself to high volume production. It is inexpensive, suitable for large area spatial light modulators or flat panel displays and can utilize micro-machining fabrication processes which are standard in the industry. It can be used for bright, ultra high-speed flat panel displays or spatial light modulators suitable for computer interconnects and high-speed tele-communications with very wide viewing angles which may eventually be used to replace cathode ray tubes.
For the above, and other reasons, it is expected that the device 10 of the present invention will have widespread industrial applicability. Therefore, it is expected that the commercial utility of the present invention will be extensive and long lasting.
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|Deposition and Characterization of Thin Ferroelectric Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT) Films on Sapphire For Spatial Light Modulators Applications, S. Krishnakumar, V.H. Ozguz, C. Fan, C. Cozzolino, S.C. Esener and S.H. Lee, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 38, No. 6, Nov. 1991, pp. 585-590.
|Digital Optical Switch, Y Silberberg, P. Perlmutter and J.E. Baran, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 51 No. 16, Oct. 19, 1987, pp. 1230-1232.
|Electrically active optical bifurcation: BOA, M. Papuchon et al., Applied Physics Letters, vol. 31, No. 4, Aug. 15, 1977, pp. 266-267.
|Electroopics, Phenomena, Materials and Applications, Fernando Agulló-López, José Manuel Cabrera, Fernando Agulló-Rueda, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace & Company Publishers, 1994, pp. 193-197.
|Electro-Optic Functional Waveguide Using New Polymer p-NAn-PVA for Integrated Photonic Devices, Shogo Ura et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 31 (1992) pp. 1378-1381.
|Electrooptic Light Modulators, I.P. Kaminow and E.H. Turner, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 54, No. 10, Oct. 1966, pp. 1374-1390.
|Electro-Optic Switching Using Total Internal Reflection by a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal, Meadows et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 54(15):1394-1396 (1989).
|Electrooptical Channel Waveguide Matrix Switch Using Total Internal Reflection, F.R. El-Akkari, C.L. Chang, and C.S. Tsai, Topical Meeting on Integrated and Guided Wave Optics, Incline Village, Nev., Paper TuE4, 1980.
|Electrooptical switching in thin film waveguides for a computer communication bus R. A. Becker et al., Applied Optics, vol. 18, No. 19, Oct. 1, 1979, pp. 3296-3300.
|High Speed Optical TIR Switches Using PLZT Thin-Film Waveguides on Sapphire, Hidetaka Higashino, Takao Kawaguchi, Hideaki Adachi, Toshihiko Makino and Osamu Yamazaki, Proceedings of the Sixth International meeting on Ferroelectricity, Kobe, 1985, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 24 (1985) Suppl. 24-2, p. 284.
|Integrated Optical Devices Based on Nonlinear Optical Polymers, Emmanuel Van Tomme et al., IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 27, Mar. 1991, pp. 778-787.
|Integrated Optics Components and Devices Using Periodic Structures, Toshiaki Suhara et al., IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. QE-22, No. 6, Jun. 1986, pp. 845-867.
|Linear total internal reflection spatial light modulator for laser printing, Robert A. Sprague, William D. Turner, Lawrence N. Flores, SPIE vol. 299 Advances in Laser Scanning Technology (1981), pp. 68-75.
|Liquid Crystal Switching Components, Richard A. Soref, Proceedings: Fiber Optic Communications (1980).
|Mirror-type optical branch and switch, H. Naitoh et al., Applied Optics, vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 1, 1978, pp. 101-104.
|Nishihara et al., Optical Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Copyright 1985, pp. 294-296, 305,341.
|One-Dimensional Silicon/PLZT Spatial Light Modulators, Sadik C. Esener, Jing H. Wang, Timothy J. Drabik, Mark A. Title and Sing H. Lee, Optical Engineering, May 1987, vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 406-413.
