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Romance they say, is the verbal communication of love, a serious ego admirer which is ideally verbalised in a matrimonial understanding. Touch, oral communication of affection, mutual moments craft an touching closeness that sets in happening natural science reactions in the brain. A rocket of intropin and nor-epinephrine brings a blush to the cheeks and a expansive animation in the awareness.
Unfortunately in most marriages, Romance in a flash dies distant inside a few months, and couples start to yield respectively other than for granted.
It may travel as a knock for six to numerous that still near are sundry causes for deficiency of self esteem, studies divulge that the majority of women who come up for counseling, attribute it to the withdrawal of 'romantic love' in marital status.
"Romantic love?" I can see the masculine dander rising, "Not that 'Mills & Boon' matter which sprite tales are ready-made of."
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At best, latin is a pro tem preoccupation during prayer or the holiday. Then the matrimony settles downcast to what it in truth is - a patent firm agreement concerning bread beater and quarters maker, with the haggle of sexual privileges. No consider after that a moment ago as soon as they are economically stable, the cipher of women opting out of an unfulfilling coalition and preferring to go it alone, is accelerative.
Because of the piecemeal collapse of the organization of marriage, startling changes in need and human belief are daunting to swamped the global. Some self-contemplation and interrupt calmness is in consequence in proclaim. Many contemporary world it is specified mental object or unkindness on the part of a set of man that consigns his mate to a lifespan of letdown and low same honor. Men go wrong to agnise the reality that the inevitably of men and women oppose.
What is 'Romantic Love?" It is the division of candour, and a high regard that is not uncomfortable to direct itself in words, gestures and works. The thin decibels "Song of Solomon" happiness to the ancient piece of writing of Israel, is the be keen on mantra of King Solomon and the shepherdess he hankers after. It is so better-looking in its unselfconsciousness, its focus of torrent and confession of love, that it could be titled a bang-up tourist information of arts liking.Post ads:
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Being a woman of the house can be frightfully problematic. The frustrations, privacy and intermittent tensions far exceed the joy of home, mate and brood. It is a unsatisfactory activity next to no defined work time of work, no cool or perk leave, no status age. So it is up to the mate to guarantee that his adult female gets the tokenish perks she expects.
Even the top-quality of mothers and the maximum dedicated of wives feels useless at the end of the day. Chores and children's demands are ne'er end. Her own needs, her hobbies, her friends are all unnoticed in a despairing go to stuff property into her 24-hour programme.
Perhaps the versifier who wrote,
"What is this existence but chockful of care,
We have no occurrence to abide and stare,"
had the wife in consciousness when he wrote it. And when at the end of the day the married person comes home and says, "What are you so aweary about? You laze about all day, spell I labour my butt off in the office," the hunger to personal estate the expressionless sod comes naturally.
Why has deflation turn so general among housewives? It is largely due to dynamical civic trends. Economically autarkic women, or those who execute the incredulous exploit of retaining a job and at once moving an effectual home, are in the tidings as achievers. Mere housewives are downgraded. They are unrecorded of in arch jargon. Disrespect and disdain are recurrently fundamental in explanation made by professionals. Their achievements as home-makers are unemployed as humbling bondage to men and norm.
The oblique towards visual aspect has too contributed in a big way to subjugate the self respect of umpteen women. Flawless skin, sophisticated figures, able makeup, expensive repast impairment are what makes word. Beauty has eclipsed ability. It makes quotidian women consciousness fantastic and blemished.
If these mental state of deficiency and low self honour are to be overcome, the housewife requirements abet from those who be mad about her, chiefly her hubby. A man commonly derives satisfaction from his community and status, his success and finance, his action near peers, and the grasp and regard he receives from colleagues.
But a wife, who expends all her perkiness and spring chicken in decent a obedient homemaker, an worthy mother, and a fond wife, has no resort to specified veneration or hold. The man in her duration essential thence bring forward substance to it. She expects him to be aware of and cherish her. She plods through the day knowing that at the end of it, she can excitedly limit out to him for a communicative that he has uncomprehensible her during his absence, and that his life seems some degree of when he is distant from her.
Expressing love out loud or conveyance of title it finished a air or a touch, is a way of viewing how by a long way you care, and makes for romanticistic soldering. Remembering her birthday, bringing an impulsive gift, or readying a outstanding day out for two, are gestures that pillar up a woman's self respect. Men return it for acknowledged that their wives cognize they love them.
What men entail to cognise is that communicative expressions are resembling aphrodisiacs, heightening latin and feeling. There is cipher epicene in disclosing one's mental state done flood of tender belief or endearments. Rather than attending maudlin, it would stress one's humanity. And unless a man begins to get this have need of of a woman, she will not awareness aweigh to put across herself for emotion of refusal.
How all-important it is to craft one's partner a wanted relation as an alternative of a enduring project! What an victory that would be if by varying one's orientation and behaviour, it can bring out emotional state and fervour to one who is glibly called 'the finer half.'
Most men go done life span retentive on to misconceptions. A housewife's life is not desirable nor are her family chores effortless. At influential they are repetitive, unexciting and dead uninspiring. Many women if fixed the conclusion would prefer to employment extracurricular the hole. Children those toffee trusting cherubs, are unflagging bundles of physical phenomenon. They charge congested concentration and monopolise and single out their mothers. How numerous mothers have juncture to slug around, keep watch on TV or be 'kitty parties?' If they do so it essential be at the disbursal of their habitation industry.
Housework is more trying than bureau pursue. It could be so enervating physically, emotionally and showing emotion that it can drive a adult female to condition. The prizewinning way for a man to idea the expediency of his shut-in married person is to trade roles for a day or two. Most men who have finished so are consentaneous in their approbation for their wives.
There is no denying it, women are sentimental creatures. Good husbands who are reminiscent of their wives' wants must accomplish inwardly themselves, and rediscover the joy of romance. Communication enriches wedding. The act of discovering each some other essential tolerate throughout life. Husbands who are touching and craft it a factor to say "I care you" at smallest sometime a day, have disclosed what it takes to save a wedding felicitous. Romance is the tricks speech. It can put same regard wager on into the life span of a married woman who considers herself a non-entity.
"Love is the one firm in which it pays to be a spendthrift," says France Crane.
Appreciation of her looks, her culinary expertise, her guardianship of the kids, will form her come into bud and probably bring up out other qualities. An apprehension married person is sensitive to her moods, her needs, her activity. He will festival complementary admire and grasp when she's going through with a bad fleck. He'll devote power instance with her, and not single comprehend but present his heart done illustrative and oral memo.
So all husbands appropriate paying attention. Don't let romance die in your wedlock. It will support you "forever warm, eternally panting, and eternally youthful."


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On April 11, 1945, American troops liberated the Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald. The horror that the American soldiers found there was beyond comprehension: The camp held prisoners from all over Europe and Russia, including Jews and non-Jewish Poles and Slovenes, religious and political prisoners, Jehovah's Witnesses, criminals, homosexuals, and prisoners of war.In addition to the hated Jews, Buchenwald held captive politicians, poets, concert pianists, architects and writers. Among t … [Read more...]
