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Remediation of Oilfield Brine-impacted Soil Using a Subsurface Drainage System and Hay
- Curtis Lynch
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1 Remediation of Oilfield Brine-impacted Soil Using a Subsurface Drainage System and Hay Running head: Harris, et al. : BRINE IMPACT REMEDIATION Thomas M. Harris*, J. Bryan Tapp and K.L. Sublette *University of Tulsa, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tulsa, OK University of Tulsa, Department of Geosciences, Tulsa, OK University of Tulsa, Center for Applied Biogeosciences, Tulsa, OK Corresponding author, K.L. Sublette (918) ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of students from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering and Geosciences at the University of Tulsa have been involved in the collection and analysis of samples. Special recognition should be given to Rick Yates, Christina Dewan and Kimberly (Sullivent) Schulte. Dorathy Perumallapali, Andrea High and Jason McConnell also contributed much time and effort to these projects. Adam Ryburn of the Botany Department, Oklahoma State University, provided some identifications. Funding for installation of the SDS was provided by the National Petroleum Technology Office of the U.S. Department of Energy, through BDM Petroleum Technologies. The authors would also like to thank Bob Hamilton of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve for providing access to the research sites (and numerous bales of hay). ABSTRACT This study involved a demonstration of a novel remediation technology for brineimpacted soil at a site in Osage County, OK, which was recently contaminated with produced 1
2 water brine from a leak in a steel line leading to a saltwater disposal well. At this site topsoil was underlain by clay-rich subsoil which had resulted in leaching and transport of brine components from the site to an environmental receptor (farm pond) downgradient. Encouraging further movement of brine components using natural drainage patterns would have only further contaminated the pond. A subsurface drainage system (SDS) was installed to intercept brine components, enhance the lateral subsurface transport (LST) process, and prevent further contamination of the pond. Chloride and sodium concentrations in the soil were reduced by an average of 93 and 78%, respectively, in the 4 years after the SDS was installed. More importantly, approximately 95% of the site revegetated during this time period. This is in stark contrast to the complete lack of vegetation before the current work was initiated. A thick layer of prairie hay was applied across the surface of this site after the SDS was installed. In addition to limiting the rate of evaporation from the site this organic material appears to have also played a significant role in desalination and revegetation of the site. The fibrous hay enhanced leaching after mechanical disruption of the soil and provided soil organic matter that helped to build soil structure and sustain the soil ecosystem. Based on the results from this study, a two-step remediation strategy for brine-impacted topsoil, is proposed. The first step involves the tilling of hay and fertilizer into the soil, while the second step involves a subsurface drainage system, if necessary. Key Words: Produced brine, impacted soil, cost-effective remediation, gypsum, subsurface drainage system INTRODUCTION During the production of petroleum, saline produced water is also brought to the surface. At one time it was common practice for this fluid to be discharged at the surface. Today, oilfield brine is usually re-injected into a deep geological formation, often the one from which it was withdrawn. Nevertheless, brine spills at the wellhead or tank battery are a frequent occurrence. An oilfield brine spill will convert the soil to a saline condition (Harris, 1998). This causes established plants to perish because a high concentration of ions in the soil solution 2
3 makes it difficult for plant roots to absorb water by osmosis. Contamination with oilfield brine may also produce a sodic soil. Sodic soils exhibit poor structure, characterized by a low hydraulic conductivity, because the aggregation of clay particles is inhibited when sodium ions displace other ions (notably calcium ion) from cation exchange sites. Dispersed clay particles are free to migrate in the soil water until they become lodged in, and plug off, the smaller pores in the soil. Soil that is unable to support plant life, as result of either salinity or sodicity, will eventually succumb to erosion. The resultant "salt scar" is very costly to remediate. Therefore, it is an economic imperative that brine-impacted soil be remediated as soon as possible after the spill has occurred. On the other hand, since oilfield brine does not represent a threat to human health unless it impacts drinking water, and the contaminated land may not be that valuable (from an economic perspective), the means by which the brine components are removed from the soil must be relatively inexpensive. In 1997, the American Petroleum Institute (API) published a field manual concerning the remediation of brine-impacted soil (Carty et al., 1997). This manual describes three separate remedial activities. The first, excavation of the contaminated soil (with appropriate disposal elsewhere), is utilized when the brine components represent a significant threat to nearby surface water (or groundwater). However, this approach should be used as a last resort because it is very expensive. The second activity involves the addition of amendments (e.g. gypsum) to improve the structure of the topsoil and encourage the downward movement of brine components through the soil profile (driven by rainfall or surface irrigation). The success of this approach is critically dependent on the characteristics of the subsoil (or underlying geologic materials); if the hydraulic conductivity of these materials is low, the brine components will remain concentrated in the topsoil. The third activity utilizes halophytes, plants capable of surviving in highly saline soil, to stabilize the topsoil. Unfortunately, the knowledge base required to match known halophytes to local climatological and ecological conditions is not yet available. 3
4 The purpose of this research project was to demonstrate a cost-effective remediation strategy specifically for oilfield brine-impacted sites at which the downward movement of the contaminants through the soil profile is inhibited and lateral movement of brine components threatens an environmental receptor. In this study a recent brine spill site in Osage County, OK (referenced here as Site B) was remediated. The site is located in the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve (TGPP), which is owned and operated by The Nature Conservancy, a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of native habitats. The mineral rights to this area belong to the Osage Nation. On the site a subsurface drainage system (SDS) was utilized. Commonly used for the draining of waterlogged cropland (Jeffords, 1976), SDS s have been applied to a limited number of oilfield brine impacted sites (Weathers et al., 1994; Sewell et al, 2000). Lateral subsurface transport is enhanced by an SDS. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY AND SITE INFORMATION Site B is located at NE Sec. 12 T27N R8E. The soil survey for Osage Co., Oklahoma (United States Soil Conservation Service, 1979) provides some information on the characteristics of the soil at this site. The dark brown topsoil is classified as silt loam, while the tan-colored subsoil is silty clay. Site B is mapped as the Steedman-Coweta complex, with a slope between 3 and 15%. The Steedman soil exhibits a topsoil depth of approximately 8 inches (20 cm), medium water capacity, slow water permeability and a seasonal water table 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) below the surface. The subsoil exhibits a gray color at greater depth, indicative of weathered or diagenetically altered shale. Shale was not encountered in a 2-m deep excavation at the northwest corner of the site; thus, the lowest subsoil layer for the Steedman can be quite thick. The Coweta soil is typically thinner than the Steedman, has a lower water capacity, and is derived from sandstone. There is a sandstone outcrop just above the contaminated area on this site, suggesting that Coweta soil is present at the top of the site. In the late winter of 1995, a 2-in (5-cm) steel pipe connecting a tank battery to the produced water re-injection well failed in two places due to corrosion, resulting in the loss of approximately 400 bbl (64 m 3 ) of brine. The brine flowed 60 meters downhill to a shallow ditch, 4
