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Kandra, Arun, M.D.
Abdel-Megid, Ahmed MD
Abdollahi, Hamid MD
Abello-Poblete, Maria Veronica MD
Abend, Paul DO
Aberger, Kate, M.D.
Abraham, Daniel MD
Abrahim, Mena, D.O.
Abrutyn, David MD
Accurso, Charles MD
Acevedo, Rhina MD
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Agag, Richard MD
Agarwal, Nalini MD
Agarwal, Smita MD
Agarwala, Ajay MD
Agrin, Richard MD
Aguh, Chike MD
Aguh, Chikezie MD
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Ahmed, Marium, M.D.
Ahmed, Sadia MD
Ahmed, Syed MD
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Alsheikh, Suhail MD
Altmann, Dory MD, SM
Altobelli, III, Anthony MD
Altszuler, Henry MD
Alvaro, Joseph MD
Amara, Sreenivasrao MD
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Aviv, Hana PhD
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Cha, Min MD
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Chen, William MD
Chen, Yen MD
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Cheung, Nina MD
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Choi, Mingi MD
Chou, Lin MD
Choubey, Sheela MD
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Christian, Timothy MD
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Church, Amy MD
Ciambotti, Gary MD
Ciminelli, Maria MD
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Cioffi, Joseph MD
Clark, Elizabeth MD
Clemente, Peter DMD
Clott, Matthew MD
Clott, Shilpa MD
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Cohen, Brad MD
Cohen, Shaul MD
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Cohn, Moshe MD
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Cole, Bruno MD
Collins, John MD
Colon, Deannon MD
Colon, Francisco MD
Colonna, Elizabeth MD
Concepcion, Kristin MD
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Cooper, Dennis MD
Cooperman, Nina PSYD
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Cornett, Julia MD
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Costa, Jose MD
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Covalesky, John DO
Covit, Andrew MD
Coyle, Jr, Michael MD
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Cristoforo, Nancy MD
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Crystal, David DDS
Crystal, Yasmi DDS
Cuccurullo, Sara MD
Curtiss, Steven MD
Cytryn, Richard MD
D`Aguillo, Anthony MD
Dadzie, Kobena MD
Daknis, Charles MD
Dallhoff, Maureen MD
Dang, Saurabh MD
Daniel A. Notterman, MD
Daniels, Lawrence MD
Danish, Shabbar MD
Daou, Aline MD
Darvin, Kenneth MD
Das, Arvind MD
Das, Kiron MD
Das, Sudip MD
Das, Vivek MD
DaSilva, Robert, M.D.
Datiashvili, Ramazi MD
Davanzo, Lawrence DO
Davda, Niyati MD
Dave, Dhiren MD
Dave, Payal MD
David, Kevin MD
Davidov, Tomer MD
Davidson, Christian MD
Davis, Patrick MD
Deak, Steven MD
DeAngelis, Thomas MD
DeAngelis, Vincent MD
DebRoy, Meelie MD
Deen, Malik MD
Deka, Bharati MD
del Alcazar, Carlos MD
Del Priore, Angelo DPM
DelMaestro, Steven MD
DeLucia, Carolyn MD
DeMarzo, Laura EdD
Demos, James MD
DeMoss, Jeanne DO
Denenberg, Howard MD
Denny, John MD
DePass, Lorraine MD
Desai, Aaditya DO
Desai, Avani MD
Desai, Bijal MD
Desai, Navtika DO
Desai, Sameer MD
Desai, Suruchi, M.D.
DeStefano-Raziano, Teresa DMD
Devi, Archana S. DDS
Dhib-Jalbut, Suhayl MD
Dhillon-Athwal, Narinder MD
DiCola, May MD
Dikengil, Yahya MD
DiStefano, Tony DPM
Diziki, Donna DO
Dobrescu, Andrei MD
Dobrescu, Delia MD
Donaire, Michael J. MD
Donetz, Pamela, M.D.
Donnellan, Joseph MD
Donovan, Colleen MD
Donovan, Kenneth D.P.M.
Dorazio, John MD
Doshi, Pankaj MD
Doumas, Christopher MD
Drabik, Thomas DO
Drachtman, Richard MD
Drews, Michael MD
Drimmer, Marc MD
Druce, Howard MD
Dubov, Glenn MD
Duhl, Jozsef MD
Dunn, Anna Maria MD
Durrani-Tariq, Siama DO
Duzyj-Buniak, Christina MD, MPH
Dwivedi, Shaunak DO
Dwyer, James MD
Eardley, Anna MD
Ebel, Keren MD
Ebert, Gary MD
Edelman, Douglas MD
Efron, Joel DMD
Einreinhofer, Stephen DO
Eisenstat, Theodore MD
Eisenstein, Robert MD
Ekekwe, Ikemefula MD
El Banna, Mahmoud MD
Eladoumikdachi, Firas MD
Elkwood, Andrew MD
Elmann, Elie MD
Elnahar, Yaser, M.D.
El-Saheli, Ali DPM
Elsamra, Sammy MD
Ende, Kevin MD
Engel, J. Mark MD
Engel, Philip DMD
Engineer, Nita MD
Epstein, Richard MD
Epstein, Robert MD
Erakat, Mohammed DMD
Erb, Erica MD
Escaldi, Steven DO
Escobar, Javier MD
Esfahanizadeh, Abdolreza MD
Espinoza, Andrey MD
Esterov, Elizabeth MD
Estevez, Gerardo MD
Etheridge, Barbara MD
Fadil, Ahmed MD
Fahim, Farheen MD
Fahmy, Samir MD
Faigenbaum, Steven MD
Failey, Colin MD
Famiglietti-Paste, Lina MD
Fang, Bruno MD
Fanous, Venis MD
Fantasia, Michele MD
Fatahzadeh, Mahnaz DMD
Fears, Christopher DMD
Feder, Marc MD
Fein, Edward MD
Fein, Robert MD
Feingold, Aaron MD
Feldman, Arthur MD
Ferges, Mitchell MD
Ferges, William J. MD
Fernandez, Sonalis MD
Ferrante, Jeanne MD
Ferrante, Robyn MD
Ferrari, Anna MD
Ferreira, Gabriela MD
Fertig, Brian MD
Fialkoff, Cheryl MD
Figueroa, Delia MD
Filler, Sharon MD
Fine, Howard MD
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Fiorentini, Mario DMD
Firoz, Bahar MD, MPH
Fischer, Joel MD
Fischer, John MD
Fischler, David MD
Fitzpatrick, Maurice MD
Fjotland, Christopher MD
Fleisher, Michael MD
Fleming, Jacqueline MD
Florczyk, Miroslaw MD
Flowers, RaShonda MD
Flowers, Robert, DO
Fomin, Svetlana MD
Forbes, Dawn DDS
Forman, Eric MD
Forrester, Glenn MD
Fortin, Robert MD
Foster, Ronald MD
Fox, Alissa MD
Fox, James MD
Fox, Justin MD
Francesco, Ronald DPM
Francis, Amanda DO
Franco, Charles MD
Frank, Ronald MD
Frankel, Richard OD
Fratzola, Christine MD
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Freire-Florit, Viviana MD
Freis, Peter MD
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Friedman, Eric MD
Friedman, Glenn MD
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Fritz, Gerard MD
Fujita, Kenji MD
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Gaffney, Joseph MD
Gajewski, Jan MD
Gandhi, Hans MD
Gandhi, Roshni DPM
Gandhi, Zindadil MD
Ganesan, Shridar MD
Gangat, Mariam MD
Gangavalli, Ravi MD
Gannon, Michael MD
Gao, Michael MD
Garcia, Guillermo MD
Gareen Hamalian, MD
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Garg, Sangeeta MD
Gatt, Charles MD
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Gazi, Mukaram MD
Geib, Ann-Jeannette MD
Geller, Felix, M.D.