Archives for April 12, 2012
On the Anniversary of Buchenwald's Liberation, I Remember the Priests Who Died There
April 12, 2012 by 2 Comments
The Most Outrageous Things I've Heard Today
April 12, 2012 by Leave a Comment
It's one of those days when I'm scratching my head, wondering Just How Preposterous Can People Be. It serves me right for reading the news, but please—let me explain: "JESUS WAS MUSLIM, NOT CHRISTIAN" Reverend Louis Farrakhan, whose anti-Semitism and hatred for America have made headlines in the past, took the microphone Tuesday at Texas A&M University to offer these keen insights:Jesus was not Christian. Benny Johnson, reporting in The Blaze, quotes Farrakhan: "Because Jesus sai … [Read more...]

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text: Meta Battle Subway PokeBase - Pokemon Q&A Login Register All Activity Questions Unanswered Tags Users Ask a Question Rules Chat Recent questions tagged first-battle 0 votes 2 answers 359 views Is the first battle XP locked? asked Feb 26, 2014 by megaswifter21 experience first-battle rival To see more, click for the full list of questions or popular tags. Useful Meta Posts Vote for Sun/Moon moveset questions How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ


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One of my users at a a remote location just got a "new" HP Laserjet P1006. We were able to get it installed on her PC with no issues, and I was able to install the drivers on my remote server.
When she uses Remote Desktop Connection, and prints back to her local printer, the print job leaves the remote queue, goes into the local queue, prints, then sits there in the queue. No other job will print until that stuck job is canceled and deleted out of the queue.
I have reinstalled the drivers on both the local machine and the server. I did have to set up the "PrintQueueValue" in the Terminal Services registry key, in order to get her printer to show up on her RDC.
Any ideas?
9 Replies
Apr 6, 2012 at 11:14 UTC
You should not have to install the drivers on your terminal server for your user to print locally.
Remote Desktop Connection has to be setup properly though. Open RDC & click on "Options", click on the "Local Resource" tab & make sure "Printers" down the bottom is checked. (I also check clipboard, then click on More and check "drives" and "Other supported PNP devices".
Apr 6, 2012 at 12:28 UTC
Really? When did that change. I thought that checkbox only enabled the ability, but the RDS still had to redirect it. Sorry not using 2008 RDS, but the problems I've encountered with retail printers in 2003 were either the name of the print driver was not identical to the one on the client or if they were using a USB printer. In the latter, there was a regedit for the DOT4 local USB port to enable that to work properly.
Apr 6, 2012 at 1:36 UTC
Dennis - you could be right. I have found that most printers work, while a few others, USB, did not work. I never did try adding the drivers to the terminal server.
Apr 6, 2012 at 1:43 UTC
USB sucks with TS IMO. But, that's what most users buy for home. I think a lot of incompatible driver issues can be handled by the newer version of RDS. I believe it does have a fallback driver, plus I've added the UPD drivers on the server also.
Apr 6, 2012 at 2:48 UTC
Denis - what's the registy fix for a USB printer? That might be my issue right there. This is a USB printer, and I had to load the drivers on the server to get it to work (RD was setup to allow local printers), but maybe I'm having the hiccup because it's USB?
Apr 6, 2012 at 2:55 UTC
Remembering how to do this on 2003 TS, but I think this article covers that.
Apr 6, 2012 at 2:58 UTC
Oops! May not be supported. See this thread and look at pdf
Apr 6, 2012 at 3:25 UTC
Almost sounds like a problem I've seen back in the Windows 2000 days. The spool folder, for some reason or another, loses its security permissions. Thus, it cannot automatically delete the file that has been spooled to the printer after it's done printing. Haven't seen that problem in ages, but it seems to have the exact same symptoms, anyway.
On Windows 7, the folder should be %systemroot%\\system32\\spool\\printers
Worth a quick check, at least.
Apr 9, 2012 at 8:21 UTC
I went to go check the spool folder permissions this morning, and the user is saying everything is working perfectly fine. No print queue backup, no missing print jobs. Everything is working a-ok.
Thanks for the assistance!
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
Everyone needs their very own astronaut.
34 Rachel Green Fashion Moments You Forgot You Were Obsessed With on Friends
Every year, the Eurovision Song Contest provides millions of people with ample opportunities to feast on endless maximalist outfits and gaudy pop songs. 2016 marks the first year that Eurovision is being broadcast in the U.S., and to celebrate, we've gathered all of the very most extra props from last night's semifinal.
*This post has been updated.
First of all, an astronaut.
A cage...for your EMOTIONS.
Fashion Sketches by Impressionist Masters


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Compare the two numbers, and consider the implications. For instance, you may have more views from Canada than Australia, but one sale per every 100 views from Australia and one sale per every 300 views from Canada.Being a fashion blogger also means being extremely patient and calm with everything, including the presents, which should by no means be opened when they are received unless you take a photo of them!If you already offer shipping to your most popular countries, don't just look at which have the most views or sales.Thus, here were the main 20 signs you need to start Air Jordan 13 Leopard your own fashion blog ASAP for everyone to look through it and to get inspired by. Do be an inspiration, a real trendsetter and shine like a star!You are looking forward to see the most beautiful sunset of all times and, of course, you don't forget about taking photos! Nothing much is left to say! Choose a right place, have some money, and don't forget about finding the time of going and getting your look and your shots.
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Tuesday 24 July 1962
It was Tuesday, under the sign of Leo. The US president was John F. Kennedy (Democratic).
Famous people born on this day include Kevin Butler and Thierry Frémont.
In that special week of July people in US were listening to Roses Are Red (My Love) by Bobby Vinton.
In UK I Can't Stop Loving You by Ray Charles was in the top 5 hits.
Shoot the Piano Player, directed by François Truffaut, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1962
while Ship Of Fools by Katherine Anne Porter was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching The French Chef.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Spacewar!.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1962 or at July 24 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 24 July 1962 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 24 July 1962!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 24 July 1962 ?
- Utah - Pioneer Day (1847)
- St. Ruffin
- St. Wulfhad
- St. David
- St. Romanus, 2nd bishop of Rochester.
- St. Lewine
- St. Kinga/Cunegundes
- St. Francis Solano
- St. Saint Christina the Astonishing
- Roman Catholicism - the feasts of at least 9 saints: St. Lupus
- Ancient Latvia - Jekaupa Diena held
- Astrology: First day of sun sign Leo
- Vanuatu - Children's Day
- Ecuador - Sim=n Bolfvar Day
- Venezuela - the Libertador (Sim=n Bolfvar Day)
Famous Birthdays:
- Kevin Butler: American athlete, punt kicker, played pro football from 1985-1997, kicking 243 field goals in his years with the Chicago Bears.
- Thierry Frémont: French actor, who starred in the film "Fortune Express" (1991), selected at the 41st International Film Festival Berlin.