5 then rainfall conveyed brine components to a stock pond approximately 500 m downgradient. Migration of brine components over the next two years (by overland transport and lateral subsurface transport) resulted in approximately 2 acres (0.8 hectares) of contaminated soil and a continual source of contamination for the pond. Site B was treated for the first time approximately two months after the spill. The choice of remedial treatment(s) was made by the operator of the lease in consultation with Tallgrass Prairie Preserve officials but not the authors. The contaminated area was first ripped with a bulldozer and then divided into four quadrants, with each quadrant receiving a different amendment applied to the surface (Fig. 1). Details of these early remedial treatments are provided in Table 1. Three growing seasons after this initial remediation, the site was still almost completely bare. Consequently, in December 1997, a subsurface drainage system (SDS) was installed. This system featured four lateral lines of 4-in (10-cm) slotted polyethylene drainage pipe buried approximately 1 m beneath the surface, just below the topsoil-subsoil interface. The pipe was surrounded by approximately 3 inches (7 cm) of limestone gravel with an average particle diameter of 1/2 inch (1.3 cm). The dirt from the ditches was used to construct berms immediately downgradient of the drainage lines, as well as a dam across the shallow ditch noted above to encourage infiltration of rainfall. Site B and the SDS are illustrated schematically in Fig. 2. It can be seen that the four drainage laterals effectively divided the site into four sections. The upper three drainage lines were connected to a collection line, constructed of unslotted pipe that traversed the north side of the contaminated area. This line and the lowest lateral line were connected to a sump buried in the lowest corner of the site. Initially, a 1000 L open-top polyethylene tank served as the sump. In February, 1998 this was replaced with a 25- bbl (4-m 3 ) steel tank. A gasoline-powered pump and connecting line were used to transfer the contents of the SDS sump to the lease s produced water disposal system (saltwater holding tank). A cumulative flow meter in the connecting line was used to record this transfer, which occurred 5
6 each day that the pumper was able to include this activity in his schedule. A sample of the fluid being transferred was collected manually by the pumper on a weekly basis. Soon after installation of the SDS most of the site was disked. Twenty large round bales of hay were then unrolled, providing a 4-inch (10-cm) thick layer over most of the site. Subsections L1S1 and L1S2, as well as the entire L4 section, were too wet to allow disking or the application of hay at that time. Permanent sampling stations designated by steel pins were established on the site at this time (see Fig. 2). Subsections L1S1 and L1S2, being closest to the origin of the spill, initially exhibited the highest levels of contamination initially (see below). When revegetation did not occur in this area during the first growing season following installation of the SDS and hay treatment, further remedial activities were undertaken. Subsection L1S1 was treated with gypsum following API guidelines (Carty et al., 1997) and then tilled, while subsection L1S2 was covered with a 4-in (10-cm) thick layer of prairie hay and then tilled. Site B is within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the Foraker weather monitoring station of the Oklahoma Mesonet (Oklahoma Climatological Survey). Thus, rainfall amounts for the time period addressed in this paper are known to a high degree of accuracy. Sample Collection and Analysis Routine sampling of the site involved the collection of surface soil only. Using a shovel, soil to a depth of 10 cm was collected from four locations chosen randomly from within a circle with a radius of 1 m centered on the rebar pin designating the sampling station. The soil was placed on a clean sheet of plastic and composited thoroughly before a representative sub-sample was transferred, using a clean trowel, to a polyethylene bag with Ziploc closure. Since one objective of this study was to monitor the salt concentration in the soil over time, the 1:1 extract was employed instead of the saturated paste extract (Harris et al., 1998). The 1:1 extract was prepared by combining a mass of high purity water (HPW) produced with a Milli-Q system (Millipore) equal to that of a soil sample (approximately 100 g) dried overnight in an oven at 110 C. After allowing the soil and water to equilibrate overnight in a sealed 6
7 container, the extract was recovered by vacuum filtration through qualitative filter paper (Millipore). The soil extracts, leachate samples from the SDS, and a sample of produced water from the site were analyzed for major anions (chloride and sulfate) and cations (sodium, calcium and magnesium). A DX-100 (Dionex) ion chromatograph, employing an IonPac AS4A-SC column and a sodium bicarbonate/carbonate buffer solution (concentrate purchased from Dionex) as the mobile phase, was used to quantify the anions. Most of the samples required dilution (with HPW) to reduce the chloride concentration within the dynamic range of the instrument. Standard solutions prepared from commercial reference solutions (SPEX) and HPW were used for calibration. A Plasma 2000 (Perkin-Elmer) inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentrations of major cations. The samples were diluted with 1 vol.% nitric acid, prepared from trace metal-grade concentrate (Fisher Scientific), to minimize matrix effects RESULTS As noted above, Site B received remedial treatment(s) shortly after the spill occurred. That portion of the site above the shallow ditch was ripped with a bulldozer and then divided into quadrants, each receiving a different treatment. These treatments included two commercial products, Salt Away II, a calcium nitrate solution, and Adsee 799, a surfactant, both of which were applied by spraying after dilution with fresh water. Neither the source of these products, nor the concentration of the calcium nitrate in the Salt Away II, is known. A third quadrant was treated with sulfur, fertilizer (ammonium phosphate), and a relatively small amount of hay. Despite this effort, after three growing seasons the extent of revegetation was minimal. The ineffectiveness of the initial remediation at Site B is likely due to two factors. First, the concentrations of brine components in the soil were extraordinarily high initially. For example, a surface sample collected in August, 1995 in the vicinity of sampling station L1S1 provided a saturated paste extract electrical conductivity value of 33,000 µmhos/cm. A second factor as illustrated in Fig. 3. During the nearly three years between the initial treatments and 7
8 installation of the SDS, the brine components had only begun to penetrate the subsoil, approximately 0.7 m beneath the surface. The samples corresponding to the data in Fig. 3 were collected from the walls of two of the ditches excavated for the subsurface drainage system (SDS), as well as a control ditch approximately 30 m down gradient from the spill. The control ditch noted above was relatively close and downgradient to the contaminated area. Given this, it is perhaps surprising that the concentrations of brine components in the soil at that location were so low. However, overland transport (OT) to this area was effectively blocked by a shallow ditch that runs along the upgradient side of a lease road. Given the shallowness of the topsoil at this site, lateral subsurface transport (LST) may also have been impeded by the bed of this road. Nearly 1,400 bbl (5.6 x 10 6 L) of leachate were transferred from the SDS sump to the lease s produced water disposal system during the first 6 months of operation. However, this volume is estimated to be only 20% of the total volume of leachate collected by the SDS during this time. As can be seen in Fig. 4a, the sump, with a volume of only 25 bbl (4 m 3 ), was full virtually every day that it was pumped out. On those days when it was not pumped out, leachate overflowed into the shallow ditch that runs along the up gradient side of the lease road, eventually ending up in a stock pond approximately 500 meters down gradient from the site. During periods of heavy rainfall this pond overflowed into a creek. The concentrations of chloride and sodium ion in the leachate transferred from the sump to the produced water disposal system varied over time (Fig. 4b). The lower concentrations were probably the result of dilution with uncontaminated run-off from the adjacent hillside. This runoff collected behind the berms below sections L3 and L4 of the SDS, creating small ponds. This additional water was expected to enhance LST, and thus the pace of soil desalination and revegetation. Based on the average concentrations of these ions, and the estimated total volume of leachate that passed through the SDS (including the estimated sump overflow), approximately 1,400 kg of salt was removed during this time. If it is assumed that 400 bbl (64 m 3 ) of brine containing 120,000 mg/l of chloride ion and 60,000 mg/l of sodium (based on produced water 8