Geller, Jay MD
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Girgis, Wahid MD
Gladstone, Clifford MD
Glasgold, Mark MD
Glasgold, Robert MD
Glasnapp, Angela MD
Glatter, Frederic MD
Gleason, Abigail MD
Goel, Rajiv MD
Goh, Jean MD
Gohel, Rekha MD
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Goldberg, Lon DO
Goldberger, Gerardo DO
Goldfarb, Sidney MD
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Gora, Jill MD
Gordon, Stephen MD
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Goulston, Michael DMD
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Gowda, Subhashini MD
Goyal, Ajay MD
Goyal, Sharad MD
Goydos, James MD
Gracias, Vicente MD
Grandhi, Miral MD
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Grayer, Nicole C. MD
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Greaves, Mark MD
Green, Stuart MD
Greenberg, Caroline MD
Greenwald, Arthur DDS
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Greller, Michael MD
Gribbin, Christopher MD
Grieco, Rachael MD
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Grimes, Julia DO
Grizzaffi, Michael DMD
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Gross, Lawrence MD
Gross, Steven MD
Grubb, William MD
Gu, Lingping MD
Gubbi, Renukamba MD
Gubbi, Smitha MD
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Gul, Sheba MD
Gulati, Rita MD
Gultom, Yanto MD
Gunja, Sakina MD
Guo, Shuang MD
Gupta, Gaurav MD
Gupta, Manjari MD
Gupta, Rajan MD
Gupta, Simhadri MD
Gurland, Ira MD
Gutowski, Ted MD
Guyton, Margaret MD
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Habib, Misha MD
Haddad, Joseph DDS
Haffty, Bruce MD
Haines, Christopher DO
Hakimzadeh, Parisa DO
Hall, Dennis MD
Hall, Jason MD
Hall, Kendria MD
Hallit, Janice DO
Halofsky, Martin DDS
Halper-Erkkila, Ruby MD
Ham, Antoinette MD
Hamawy, Adam MD
Hammond, Betty MD
Hammoud, Marwan MD
Handelsman, Cory MD
Hanft, Simon MD
Hanhan, Stephanie MD
Hanna, Dina MD
Hanna, Joseph MD, PhD
Hansch, Lalitha MD
Haq, Mehnaz MD
Harangozo, Andrea MD
Harmon, Keith MD
Harnly, Heather MD
Hartmann, Anthony MD
Harwood, David MD
Hassinger, Denise MD
Hastings, Shirin MD
Hathout, Lara MD
Hatzis, Gregory DDS
Hauck, Lisanne MD
Heath, Cathryn MD
Hecht, Alan DMD
Hede, Madan MD
Hegyi, Thomas MD
Heiberger, Mark DDS
Heinowitz, Richard DDS
Hekiert, Adrianna MD
Heller, Debra MD
Heller, Rochelle DDS
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Henry, Elizabeth MD
Herbstman, Robert MD
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Herman, Jeffrey MD
Hernandez, Allyn MD
Hillel, Naomi DMD
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Hipps, Linda MD
Hira, Ajay MD
Hiramoto, Harlan MD
Hirsch, Gregory MD
Hirsch, Paul MD
Hirsch, Stuart MD
Hirsh, Ellen MD
Hirshfield, Kim MD
Hock, Doreen MD
Hoffmann, Rachel DMD
Hoffmann, Stephen DDS
Hogshire, Lauren MD
Hole, Robert MD
Homer, Stuart MD
Honickman, Steven MD
Horowitz, Alyssa MD
Horton, Daniel MD, MSCE
Horwitz, Steven M. MD
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Hou, Shunli MD
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Howarth, David MD
Hoyt, Catherine DPM
Hsu, Pochien MD
Hsu, Vivien MD
Huang, Michael DO
Huang, Michelle S. MD
Huang, Ming Yuan MD
Huber, Elaine MD
Hundal, Jasdeep PSYD
Husain, Abid MD
Husain, Saleem MD
Hussain, Aazim MD
Hussain, Sabiha MD
Hutchinson-Colas, Juana MD
Hutt, Douglas MD
Ikelheimer, Douglas MD
Ilogu, Noel MD
Im, Cherish DDS
Imbriano, Michael DO
Imegwu, Obi MD
Iofel, Elizaveta MD
Ioffreda, Richard MD
Iorio, Richard MD
Irakam, Surya MD
Isserow, Jonathan MD
Ivanov, Alexander MD
Ivelja-Hill, Danijela MD
Iwata, Isao MD, Dr.
Iyanoye, Adeyemi MD
Iyer, Deepa B. MD
Jabbour, Salma MD
Jacob, Sneha MD
Jadhav, Surekha MD
Jaffe, Robert MD
Jafri, Iqbal MD
Jafri, Rana MD
Jagpal, Sugeet MD
Jahn, Eric MD
Jain, Ami MD
Jain, Deepak MD
Jain, Sandesh MD
Jalil, Kiran MD
Jang, Thomas MD
Jani, Samir MD
Janvier, Yvette MD
Jaroslow, Amy MD
Jasani, Sona MD
Javidian, Parisa MD
Jefferson, Joni, DO
Jeganathan, Narayanan MD
Jeges, Janos MD
Jih, Ting-Yu MD
Jimenez, Manuel E. MD
John, Sheryl MD
Johnson, Albert MD
Johnson, William MD
Joki, Jaclyn MD
Jones, Lori MD
Jonna, Harsha MD
Jonna, Vaidehi MD
Jordan-Scalia, Lisa DO
Josyula, Leela, M.D.
Juliano, Julie Ann MD
Justin S. Brandt , MD
Kabaria, Sunit MD
Kabis, Suzanne MD
Kahan, Alexander
Kainth, Inderjit MD
Kaladas, Jeffrey MD
Kaliyadan, George MD
Kallich, Marsha MD
Kalra, Amit MD
Kalra, Tamanna MD
Kaminski, Donna DO
Kanj, Hassan MD
Kanuri, Kavitha MD
Kapadia, Kishan DO
Kapoian, Toros MD
Kapoor, Kusum MD
Kapoor, Mariela MD
Kapoor, Roopam MD
Kapoor, Vidhi MD
Kapoor, Vidhi MD
Karl, Mitchell DDS
Karlin, Jeffrey DDS
Karp, George MD
Karu, Amir, M.D.
Karu, Moiz MD
Kashlan, Fawaz MD
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Kaspareck, Joseph MD
Kastuar, Satya MD
Katseva, Alla MD
Katz, Barry MD
Katz, Brian MD
Kaufman, Irving MD
Kaufman, Kenneth MD
Kaufman, Matthew MD
Kauh, John MD
Kaur, Dvinder MD
Kaur, Sandeep D.D.S.
