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University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ. (Received 2 December 1985; revised 9 June 1986)
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1 Clay Minerals (1987) 22, THE DISSOLUTION OF ASBESTOS FIBRES IN WATER JANET R. GRONOW University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ (Received 2 December 1985; revised 9 June 1986) A B S T R A C T : The interaction of chrysotile and crocidolite with water has been investigated in an attempt to identify the factors affecting the rate and the degree of dissolution of asbestos fibres within groundwater systems at landfill sites. Dissolution experiments were used to investigate rate laws and to obtain apparent activation energies for the dissolution of the two minerals. The activation energies related to transport-controlled processes, but as the overall dissolution occurred so slowly it was unlikely to be controlled by processes with such low activation energies. Congruent dissolution of both minerals tended to increase with temperature and time, suggesting that in the long-term environmental situation, congruent dissolution of these two asbestos minerals would occur. However these experiments show that, as the reaction was so slow, there is little likelihood of reduction of the asbestos pollution hazard by the complete dissolution of fibres on prolonged contact with natural waters. This investigation deals with the rate and degree of dissolution of asbestos fibres in water, and is related to the possible pollution of water supplies by asbestos waste deposited in landfill sites. Several authors (e.g. Harris & Grimshaw, 1971) have noted the high solubility of chrysotile, particularly in solutions of low ph. This suggests that there is a possibility that, on prolonged contact with water, asbestos fibres might disintegrate and be rendered harmless. For this reason, the aim of the investigation was to look at both the mechanism and the degree of dissolution of asbestos fibres in water and to relate the solubility of the fibres to the environmental situation. Most silicate minerals undergo incongruent dissolution at low temperatures. The rate of dissolution may be controlled by: (i) reaction of the unaltered mineral at the mineral-solution interface (Lagache, 1965); (ii) the diffusion rate of ions through a leached surface layer (Luce et al., 1972); the rate of diffusion of ions through a precipitated surface layer (Wollast, 1967; Helgeson, 1971). Minerals that are included in the general term asbestos fall into two groups. These are the serpentines, of which chrysotile (white asbestos) is the only fibrous form, and the amphibole group which includes crocidolite (blue asbestos), amosite (brown asbestos), tremolite, actinolite and anthophyllite. The slight misfit in the dimensions of the octahedral and tetrahedral sheets of chrysotile causes the mineral to roll carpet-like into fibres, with the brucite sheet on the outside; the average diameter of the chrysotile fibres is 300 A. The fibrous varieties of the amphiboles are not cylindrical but are formed with the fibre axis perpendicular to the crystallographic z-axis. Individual crocidolite fibre diameters are of the order of 200 A or less. Chrysotile may be represented by the structural formula Mg6Si4Oa 0(OH)s with some substitution of FC +, Fe 3 and Ca 2+ in octahedral sites. The formula Na2_3(Fe3+,A13+)2 (Fe2+, Mg2+)3SisO22(OH) The Mineralogical Society
2 22 Janet R. Gronow TABLE 1. Major element analysesofasbestossamples studied. Chrysotile Crocidolite SiO A FezO FeO l MgO CaO Na K20 0"01 0'06 H20-2'48 0"12 H20+ 13"81 2"80 Ti02 0'03 0"37 P2Os MnO CO F 0.03 Total less O = F 0.01 Total represents crocidolite, where K + may be substituted for Na + at the 'A' sites and Ca 2+ for Na + in octahedral sites and there may be some substitution of Fe, A13+ and Mg 2+ by Ti 4+ and Mn >. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Initial characterization of samples The sample of chrysotile used was from Thetford, Canada, and was provided by Cape Asbestos Fibres Ltd. The crocidolite sample was from Cape Province, South Africa, and was provided by Turner Asbestos Fibres. Major element analyses of the samples are given in Table 1. Cell dimensions ofa = 5.31 ~,, b = 9.24 A, c = A and fl = ~ for chrysotile and a = 9.65/~, b = A, c = 9"65 and fl = ~ for crocidolite were found from X-ray powder photographs taken with a Gandolfi camera using Cu-Kct radiation. These agree closely with published data and were obtained using the computer program Cellpar (Prewitt, 1974) which provides a least-squares refinement of assumed cell parameters based on X-ray powder data. Sample pretreatment Samples of the two minerals were hand-picked, milled for 5-15 min and then sieved. The sieved products ( /~m) were washed several times with Aristar grade acetone. Under the transmission electron microscope, they consisted of well-opened bundles of fibres, 110 pm long.
3 Dissolution of asbestos fibres in water 23 There is no doubt that the pre-treatment of a solid sample has a large bearing on subsequent reaction kinetics and can produce changes in reaction rates of more than one order of magnitude (Boldyrev et al., 1979). Ball milling, apart from opening up the bundles of asbestos fibres and so increasing the surface area, may cause structural changes (Uehara, 1975) and it almost certainly increases the frequency of lattice defects at the surface of the sample. The changes in particle size and concomitant changes in surface area may affect the reaction in different ways. (1) A change in available surface area may modify the relative influence of nucleation and interfacial reaction. (2) Surface stresses and surface energy may be changed. This is likely to alter surface reactivity. An increase in the number of defects at the surface is likely to increase the number of potential reaction sites. (3) A variation in surface area may affect diffusion, which may change the rate of reaction if transport mechanisms have any part to play in the rate-controlling process. The preparation of mineral surfaces has been the subject of much controversy. There has been a suggestion that the fresh mineral surface produced by etching with an HF/HzSO4 solution may be fluorinated by this technique under certain circumstances (Perry et al., 1983; Berner et al., 1985). Ultrasonics were found to be unsatisfactory in this case because the resulting suspensions of the asbestos fibres contained flocs from which it was impossible to separate the fines. However, it is possible to assess the lattice damage produced in chrysotile on milling, by monitoring the intensity of various peaks in the IR spectrum of the mineral, as certain peaks have been shown to be sensitive to the effects of grinding (Harris, 1971). The spectrum obtained from the #m fraction showed that there was no significant disruption of the silicate lattice during sample preparation. The specific surface area of chrysotile prepared as described above was found to be 45.2 m 2 g-1 ; for crocidolite, the measured surface area was 24.7 m 2 g-1. DISSOLUTION EXPERIMENTS Water used for the dissolutions had a resistivity of at least 18 megohm-cm and was found to have no element present above the ten parts per billion level. Reaction was carried out in one litre Nalgene Teflon FEP bottles under CO2-free nitrogen. Through ports in each lid, three Tygon tubes were passed; a fourth port was used for ph measurement and was closed when not in use. One tube was for sampling and the other two were for nitrogen inlet and outlet. Two reaction jars containing 1 1 of water plus a Teflon-coated magnetic follower were placed in a plastic water-bath mounted on two magnetic stirrers. The temperature of the water-bath was kept constant, the solutions were stirred continuously and the ph was monitored using a glass-calomel combination electrode. The rate of mineral dissolution depends on ph (Luce et al., 1972), and it was necessary to use buffer solutions as the ph of the contact suspensions changed continuously as the hydrolysis of the mineral progressed. Buffers were used with reluctance because of concern about the participation of components of the buffer in the rate-limiting step. Buffers with negligible metal-buffer binding capacities were used (Good et al., 1966) M NN-bis(2- hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane sulphonic acid (BES) was used for solutions at ph 7, 0.05 M Tris (hydroxmethyl) aminomethane (TRIS) was used for ph 9, and 0.05 M Tris (hydroxmethyl) aminomethane citrate (monobasic TRIS citrate) was used for ph 4.