9 taken from the tank battery in June, 1998) were spilled at this site, this amount of salt corresponds to only 3% of the amount that was released initially. This indicates that a significant fraction of the salt had been leached from the site via OT prior to installation of the SDS. The concentrations of chloride ion and sodium ion in surface soil samples collected at this site over a 4-year period are presented in Fig. 5. Each column of values corresponds to a particular sample location; the values in each column correspond to samples collected in 1998 (top) through 2001 (bottom). It can be seen that the concentrations of these brine components decreased significantly across the entire site during this time period. However, the concentrations at some of the sample locations actually increased in the first year following installation of the SDS. This transitory effect was due to LST, since OT was blocked by the berm adjacent to each subsurface drainage lateral. This phenomenon was most pronounced in subsection L4S1, where ponding occurred both up gradient and down gradient to the sampling station (Fig 2). On the whole, Site B experienced significant revegetation as a result of this remediation (Fig. 6). Knotweed and ragweed were most plentiful initially. After the first growing season the densest vegetation was found on the berms, consistent with efficient leaching of the brine components from the immediate vicinity of the drainage lines. The vegetation in subsequent growing seasons was both more widespread and more diverse. Subsections L1S1 and L1S2, which were closest to the origin of the spill, exhibited the highest levels of contamination initially. These subsections also failed to revegetate during the first growing season after installation of the SDS. Consequently, in July 1999 these subsections were treated with gypsum or prairie hay, respectively, and then tilled to a depth of 6 inches (15 cm). It can be noted in Fig. 5 that both treatments produced similar, dramatic reductions in the chloride ion concentration. However, the subsection that was treated with hay (L1S2) exhibited a much greater reduction in sodium ion concentration during next year. In addition, subsection L1S2 was effectively revegetated during the next growing season, while subsection L1S1 9
10 remained mostly barren even after the 2001 growing season. These observations suggest that hay, tilled into the brine-impacted soil, can reduce the salinity and the sodicity to the same extent as gypsum. In addition, it is clear that hay provides an additional incentive for revegetation relative to gypsum. DISCUSSION The American Petroleum Institute (API) field manual (Carty, et al., 1997) recommends three different strategies for the remediation of oilfield brine-impacted soil. Only one of these approaches, the addition of amendments (e.g. gypsum) to the soil, is commonly used. This treatment is designed replace some exchangeable sodium with magnesium of calcium to facilitate the downward movement of brine components through the soil profile. However, this transport process can be inhibited by a clay-rich subsoil. A rainfall sufficient to produce run-off can leach brine components from the soil near the surface and then transport them off-site. This process, referred to as overland transport, is clearly evident in the data from site A presented above. Scientists concerned with the soil desalination have recognized the effectiveness of OT previously (Bohn et al., 1985). The basinfurrow design, in which berms are constructed at 45 to the down gradient direction, encourages the run-off to meander across the surface, thus enhancing the leaching of brine components. It has been demonstrated in at least one other field study (Carter and Fanning, 1964) that the downward movement of brine components through the soil profile can be negated by periods of dryness. This occurs because evaporation draws salty leachate back toward the surface through capillary action. This phenomenon may be beneficial to a remediation based on the OT process: salt that has crystallized out in the first centimeter of soil is particularly susceptible to leaching by run-off. This approach should be particularly successful in regions where spring rainfall events are intense. Based on the results presented above (Figs. 4 and 5), the SDS was both effective and efficient. With the exception of those subsections that received some brine components through lateral subsurface transport, chloride and sodium ion concentrations in the soil were reduced by 10
11 an average of 93% and 78%, respectively, by the fourth year after the SDS was installed. In addition, approximately 95% of the site revegetated during that time period. The leachate collected by the SDS during the first year of operation was relatively concentrated (Fig. 4b). This indicates that special disposal of the leachate produced by an SDS may be required. Re-injection at the lease, preferably through the use of an existing produced water re-injection well, would be the most cost-effective means of leachate disposal. The presence of dispersed clays in the leachate may present a barrier to this approach. Fortunately, the re-injection well at Site B was completed in a high-permeability formation; thus, the presence of minor amounts of suspended solids in the leachate was of no concern to the operator. It was noted above that limestone gravel was applied around the drainage pipe, to provide a region of enhanced permeability around the pipe, and possibly to limit soil particles from entering the drainage system. It is conceivable that calcium ion released from the limestone gravel will assisted in this endeavor. Calcium ion promotes the agglomeration of clay particles, by exchanging for sodium onto the surface of the clay particles and compressing the electrical double layer (Harris, 1998). It is likely that lateral subsurface transport dominates contaminant movement in an SDS. Undoubtedly, this process accounted for the revegetation of the berms observed during the first growing season following installation of the SDS, as well as the increase in brine component concentrations observed in some subsections (e.g. L4S1) during this time period. However, it is difficult to believe that LST alone could reduce brine component concentrations at the sampling stations (located 10 meters from the nearest drainage line) to the extent indicated in Fig. 5. It is more likely that the OT process also played a role, by rapidly conveying leachate to the downgradient berm, where it then permeated a relatively short distance through soil to the drainage line. A thick layer of prairie hay was applied across the surface of the contaminated soil after the SDS was installed. This material was expected to limit the rate of evaporation, thus encouraging LST toward the drainage laterals during periods of intermittent rainfall (Carter and 11
12 Fanning, 1964). However, the hay appears to have played a more significant role in support of desalination and revegetation, as indicated by the effect of the additional remedial treatments that were applied to two subsections. These subsections, L1S1 and L1S2, had been too wet to allow disking or the application of hay following installation of the SDS. The additional treatment involved amendments, gypsum alone (L1S1) or hay alone (L1S2), tilled into the soil. During the next year, the sodium ion concentration decreased more rapidly in subsection L1S2 relative to L1S1 (Fig. 5b). In addition, significant revegetation was observed on L1S2 during the next growing season, while L1S1 remained barren. By the 2001 sampling date the brine concentrations in the two subsections were comparable, but subsection L1S1 was still only sparsely vegetated. There are several potential explanations for the beneficial effect of hay on the remediation of brine-impacted soil. The introduction of a fibrous material to the topsoil should extend the time period over which enhanced leaching occurs after mechanical disruption of the soil. Presumably, this effect will be realized only if the organic matter is tilled into the soil. In addition, the rapid decrease in the sodium ion concentration in the soil suggests that organic matter enhances the leaching of this ion. This may occur as a result of the presence of products of the microbial biodegradation of the hay which are known to help build soil structure and increase hydraulic permeability. Another effect is the production of CO 2 from biodegradation of organic matter which will increase the solubility of calcite and thus calcium concentrations. (Robbins, 1986). Organic matter added to the soil may also have a direct effect on the revegetation of brine-impacted soil as has been observed in at least two previous studies (McFarland et al., 1987; Sewell et al., 2000). Soil microorganisms are essential to the growth and well-being of plants; thus, their population must be sustained if revegetation is to be realized. In other work we have observed reductions in soil microbes of about 50% following a brine spill (Moralwar et al., 2004). While some part of this decline may be due to the effect of elevated salinity on the microorganisms, it may also be related to a reduction in the soil organic matter. In the absence 12