Kaveney, Amanda MD
Kayiaros, Stephen MD
Kaylen, Thomas MD
Keith, Jonathan MD
Kelleher, Paul DO
Keller, Irwin MD
Keller, Malvin MD
Kelly, Michael MD
Kempf, Jeffrey MD
Kennedy, Eugene MD
Kennedy, Timothy MD
Kesarwala, Hemant MD
Keyser, Bruce MD
Khalid, Aysha MD
Khalil, Sara MD
Khalil, Steve MD
Khalil, Venus MD
Khan, Atif MD
Khan, Imran MD
Khan, Mehtab, M.D.
Khan, Rizwana MD
Khan, Talha MD, Dr
Khandelwal, Anil MD
Khanna, Pravien MD
Khanna, Sunil MD
Khattar, Vimi MD
Khaw, Kenneth MD
Khurana, Pavan MD
Kiamzon, Harald MD
Kiel, Samuel MD
Kilstein, Stuart MD
Kim, Christian MD
Kim, Eugene MD
Kim, Hyung MD
Kim, Isaac MD, PhD
Kim, Maria DO
Kim, Sarang MD
Kim, Steven MD
Kim, Sue Yeon MD
Kim, Sung MD
Kim, Wun MD
Kinsler, Kristin DO
Kipen, Howard MD
Kirn, Thomas MD, PhD
Kirschenbaum, David MD
Kiss, Geza MD
Klein, Kenneth MD
Klein, Richard MD
Klele, Michael, M.D.
Kline, Bradley DO
Klitzman, Donna MD
Kmieczak, Jennifer DPM
Kobylarz, Fred MD
Koduri, Beaula MD
Koganti, Monika MD
Kohn, Gary MD
Kolansky, Glenn MD
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Kolli, Sudha MD
Koniaris, Soula MD
Koota, David MD
Koshenkov, Vadim MD
Kostis, John MD
Kostis, William MD, PhD
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Kotsen, Chris PsyD
Kotwal, Anoop MD
Kovacs, Tiberiu MD
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Krawet, Steven MD
Kreitman, Riki DMD
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Krishnamoorthy, Ambalavaner MD
Krisiloff, Edward MD
Krohn, Douglas MD
Krol, Kristine MD
Kropa, Jill MD
Krumrei, Nicole MD
Ku, James MD
Kuchipudi, Solomon MD
Kudryk, Alexander MD
Kukafka, Sheldon MD
Kulessa - Dussias, Renata DO
Kulischenko, Alexander MD
Kulischenko, Idelma MD
Kulkarni, Anand MD
Kulkarni, Rachana MD
Kumar, Ashok MD
Kumar, Nidhi MD
Kumar, Shicha MD
Kuriakose, Marykutty MD
Kuriyan, Mercy MD
Kushal, Amrita, MD
Kusnetz, Eliot MD
Kwong, Kelvin MD
Labbadia, Francesco MD
Labib, Mina MD
Lacy, Clifton MD
Ladino, John MD
Laemmle, Patricia MD
Lahiri, Devraj MD
Lahiri, Mohanlal MD
Laing, Euton MD
Laird, Amanda MD
Lakritz, Philip MD
Lal, Devika MD
Lall, Raj DMD
Lam, Ling MD
Lampert, Craig MD
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Lane, Elizabeth MD
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Langenfeld, John MD
Lansing, Martha MD
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Lau, Ronald MD
Laufer, Samuel MD
Laumbach, Sonia MD
Lazar, Amy MD
Lazar, Eric MD
Lazar, Mark MD
Lazzara, Elizabeth MD
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Lewis, Jocelyn DO
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Lind, Suzanne MD
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Luciano, Lisa DO
Lue, Deborah MD
Lundberg, John MD
Lundholm, Joanne MD
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Cardiovascular Diseases
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm? Click image to enlarge An abdominal aortic aneurysm, also called AAA or triple A, is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of the abdominal aorta (the largest artery in the body) resulting in an abnormal widening or ballooning greater than 50% of the vessel's normal diameter (width). The aorta extends upward from the top of the left ventricle of the heart in the chest area (ascending thoracic aorta), then curves like a candy cane (aortic arc...
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm? Click image to enlarge An abdominal aortic aneurysm, also called AAA or triple A, is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of the abdominal aorta (the largest artery in the body) resulting in an abnormal widening or ballooning greater than 50% of the vessel's normal diameter (width). The aorta extends upward from the top of the left ventricle of the heart in the chest area (ascending thoracic aorta), then curves like a candy cane (aortic arc...
Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries
Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries Click image to enlarge Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Like all other tissues in the body, the heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood to function. Also, oxygen-depleted blood must be carried away. The coronary arteries wrap around the outside of the heart. Small branches dive into the heart muscle to bring it blood. What are the different coronary arteries? The 2 main coronary arteries are the left main and right coronary arteries. Left mai...
Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves
Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves Click Image to Enlarge What are heart valves? The heart consists of four chambers, two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). There is a valve through which blood passes before leaving each chamber of the heart. The valves prevent the backward flow of blood. These valves are actual flaps that are located on each end of the two ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a ventricle and one-way ...
Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves
Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves What are heart valves? The heart consists of 4 chambers, 2 atria (upper chambers) and 2 ventricles (lower chambers). Blood passes through a valve before leaving each chamber of the heart. The valves prevent the backward flow of blood. Valves are actually flaps (leaflets) that act as one-way inlets for blood coming into a ventricle and one-way outlets for blood leaving a ventricle. Normal valves have 3 flaps (leaflets), except the mitral valve, which only has 2 fl...
Anatomy and Function of the Heart's Electrical System
Anatomy and Function of the Heart's Electrical System Click image to enlarge The heart's electrical system In the simplest terms, the heart is a pump made up of muscle tissue. Like all muscle, the heart needs a source of energy and oxygen to function. The heart's pumping action is regulated by an electrical conduction system that coordinates the contraction of the various chambers of the heart. How does the heart beat? An electrical stimulus is generated by the sinus node (also called the sinoatrial nod...
Aneurysm What is an aneurysm? An aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm may occur in any blood vessel, but most often develops in an artery rather than a vein. An aneurysm can be characterized by its location, shape, and cause. An aneurysm may be located in many areas of the body, such as blood vessels of the brain (cerebral aneurysm), the aorta (the largest artery in the body), the neck, the intestines, the kidney, the spleen, and the vessels in the legs (iliac,...
Angina Pectoris
Angina Pectoris What is angina pectoris? Angina pectoris (or simply angina) is recurring chest pain or discomfort that happens when some part of your heart does not get enough blood and oxygen. Angina can be a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD). This occurs when arteries that carry blood to your heart become narrowed and blocked due to atherosclerosis or a blood clot. It can also occur due to unstable plaques, poor blood flow through a narrowed heart valve, a decreased pumping function of the hear...
Arrhythmias What is an arrhythmia? An arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm. Some arrhythmias can cause problems with contractions of your heart chambers by: Not allowing the lower chambers (ventricles) to fill with enough blood, because an abnormal electrical signal is causing your heart to pump too fast or too slow. Not allowing enough blood to be pumped out to your body, because an abnormal electrical signal is causing your heart to pump too slowly or too irregularly. Not allowing the top chambers (...
Atherosclerosis What is atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis thickening or hardening of the arteries. It is caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. Click to expand Plaque is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin. As it builds up in the arteries, the artery walls become thickened and stiff. Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may start as early as childhood. However, it can progress rapidly. What causes ather...
