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DIY: E38 Illuminated / Lighted door handles into E39
I take no responsibility if you break your car or self, use this DIY only as a document of reference!
Yet another Dking DIY!
This is going to show how to retrofit illuminated door handles from an E38 in an E39 (Specifically one with the updated front handles)
Whats Needed?
A Dremel Drill Set
Wire, splices, connectors, crimpers, etc
OEM E38 lighted door handles
Heat shrink tubes (optional)
I'm dividing this DIY into 2 parts, Part 1 is retrofitting on the rear doors which is 95% identical for the fronts IF you car doesn't have the updated door handles. Part 2 is for people with the updated door handles and want to custom retrofit the illumination strips.
The lighted door handles themselves look pretty decent, but I urge people to not spend a fortune on them (100+ is what crazy ebay people want). After the retrofit i noticed the rears are brighter than the fronts, not sure if this is from what I did or just how they work. I actually like the fronts being dimmer since it wont distract me too much at night.
Part 1 Retrofitting Rears (all years) and fronts prior to 03/2001
First, remove the rear door panels.
With the door panel off, locate the window control wires. From these wires, we will use the Brown (ground) and Grey/red stripe (power) for the handles. This will only turn on the handles when the parking / headlights aka mood (orange) lights are on. (TIP) The 2 wires on the E38 door handle LED cords are the same colors as the window switches we are tapping!
General comparison
To remove the old door handle, firmly pull towards the front of the car or parallel to the door you're working on and slide the handle AWAY from the cord.
You must do this simultaneously since the handle has a cone like shape that "locks" the sheet covering the wire in place. (see pic)
Once you get the cord out simple slide the hook off the hole, not too hard :). Installation of the E38 handle is in reverse order.
Time to wire it up!
This is where i encountered a bit of a problem. The OEM wire is about 20gauge and the crimp can cut through it but not very well. This may be the crimp i used or a general problem. This poor crimp resulted in flickering if the contact point is moved/vibrated. My solution was to expose more wire and solder the it to the crimp. This kind of worked for the most part, but the best way would be to just hard wire it in with a 18-22 gauge connector (same used to link the new wire to the E38 wire).
Once tapped, just crimp either the E38 wire (if long enough) or the new wire to the connector. Then crimp the new wire to the E38 wire (if needed) and heat shrink wrap it if you want to prevent any vibration/clattering.
Once you got that done, it should work! Turn on the parking lights / headlights to test it out. lastly, I tapped the connectors in a small pocket (seen in pic) and one piece of tape by the armrest to support the cable. (Duct tape works best)
Finished pics!
Really long shutter time
More realistic pic.
The same procedure applies to the fronts. The only difference I did was on the drivers door. Instead of messing around with all the wires on the main window control module, I tapped into the Seat memory cord.
Note (The seat memory is wrapped with the door puddle light cords) To make sure you have the correct GROUND wire, pull on one and see which one retracts, either the light one or seat memory one.
Part 2 Retrofitting Fronts for post 03/2001 cars
This where it can get very technical. You have 2 options about doing this:
1. Retrofit your existing updated front handles.
2. Change the bowden cord that connects to the door handle.
For #2 changing the bowden cord may save some time & problems, but to me it was updated for a reason and I like to keep it like that. (Refer to a DIY on changing a bowden cord) and the follow Part 1. The cords themselves run $15-30 each (est).
To remove the updated dor handles, first release a small tab on the side towards the rear of the car and pullout. Installation is reverse.
Okay, to retrofit the existing updated handle (see comparison), you need to make a template and cut it out.
To remove the old lighting element from the E38 handle, you need a good heat source, a soldering gun with a fine tip works best. I don't have any pics, but all you need to do to remove the light element is start from the far point (away from bulb) and put pressure up from inside the handle while heating the contact point. Don't use too much pressure! The strip should slowly loosen as the plastic is melted. I wont fully come out until the rest are released. Repeat this for the rest of the tabs. A fine tip iron works best to preserve the lighting elements mounting points.
Once removed, sand down the contact points where the element meets the door handle. The E38 handle has small dips for the light strip, this must be remade on the E39 one (A sanding bit works best). I had to sand down the Light element a bit to sit completely flush.
To cut out a hole on the E39's existing handle, what I did was hold 1 old handle and 1 new handle (opposites) side to side and I traced a line to find the OEM "center" for the furthest mounting point. One tip to mounting the light element in the correct position is to drawn a line from the plastic line on top the goes to where the screw meets the door and use a ruler to extend it upward. This will give you a vertical reference for the 2 middle mounting points. (TIP) The distance from the tip of the plastic mounting mounting point to the plastic ridge (tip) should be 1cm.
Once you find a position that works, trace and outline of the light.
Use the dremel tools and get cutting! Also use a sanding / big grinding tool to fit the 2 middle mounting tabs and furthest tab. (Test fit to set!!!!!) You know it sits perfectly, when the transition from door handle to light on the INSIDE of the handle is very smooth.
To cover up any holes left inside the door handle, i used black silicon caulking ($4 from lowes)
You can use super glue to fill the mounting holes on the back of the handle or any good adhesive.
Once done, just follow the same wiring procedure as Step 1.
The only difference I did was on the drivers door. Instead of messing around with all the wires on the main window control module, I tapped into the Seat memory cord.
Note (The seat memory is wrapped with the door puddle light cords) To make sure you have the correct GROUND wire, pull on one and see which one retracts, either the light one or seat memory one.
Nice info.
I suppose you could just get some .29 cent LED's and do the same thing?
It won't be OEM correct, but it should still work.
DIY: E38 Illuminated / Lighted door handles into E39
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Let's say the lights burn out on those handles. Are they a pain to replace? Are they LEDs or halogens?
DIY: E38 Illuminated / Lighted door handles into E39
They are LEDs, i checked on ECS tuning, and they sell it the same way the ebay people do. It comes with the led light and a certain length of cord attached to it.
Heres the link. Though it's REALLY overpriced.
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^Thanks for the info.
DIY: E38 Illuminated / Lighted door handles into E39
What about the lit exterior door handles??
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DIY: E38 Illuminated / Lighted door handles into E39
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SIGG Sportbottle
The Sigg company keeps coming up with more and more fabulous, fun designs! This one in blue and green called the Earth Sigg Water Bottle is really big, like 33 oz. big! By filtering my own water and filling up a Sigg instead of purchasing water in a plastic bottle, I'm not only saving myself money, I'm helping to save the environment!
Ah, charming indeed.Added 8 Years Ago from MoMA Store
Glass water bottles. Awesome.
Water, water, and more water. I try to keep myself hyrdrated at all times during the summer. I'm currently in love with Smartwater. :DTags: product design, hydration, fitness, sports, diet, health, yoga, environment, EcoAdded 8 Years Ago from Bottledwaterstore
These mugs have the same sign that's in neon on the museum's facade.Added 9 Years Ago from Newmuseumstore
Wonderful retro peacock inspired deisgn. The pitcher is acrylic not glass. Very delightful piece.Added 9 Years Ago from Jonathan Adler

subset: commoncrawl


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The Million-Dollar Nightmare(1990)
(Book 103 in the Hardy Boys series)
A novel by Franklin W Dixon (Unknown)
The Hardy boys are on the inside track to danger... Nightmare, a million-dollar racehorse, and Julian Ardyce, the man accused of stealing her, haven't been seen for three years. While on vacation in San Francisco, the Hardys spot Andyce on the street and decide the time has come to put an end to the case of the Thoroughbred theft. But a million bucks buys plenty of trouble. Battling runaway cable cars and the cold currents off Alcatraz Island, the boys discover that it's easier to corral a pack of wild horses than uncover the truth behind THE MILLION-DOLLAR NIGHTMARE.
Genre: Young Adult Fiction
Genre: Young Adult Fiction
Similar Books by other authors...
The Roaring River Mystery
(Hardy Boys, book 80)
Franklin W Dixon
Tricky Business
(Hardy Boys, book 88)
Franklin W Dixon
Shield of Fear
(Hardy Boys, book 91)
Franklin W Dixon
Shadow Killers
(Hardy Boys, book 92)
Franklin W Dixon
Used availability for Franklin W Dixon's The Million-Dollar Nightmare
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
July 1990 : USA Paperback
|Title: Million Dollar Nightmare (The Hardy Boys #103)
Author(s): Franklin W Dixon
ISBN: 0-671-69272-0 / 978-0-671-69272-8 (USA edition)
Publisher: Aladdin
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages


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Ministry of Communications Employees' Co-operative Housing Society Ltd (MCECHS)
Better and Affordable Housing
Welcome to MCECHS web page
This is an attempt to reach the members of our prestigious MCECHS society.
Share their views, concerns and raise Voices towards better Living.
Sincere thanks to all the members for Co-operation in creating good living spaces.
more >


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Need a Chicken Pox Titer in Morris, IL? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable Chicken Pox Titer at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
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The Chicken Pox Titer is a blood test used to prove immunity to Chicken Pox. People in Morris, IL get the Chicken Pox Titer for general screening or for credentialing for work or school.
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Our Chicken Pox Titer price includes the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Morris, IL, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
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Meaning and Origin of: Lear
Search for Names & Meanings Top 100 Names for Boys Top 100 Names for Girls Last Name History & Meaning Name Popularity Tracker Celebrity Names Search for Names by Trait Browse First Names A-Z Browse Last Names A-Z Browse First Names by Origin Browse Last Names by Origin Baby Name Lists How to Choose a Name
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Boy name origins & meanings:
- German : Of the meadow
Family name origins & meanings:
- English : habitational name from any of various places in northern France named with the Germanic element lār 'clearing'.
- English : variant of Layer.
- English : nickname from Old English hlēor 'cheek', 'face'
- Irish : reduced Anglicization of Gaelic Mac Giolla Uidhir 'son of the swarthy lad' or 'son of the servant of Odhar', a byname from odhar (genitive uidhir) 'dun-colored', 'weatherbeaten'. Compare McAleer.


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Donate to Jaroka's implementing site, UM Healthcare Trust
Contributions are welcome in any form i.e. financial, medicines, equipment etc. You can send your donations to the following information.
How To Donate
The instructions of how to donate are listed here. Please download this document to get details of various methods for making a donation.
Tax Deductible Donations can be made to UM Healthcare Trust via GlobalGiving.org
For wire transfers, please send an email to: donate @ umtrust . org
For payment via check, please make your cheques payable to "UM Healthcare Trust" and mail to the following address:
UM Healthcare Trust,
#510, Street 9, Sector F-10/2,
Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Ph: +92-51-210 6304
Fx: +92-51-926 6626
For donations in person (within Pakistan), cash or checks can be deposited in the name "UM Healthcare Trust" at any Faysal Bank branch, and the money is instantly received by us. Please contact us.
If you would like to receive a printed/electronic receipt for your donation, then please make sure to enclose your complete name, reply mailing address, and nature of donation (Zakat, Sadqa, charity etc).


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Hiya! I hope your hungry because I've got a sweet three ingredient treat for you today! These Chocolate Peanut Butter Peanut Clusters are totally irresistible and SO easy to make. I know I always say that but you know I love to give you simple recipes that taste amazing and this one is no exception!
These Chocolate Peanut Butter Peanut Clusters are creamy, crunchy and totally moreish. They are fabulous for an after dinner snack or gifting to someone special. Aren't chocolate and nuts just a match made in heaven?
This recipe only requires a bowl and a spoon. Ever since I made my One Giant Chocolate Chip Cookie (over and over again) I have been loving simple recipes. Sometimes life doesn't leave you with time to bake an elaborate layer cake but it doesn't mean you can't make something. That's why I love no bake recipes.
This has got to be close to the easiest recipe on Sweetest Menu. All you have to do is melt a little dark chocolate with a few tablespoons of smooth peanut butter, stir through some roasted peanuts and voila, perfect Peanut Clusters.
How was your weekend? Mine was a little odd. First I had to go to the dentist and I was disappointed to find out I have to get some work done that I wasn't expecting. I don't know about you but going to the dentist is one of my most loathed things in life.
Then our cat developed some sort of stomach upset. Despite maintaining his appetite we thought we should take him to the vet just to be on the safe side. Oh boy, travelling with a cat in the car is never fun. But he was a good sport and seems to be getting better.
Regardless of life, I can always count on a bit of baking (or no bake baking) to make me feel better. When I make these Peanut Clusters, I love to sprinkle over a little sea salt for that sweet and salty action.
You could also make these with any other nuts if you prefer. Roasted almonds would be lovely or cashews! I think any roasted nut goes beautifully with chocolate, especially rich dark chocolate. But you could also use milk chocolate if you prefer. Just be warned that these are very very hard to resist. In fact, I might just go sneak another one.
Chocolate Peanut Butter Peanut Clusters
Makes approximately 18 clusters
210 grams (1 and 1/2 cups) roasted peanuts, unsalted
200 grams (1 and 1/3 cups) dark chocolate pieces
30 grams (2 tablespoons) smooth peanut butter
Sea salt for sprinkling
Prepare a large cookie tray with baking or parchment paper. Place your peanuts in a mixing bowl. In a separate bowl, add your dark chocolate and peanut butter, then microwave until just melted, stirring every 20 seconds or so. Pour your melted chocolate mixture over your peanuts and stir until all the nuts are well coated.
Spoon out teaspoons of the chocolate-covered nuts and place on the prepared tray. Continue until you have used all the nuts. Then sprinkle your clusters with sea salt (optional). Refrigerate for at least one hour or until the chocolate is set.


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The Parti Québécois is under fire for the second time in a week over a candidate with controversial views on the province's religious minorities.
Louise Mailloux, a prominent Quebec feminist and philosopher, said this week she stands by her belief that circumcision and baptism are similar to rape and that kosher and halal certification is a tax that goes toward funding religious wars and lining the pockets of religious leaders.
Ms. Mailloux, a staunch supporter of the PQ's proposed Charter of Values, which would impose a dress code banning most religious symbols from the public service, was confronted over her past positions by La Presse. She refused to elaborate but said she "absolutely" stands by her views.
The Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs called on the PQ to debunk the "urban legend of the kosher tax," saying Ms. Mailloux is echoing a conspiracy created by the Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi groups.
PQ Leader Pauline Marois instead endorsed her candidate, saying she's a respected academic who has thought long and hard about these issues.
"Her writings are eloquent, I respect her point of view," Ms. Marois said. "She supports our secular charter and I appreciate her support."
"The Parti Québécois is not an anti-Semitic party. We have very good relations with the leaders of this community and all the different communities in Quebec."
On Thursday, the PQ withdrew the candidacy of Jean Carrière, who used his Facebook page to hurl slurs at Islam and praise Marine Le Pen and the extremist Front National party in France. Ms. Marois insisted the PQ doesn't have a problem with intolerance.
For years now, kosher and halal food have been part of a steady stream of alarm in Quebec over religious practices in the province. Newspapers and TV programs in the province occasionally run stories that detail how much of the food eaten in the province is now certified kosher and halal, and purport to explain that it supposedly inflates prices and causes animals suffering at slaughter. (Animals killed under kosher practice cannot be stunned before their throats are slit by a sharp knife.)
After receiving complaints, the Bouchard-Taylor commission on ethnic accommodation addressed the so-called kosher tax in its 2008 report, saying there was no evidence of price inflation from the certification. They also found rabbis make little money from granting certification. "The most fanciful information is circulating among Quebeckers" on kosher food, the report said.Report Typo/Error
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10 June 2009,
South Kensington
Price realised GBP 70,850
Akbar Padamsee (b. 1928)
Village aux Quatre Maisons Oranges
signed and dated 'PADAMSEE 63' (lower left)
oil on canvas
23¼ x 19 in. (59 x 48.2 cm.)
Painted in 1963
New York +1 212 636 2000
London +44 (0)20 7839 9060
Hong Kong +852 2760 1766
Shanghai +86 21 6355 1766
Renowned for his archetypal mythical landscapes, Akbar Padamsee depicts a world that is both real and transcendental: finding inspiration in the four elements of earth, water, air and fire. Graduating from the J.J. School of Art in 1951 Padamsee left for Paris and became enamored by French Modernism. Form dominated color in his earlier years as evidenced by his thick use of line, though in the 1960s the focus on colour over form is most noticeable. "Dual pulls of matter and spirit are always patent in his work [...]. He sees his paintings as a bed of tensions created by 'the linear, the formal, the tonal, the chromatic' on which the form describes itself [...] in a fluid potential state." (E. Datta, 'Akbar Padamsee', Art Heritage 8, New Delhi, 1988-89, p. 40). In this seminal early work from 1963, the artist portrays a village scene enveloped by a flaming ochre sunset using a bold, contrasting palette which evokes a sense of atmospheric movement in a static space.
Special Notice
VAT rate of 5% is payable on hammer price and at 15% on the buyer's premium
Galerie Pacitti, Paris
An expert guide to one of the most important events in the art-world calendar, and an index of in-depth features on Venice
Leaving behind Dubai's high-rise heart, Andrew Graham-Dixon goes in search of its low-slung soul