- Cleo Rocos: Brazilian born British star, a regular on The Kenny Everett Show in the '80s as "Miss Whiplash.
- Frank Vander linden: Belgian musician, a member of the rock band "De Mens" for which he provides vocals, guitar, keyboards, and harmonica.
- Johnny O'Connell: American race car driver and sportscaster.
Famous Deaths:
- Victor Moore: Comedian, dies of heart attack at 86.
- Wilfrid Noyce: English mountaineer and author (d. 1962).
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of July 1962 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
- Bobby Vinton - Roses Are Red (My Love)
- The Orlons - The Wah-Watusi
- Brian Hyland - Sealed With A Kiss
- Ray Charles - I Can't Stop Loving You
- David Rose and His Orchestra - The Stripper
- Pat Boone - Speedy Gonzales
- Claude King - Wolverton Mountain
- Neil Sedaka - Breaking Up Is Hard To Do
- Gravy (For My Mashed Potatoes) - Dee Dee Sharp
- Ray Stevens - Ahab, The Arab
Search For Your Ancestors
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Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in July 1962?
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.7778
- Life: Hbomb tests
- Time: Mrs. Winston Guest and her dog.
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


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Originally, the Associated Press reported that the Texas Christian University student's body was found partially bound with duct tape. Police are now refuting that report.
Sgt. Chad Mahaffey says the case does not appear to be a criminal assault, nor is it a homicide, but the investigation continues.
The woman's name was not immediately released. An autopsy has been ordered.
A statement from the Texas Christian University says counseling will be available to students.


text:
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Learn more about BOSTON AMATEUR SPORTS ASSOCIATION LIMITED(THE). Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
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Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Fixed Assets
|£ 93,910
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 93,910
|Current Assets
|£ 4,237
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation
|£ 12,812
|£ 4,237
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 89,074
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 89,073
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 1
|Net Assets Liabilities Including Pension Asset Liability
|£ 89,074
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 89,074
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 4,836
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 9,073
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|£ 1
|Par Value Share
|1.00 1.00
|Number Shares Allotted
|£ 1
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|£ 33
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Jurador is a large town in Altara.
There is a large stone wall around the town. The buildings are mainly stone and roofed with reddish tiles. The town's main export is salt.[1]
Locations and notable residentsEdit
The Lady Aethelaine is the local ruler of Jurador. Her palace in is the town's main square. Other residents mentioned are Adela and Hurd, who are stable hands, Toke Fearnim, the stable owner, and Nelsa, a cloth shop's assistant.
When Valan Luca's Traveling Show is crossing Altara, they stop in Jurador.[1] Matrim Cauthon takes Tuon Athaem Kore Paendrag shopping in Jurador, accompanied by Selucia.[2] Mat later returns to Jurador and purchases a black yew stave and a Domani horse called a razor. This horse, which Tuon later names Akein, was purchased from Toke Fearnim.[3] Some Seanchan soldiers and the show's bouncers have a scuffle about entry fees.[4] Due to this encounter, Valan Luca decides to leave Jurador before the next morning.[5] Thomdril Merrilin later learns that the gholam that had hunted Mat killed a person in Jurador after they had left.[6]


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A/N: A gift of thanks to my favourite and first yaoi pairing, Sasuke and Naruto!
Disclaimer: I do not own Sasuke Uchiha or Naruto Uzumaki nor do I own the anime/manga series Naruto/Naruto Shippuden.
Apple Pie
It was thanksgiving and both Naruto and Sasuke spend each year together at each other's house. This year they are spending it at Sasuke's house.
It was late evening close to 9 pm and the two teens had just finished eating their thanksgiving meal fit for two. They ended the feast with a simple movie of action and comedy. Tired Naruto went upstairs to the showers before heading into bed. Sasuke stayed downstairs cleaning up the kitchen and dining room. Finished, Sasuke sat on his couch his knees up to his chest as his elbows rested on them holding up a book reading intently.
Naruto trudged down the stairs and into the living room finding Sasuke reading. He walked up to the raven haired male waving his hand in front of his face but receiving no response. He huffed realizing the boy was purposely ignoring him as he continued to read his book. Naruto sat down beside Sasuke on the love couch facing him.
"Sasuke put your legs down"
Sasuke looked up seeing a very tired looking blonde. He was beginning to wonder why the blonde was downstairs but didn't bother to ask that question. "Why?"
"Just move it, I'm tired" Naruto answered harshly. Sasuke raised his delicate brow up wondering why moving his legs down had to do with Naruto being unable to sleep. When he found the answer he became quite amused.
"You're going to sleep on my lap?" His lip almost quirked up into a smirk, it had been a long time since Naruto had ever slept on his lap.
Naruto answered "yeah" quickly but in the same time awkwardly, hoping Sasuke wouldn't say no but was relieved when Sasuke answered with an "okay" He had a small smile as Sasuke pulled his legs down to the carpeted flooring. He moved his arms to the side giving Naruto room so he could place his head onto his warm lap. Naruto settled his blonde head comfortably on Sasuke's thighs sighing appreciatively.
They stayed like that for a mere 2 minutes, Sasuke resuming his reading and Naruto with his eyes closed.
Naruto opened his eyes and deadpanned "I'm hungry"
Sasuke flipped a page "So?"
"I want apple pie" Naruto said, as if saying that will cause Sasuke to jump off the couch and get Naruto pie.
Sasuke didn't seem to care as he flipped another page "go eat it then" He said knowing exactly where this conversation was going.
Naruto turned his head around facing upward to Sasuke…or more like the book cover Sasuke was holding "but I'm tired can you get it for me?" He whined quietly sounding like a wounded animal.
"No, I'm reading" Sasuke said trying to ignore the lazy blond.
At this point Sasuke was incredibly annoyed, the logically side of him told him that the faster he gave Naruto pie the faster the idiot would leave him alone. Although the annoyed side of him told him to let the lazy idiot get the pie himself, but then the logically side of him reminded him that Naruto getting himself pie would take forever…damn his logics "sigh Fine"
Naruto smiled at him and Sasuke got further annoyed fully knowing what the idiot was thinking 'Yes! I won!' He wanted to huff but just nudged the blond head and almost growled. "Move it"
Naruto smirked lifting himself off the warm lap allowing the taller male to get up. The blonde situated himself comfortably into the couch watching as Sasuke walked into the open view kitchen.
Sasuke opened the fridge, taking out the apple pie and placing it on the table. He took out a knife and small plate placing it beside the still giant pie. He began to cut into the pie but then remembered that the dobe most probably wanted to sleep after eating. He continued cutting "Naruto, how big do you want the slice?" not looking up at the blonde.
Naruto took a small pause to think but smiled as he answered "Just make it the size of how much you love me" He exclaimed happily.
At that point Sasuke looked at the giant slice he had cut then up at Naruto pausing from cutting "Oh no then I'm going to have to make the slice smaller" frowning as he said so but he felt his mouth quirking up.