4 24 Janet R. Gronow 500 mg of fibres were added to the reaction vessel and 10 ml aliquots of the suspension removed after 15 min and at set time intervals thereafter. Each aliquot was immediately filtered through a 0.1 #m Millipore filter and acidified with Ultra-grade HC104 before analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy for Mg and Si and, for crocidolite, also for Fe. The filters were dried and kept for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In the absence of COz, the amount of ferrous iron in solution is controlled by the solubility of Fe(OH)2, which is ~ 104 at ph 7, so dissolutions were carried out under CO2-free nitrogen. In the ph range 6-8, the amount of ferric iron in solution is limited by the low solubility of Fe(OH)3 (4 x x 10-6 ppm Fe) (Mason, 1966) but the influence of other dissolved constituents, or the formation of complex ions, can cause considerable deviation from theoretical solubilities. The possibility of hydrous ferric oxide formation during the crocidolite dissolution experiments was relevant for four reasons. (1) It is possible that reactions involving iron could have played a part in the rate-controlling process of dissolution (Siever & Woodford, 1979). (2) As some colloidal iron could have been removed during filtration, it was decided not to use iron to monitor the reaction. (3) It is known that colloidal iron adsorbs such ions as Si. For this reason a dialysis bag, as used by Wildman et al. (1968), was suspended in the crocidolite reaction solutions. The solution inside this was analysed without filtration at the end of each experiment. Generally there was no significant trend in the differences between the Mg and Si concentrations in the final filtered solution and in the dialysis bag, indicating little adsorption of Mg or Si onto any colloids formed after dissolution from the mineral surface. (4) Iron colloids could have interfered with XPS of the residue on the filters. OBSERVATIONS Both chrysotile and crocidolite were found to dissolve incongruently and, in all cases, by 1024 h some sort of equilibrium was approached. Table 2 shows the theoretical number of TABLE 2. Calculated proportion of one surface layer removed after dissolution Theoretical Actual p.p.m, in solution Calculated proportion of one layer p.p.m./1 layer Temp Mg Si Mg Si Mg Si Mg Si ph (~ Mg Si after 170 h after 1024 h after 170 h after 1024 h Chrysotile Crocidolite
5 Dissolution of asbestos fibres in water 25 surface layers removed after each experiment, which gives an indication of the degree of dissolution which had occurred, but it is not assumed that reaction actually took place uniformly over the surface of the mineral fibres. TEM of fibres which had undergone 1024 h dissolution produced no evidence of changes at the surface of the minerals and there was no reduction in the intensity of diffraction patterns from bundles of parallel fibres. Both observations are to be expected if reaction did in fact occur at the limited rate indicated by Table 2. The resolution of the scanning electron microscope available was insufficient to obtain an indication of the nature of the surface reaction. SEM and X-ray microanalysis of chrysotile on which the lichen Lecanora atra had been growing and actively secreting oxalic acid (Wilson et al., 1981) has shown evidence of an X-ray amorphous silica gel layer up to 100 pm thick on the surface of fibre bundles. But work by Holdren & Berner (1979) and Berner et al. (1980) on feldspars, amphiboles and pyroxenes, and by Fung & Sanipelli (1982) on microcline, resulted in scanning electron micrographs of mineral surfaces with etched patterns, which suggested that the chemical reaction at the interface, and not diffusion, was the rate-limiting process. The Mg: Si ratios obtained from XPS of the filters from chrysotile and crocidolite dissolutions at ph 4 are given in Table 3, together with the Fe:Si ratio for crocidolite. Analysis depths were ~22 A for Mgls, 56 A for Si2p and 42 A for Fe. According to Luce et al. (1972), cases where transport is limited by diffusion of the reacting species through a leached mineral surface layer lead to so-called parabolic kinetics, where the quantity of species per unit area of mineral surface found in solution is proportional to the square root of the time in solution. The chrysotile analysis in Table 3 indicates the presence of an Mg-depleted layer, which suggests that dissolution at ph 4 may be diffusion controlled. Fig. 1 demonstrates that this was the only chrysotile dissolution to show parabolic kinetics, but then, as can be seen from Table 2, it was the only chrysotile dissolution in which more than one theoretical surface layer was removed and therefore was the only dissolution in which a leached layer could have been achieved. The fibres from the low-ph chrysotile dissolution were investigated in more detail by XPS to see if there was any shift in the position of silicon peaks which might indicate a difference in the structure of the silicate framework in the leached layer, but none was obvious. TABLB 3. XPS of fibres from low-ph dissolutions Contact solution (mole dm -3 x 10-4) Time (h) Mg : Si Fe : Si Mg Si Chrysotile Crocidolite ' ' " '50 0" '
6 26 Janet R. Gronow G" I o 25 x r 20 phi, ~15 10 _- ~/ 6oCJ ~ { hour) 1/2 ph7 25% ph9 FIG. 1. Chrysotile dissolution: Mg concentration in contact solution to indicate 'parabolic kinetics'. However, this is reasonable as the mineral has a layer structure and incongruent dissolution may not lead to a significant change in the structure of the tetrahedral silicate sheet. If the pattern of incongruent dissolution suggested by the concentrations of Mg and Si in the crocidolite contact solution (Table 3) was followed, a leached layer approximately one unit-cell thick over the mineral surface after 50 h would be expected, producing an Mg: Si ratio of However no such layer was evident from the XPS analysis. This suggests that reaction occurred at discrete sites rather than in a uniform layer. The Fe: Si ratios produced by XPS of leached crocidolite were no higher than expected from the atomic ratios of the unleached mineral and do not indicate an Fe-rich layer on the surface of the crocidolite fibres. In fact the analysis showed no surface layer on any sort, neither leached nor precipitated, indicating that the rate-limiting step of the dissolution process at 50 h could not be diffusion through a surface layer. DISCUSSION The dissolution of a solid may be divided into the following processes (Bircumshaw & Riddiford, 1952): (i) diffusion ofthe reacting species towards the surface; (ii) adsorption onto the surface; (iii) reaction at the surface; (iv) desorption of products; (v) diffusion of products away from the surface. Processes (i) and (v) are transport phenomena, (ii), (iii) and (v) are
7 - C]a[n+] Dissolution of asbestos fibres in water 27 surface reactions. Generally (ii) and (v) are too fast to be rate-determining processes, so the rate-limiting step is most~ikely to be either (i), (iii) or (v). Heterogeneous reactions may be divided into three types: (1) Transport-controlled processes, where the rate of chemical reaction at the reaction interface is very much faster than the rate of transport of the reactant to, or the product from, the surface. (2) Chemically controlled processes, where the rate of the chemical reaction is much slower than either of the transport processes. (3) Intermediate situations, where both processes have similar rates. The general equation describing the type (3) reaction above, involving the dissolution from a surface of area S into a fluid of volume V, is: Vdc J = -S d-t = kt(c' - C) = kc(c ~ - C') n (1) where J is the mass flux of a species C into the bulk solution (mole m -2 h-l), C' is the surface concentration, C is the bulk fluid concentration and k t is the mass transport coefficient for species C. C~ is the equilibrium concentration at the surface and kc is the reaction rate constant, the dimensions of which depend on the value of n. Reaction types (1) and (2) are limiting cases of this: in type (1) reactions the chemical reaction rate is much faster than the transport rate and, because J remains finite, (C' s - C') must be small, i.e. C's --- C'. So equation (1) becomes: Vdc J- - kt(c~ - C) (2) Sdt Similarly, in type 2 reactions, (C' - C) will be small, i.e. C' - C and equation (1) becomes: Vdc J- S dt - k~(c; - Cy (3) This implies that a reaction order other than unity indicates that the dissolution is controlled by the chemical reaction at the surface, but this is not necessarily so in a multi-component system. CHRYSOTILE DISSOLUTION The rate of a dissolution may be measured as a change in concentration of a species as a function of time. The rate law for dissolution may be given by: J = k[c e - b (4) where k is the reaction rate parameter, C is the concentration of the measured species in the bulk solution, Ce is the steady-state Concentration to which the solution tends, and a and b are the reaction orders with respect to species C and hydrogen ion concentrations respectively. Taking logs of equation (4) and keeping ph constant gives: log J = log k' + a log [Ce - C] (5) where k' = k[h b. A plot of log J vs log [Ce - C] has a slope of a, the reaction order with respect to C. For Mg, values of J were obtained from the slope of the plot of Mg concentration vs time at constant ph (Fig. 2).