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Unable to Switch Themes
Originally posted in themes, with no resolution.
I have installed WordPress 3.0.1 with the default theme (TwentyTen), and site is working fine.
Uploaded a couple of themes, Mystique.2.4.2 and Atahualpa353.
They are listed in the Appearance—Theme subpanel, but:
Selecting preview of Mystique renders a blank white page.
Selecting preview of Atahaua renders a white page with the text line at top: "Powered by WordPress & the Atahualpa Theme by BytesForAll. Discuss on our WP Forum "
I went ahead and installed Atahualpa, and the Admin panel has options for setting up the theme, but still displays the same as the preview.
I can switch back to the default with no problems.
I have a couple of plug-ins, but deactivating them makes no difference.
I have not edited any php files, or made changes in the editor.
Any ideas what could be wrong would be appreciated.
- The topic 'Unable to Switch Themes' is closed to new replies.


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When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
This is a S'mores cake and taste excellent, for my Daughter N Laws Birthday the dog is made out of rice krispies her head out of gumpaste her fur is buttercream she looks so awesome in person hate to eat her but we will :)
Guinness Keg Birthday Cake
Cute 3D Owl Birthday Cake
Taylen's Pillow


text: When you hover your mouse over the tabs with drop downs, there is a bit of a delay and then you get a drop down. And if you move your mouse away from the drop down, the drop down menu stays visible until you click somewhere else in the page. I am curious why the drop down was built this way, can anyone provide insight?


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Thank you to everyone who nominated a post or who wrote a post against sexual violence whether it was nominated/selected or not. Nominations that came in after the nomination deadline will be considered for the next edition of the carnival.
If you support the purpose of the carnival, you can help get the word out about it and all of the posts included in the carnival.
Here are the selections for the 17th edition of the carnival against sexual violence:
recoveryIn Family Talk - A Way to Prevent Child Abuse posted at Child protection: serious business., we get a discussion about communication barriers that can make child abuse victims believe the adult non-victimizers in their family aren't trying to protect them or don't care about what happened to them.
legalIn Wyoming could become `model for the nation' for rape case policy posted at Holly's Fight for Justice, we get an article by Kathleen Miller about a proposed change to Wyoming's rape shield laws so rape victims will have more confidence that irrelevant information about their sexual history will not be used in a criminal trial. Unfortunately, this proposal failed.
In DNA leads to suspect in '94 rape case posted at innocence blog, we get an article that discusses proposals for expanding the list of who must provide DNA samples.
In attempts to improve rape convictions stall posted at rhetorically speaking.., we get a discussion about recent studies about how investigators and prosecutors are handling or mishandling rape cases in the UK and how inconsistencies contribute to the low percentage of convictions in rape cases.
In Recidivism Math posted at Crime and Consequences, we get a discussion of the statistics behind the percentage of convicted sex offenders who "reoffend" when that statistic is really the percentage who reoffend and whose new offenses are reported and who are caught and who are convicted.
In Federal Email Registration Bill posted at Sex Crimes, we get information about a move in congress to pass a bill to get a list of all sex offender email addresses.
In Rape case man freed after police blunder posted at Holly's Fight for Justice, we learn about a case that resulted in a judge-ordered not-guilty verdict because a witness statement wasn't introduced until after the trial started. It's important to note that the evidence doesn't disprove that a rape occurred it just shows there was kissing and hand holding between the alleged victim and the alleged rapist prior to the alleged rape. Taking what looks to be a romantic stroll is not consent to sex.
In Another Man Accused of Stranger Rape Claims Sex Was Consensual posted at Abyss2hope, I discuss a case where the defendant uses the myths many men use when they oppose stronger rape laws and better -- and more respectful -- treatment of alleged victims by law enforcement and the criminal court systems.
In Not your Typical Sex Offenders posted at Sex Crimes, we learn about a case where women in positions of power at a group home for neglected youth are accused of sex crimes against a 16-year-old boy living in the home.
In Cops slammed for observing stoned addicts; deputy chief defends practice posted at HOLLY'S FIGHT TO STOP VIOLENCE, we get an article by Eliza Barlow that focuses on the ethicical questions behind a Drug Recognition Expert Training Program in Edmonton which used drug addicts as test subjects.
media watchIn TalkLeft on Maouloud Baby Case posted at Sex Crimes, we get a critical discussion of the legal position that if consent is withdrawn that it might be unwanted sex but it isn't rape.
In Acceptable And Unacceptable Voices of The Raped posted at Abyss2hope, I discuss the problem with one man's view about how the character played by Dakota Fanning in the film Hounddog isn't a worthy voice for silent rape victims because she didn't report her rape to the police or talk about it somewhere in the film.
In Failure to Protect posted at Sex Crimes, we get a review of law professor Eric Janus's book subtitled: America's Sexual Predator Laws And the Rise of the Preventive State. The review and the book address the legal issues around sex offender registries and discuss whether these laws provide the most effective method to prevent sexual violence.
In NY - Help is there for sexual abuse victims posted at Sadly Normal, we get information about the documentary "The Hand of God" which begins by exploring John Cultrera's personal experience as a survivor of priest abuse, but which ends up being a story much larger than that of one victim.
In Excuses and Justification posted at hazel8500, we get a discussion sparked by the documentary Children of God, which reunites ex second generation cult members, about how easy it is to blame the victims of sexual abuse.
In Pickton trial coverage misses the point posted at Feminist Toronto, we get a discussion about what details from the trial of an alleged murderer are worthy of being included in the local paper and which details further dehumanize the victims.
personal storiesIn her nomination of The Purpose of this blog posted at Abyss2hope, Holly Desimone wrote, "I am truly honoured to read your story, see hope from your experience. You are a inspiration to many please considering posting this to show others about overcoming the pain of rape. Also the pain of the messiness..." So per Holly's request I'm including my very first blog post.
raising awarenessIn New National Teen Dating Abuse Hotline posted at "Asking First" with Mike Domitrz, we get information about a valuable new resource.
In Nina And CFS posted at hazel8500, we get a discussion of the systemic failures that contribute to the vulnerability of children such as 13 year old murder victim Nina Courtpatte. Currently, Michael Briscoe, 36, and Joseph Laboucan, 21 are on trial on kidnapping, aggravated sexual assault and first-degree murder charges.
In We continue to blame rape victims posted at BPS RESEARCH DIGEST, we get a discussion of a study done in Israel which showed that there is a relationship between victim blaming and how much punishment people believe rapists deserve.
In Bullies, bullying, and rape (part 2) posted at LongHairedWeirdo, we get the second in a multi-part series that helps to deconstruct the myth that all real rapists are total monsters and looks at familiar attitudes which can contribute to people deciding they have the right to take what they want.
In The Smear Campaign of the Abuser... posted at Holly's Fight for Justice, we learn about a systemic process that attempts to have the victimizer look like the victim and have the victim look like the victimizer by preemptively accusing the other person of cruelty. This strategy is used by more than those who abuse within established relationships. This strategy is used by many people, including defense attorneys, who want to recruit an audience to go after the innocent person with a naive sense that they are protecting the "real" victim.
In Respectful Relationship posted at Holly's Fight for Justice, we get information about how to use negotiation at the beginning of a dating relationship to communicate your physical, emotional and sexual boundaries and to ensure that what you want is compatible with the other person's wants and values.
In How to *really* prevent rape. posted at incurable hippie's musings and rants, we get a commentary that countering the 'how women should prevent rape' propaganda.
In Women's Rights in Asia posted at Holly's Fight for Justice, we get a report from Human Rights Watch about systemic human rights violations directed primarily at women.
In Are rapists getting away with it? posted at Staring At Empty Pages, we get a discussion of reactions to a BBC story on the low number of rape convictions that are predicated on the belief that the alleged victim did something wrong -- either to bring rape on herself or to call consensual sex a rape.
In The truth behind acquaintance rape posted at HOLLY'S FIGHT TO STOP VIOLENCE, we get an opinion piece by Karla S. Miller, the interim director, Rape Victim Advocacy Program in Iowa.
In Study to look at date rape in Cyprus posted at HOLLY'S FIGHT TO STOP VIOLENCE, we get an article by Alexia Saoulli about the study which will be released later this year titled: 'Date rape cases among young women and strategies for support and prevention.'
In That Bruise on the Face posted at Everyone needs therapy? Lessons from a family therapist, we get an examination of how women wear their scars and how even when we haven't DONE anything, our thoughts are often self-blaming.
solutionsIn Minti - Parenting Advice - Teenage rape..........Some things we do to try to keep our kid safe........... posted at Parenting Advice, we get a discussion of the importance of teaching boys and girls about when sexual contact must stop for the interaction not to be rape.
In Call for submissions! posted at BLANK NOISE PROJECT, we learn about an upcoming blogathon scheduled for March 8 where participants will relate their action plans and their success stories.
In IMPACT Defense Against Multiple Assailants class posted at KitKat's Critique, we get a summary of what one woman learned at an IMPACT self-defense course which included understanding the group dynamics behind a gang attack so you can use that dynamic to your benefit. The information included can help people decide if they would want to take this type of class.
In DONATE TO HOME ALIVE posted at Allegory of the Cave, we learn about one rape survivor's efforts to raise money for a non-profit organization based in Seattle that was founded in 1993 after the rape and murder of local musician Mia Zapata.
creative expressionIn Sabine "Rape" Hoax Year 2609 posted at Abyss2hope, I present a work of satire to show that the problem with published satire related to rape isn't simply that feminists have no sense of humor. Rather than mocking rape victims, this piece mocks rape apologists.
miscellanyIn It's Not Really About Sex posted at Mad Melancholic Feminista, we get a discussion about how image impacts sexual activity on college campuses.
That concludes the 17th edition of the carnival against sexual violence. Thank you for taking the time to visit this carnival and thank you to the authors of all the posts included in this edition.
The next submission deadline is Feb. 26 at 11 pm. The 18th edition will be out on Mar. 1.
To nominate a post (your own or someone else's) to the next edition of carnival against sexual violence, use our carnival submission form. Links to everything related to the carnival can be found on the blog dedicated to this carnival, http://carnivalagainstsexualviolence.blogspot.com/
Marcella Chester
Technorati tags: carnival against sexual violence blog carnival rape crime politics sexual assault feminism sex