Naruto wide-eyed and horror-stricken yelled "What! That's so mean!" He ended with a pout closing his arms over his chest facing away from Sasuke.
Sasuke laughed as he took the apple pie slice out of the tray placing it on the plate.
"At least I know you're joking" Naruto mumbled still pouting hoping the raven haired Uchiha couldn't hear.
"Are you sure?" Sasuke amusingly asked with a brow rose up, walking with the plate of delicious cool pie towards the hungry blond.
"Oh shut it!" Naruto shouted pout still in place as he extended his arms out to the plate. Once received, he smiled widely at Sasuke. "Thank you!"
"Che. Whatever" Sasuke said still annoyed that he had did what Naruto asked him to do again. He let himself drop down beside the blond and resumed reading again.
"I love you" Naruto smiled brightly at Sasuke as he took a bite of the apple cinnamon treat.
"I know" without missing a single beat Sasuke answered burying his face into the book reading.
Naruto turns to Sasuke and smiles sweetly reaching over gently kissing him on the cheek.
*kisses* "Happy Thanksgiving, Sasuke"
Sasuke looks to Naruto with a light blush on his cheeks and lets a small smile grace his face. He leans to kiss his precious blond on the lips, tasting the sweet cinnamon and murmuring into his lips.
"Love you, Naruto"
Review and tell me what you think xD


text:
Stone's Endurance was a Mastery 1 earth Travel spell which enhanced the target creature's physical endurance and toughness. This spell was originally devised by the Unicorn to allow their horses to ride for long periods of time without tiring. [1]
- ↑ Book of Earth, p. 200
|This magic or religion related article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by expanding this article.


text:
PIK Report SPATIAL-TEMPORAL CHANGES OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN SELECTED CIRCULATION PATTERNS POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH (PIK)
- Claribel Charles
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 PIK Report No. 123 SPATIAL-TEMPORAL CHANGES OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN SELECTED CIRCULATION PATTERNS Peter C. Werner, Friedrich-Wilhelm Gerstengarbe POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH (PIK)
2 Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Peter C. Werner Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research P.O. Box , D Potsdam, Germany Phone: Fax: Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. F.-W. Gerstengarbe Technische Ausführung: U. Werner POTSDAM-INSTITUT FÜR KLIMAFOLGENFORSCHUNG Telegrafenberg Postfach , Potsdam GERMANY Tel.: +49 (331) Fax: +49 (331) ISSN POTSDAM, NOVEMBER 2011
3 ABSTRACT The study presents temporal and spatial changes of characteristics of different meteorological parameters within several circulation patterns. The frequently used Großwetterlagen by Hess/Brezowsky and daily values of 11 meteorological parameters of 270 climate stations and 2072 precipitation stations for the period are the data basis. It is obvious that several parameters show a trend within the Großwetterlagen and that these changes are not spatially uniform over time. The strength and direction of tendencies depend on the meteorological parameter, the Großwetterlage and the season. Amongst other things, we could show that a distinct positive temperature trend can be verified for the Großwetterlagen WZ in winter and for HM and BM in summer. The more or less differentiated results of the other parameters examined will be discussed. These results have to be taken into consideration if statistical downscaling methods are used. 3
4 1 INTRODUCTION Downscaling methods are developed to obtain local-scale surface weather from regional-scale atmospheric variables provided by general circulation models (GCMs) or derived from observed circulation patterns known as Großwetterlagen. The method according to Comrie (1992) by which one can divide a climate signal from an underlying synoptic signal may serve as an example. Besides the dynamical downscaling (Hay & Clark 2003) the statistical downscaling can be divided into four categories: regression methods, weather pattern-based approaches, stochastic weather generators and limited-area modelling (Wilby & Wigley 1997). The main drawbacks of statistical downscaling methods are that they assume that the derived cross-scale relationships remain stable when the climate is perturbed, they cannot effectively accommodate regional feedbacks and, in some methods, can lack coherency among multiple climate variables (IPCC 2007, see also Matulla & Haas 2003). In this connection changes, for instance of the frequency of Großwetterlagen (GWL), have already been tracked within the context of regular publications on the cataloguing and accompanying statistical analyses of Großwetterlagen in Europe (Fricke 2002, Stehlik & Bárdossy 2003, Gerstengarbe & Werner 2005, Planchon et al. 2009). Analyses recently conducted show that such changes which, moreover, differ spatially in their occurrence may not be neglected (Bissolli & Müller- Westermeier 2005, van den Besselaar et al. 2010). Also of interest is the problem of temporal changes in the statistical relations between large-scale circulation and smaller-scale weather (Mauraun et al. 2010). On the basis of selected examples, we will show that such changes exist in an extended sense. For the following study the Großwetterlagen by Hess/Brezowsky (Werner & Gerstengarbe 2010) were used. Most classifications are based on variables describing baric fields (sea level pressure, geopotential height), usually gridded or in map form (Huth et al. 2005). Because of this the results of the following investigation are valid generally for all GWL. In order to receive stable estimations of the statistics of the meteorological parameters, only frequently occurring GWL were examined. The study focuses on 12 different meteorological parameters. Germany was chosen as the target region since it lies approximately in the centre of GWL patterns. The 2nd section gives an overview of the data used in this investigation followed by a description of the methods in section 3. The results are discussed in section 4. The paper ends with some conclusions (section 5). 2 DATA Although GWL information spans more than 125 years ( ) (Werner & Gerstengarbe 2010), the daily values of the 11 meteorological parameters were available for the more limited time period at 270 climate stations, including five stations in Austria and Switzerland. Additionally, 2072 precipitation stations were used with interpolated values of the 10 parameters from the climate stations. All time series were tested for completeness and homogeneity so that a 4
5 consistent data set was available in the end. Figure 1 illustrates the position of the stations in the investigation area. Figure 1: Meteorological stations The chosen parameters were maximum, mean, and minimum of air temperature [ C] (tmax, tmean, tmin); precipitation [mm] (prec); relative air humidity [%] (rehu); air pressure [hpa] at station altitude (airp); water vapour pressure [hpa] (wvap); sunshine duration [h] (sund); cloud amount [eighths] (cloa); global radiation [J cm 2 ] (grad); and wind velocity [m s 1 ] (wind). The Austrian and Swiss stations were included in order to obtain better conclusions for the orographically heavily structured alpine region. Additionally, the daily amplitude [K] of air temperature (tamp) was derived. Basically, the investigations refer to the Großwetterlagen west, cyclonic (WZ), high, Central Europe (HM) and high pressure ridge, Central Europe (BM). The patterns of these Großwetterlagen are shown in Figure 2a c. These are the most frequent Großwetterlagen with an annual mean occurrence between approx. 8 % and 16 % (Werner & Gerstengarbe 2010). This relates to a sample size of about 1635 to 3270 values (year) and (half-year). Preliminary investigations have shown that the statistical estimations of the parameters were stable with these sample sizes (not shown here). The other GWL only have a frequency of occurrence 5