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Fibrillation What is atrial fibrillation? Atrial fibrillation, or AFib, is a kind of abnormal heart rhythm or arrhythmia. Normally, a specific group of cells begin the signal to start your heartbeat. These cells are in the sinoatrial (SA) node. This node is in the right atrium, the upper right chamber of the heart. The signal quickly travels down the heart's conducting system. It travels to the left and right ventricle, the 2 lower chambers of the heart. As it travels, the signal triggers the cha...
Basic Anatomy of the Heart
Basic Anatomy of the Heart Click image to enlarge About the heart The heart is the hardest working muscle in the human body. Located almost in the center of the chest, the adult human heart is about the size of a fist. At an average rate of 80 times a minute, the heart beats about 115,000 times in one day, or about 42 million times in a year. In a 70-year lifetime, an average human heart will beat more than 2.5 billion times. Even when a person is at rest, the heart continuously works hard. The average ...
Calculating Calories and Fat Grams
Calculating Calories and Fat Grams To determine the number of calories and fat grams you need each day in order to either lose, maintain or gain weight, your health care provider or a registered dietitian. As a general guideline, to maintain your current weight, follow the 3-step formula below. Remember, everyone's body and metabolism are different, so these numbers could vary slightly for you. 1. Determine your estimated calorie needs in the chart below: Physical Activity Level Gender Age (years) Inact...
Cardiac Conditions and Diseases
Cardiac Conditions and Diseases Many cardiac conditions require clinical care by a physician or other heart care professional. Listed in the directory below are some of these conditions, for which we have provided a brief overview. Angina Pectoris Arrhythmias Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) Overview of Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) Living With a Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Frequently Asked Questions About Pacemake...
Cardiac Diagnostic Tests
Cardiac Diagnostic Tests New tests are constantly being developed to further the understanding of disease, injury, and congenital (present at birth) or acquired abnormalities of the heart. These are just a few of the tests that have been used to diagnose heart and blood vessel disease (cardiovascular). For more information, talk to your cardiologist or other healthcare provider: Electrocardiogram (ECG). This test records the electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias), and can...
Cardiac Procedures
Cardiac Procedures These procedures are used to evaluate and treat heart and blood vessel disease (cardiovascular disease or coronary artery disease). Talk to your doctor or heart care professional for more specific information. Procedures for abnormal heart rhythms Catheter ablation. This procedure uses radio waves or freezing to silence an abnormal area in the heart's electrical system, which is usually found during an electrophysiology study. This procedure can break a problematic electrical circuit ...
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Cardiac Rehabilitation What is cardiac rehabilitation? A cardiac rehabilitation program is designed to meet your needs. Cardiac rehabilitation is a program to help people who have heart disease. It is overseen by a health care provider. People in this program may have had a heart attack or heart surgery. Cardiac rehabilitation can often help you get better at your daily tasks. It may ease your symptoms and give you a sense of well-being. Who can be helped by cardiac rehabilitation? You may be helped by ...
Cardiac Sarcoma
Cardiac Sarcoma What is cardiac sarcoma? Cardiac sarcoma is a rare type of tumor that occurs in the heart. Cardiac sarcoma is a primary malignant (cancerous) cardiac tumor. Tumors are considered to be either primary tumors or secondary tumors. A primary cardiac tumor is one that starts in the heart. A secondary cardiac tumor starts somewhere else in the body and then spreads to the heart. In general, primary tumors of the heart are rare, and most are benign (noncancerous). What are the symptoms of cardi...
Cardiomyopathy What is cardiomyopathy? Cardiomyopathy describes any disorder that affects the heart muscle, causing the heart to lose its ability to pump blood effectively. In some instances, the heart rhythm also becomes disturbed and leads to arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats). There may be multiple causes of cardiomyopathy, including viral infections and certain medications. Often, the exact cause of the muscle disease is never found. How does cardiomyopathy differ from other heart disorders? Cardiom...
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention It is possible to reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease - by eliminating the risk factors you can control, and managing the risk factors you cannot control. Below you will find more information on making appropriate lifestyle changes that will help to lower your risk of cardiovascular disease. Preventing Cardiovascular Disease Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Components of Food Cholesterol in the Blood Calculating Calories and Fat ...
Cardiovascular Disease Statistics
Cardiovascular Disease Statistics Each year, heart disease is at the top of the list of the country's most serious health problems. In fact, statistics show that cardiovascular disease is America's leading health problem, and the leading cause of death. Consider the most recent statistics released by the American Heart Association: Approximately 84 million people in this country suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease, causing about 2,200 deaths a day, averaging one death every 40 seconds. Almos...
Carotid Artery Disease
Carotid Artery Disease What is carotid artery disease? The carotid arteries are the main blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the brain. When these arteries become narrowed, it's called carotid artery disease. It may also be called carotid artery stenosis. The narrowing is caused by atherosclerosis. This is the buildup of fatty substances, calcium, and other waste products inside the artery lining. Carotid artery disease is similar to coronary artery disease, in which buildup occurs in the arter...
Cerebral Aneurysm
Cerebral Aneurysm What is a cerebral aneurysm? A cerebral aneurysm (also called an intracranial aneurysm or brain aneurysm) is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of an artery in the brain, resulting in an abnormal ballooning of the artery that is at risk for rupturing. A cerebral aneurysm more frequently occurs in an artery located in the front part of the brain that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the brain tissue. Arteries anywhere in the brain can develop aneurysms. A normal artery wall is made up of...
Cholesterol in the Blood
Cholesterol in the Blood Facts about cholesterol Click image to enlarge Cholesterol is a fat-like, waxy substance that can be found in all parts of your body. It helps your body make cell membranes, many hormones, and vitamin D. The cholesterol in your blood comes from two sources: the foods you eat and your liver. But your liver makes all the cholesterol your body needs. Cholesterol and other fats are carried in your bloodstream as spherical particles called lipoproteins. The two most commonly known li...
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Chronic Venous Insufficiency What is chronic venous insufficiency? Click Image to Enlarge Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when your leg veins don't allow blood to flow back up to your heart. Normally, the valves in your veins make sure that blood flows toward your heart. But when these valves don't work well, blood can also flow backwards. This can cause blood to collect (pool) in your legs. If this condition is not treated, you may have: Pain Swelling Cramps Skin changes Varicose veins Leg ulcers C...
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Chronic Venous Insufficiency What is chronic venous insufficiency? Click Image to Enlarge Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when your leg veins don't allow blood to flow back up to your heart. Normally, the valves in your veins make sure that blood flows toward your heart. But when these valves don't work well, blood can also flow backwards. This can cause blood to collect (pool) in your legs. If this condition is not treated, you may have: Pain Swelling Cramps Skin changes Varicose veins Leg ulcers C...
Claudication What is claudication? Claudication is pain in your thigh, calf, or buttocks that happens when you walk. It can make you limp. It may be a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD). This is when narrowed or blocked arteries reduce the blood flow to your legs. At first, claudication pain occurs when you walk a certain distance and goes away when you rest. But as the disease gets worse, the pain can occur when you walk shorter distances. Over time, you may no longer be able to walk because th...