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Pureisme's Twitt
Jacob Black
For those who read and watch Twilight movie, the news is Taylor Lautner will be playing as Jacob Black again.
I don't know about you guys, but i think the Jacob from book and the Jacob from Twilight is faaaaaarrrr wrong. Sorry for Taylor Lautner fans, but really.. Jacob Black character from Twilight isn't good. It feels too much difference of the character from the book.
At first after watching Twilight, i hope that they replace Taylor from Jacob chara, because on the Full Moon, Jacob will have a very big role and impact for Bella's life. Must! He must to be the same as the character description on the book, or.. it won't be as good as in the book.
But, after found this picture and do some Googling about him, Taylor is officialy casted as Jacob Black at New Moon. This new picture is amaze me, i mean.. the wild grin.. Hmm, quite enough as werewolf. Soo.. I put my hope on you Taylor! Be Jacob Black! Be him! And..if you really can be the Jacob Black in this new moon, i'm pretty sure.. Edward's fans will change their mind! :D
Posted In Movie | |
19 comments
Oridusartic Says:Posted on 29 May 2009 at 09:50
Huh?? :| Jacob turns into a funky pop idol in New Moon?
argh I still heart Cullen...
from the one who doesn't read the novel. *just judging from the characters casts. hwahahaha..
intan Says:Posted on 31 May 2009 at 05:15
new moon da mo maen ya pu3?? tapi jacob yang rambut pendek keren ya.. hahaha..
Pu3W1tCh Says:Posted on 2 June 2009 at 01:16
Cit : haha, mari kita nunggu New Moon nanti
Intan : Iyaa.. november ini nihhh.. teasernya uda ada lohh.. jacobnya uda lumayan keker di teasernya. Iyaa, yang rambut pendek keren ya, senyumnya itu senyum tipe cowo bandel yang keren. Whehehehehe
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- (2) LED bulbs
- (2) load equalizer resistors
- (4) connectors
- Hardware included:
- None Required
Free Shipping On Orders Over $49. Details
$69.99FREE Shipping
Hi, I'm Justin with AmericanMuscle.com, and I have with me Raxiom's Switchback Turn Signal Conversion kit, fitting all 2005 and newer Mustangs. This is one of those mods that isn't going to single-handedly win you a car show, or break necks on the street, but they are a very cool accent piece, that will introduce a little bit of that modern LED lighting onto your ride, with a twist. These lights use what Raxiom calls their switchback technology, which allow these lights to shine bright white for your parking lights or your running lights, and then switch to amber for your turn signals. So how is one bulb able to achieve two different colors? Well, the lights are able to achieve this by using a 60 LED T1 style bulb, of which 30 of the LEDs are white, and the other 30 LEDs are amber. Now thanks to these load equalizing resistors, it allows the light to change automatically from bright white to amber whenever the turn signals or hazards are activated. Now the bulbs do install right into your factory turn-signal sockets, but since you do have to splice in those resistors, the total install time should take you all of 15 minutes, which I still consider a lunch-break install. Now, since this is a Raxiom product, you do have the benefit of their industry leading 2-year warranty, just for a little added peace of mind. So if you're looking to add some modern LED lighting either to your factory, or aftermarket headlights, then be sure to check out Raxiom's Switchback Turn Signal Conversion Kit, right here at AmericanMuscle.com.
Fitment: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Details
Installation Time: (approx) 15 Minutes
Difficulty Level:Simple installation for anyone
Installation Guides:
Axial Smoked Rear Bumper Lenses (05-09 All)
SR Performance Shock Coil On Plug Kit (05-10 GT)
Xtreme Stop Performance Ceramic Brake Pads - Rear Pair (05-10 All)
Covercraft UVS100 Heat Shield - Tri-Bar Pony Logo (10-12 All)
Ford Rear Trunk Opening Trim Panel (05-09)
SpeedForm Classic Quarter Window Louvers - Unpainted (05-09 All)
This kit is really nice and easy to install. They look great compared to the stock bulbs. I would recommend putting them on your mustang.
I installed these on the Raxiom ccfl headlights and the look great. Really adds a uniqueness that most others don't have. The install went very easy as the headlights were off the car which made it a breeze. ... The only thing is the instructions for hooking up the resistors was correct for the drivers side but my passengers side had different colored wiring. For the passengers side use the yellow and black.
Raxiom LED Turn Signal Conversion Kit - Amber (05-12 All)
Raxiom Headlight LED Conversion Bulb Kit - H13 (05-12 Non-HID)
Axial Smoked Headlights - CCFL Halo (05-09 GT, V6)
Raxiom DRL Projector Headlight - Black (05-09 GT, V6)
Raxiom Gen5 Tail Lights (05-09 All)
Raxiom Smoked Halo Fog Lights (05-12 GT)
Are these lights and resistors hard to install? Should I get them installed by a professional.
It depends on if your comfortable disassembling your signals and determining the correct wiring for the load equalizers. The bulb is simple to install, just like replacing it with a standard bulb. The load equalizers have to be wired in to the ground and the turn signal power wire. This has to be done on both sides. The load equalizer also has to be placed in an area away from other wires due to the fact they may get hot. If you have basic car wiring experience you should not have any problems.
Will these work with the Raxiom 2010 Style headlights for 2005-2009 mustangs?
YES! They will work perfectly.
I have a 2008 Bullitt that did not come with LED headlights from the factory. I'm pairing these swtichbacks with the Axial black turn signal lights. I was wondering which headlight bulb or set up will give me the closest whiteness/brightness match to these switchbacks so that way when I am on the road the lights look the same ? Thank you
I bought these not too long ago and I installed them (w. out putting in the resistor) and what i noticed is that the bulb doesnt switch back. The white part of the bulb doesnt even turn on, only the amber part when i need to make a turn. If i install the resistor, will it fix this problem?
The Raxiom Switchback Turn Signal Conversion Kit would require the included resistors to be installed for proper operation. If you complete the installation and the problem still exists, please contact our Customer Service department for further assistance.
connected these to the proper ground and signal wires with the resistors but cannot manage to get the white leds to turn on, the amber lights do work when i use turn signal and hazards yet white bulbs not working , any suggestions as to what the problem could be? (2007 v6 mustang w/ bumper turn signals)
Hey, I am sorry that you are having some issues with your Raxiom switchback turn signal conversion kit. To help you out further with this one, please give us a call or shoot us an email and we can work with you! http://www.americanmuscle.com/contact.html
will these work with the 2010 style headlights for the (05-09)
Yes, the Raxiom Switchback Turn Signal Conversion Kit w/ Resistors (05-12 All) works as long as you have any 05-12 Mustang with turn signals to convert!
Axial Smoked Turn Signal Lights (05-09 All)
Raxiom Map Light LED Conversion Kit (05-14 All)
Raxiom Switchback Turn Signal Conversion Kit (15-17 All)
Axial Black Turn Signal Lights (05-09 All)
Raxiom Front & Rear Side Marker Light LED Conversion Kit (10-14 All)
Axial Smoked LED Third Brake Light (05-09 All)
December 31, 2016
Nice Look!
This kit is really nice and easy to install. They look great compared to the stock bulbs. I would recommend putting them on your mustang.
April 15, 2016
Great Looking
I installed these on the Raxiom ccfl headlights and the look great. Really adds a uniqueness that most others don't have. The install went very easy as the headlights were off the car which made it a breeze. The only thing is the instructions for hooking up the resistors was correct for the drivers side but my passengers side had different colored wiring. For the passengers side use the yellow and black.
March 25, 2016
Raxiom Switchback Turn Signal
Love this item. I had purchased this kit a year or so ago but because of a wiring mishap on myself I burned out one of the bulbs. Thanks to AM and Raxiom for bringing this item back to market. It looks great and I always turn heads when the lights switch back and forth from white to amber. The white running light matches my halos for a super cool look.
March 14, 2016
Easy install but...
These were easy to install but directions provided were not accurate. Just use the outside wires regardless of color. Also, the clips that are included were not very good. I had to purchase additional clips to complete install. Once you install the turn signal should blink at normal rate. If it blinks fast then you don't have good connections. Overall looks good!
February 18, 2016
These work really good and looks very nice at night. I would recommend these to anyone.. Thanks American muscle
November 17, 2015
Great while they last.
These are awesome! Put them on the raxiom headlights and man are they bright. Had some issues with a headlight and they were still bright enough to light bright enough for me to get home safe. The blinker is a red/orange color but I really like it. The only issue I have run into is the actual life of these bulbs. The bulbs weren't on the car long before they started to flicker. Good thing they have a 2 year warranty and AM has great customer service.
December 20, 2014
Good Product but Misleading
When I ordered my switchbacks I was expecting a white and amber light when I used my turn signals. We'll this wasn't the case, when I turned my lights on it was a red color and a bright yellow when I used it. What I failed to realize is on the video I had watched that was on Americanmuscle.com, is that they had an aftermarket Raxiom Headlight as well. So on the stock headlight your parking lights have an orange film causing the lights to shine a bright yellow instead of white.
April 21, 2014
Love them.
These lights are awesome! The only problem I have is that the white LED's do not turn off when you turn blinker on. The bulbs alternate from white to amber light when blinker is on. Be much better if the white light just stayed off while blinker is on.
December 15, 2012
great LED's
These switchbacks are awesome and unique! These lights alone will put some unique'ness from your mustang from the next. Not only do these lights just look awesome but they also make your ride more visable to other drivers on the road. One minor complaint I have is that the amber portion of the turn signal is not as amber as I like it. It has more of a red/orange tinge to it. Another thing I noticed was that when you have your running lights on (white) and you utilize your turn signal, when it switches to orange, the white portion of the bulb is still slightly (very dim) illuminated giving the orange portion of the light a pinkish tinge to the light. But that's just me being extremely picky. Overall this product is highly recommended!! And those of you wondering, resistors are MANDATORY in order to prevent hyper flashing (fast blinking of turn signal). And those of you wondering what wires to splice the resistor to, for my 2012 GT, it was the two outer wires that the resistor must be spliced to.. when you open your hood and look at the harness, you'll know what I mean.
March 25, 2014
Great at first
I have had the switchbacks installed for a couple of months. The install was time consuming since the resistors need to be away from all other wires since they generate a bit of heat and there is not a lot of room to work around the headlamp housing. The resistor wires were very short and flimsy which also added to the time it took to install. One of the resistor wires broke off during installation which I had to solder back on to make it work. Once installed they are ok looking on white awesome looking when amber and get a bit of attention but I just noticed a few of the forward facing white LEDs have started to blink when they are supposed to be fully lit. I have read a few other reviews mention problems with the white LEDs. If I had to do it over again I would have saved a few buck and went with the standard LED turn signals.
February 28, 2013
I love the Raxiom Switchback Turn Signals! It makes the front end look great! I had them installed with my Smoked Raxiom Headlights and it looks awesome!
December 19, 2012
Some what satisfied..
Loved the way the lights looked awesome color and brightness. But didn't realize the lights in the video were after market, mine are stock so they have the amber turn signal lens. Color won't shine through properly. Kinda pointless until I buy new headlights..
December 02, 2012
Great product
At first I didn't know what to expect. I had read reviews that people had trouble upon installation. After splicing some wires, I noticed hyperflash when i had the daytime running lights on. I checked the connection from the clamps to the resistors and squeezed them tight with tongue and grip pliers, and it solved the hyperflash problem. A great product, shipped in 3 days to the west coast, and once again, AM never dissappoints!
November 10, 2012
2010 GT gearhead
Easy install and some how got 2 sets of resistors :-)
February 27, 2013
Great look, Installation tips
I installed these signals before I installed the projector headlights. When using these with the stock headlights the amber covers on the headlights will change the color. Parking lights will appear bright yellow and the signal will appear orange. With the projectors they will appear as they do in the video. To splice in the resistors you will attach them to the outside wires on the turn signal wiring harness (black and blue I believe) I recommend picking up some twist on wire nuts and extra wire. To mount the resistors I put them on the metal frame just above the radiator. Screw them in on the forward side so that they are hidden below the radiator cover and are cooled by the airflow through the grill. Splice in the extra wire since the wire that's on the resistor already will not be long enough to reach. Use the wire nuts since the included clips are garbage. If you get hyper flashing check to make sure the connections are good, it's a common problem when using the clips. Overall I am very impressed with this product.
January 21, 2013
they do make the road a little brighter
these are sooooo fricken awesome. these really do make the raxioms stand out at night, not like a regular halo light, and these really do increase the brightness a little, sitting at a red light and the road sign in front of me is bright one second and then a little darker the next when i have the turn signal going. i seriously love these, and the amber is awesome, its dark red and mean looking. these are like christmas lights. thanks again AM!! i really recommend these to anyone with the raxiom headlights
January 10, 2013
Great Mod
Kit was pretty easy to install, was doing install for several other items so I had the front bumper off, which made all the monuvering much easier. Looks great only problem was after a week the LED switchback started to only blink amber on the front LED lights and not the full bulb. Called AM and they quickly sent me a replacement. By the time the replacement kit got to me the problem fixed itself. Not sure what happened but its been working fine since, I just shipped the replacement part back to AM.
October 03, 2012
Led flashback lights
These lights are awesome looking on the car and are very bright at night for safety.
September 02, 2012
HOT resistors!
As another has said, you are best to remove the bumper skin to do this installation. I also would recommend making sure that the resistor is solidly mounted on a metal surface as to help dissipate the heat is produces. I have read on some sites that it may get up to 250F so keep wires and plastic clear of it. I plan on mounting my resistor on a pieces of aluminum first then mount that to the car to get even more heat removed. I let my emergency flashers running for about 10 minutes and the Gold color on the resistor actually showed signs of the heat. Other than that, it is a easy install and looks great when you are done.
February 24, 2016
Great white!
The lights are pretty cool and are pretty darn bright. I have the smoked halo headlights which restrict cars visibility and these lights actually lighten the road up. They look great and i feel great knowing i have Raxioms warranty.