8 28 Janet R. Gronow 44.6~ magnesium ~"25' "U E20 i sample surface area 22.5m t 15 silicon 10. Z,L.6~ ~ 6.0~ C 0 20 z.o (h) FIG. 2. Chrysotile dissolution at ph 7: Mg and Si concentrations in contact solution. It is difficult to determine the point at which a mineral reaction nears equilibrium, since small changes in concentration over long periods of time are difficult to detect. Plummer & Mackenzie (1974) described a method of estimating mineral solubility from the rate at which equilibrium is approached during dissolution. They found that, provided the surface reactions did not change with time and that the time to half saturation was greater than 10 h, extrapolation to infinite time of a plot of species concentration vs (time) --~ produced a good estimate of the species equilibrium concentration. It was not possible to use this method to estimate the Mg equilibrium concentration for chrysotile dissolution, as the time to half saturation was < 10 h. However, it can be seen from Table 2 that in all chrysotile dissolutions at ph 7 less than one theoretical surface layer was removed and, as is indicated later, the activation energy for Si dissolution appears to be greater than that for the dissolution of Mg. This may justify taking the amount of Mg in one surface layer as the Mg equilibrium value to which the solution tends, assuming that the slower release of Si from the tetrahedral sheet limits further Mg dissolution in sheets beneath this. Applying this method, values of log J vs log [Mge - Mg] were obtained and plotted in Fig. 3, to give a reaction order of 4.1 _+ 1.0 with respect to Mg. The linear least-squares analysis used by Latham & Burgess (1977) was employed in all these calculations to find the best straight-line fit for the data obtained. The method of Plummer & Mackenzie (1974) was used to estimate the Si equilibrium concentration in the chrysotile solutions, as time to half saturation exceeded 10 h; this gave a reaction order of 3.5 _+ 0.9 with respect to Si (Fig. 3).
9 Dissolution of asbestos.fibres in water 29 magnesium silicon reaction order 3,8/ / 7 / reoction order 3.3 i 5 reaction order Iog[C e - C] FIG. 3. Chrysotile dissolution at ph 7: reaction orders with respect to Mg and Si. The effect of ph on chrysotile dissolution can be seen in Fig. 4. Measurement of log J at different ph values provides a value for b, the reaction order with respect to ph. This was obtained by least-squares analysis of values of log Jat 25~ at different times for both Mg and Si. For Mg, the rate of the reaction was found to be approximately proportional to [H 1/3 and 95 ph & H 40 Si f o 80 X "( / sample surface area 22.5m 2 / 351 /..... _... ph72mg 20 /'" ph90 Mg ph. 7.2 Si "~--'-~-- ph /,0 hours FIG. 4. Chrysotile dissolution at 25~ concentration of Mg and Si in contact solution.
10 30 Janet R. Gronow the dissolution with respect to Si approximately proportional to [H+] 2/3. There was a trend in the value of reaction order with time ( for Mg and for Si) which indicates that log J should strictly have been measured at constant distance from equilibrium, but this was not possible with the data available. That none of the reaction order values obtained were unity suggests, but in no way proves, that the dissolution was surface-reaction-rate-, rather than transport-controlled. Taking logs of the Arrhenius equation gives log k' = log A - EA/2.303RT (6) where k' is the reaction rate constant given in equation (5) and EA is the apparent activation energy for the reaction. The reaction rate was measured when Mg concentrations were at a constant distance from equilibrium, and values of log J vs 1/T(K) were used to obtain an apparent activation energy for the dissolution of Mg of ~ 27 kj mole -1. Analysis of the initial reaction rate gave the much lower value of 9 kj mole -1. These values lie on either side of the 22.9 kj mole -1 obtained by Choi & Smith (1971), which they consider to be indicative of diffusion-controlled processes, since diffusion of ions through liquids have activation energies of the order of 20 kj mole -1. Analysis of the initial reaction rate gave a value of 32 kj mole- ~ for the apparent activation energy of Si removal. Judging by the interval estimates calculated with 90~ probability for the slopes of the linear least-squares analyses, the error on these values could have been as much as 50~. Since the dissolution of the first layer of Mg is not dependent on the removal of Si, it is feasible to obtain different activation energies for Mg and Si dissolution initially. However, after the removal of the freely available Mg on the surface, any other Mg reaction may be limited by one of two factors; the exposure of fresh Mg, which will depend on the mechanism with the higher activation energy which limits Si dissolution, or by diffusion of Mg ions through the silicate layer. The apparent activation energies obtained relate only to reactions at ph 7. The XPS results suggest that, at a lower ph, Mg dissolution may be controlled by diffusion through a leached layer, and the activation energy for this process is likely to be considerably higher (of the order of 100 kj mole- i). The dissolution of Si at low ph was initially slower than that of Mg, which suggests that Si dissolution may be limited by the surface reaction of the tetrahedral silicate sheet during this stage. However the overall reaction rate at ph 4 was markedly higher than at ph 7, which suggests that the activation energy at ph 4 might be lower than at ph 7, unless the pre-exponential factor A in equation (6) was solely responsible for the difference. So it is possible that the overall reaction at ph 7 is controlled by a process with a considerably higher activation energy than the values obtained here. CROCIDOLITE DISSOLUTION Values of the reaction rate for crocidolite dissolution with respect to both Mg and Si were found from Fig. 5. A value of was obtained for the reaction order with respect to Mg. The method of Plummer & Mackenzie (1974) was used to estimate both the Mg and Si equilibrium values and gave a reaction order of with respect to Si (Fig. 6). The dissolution profiles of crocidolite with respect to Mg at 25~ and different ph values can be seen in Fig. 7. The reaction order with respect to ph was found to be The trend in reaction order with time ( ) again indicates that the reaction rate should strictly have been measured at constant distance from equilibrium.