6 between 2 % and 5 %. For these GWL, a stable estimation of the statistical parameters is not guaranteed and was used solely to check issues detected. These are southwest, anticyclonic (SWA), high Fennoskandia, anticyclonic (HFA), high Northern Sea-Fennoskandia, anticyclonic (HNFA), southeast, anticyclonic (SEA), and south, anticyclonic (SA). Figure 2: Circulation pattern of a) WZ, b) HM and c) BM 6
7 3 METHODS Analyses were made for the hydrologic half-years (summer: May October, winter: November April) since GWL show a different weather behaviour in summer and winter (e.g., HM: very warm very cold). For the frequently occurring GWL WZ, HM, and BM, the variations of different meteorological parameters (daily mean and daily sums) between 1951 and 2006 were estimated. Since the variations in the frequency of the occurrence of different Großwetterlagen do not happen evenly within a year, anomalies from the daily value (value = mean [1951/2006]) were used for meteorological terms so that results were not distorted by the annual course. There are two ways to calculate anomalies: either, one sums up the values of all years for every day, calculates the mean, and subtracts this from the current daily value, or one additionally streamlines the row of mean values. In the examination presented, the additional streamlining was considered. Figure 3 shows the changes in frequency of occurrences of HM. To derive this, the investigation period of 56 years was divided into periods of 28 years in order to calculate the differences between the two periods. In calculating the mean value related to GWL, one can easily see whether the parameter values for a particular GWL lie above or beneath the long-time overall mean. Figure 3: Differences (1979/ /1978) of the frequencies of HM in the course of the year (smoothed) In the next step, anomalies and linear trends of the meteorological parameters related to selected GWL averaged for the investigation area were calculated. There is, of course, an inter-decadic variability within the time series. So the question arises if a trend within these time series can approximately be described by a linear adaptation. For this, a preliminary investigation was carried out, and its result is exemplarily depicted in Figures 4a and 4b. Here we see that the residues of linear and polynomial adaptations (polynomial of 3rd degree) differ only marginally. All examined trends of meteorologic values behave in a similar way. Hence, the employment of the linear trend is justified for this investigation. The statistical 7
8 significance of the calculated trends was checked by Spearman s rank test (Kendall & Gibbons 1990). The results are discussed within section 4. For cases showing considerable variations, maps of Germany were generated both for mean conditions and for trends within the period This latter statistical parameter was checked for significance using the Spearman rank correlation test (error probability 5 %). Both tables and figures indicate the alteration of the respective parameter with relation to the whole period (trend). Figure 4: Adaptation of trends to the anomalies of the daily mean air temperature for Germany (dashed = linear trend, dotted = polynomial of 3rd degree), a) Großwetterlage HM, hydrological summer half-year, b) Großwetterlage WZ, hydrological winter half-year Moreover, spatial correlations between the meteorological parameters were determined according to half-year and GWL. For this, the four-fold test (Taubenheim 1969) was applied since it is independent of distribution. Only those stations were employed where the trends of both variables were significant. 8
9 The line of best fit for the demonstration of the correlation between two meteorological parameters within a GWL was calculated by means of a least-square estimation. 4 RESULTS For reasons of a general view, the most important results were discussed in the following with the help of some selected examples. All results were summarized in tables which give a good survey of the overall development. Table 1 clearly depicts how the three Großwetterlagen chosen represent themselves in weather terms. It contains the long-term annual means of anomalies. The GWL can be characterised as follows: WZ is cooler in summer than normal, apart from tmin, since a higher portion of clouds diminishes radiation. In winter, the air temperature lies significantly above the mean value due to the presence of maritime air masses. WZ is moist, sparse in sunshine and hence in radiation, which lessens the daily amplitude altogether. Wind velocity is far above normal. HM is the warmest GWL with the least precipitation and highest air pressure among the three GWL selected. But tmin is below normal and, hence, there is a large amplitude in daily temperatures. The reasons for this temperature behaviour are low air humidity, high radiation, sparse cloudiness, and low wind. In winter, HM is colder than normal, only tmax lies a little above mean, due to high radiation. The other meteorological parameters behave as they do in summer, in terms of sign. BM behaves similarly to HM but the magnitudes are mostly smaller in figures. Since there is a little more cloudiness than in HM, both half-years show a positive anomaly in tmin but a negative one in tmax in winter. Table 1: Annual means of anomalies of several meteorological parameters in relation to the chosen Großwetterlage, averaged over the investigated area and the period Parameter WZ HM BM Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter tmax ( C) tmean ( C) tmin ( C) prec (mm) rehu (%) airp (hpa) wvap (hpa) sund (h) cloa (eighths) grad (J cm 2 ) wind (m s 1 ) tamp ( C)
10 The changes over time from , averaged over the investigation area for each major GWL as summarized in Table 2, are not marginal in many cases. For air temperature and thus often also for relative humidity, the trends are frequently considerable. Large increases in sunshine duration and global radiation in HM in summer are documented. In contrast, these values decrease in BM in this season. During this half-year, BM has become a little more moist (see prec) and cloudier (see cloa), causing a decrease of the daily amplitude of air temperature (tamp) as well. The differences in air pressure between these three GWL have diminished a little. In the low-pressure condition WZ, air pressure has increased, while in the highpressure conditions HM and BM it has decreased. Table 2: Linear trends of several meteorological parameters in relation to the chosen Großwetterlage, averaged over the investigated area and the period Parameter WZ HM BM Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter tmax ( C) tmean ( C) tmin ( C) prec (mm) rehu (%) airp (hpa) wvap (hpa) sund (h) cloa (eighths) grad (J cm 2 ) wind (m s 1 ) tamp ( C) The extent of variation within the particular GWL can only be seen when considering the spatial component as well. The number (in %) of stations with significant trends (level of error probability not greater than 5 %) is depicted in Table 3. In air temperature, significant trends only occur area-wide in the case of WZ in winter, and they only occur for large parts of the area in the case of HM or BM in summer. In summer, a decrease in precipitation is quite common in HM, and an increase in BM, as well as a massive, widespread decrease in relative air humidity in HM, in general as a result of the temperature and precipitations trends. The proportion of stations indicating an increase in sunshine duration and global radiation in HM in summer is remarkable, as well as those showing an increase in water vapour pressure and the daily amplitude of air temperature, and a decrease of relative air humidity in WZ in winter. 10