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The Netherworld Sorcerers are mysterious beings with great powers, servants of Logaan and the other Trickster Gods who live in Cragrock Peaks and the area to the north.[1][2]
According to historians, the Netherworld Sorcerers were "dwelling in their remote towers in the Northlands for many centuries before man settled there."[1] Described as an "ancient race",[3] it is not known if the Sorcerers are magically-altered Humans or some other species. They keep a close watch on the Old World, and intervene to ensure the balance between Good and Evil.[1]
Examples include their forging of the Ting Ring, their finest achievement, which they gave to the nobles of Gallantaria, and conjuring the Demon Fish to ravage the coast of the Onyx Sea until it was destroyed by the Hero of The Tasks of Tantalon. They are not infallible, however, and were tricked into helping Myurr create a portal between the planes, until they were convinced of his deceit by the Demon-Stalker.[1][2][3]
On Seaday 26th of Warming, 160AC, the Netherworld Sorcerers appeared to Prince Hajerlin.[4]
See AlsoEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Titan - The Fighting Fantasy World - 36/69, 44/89, 66-7/143-4
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dead of Night - 7, 42, 64, 79, 88, 136, 137, 174, 189, 217, 237, 240, 267, 297, 347, 348, 384, 386, 398, 400
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Tasks of Tantalon (Hardback) - 5, 22
- ↑ The Fighting Fantasy 10th Anniversary Yearbook - 121, 181