13 of brine contamination, growing and dying plants provide most of the organic matter that sustains the soil ecosystem. This ecosystem maintains the structure of the soil, which benefits both plant life and the leaching of salts from the soil. When a brine spill kills the plants the amount of soil organic matter becomes finite, and diminishes rapidly during periods of high microbial activity. The structure of the soil will degrade further during this time. The addition of hay to the soil should sustain the microbial population and the structure of the soil until revegetation occurs. Finally, the use of gypsum as a soil amendment should be discussed. Gypsum is one of the cheapest sources of readily available calcium ion. As noted above, calcium ions encourage the agglomeration of clay particles, and thus enhance the permeability of the soil (and the pace of desalination). However, based on the results from the second remedial treatment applied to Site B, gypsum was not as effective as prairie hay for enhancing the rate of the leaching of brine components from the soil (Fig. 5), or enhancing the pace of revegetation. Another issue of concern is the amount of gypsum that must be applied to a brineimpacted site. The API field manual (Carty, et al., 1997) provides a calculation for determining this amount; it is based on the sodium absorption ratio and the cation exchange capacity of the soil (determined to be approximately 20 meq/100 g of soil). The gypsum requirement predicted by this calculation for various subsections of Site B decreased dramatically during the four years following installation of the SDS. For example, based on the results of the cation analysis of surface soil samples collected at sampling station L1S2 (only the sodium ion data are presented in Fig. 5), the gypsum application rate decreased from 0.25 to 0.05 pounds per square foot (0.010 to kg/m 3 ). This suggests that the application of gypsum to a relative new brine spill could be much more expensive than the hay plus tilling treatment. Gypsum typically adds considerably to the cost of the remediation of a brine spill both in the cost of the gypsum and the cost of transportation and spreading. However, the effect of gypsum in mobilizing sodium from clays is manifested only to the depth to which it is applied (Robbins, 1986). Further, the addition of large amounts of gypsum to the soil has the potential to interfere with phosphorous cycling. 13
14 It can be noted in Fig. 1 that a calcium-containing product, Salt-Away, was utilized in the initial remediation of Site B. Neither this product nor the other amendments added at that time were able to achieve even limited revegetation. It is conceivable that the failure of this approach at Site B was due to the very high level of contamination initially. On the other hand, since this remediation did not include the application of hay across the entire contaminated area, one may also conclude that hay is the key to remediating sites where the downward movement of brine components is blocked by impermeable subsoil. Approximately $7,000 was spent on the installation of this SDS. This translates into a capital cost of $3,500/acre, which is much higher than the $200/acre cost estimated for the SDS installed at the Texon Scar (Weathers, personal communication). However, several extraordinary expenses (e.g. weather-related construction delays, high-integrity fencing to keep bison off the site, replacement of the system s first sump) accounted for over one-half of this amount. The limestone gravel used to create a gravel pack around the perforated drainage pipe was by far the most expensive material used to construct the system. RECOMMENDATIONS This study specifically addresses the remediation of relatively new brine spills on topsoil underlain by impermeable subsoil. Scars resulting from historical spills are a clear manifestation of subsurface impermeability, as well as a visual reminder of the ease with which the topsoil will erode in the absence of vegetation. Thus, if scars are present in the vicinity of a lease, it is imperative that any new brine spill be remediated as soon as possible. Based on the results of the field demonstration presented above, a two-step remediation strategy is proposed. The first step involves the tilling of hay into the soil, while the second step involves a subsurface drainage system with limestone gravel. Both steps require only rainwater to leach the salt from the soil. This strategy is applicable even in semi-arid areas. The first step in this remediation strategy is based on the overland transport of the brine components from the contaminated site. Hay, tilled into the soil, enhances this process by maintaining the enhanced permeability provided through mechanical disruption (e.g. tilling) of 14
15 the soil. The products of the microbial degradation of the hay may also assist in the transport of sodium from the soil by improving soil structure and increasing the solubility of calcite in the soil. Fertilizer addition may enhance these effects since hay is deficient in nitrogen. This remedial treatment should be performed in the late fall or winter in order to make full use of spring rains and the subsequent growing season. The treatment may be repeated if significant revegetation is not achieved after the growing season. The hay also provides a direct benefit to revegetation, by maintaining both the soil microbial population and the soil structure. Once any revegetation occurs the penetration of roots into the subsurface further improves hydraulic conductivity (and, therefore, the leaching of brine components) by releasing organics and CO 2 into the soil. These effects have been shown to be manifested throughout the root zone (Robbins, 1986). The second step in this remedial strategy is the installation and operation of a subsurface drainage system. While this approach is significantly more expensive, it will greatly accelerate the pace of revegetation. In addition, an SDS can protect nearby surface water and groundwater resources from secondary contamination, through collection and disposal of the leachate produced. This option, which may be mandated by some regulatory agencies, will be costeffective only if there is an existing produced water disposal system on the lease, and both the operator and the state allow the leachate to be transferred into it. 15
16 REFERENCES Bohn, H.L., B.L. McNeal, and G.A. O Connor,1985, Soil Chemistry: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p Carter, D.L., and C.D. Fanning, 1964, Combining surface mulches and periodic water applications for reclaiming saline soils: Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, v. 28, p Carty, D.J., S.M. Swetish, W.F. Priebe, and W. Crawley, 1997, Remediation of salt-affected soils at oil and gas production facilities: Washington, American Petroleum Institute. Harris, T.M., 1998, Brine impacted soils, remediation, Ed. R.A. Meyers, in: Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation: New York: John Wiley and Sons, p Harris, T.M., J. McConnell, and K. Schulte, 1998, Physicochemical characterization of brineimpacted soil. in: Proceedings of the 5th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, NM. [CD available from the Division of Continuing Education, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.] Jeffords, O.D., 1976, Advanced drainage systems, Drainage Handbook (2 nd Edition): Bellview, Washington. McFarland, M.L., D.N. Ueckert, and S. Hartmann (1987) Revegetation of oil well reserve pits in west Texas: Journal of Range Management, v. 40, p Moralwar, A., K.L. Sublette, L. Ford, K. Duncan, G. Thoma, J. Brokaw, 2004, Remediation of a spill of crude oil and brine without gypsum: Environmental Geosciences, submitted. Oklahoma Climatological Survey, Oklahoma Mesonet. Robbins, C.W.,1986, Sodic calcareous soil reclamation as affected by different amendments and crops: Agron J., v. 78, p