11 Table 3: Number of stations (%) with significant trends of several meteorological parameters in relation to the chosen Großwetterlage, averaged over the investigated area and the period Parameter WZ HM BM Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter tmax ( C) tmean ( C) tmin ( C) prec (mm) rehu (%) airp (hpa) wvap (hpa) sund (h) cloa (eighths) grad (J cm 2 ) wind (m s 1 ) tamp ( C) A comparison of the results discussed here for radiation and cloudiness with the results published by Chiacchio & Wild (2010) for Europe shows a good correlation in winter, as regards trends. In summer, this only holds true for the Großwetterlage HM. The reason for this is, on the one hand, the strong influence of NAO in winter for Europe as a whole, whereas the influence of the autochton continental high-pressure weather can be noticed in summer. The spatial distribution of mean and trend values is exemplarily presented for the 270 German climate stations in Figures 5 to 10. The mean anomaly of air temperature during WZ in the hydrological winter half-year (Figure 5a) generally shows positive values that turn out to be significantly higher in many parts of southern and south-eastern Germany compared to the western and northern areas. During the time frame , temperature (Figure 5b) rises from slightly above 0 K to as much as 4 K, mainly in the areas showing high anomalies already. The next example explores the spatial anomalies in daily maxima of air temperature in HM in summer (Figures 6a, b). Here, the distribution patterns are nearly inverse to the previous example. The highest anomalies and changes can be observed in the western areas of Germany. In another example for temperature, the daily minimum of air temperature in BM in summer (Figures 7a, b), the structure is completely different for some regions. In the north, mean anomalies oscillate around 0 K, whereas they are mainly positive in the south. Tmin increases areawide, with the core area in southern Germany. If one compares the anomalies in relative air humidity in HM in summer (Figures 8a, b) to the anomalies in daily maximum of air temperature in the same GWL and season of year, the structural relations are reflected approximately. The most notable negative anomalies in mean values are located mainly in the western parts, with some in the southern parts of Germany, approximately where the largest trend decreases can be found as well. It is hard to decide whether the increases recorded at a few stations are measuring errors, or not. In HM in summer (Figures 9a, b), of course, the anomalies in global radiation are significantly positive, as anticipated, and they often amount to considerable mean values, which can also be observed in the trend increases. As an example having a minor spatial structure, the mean anomalies of the daily amplitude 11
12 in air temperature in WZ in winter (Figure 10a) was chosen. However, more than 60 % of the stations show a significant trend (see Table 3) and these trends are spatially distinctive (Figure 10b). As an example of a special local climate situation, the Rhön (small mountains in the middle of Germany) is considered. The climate of this area ( m a.s.l.) can be compared with an alpine climate at a height of 1400 m (Beyer 1996). Because of this fact, this roughly triangular structure anomaly in the Rhön area stands out frequently in the maps (Figures 5a, 6a, 7a, 7b, 8a, 9a and 10b). Figure 5: Anomalies of the air temperature during WZ in the hydrological winter halfyear, , a) mean, b) trend ( significant trends with level of error probability not greater than 5 %) Figure 6: Anomalies of the daily maximum of air temperature during HM in the hydrological summer half-year, , a) mean, b) trend ( significant trends with level of error probability not greater than 5 %) 12
13 Figure 7: Anomalies of the daily minimum of air temperature during BM in the hydrological summer half-year, , a) mean, b) trend ( significant trends with level of error probability not greater than 5 %) Figure 8: Anomalies of the relative humidity during HM in the hydrological summer halfyear, , a) mean, b) trend ( significant trends with level of error probability not greater than 5 %) 13
14 Figure 9: Anomalies of the daily sum of global radiation during HM in the hydrological summer half-year, , a) mean, b) trend ( significant trends with level of error probability not greater than 5 %) Figure 10: Anomalies of the daily range of air temperature during WZ in the hydrological winter half-year, , a) mean, b) trend ( significant trends with level of error probability not greater than 5 %) The following investigations show that changes in different meteorological parameters do not occur independently of each other. For each combination of parameters, the trend values at the stations were related to each other, and the correlation was determined by the four-fold test. A prerequisite for this was a significance of trends at 100 stations at least. The values of significant correlations (5 % probability value) can be found in Table 4. One can state that there is no statistically trusted correlation between precipitation trends and the trends in other parameters. The reason for this is mainly the spatial and temporal stochastic character of precipitation. As expected, most of the distinct correlations can be identified among the temperature parameters. The fewest correlations of this kind, 14
15 but also for other parameter combinations, can be found in HM. This is certainly due to the fact that local influences act especially strongly under these atmospheric conditions. Further parameters correlating closely are sunshine duration, cloudiness, and global radiation. The decrease in relative air moisture in winter, interrelated to a decrease in air velocity and an increase in sunshine duration, is explainable by the fact that the maritime influence, apparently being low anyway, has decreased even more (see also decrease in precipitation, Table 2). A similar correlation can be seen in BM in winter for the combination rehu wind. For the remaining combinations, explanations are not so obvious. Because of the strong correlations between the different meteorological parameters, the changes of weather patterns within a GWL occur more or less consistently (see also section 5). Table 4: Significant correlations between the trends of several meteorological parameters in relation to the chosen Großwetterlage, averaged over the investigated area and the period Parameter combination WZ HM BM Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter tmax wind tmax tmean tmax tamp tmax tmin 0.58 tmean tmin tmean wind 0.55 tmean grad 0.64 tmean rehu 0.56 tmean sund 0.58 tmin tamp rehu wvap 0.79 rehu grad 0.62 rehu sund 0.63 rehu wind wvap cloa 0.61 wvap wind 0.72 sund cloa 0.90 sund grad cloa grad 0.74 airp grad 0.69 airp tamp 0.65 In order to discover whether these are characteristic trends, five types of highpressure conditions (SWA, HFA, HNFA, SEA, SA) which are warm in summer were selected, and trends in their meteorological parameters were calculated. Table 5 lists those mean trends where the particular trends are significant. One can recognize that there is a number of parameters where only few stations with a statistically trusted trend can be allocated to the referring circulation pattern. Example: tmax and HFA with a trend of 0.31 K and a station number of 0.7 % = 16 stations. 15