11 Dissolution of asbestos fibres in water 31 t I / ' Z./-,.6~ Si J 6 7' X o? 66i -6 ~5~ I I t Z.Z,.6~ Mg / ~ _-~ ~ Si 251~ Mg / 6.0~ Mg ~ Si hours FIG. 5. Crocidolite dissolution at ph 7 : concentration of Mg and Si in contact solution. Sample surface area 12.5 m E. ro=1.8 ro=20 ~8 0 I ro = 212 /,Z,.6 ~ C Si ro = ~ Si /*Z,.6~ Mg 6.0% Mg 38 /,.0 L,.2 /,/, Iog[C e- C] FIG. 6. Crocidolite dissolution at ph 7: reaction order (ro) with respect to Mg and Si. Fig. 7 shows that the response of Si dissolution rate to ph is non-linear, suggesting that there may be a different dissolution mechanism at different values of ph. This non-linear dependence on ph was also noted by Schott et al. (1981) when investigating the dissolution of Si from enstatite and diopside. An apparent activation energy for the removal of Mg from crocidolite of 28 kj mole-~ was obtained from values of log J at ph 7 at different temperatures and at equal distances from
12 32 Janet R. Gronow ph 4.0 Si 8 ~-7 I O x6 O') 'E ph 8.9 Si.- -".- -" ph l,,o Mg " " p H_7,2 Mg 1,r "/t /z r/ / ' ph 8,9 Mg f 0 20 L hours FIG. 7. Crocidolite dissolution at 25~ : concentration of Mg and Si in contact solution. Sample surface area 12.5 m 2. equilibrium. A value of 17 kj mole -1 was obtained from the initial reaction rates. These values are low enough to indicate that the removal of Mg from the mineral is transport controlled. This suggests that the loss of the other metal ions in the 'I beam sandwich' may also be transport-controlled, provided that the oxidation of Fe(II) from the MI site does not play a part in the dissolution mechanism and that the differences in the Madelung site energies are not significant. For Si, values of log J for two different temperatures at the same distance from equilibrium gave an apparent activation energy of 27 kj mole -1. Analysis of the initial reaction rates of Si dissolution at different temperatures produced an apparent activation energy of 32 kj mole- 1. These values refer to dissolution at ph 7 only and were of the same order of magnitude as those obtained by Choi et al. (1974), but were only approximately one half of those obtained by Schott et al. (1981) for the dissolution of non-fibrous iron-free amphiboles. CONCLUSIONS There is little doubt that the activation energies obtained here relate to transport-controlled processes. However, it is suggested that the overall reaction proceeds too slowly to be controlled by processes with such low activation energies, when one considers that at neutral and high ph less than the equivalent of one surface layer had been removed after one and a half months reaction time.
13 Dissolution of asbestos fibres in water 33 On comparing these results with both the methods and results of other workers (e.g. Choi et al., 1974; Grandstaff, 1977; Schott et al., 1981 ; Chou & Wollast, 1984) it appears that it is the pre-treatment of the minerals which is the critical factor. As the calculations in these experiments were the result of the first sixty hours reaction, it may be the dissolution of ultrafine particles produced by comminution which was measured. This is probably also the reason for the discrepancies in this work in the apparent activation energies of Mg dissolution calculated using the initial reaction rates and at equal distance from equilibrium. It has also been suggested (Chou & Wollast, 1984) that the presence of fine-grained material and highly strained areas is the reason for the observed 'parabolic dissolution kinetics' proposed by Luce et al. (1972). Heterogeneous reactions involve the formation of a reaction border, resulting from an inefficiency in transport processes, or from chemical reactivity. The latter may involve two processes, that of nucleation and the reaction at the interface, and all three factors are affected by surface conditions. The course of a reaction depends on the way in which potential reaction sites are distributed. Nucleation is only possible when some sort of surface reaction has proceeded to a sufficient extent, for enough nucleus-forming species to be released. The rate of nucleation varies differently with respect to the rate of the interfacial process and may not always be rate-limiting. Although the actual surface area may affect the degree to which transport processes control the overall process, the results suggest that the surface of the minerals is in a condition in which the surface energy of sufficient potential sites is high enough that the chemical reaction is no longer the rate-limiting process, but that as the number or energy of available new sites decreases so the progress of the chemical reaction may become rate-limiting. XPS results indicate that the dissolution of chrysotile may occur through an Mg-depleted surface layer, but no such layer formed on the crocidolite surface. However, for both chrysotile and crocidolite there is a tendency towards congruent dissolution with increasing temperature and increasing time. This suggests that, in the long term, there will be a slow congruent dissolution of both types of asbestos in water. The dissolution of crocidolite may be slowed further, under suitable conditions, by the precipitation of ferric oxides on the surface. Seiver & Woodford (1979) found that oxidation of Fe in mafic minerals did not occur within the existing structure and therefore did not contribute to the dissolution process during oxidation, but could reduce it by the formation of an unreactive coating. Chrysotile dissolution is more rapid at low ph than at high ph but also closer to congruency, presumably since the initially faster removal of Mg ions exposes a large area of the tetrahedral silicate sheet to hydrolytic attack, so it is unlikely that a silica relic, devoid of metal cations, would remain in suspension. Even if this was the case, research indicates that it is the shape of the fibre and not its chemical composition which is responsible for the carcinogenic properties of asbestos, so the hazard would not be reduced by the loss of Mg from the structure. In the environmental context the system is likely to be an open one, so approaching equilibrium may not always be a factor in the dissolution rate. All asbestos deposited in landfills is likely to have undergone a manufacturing process. However, the pretreatment of the mineral is unlikely to have much effect on the long-term dissolution rate; the conditions in which the fibres are retained will be of most importance. For example, ph will effect chrysotile dissolution most dramatically and Eh is likely to have more control over the dissolution of Fe-rich crocidolite. The present work shows that only in extreme conditions of low ph will there be any chance of the complete disintegration of the minerals within a groundwater system.