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text:
May 20th – Every year like many Rwandans and friends of Rwanda, RwandAir staff participate in commemoration activities of the Genocide against the Tutsi which are carried out for 100 days from April 7th.
As part of the Kwibuka22 commemoration activities, RwandAir staff, together with staff from the Ministry of Infrastructure , and its other affiliated agencies led by the Hon. Minister of State in charge of Transport, Dr. Alexis Nzahabwanimana visited the survivors of the Genocide against the Tutsi in Murambi village, Nyamata District, in the Eastern Province.
RwandAir has been supporting families of former RwandAir staff and specifically for the last three years , this village was supported with their houses renovations, then connecting them to the electricity grid and soon works will commence for each house to access water.
RwandAir staff had the opportunity to reiterate their pledged continuous support to this village ; and the survivors expressed their gratitude by presenting a gift to Mr. John Mirenge RwandAir Chief Executive Officer.
Thereafter the staff proceeded for a walk from the Nyamata district office to the memorial site then concluded with discussions held at the Ministry of Infrastructure reflecting back to this year's theme: "Fighting the genocide ideology" with CNLG and IBUKA representatives among others.
The Management of RwandAir takes the opportunity to appreciate all staff who continue to contribute towards the support to the survivors of the Genocide against the Tutsi in and urge the staff to relentlessly fight the Genocide ideology as we continue to preserve history of the Genocide to inspire the younger generation so that what happened never happens again in Rwanda or anywhere else in the world.
by communications


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login with
Is Vaginal Delivery really "easier" than a C-Section?
You know.. I've had both.. and I have to say.. that aside fro being exhausted after my c-section due to the fact that I was in labor for 16 hours before and pushing for 3.. that I was just as uncomfortable after my V-bac as I was after my c-section. Of course I had surgery and had that healing.. but the week after both.. My lower area was UNHAPPY.. and the stitches were NOT fun.. I feel like both were challenging for me, at different parts ..
But I have friends that have a baby and walk out of the hospital the next morning and you wouldn't know anything went on..
Comment deleted
I'm glad that I got to experience both... and had a c section scheduled for her.. but went into labor the night before.. so we let it play out to see how my body handled it,,, so i got to have both experiences... but neither were easier or better than the other... maybe because i labored for so long prior to my c-section?
Honestly, other than the episiotomy being uncomfortable I felt pretty good after giving birth. Sure, the vagina was angry but the water bottle/sitz bath thing made that bearable.
LOL..Yes.. my vagina was unusually angry I think.. lol
LOL Jessica Garvin, you can't blame it though.
I was in labor for 30 hours before the doctors finally decided to do a c section. Honestly, I'm excited for the rest of my children to be born from c section. I can pre plan the dates, times and places which is a lot less stressful than waiting for labor to happen naturally. I would just much rather have a choice in it. And honestly, most women who are pregnant and claim they want it to happen naturally are the ones begging their doctors to induce them because the agony of waiting is almost unbearable lol! So, c section all the way for me! It's the easiest route for my personality lol
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We live in Los Angeles, CA. I'm a writer, comedian, actor and single mom of two. Parenting is hard. I try to keep a sense of humor about it all and find the find the funny... in what is most likely NOT funny (i.e. boogers, meltdowns, homework, etc.).