16 All of these Großwetterlagen showed large scale changes in the values of several different meteorological parameters. Hence, one can conclude that the value allocation for a GWL does not generally remain stable. Note that in spite of a considerable increase in sunshine duration and global radiation, air temperature in HNFA decreased markedly (backed by recordings at less than a third of the stations, however). This is contrary to the general development of temperature. The general trends of meteorological parameters in the several Großwetterlagen were lastly examined (Table 6). Table 5: Linear trends of several meteorological parameters in relation to the chosen Großwetterlage and number of stations (%) with significant trends, averaged over the investigated area and the period Parameter SWA HFA HNFA SEA SA Trend Stat. % Trend Stat. % Trend Stat. % Trend Stat. % Trend Stat. % tmax ( C) tmean ( C) tmin ( C) prec (mm) rehu (%) airp (hpa) wvap (hpa) sund (h) cloa (eighths) grad (J cm 2 ) wind (m s 1 ) tamp ( C) Table 6: Linear trends of several meteorological parameters and number of stations (%) with significant trends, averaged over the investigated area and the period Parameter Summer half-year Winter half-year Trend Stat. % Trend Stat. % tmax ( C) tmean ( C) tmin ( C) prec (mm) rehu (%) airp (hpa) wvap (hpa) sund (h) cloa (eighths) grad (J cm 2 ) wind (m s 1 ) tamp ( C)
17 Generally, the trend values and the number of significant trends show the same tendency as the ones assigned to individual GWL but frequently with smaller values. The following considerable differences occurred: In summer, the temperature trends in HM (only partially in BM) are significantly higher, in WZ considerably lower. In winter, the situation is exactly the adverse as far as GWL are concerned. In HM, relative humidity decreases much stronger during both half-years than normally. The values for global precipitation are, in some cases, a magnitude higher in GWL. Another interesting question arises from the classification of the so far gained results into the general large-scale development of circulation. For the investigation area chosen here, it is obviously the best to employ the NAO index (Hurrell & Deser 2009) in order to clarify the correlation. NAO values (NAO-Index 2010) for both the hydrologic summer and winter half have been evaluated in their temporal development between 1951 and If one compares the mean normalized NAO indices for the first ten and the last ten years of the investigation period summer, a decrease from 0.19 to 0.35 results. This test can be statistically backed by the Spearman test with a 5 % error probability. This development goes into reverse in winter, and the index rises from 0.09 to This trend is trusted with a 5 % error probability as well. In the catalogue of Großwetterlagen according to Hess/Brezowsky (Werner & Gerstengarbe 2010), it was proved that both highpressure conditions in summer and west-weather conditions in winter have increased in their frequency and duration. This corresponds well to the development of NAO index as discussed here. Hence, the alterations of meteorologic parameters which have been proved so far gain a special importance within weather conditions with respect to their hydrological impacts. Table 3 makes clear that a great number of the stations examined show a statistically tested positive trend in temperature. For precipitation, such a clear development cannot be proved. So, as an example, a negative development within the trend of the climatic water balance in summer is the result but this differs regionally. A proof of this development can be found, i.a., in investigations on the impact of climate changes on the water balance of the river Elbe (Wechsung et al. eds. 2008). Another proof can be found when considering Baur s series, which is valid for Central Europe, for temperature and precipitation (Pelz et al. 2011). Within this series, temperature increases significantly both during the summer and the winter half (1 % error probability). The increase is 1.25 K (summer) resp K (winter). Concerning precipitation, significant trends cannot be proved in spite of an apparent decrease in precipitation in summer resp. an increase in winter. Relevant impacts are described, i.a., in Bárdossy & Caspary (1990), Bárdossy et al. (1999), Grabau (1985), Kyselý & Domonkos (2006), and Planchon et al. (2009). Since the annual courses of meteorological parameters did not change uniformly throughout the year (see Figure 11), the handling of anomalies is still afflicted with errors. However, these errors will certainly not influence the overall conclusions on results. 5 CONCLUSIONS Within a Großwetterlage, there are spatial structures for the particular meteorological parameters. The changes within GWL are not spatially uniform over time. The trends 17
18 within the individual GWL examined here are mostly higher in terms of value than the trends for all GWL combined. Moreover, the changes differ according to GWL and season. On the basis of the changes found, one must conclude that the relations between large-scale air pressure and geopotential fields and small-scale fields (points or stations) are generally not stable. Hence, downscaling methods are afflicted with errors that certainly cannot be neglected. This means that the predictors must be chosen in due consideration of instationarities (Schmith 2008). Carrying out simple bias corrections of single parameters in order to diminish such errors makes no sense because this would disturb the temporally relative consistency between the several parameters as was demonstrated previously. A better way to handle these problems is the consideration of the range of climate parameters within the circulation patterns, for instance as bias information in future climate scenario calculations. Additionally the so- called best practice method involves the use of multiple predictor variables such as moisture content, lapse rates, vorticity, etc. to better describe the complexe relationship between regional forcing and local meteorology. But this statistical downscaling technique for present-day conditions does not necessarily imply legitimacy for changing climate conditions (Charles et al. 1999). Acknowledgements. We thank Mrs. Ursula Werner and Mr. Martin Wodinski for the preparation of the article and the maps. LITERATURE Bárdossy A, Caspary JJ (1990) Detection of climate change in Europe by analyzing European atmospheric circulation patterns Theor Appl Climatol 42: Bárdossy A, Hartmann G, Giese H (1999) CC-HYDRO, Impact of Climate Change on River Basin Hydrology under Different Climatic Conditions. Final Report German Part, ENV4-CT , iwhw.boku.ac.at/forschung/-part3_germany.pdf Beyer H (1996) Das erdgeschichtliche und historische Klima der Rhön. Rhön-Verlag Hünfeld Bissolli P, Müller-Westermeier G (2005) The spatial distribution of precipitation in Germany for different weather types. Proceedings from the 5th annual meeting of the European Meteorological Society, Session AW8, Utrecht, Charles SP, Bates BC, Whetton PH, Hughes JP (1999) Validation of downscaling models for changed climate conditions: case study of southwestern Australia. Clim Res 12:1 14 Chiacchio M, Wild M (2010) Influence of NAO and clouds on long-term seasonal variations of surface solar radiation in Europe. J Geophys Res 115:1 17 Comrie AC (1992) A procedure for removing the synoptic climate signal from environmental data. Int J Climatol 12: Fricke W (2002) Hängen vermehrte Starkniederschläge am Hohenpeißenberg mit veränderten Wetterlagen zusammen? Klimastatusbericht, DWD, Gerstengarbe F-W, Werner PC (2005) Katalog der Großwetterlagen Europas ( ) nach Paul Hess und Helmut Brezowsky, 6. verbesserte und ergänzte Auflage. PIK Report 100 Grabau J (1985) Klimaschwankungen und Großwetterlagen in Mitteleuropa seit Inaugural- Dissertation, Universität Paderborn Hurrell JW, Deser C (2009) North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Mar Syst 78, 1:28 41 Huth R, Ustrnul Z, Dittmann E, Bissolli P, Pasqui M, James P (2005) Inventory of circulation classification methods and their applications in Europe within the COST 733 action. Proceedings from the 5th annual meeting of the European Meteorological Society, Utrecht, 9 16 Hay LE, Clark MP (2003) Use of statisticalla and dynamically downscale atmospheric model output for hydrologic simulations in three mountainous basins in the western United States. J Hydrology 282:56 75 IPCC (2007) AR 4, Working Group 1, Regional Climate projections 18