Claudication What is claudication? Claudication is pain in your thigh, calf, or buttocks that happens when you walk. It can make you limp. It may be a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD). This is when narrowed or blocked arteries reduce the blood flow to your legs. At first, claudication pain occurs when you walk a certain distance and goes away when you rest. But as the disease gets worse, the pain can occur when you walk shorter distances. Over time, you may no longer be able to walk because th...
Components of Food
Components of Food If you are trying to make heart-healthy changes to your lifestyle and diet, it's helpful to know some basics about nutrition, starting with the components of food. Facts about calories You need enough calories to give you energy, but no more than you can burn off. This is called an energy balance. If you take in more calories than you burn, you gain weight. If you take in fewer calories than you burn, you lose weight. If you balance the two, you maintain your weight. Even when you are...
Congenital Heart Defects
Congenital Heart Defects What is a congenital heart defect? When the heart or blood vessels near the heart do not develop normally before birth, a condition called congenital heart defect occurs (congenital means "existing at birth"). Congenital heart defects occur in close to 1% of infants. Most young people with congenital heart defects are living into adulthood now. In most cases, the cause is unknown. Sometimes a viral infection in the mother causes the condition. The condition can be genetic (hered...
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease What are the coronary arteries? Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Like all other tissues in the body, the heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood to function, and oxygen-depleted blood must be carried away. The coronary arteries run along the outside of the heart and have small branches that supply blood to the heart muscle. What are the different coronary arteries? Click image to enlarge The 2 main coronary arteries are the left main and right coronary arteries. Le...
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease What are the coronary arteries? Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Like all other tissues in the body, the heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood to function, and oxygen-depleted blood must be carried away. The coronary arteries run along the outside of the heart and have small branches that supply blood to the heart muscle. What are the different coronary arteries? Click image to enlarge The 2 main coronary arteries are the left main and right coronary arteries. Le...
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Click Image to Enlarge The term venous thromboembolism (VTE) is used to describe two conditions, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) . This term is used because the two conditions are very closely related. And, because their prevention and treatment are also closely related. Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot or thrombus in a deep vein. They are most common in the leg. But they may develop in the arm or other part of the body. Part of the clot, called an e...
Designing an Exercise Program
Designing an Exercise Program How to design an exercise program Exercise is essential for maintaining your health. It can also improve your overall sense of well-being. Even low-to-moderate intensity activities, for as little as 30 minutes a day, can be beneficial. These activities may include: Pleasure walking Climbing stairs Gardening Yard work Moderate-to-heavy housework Dancing Home exercise However, more vigorous aerobic activities are best for improving the fitness of your heart and lungs. These a...
Determining Your Body Mass Index
Determining Your Body Mass Index (BMI) What is body mass index? Determining how much you should weigh is not a simple matter of looking at a height-weight chart, but includes considering the amount of bone, muscle, and fat in your body's composition. The amount of fat is the critical measurement. A good indicator of how much fat you carry is the Body Mass Index (BMI). Although it is not a perfect measure, it gives a fairly accurate assessment of how much of your body is composed of fat. Calculate your B...
Diet to Help Prevent Heart Disease
Diet to Help Prevent Heart Disease You probably know that a healthy diet is important. Eating right can help prevent a number of problems such as high cholesterol and heart disease. But knowing exactly what a healthy diet looks like can be a challenge. The USDA and the U.S. Department of Health teamed up to create an easy way to build a healthy diet for yourself. It's called MyPlate. It uses a simple graphic to help you make healthy food choices to lower your risk for heart disease, as well as cancer, d...
Effects of Stroke
Effects of Stroke What are the effects of stroke? The effects of stroke vary from person to person based on the type, severity, location, and number of strokes. The brain is very complex. Each area of the brain is responsible for a special function or ability. When an area of the brain is damaged from a stroke, the loss of normal function of part of the body may occur. This may result in a disability. The brain is divided into 3 main areas: Cerebrum (consisting of the right and left sides or hemispheres...
Evaluation Procedures for Stroke
Evaluation Procedures for Stroke How is stroke diagnosed? In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for stroke may include the following. Imaging tests of the brain Preparing for a CT Scan Computed tomography scan (also called a CT or CAT scan). A diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images (often called slices) of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the...
Exercise: Before Starting an Exercise Program
Exercise: Before Starting an Exercise Program Starting a daily exercise program It is always important to talk to your health care provider before starting an exercise program. This is especially true if any of the following apply to you: Diabetes Chest pain or pain in the neck and/or arm Shortness of breath A diagnosed heart condition Joint and/or bone problems Currently taking cardiac and/or blood pressure medications Have not previously been physically active Dizziness Obesity When beginning an exerc...
Frequently Asked Questions About Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs)
Frequently Asked Questions About Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) Do cell phones interfere with pacemakers or ICDs? Cell phones available in the U.S. (less than 3 watts) do not appear to interfere with or damage pacemakers. However, it's best to avoid keeping your cell phone in your breast pocket on the side of the device. And, use the phone on the opposite ear, as well. Do pacemakers or ICDs need to be adjusted periodically? Some devices may need to be adjusted if your medi...
Gastric Restrictive Surgery
Gastric Restrictive Surgery What is gastric restrictive surgery? Gastric restrictive surgery is a type of bariatric surgery or weight loss surgery. It limits the amount of food you can eat. This surgery may be used to treat severe obesity when diet, exercise, and medicine have failed. In gastric restrictive procedures, the normal digestive process stays intact. None of the gastrointestinal tract is bypassed. There are two types of operations: One separates the stomach into two parts. One is a very small...
Heart Failure
Heart Failure What is heart failure? The heart is a muscle that pumps oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. When you have heart failure, the heart is not able to pump as well as it should. Blood and fluid may back up into the lungs (congestive heart failure), and some parts of the body don't get enough oxygen-rich blood to work normally. These problems lead to the symptoms of heart failure. What causes heart failure? Heart failure may result from any or all of the following: Heart valve disease ca...
Heart Murmurs
Heart Murmurs What causes a heart murmur? Heart murmurs may be caused by a number of factors or diseases, including: Defective heart valves Holes in the walls of your heart (atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect) Pregnancy (increased blood volume) Fever Anemia (a decrease in the red cells in the blood) What are the different types of murmurs? All murmurs are analyzed for pitch, frequency, and duration. They are also graded according to how loud they are (on a scale of 1 to 6 with 1 being ver...
Heart Valve Diseases
Heart Valve Diseases What are heart valves? The heart consists of 4 chambers--2 atria (upper chambers) and 2 ventricles (lower chambers). Blood passes through a valve as it leaves each chamber of the heart. The valves prevent the backward flow of blood. They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a ventricle and one-way outlets of blood on the other side of a ventricle. The 4 heart valves include the following: Click image to enlarge Tricuspid valve. Located between the right atrium and the right...
High Blood Pressure/Hypertension
High Blood Pressure/Hypertension What is blood pressure? Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls. The force is generated with each heartbeat as blood is pumped from the heart into the blood vessels. The size and elasticity of the artery walls also affect blood pressure. Each time the heart beats (contracts and relaxes), pressure is created inside the arteries. The pressure is greatest when blood is pumped out of the heart into the arteries. When the heart relaxes betwee...