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Front Bumper Cover; 99-03 Jeep Grand Cherokee WJ Laredos
This dark brownstone stock replacement front bumper cover from Omix-ADA fits 99-03 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ) Laredos with fog lights.
Pricing: $189.99
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- 11.0 lbs.
- W25.0000" x H18.0000" x L70.0000"
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|[jira] [Commented] (APLO-205) Stale releases under http://www.apache.org/dist/activemq/activemq-apollo/1.2/
|Fri, 18 May 2012 18:41:07 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/APLO-205?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=13279066#comment-13279066 ] Sebb commented on APLO-205: --------------------------- You could potentially delete the old releases just after sending out the Announce mail. The Announce mail should not be sent until most mirrors have had a chance to pick up the new release so there is already a wait required there. > Stale releases under http://www.apache.org/dist/activemq/activemq-apollo/1.2/ > ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: APLO-205 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/APLO-205 > Project: ActiveMQ Apollo > Issue Type: Bug > Reporter: Sebb > Assignee: Hiram Chirino > > The releases under http://www.apache.org/dist/activemq/activemq-apollo/1.2/ appear to have been superseded by the 1.3 release, and so should be removed. > They can be retrieved from the ASF archives site if necessary. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. If you think it was sent incorrectly, please contact your JIRA administrators: https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/ContactAdministrators!default.jspa For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
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Design of the DISCovery project: tailored work-oriented interventions to improve employee health, well-being, and performance-related outcomes in hospital care
Quality, performance, safety and outcomes
It is well-known that health care workers in today's general hospitals have to deal with high levels of job demands, which could have negative effects on their health, well-being, and job performance. A way to reduce job-related stress reactions and to optimize positive work-related outcomes is to raise the level of specific job resources and opportunities to recover from work. However, the question remains how to translate the optimization of the balance between job demands, job resources, and recovery opportunities into effective workplace interventions. The aim of the DISCovery project is to develop and implement tailored work-oriented interventions to improve health, well-being, and performance of health care personnel.
A quasi-experimental field study with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design will be conducted in a top general hospital. Four existing organizational departments will provide both an intervention and a comparison group. Two types of research methods are used: (1) a longitudinal web-based survey study, and (2) a longitudinal daily diary study. After base-line measures of both methods, existing and yet to be developed interventions will be implemented within the experimental groups. Follow-up measurements will be taken one and two years after the base-line measures to analyze short-term and long-term effects of the interventions. Additionally, a process evaluation and a cost-effectiveness analysis will be carried out.
The DISCovery project fulfills a strong need for theory-driven and scientifically well-performed research on job stress and performance interventions. It will provide insight into (1) how a balance between job demands, job resources, and recovery from work can be optimized, (2) the short-term and long-term effects of tailored work-oriented effects, and (3) indicators for successful or unsuccessful implementation of interventions.
Hospitals need to work more efficient than ever before to increase the quality of health care and at the same time reduce costs, which places a higher burden on health care staff. As a consequence, health care workers are often imposed with highly demanding cognitive, emotional, and physical work tasks
A new theoretical model regarding the stress-buffering role of job resources, is the Demand-Induced Strain Compensation (DISC) Model
Equally important as the role of (matching) job resources, is the process of recovering from job demands
Study objectives
As there is a gap between theoretical knowledge gained from work stress and performance models and their practical implications
In line with the DISC model, the core question is how different types (i.e., cognitive, emotional, or physical) of job demands, job resources, and recovery during and after working hours can be optimized to improve health and performance of health care workers. We expect that interventions targeted primarily at work, i.e., at specific job demands and particularly at changing corresponding resources and recovery aspects, will reduce detrimental effects and enhance beneficial effects. In other words, by providing employees with necessary, matching job resources and recovery opportunities for coping with job demands, hospitals may prevent unnecessary stress and strain, and improve worker well-being and job performance. Thereby, the study can contribute to human resources strategies to keep current staff in the house and to ensure longer employment. Another contribution of this study will be to the area of patient safety and medical treatment errors. Although critical issues in this field have received a great deal of attention lately, little is known about the effects of job demands, job resources, and recovery from work on patient safety and treatment errors
Methods and design
Study design
A quasi-experimental field study with a 'non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design' will be conducted in a top general hospital with three locations in the Eastern part of Netherlands. Four existing organizational departments (consisting of a nursing department, a laboratory, an operating room department, and an emergency room department) within three locations of the hospital are chosen. All departments will provide both an intervention and a comparison group. In other words, four units become intervention groups (
Figure 1
Flow chart design and measurements of the intervention study
Flow chart design and measurements of the intervention study.
All employees working at the four hospital departments will be eligible to participate in the study. To obtain as much information as possible about each unit, temporary staff and apprentices will be included as well. The total group of participants will mainly consist of nurses, laboratory workers, doctors, and operating room teams, but will also include other job positions, such as management and administrative staff.
The distribution of the department units in experimental and comparison groups will be made after the baseline data analysis, in close consultation with the hospital management. Each department will provide one experimental unit. The assignment of units to the experimental group will primarily be based on their scores on the key DISC elements (i.e., are job demands, job resources, and recovery at/after work out of balance?). Furthermore, response rate, unit size and other specific unit characteristics (e.g., representativeness, planned organizational changes) will be taken into consideration. Various department units will be eligible as comparison groups. After the experimental units have been chosen, one or more of the remaining units will be selected to function as comparison unit for each experimental unit, preferably based on similarities in the work contents and target population.
From the total pool of participants in the web-based survey study, a relatively smaller group will be selected to participate in the daily diary study. Although random selection is preferred, eligibility criteria based upon specific individual information of participants hamper this approach. First of all, participants will be asked to participate in all three daily diary studies (i.e., baseline and two follow-ups), requiring reasonable prospects of keeping the same job position for at least two years. Second, to exclude employees who are still in their familiarization period, participants should be active in their current job position for at least three months at the start of the base-line measures. Third, participants should work a certain amount of hours (e.g., 20 hours) within the course of the data collection, so a balanced amount of data from both working and non-working days can be collected. Therefore, the heads of all participating units will be asked to recruit employees that meet the criteria. Every unit will provide a certain number of participants in proportion to the unit size, together making a group of 80 participants.
At the base-line measure, every participant will receive a unique link to the web-based survey. An electronic survey tool will randomly assign an identification number to each unique link and a daily diary survey tool will assign identification numbers to each unique device. The device numbers will be linked to the participants in a separate data file. The identification numbers of both studies will be retained and used for the follow-up measures. They are only available for the researchers and will only be used for analysis purposes. Monetary incentives will be offered to participants completing the web-based survey, as well as to participants completing the daily diary study.
The participants of the daily diary study will receive an iPod Touch® for ten consecutive days. They are asked to fill out a brief version of the internet survey on the device on two to three moments a day, on both working and non-working days. It will be investigated how people recover during and after a working day, how this influences sleep duration, sleep quality, and general health, how it influences the use of particular resources and recovery opportunities, and how emotions relate to recovery. Because three daily survey studies will be conducted (one before and two after the interventions), we are also able to investigate the influence of the interventions on a daily level, given the measured constructs.
The measures that are used in both the baseline web-based survey and the daily diary survey are described below. With minor adjustments, the items of the web-based survey are made suitable for daily diary research (e.g., from "I need to display high levels of concentration and precision at work" to "Today I needed to display high levels of concentration and precision at work"). All adjusted items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1
The results of the interventions will be determined with the same measures. Beside the survey measures, the effectiveness of the interventions will be evaluated with more objective indicators provided by the hospital (such as company-registered workplace absenteeism, turnover rates, error and near misses indicators, and financial performance), provided that involved parties formally allow the use of this information. To control for differences between the experimental and the comparison group as well as for possible confounders, several socio-demographic variables and variables regarding location and unit will be recorded, too. Whenever possible, supervisor- and/or peer-reports will be used to check for either self-report bias in several variables or convergent evidence between different kinds of assessments (e.g., for creativity, sickness absence, or performance ratings).
Predictor measures