14 34 Janet R. Gronow ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out under the direction of the Thames Water Authority as part of a Natural Environment Research Council CASE Studentship. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr C. V. Jeans for his support and advice during that time and Dr A. A. Hodgson for his helpful review of the paper. REFERENCES BERNER R.A., HOLDREN G.R. & SCHOTT J. (1985) Surface layers on dissolving silicates. Geochim. Cosmochim,. Acta 43, BERYER R.A., SJOBERG E.L., VELBEL M.A. & KROM M.D. (1980) Dissolution of pyroxenes and amphiboles during weathering. Science 207, BIRCUMSnAW L.L. & RIDDIFORD A.C. (1952) Transport control in heterogeneous reactions. Quarterly Review Chem. Sac. London 6, BOLDYREV V.V., BULLENS M. & DELMON B. (1979) Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 2 Elsevier, Amsterdam, 226 pp. Cnoi I., MALGnAN S.G. & SMITH R.W. (1974) The dissolution kinetics of fibrous amphibole minerals in water. Proc. Int. Symp. Water-rock Interaction, Czechoslovakia, Cnoi I. & SMITH R.W. (1971) Kinetic study of dissolution of asbestos fibres in water. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 40, CHOU L. & WOLLAST R. (1984) Study of the weathering of albite at room temperature and pressure with a fluidized bed reactor. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, FtJNG P.C. & SANIPELLI G.G. (1982) Surface studies of feldspar dissolution using surface replication combined with electron microscopic techniques. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, GOOD N.E., WINGET G.D., WINTER W., CONNOLLY T.N., IZAWA S. & SINGH R.M.M. (1966) Hydrogen ion buffers for biological research. Biochemistry 5, GRANDSTAFF D.E. (1977) Some kinetics of bronzite orthopyroxene dissolution. Geochim. Cosmochin. Acta 41, GRONOW J.R. (1983) The identification and reaction of asbestos waste m groundwater systems. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge. HARRIS A.M. (1971) The effects of grinding on the structural and thermal properties of chrysotile asbestos fibres. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on the Physics and Chemistry of Asbestos Minerals, Louvain, paper 2:2A. HARRIS A.M. & GRIMSrlAW R.W. (1971) The leaching of ground chrysotile. Proc. 2ndInt. Conf. on the Physics and Chemistry of Asbestos Minerals, Louvain, paper 3:2B. HELGESON H.C. (1971) Kinetics of mass transfer among silicates and aqueous solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 35, HOLDREN G.R. & BERNER R.A. (1979) Mechanics of feldspar weathering-i Experimental studies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43, LAGACHE M. (1965) Contribution gt 16tude de l'alt6ration des feldspath, dans l'eau entre 100 et 200~ sous diverses pressions de CO2 et application ~ la synth6se des mineraux argilleux. Bull.. Soc. Ft. Miner. Crist. 88, LATHAM J.L. & BURGESS A.E. (1977) Elementary Reaction Kinetics, 3rd edition. Butterworths, London. LUCE R.W., BARTLETT R.W. & PARKS G.A. (1972) Dissolution kinetics of magnesium silicates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 36, MASON B. (1966) Principles of Geochemistry, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester and London. PERRY D.L., TSAO L. & GAUGLER K.A. (1983) Surface study of HF- and HF/H2SO4 treated feldspar using Auger electron spectroscopy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47, PLUMMER L.N. & MACKENZIE F.T. (1974) Prediction of mineral solubility from rate data: application to the dissolution of magnesium calcites. Am. J. Sci. 274, PLUMMER L.N. & WIGLEY I.M.L. (1976) Dissolution of calcite in CO2 saturated solutions at 25~ and one atmosphere total pressure. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, PREWITT C.T. (1974) Cellpar, a cell refinement program. Dept. of Earth and Space Sciences, New York State University. SCHOTr J., BERNER R.A. & SJOBERG E.L. (1981) Mechanism of pyroxene and amphibole weathering. I. Experimental studies on iron free minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45,
15 Dissolution of asbestos fibres in water 35 SIEVER R. & WOODFORD N. (1979) Dissolution kinetics and the weathering of mafic minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43, UEHARA Y. (1975) Structural changes in iron oxides by ball milling in different media. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 48, WILDMAN W.E., JACKSON M.L. & WHITTIG L.D. (1968) Serpentinite rock dissolution as a function of carbon dioxide pressure in aqueous solution. Am. Miner. 53, WILSON M.J., JONES n. & MCHARDY W.J. (1981) The weathering of serpentinite by Lecanora atra. Lichenologist 13, WOLLAST R (1967) Kinetics of mass transfer among silicates and aqueous solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31,
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6″x8″ Pencil and watercolor
I've been wanting to do something with Disney princesses for a while and have had a very specific idea that I wanted to get out. Luckily, Charleen Juliet organized "Storybook Sundays" on Instagram which gave me the push to get to it.
A few years ago, Mikael and I saw an exhibit at the Cartoon Art Museum which featured Sleeping Beauty concept art. Turns out she was originally based on Audrey Hepburn in "Sabrina". They also considered making her brunette, but Walt decided to make her blonde to round out the princesses. Snow White is brunette, Cinderella is strawberry blonde/redhead, and Aurora is the blonde.
I have a suspicion they based Aurora's formal gown of Audrey's Roman Holiday dress (which was also the inspiration for Bell's gown in Beauty and the Beast).
But after Eyvind Earle created the amazing, highly stylized backgrounds, the characters were redesigned to match.
Instead of basing Aurora on Audrey (who I am an enormous fan of), I chose brigitte Bardot, who I feel matches the sculptured backgrounds better. I think it's her cheekbones 😀 She's holding a briar rose flower.
She was available in my Etsy shop, but someone purchased her through Instagram.
Next up- Rumpelstiltskin!
With the movie "Maleficent" due to be released May 30th, I got into a discussion about the different ways the "wicked" fairy has been portrayed in the fairy tale, Sleeping Beauty and it reminded me of this book floating around on my book shelf, "Behind the Scenes at the Ballet: Rehearsing and Performing The Sleeping Beauty.". It combines two of my favorite things, fairy tales and ballet. The ballet, with a score by Tchaikovsky, was based on Perrault's version of the story, "La Belle au Boise Dormant." But, instead of being completely faithful, it takes off in a rather brilliant direction and embraces its fairy tale-ness with an almost meta quality.
The wicked fairy, Carabosse
The benevolent and powerful Lilac fairy
On the Princess Aurora's 16th birthday there is a grand party.
She receives gifts from many people, including (while her parents are distracted) a bouquet of flowers. The old woman is the fairy Carabosse in disguise. Hidden in the bouquet is a spindle, which Princess Aurora pricks her finger on, fulfilling the curse. This is also one of the best explanations for how Aurora manages to prick her finger. The versons where her parents are away on a trip didn't make sense to me even as a child. Come on! They knew the curse was supposed to happen on her 16th birthday and they're not watching her like a hawk?
100 years later Prince Florimund is dancing with his fiance, the Countess at a hunting party. He does not love her and finds her cold. He wanders off into the forest.
The Lilac fairy appears and shows him a vision of the Princess Aurora.
The Prince and Princess dance and the Lilac fairy explains the curse.
Prince Florimund is guided to the castle by the Lilac fairy, finds Aurora, and kisses her, breaking the enchantment.
The wedding guests include many fairy tale charcaters
The White Cat dances with Puss in Boots
Princess Florine and the Bluebird
Red Riding Hood and the Wolf
And finally Aurora and Florimund dance their pas de deaux.
The book also has behind the scenes photos. There are people sewing the ballet costumes. Dancers practicing. Ballet stage makeup being applied. And at the end a couple of photos of famous dancers such as Robert Helpmann as Carabosse (who can be played by either a man or a woman)-
and Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nurevev
I love the costuming of the Birmingham Royal Ballet production of Sleeping Beauty. The costumes are incredibly detailed and baroque.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Description
The Shaman is named for the Native American medicine man, the tribe's "magician". The Shaman is the Garmont tribe's magician, with the incredible Freeride Fit evolved from the shrink-wrapped G1. The Shaman is available in a 120 flex index. For "side-country" mobility, the Shaman is available with a unique, bi-injected, rocker-ed ski mountaineering sole that walks comfortably and is compatible with the ISO Touring Norm for use with all step-in ski mountaineering bindings. For use with step-in alpine bindings, the Shaman is available with an ISO alpine sole, bi-injected for durability and easier walking.
Note: These boots were part of a demo fleet and may bear marks from use.