History of Stroke
History of Stroke Hippocrates, the father of medicine, first recognized stroke over 2,400 years ago. At this time stroke was called apoplexy, which means "struck down by violence" in Greek. This was due to the fact that a person developed sudden paralysis and change in well-being. Doctors had little knowledge of the anatomy and function of the brain, the cause of stroke, or how to treat it. It was not until the mid-1600s that Jacob Wepfer found that patients who died with apoplexy had bleeding in the br...
Home Page - Cardiovascular Diseases
Topic Index Basic Anatomy of the Heart Anatomy and Function of the Heart's Electrical System Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves Statistics Cardiac Diagnostic Tests Vital Signs Cardiac Procedures Cardiac Rehabilitation Cardiac Conditions and Diseases Stroke (Brain Attack) Vascular Conditions and Diseases Preventing Cardiovascular Disease The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) include coronary h...
Living with a Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Living with a Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Pacemakers and ICDs generally last 5 to 7 years or longer, depending on usage and the type of device. In most cases, you can lead a normal life with an ICD. Advances in technology have reduced the chances that machines, such as microwaves, could interfere with your device. Even so, you must take certain precautions when you have a pacemaker or ICD. What precautions should I take with my pacemaker or ICD? The following precautions sh...
Maintaining Weight Loss
Maintaining Weight Loss Benefits of maintaining weight loss While losing weight is difficult for many people, it is even more challenging to keep the weight off. Most people who lose a large amount of weight have regained it 2 to 3 years later. One theory about regaining lost weight is that people who decrease the amount of calories they consume to lose weight experience a drop in the rate their bodies burn calories. This makes it increasingly difficult to lose weight over a period of months. A lower ra...
Medical Management of Vascular Conditions
Medical Management of Vascular Conditions Vascular system overview The blood vascular system, also called the circulatory system, of the body is made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries (tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins that distribute oxygen-rich blood to the body). The heart is responsible for pumping blood through this network of blood vessels throughout the body. Click Image to Enlarge Another vascular system of the body is the lymph system. The lymph vessels carry lymphatic fluid (a...
Medical Management of Vascular Conditions
Medical Management of Vascular Conditions Vascular system overview The blood vascular system, also called the circulatory system, of the body is made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries (tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins that distribute oxygen-rich blood to the body). The heart is responsible for pumping blood through this network of blood vessels throughout the body. Click Image to Enlarge Another vascular system of the body is the lymph system. The lymph vessels carry lymphatic fluid (a...
Medical Treatment for Obesity
Medical Treatment for Obesity Medical treatment overview You may need to see your healthcare provider for help in losing weight if your own efforts have failed or if you have other medical conditions that make it crucial for you to lose weight. You may need to take prescription medicine if you have obesity-related health problems. Many people take over-the-counter or alternative medicine supplements in an attempt to lose weight. But to keep the weight off for the long term, you'll need to change your un...
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome What is metabolic syndrome? Metabolic syndrome is a condition that includes the presence of a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome greatly raises the risk of developing diabetes, heart disease, stroke, or all three. Most people who have metabolic syndrome have insulin resistance. The body makes insulin to move glucose (sugar) into cells for use as energy. Obesity, commonly found in people with metabolic syndrome, makes it more difficult for c...
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mitral Valve Prolapse What is mitral valve prolapse? Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the bulging (or prolapse) of one or both of the mitral valve flaps into the left atrium when the heart contracts. When the flaps do not close properly, blood leaks backward. This is called regurgitation. Regurgitation may result in a heart murmur, an abnormal sound in the heart caused by turbulent blood flow. When regurgitation is present, it's generally mild although it can progress into a more serious condition over ti...
Obesity Obesity has a far-ranging negative effect on health. People who are overweight or obese are at increased risk for developing many different health conditions, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and bone and joint disease. Listed in the directory below are some topics related to obesity, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of Obesity Treatment of Obesity Obesity Treatment Overview Medical Treatment for Obesity Surgical Treatment for Obesity Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) ...
Obesity Treatment Overview
Obesity Treatment Overview Treatment goals Regardless of the type or combination of obesity treatment, goal setting is an important part of any obesity treatment plan. While a person may want to lose a large amount of weight because of societal or fashion reasons, it is important to realize that setting and achieving a realistic goal of reducing weight by as little as 3% to 5% of body weight will yield important, positive gains in health. Treatment goals work best if they are tailored to a person's need...
Online Resources - Cardiovascular Diseases
Online Resources - Cardiovascular Diseases This Web was compiled from a variety of sources including the online resources listed below, but is not intended to substitute or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your health care provider. The content provided here is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease. Please consult your health care provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. This pa...
Overview of Obesity
Overview of Obesity Facts about obesity Overweight and obesity together make up one of the leading preventable causes of death in the U.S. Obesity is a chronic disease that can seriously affect your health. Overweight means that you have extra body weight, and obesity means having a high amount of extra body fat. Being overweight or obese raises your risk for health problems. These include coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, and certain ty...
Overview of Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs)
Overview of Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) What is a permanent pacemaker? A permanent pacemaker, a small device that is implanted under the skin (most often in the shoulder area just under the collarbone), sends electrical signals to start or regulate a slow heartbeat. A permanent pacemaker may be used to make the heart beat if the heart's natural pacemaker (the SA node) is not functioning properly and has developed an abnormally slow heart rate or rhythm, or if the electr...
Overview of Stroke
Overview of Stroke Click Image to Enlarge What is stroke? Stroke, also called brain attack, occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted. Disruption in blood flow is caused when either a blood clot or piece of plaque blocks one of the vital blood vessels in the brain (ischemic stroke), or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into surrounding tissues (hemorrhagic stroke). The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients in order to function. Even a brief interruption in bl...
Overview of the Vascular System
Overview of the Vascular System What is the vascular system? The vascular system, also called the circulatory system, is made up of the vessels that carry blood and lymph through the body. The arteries and veins carry blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and taking away tissue waste matter. The lymph vessels carry lymphatic fluid (a clear, colorless fluid containing water and blood cells). The lymphatic system helps to protect and maintain the fluid environment ...
Overview of the Vascular System
Overview of the Vascular System What is the vascular system? The vascular system, also called the circulatory system, is made up of the vessels that carry blood and lymph through the body. The arteries and veins carry blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and taking away tissue waste matter. The lymph vessels carry lymphatic fluid (a clear, colorless fluid containing water and blood cells). The lymphatic system helps to protect and maintain the fluid environment ...
Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs)
Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) Living with a pacemaker or ICD requires special instructions and care. Listed in the directory below you will find information related to pacemakers, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs ) Living With a Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Frequently Asked Questions About Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs )
Pericarditis What is pericarditis? Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the thin sac (membrane) that surrounds the heart. The pericardium holds the heart in place and helps it work properly. There is a small amount of fluid between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium. This fluid keeps the layers from rubbing as the heart moves to pump blood. What causes pericarditis? Usually, the cause of pericarditis is unknown, but may include: Infection (by viruses, bacteria, a fungus, or parasi...
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Peripheral Vascular Disease What is peripheral vascular disease? Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a slow and progressive circulation disorder caused by narrowing, blockage, or spasms in a blood vessel. PVD may involve disease in any of the blood vessels outside of the heart including the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels. Organs supplied by these vessels, such as the brain, and legs, may not get enough blood flow for proper function. However, the legs and feet are most commonly affected, thus th...