19 Kendall MG, Gibbons JD (1990) Rank correlation methods (5th ed.). Edward Arnold, London Kyselý J, Domonkos P (2006) Recent increase in persistence of atmospheric circulation over Europe: comparison with long-term variations since Int J Climatol 26: Matulla C, Haas P (2003) Prediktorensensitives Downscaling gekoppelt mit Wettergeneratoren: saisonale und tägliche CC-Szenarien in complex strukturiertem Gelände. Berichte der GKSS 2003/24 Mauraun D, Wetterhall F, Ireson AM, Chandler RE, Kendon EJ, Widmann M, Brienen S, Rust HW, Sauter T, Themeßl M, Venema VKC, Chun KP, Goodess CM, Jones RG, Onof C, Vrac M, Thiele-Eich I (2010) Precipitation downscaling under climate change: Recent developments to bridge the gap between dynamical models and the end user. Rev Geophys 48:1 34 NAO-Index (2010). Pelz J, Rüge U, Schlaak P (2011) Zur Fortführung der von F. Baur im Jahre 1975 veröffentlichten Temperaturreihe für Mitteleuropa ab 1761 und der Niederschlagsreihe für Deutschland westlich der Oder ab Beilage zur Berliner Wetterkarte, Planchon O, Quénol H, Dupont N, Corgne S (2009) Application of the Hess-Brezowsky classification to the identification of weather patterns causing heavy winter rainfall in Brittany (France). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9: Schmith T (2008) Stationarity of regression relationships: Application to empirical downscaling. J Climate 21: Stehlik J, Bárdossy A (2003) Statistical comparison of European circulation patterns and development of a continental scale classification. Theor Appl Climatol 76:31 46 Taubenheim J (1969) Statistische Auswertung geophysikalischer und meteorologischer Daten. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Geest & Portig, Leipzig van den Besselaar EJM, Klein Tank AMG, van der Schrier G (2010) Influence of circulation types on temperature extremes in Europe. Theor Appl Climatol 99, 3: Wechsung F, Kaden S, Behrendt H, Klöcking B eds. (2008) Integrated Analysis of the Impacts of Global Change on Environment and Society in the Elbe Basin. Weißenseeverlag, Berlin Werner PC, Gerstengarbe F-W (2010) Katalog der Großwetterlagen Europas ( ) nach Paul Hess und Helmut Brezowsky, 7. verbesserte und ergänzte Auflage. PIK Report No. 119 Wilby RL, Wigley TML (1997) Downscaling general circulation model output: a review of methods and limitations. Prog Phy Geogr 21:
20 PIK Report-Reference: No Deutsche Klimatagung, Potsdam April 1994 Tagungsband der Vorträge und Poster (April 1994) No. 2 Extremer Nordsommer '92 Meteorologische Ausprägung, Wirkungen auf naturnahe und vom Menschen beeinflußte Ökosysteme, gesellschaftliche Perzeption und situationsbezogene politisch-administrative bzw. individuelle Maßnahmen (Vol. 1 - Vol. 4) H.-J. Schellnhuber, W. Enke, M. Flechsig (Mai 1994) No. 3 Using Plant Functional Types in a Global Vegetation Model W. Cramer (September 1994) No. 4 Interannual variability of Central European climate parameters and their relation to the largescale circulation P. C. Werner (Oktober 1994) No. 5 Coupling Global Models of Vegetation Structure and Ecosystem Processes - An Example from Arctic and Boreal Ecosystems M. Plöchl, W. Cramer (Oktober 1994) No. 6 The use of a European forest model in North America: A study of ecosystem response to climate gradients H. Bugmann, A. Solomon (Mai 1995) No. 7 A comparison of forest gap models: Model structure and behaviour H. Bugmann, Y. Xiaodong, M. T. Sykes, Ph. Martin, M. Lindner, P. V. Desanker, S. G. Cumming (Mai 1995) No. 8 Simulating forest dynamics in complex topography using gridded climatic data H. Bugmann, A. Fischlin (Mai 1995) No. 9 Application of two forest succession models at sites in Northeast Germany P. Lasch, M. Lindner (Juni 1995) No. 10 Application of a forest succession model to a continentality gradient through Central Europe M. Lindner, P. Lasch, W. Cramer (Juni 1995) No. 11 Possible Impacts of global warming on tundra and boreal forest ecosystems - Comparison of some biogeochemical models M. Plöchl, W. Cramer (Juni 1995) No. 12 Wirkung von Klimaveränderungen auf Waldökosysteme P. Lasch, M. Lindner (August 1995) No. 13 MOSES - Modellierung und Simulation ökologischer Systeme - Eine Sprachbeschreibung mit Anwendungsbeispielen V. Wenzel, M. Kücken, M. Flechsig (Dezember 1995) No. 14 TOYS - Materials to the Brandenburg biosphere model / GAIA Part 1 - Simple models of the "Climate + Biosphere" system Yu. Svirezhev (ed.), A. Block, W. v. Bloh, V. Brovkin, A. Ganopolski, V. Petoukhov, V. Razzhevaikin (Januar 1996) No. 15 Änderung von Hochwassercharakteristiken im Zusammenhang mit Klimaänderungen - Stand der Forschung A. Bronstert (April 1996) No. 16 Entwicklung eines Instruments zur Unterstützung der klimapolitischen Entscheidungsfindung M. Leimbach (Mai 1996) No. 17 Hochwasser in Deutschland unter Aspekten globaler Veränderungen - Bericht über das DFG- Rundgespräch am 9. Oktober 1995 in Potsdam A. Bronstert (ed.) (Juni 1996) No. 18 Integrated modelling of hydrology and water quality in mesoscale watersheds V. Krysanova, D.-I. Müller-Wohlfeil, A. Becker (Juli 1996) No. 19 Identification of vulnerable subregions in the Elbe drainage basin under global change impact V. Krysanova, D.-I. Müller-Wohlfeil, W. Cramer, A. Becker (Juli 1996) No. 20 Simulation of soil moisture patterns using a topography-based model at different scales D.-I. Müller-Wohlfeil, W. Lahmer, W. Cramer, V. Krysanova (Juli 1996) No. 21 International relations and global climate change D. Sprinz, U. Luterbacher (1st ed. July, 2n ed. December 1996) No. 22 Modelling the possible impact of climate change on broad-scale vegetation structure - examples from Northern Europe W. Cramer (August 1996)
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text:
1951 Pontiac Chieftain custom v8 lowrider bomb
Price: US $5,800.00 Item location: Monson, Massachusetts, United States
- Condition: Used
- Make: Pontiac
- Model: chieftain
- Type: U/K
- Trim: Base
- Year: 1951
- Mileage: 80,375
- VIN: f6ws1423
- Color: Red
- Engine size: chevrolet 350
- Number of cylinders: 6
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Transmission: Automatic
- Drive type: RWD
- Interior color: white and black
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1951 Pontiac chieftainselling my 1951 pontiac chieftain. i bought this car as is a while back. its a very solid original car with an 80s chevy 350 and 2004r swap. car is in really good shape for being 65 years old. body is fairly rust free. the floors are original, has a small ot spot in the passenger floor, and the rear of the trunk pan has rot. This car is a solid driver. Ive been driving it quite a bit this summer and it get looks everywhere. engine fires up and runs perfect every time. all the lights and signals work. Car steers straight and drives really well. i hate to see it go but i need money for my other projects.drive as is or restore. it isnt perfect but its a very fun driver. could use some upholstery and a fan clutch. contact me with any questions.On Aug-29-16 at 15:28:11 PDT, seller added the following information:
4" lowering blocks in the rear and a coil taken out up front. Could use new shocks. Awesome patina paint and all the trim and emblems are there. New brakes all around. New brake lines and hoses. All fluids and filters changed.