- Additional Information
Additional Information
Binding Compatibility Alpine, AT Ability Level Expert Thermo-Moldable Liner? Yes Flex Rating Very Stiff Last Width (mm) 98 Collection Discount Ski Gear Sale Boot Specs
Colours Tundra
Flex Index 120
Closure 4 Power FR Micro Buckles + Power Strap
Liner Zeta Pro H 110
Weight TN 2358 gr (size 8), AN 2328 gr (size 8)
Fit Freeride
- Reviews
You may also be interested in the following product(s)
Black Diamond - Prime Ski Boot
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|Material Type:
|Internet resource
|Document Type:
|Book, Internet Resource
|All Authors / Contributors:
Lawrence D Longley; Roger H Davidson
|0714648914 9780714648910 0714644420 9780714644424
|OCLC Number:
|255 pages ; 23 cm.
|Parliamentary committees: changing perspectives on changing institutions / Lawrence D. Longley and Roger H. Davidson --
Parliamentary committees in European democracies / Kaare Strom --
Norwegian parliamentary committees: performance, structural change and external relations / Hilmar Rommetvedt --
Changing parliamentary committees in changing East-Central Europe: parliamentary committees as central sites of policy making / Attila Agh --
Committees in the post-communist Polish Sejm: structure, activity and members / David M. Olson [and others] --
US congressional committees: changing legislative workshops / Colton C. Campbell and Roger H. Davidson --
Nascent Institutionalisation: committees in the British parliament / Philip Norton --
Political reform and the committee system in Israel: structural and functional adaptation / Reuven Y. Hazan --
Committees in the Russian State Duma: continuity and change in comparative perspective / Moshe Haspel --
The organisation and workings of committees in the Korean National Assembly / Chan Wook Park --
Parliamentary committees: a global perspective / Malcolm Shaw.
|Series Title:
|Library of legislative studies.
|edited by Lawrence D. Longley and Roger H. Davidson.
|More information:
This publication is devoted to developing an understanding of the new roles of parliamentary committees in the quest for effective parliamentary influence in and contribution to democratic government.
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- Legislative bodies -- Committees.
- Comparative government.
- Parlamento -- organização -- análise comparativa.
- Poder legislativo -- organização -- análise comparativa.
- Organização política.
- Governo comparado.
- Commissions parlementaires.
- Institutions politiques comparées.
- Parlementaire commissies.
- Wetgevende macht.
- Gesetzgebung.
- Internationaler Vergleich.
- Parlamentsausschuss.
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by waraynimed updated 2015-11-14


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This video was created from around 3600 individual photos shot in the spring, summer, and fall of 2012.
After several years and hundreds of sequences of traditional time lapse, I was looking for a way to challenge myself and grow. I started learning to capture in the motion time lapse (hyperlapse) technique, where I move the camera slightly –usually around 12 inches (~30 cm) — for hundreds of times (between every interval). This creates an artificial parallax, and it was exciting to explore this new way of thinking, seeing, moving, and capturing.
At first, I was doing hand-held captures and moving between each shot, but after a while I began using a tripod and moving that along a path, so that I could drag the shutter and get more of the motion blur effect that I like for my time lapse work.
Each motion time lapse capture session is a little like a performance, because so many things have to go perfectly or the whole sequence fails… Usually I had to set the intervalometer to about 10 or 12 seconds, and then hope I could move the tripod, level up the shot, get the center exactly replicated — before the intervalometer took the shot. Many times that didn't work out ! After a couple of months, I could get in a rhythm with this and had more success. This is a work in progress — but I really like the way it has given me a new way of working and of exploring space when making my time lapse pieces… I look at the world differently now.
Website: timeframesvideo.com
Facebook: facebook.com/timeframesvideo
Twitter: twitter.com/timeframesvideo
Cast: Edward Aites (edvard brun)


text:
Watch the Application Tutorial Video
1Download the RINGR application
2Turn on Do Not Disturb
Activating the DO NOT DISTURB feature on your phone will keep your RINGR conversation going even if someone tries to call you in the middle of it.
Be sure that your device is set to always silence calls and to allow calls from no one. Using the default settings will not protect against interruptions and could interfere with the RINGR call.
3At your scheduled call time
Tap the invite code emailed to you. (It's a five digit, alpha-numeric code in bright orange near the center of the email.) This will take you directly to your conversation within RINGR. You will not need to sign up for an account.
4Choose the desktop app or FREE mobile app
If you have the RINGR Mobile app installed on your device, it will automatically try and launch the app.
Accept the disclaimer by clicking "confirm".
5As soon as the host arrives
You will see a 3-2-1 countdown, and then the recording will begin.
6When the conversation is over
DO NOT CLOSE OR BACKGROUND THE APP until the upload has completed. Depending on the length of your call, this could take anywhere from 30 seconds to 5 minutes or longer.Compressing audio in the browser-based desktop application can take a while.Be patient. The results are worth it.7Once your upload is complete
You are free to close RINGR. The host will receive a notification when the audio is ready to download.Do not delete the mobile application until the host has confirmed everything has been transferred completely.
Have more questions?Check out our support page


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In this workshop, you and other local and district-based school leaders will learn concrete strategies for expanding access to AP programs and advanced course work to underrepresented students. You will explore methods for implementing and sustaining a school culture that creates the opportunity for all willing and academically prepared students to participate in AP.
Length: Half day
Learning Outcomes
After this workshop, you will be able to:
- Use national data to develop targeted strategies that engage staff and the larger school community in addressing obstacles to student learning
- Implement practices for guiding and supporting school personnel as you develop an equitable educational opportunity for all students
- Plan for fostering equity and access in your school or district
- Make equitable access a guiding principle in your AP programs
- Apply strategies for decreasing the achievement gap in your schools and districts


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East Earl Collection
This File Cabinet has three file drawers and one handy top drawer for storing pencils, note pads or other things you need to keep handy. So you actually get 4 drawers! This Amish file cabinet is handcrafted of solid wood and has sturdy finger dovetail drawers. All the joints on this Amish filing cabinet are miterd and held together by this unique dovetail system. Please call one of our Amish furniture specialist with questions or ordering assistance on our Amish filing cabinet.
Check out all of our Amish made filing cabinets.
© Copyrights 2003 - 2017 DutchCrafters All rights reserved.


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Welcome romance author, Noelle Vonham Paling.
Why do you write fiction?
I write fiction because it takes me out of my own world and allows me to explore my imagination to the fullest.
Please tell us about your book. What ideas or images inspired this novel?
This book is about a woman who has choices to make in her life. Is she ready for real life, or is she still stuck in the limbo of academia? Is she ready to embrace her curves? Can she see her own beauty? I was inspired by my own experiences. Dating in the swirl was a bit unusual among African American women when I began to participate. The women in my circle had so many questions! Hearing, "What's it like?" was really common. I tried to explain that they were just men, and not Klingons, but they looked at me with skepticism. It was really tough to convince them that it wasn't like dating a different species. The guys simply lacked melanin. They were still just as human (and just as exasperating) as any black guy I'd ever dated. When efforts to explain fell on deaf ears, I sought books that would show them that these relationships were like any other relationships. After failing to find a story that I could relate to, I decided to write it.
Do you have an ideal reader in mind when you write? If so, please describe that reader.
Not really. I love a challenge, and my favorite review, so far, is by a woman who did not believe that she would like my book because it's not to her taste. She said that it came highly recommended, and so she decided to give it a chance. She was pleasantly surprised by her ability to become immersed in the lives of my characters. To me, that's the ultimate compliment. My characters were so well developed that I converted a strict sci-fi reader into liking my romance novel.
Please describe your writing routine.
I usually wake up with a story on my mind, grab my computer and write until the voices stop! Lol. My muse has an amazing way of telling a story. One day, I really hope to do it justice.
What advice do you give new writers just starting out?
Don't be afraid to try. The best advice that I ever heard was paraphrased from Steve Jobs. He said that you should not be afraid to put an imperfect product on the market. The rigors of the market would help you to perfect it. I had been sitting on this story for over a decade, because I just didn't think it was good enough. After hearing this advice, I decided to release it to the world. Feedback from my customers has definitely helped me to reshape this novel. I've learned too many lessons to count that I will continue to apply throughout my writing career. However, if I had listened to that little voice that tells you that "It's not quite perfect," I would still be waiting to release this novel.
More about Amended Hearts:
Aaliyah Wyndham is a 27-year old attorney working in the field of entertainment law. She's had a crush on her next-door neighbor, C.E.O. Gabriel Cortez, for more than a year. Following a break-in, the two share a romantic interlude that seems quite promising until Aaliyah realizes that Gabriel doesn't realize who she is! Aaliyah decides that for his oversight, she wants to make Gabriel pay. And pant.
There's only one problem with this plan: Lucas D'Alessandro, her best friend since childhood. He's been Aaliyah's "big brother" for so long that she never notices when she begins to feel decidedly unlike his sister. Meanwhile, he's facing the same quandary – struggling to decide whether to pursue a more intimate connection with Aaliyah or to leave the field clear for someone else, namely Gabriel.
Shall Aaliyah rest her case with Gabriel, or shall she make a motion to amend her heart with Lucas?
How to connect with Noelle:
Website: http://noellevonhampaling.wordpress.com/
Email: email@example.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheAuthorNoelleVonhamPaling?ref=hl
Twitter: https://twitter.com/NoelleVonhamP34
Buy Link: http://www.amazon.com/Amended-Hearts-Multicultural-Romance-Chiming-ebook/dp/B00J1AO7UO/


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Kyle Orton's obviously out as Denver QB -- so why won't the Broncos admit it?
Even though the NFL season is in limbo right now, there's already a quarterback controversy in Denver, with most fans ready to say goodbye to Kyle Orton and hand the starting job to Tim Tebow on a full-time basis. Do John Elway, John Fox and the rest of the Broncos braintrust secretly agree but prefer to keep their lips zipped for now?
That's one way to read "Who are they kidding? It's time the Broncos ended the silly quarterback debate in Denver," by Mile High Sports' James Merilatt. He points out, initially without using names, that Tim Tebow was in town earlier this week, serving as the keynote speaker for a luncheon staged on behalf of the John Lynch Foundation -- and while there, he asked top draft pick Von Miller to work out with him before hitting the road. "He was the one challenging Von Miller, the highest draft choice in Denver history, to not let a moment pass by without pushing himself to be the very best," Merilatt notes.
And Orton? In Merilatt's words, "The other quarterback wasn't in the building."
Nor has he been in the public eye. While Tebow has helped organize conditioning sessions with teammates, Orton has been "conspicuously absent," Merilatt believes. "He's a no-show, not being heard from since he piled his offensive linemen into a private plane and jetted the gang off to Las Vegas at the end of last season, apparently celebrating the fact that he had a stat-heavy season during his 3-10 stint as the Broncos starting quarterback. He's not appearing at events around town. He's not organizing team activities during the lockout. He's not busting his tail to improve his game. And he's not getting teammates flocking to be by his side."
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In contrast, Tebow has exhibited "the type of leadership that is required to be successful playing the most demanding position in all of sports," Merilatt maintains. "He's the one putting in the work necessary to achieve greatness. He's the one who teammates are rallying behind."
So why aren't Broncos execs putting their trust in Tebow? It could all be a "smokescreen" to raise Orton's trade value, Merilatt notes --- or it might suggest sincere doubt that Tebow can become a first-rate NFL quarterback. But even if the latter is true, he thinks the Broncos will alienate fans if they start another season with Orton at the helm and Tebow on the bench. Which is why he argues that Tebow should be named the starter ASAP.
Good points all -- but I still don't see any reason to rush the process. At this point, we still don't know if the 2011-12 campaign will start on time, or at all. Meanwhile, Orton's trade value continues to rise, and it's likely to peak after the league's labor issues are resolved, not before. That's why the Broncos should learn a lesson from the way the Nuggets handled the Carmelo Anthony trade. Yes, it was incredibly irritating for fans to watch the drama escalate for month after month. But by waiting out the Knicks, the Nugs got a better deal than if they'd panicked, obtaining a slew of talented players who could help the squad for years to come.
So relax, Denver. It really doesn't matter who the Broncos' starting quarterback as long as owners and players remain at odds -- and probably for some time after they kiss and make up.
More from our Sports archive: "Tim Tebow draft pick good for Broncos and America, says Focus on the Family."
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text:
From Planet.World of Sl.com and Gala Phoenix Battle Royale
"Swim with me into your blackest eye" is the tag line in a popular song now about a really creepy guy who sounds like he ought to be behind several barred doors in a facility for the criminally insane. Like other creepy songs before it, I see the kids playing it on YouTube, and I protest. I don't care how "poetic" and "melodic"it is -- it's wrong. I object, they tell me I'm over-reacting, that I'm not cool, that it's nothing, but...I don't care. I will sound off. These songs, these elements of popular culture celebrate violence and condone violence against women in particular, and the Porcupine singer even thinks there's something "erotic" about a woman being beaten up and crying and having her make-up running. Ugh...
Ugh, just like the fashion bloggers in Second Life, who flog this kind of horrid battered and bruised female skin, even anticipating that it will be "very popular". Halloween, and all that.
I can only protest. It's wrong. Battering women -- or men -- or children -- isn't right. It's not cool. It's not "fashionable". Why would anyone think it is "beautiful"?!
I'm just frankly appalled that this stuff goes by week after week on World of SL and other sites and nobody complains. This time of year it reaches a particular peak. Nobody says, hey, that's ugly. That's wrong! And claiming that it "doesn't matter" because it is in a virtual world doesn't make it right.
Yet here's how "Gogo" gushes about this stuff:
"These new Gala Phoenix Battle Royale skins are so interesting I have to show you them in larger than normal sizes. There are 6 makeups total, with 2 versions each and a light and dark skin tone option. These skins also have a version called Battle Royale Defeated, which features the same makeups on a more banged up and bloody body. Scroll down to see all the makeups available & pics of the body :) I squealed a little when I tried on each one.. they get bloody!"
I'll say.
I can only urge women who find themselves caught up in a relationship where you are brutalized like this even if only psychologically enthralled online, to call for help. Just because it's virtual doesn't make it less serious, in my view. It's like the issue with child predators, rationalizing and justifying "ageplay" online "even with adults" is all part of desensitizing and moving the line to make what is criminal "acceptable". "Batterplay" is the same sort of thing -- I see more and more of it, and even outside of the confines of traditional BDSM which has notions of "consent" and "safe words" and such that is missing in casual battering.
Unfortunately, I don't see any groups inworld that address this in what would really be an effective manner. There's a Christian group that will help you pray to Jesus about this problem but I would think that would be a turn-off to most people. I'm all for praying to Jesus but well, Jesus is not always available (I'm thinking of my favourite Russian short story by Isaac Babel, "The Sin of Jesus").
Then there's a nonprofit that does this work, but their site in SL is just a sort of stand or website, not live with help.
Several times flying around SL, including lately in Zindra, I see places described as "sub refuges," where the "subs" of the BDSM" "lords and masters" can get a break from the slavery and violence. However, that is merely part of the system, perpetuating it.
No doubt these skins are allowed for sale in the new dispensation under "mature". But, my point isn't to assign where they go or who can see them or what they're for, my point is simply to make a moral protest, to push back.


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Tree branch used in man's beating
Baton Rouge police Saturday arrested a 41-year-old man accused of trying to rob a man in May 2014 after beating him with a tree branch.
Donald Freeman saw the victim riding his bicycle outside the Scotland Money Mart at 9425 Scenic Highway, according to an arrest warrant. He approached the victim, the warrant says, and yelled, "Where is my money?"
Freeman then beat the man in the head and ribs with a broomstick-sized tree branch and began digging though his pockets, the warrant says. The victim later went to the hospital and received eight stitches to close an inch-long cut above his right eyebrow, police said.
Freeman, 9525 Southern Ave., Baton Rouge, was booked Saturday into Parish Prison on counts of attempted armed robbery and aggravated second-degree battery.
Seven booked on suspicion of DWI in EBR
Authorities arrested at least seven people suspected of driving while intoxicated in East Baton Rouge Parish and booked them into Parish Prison between 2:30 p.m. Friday and 2:30 p.m. Saturday, booking records show.
Those booked and the counts against them:
Joseph Bartlam, 20, 777 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, first-offense DWI and reckless operation.
Howard Bilyeu, 68, 7754 Farm to Market Road 858, Ben Wheeler, Texas, first-offense DWI and failure to maintain control.
Mannix Lane, 43, 12624 Brogdon Lane, Baton Rouge, second-offense DWI, marijuana possession and reckless operation.
Kevin Owens, 28, 2221 Megan Road, Jackson, second-offense DWI, turn violation, disobey red light and reckless operation.
Adam Prince, 31, 1074 Kennon Drive, Baker, first-offense DWI, driver's license required, failure to maintain control and alcohol possession in vehicle.
Adam Simon, 23, 1215 Lakeview Drive, Baton Rouge, first-offense DWI, reckless operation, seat belt violation and other laws of the road.
Kyle Williams, 44, 3941 Brightside Drive, Baton Rouge, first-offense DWI and reckless operation.
Compiled from staff reports. To talk to a crime reporter at The Advocate, call (225) 388-0369.


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Scene Pictures
Broke Straight Boys trial membership just $1
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This is the season for giving, but it would be hard to blame Lorenzo Christmas for wanting to be on the receiving end as 2012 winds to a close. Asking for something like a lengthy winning streak should not be confused with greed. After all, his Bloomsburg Huskies fell to 2-7 following a 71-68 loss at California (PA) on Wednesday.
Christmas, who helped lead Norristown to a District One title in 2009, feels that the Huskies have no business languishing on the dark side of .500.
ôWe have the potential to be a great team and even make the national tournament,ö he said. ôWeĺre athletic, weĺre youthful and if we work on our cohesiveness we can get things going.ö
Christmas has had it going pretty good at Bloomsburg since transferring from Hampton University in the spring of 2010. He did not play for the Division-I Pirates as a freshman, but he has more than made his mark in two-plus seasons with the Division-II Huskies, who are part of the 16-team Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference.
Christmas enjoys the small-town atmosphere combined with the academic and athletic opportunities that the Columbia County-based university has to offer. On the court, the level of play has been better than he envisioned.
ôThe competition has been better than I expected because more and more Division-I players are (transferring to) Division-II,ö said the 6-foot-3 guard, who was averaging 13.0 points this season. ôIĺve been able to improve my play each year. I have become a better shooter and have been more active defensively.ö
As for the shooting part, Christmas has demonstrated a knack for draining timely three-pointers. During the 2010-11 season, his first with Bloomsburg, Christmas canned one from beyond the arc with 44 seconds left in the second half against East Stroudsburg. The basket knotted the score at 71-71, and while he missed a chance to win the game at the buzzer, his hoop forced overtime and completed a feverish comeback from what was a 22-point deficit with 11 minutes remaining in the second half. The Huskies went on to win, 81-80.
Another memorable trey was a game-winner against Indiana (PA) last season. The bucket came with seven seconds remaining and lifted the Huskies to a 66-64 verdict over the Crimson Hawks, who entered the contest ranked eighth in Division-II.
ôItĺs all about winning and those two games stick out,ö said Christmas.
Christmas hitting and launching three-pointers is common sight. The redshirt junior led the team in three-point field goals and attempts in each of his two seasons with the Huskies. However, if he had his way, he would race up and down the court with more frequency.
ôI like the transition game, running the fast break,ö he said. ôA dunk off a fast break is something that gets the crowd on its feet and can definitely change the momentum of a game.ö
His favorite NBA players ľ Allen Iverson and Oscar Robertson Ś certainly knew how to get the crowd on the feet, albeit in different eras. While AI thrilled 76ers fans during his decade-plus in Philly, Christmas appreciates what the ôBig Oö meant to the professional game. As the first African-American to play for the University of Cincinnati, Robertson led the nation in scoring three times. He went on to average 25.7 points during an NBA career that landed him in the hall of fame.
ôI enjoy reading about the history of basketball and when I was in high school I read up on it a lot,ö said Christmas. ôI read about Oscar Robertson, what he meant to the game and how he changed the game.ö
Perhaps it is only fitting that accounting is Christmasĺ favorite class. After all, it would take an accountant to make sense of some of the numbers that Robertson and Iverson posted during their careers. To be precise, it is a financial accounting course that Christmas enjoys as he pursues a degree in business management. It is a similar path that his mother, Adrienne, took at Hampton before launching her business career and one that Christmas felt would be good for him.
ôLorenzo has grown as a student,ö said coach John Sanow, in his seventh season of guiding the Huskies. ôI think when he first got here he did not take academics too seriously, but he certainly has been doing well in that area.ö
Another area that Christmas is doing well is that of developing into a leader. Prior to this season he took on the responsibility of being a team captain.
ôLorenzo is making strides each day, being more vocal,ö said Sanow. ôHe was a more quiet leader in the past, leading more by his actions. As he has matured as a person he has become more comfortable expanding his role. He is a good teammate who is well liked by his peers and hopefully, as we move along this season, we will see the fruits of his labor.ö
The leadership role has suited Christmas just fine, though he knows there is room to grow.
ôI need to work on it on and off the court,ö he said. ôItĺs important to help the guys that have not been here as long.ö
Hopefully, with his help, it will all come together. Christmas and the Huskies will seek to snap a five-game skid when the schedule resumes January 4 at Gannon.


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