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Peripheral Vascular Disease What is peripheral vascular disease? Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a slow and progressive circulation disorder caused by narrowing, blockage, or spasms in a blood vessel. PVD may involve disease in any of the blood vessels outside of the heart including the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels. Organs supplied by these vessels, such as the brain, and legs, may not get enough blood flow for proper function. However, the legs and feet are most commonly affected, thus th...
Preventing Obesity in Children, Teens, and Adults
Preventing Obesity in Children, Teens, and Adults Facts about prevention Obesity is a chronic disease affecting increasing numbers of children, teens and adults. Obesity rates among children in the U.S. have doubled since 1980 and have tripled for adolescents. About 17% of children aged 2 to 19 are considered obese, compared to over 35% of adults who are considered obese. Earlier onset of type 2 diabetes, heart and blood vessel disease, and obesity-related depression and social isolation in children and...
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Embolism What is a pulmonary embolism? A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot that develops in a blood vessel in the body (often in the leg). It travels to a lung artery where it suddenly blocks blood flow. A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel in one area of the body, breaks off, and travels to another area of the body in the blood is called an embolus . An embolus can lodge itself in a blood vessel. This can block the blood supply to a particular organ. This blockage of a blood vessel...
Rehabilitation for Stroke
Rehabilitation for Stroke What is stroke rehabilitation? Stroke rehabilitation or "rehab" helps you achieve the highest level of independence and quality of life possible — physically, emotionally, socially, and spiritually after stroke. It helps restore you to optimal health, functioning, and well-being. Rehabilitate comes from the Latin "habilitas" which means "to make able again." The stroke rehab team The stroke rehab team revolves around the patient and family. The team helps set short- and long-te...
Renal Vascular Disease
Renal Vascular Disease What is renal vascular disease? Renal vascular disease affects the blood flow into and out of the kidneys. It may cause kidney damage, kidney failure, and high blood pressure. Vascular conditions include: Renal artery stenosis (RAS). This is a narrowing or blockage of an artery to the kidneys. It may cause kidney failure and high blood pressure. Smokers have a greater risk of getting RAS. It's most common in men between the ages of 50 and 70. High cholesterol, diabetes, being over...
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic Heart Disease What is rheumatic heart disease? Rheumatic heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever. The heart valve damage starts with an untreated or under-treated strep infection. In some cases, strep throat or scarlet fever, which are caused by streptococcus A bacteria, can progress to rheumatic fever if not treated properly. What causes rheumatic heart disease? Rheumatic heart disease is caused by rheumatic fever, an inflammator...
Risks of Physical Inactivity
Risks of Physical Inactivity What health risks are associated with physical inactivity? Lack of physical activity has clearly been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and other conditions: Less active and less fit people have a greater risk of developing high blood pressure. Studies show that physically active people are less likely to develop coronary heart disease than those who are inactive. This is even after researchers accounted for smoking, alcohol use, and diet. Lack of physical...
Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease
Smoking and Heart Disease The American Heart Association (AHA) says diseases caused by smoking kill more than 440,000 people in the U.S. each year. Most new smokers are children and teens. Smokers have higher risk for lung disease. This includes lung cancer and emphysema. They also have increased risk for heart disease and stroke. Facts about smoking and heart disease One out of every 5 smoking-related deaths is caused by heart disease. Women older than 35 who smoke and take birth control pills are at m...
Statistics of Stroke
Statistics of Stroke More about stroke or brain attack The American Stroke Association (ASA), a division of the American Heart Association, reports the following statistics regarding strokes: Stroke is the fifth largest cause of death, ranking behind diseases of the heart, all forms of cancer, and lower respiratory disease. Almost every 40 seconds in the United States, someone has a stroke. Over 4 million U.S. adults live today with the effects of a stroke. ASA estimates strokes cost the U.S. $73.7 bill...
Stroke (Brain Attack)
Stroke (Brain Attack) Stroke is a serious condition that requires clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional. Listed in the directory below you will find some additional information regarding stroke, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of Stroke Signs and Symptoms of Stroke Risk Factors for Stroke Statistics of Stroke Types of Stroke Effects of Stroke Evaluation Procedures for Stroke Treatment for Stroke Rehabilitation for Stroke
Surgical Treatment for Obesity
Surgical Treatment for Obesity Weight-loss surgery is also called bariatric surgery. It's the only option today to treat morbid obesity in people for whom diet, exercise, and medication have failed. A variety of approaches to bariatric surgery is available, but all procedures are either malabsorptive or restrictive, or a combination of the 2. Malabsorptive procedures change the way the digestive system works. Restrictive procedures greatly reduce the size of the stomach to hold less food, but the digest...
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection What is a thoracic aortic aneurysm? Location of Aortas and Arteries in the Body (Click to Enlarge) A thoracic aortic aneurysm, also called TAA, is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of the aorta (the largest artery in the body), resulting in an abnormal widening or ballooning greater than 50 percent of the vessel's normal diameter (width). The aorta extends upward from the top of the left ventricle of the heart in the chest area (ascending thoracic aorta)...
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection What is a thoracic aortic aneurysm? Location of Aortas and Arteries in the Body (Click to Enlarge) A thoracic aortic aneurysm, also called TAA, is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of the aorta (the largest artery in the body), resulting in an abnormal widening or ballooning greater than 50 percent of the vessel's normal diameter (width). The aorta extends upward from the top of the left ventricle of the heart in the chest area (ascending thoracic aorta)...
Topic Index - Cardiovascular Diseases
Topic Index - Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Diseases Home Basic Anatomy of the Heart Anatomy and Function of the Heart's Electrical System Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves Statistics The Cardiologist The Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiologist Vital Signs Automated External Defibrillator Cardiac Procedures Cardiac Catheterization Echocardiography (echo) Electrocardiogram (EKG) / Stress Test / Holter Monitor Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Car...
Treatment of Obesity
Treatment of Obesity Because obesity is a serious, chronic disease that can inflict substantial harm to a person's health, treatment is very important. A variety of methods are used to treat obesity. Incorporating multiple methods, such as making diet changes as well as adding exercise, may be beneficial. Obesity Treatment Overview Medical Treatment for Obesity Surgical Treatment for Obesity Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) Surgery Gastric Stapling (Restrictive) Surgery
Types of Stroke
Types of Stroke What are the different types of stroke? According to the American Stroke Association (ASA), strokes can be classified into 2 main categories: 87% are ischemic strokes. These are strokes caused by blockage of an artery (or, in rare instances, a vein). 13% are hemorrhagic strokes. These are strokes caused by bleeding. What is an ischemic stroke? An ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain becomes blocked or "clogged" and impairs blood flow to part of the brain. Th...
Varicose Veins
Varicose Veins What are varicose veins? Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins. Varicose veins can happen anywhere in the body, but are more common in the legs. Varicose veins are not considered a serious medical condition. But, they can be uncomfortable and can lead to more serious problems. And, because they may be very noticeable, they may cause people to feel uncomfortable or embarrassed. What are spider veins? Spider veins, a milder type of varicose veins, are smaller than varicose veins and of...
Varicose Veins
Varicose Veins What are varicose veins? Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins. Varicose veins can happen anywhere in the body, but are more common in the legs. Varicose veins are not considered a serious medical condition. But, they can be uncomfortable and can lead to more serious problems. And, because they may be very noticeable, they may cause people to feel uncomfortable or embarrassed. What are spider veins? Spider veins, a milder type of varicose veins, are smaller than varicose veins and of...