|Optical Switch Utilizing Total Reflection of (Pb, La) (Zr, Ti)O3 Ceramics, Toshio Utsunomiya, Jpn J. Appl. Phys. vol. 33 (1994) pp. 5440-5442 Part 1, No. 9B, Sep. 1994.
|Optical TIR Switches Using PLZT Thin-Film Waveguides on Sapphire, Kiyotaka Wasa et al., Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. LT-2, No. 5, pp. 710-713, Oct. 1984.
|P. Shames et al, Modeling and optimization of electro-optic phase modulator, Article on Web at http://kfir.ucsd.edu/papers/Modeling.pdf.
|Patent Abstracts of Japan, Publication No. 02-002531, Publication Date: Jan. 8, 1990.
|Patent Abstracts of Japan, Publication No. 05-281583, Publication Date: Oct. 29, 1993.
|Patent Abstracts of Japan, Publication No. 56-101123, Publication Date: Aug. 13, 1981.
|Patent Abstracts of Japan, Publication No. 60-097319, Publication Date: May 31, 1985.
|Pending U.S. application No. 09/434,085, filed Nov. 5, 1999, and amendment filed Oct. 25, 2001.
|Pending U.S. application No. 10/013,336, filed Nov. 5, 2001.
|Pending U.S. application No. 10/033,153, filed Oct. 25, 2001.
|PLTZ Laser Beam Modulator, Maris Ozolinsh, Paulis Paulins, Ansis Viesturs, Maris Kundzins, Karlis Kundzins, Andris Krumins, Ferroelectrics, 1992, vol. 128, pp. 73-78.
|Poled electro-optic waveguide formation in thin-film organic media, J.I. Thackara et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 52 (13), Mar. 28, 1988, pp. 1031-1033.
|Preparation of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 Thin Films by Sol-Gel Technique, Tomoyasu Takusagawa, Noriaki Yamada, Terumasa Kato, Hajime Hattori and Teruyuki Matsui, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 33, Pt. 1, No. 9B, 1994, pp. 5151-5154.
|Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Active Y-Junctions in Optical Waveguides, Hiroshi Sasaki et al., IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. QE-14, No. 11, Nov. 1978, pp. 883-892.
|Total Reflection Liquid-Crystal Electrooptic Device, R.A. Kashnow and C.R. Stein, Applied Optics, vol. 12, No. 10, Oct. 1973, pp. 2309-2311.
|Total Switching of Unpoloarized Fiber With a Four-Port Electro-Optic Liquid-Crystal Device, R.A. Soref and D.H. McMahon, Optical Society of America, 5(4):147-149 (1980).
|Utsunomiya et al., Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 24, Supplement 24-3 May, 1985, pp. 169-171.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 28, 2001
|Jun 3, 2003
|Creo Il Ltd.
|Opposing electrode light modulator array and method for manufacturing the same
|May 7, 2002
|Jul 27, 2004
|Teloptics Corporation
|Solid state free space switch array on a substrate
|May 6, 2002
|Nov 9, 2004
|Teloptics Corporation
|Optical switching network and network node and method of optical switching
|May 5, 2003
|Sep 6, 2005
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Use of palladium in IC manufacturing with conductive polymer bump
|Jun 26, 2001
|Nov 8, 2005
|Teloptics, Corporation
|Deactivated electro-optic material and method of forming the same
|Apr 29, 2005
|Jun 3, 2008
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Grooved substrate
|Jun 26, 2001
|Nov 7, 2002
|Haertling Gene H.
|Deactivated electro-optic material and method of forming the same
|Apr 29, 2005
|Nov 2, 2006
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, Lp
|Grooved substrate
|U.S. Classification
|359/245, 359/322
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 29, 2000
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Jeffrey James Varab
Tugger: The Jeep 4x4 Who Wanted to Fly
This uplifting animated film tells the story of Tugger (voice of James Belushi), a plucky Jeep who was damaged during World War II. Ever since mechanics replaced his engine fan with an airplane propeller, Tugger's been wishing he could fly. His new job towing planes around an airfield might just give him a chance to fulfill his dream. Carrot Top voices Tugger's best buddy, a short-wave radio named Shorty.


text: Eric is straight and a Marine. He's 5'11", 170 pounds, and he was referred to photographer Buzz West because he's very comfortable walking around the barracks naked. Eric says he's always looking for a good time, but alas! When Buzz offered to arrange a "real good time" for Eric, his response was "girls only". Darn it! Even so, Eric is far from shy. He didn't mind playing with his ass or getting his cock with its thick mushroom head hard in front of the camera and getting himself off. Now, that's MY kind of straight guy ;)


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Standards and guidelines development
Results are sorted by date modified.
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REMAR Australia
REMAR (Rehabilitation of People on the Margin of Society) is a registered charitable organisation. REMAR has missions and projects in 70 countries world wide. REMAR helps and cares for drug addicts and alcoholics, abandoned children, single mothers, prisoners, and disadvantaged people in general,...
Profiles of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CRS) practices of Philippine mining firms
The increased awareness of environmental impacts, the socio-economic implications of mining and a downturn in productivity, have highlighted the need for mining companies to adjust their business management process.
Bus & vocational training equipment needed in Eastern Cape South Africa
Cookhouse is located in in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and has a population of 10,000 people. Cookhouse is a town with the highest number of HIV / AIDS infections, vulnerable children, orphanages, etc. Currently, there is only one clinic serving the entire community and surrounding farms...
UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)
GLAAS is a UN-Water initiative implemented by the World Health Organization (WHO)
Creating Shared Value: It's the Future
FSG illuminates the potential of "shared value" in this short motion graphic.
Environmental Defense and DuPont develop a framework for responsible nanotechnology
Environmental Defense, an environmental advocacy organization, and DuPont, a science-based products and services company, have developed a comprehensive, practical, and flexible Framework for evaluating and addressing the potential risks of nanoscale materials.
Diageo publishes sustainable packaging guidelines
Diageo has published its first "Sustainable Packaging Guidelines". The Guidelines represent the company's global policy on ensuring that packaging is increasingly sustainable and reflect Diageo's commitment to a holistic approach to reducing the company's overall impact on the environment across...
Dupont helps to develop a Framework for Responsible Nanotechnology
Gwen Ruta, the Environmental Defense Fund's Director of Corporate Partnerships, speaks about the Nano Risk Framework published by the Fund in partnership with Dupont.
Developing hybrid diesel-electric delivery trucks
This video shows how the American Environmental Defense Fund and FedEx Express collaborated in a project to develop hybrid diesel-electric technology in an attempt to decrease pollution and increase fuel efficiency.
Better Factories Cambodia partnership creates industry standards
Many women in Cambodia risk losing their jobs when they become pregnant. But most textile factories monitored by the ILO's Better Factories Cambodia programme now offer maternity protection to their employees.


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Mixed Mocktail 6 Bottle Gift Packsold by Mr. Fitzpatricks
Mr Fitzpatrick's still own and operate the little Victorian bar situated in the Lancashire town of Rawtenstall. It still looks the same as it always did: ceramic tap barrels, shelves lined with jars of medicinal herbs, its roots in the past whilst looking to the future. Strawberry Daiquiri Smooth and sumptuous velvet Strawberries are fused with the flavour of premium White Rum to bring you the taste of this authentic Cuban Cocktail without the alcohol. Passion Fruit Bellini Decadent and delicious, this full bodied and exotic non-alcoholic Passion fruit Bellini is the perfect way to escape and unwind. Rhubarb Mimosa A ravishingly refreshing modern twist on a Classic Mimosa Cocktail, this delectable non-alcoholic Rhubarb Mimosa is simply stunning for any occasion. Berry Bonanza A tantalising and bountiful berry fusion of Strawberry & Kiwi, expertly blended with Superfruit Berries (Cranberry, Pomegranate & Blueberry) and finished off with rich Raspberry and Rosehips. Apple Pomtini A refreshing and uplifting blend of Apple and English Elderflower, perfectly balanced with fruity Cranberry, Pomegranate & Lime with a subtle yet sophisticated twist of Lemongrass. Elderflower Shampagne A light and sophisticated blend of English Elderflower, Apple and crisp Lime with a luxurious twist of fragrant Lemongrass.


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Hey guys!!
Good News (or bad news) I was not drinking this Week so I was slightly more coherent and I was even present in this case! This week we discuss and argue things but its all fine love a good argument!
Hope you enjoy it! And please tell us, what animal are you descended from??


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As part of the support provided to power engineering enterprises VTB Bank acts as an underwriting bank in the construction of power unit No. 3 at the Berezovskaya GRES power plant. The project's general contractor is CJSC EnergoProekt.
VTB Bank has set a RUB 15.2 billion transaction limit for EnergoProekt, including the Berezovskaya GRES project. In June 2011, as part of the project and under the instructions of EnergoProekt, VTB Bank issued three bank guarantees totally worth RUB 6.5 billion in favor of JSC E.ON Russia (former JSC OGK-4).
Valery Lukyanenko, Member of VTB Bank Management Board, said: "VTB's participation in the Berezovskaya GRES project is the bank's next step aimed at securing stable development of the Russian power engineering enterprises. One of VTB's core business objectives is to support the companies of the domestic real sector of economy".
For reference:
Construction of power unit No. 3 of Berezovskaya GRES is a part of investment program of JSC E.ON Russia and the largest among the construction projects currently implemented in Russia in terms of unit capacity (800 MW, 130 Gcal). CJSC EnergoProekt will implement the construction project in close cooperation with the client's technical subdivisions – JSC E.ON Russia, and its main shareholder – German energy concern E.ON. After the construction is finished, the capacity of Berezovskaya GRES will reach 2,400 MW.
CJSC EnergoProekt was established in 1998, but it has already joined the ranks of noticeable players of the power plant engineering sector by having united high class professionals with wealth of experience in the sphere of construction of power sector objects in Russia and abroad. Close cooperation with the parent company- JSC Zarubezhenergoproekt, one of the oldest specialized design institutes – enables CJSC EnergoProekt to provide full range of services – from engineering to commissioning power assets of any degree of complexity and perform EPC contracts.
JSC E.ON Russia – generating company affiliated with E.ON international energy concern. JSC E.ON Russia consolidates five thermal power plants with an overall capacity of 9,073 MW, including Surgutskaya GRES-2, Berezovskaya GRES, Shaturskaya GRES, Smolenskaya GRES and Yaivinskaya GRES. In terms of sales volume E.ON Russia is the largest thermal wholesale generating company in Russia. The investment program of JSC E.ON Russia envisages the construction of combined heat and power plants at Surgutskaya GRES-2, Shaturskaya GRES, and Yaivinskaya GRES, and the completion of construction of the power unit No. 3 of Berezovskaya GRES. The total volume of commissioned capacities is 2,400 MW. The investment program also includes the upgrade of two existing generating units with their capacity increase by 100 MW. The total cost of the investment program amounts to RUB 97 bn.


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It is a deluxe city hotel with sophisticated surroundings, blending the typical warmth of the island with uncompromising hospitality. There are 248 rooms in total, spread over 18 floors. It has a lobby with 24-hour reception, 24-hour check-in/check-out service, hotel safe, currency exchange facility, lift access, restaurant, conference facilities, Internet access (subject to fees), as well as room (available 24 hours) and laundry services (both subject to fees). The hotel also has a bar called the Metropole caf�. Parking facilities are available to guests arriving by car.
The hotel is located on the left hand side of the circle, only 32 km from the airport and 20 minutes from the beach. It is situated in the heart of Phuket, and offers easy access to downtown shopping plazas and exotic local market places. Restaurants, bars, exciting nightlife, links to public transport and the bus station can all be found in the immediate vicinity. Kao Rung, Sapanhin and Koh Silae are all about 1 km away.
Each room is 35 m�, and comes with a fully-stocked refrigerator, international direct dial telephone, Internet access and individually-adjustable air conditioning. The rooms also feature an oversize en suite bathroom with shower, hairdryer, minibar, mini-fridge, double beds and satellite/cable TV. Extra beds are also available on request.
The hotel offers a swimming pool (with children's pool, pool snack bar and sun loungers) and a gym (free of charge), as well as a traditional Thai massage service (subject to fees).
Epicurean fantasies come to life with everything available in the restaurant, from authentic Thai cuisine to international fare, all served buffet-style.
The following are all accepted as methods of payment at the hotel: Diners Club, MasterCard and VISA.
The hotel is located 32 km from direct dowmtown and it is on the left hand side of the circle.
Keys should be handed in at the front desk at departure. Loss of the key will incur a charge of baht.500.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Internet access
Mini fridge
Double bed
Individual airconditioned


text: Berry Park New South Wales, Australia Berry Park LGA: City of Maitland Retrieved from "http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Berry_Park,_New_South_Wales?oldid=553283" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Category: Settlements in Northumberland County, New South WalesHidden category: Valid name- locality- New South Wales


text:
Los Angeles Guided Bike Tours
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Our Los Angeles Guided Bike Tours make for truly unique gifts they're sure to remember forever.
Cloud 9 Living's experience gifts are the perfect solution for anyone on your list and are guaranteed to bring a smile to your gift recipient's face.
Create a memory. Give the gift of experience!
See the highlights of L.A. from the comfort of a bike on a guided, all day Los Angeles Bike Tour!
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Hit the hot spots of Hollywood on a 3.5-hour guided biking tour through Tinseltown!
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Experience a geological extravaganza when you ride 20 miles through the San Andreas Fault zone on a paved road to the heart of grape country near Mecca!
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Enjoy an amazing day cycling through famous wine country followed by a gourmet picnic lunch and wine tasting on one of the best Santa Barbara wine tours around!
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text:
England will now play their three Tests at Nagpur, Mohali and Mumbai and start their tour a week earlier than planned, England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) director of cricket operations John Carr told reporters here on Thursday.
"We are grateful to the BCCI for providing us with a revised itinerary and managed to ease significantly England's travelling schedule," Carr said.
"The changes allow England to play in more temperate climate during the early part of the tour, and just as importantly offers the players a greater rest period between the tour and home matches against Sri Lanka," he added.
The initial itinerary had Tests in Ahmedabad, Nagpur and Mumbai and seven one-dayers in outposts like Goa, Indore, Guwahati, Faridabad, Cuttack, Cochin and Visakhapatnam.
The Punjab city of Mohali has now replaced Ahmedabad while the sequence of the one-day internationals has changed to Delhi, Faridabad, Goa, Cochin, Guwahati, Jamshedpur and Indore.
The tour now runs from February 13 to April 15 after Pakistan agreed to postpone the Asia Cup which would have kept India busy until February 28. England will open with a three-day warm-up match in Mumbai from February 18-20.
England are in Pakistan ahead of a five-match one day series. They lost their Test series with Pakistan 2-0.
Carr said the changes would also benefit fans.
"Whilst Indian officials have had to work within the parameters of their rotation policy, the changes will allow spectators to watch top-class cricket in first-class facilities," he said.
The BCCI last month declined to change the venues, saying it was a long-standing policy to rotate international matches among the 21 venues dotted across the country.
England, although satisfied with Mumbai, wanted to play other matches in traditional main centres such as New Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata which have enough hotels for media and fans.
Britain's Sunday Telegraph last month reported that the ECB were "considering the diplomatic snub of playing their warm-up games in Pakistan" after the BCCI slotted in two three-day practice matches at the start of the tour in out-of-the-way towns without luxury hotels.
However, a change in the BCCI set-up helped England to get a revised itinerary.


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There are many benefits to skiing and snowboarding. Not only do snow sports involve a feeling of fun, but there are numerous medical advantages also. We investigate the benefits behind the sports. The heart rate is lifted through the physical effort of Skiing and Snowboarding itself. Normal skiing and snowboarding enhances the viability of your cardiovascular framework, which is crucial for good well being. Besides, skiing and snowboarding is a high-impact practice that offers an extraordinary cardio workout and burns calories. You can read more about this at Powderheadz.com.
Main Benefits of Skiing and Snowboarding Lifestyle
On average, a one hundred and fifty lbs man will burn around four hundred and eighty calories in a one-hour session due to aerobic exercise. It's a great way to lose weight and increase endurance. Skiing and Snowboarding works the major muscle groups of your body, especially the leg and abdominal muscles. The quads, hamstrings, and calves are used predominately while riding and skiing, but they also work other muscles such as your feet and ankles. Your arms and shoulders will likewise get a workout since they are required for balance and to pick yourself up when you fall.
Both sports also significantly improves general flexibility. They require you to change your pace and directions suddenly and often. Snowboarding and skiing also requires great balance, so your balance will improve as you get better at either sport. It also strengthens your ability to concentrate, as you learn to pay attention to the details of the snow.
You can enjoy the health benefits of skiing and snowboarding even if you are just starting out. Beginners should take a few lessons before heading out to the slopes and its a good idea to wear a ski helmet, as well as elbow, knee, and wrist guards, especially when you're learning. If you wish to learn how to ski or snowboard, you should select terrain that is appropriate to your skill level to avoid injury. Picking terrain that's too difficult for you increases your risk for injury. However, the more challenging the terrain, the more you will build muscles in your core and legs.
Snowboarding and Skiing, like other types of exercises, also releases endorphins – chemicals responsible for the feelings of well being and happiness. If you participate in either activity regularly, you'll be able to achieve consistently high levels of endorphins. Exercising outdoors also helps reduce anxiety and elevate mood. This makes snowboarding and skiing a great way to lower stress and support mental health.


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Home > Product Categories > Pro-Video > Video Monitoring > LCD/LED Camera Mount Video Monitors > VZ-M7
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The VZ-M7 HDMI monitor provides sharp, accurate images for improved framing and focus assist on any camera equipped with an HDMI output. Utilizing top-quality Grade A+ LCD panels and image processing, the M7 offers picture quality and a feature set normally found only on more expensive monitors. Included with the basic M7 kit: monitor, 2 HDMI cables (standard-standard & standard-mini), and AC power adapter. A number of optional accessories designed specifically for the M7 are available through VariZoom.
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For the best experience on the Abcam website please upgrade to a modern browser such as Google Chrome
Full length human DDX3Y protein (NP_004651.2)
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab72684 in the following tested applications.
The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
|1/500 - 1/1000. Predicted molecular weight: 73 kDa.
|Use a concentration of 10 µg/ml.
ab72684 has not yet been referenced specifically in any publications.
Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE"


text:
Husky sledge adventure – Hurtigruten land excursion
Husky sledge adventure – Enjoy a trip full of winter adventure; husky sledge ride over a frozen landscape, see the Snow Hotel and the reindeers.
This is an optional land excursion which you can add to your Hurtigruten cruise booked through Fjord Travel Norway. The land excursion will appear during the cruise booking process, with prices and details.
You are met at the quay in Kirkenes for a short drive on to the intriguing Snow Hotel, situated next to Gabba Reindeer Park. Here you will put on warm outdoor clothing – with snow overalls, shoes, gloves and hats all provided for you. Then it's time to meet the dogs! The huskies are harnessed to your sledge, eagerly waiting to transport you across the frozen landscape. There will be two passengers per sledge, with each sledge travelling with its own "musher" (guide).
All of the guides have plenty of experience in dog sledging, many having taken part in competitive dog races. The track is just over 5 km long, and is set against the most picturesque of landscapes, so you can experience the real feeling of wilderness during your adrenalin-fuelled ride! At the end of the trip you gather around the fire for a hot drink, and also have the option to visit the Snow Hotel or the reindeer enclosure.
Practical info:
Duration: 2 hours 30 min
Included: Warm drink
Transportation: Bus/car
Clothes/footwear: Warm clothing and warm shoes. Special clothing is provided.
Available: December 1- May 1
The trip is subject to weather/snow conditions.
Land excursion #7F
Available on the following Hurtugruten cruise package:
Northern Lights Adventure cruise, 7 nights
View all our Norway Cruises
View all our Aurora Borealis Cruise
View all our Northern Lights tours & cruises


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