17 Sewell, H.J., W.A. Hamilton, G. Deeley, K.W. Farrish, E.S. Anderson, L.E. Deuel, Jr., and D. Moore, 2000, Remediation and re-vegetation of brine-impacted soil: A case study. in: Proceedings of the 7th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque. [CD available from the Division of Continuing Education, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.] United States Soil Conservation Service, 1979, Soil Survey of Osage County, Oklahoma: Washington, Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Weathers, M.L., 1998, personal communication. Weathers, M.L., K.R. Moore, D.L. Ford, and C.K.Curlee, 1994, Reclamation of saltwatercontaminated soil in Big Lake Field: Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, v. 44, p Dr. Tom Harris received his Ph.D. in metallurgy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in From 1989 to 2001 he was a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Tulsa. He also has 8 years of experience in industry, including 3 years in his current position with Delphi Catalyst. Dr. Bryan Tapp is Chairman of the Geosciences Department at The University of Tulsa. Trained in structural geology, he has worked in deformation mechanisms, mathematical geology and finite element analysis. His research emphasis has shifted to environmental analysis and application of Geographical Information Systems in geosciences. Current research involves application of GIS and FEA understand surface and subsurface brine contaminant flux. 17
18 Dr. Kerry Sublette is Professor of Chemical Engineering and Geosciences and Sarkeys Chair of Environmental Engineering at the University of Tulsa. He also serves as the Director of the Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium (IPEC), an EPA Research Center. His research interests include the remediation of oil and brine contaminated sites and ecological indicators of the restoration of damaged soil ecosystems. 18
19 FIGURE CAPTIONS Figure 1. Schematic illustration of Site B spill scar describing the initial remediation involving amendments. Site B is located in northeastern Oklahoma at N 36 o , W 96 o Figure 2. Schematic illustration of Site B displaying the subsurface drainage system and sampling station locations. Dashed lines correspond to perforated drainage pipes. Thick textured lines correspond to berms. The shaded areas indicate where seasonal ponding occurred. Figure 3. Chloride and sodium ion concentrations as a function of depth at Site B. Two locations along the L1 and L2 drainage lines were sampled; samples were also collected from a control location 30 meters east of the lease road. Figure 4. a. Volume of leachate pumped from the subsurface drainage system sump to the produced water disposal system at Site B on selected dates. b. Chloride and sodium ion concentrations in samples of the leachate collected on those dates. Figure 5. Spatial display of surface soil sample data for Site B corresponding to the schematic illustration in Fig. 2. Fig. 5a corresponds to chloride ion concentrations (ppm); Fig. 5b corresponds to sodium ion data. Each column of values corresponds to one station sampled in 2/98 (top), 3/99, 7/00 and 5/01. Figure 6. Photographs of Site B taken in 8/95 (six months after the brine spill) and in 6/00 (third growing season after installation of the subsurface drainage system). The photographs were taken from the north side of the contaminated area, facing south. Sampling station L2S1 and L3S1 are in the foreground. 19
20 20
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text: Cody, a long time street fighter as a young killer.Cody was born 1927,as he was growing up he loved fighter with friends and family.As cody became 15 his parents had died because of a killer going towards his school.Cody lived on to become a fighter with his only friend Ryu.As Cody became a karate teacher around his block the same killer that killed his parents was on a mission to kill Ryu`s Parents.Cody Tried to stop the killer, but the killer was stronge as his old friend Ken that would always be beat as a young kid.But the killer would be protected like his friends were there,The killer was killed by Cody. The police came by,but once they got there Cody wasnt there but the body of the killer was there.One Of the police man seen a shadow towards the end of the ally.Its was Cody with a knife in his hand(Thats why in Super street fighter IV the knife is always there).One day Cody was on the news.One of the police man were talking about what they saying in the ally and something in the background was moving.It was the same shadow the police man saw at the ally way.Its was Cody but something was diffenent about the shadow.Something was droping as the shadow like it was water or blood or something.The knife droped and the police man turned and walked towards the knife.Blood was at the tip of the knife and the police that had saw Cody was feeling very worried. The police man that was on the news droped and was did the camera man.Black Shoes walked by the camera and the men droped the person seem to have blond hair like Cody did.Its Was Cody as he looked at the camera picking up the knife and the same guy that seen Cody in the ally was Very scared and had nothing to do.Years Came by and the same person that saw cody was on the news.The man was not scared of Cody anymore and just forgot about him for years to come.The Cameraman say the name "Cody" like the same camera man was still alive.Then the policeman was scared once more.Cody was caught in jail and thats the last time anyone heared or Cody.Later On in the years Ryu,Ken,The Police Man Died of a ranpage that happened once ken and ryu were fighting. Cody Died May 12, 1957

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sheath/Column V-neck Asymmetrical Taffeta Homecoming Dress With Beading Appliques Lace Sequins #9647
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Product Reviews
2012-11-29 21:47:03
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text:
Having already secured a solid 2nd place in the LMP2 Driver Standings as far back as August in Mosport, there was no championship at stake for Marino and his co-driver, Butch Leitzinger, in the ...
Having already secured a solid 2nd place in the LMP2 Driver Standings as far back as August in Mosport, there was no championship at stake for Marino and his co-driver, Butch Leitzinger, in the #20 Dyson Racing Mazda, here at the Mazda Raceway in Laguna Seca.
However, carrying a completely new livery in the blue, red and white colours of Arco, a company founded in 1866 as the Atlantic Petroleum Storage Company, but now part of the BP family and a leading retail gasoline brand on the US's west coast, Marino and Butch were resolute in their desire to give both Arco and Mazda a win at Mazda's home track.
Unfortunately, after such a successful mid season, the first and last races of the 2009 Series proved to be lack lustre bookends for the #20 car.
The test session here on Thursday went well and all was looking good for the 2-day race programme on the 2.238 mile Laguna circuit. However just 5 laps into the first official practice session yesterday, a broken spark plug lead to a cautionary engine change. By definition the second practice turned into a set-up run which would enable Butch to qualify the car just a few minutes later. Butch put in a qualifying time of 1:11.310, to take 2nd in LMP2 and 4th overall. Further changes were made on the #20 car overnight and Marino ran warm-up here this morning setting the fastest time in LMP2 and 2nd overall just two-tenths behind the pole sitting LMP1 Acura of Gil de Ferran.
Butch made a good start behind the wheel of the #20 car at the beginning of the race taking the lead in LMP2, but just 11 laps in, he had to pit causing him to drop two laps while an electrical problem affecting the throttle was fixed. Butch returned to the track, but just 20 laps later he came to a halt on the track and the car was subsequently retired. Disappointment of course for Marino, Butch, the team and their sponsor partners in not finishing the race here at the Mazda Raceway in Laguna Seca, but on reflection it can only be said that 2009 was a very successful developmental inagural season for the #20 BP Dyson Racing Mazda car: 10 podiums from 10 races including two LMP2 class wins, one at the team's home track in Lime Rock and the other at the epic Petit Le Mans event in Road Atlanta just 2 week's ago. And for Marino personally, add to that tally three successive qualifying pole positions in Road America, Mosport and Petit Le Mans, as well as three fastest laps on the circuits of St. Petersburg, Lime Rock and Mosport, and you have all the ingredients necessary to build a better and stronger challenge in 2010.
"It's such a disappointing way to end the season, but it's been a positive campaign for us", said a somewhat deflated Marino after the race. "Overall I'm delighted with the way the year has gone, the BP Dyson Mazda team thought that second in the championship was the best we could achieve in this development year, we also wanted to get poles and wins, so it was great to achieve these goals. I thought the #20 car looked awesome in the Arco colours this weekend and I want to thank each and everyone involved in our programme for all the hard work and effort that went into this year. On a personal note, I want to congratulate my brother Dario on winning the 2009 Indycar Championship, I received the news about a minute after our car went out of the race so I wasn't down for long! Now, it's time to take a break and put my efforts into preparing for next year!"
-credit: marinofranchitti.com


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- Producer
Scarlett Morgan27/07/2016Rain Gutter Cleaning More Important than You'd ThinkOne of the most difficult things about owning a home is maintaining. There are a hundred different things to upkeep when you own a home. It can be easy to forget a few of them. But some are more crucial than others. If you've neglected your rain...
Comments03/08/2016 #2 Scarlett Morgan#1 Thank you so much @Jens Werner! That's a good idea. Thanks again :)27/07/2016 #1 Jens WernerVery vital thing for the upkeep of a house, I am sharing this in the german Architecture hive, hope you don't mind


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School Pride
We have established our School / Community Pride Program to provide our youth with an opportunity to attend one of our exciting games while showing your pride for your school. Make sure you wear your school colors for your designated game and receive your complimentary tickets. Over 4,000 local youth will be able to see our games at no charge because of this program. Our team has visited several of these schools and communities. Miracles players will be available to visit schools to support programs based on student wellness and academic success. If you are interested in having one of our players or coach visit your school have your Principal contact us.
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About the Book
those raw, violents, rare self-portraits had been made on my multiples
moleskine journals during the last 11 months. they are not often brights
and joyfuls (they NEVER are!) and they maybe make me look like I'm a crazy,
emo, selfdestructive bitch. well maybe I am but, as a matter of facts, my
feelings about my tortured self-portraits are that those drawings are my
very personal liberation from sadness, is like getting out some files from
a full computer into some external hard disc or some usb key: you get out
the worst feelings to avoid they get all the space in your brain. once the
bad feeling is on paper I feel lighter and happier.
maybe is for this reason that I don't often draw when I'm happy, when I'm
happy I want to keep all this good feeling in my heart, I don't need them
to go away.
Features & Details
- Category Biographies & Memoirs
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
50 Pages
- Publish Date Sep 04, 2013
- Language English
- Tags nicoz balboa, frida kahlo, self-portrait, self-portraits, moleskine, art, love, hate, pain, pen, autobiography, biography, biographycal
About the Creator
Nicoz Balboa was born in Rome. she graduated at the I.E.D.(European institut of design) of Rome and did a 3 month stage at the E.S.A.G. of Paris. in 1996 she starts to self-produce her comics with some fanzines called Catholic Girls, Caccapiscia and she went on during the years with several minibooks as Cuoricini, Pochi Intimi, Axe Rouge, Maison, Adesivi, Njcoz's Girls. in 2005 she publishes her first solo comic-album "Nicozrama" with the Centro Fumetto Andrea Pazienza and in 2008 she publishes another solo comick-book named "les larmes de crocodile" for the french publisher "DIANTRE!" she partecipates to lots of collective exhibitions as "micropop nipposuggestioni" and "beautiful dreamers" at the Angel Art Gallery of Milan with ( Ana Bagayan, Marcel Dzama, Greg Gossel, Alex Gross, Kukula, Takashi Murakami, Aya Takano and others),"sweet street" at Gallery Nucleus of Los Angeles, "whaleless" at Strychnin Gallery in Berlin and in London, "don't say motherfucker, motherfucker" at the MFGa
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Latest Stories
Dawn of Discovery: Venice Review0 Comments
April 26, 2010
Dawn of Discovery Venice and Dawn of Discovery: Gold Edition Now Available0 Comments
February 25, 2010
Help us solve the toughest (or most puzzling) game puzzles and challenges.
Our attempt to answer issues which most commonly occur on IGN's wikis.
About This Game
- Summary
- Specifications
- Features
- Game Editions
Discover a new pleasure in the Dawn of Discovery by taking advantages of a totally improved environment to be played: Venice. Go further in the world economic exploration throughout up to 300 new quests. Take control and take care of the brand new volcano islands. Challenge your friends by playing versus or co-op modes.
Anno 1404 Venice combine the signature gameplay mechanics of Anno 1404 and the richness of the Venetian culture. In addition, gamers will now be able to play Anno 1404 with their friends thanks to the new online multiplayer mode.
- Supported Functions
- Number Of Players: 1-8
- Online
- Online - VS Number Of Players: 8
- Online - Co-Op Number Of Players: 8
- Online Versus Multiplayer
- Online Co-Op Multiplayer
- The rich Anno 1404 environment gets complemented with a new Venetian setting offering new possibilities of interaction. Build two new Venetian ship types: the small and big tradesman cog. Develop secret cabinets, infiltrate your enemies and sabotage their expansion. Take control over enemy cities thanks to your influence in the cities' council board.
- Play Anno 1404 online in a multiplayer mode made for up to 8 players. Choose to play versus or coop to defeat the AI by combining your techniques.
- New challenges and quests. Up to 60 new items and 300 new quests with two new types: trading race and ship boarding. Discover and exploit a new type of island, the Volcano island. New scenarios to face new challenges with new achievements, medals and crests.
Dawn of Discovery: VenicePublisher: UbisoftRelease Date: February 25, 2010
Anno 1404: VeniceRelease Date: February 26, 2010


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Researcher asks Google why its still using the RC4 and MD5 cipher
If you need reliability when it comes to SMTP servers, get the best, get Port 587.
Get a powerful Linux Dual-Core dedicated server for less than $2.67 a day!Tweet Share on Twitter.
October 16, 2013
An internet security researcher based in Germany is asking why Google is still using the unsafe RC4 and MD5 cipher as its first-default technology for SSL connections.
The change has gone unnoticed since December 2010, when the Android 2.3 release swapped from a default preference for the AES256-SHA1 cipher, followed by the 3DES and the AES128, instead defaulting to RC4-MD5 and RC4-SHA1 as its first and second default preference.
For those unfamiliar with encryption implementations, there's a long list of different cipher types available to encryption applications.
And to fully ensure that both ends can negotiate an encrypted connection, each end needs to know which ciphers the other end can support, which means stepping through a list of ciphers during the traditional handshaking.
As the researcher, George Lukas notes, internet security exploits based on MD5 collisions have been known for several years and continue.
The guilty party, he asserts, isn't the Android development team, but rather Java developers, and it's an implementation recommendation first made in 2002.
As Lukas notes-- ìSo what the Google engineers did to reduce our security was merely to copy what was in the Reference Implementation, defined by the inventors of Java!
In the Java reference implementation, the code responsible for creating the cipher list is split into two files. First, a priority-ordered set of ciphers is constructed in the CipherSuite class,î he writes. ìThen, all enabled ciphers with sufficient priority are added to the list for CipherSuiteList.getDefault().
The cipher list hasn't experienced relevant changes since the initial import of Java 6 into Hg, when the OpenJDK was brought to life.
Finally, the cipher order on the vast majority of Android devices was defined by Sun Microsystems in 2002 and taken over into the Android project in 2010 as an attempt to improve compatibility.
RC4 is considered problematic since 2001 (remember WEP?), and MD5 was broken in 2009. We'll keep you posted on this as well as other developments.
In other internet security news
The lack of the most basic security at Mexican banks has allowed cybercriminals to place their own malware-ridden CDs into ATM machines in order to gain control of the easily-compromized cash machines.
The so-called Ploutus malware was installed after criminals acquired access to the ATMís CD-ROM drive and inserted a new boot CD into it.
The hacking attempt was possible because many ATMs in Mexico use a simple lock that is easily picked, allowing the attackers to gain physical access to the ATMs.
Attacks involving getting malware on ATMs are rare but far from unprecedented. Normally, all sorts of trickery is necessary before being able to get a trojan onto a target machine, but in Mexico, it's very easy.
Malware-based ATM scams have previously involved using corrupt insiders to infect hole-in-the-wall machines. Learning how an ATM machine works by posing as an repair technician is also unnecessary thanks to Ploutus. And you don't need a genius security researcher to develop a friendishly cunning ATM attack, either.
Schoolboy errors made the self-service ATM-pawning tactic all too easy for Mexican crooks. The extent of the resulting scam - either in terms of how much money was lost or how many machines were infected - still remains unclear for now.
But details of how the malware itself works are fairly well understood. Information security firm Trustwave has completed an analysis of the malware used in Mexico after obtaining samples of the malicious code.
Infected machines still carry out their normal functions of dispensing cash, but if a particular key combination is input into the compromised device, the attacker will be presented with a hidden GUI, written in Spanish, complete with drop-down menus apparently designed for a touch screen.
Once criminals input a passcode - derived from a fixed four digit PIN combined with the figures for the date and month ñ they obtain the ability to dispense money from the compromised ATM.
"If you are a bank or the owner/operator of ATMs in Mexico, you will want to closely examine your machines for evidence of tampering," says Josh Grunzweig, an ethical hacker in TrustWave's SpiderLabs team."
"Banks and ATM owner/operators outside of Mexico could also benefit from an inspection of their ATMs," he added.
"Examples of targeted malware like Ploutus serve as a reminder of the importance of a thorough security review of ATMs and the back-end systems connected to them," he added.
Grunzweig has put together a blog post explaining how the malware works - containing code snippets and a screenshot of the GUI cybercrooks are able to feast their eyes upon once the malware is installed on compromized cash machines.
This is ATM fraud without recourse to skimmers to harvest the card details of consumers or other more complex approaches. So far, Ploutus-based attacks were targeted against ATMs at off-premise locations, according to self-service device information security software developer SafenSoft.
"The emergence of new malware with ability to directly extract cash from ATMs is a very alarming sign for self-service device security," says Stanislav Shevchenko, chief technology officer at SafenSoft.
Malware like this allows the cybercriminals to skip the whole process of cash withdrawal they have to take part in after using traditional ATM trojans and skimmer-like devices to steal the plastic card information.
Additionally, by spreading malware like that criminals can easily bypass the traditional antivirus-based protection on the ATMs. If that trojan gets massively distributed, then any bank without specialized protection software on its ATMs will have a difficult time getting ahead," he added.
In other internet security news
It looks like Symantec is taking full credit for luring a the powerful Zero Access botnet into an effective sinkhole where it can't do anymore harm to internet users.
ZeroAccess has been active for the past two years already and is one of the largest known botnets in existence. It has upwards of 1.9 million infected computers and servers forming its nasty army, all remotely controlled by miscreants.
It's estimated that this group of computer robots is literally put to work generating tens of millions of dollars annually.
It's claimed that cyber criminals make money from the infected Windows machines by instructing the computers to virtually and fraudulently click on web adverts, thus ramping up income for an affiliate ad network or, to a lesser extent, mine for new Bitcoins.
By subverting the communications system used by the bots to organize, Symantec has sinkholed (IE- gained control or disabled) more than half a million bots, Symantec claims.
This will have made a serious dent in the number of zombie drones under the thrall of the ZeroAccess group. Symantec added that it's working with ISPs and government computer security teams such as CERT globally, in an effort to help get infected computers cleaned up as fast as possible.
ZeroAccess infects Microsoft-powered computers caught up in drive-by-downloads-- booby-trapped websites attempt to exploit security holes in web surfers' machines to install the malware.
It then uses a rootkit to hide itself from the operating system and the victim, set itself up on a secret file system, downloads yet more bogus software, then connects itself to other infected systems and opens up more backdoor access.
And the whole process is repeated over and over. The Zero Access botnet is very sophisticated and powerfully resilient, using a peer-to-peer architecture to communicate in the wild.
So it seems to enjoy a high degree of redundancy and no central command-and-control server for the good guys to target. As a result, nobody is under any illusions that Symantec's action has finally put an end to the zombie network.
More details and additional information on the takedown effort can be found in a blog post on Symantec's site.
In other internet security news
Leaked documents in the wild now provide evidence that GCHQ planted malware in the systems of Belgacom, the largest telecommunications company in Belgium.
According to slides obtained by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden and supplied to German newspaper Der Spiegel, the attack targeted several Belgacom employees and involved planting hacking technology called 'Quantum Insert' which was developed by the NSA.
The attack technique surreptitiously directs victims to spook-run websites where they are exposed to secondary malware infection.
The ultimate goal of "Operation Socialist" was to gain access to Belgacom's Core GRX routers in order to run man-in-the middle attacks against targets roaming with smartphones.
The leaked documents reveal that spooks in Cheltenham were particularly interested in BICS - a joint venture between Belgacom, Swisscom and South Africaís MTN - which provides wholesale carrier services to mobile and fixed-line phone companies around the world, including trouble spots such as Yemen and Syria.
BICS is among a group of companies that run the TAT-14, SEA-ME-WE3 and SEA-ME-WE4 cables connecting the United States, Britain, Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Singapore to the rest of the globe.
Early goals for the spies included mapping its network to understand Belgacom's infrastructure as well as investigating VPN links from BICS to other telecoms providers. The leaked slides describe the exercise as already being a success and close to achieving its ultimate goal of compromising enough of Belgacom's infrastructure to run man-in-the-middle attacks.
One slide explains spooks had successfully compromised "hosts with access" to Belgacom's Core GRX routers, leaving them just one step away from their objective. The slides themselves aren't dated but other leaked documents date the compromise of Belgacom's systems to around three years ago in 2010.
In a statement issued earlier this week, Belgacom admitted its internal systems were compromised but played down the impact of the breach, saying that the intrusion didn't compromise the delivery of communications. It added that the intrusion is under investigation by Belgian law enforcement.
If GCHQ was indeed the agency concerned at that time, then this investigation is unlikely to go anywhere soon, and the most that can be expected is some sort of diplomatic complaint from Belgium to Britain, its EU and Nato partner.
We've asked Belgacom if it has any comment on Der Spiegel's revelations. In response, a spokesman supplied the following short statement which clarifies that Belgacom filed a criminal complaint in July shortly after detecting the hacking attmpts, and long before going public with the problem on Monday.
Belgacom said-- "We have filed on July 19 a formal complaint against an unknown third party and have granted since then our full support to the investigation that is being performed by the Federal Prosecutor."
Background on GRX (GPRS Roaming Exchange), a tasty target for signals intelligence types, can be found in a presentation put together by Philippe Langlois, founder and chief executive of P1 Security, from the Troppers security conference in Germany back in 2011.
In other internet security news
According to a recent study by online reputationñtracking firm Iovation, internet users who access the web through the anonymizing Tor network are much more likely to be hackers or other troublemakers than are typical people.
The company announced yesterday that about 30.2 percent of all transactions it logged as coming from the Tor network during the month of August were fraudulent, compared to about a one per cent fraud rate for internet transactions as a whole outside of the Tor system.
Tor disguises the source of internet connections by shuttling them through hard-to-follow network routes and assigning them IP addresses at random from a large pool of distributed IPs around the globe.
While it's not too difficult to tell whether a connection is coming from Tor, it's rather very hard to know just who is behind any given connection, or even where in the world they are located when they come from Tor.
For that reason, while Tor has often been used for political activism, whistleblowing, and other risky but laudable activities, it's also home to a shady underworld of less-praiseworthy dealings, ranging from drug trafficking to child pornography.
For example, the online black market Silk Road website conducts its business entirely over Tor. Online criminals have recently began experimenting with using Tor as a cover for other kinds of internet traffic, as well.
The number of clients accessing the network on a daily basis doubled in August when the Mevade.A botnent began using Tor to route its command and control data.
Iovation found that about 31.8 percent of all Tor transactions were suspect and that the company isn't just talking about sales on Silk Road, either.
"Transactions simply means any online action at one of our customer sites like online purchases, account registrations, credit applications, logins, wire transfers, comments, etc, etc" said Scott Olson, Iovation's vice president of product.
"Any interaction where fraud, abuse or other similar nature are of grave concern to all our subscribers," he added.
Iovation's Reputation Manager service can't identify individual Tor users, but it can spot traffic that originates from known Tor IP addresses, called "exit nodes."
To conduct its study, it analyzed 240 million transactions conducted in August 2013 and compared the fraud rate of Tor traffic to that of the whole internet.
Iovation is making the ability to identify Tor traffic generally available to its Reputation Manager customers at no charge.
"Tor in itself isn't a bad service," Olson said. "It can be used for positive things as well as fraudulent things. For our clients, they are concerned with mitigating risk and in this case, Tor is disproportionately associated with a much higher fraud rate for online purchases, account applications, logins, etc."
And Iovation isn't the first to identify this issue. As recently as August, the head of Russia's Federal Security Service said he would like to block Tor traffic at the national level as part of the country's anti-terrorism efforts.
Although blocking all Tor traffic would be challenging, blocking traffic that re-enters the mainstream internet via Tor exit nodes is comparatively easy.
Wikipedia prevents editing by Tor users, for example, and if Tor's reputation for being rife with bad actors grows, more sites may choose to do the same.
In other internet security news
According to new documents unearthed using the Freedom of Information Act, the NSA acquired professional computer and server hacking tools complete with their documentation from French security firm Vupen.
A bonafide contract shows the U.S. security agency paid for a whole year's supply of zero-day vulnerability information and the software needed to exploit those security holes to attack various electronic systems.
If you need reliability when it comes to SMTP servers, get the best, get Port 587.
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Source: George Lukas.
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Sony Ericsson has declared that, when it finally releases its long promised Android phone , the mobile will not feature the newly released Android 1.5 that is currently in demand as a software update but will rely on a wholly new iteration of the popular software, version 2.0.
This news obviously triggers numerous points and questions. Firstly, the fact the version 2.0 of the Android operating system is under development at all is news. Secondly, the fact that it would be positioned to appear first on a Sony Ericsson design and not, say, a Google-lead phone is intriguing. Thirdly, if version 2.0 is under development, the proposed release date of both phone and Android 2.0 is pretty swift.
Other news on the Sony Ericsson phone is brief but we do know that it will include a propriety interface that will sit on top of Android - in a similar implementation to Samsung's TouchWiz.
Click to read the Slashphone story


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Hello there! Welcome to Sickroom[dot]org, TheFanlistings.org approved fanlisting for the Japanese band Plastic Tree. This fanlisting would not be here if it wasn't for the incrediably gracious Jody! Sickroom aims to be a small dedication for this brilliant band and a place for fans all around the world to proudly show their support. The fansite is still under major construction and will be continuing to grow as time allows!
If you're a fan of this unique band, their captivating sounds and their mesmerizing lyrics, please grab a code and join! And do enjoy your stay. :D
What exactly is a fanlisting? "A fanlisting is simply an online list of fans of a subject, such as a TV show, actor, or musician, that is created by an individual and open for fans from around the world to join. There are no costs, and the only requirements to join a fanlisting are your name and country." -- from The Fanlistings Network
Sickroom was last updated 15th July 2016. There are currently 165 Plastic Tree fans from 41 countries, with 1 waiting to be added.
January 22 2013 Having some intermittent issues with my main domain - Once it gets figured out I'll be able to add more fans. I appreciate everyone's patience! Also, a makeover is in the works. About time, eh?
November 02 2008 Finally got the time to update the discography! Added Utsusemi and Replay/Dolly, and also updated the CD scans for Parade, Shiro Chornicle, and Makka na Ito! I hope to create a new layout when the fan list hits 100.. I'm bored of this one!
May 22 2008 Members list has been added! I am tweaking a few things around.. ;D
May 10 2008 I cannot thank Jody enough for allowing me to adopt this kill for fanlisting. It is an absolute dream come true and I sincerely hope that I can do Pura justice! I hope to gather up a lot of fan submissions as time goes on, so please excuse any mess laying about!


text: Author has written 4 stories for Buffy: The Vampire Slayer, and Gilmore Girls.Hey guys. The Buffy and Angelverse are like the best. my friend and i actually know almost all the lines to the buffy episodes and season 5 angel. so yeah i know what ur thinking, we need lives. we really do but since both shows were cancelled, i find that to keep it alive, i read fanfiction stories or write them. oh and by the way, i LOVE reviews!!!!!!!!!!!