Vascular Conditions and Diseases
Vascular Conditions and Diseases There are many vascular conditions that require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below are some of these conditions, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of the Vascular System Medical Management of Vascular Conditions Aneurysm Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Cerebral Aneurysm Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Carotid Artery Disease Chronic Venous Insufficiency Claudication Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) / Thrombophleb...
Vital Signs (Body Temperature, Pulse Rate, Respiration Rate, Blood Pressure)
Vital Signs (Body Temperature, Pulse Rate, Respiration Rate, Blood Pressure) What are vital signs? Vital signs are measurements of the body's most basic functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the following: Body temperature Pulse rate Respiration rate (rate of breathing) Blood pressure (Blood pressure is not considered a vital sign, but is often measured along with the vital signs.) Vital signs are useful in detecting or monito...


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The teennamed Param Sharma had created a reputation of being super rich by posting pictures with thousands of dollars, multiple iPhones and other expensive products. Some of his other shenanigans include dumping imported water in toilet and tying wads of dollar bills to balloons and setting them free in the sky.
But Sharma was accused last month of listing someone else's iPhone for sale on Craigslist without informing the owner – an act legally considered a theft. He claimed that the only reason he tried selling the smartphone was because he wanted to do his friend a favor. However, he was unable to prove his version of the story and was handed a 90-day prison sentence.
He could've saved himself from going to jail, but apparently, the self-proclaimed rich kid couldn't post $30,000 bail.
"The police knew him and were unhappy with his social media accounts. $30,000 bail is not something that could be done for these charges,' Sharma's lawyer AndrewShalaby told Buzzfeed.
Moreover, some problems with the paperwork meant that he ended up spending a part of his three-month jail term in a high-security psych ward.
"He's in block F, according to the sergeant. here, the worst of the worst in the section of a psych ward,"Shalaby told KGO. 'Somebody tried to kill him and I was really, really upset."
After two weeks in the psych ward, the boy nicknamed Lavish P was transferred to the regular jail cell, but he still remains incarcerated.
The question is, what good all that money is for if he can't buy himself his own liberty?
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The tarnished reputation of the New Orleans police has been sullied still further by film of a group of white officers beating an elderly black man to a bloody pulp.
Three officers were suspended, arrested and charged with simple battery after the incident, recorded on the city's famous Bourbon Street over the weekend.
"We have great concern with what we saw," said Captain Marlon Defillo, a force spokesman, after watching the tape. "It's a troubling tape, no doubt about it."
A mounted policeman tried to use his horse to screen the assault from the cameras. But he failed, ensuring that the sight of a policeman punching Robert Davis, 64, in the face and bouncing his head against a wall was seen worldwide.
Mr Davis tried to turn away but was wrestled to the ground where another policeman punched him twice more in the face.
Mr Davis was handcuffed on the ground, blood pouring down his arm into the gutter of the city's elegant French Quarter.
Another officer ordered the Associated Press Television News crew to stop filming, jabbing him in the stomach and pressing him on to a car bonnet.
The officer, S M Smith, then swore at the producer, shouting: "I've been here for six weeks trying to keep ******* alive. ******* go home."
Mr Davis was later arrested and charged with public intoxication, resisting arrest, battery on a police officer and public intimidation.
Capt Defillo, who is black, argued that race was not an issue in the melee.
But the spectacle of an elderly black man being set upon by white officers will not help racial harmony in a city whose majority black population mostly lives in poverty.
The incident evokes worrying memories of the 1991 beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police.
When, a year later, three of the four LAPD officers were acquitted of assault, Los Angeles erupted in riots, in which 58 people were killed and 12,000 arrested.
The New Orleans force was plagued by allegations of brutality and corruption long before Hurricane Katrina overwhelmed the city last month.
Despite more than a decade of efforts at reform the New Orleans murder rate has soared while that in other cities dropped dramatically.
The police department is also understaffed. Before Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans had 3.14 officers per 1,000 residents, less than half the rate in Washington, DC.
The New Orleans police chief, Eddie Compass, resigned last month in what was seen as a tacit acknowledgement of his force's failings in Katrina's wake. Mr Compass added to the post-hurricane chaos by publicly repeating allegations that people were being beaten and babies raped at the New Orleans Convention Centre, allegations that have since proved largely unsubstantiated. Of the 1,700-strong New Orleans police force, 250 are said to have deserted immediately after the hurricane, and some officers were accused of joining in the looting that broke out.
Last week, state authorities announced that they were investigating allegations that New Orleans police broke into a car dealership and made off with nearly 200 cars, including 41 new Cadillacs, as the storm closed in.
The latest incident does not reflect well on the Mayor of New Orleans, Ray Nagin, who appointed Mr Compass three years ago and called him "a hero" after his resignation.
"He leaves the department in pretty good shape and with a significant amount of leadership," Mr Nagin said when the police chief stepped down.


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Thin Lizzy: Jailbreak MP3
Thin Lizzy are an Irish hard rock band who formed in Dublin, Ireland in 1969. The two founding members, drummer Brian Downey and bass guitarist/vocalist Phil ...
Jailbreak - Thin Lizzy MP3
We fully credit this song to Thin Lizzy, We do not own anything- Track 2 of Thin Lizzy's Greatest Hits, Though this song was originally on the 1976 album ...
Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak (Full album) MP3
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Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak Live HQ MP3
Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak Live HQ.
Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak,Emerald,Boys Are Back,Rosalie/Cowboy Song - A Night On The Town - Live - 1976 MP3
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Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak - Live -1976- A Night On The Town MP3
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Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak (Guitar) Cover MP3
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Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak live at the Sydney opera house 1978 MP3
Jailbreak live in sydney 1978 with Gary Moore.
Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak - Bass Cover MP3
"Jailbreak" is a song by Thin Lizzy that originally appeared as the title track on their 1976 album Jailbreak. Along with "The Boys Are Back in Town", it is one of ...
Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak MP3
Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak Recorded 12/2/76 The Peel Sessions Enjoy! :P.
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Foo Fighters - Jailbreak(Thin Lizzy Cover) - Live Slane Castle MP3
Foo Fighters cover Thin Lizzy's Jailbreak live at Slane Castle Ireland 30/05/15.
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NOTE* This video uses copyrighted material in a manner that does not require approval of the copyright holder. No copyright infringement is intended.
ANTHRAX - Jailbreak (OFFICIAL THIN LIZZY COVER) MP3
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Thin Lizzy JailBreak Bass Cover Fender Squier Vintage Modified Jazz Bass MP3
In memory of Phil Lynott who passed away January 4 1986, at the age of 36. Jailbreak is the sixth studio album by Irish hard rock band Thin Lizzy, released in ...
Fu Manchu - Jailbreak - Thin Lizzy Cover . MP3
Fu Manchu's really good cover of Thin Lizzy's JailBreak. It was the A side to the album they split with Fatso Jetson in 98. It was later release on a stand alone Fu ...
Jailbreak (Jail Break) - Karaoke HD (In the style of Thin Lizzy) MP3
Jailbreak (Jail Break) karaoke video originally performed by Thin Lizzy. Music Licensing, Backing Tracks, Karaoke available at http://www.singsongsmusic.com .
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Masters of Rock Vizovice Czech republic.