Health measures
Variables in this study that will be included to measure employee health are concentration problems, emotional exhaustion, depression, physical complaints, sleep quality, and sickness absenteeism.
Well-being measures
Variables in this study that will be included to measure employee well-being are job satisfaction, work motivation, and emotions.
Performance measures
To measure employee performance, the variables job performance, active learning, employee creativity, and counterproductive work performance will be included.
Control measures
Next to socio-demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, marital status, number of children living at home, education, job position, type of work shifts, contractual working hours, actual working hours), several personal characteristic measures (i.e., overcommitment, general self-efficacy, self-oriented perfectionism) will be included to control for individual differences. Past studies have shown that each of these personal characteristics could have an influence on health, well-being, and performance-related outcomes
A participatory action approach for diagnosis, development, implementation, and evaluation of workplace interventions will be used, the so-called
In the first step of the
Figure 2
Example of a DISC risk unit-profile
Example of a DISC risk unit-profile.
In the second step of the
In the third step of the
Intervention evaluation
We will evaluate the short- and long-term effects of the workplace interventions with the first and second follow-up surveys, respectively. After the first follow-up survey, we will investigate if the interventions have led to higher motivation, improved performance and better health. After the second follow-up survey it can be determined if the expected positive effects of the interventions were also noticeable one year later. The results of the follow-up surveys will be displayed in the DISC risk profile for each unit, next to the base-line scores. As such, the change over time within specific job demands, job resources, and recovery opportunities will be made visible for all parties involved.
With an econometric cost-effectiveness analysis
Since the study takes place in a dynamic environment, a wide area of external factors could influence the results. A process evaluation will be carried out to gain insight into factors that either stimulated or hindered successful implementation, as well as the effectiveness of the interventions
Statistical analysis
Hierarchical regression analysis (SPSS) and structural equation modeling (LISREL or AMOS) will be applied to test cross-sectional baseline relations between specific types of job demands, job resources, recovery, and job-related outcomes. In order to analyze causal associations within the three different waves of all digital surveys, structural equation modeling will be used, as this technique is more useful to rule out alternative assumptions. Multilevel regression analysis (MLwiN) will be used to investigate the relation between job demands, job resources, recovery, and health/performance outcomes, based on data from the three daily surveys (level 1: three waves; level 2: day-level predictor and control variables; level 3: person-level control variables). To evaluate the results of the interventions after the follow-up measures, multilevel repeated measures analysis will be performed using MLwiN. This technique has several advantages compared to repeated measures MANOVA, such as the inclusion of cases with incomplete data and less restrictive missing data assumptions. Finally, to study change in organizational interventions, knowledge about the type of change underlying the instruments used is needed. Next to assessing baseline factorial validity and reliability, the factorial stability over time (known as alpha-beta-gamma change) of the key measures will be examined
Sample size calculation
Sample size calculation is based on emotional exhaustion, measured by the Dutch version
Ethical considerations
The Medical Ethics Committee Region Arnhem-Nijmegen of the UMC St. Radboud has exempted the current study from ethical approval: the committee confirmed that the current study is carried out in the Netherlands in accordance with the applicable rules concerning the review of research ethics committees and informed consent (reference number: 2012/546). In addition, both higher and lower management of the hospital have given their consent after ample presentation of the research plan. Finally, potential participants have been informed about the research plan, the nature of the study and voluntary participation, by means of an introduction letter and information gatherings at every participating unit. Participants in the daily diary studies will be asked to sign an informed consent. Throughout the whole research project, it will be stressed that employees participate on a voluntary basis, that confidentiality is guaranteed, and that they can withdraw from the study at any moment.
Health care workers in today's general hospitals have to deal with high levels of job demands, which could have negative effects on their health, well-being, and job performance. Prior research has indicated that job resources and recovery opportunities can counteract these negative effects and improve positive work-related outcomes (e.g., creativity and active learning behavior), specifically if they match with the type of job demands (i.e., cognitive, emotional, or physical). So far, the translation from theory into practice has not yet been fully made: it is still unclear how the balance between job demands, job resources, and recovery opportunities can be optimized by means of workplace interventions. The current research will contribute to filling this gap between theory and practice. The aim of the DISCovery project is to develop and implement tailored work-oriented interventions, to improve a healthy working life and job performance in health care.
Strengths and limitations of the DISCovery project
Because a systematic and theory-driven analysis of work-related risk factors is often lacking in stress intervention research
Besides strengths, a few limitations can be identified. One limitation of the study is that the design is not truly experimental. For practical and ethical reasons it is impossible to randomly assign participants to the intervention and comparison groups. The participating units in this project are existing organizational units and, in line with the participative nature of the research, the hospital management will have an important vote in the distribution of the units into intervention and comparison groups. However, various units from each of the four departments will be eligible as comparison groups. This provides the opportunity to compare different units, and to make an adequate selection of a comparison group for each intervention unit, based on similarities in work content and target population (e.g., job position, sex, age, educational level). Another limitation is that a wide area of external factors could influence the results (e.g., reorganization, company and/or departmental policy changes), since the study takes place in a dynamic environment. Yet, a process evaluation will give insights into the kind and the extent of external influences.
In spite of these limitations, the DISCovery project offers a carefully considered triangulation of research methodologies to develop and implement tailored work-oriented interventions and to assess the effects on health, well-being, and performance-related outcomes. The project is currently in progress. The dissemination of results is planned for 2014.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
IMWN, JDJ, JMPG, and ILDH were involved in the design of the study. IMWN drafted the manuscript and performed the statistical analysis. JDJ, JMPG, and ILDH critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study is funded by The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) and is part of the research program 'Participation and Health'. We would like to thank Gerard W.J. Gerritsen (Manager of the Quality and Safety Department of Rijnstate), Lisette van den Berg (Manager Hospital Operations at Rijnstate), and Jeroen J.M. Veldboer (HR Director at Rijnstate) for their feedback and practitioners' insights.
Job characteristics in nursing and cognitive failure at work
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Risk factors for incident neck and shoulder pain in hospital nurses
Work environments and performance
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The DISC Model: Demand-Induced Strain Compensation mechanisms in job stress
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The DISC Model: Demand-Induced Strain Model: Renewed theoretical considerations and empirical evidence
The interplay of job demands, job resources and cognitive outcomes in informatics
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Psychological aspects of workload
"Take a break?" Off-job recovery, job demands and job resources as predictors of active learning, creativity, and health
Staying vigorous until work is over: The role of trait vigour, day-specific work experiences and recovery
Job stress and occupational health
Proactive safety management in health care: Towards a broader view of risk analysis, error recovery, and safety culture
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Overall job satisfaction: how good are single-item measures?
Over vermoeidheid [About fatigue]
Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study
Case-finding instruments for depression
A questionnaire to assess premonitory symptoms of myocardial infarction
Using the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors
Test of a model of work motivation in Bulgaria, Hungary and the Netherlands
Learning new behaviour patterns: a longitudinal test of Karasek's active learning hypothesis among Dutch teachers
When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: An interactional approach
Self-reported counterproductive behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors: Separate but related constructs
Reviewing the effort-reward imbalance model: drawing up the balance of 45 empirical studies
General self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries
The Assessment of Self-Oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism: Subscales Make a Difference
The measurement of effort–reward imbalance at work: European comparisons
Validation of a New General Self-Efficacy Scale
Perfectionism in the Self and Social Contexts: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Association with Psychopathology
DISCovery: Een interventiemethodiek op basis van digitale zelfanalyse [DISCovery: An intervention method based on digital self-analysis]
Participatory action research as work stress interventions
Organizational interventions: Facing the limits of the natural science paradigm
The impact of a participatory organizational intervention on job stress in community health institutions
Effects of the new fast forward rotating five-shift roster at a Dutch steel company
Job stress interventions and Organization of Work
Intervention effectiveness evaluation criteria: Promoting competitions and raising the bar
Factorial invariance and stability of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Scales: A longitudinal analysis of two samples with different time-lags
Assessing the non-random sampling effects of subject attrition in longitudinal research
Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation
Effects of occupational stress management intervention programs: A meta-analysis
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: