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1 Where Do India s Billionaires Get Their Wealth? Aditi Gandhi, Michael Walton Out of India s 46 billionaires in 212, 2 had drawn their primary source of wealth (at least originally) from sectors that can be classified as rent-thick (real estate, construction, infrastructure or ports sectors, media, cement, and mining). The remaining 26 billionaires had drawn their primary source of wealth from other sectors (IT/software, pharmaceuticals and biotech, finance, liquor and automotives, etc). Overall, 43% of the total number of billionaires, accounting for 6% of billionaire wealth in India, had their primary sources of wealth from rent-thick sectors. Indian capitalism seems to have two faces. Does international experience provide a guide? Aditi Gandhi is at the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. Michael Walton is at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University and the CPR. 1 One of the most striking features of India s growth since the 199s has been the sharp rise in extreme wealth. Since the early 199s, the number and wealth of India s billionaires has risen dramatically, in relation to India s own growth and in relation to other countries. India is now an outlier with respect to the size of billionaire wealth relative to the size of her economy, especially for a relatively poor country. We present here some of the facts on India s billionaire wealth, over time and in the international context. We also look at the primary sources of the wealth of billionaires. A tentative categorisation suggests this is often from sectors in which there is significant connectivity with the state and potentially thick with economic rents. The extent of wealth raises questions for India s economy and polity. It might be a sign of the dynamism of India s corporate sector. Or it could be problematic to have such extreme wealth amidst both continued poverty and a clearly corruptible state. Indeed, it has become increasingly common to compare India today with the United States Gilded Age of the late 19th century Robber Barons. Data We have used data from the annual billionaires list compiled by Forbes, publicly available on forbes.com, and based on research by Forbes staff. It aims to include all sources of individual or family wealth. There are many caveats: it only includes disclosed wealth, and wealthy individuals may well under-report. However, it seeks to apply a consistent methodology across countries and over time, and we believe it is of value in making comparisons. The database includes information on whether billionaires are self-made or inherited, their nationality and country of residence and main sectoral source of wealth. We have classified billionaires by their country of residence, excluding Indian billionaires not resident in India, such as Lakshmi Mittal. There were two billionaires in India in the mid-199s, worth a combined total of $3.2 billion. By 212, there were 46, with a total net worth of $176.3 billion. Mukesh Ambani (Reliance Industries) with a net worth of $22.3 billion was the richest individual in India for the sixth year in a row. Two billionaires, Azim Premji (Wipro) and Savitri Jindal and family (Jindal Steel) had wealth over $1 billion, eight had wealth between $ billion and $1 billion and the rest had less than $ billion. The fortunes of billionaires move closely with economic growth and the stock market, which accounts for a large part of their wealth. Billionaire wealth soared with the stock market boom of the mid-2s, and then dropped sharply (by almost 7%) when the stock market crashed (by some 6%) in the wake of the international financial crisis. By 211, total net worth was way above 27 levels, if still below the 28 high, then fell below 21 levels in 212 as stock market valuations and the overall economy weakened (Figure 1, p 11). How does growth of extreme wealth compare with India s overall growth? Total billionaire wealth to gross domestic product (GDP) provides a proxy (Figure 2, p 11). 1 This ratio rose from around 1% in the mid-199s to 22% at the peak of the boom in 28, and was still 1% of GDP in 212, reflecting both new entrants and increased wealth of existing billionaires. Figure 3 (p 11) then shows India s billionaire wealth to GDP ratio in the international context for 1996 and 212. In 1996, China and India had very low ratios. Among the rich countries, the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) had ratios in the range of 4% to 6% of GDP; Japan was significantly lower. Oil-rich Kuwait and Saudi Arabia had higher ratios. Indonesia, Korea, Mala ysia, Singapore and Thailand had mostly higher ratios than Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, october 6, 212 vol xlvii no 4 EPW Economic & Political Weekly
2 Figure 1: Net Worth of Billionaires and the Stock Market 2, Sensex (High) Figure 2: The Ratio of Billionaire Wealth to GDP, (%) ,, 1,, Sensex (LHS) Source: BSE database and Forbes.com COMMENTARY Economic & Political Weekly EPW october 6, 212 vol xlvii no Source: Forbes.com and World Economic Outlook, IMF. countries notorious for their extreme levels of inequality. 2 East Asian countries have often been characterised as paragons of shared growth (World Bank 1993). There were indeed sharp reductions in poverty incidence, but there was also accumulation of extreme wealth by business families in their growth process. The picture changed dramatically by the 2s. Billionaire wealth as a proportion of GDP had fallen sharply in Indonesia, Korea and Thailand in the wake of the east Asian crisis amidst a newly discovered concern with crony capitalism. By contrast, wealth in Chile, Mexico and Russia rose substantially; Saudi Arabia and Kuwait experienced some decline. Chile has a small number of very rich families in a relatively small country that has experienced rapid growth. Mexico is renowned for its billionaires, many of whom were created in the era of privatisations in the early 199s; this in particular helped the business career of the world s richest man Carlos Slim Helú. India is in interesting company. The ratio also rose in China, but much less than in India. Aggregate Net Worth (RHS) Figure 3: Billionaire Wealth as a Proportion of GDP across Economies, Over Time IND CHN IDN THA MYS CHL MEX ECU COL VEN BRA ARG RUS 9.9 Aggregate Net Worth as a % Share of GDP in 1996 KOR SAU ISR, 1,, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, GDP Per Capita PPP IND IDN COL THA CHN MEX BRA VEN RUS CHL MYS ARG GBR JPN SGP Aggregate Net Worth as a % Share of GDP in 212 SAU Net Worth ($ bn) ISR KOR Sources of Wealth We turn now to the sources of wealth of India s billionaires from two perspectives: inheritance and sector of origin. Inherited and Self-made Wealth: Morck, Wolfenzon and Yeung (2) note an interesting pattern across countries: they find a positive association between growth and self-made billionaire wealth, but a negative one with inherited wealth. While no causality can be inferred, this is aligned with the view that self-made wealth is more likely to be associated with aggregate economic dynamism. In addition to self-made and inherited, Forbes also has a category of inherited and growing, for billionaires who inherited their wealth but subsequently experienced substantial growth in wealth. 3 Figure 4 (p 12) shows that while the largest number of Indian billionaires (21) is self-made, some 4% of total billionaire wealth is in the inherited and growing category, including, for example, Mukesh and Anil Ambani. Caste origins are also of interest for India. Damodaran (28) has documented GBR JPN ECU 1, 2, 3, 4,, 6, 7, GDP Per Capita PPP Source: Forbes.com and World Economic Outlook, IMF. KWT USA USA SGP KWT
3 the importance of the route from India s merchant castes to modern business wealth, but also found increasing entry into business activity from other groups: from brahmin and other upper castes Figure 4: The Distribution of the Number and Wealth of Billionaires in Terms of Inherited, Inherited and Growing and Self-made (in %) 2 Proportion of wealth of wealth Number of Billionaires of Billionaires (RHS) (RHS) (from Office to Factory ) and from Other Backward Classes (from Field to Factory ). This is evident in the billionaire list: 28 of the 46 billionaires in 212 are from traditional merchant classes Banias (including Marwaris), Parsis and Sindhis. A number belong to upper caste communities, including brahmins (Mallya, Murthy) and Khatris (Thapar, Munjal, Mahindra). A smaller group comes from other backward and lower castes such as Nadar, Jat and Reddy. There is one Muslim and no dalit. Sectoral Sources of Wealth and Economic Rents : All of India s billionaires are linked to corporate activity. There is an array of sectoral sources, including mining, energy, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, information technology, construction, real estate and finance. This allows us to explore whether wealth had its origins in domains with extensive economic rents and links with government. By economic rent we mean a return to a factor of production in excess of what could be obtained from an alternative use in a fully competitive activity. Economic rents often flow from monopolistic economic power or from the need to get licences from government. Natural resources, land, and the spectrum have intrinsic economic rents, and typically high levels of state control, as do a range of activities involving government contracts. There are also Schumpeterian economic rents associated with discovery and creation of new products. India s information 12 Inherited Inherited and Growing Self-made Source: Author s estimates from Forbes.com 1 technology revolution is often put in this category. The broader debate over whether India s capitalism is heading towards oligarchic or competitive structures is closely linked to what kind of economic rents are driving business activity. 4 In the rest of this article we use rents to refer to the former category, associated with market power, influence or preferential access to licensing. As a highly tentative exploration of patterns, we draw a distinction between activities in rent-thick sectors and others even if they involve some interaction with the state. The classification should be considered as a cautious first step. This draws on a survey of business views on corruption by KPGM (211), anecdotal evidence on regulatory intensity, and reports of alleged scams. Rent-thick : Sectors such as real estate, infrastructure, construction, mining, telecom, cement and media have been classified as rent-thick, because of the pervasive role of the state in giving licences, reputations of illegality, or information on monopolistic practices. The real estate sector is well known for the large number of black transactions, and the nexus between politicians and realtors has been documented in recent scams (e g, the Adarsh housing scam). According to the KPMG study, the real estate sector is perceived to be the most corrupt in India. Infrastructure projects, mining and spectrum licence allocations are typically granted through invitation of bids by the government. Decisions have often been disputed on grounds of transgressions, such as the award of tenders for building airports at Mumbai and Delhi 6 or the famous 2G telecom spectrum allocation, now the subject of trial over bribes. Cement manufacturers have allegedly been involved in a cartel for almost two decades. In 27 the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission initiated an investigation and a fine was eventually imposed in Indian print media is deeply embroiled in the paid news scandal, and the Press Commission of India launched an investigation after the 29 elections. It is alleged that the released version of the report omitted the names of the implicated companies. 8 : This category covers sectors where the interaction with the state is more limited, the regulator has a good reputation and there is little anecdotal evidence of scams. Sectors include IT/software, engineering sector firms, pharmaceuticals, finance and banking. Many corporations in this category do have some form of agreement with the government. For example, technology firms (Wipro, HCL and Infosys) have been involved in various state and central government projects under the National e-governance Plan. Engineering firms often provide equipment to government departments or public sector units. Two firms, Torrent Group and RPG Group, have diversified business activities into power and have supply agreements with government. Another company, Serum Institute has a vaccine supply agreement with government (and is also involved in liquor). Yet the core business of these firms is not driven by government contracts. Also included in others are pharmaceuticals, chemicals, light engineering and finance and banking firms. Pharmaceutical companies are often in legal battles with one another, but interactions with government are more infrequent. Despite cases of accounting or trading violations, the financial sector is generally thought to be tightly regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) or the Reserve Bank of India. Other manufacturing firms also now require fewer permissions from the state; we include in this category automobiles, the leading paints manufacturer Asian Paints and the conglomerate Spice group with operations in various sectors including mobile, retail, etc. Permission for Reproduction of Articles Published in EPW No article published in EPW or part thereof should be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the author(s). A soft/hard copy of the author(s) s approval should be sent to EPW. In cases where the address of the author has not been published along with the articles, EPW can be contacted for help. october 6, 212 vol xlvii no 4 EPW Economic & Political Weekly
4 Patterns The above, preliminary and tentative, categorisation generates the following pattern in 212 (details available from the authors on request): Twenty billionaires had their primary source of wealth (at least originally) from sectors classified as rent-thick : seven from the real estate, construction, infrastructure or ports sectors, three from media and the rest from cement and mining. Twenty-six billionaires had their primary source of wealth from other sectors: six from IT/software industry, eight from pharmaceuticals and biotech, two from finance or banking, one from liquor and nine from manufacturing (automotives, FMCG, mobiles, electronics, paints, etc). Overall, 43% of the total number of billionaires, accounting for 6% of billionaire wealth, had their primary sources of wealth from rent-thick sectors (Figure ). Figure : Proportion of Billionaires and Total Billionaire Wealth by Rent-Thick or Otherwise in 212 Number of Billionaires Wealth of Billionaires 43% 7% 6% Source: Forbes.com and author s calculations. 4% We also looked at changes over time: in the early 2s, the proportion of wealth from the sectors classified as others rose, while wealth from billionaires in rentthick sectors shifted back to dominance in the second half of the 2s (Figure 6). There are many caveats around this exercise, both in the allocation of sectors and of billionaires to sectors. Classification in a rent-thick sector does not necessarily mean that wealth was acquired through the (legal or illegal) exercise of influence. However, it is notable that impressive wealth creation occurred in sectors with substantial potential for rent-extraction and rent-sharing between private and government players. Business Dynamism or Oligarchy? Does the rise in the billionaire class herald enhanced business dynamism or a business oligarchy? Do these results Figure 6: Distribution of Wealth of Billionaires by Sources of Wealth between 1996 and have a larger significance? In particular, did the opening of the economy contribute to the entrenchment of incumbents in the Indian business sector or unleash dynamic, competitive forces? There is a case for both. The corporate sector has clearly played a critical role in India s economic growth. The share of investment in GDP rose from around 2% in 2 to around 3% in 21, with a substantial rise in the share of the private corporate sector. Mody, Nath and Walton (211) provide empirical evidence to support the view that profit behaviour of listed firms in the corporate sector including the large business houses is more typical of competitive behaviour than of the exercise of market power. On the other hand, the recent string of scams points to widespread existence of corruption, with anecdotal evidence suggesting that the links between the government and the business sector remain strong. Indian capitalism seems to have two faces. Does international experience provide a guide? We saw above that east Asian miracle countries also experienced a combination of corporate dynamism, accusations of cronyism and concentrations of extreme wealth. This mix was viable for a while though these countries did a much better job than India in channelling the gains from growth into broad-based service provision and employment growth. However, the cronyism was a rising source of distortion and contributed to the east Asian crisis. Mexico, amongst Latin American countries, is a classic case of tight statecorporate links creating extreme business COMMENTARY Source: Author s estimates from Forbes.com wealth. The Mexican business sector is much more oligopolistic than India s, but the influence of big business over the Mexican state is a salutary lesson. It, in particular, shows how high domestic rents and market power can be consistent with internationally competitive companies: Mexican firms in telecoms and cement are also efficient global players, pushing for competition abroad and resisting it at home. The Robber Barons of the US gilded age were eventually brought under a degree of economic control via the antitrust movement though not before they had become enormously wealthy. This movement involved an effective alliance between a populist political movement and a strong executive, supported by action of the judiciary. India certainly has popular mobilisation against corruption, but it is not at all clear that the state has the capacity to manage the economic power of a rising corporate sector. Conclusions The interaction between the corporate sector and the state is an unavoidable feature of capitalism. In the past two to three decades this has bred both impressive business dynamism and even Economic & Political Weekly EPW october 6, 212 vol xlvii no 4 13 available at Delhi Magazine Distributors Pvt Ltd 11, Bangla Sahib Marg New Delhi 11 1 Ph: 46162/63
5 more impressive accumulation of extreme wealth in India. There is a real question as to whether an oligarchic business structure and a corruptible state will lead to the propagation of inequality and create distortions that hurt the growth process. This is not necessary, as illustrated by the US reform experience in the first part of the last century though the more recent US experience with the financial crisis shows that the effective regulation of capitalism continues to be a major issue. The rise of India s businesses on the global stage can be consistent with a murky domestic scene. Which path India follows will have a powerful influence on growth, inequality and the nature of the state. Notes 1 This is a ratio of a stock (of wealth) to a flow (of national income). Changes in this ratio will move with the underlying ratio of the share of billionaire to total Indian wealth, to the extent that aggregate income to wealth ratio remains constant, or changes slowly. 2 Measures of income or expenditure inequality from household surveys are generally higher in these Latin American countries than in the Asian counterparts. 3 The classification is taken from the latest available list. For example, if a billionaire featured in the 28 list prior to the 212 list, 28 classification has been used. Classification for two billionaires was not available. The classification has been done subjectively based on trends. 4 See Walton (212). ArticlesPublications/Documents/KPMG_Bribery_Survey_Report_new.pdf References Bombay Stock Exchange (211): BSE database (http://www.bseindia.com/stockinfo/indices. aspx). Damodaran, Harish (28): India s New Capitalists Caste, Business and Industry in a Modern Nation (New Delhi: Permanent Black). Forbes (212): The World s Billionaires, downloaded on April 212 (http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/). KPMG (211): Corruption and Bribery Survey 211: Impact on Economy and Business Environment, KPMG. Mody, Ashoka, Anusha Nath and Michael Walton (211): Sources of Corporate Profits in India: Business Dynamism or Advantages of Entrenchment? in Suman Bery, Barry Bosworth and Arvind Panagariya (ed.), India Policy Forum Volume 7 (New Delhi: Sage). Morck, Randall, Daniel Wolfenzon and Bernard Yeung (2): Corporate Governance, Economic Entrenchment and Growth, Journal of Economic Literature, 43: Roy, Saumya (26): The Tarmac Is Grey, Outlookindia.com (13 February), viewed on 2 September 211 (http://www.outlookindia.com/ article.aspx?232). Srivastava, Shuchi (27): Shots or Mortar, Outlookindia.com (13 August), viewed on September 211 (http://www.outlookindia.com/ article.aspx?23287). Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha and K Sreenivas Reddy (21): Paid News : The Buried Report, Outlookindia.com (6 August), viewed on September 211 (http://www.outlookindia.com/ article.aspx?26642). Walton, Michael (212): Inequality, Rents and the Long-run Transformation of India (Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change). World Bank (1993): The East Asian Miracle, World Bank, Washington DC. EPW Research Foundation Explore EPWRF s Online Database on Indian Economy: Experience the Difference! AVAILABLE IN FULL AT NOMINAL RATES FOR ONE MONTH We are offering full access to our website, ts.in, for a limited period of one month at a very moderate and uniform retention fee of Rs. 2, per individual/institutional user in India (against the current annual subscription ranging from Rs. 24, for students to Rs.1,26, for institutions with multiple users). At present, only the demo version is accessible freely for the registered users. Our objective is to provide potential subscribers hands-on experience with all data modules. The subscription to this facility will be open from 2 th September to 2 th November 212. (i) Financial Markets (v) Agricultural Statistics (ix) Combined Government Finances (ii) Banking Statistics (vi) Power Sector (x) National Accounts Statistics (iii) Domestic Product of States of India (vii) Industrial Production (xi) Annual Survey of Industries (iv) Price Indices (viii) Finances of State Governments (xii) External Sector (xiii) Finances of Government of India Key Online Database Features Salient Features Interactive and User-friendly Compilation and disseminating data in time-series format. Covers various periodicities and trends. Ease in identifying the variables. Versatility in selecting data variable/series as per requirement and download at ease as designed to facilitate electronic processing. Convenience of exporting the required data-set to Excel fi les. Instantly compare and analyze different data in relation to each other and if required can print the data. Enhancing Research Enabling instant comparison, plotting in a graphical format using charts in different styles like line, point, range, column etc. & analysing different data variable/series in relation to each other. Availability of Meta Data at a click providing information on the sources of data, concepts, coverage and changes therein. Periodic updating of the database depending upon the availability and frequency of data. For any further details or clarifi cations, please contact: The Director, EPW Research Foundation, C-212, Akurli Industrial Estate, Akurli Road, Kandivli (East), Mumbai (Phone: /4996) or mail to: 14 october 6, 212 vol xlvii no 4 EPW Economic & Political Weekly
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text:
Written for LJ Community Supernatural100 Challenges #82 (Home), #22 (Exits) and #46 (Denial) respectively.
Drabble One Title: The Darkness Between Hotels
Summary: Home is where the wheels stop turning. Early Season 1.
Drabble Two Title: Grand Theft
Summary: Dean thinks hyper-prepared public works yards are awesome. Late fall in a northern state during Season 1.
Drabble Three Title: Season Ticket on a One-Way Ride
Summary: Sometimes shotgun really needs to open his cakehole. Post-season 2 finale.
The Darkness Between Hotels
"Feet off the dash, Sam." Dean, cramped in the back seat, muttered into his pillowed jacket.
"'r not on the dash." Sam mumbled from the front.
"Are too. 'less there's a lunar eclipse I don't know about."
A grunt, a twinned thump and moonlight shone unhindered.
"'s better. Put your feet on the dash again 'n you can sleep in the ditch."
"Thought that was Dad's rule."
"'s a good rule."
"'m taller now, don't fit up here anymore." Sam shifted around. "Maybe the ditch'd be better."
Tree frogs croaked outside the Impala. "You wanna trade seats?" Dean offered. "I don't mind."
"...Naw. I'll deal. 'Nite Dean."
"'Nite Dork-boy."
"Please, please please," Dean whispered, racing down the row of vehicles, searching. "Yes!" He flung himself inside the big orange truck, checked the usual places, found keys and started the engine.
Light flickered on in the municipal yard security shack.
Dean glanced over the dials on the dashboard. "Come on, come on..." Movement around the shack. Locating a gauge pinned at full capacity, nine cubic yards, Dean cackled and shifted into gear. "I love frost."
The drowsy watchman dove aside as Dean roared out through the closed gates in the fully-loaded, two-ton, road-salt-spreading truck.
"Hang on, Sam. I'm on my way."
"...Don't need reason, don't need rhyme... ain't nothin' I would rather do..."
Sam frowned at the tapedeck and glanced sidelong at Dean, who was blithely singing along to AC/DC.
"Goin' down, party time... my friends're gonna be there tooooo..."
Sam rolled down his window, scowling. Dean launched into the chorus.
"I'm on the hiiiiighway to He-"
In one smooth motion, Sam punched eject mid-lyric and tossed the tape out the window.
"Hey! What the-" The cassette shattered, unspooling along I-90 in the rearview mirror. "That was my favorite tape, Sam!"
Sam looked at his brother, then glared at the road rushing past. "Find a new favorite."
- - -
(that's all)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Used in
Go to Book Vocabulary
A pale, death-
lit up Fedallah's sunken eyes; a hideous motion gnawed his mouth.
(not reviewed by editor)
At that moment Starbuck caught sight of Stubb's face slowly beginning to
into sight.
(not reviewed by editor)
At last I slid off into a light doze, and had pretty nearly made a good offing towards the land of Nod, when I heard a heavy footfall in the passage, and saw a
of light come into the room from under the door.
(not reviewed by editor)
At the first faintest
of the dawn, his iron voice was heard from aft,—"Man the mast-heads!"—and all through the day, till after sunset and after twilight, the same voice every hour, at the striking of the helmsman's bell, was heard—"What d'ye see?—sharp! sharp!" But when three or four days had slided by, after meeting the children-seeking Rachel; and no spout had yet been seen; the monomaniac old man seemed distrustful of his crew's fidelity; at least, of nearly all except…
(not reviewed by editor)
To see samples from other sources, click a sense of the word below:
as in: a glimmer of hope
as in: glimmering lights
To see an overview of word senses, click
Go to Book Vocabulary
Learn more easily. Think more clearly. Express more effectively.


text:
The blue Lucky makes me think of a jewel fit for a queen or princess. I think I read in some confidential letters of Queen Nefertari, that blue was the only color she wanted for all of her jewelry... So, how can we contradict a queen as radiant and learned as Nefertari? According to some rumors, Nefertiti was able to control the growth of papyrus wearing a jewel color very similar to our Lucky Let's think about the power! Really Powerfull!Materials
925 silver, Italian, engraved and hot enamelled. Diameter 0,99 inch. The hot enameling is a relatively ancient artisan technique that has not evolved much over time. The process involves an incision, ie an excavation in the pendant filled subsequently with enamel. The finishing pass is hand-made using small brushes and this requires a lot of precision. The Jewels enamelled with this technique shall have a minimum thickness to allow the incision and they are synonymous of preciosity and unique pieces. Complete with orange silk ribbon.Available in the same line and color
Earring (single or couple).Combinations
The blue enamel that characterizes this pendant is very special because it has a something of transparent, almost glassy look to it. This is an unusual color, very smart and it's a great alternative to black. Worn with an earring from our Powerful CROWN line (link), it gives an almost regal elegance to your appearance. Who more than you deserves to be the most beautiful princess?Why to wear it
The cloverleaf blue expresses mystery, it is the color depth of the abyss, of the night. Blue is a most determined color, strong and super powerful, and it is amplified by our ubiquitous candy cane, the Macadamia's coefficient multiplier of luck. In the Macadamia world, the candy cane represents the letter "L" and in the pendant, there are two crossed L. For this reason our jewel is called "Lucky: Crossed Luck".How to wear it
You can wear it as a necklace or as a bracelet, rolling the green tassel around the wrist. Neck instead becomes a necklace highly original. Worn around the neck, it becomes a "collar"; but it can also become an elegant necklace if you choose to pair it with and lace it with a silver rope chain.When to wear it
The blue Lucky gives you that authoritativeness which we all need, so it is excellent at work. Elegant, original, refined, with its explosive mixture blue Lucky will unleash the envy of the forked tongues in your office (remember envy is all around you).


text:
Check out today's going report from Dundalk, Lingfield and Kempton. Hexham and Leicester are abandoned. Oddschecker.
Wednesday's Going Report
Dundalk (IRE) [AW] – Standard
Lingfield Park [AW] – Standard
Kempton Park [AW] – Standard
Hexham – Abandoned
Leicester – Abandoned
Claim over £2500 in free bets on today's horse racing


text:
Laptors (Celeron, Centrino, Pentium M)?
Dear all , Can anyone tell me if it is possible to run a CFD model on a laptop? I am thinking of buying a laptop but I would like to run CFD software on it. What is the best solution (without spending too much money), pentium M 740, INtel Core Duo, Centrino, Celeron? Can anyone give me some advice? I suppose I need minimum 1GB of RAM, am I right? Thanks xavier
Re: Laptors (Celeron, Centrino, Pentium M)?
Yes you can use a laptop for CFD but I wouldnt recomend it, certainly not as your primary solver of if you intend to do any sort of serious industrial studies
Re: Laptors (Celeron, Centrino, Pentium M)?
You could run CFD on mobile phone these days! You will have a 2D model and a lack of grid independence, but it is still possible!
In the lab where I did my PhD., a guy used his laptop for all of his CFD, so it is definitely possible. He was using an academic code which was very efficient, running a modern commercial solver on a laptop might not be as good an idea.
Re: Laptors (Celeron, Centrino, Pentium M)?
I've just made my Final Degree Project with Fluent+Gambit in a laptop. It is a Fujitsu-SIemens Amilo M3438G with a Pentium M @ 1.86GHz (Celeron configuration), 1Gb RAM DDR2 and 2x80Gb HDD SATA. Meshes up to 700.000 elements can be solved in 8hrs and 2nd order accuracy! RAM starts to get saturated in the limit of 750.000 - 800.000 elements (with 1Gb): if you want to make tests of grid independence, you should take into consideration a 2Gb of RAM laptop. Then, you would go up to 1.800.000 elements approx. (and 18hrs. calculation), I suppose.
Hope this helps. Bye!
Re: Laptors (Celeron, Centrino, Pentium M)?
Thanks very much! that's what I needed to know, I will try to find prices for this laptop you have used... I am doing a MSC in FEM and I am using a code for fluid dynamics from the university so it is not as complex as those as FLUENT, CFX etc, but the idea is to use these software in the future as well. Many thanks Xavier
Re: Laptors (Celeron, Centrino, Pentium M)?
De nada hombre!
Good luck with your Project.Bye!
Re: Laptors (Celeron, Centrino, Pentium M)?
If you necessarily need a portable computer then I would go for some with a "real" CPU. In a sense you can consider the celeron as being a gimped version of the centrino. 1 gig of ram is absolutely minimum if you run winXP (Linux is by far better here imho).
Perhaps buy a really cheap laptop and put money into a stationary that does all the computing (you could pre- and post-process on the laptop)? As I have stated before in this forum; laptops are too expensive to be good CFD computers. Don't base you calculations on them unless you have no other choice (or if you have all the money you need).
Re: Laptors (Celeron, Centrino, Pentium M)?
Hello Xavier,
What are you planning to run? Method and grid size?
Do you need grid refinement/validation?
If it is a simple problem with an advanced in-house code then a decent laptop will do the job. You can do more than 2-3M points if you have an efficient code.
Good luck,
PS: if you plan long runs and heavy in memory requirements you should get an insurance. Laptops are not designed to run for endless hours. Another downside of laptops is need for regular backups (if you travel a lot).
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 19:40.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Eric Wood" <EW...@llbean.com>
|Issues using a path
|Tue, 19 Aug 2008 14:44:48 GMT
When I create the following path reference: <path id="projectSpecificLibs" > <fileset dir="${dir.release.area}"> <!-- GOOD JARS: elements exist in the file system --> <include name="com/llbean/CMN_Infrastructure/llbinfrastructure/1.2.0/llbinfrastru cture-1.2.0.jar" /> <include name="com/llbean/CMN_Security/llbsecurity/2.0.0/llbsecurity-2.0.0.jar" /> <!-- BAD JAR: element does NOT exist in the file system --> <include name="com/llbean/bogus.jar" /> <fileset> </path> Only the two good jars are found in the path reference. I want to know if an <include name="... /> statement contains an invalid path to an element. I can't process through the path reference later, because it only places the elements in the path if they are found, so I can't step through it to determine whether or not they exist. Is there another option to have ANT tell we when I have included a non-existing entry in a path reference? Thanks, Eric
|View raw message


text:
|Episode 4187
|Production code
|ITV transmission date
|2nd May 1997 (Friday)
|Story editor
|Paul Marquess
|Story associates
| Ann McManus
Jim O'Hanlon
Gareth Roberts
|Phil Woods
|Christopher Walker
|Garth Tucker
|Brian Park
|Previous episode
|30th April 1997
|Next episode
|4th May 1997
Ashley fears he'll be sent to prison. Alma is pleased when Mike encourages her to investigate emigrating to America. Fred tells Mike about Don implicating Ashley. Mike knows Ashley is innocent and refuses to let the Police suspect him. They visit the Police Station and insist that the charges are dropped but are told Ashley needs an alibi. Mike calls Frances in to help. Ray tells Tricia how he left his wife and children, to prove he's not a saint. He tells her that he still wants her to move in with him and give them a chance. Kevin is annoyed when Natalie doesn't answer his phone calls. Maxine think it's fascinating that the Police suspect Ashley of arson. Angie and Mike agree on their partnership. Tricia decides to give Ray a chance and packs her bags. Jamie is won over by promises of football matches. The Duckworths are happy for Tricia but sad to see another grandson go. Rita forces Alec to give Judy £300. He explains it away as back-tax. Tricia thanks the Duckworths for all their help before leaving with Jamie and Brad. Vera is depressed once they have gone.
Regular castEdit
- Fred Elliott - John Savident
- Ashley Peacock - Steven Arnold
- Jamie Armstrong - Joseph Gilgun
- Tricia Armstrong - Tracy Brabin
- Vera Duckworth - Elizabeth Dawn
- Jack Duckworth - William Tarmey
- Alma Baldwin - Amanda Barrie
- Mike Baldwin - Johnny Briggs
- Kevin Webster - Michael Le Vell
- Chris Collins - Matthew Marsden
- Samantha Failsworth - Tina Hobley
- Fiona Middleton - Angela Griffin
- Sean Skinner - Terence Hillyer
- Maxine Heavey - Tracy Shaw
- Mavis Wilton - Thelma Barlow
- Rita Sullivan - Barbara Knox
- Alec Gilroy - Roy Barraclough
- Betty Williams - Betty Driver
- Audrey Roberts - Sue Nicholls
- Angie Freeman - Deborah McAndrew
- Judy Mallett - Gaynor Faye
Guest castEdit
- DS Neil - Tom Knight
- Ray Thorpe - Chris Walker
- Brad Armstrong - Caleb Flanagan
- Frances Stillman - Kim Vithana
- Coronation Street exterior
- Rovers Return Inn - Public and back room
- The Kabin
- Coronation Street Garage - Garage and office
- Hair by Fiona Middleton
- Rosamund Street
- Sunliners - Office
- No. 4 Montreal House, Weatherfield Quays - Living room/kitchen
- Elliott's Butchers
- Weatherfield Police Station - Front desk
- Final appearances of Tracy Brabin as Tricia Armstrong and Joseph Gilgun as Jamie Armstrong.
- TV Times synopsis: Tricia and Jamie bid farewell to the Street. Mike and Fred unite to help Ashley.
- Viewing Figures: UK broadcast - 12,600,000 viewers (6th place - combined figure including repeat).
|May 1997 episodes
|Fri 2nd • Sun 4th • Mon 5th • Wed 7th • Fri 9th • Sun 11th • Mon 12th • Wed 14th • Fri 16th
Sun 18th • Mon 19th • Wed 21st • Fri 23rd • Sun 25th • Mon 26th • Wed 28th • Fri 30th


text:
Clatsop County Clerk Maeve Grimes anticipates that she will formally contest the outcome of the County Commissioner District 5 race in the May 20 primary election as a result of a balloting error involving almost 500 county voters.
If a petition to contest the race is filed, the action will likely result in a new election between District 5 candidates Dale Barrett and Lianne Thompson.
Clam diggers will have one last chance to dig razor clams this season during a final opening set to begin May 27.
Three of six community forums have been scheduled for next week as phase two of the Seaside 2034 visioning project gets underway for the City of Seaside.
According to the Clatsop County Clerk and Elections Office, a number of county voters received incorrect ballots for the May 20 primary election.The error involves the race for the District 5 seat on the county board of commissioners. A total of 344 voters living in District 5 received ballots without the District 5 race listed, while 147 voters living outside the district received ballots with the District 5 race, for a total of 491 incorrect ballots.
A local business leader has been named grand marshal of Warrenton's Old Fashioned Fourth of July Parade. The theme for 2014 is "Small Town, Big Heart." Don Patterson, who owns three mini-marts in Astoria and Warrenton, is an active member of the community, volunteering and contributing to various civic, youth and sports activities.
On Monday afternoon the Clatsop County Sheriff's Office sent units to the Spruce Run County Park for a water rescue. It was reported that a man was in the Nehalem River and was struggling to stay afloat and others on scene were attempting to rescue him.
So far the Primary election is on track to be as lackluster for many voters as past non-presidential primaries have been. Unless you happen to live in one of the three districts electing a county commissioner, there's little reason to turn in a ballot and that's especially true if you are a democrat. The Clatsop County Clerks' office reports as of Tuesday morning 26.69% of all eligible voters had returned ballots.
Deputies were dispatched to contact 87 year-old Wilma Hayne, of Svenson, at her son-in-law's residence Saturday. Wilma reported she left her residence in fear for her life. Wilma's son, 52 year-old Ole Marvin Hayne, moved into her residence against h er wishes. Wilma was able to flee the residence once Ole fell asleep. Ole used fear and intimidation to control Wilma's daily life whereas she wasn't free to act on her own.
Time is running out to return ballots for the May 20 primary election. Ballots for the election must be returned by 8 p.m. Tuesday in order to be counted. To ensure their ballots arrive on time, voters are advised to bring completed ballots to one of the approved drop sites. Ballots placed in the mail before the deadline but not delivered until after will not be counted.
On May 10, 2014 the Seaside Police Department responded to a report of two juveniles, ages fourteen and fifteen in possession of illegal explosives. Officers were able to determine that the juveniles were in possession of two Railroad Torpedoes, a small explosive charge used as a signaling device by the railroad. These explosives are illegal to possess without proper permits and were seized for later disposal.
A large crowd of excited supporters gathered in the intersection of 11th and Duane in downtown Astoria on a drizzly Saturday morning to attend the dedication and grand opening of the long awaited Garden of Surging Waves. "Today we are dedicating a beautiful park that tells a story" said Mayor Willis Van Dusen, "It's a story about American pioneers who came here from China to make Astoria, and the Northwest, a better place to live." In his opening remarks the Mayor said the story was never told properly, "In fact, I think intentionaly, the story of the contribution of the Chinese-Americans was a mistake we are correcting now"


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New York's first primary day using new voting machines brought scattered reports of balloting problems across Long Island Tuesday - though not as widespread as New York City voters faced - and delays in counting votes in Nassau County, election officials said.
The state's old machines, with their trademark levers, were replaced for the first time in more than 80 years with paper ballots filled out with a pen and fed into an optical scanner. The change made New York the last state in the nation to comply with a 2002 federal law, and Tuesday's primary was seen as a key test.
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Results in Nassau came in slowly last night as poll workers reported widespread problems printing election results from the new machines, Democratic Party election commissioner William Biamonte said. In dozens of phone calls after polls closed at 9 p.m., technicians at election headquarters in Mineola took poll workers through step-by-step troubleshooting techniques.
By 10:30 p.m., hundreds of red cloth envelopes filled with results were arriving, creating a backlog as workers scrambled to scan and count them.
As expected, there were other breakdowns earlier in the day. Six of Nassau's 1,072 scanners and at least one of Suffolk's 1,047 machines malfunctioned, officials said.
An "extremely light turnout," Biamonte said, helped prevent minor problems from snowballing. "If we would have had a record high turnout, we would have had a record number of problems," Biamonte said.
In New York City, The Associated Press reported problems with undertrained poll workers and machine malfunctions at 14 polling places of 1,358, including where Sen. Charles Schumer voted in Brooklyn.
State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli called the problems "disturbing" and vowed to investigate. Mayor Michael Bloomberg said the problems are "a royal screw-up - and it's completely unacceptable," according to the AP. Nassau's voting machines are the same as those used in the city. Suffolk's machines are produced by a different company.
Long Island voters worried their votes were not counted.
Jean Schwartz, 62, a retired teacher from Syosset, said a poll worker tore her paper ballot slightly. The machine declared her ballot invalid but would not give it back, she said. Workers assured her the votes would be counted, but she wasn't so sure.
"I've never had a problem voting in 50 years until now," she said.
Frank Perino of Islip, who is legally blind, said a ballot machine for disabled voters - required at all polls - did not work at Windham School.
Ivan Young, an assistant Suffolk election commissioner, said the machine was working properly, but Perino said he waited almost two hours as workers tried in vain to fix it.
After declining for privacy reasons an offer from workers to fill out his ballot, he came back later to find the machine had been fixed. So he voted.
Election officials and experts said the problems could be fixed before November. "This enables us to work out most of the kinks now to have a smoother November," said Jerry Goldfeder, a Fordham University election law professor.
With Nomaan Merchant and Mitchell Freedman


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text: 26 Recipes for Canned Beans Facebook Pinterest Twitter Print Mail Save Left Arrow Right Arrow Photo by Marcus Nilsson Left Arrow Right Arrow 23 of 27 Grid View See All Zucchini and Bean Salad With Bulgur You can make the zucchini-bean mixture and the bulgur up to 12 hours in advance. Get the recipe. Start


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Pokemon X
This is a split board - You can return to the Split List for other boards.
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Crabhammar 4 years ago#31
hey guys i thought pokemon should be more realistic and that types should have more weaknesses to be realistic so i started with flying types and maybe later ill post more ideas because maybe people from gamefreak can read this
Nobody remembers this from the HeartGold board? Let me see if I can dig up the link.
PSN: Bluechacho
pokemonfreak97 4 years ago#32
Poison pollutes water.
Water dilutes poison.
They're mutually effective, so they're normal effectiveness.
For those of you starting topics about the PS4, there's a PS4 board:
pokemonfreak97 posted...
Poison pollutes water.
Like dragon!
You can say "ass" on GameFAQs. Assy ass ass assington.
MagikarpRules 4 years ago#34
mralpha543 posted...
MagikarpRules posted...Water should be nerfed a little. And Dragon too.
Steel has many more strenghts than Poison yet it is effective on 2 types VS Poison's 1.
Ice Pokemon are rendered pointless when all viable Water Pokemon can use an Ice type attack (even if it's merely Icy Wind). And Ice Beam is spread decently even if you take out Water and Ice Pokemon. Besides, considering that Rock is slightly worse than Ice as an attack type and yet it's got more resistances, I wouldn't say an extra resistance would make Ice types overpowered by any stretch.
MajorHoppy 4 years ago#35
How about poison type moves become super effective against normal types? I really can't think of any type that would within reason be weak against poison type attacks. I mean, fighting doesn't make sense because of the inherent resistance to poison that fighting types have because of their high endurance. The only other type that I can think of that would make sense would be bug.
Poison overall is a type that is used to wear down your opponent and not to inflict massive amounts of damage.
I just cant sit any other way than this. If I sit the way other people do, my reasoning ability drops by 40%.
MagikarpRules 4 years ago#36
MajorHoppy posted...
How about poison type moves become super effective against normal types? I really can't think of any type that would within reason be weak against poison type attacks. I mean, fighting doesn't make sense because of the inherent resistance to poison that fighting types have because of their high endurance. The only other type that I can think of that would make sense would be bug.
Bug and Poison were super effective against each other back on Gen 1, so i don't think it's entirely out of the question.
And Poison has some powerful attacks. Sludge Bomb, Sludge Wave, Gunk Shot.
ClassyOldHat 4 years ago#37
Lexifox posted...
MagikarpRules posted...Water should be nerfed a little. And Dragon too.
This argument? This argument, again? How many times am I going to see this?
The whole "(Blank) type isn't underpowered, it's a good Offensive/Defensive balanced by being a bad Defensive/Offensive type" Argument falls apart when you consider that Pokemon with good defensive types (like water) can learn moves with good offensive types (like Ice) and use their offensive strength without suffering their defensive weakness. So, say, Ice type moves are found on practically anything that can learn them, but nobody uses the Ice Pokemon themselves.
Similarly, good defensive type Pokemon can rely on good offensive type moves, and the fact that they lack STAB doesn't hamper them significantly. Why doesn't anyone seem to realize this?
On top of that, GF clearly designed a number of Ice type Pokemon to have Defensive stats and Poison Type Pokemon to have good offensive stats? I'd say that's a pretty strong argument against the idea that GameFreak MEANS for these to be good offensive/defensive types. They just completely fail to grasp how to balance games.
fuzi11 posted...
Jacornonthecob posted...If anything, water should be super effective against poison!
This attitude irks me as well. If you want to use real world Logic, look at Onionium's post! If you highlight certain circumstances, ANY type can be justified as being resistant or weak to ANY type. It's nice to have weaknesses and resistances that are somewhat intuitive, of course, but at some point, you need to think of type balance purely from the perspective of "Does this make the game more fun, fair, or interesting to play?" rather than "does this make sense in this handful of real world circumstances?"
Poison is currently Underpowered. Water teeters on Overpowered at times. What, from these two bits of information, do your think would make the game more fun, fair, or interesting?
And if you MUST have a real world excuse, consider that there might be a reason why factories are discouraged from dropping toxic waste in lakes and rivers. Why can't we just save money and let the water dilute all the toxins? (And since somebody inevitably will misunderstand me and ignore everything else I say, this is a rhetorical question.)
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Pulse are seeking specialist renal dialysis nurses to treat patients with chronic kidney failure across six sites located in both central and north London. These sites provide specialist-led inpatient and outpatient services committed to offering expert care to all patients. Candidates will need to be proficient in providing dialysis treatments including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and haemodiafiltration.
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My favorite movie is Troy.
My favorite show is American Horror Story. And Homeland.
My favorite music is classic rock. Mainly The Doors (I love Jim Morrison.)
My favoite food is a cheeseburger. With a side of tater tots.
2. Food.
3. My car.
4. Vodka.
5. My phone.
6. My computer.


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Cait at "Paper Fury" is co-hosting a linkup called "Beautiful People."
Each month she announces a new set of questions to answer about your
characters so you can learn more about them. This month's theme is parents! There aren't a lot of parents that play big roles in MG and YA books nowadays (including a lot of mine . . . whoops), but the ones I have I absolutely love. I like writing the interactions between them and all of the other characters, including their kids and their kids' friends. This month I'll write about Celeste's parents from Cosmo (Timothy and Quentin Smitherson) and Lane's parents from Beneath the Moon and Stars (Christine and Paul Hawthorne).
1. Do they know both their biological parents? Why/why not?
Celeste was given up for adoption as a baby, and as it was a closed adoption, she never knew who her parents were.
Lane may not be close with either of his parents, but he still knows and loves them, even if they frustrate him to no end some days.
2. Have they inherited any physical resemblances from their parents?
Celeste has no idea what she may or may not have inherited, though she definitely seems to have Timothy's playful smirk and Quentin's laugh.
Lane looks almost exactly like his father did when he was a teenager, since he has his dark hair and bright blue eyes.
3. What's their parental figure(s) dress style? Add pictures if you like!
Quentin wears jeans and a t-shirt of some kind on most days, usually with an apron over top that's covered in flour. Timothy's almost always in a suit for work.
Christine and Paul, no matter the day or what they're doing, dress to impress, never a hair out of place.
4. Do they share any personality traits with their parental figures? And which do they take after most?
Celeste and her dads are all sarcastic. She and Quentin are definitely more outgoing between the three of them, but she's also thoughtful like Timothy.
Though Lane won't admit it, he and his mother share their stubborn qualities, but he gets his creative side from his dad.
5. Do they get on with their parental figure(s) or do they clash?
Celeste is super close with her parents, especially since they move around a lot and she didn't always have the best of luck finding friends at her schools.
As far as Lane goes, well . . . he and his mother aren't exactly the best of friends. They've been known to have screaming matches. They butt heads constantly. But Paul is hands off to the point of hardly knowing his children, so he and Lane barely talk, which makes it almost impossible to find anything to fight about.
6. If they had to describe their parental figure(s) in one word, what would it be?
Besides kind and loving, Celeste would describe Quentin as "fun" and Timothy as "witty."
Lane would pick "obstinate" for his mother and "apathetic" for his father.
7. How has their parental figure(s) helped them most in their life?
Celeste's parents have always been her best friends, but especially when she had to go through so many bullying problems at her various schools. When none of the students were nice to her, they were, and home's always been a safe place to sit back and relax.
As much as his parents drive him crazy, Paul and Christine have helped Lane to be driven and get good grades and take on some responsibility. He had the potential to be someone who could've decided he didn't care about how he did in school or what college he went to, but they focused him.
8. What was their biggest fight with their parental figure(s)?
The Smithersons hardly ever fight. Once in a blue moon, and it doesn't last for more than a couple days, at which point they're all tired of the tension and silence and apologize to each other. But Celeste did get into a heated argument with Timothy about dying her hair. The problem wasn't even that she'd dyed her hair, it's that she did it without asking and ended up making a huge mess in the bathroom. She stained several towels and one of his expensive shirts for work. But it all worked out soon afterwards.
The biggest fight Lane had with his mother actually happens in the novel, but I can't say when or why because spoilers . . .
9. What's their favourite memory with their parental figure(s)?
Baking with her dads when she was little. They made a batch of chocolate chips cookies but it turned into a huge flour fight. It looked like it had snowed in the kitchen by the time they were done. She still has the picture in a frame in her bedroom.
His dad took him on a fishing trip once when he was about twelve, and it had to be the only time in his life he's spoken to him for longer than ten minutes. They talked nonstop for hours, and even though nothing had really changed the next day, he remembers every bit of it. As far as his mother goes, Lane actually had a pleasant time learning how to fold napkins into cranes at about the same age. They may not have talked much--they don't exactly have a lot in common--but they were both in a good mood and even laughed a few times.
Your turn! Tell me all about your character's parental figure(s). Do they get along? Are they related by blood? Leave a comment!


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One couldn't finish the season because of health; the other because of drugs. So both Chris Cooley (knee) and Fred Davis (suspension) have something to prove at tight end for the Redskins.
For Davis, he needs to stay clean. The NFL suspended him for the final four games of 2011 after multiple drug tests.
"Lesson definitely learned," Davis said. "It's definitely a good feeling to be back out here after missing those games and not being able to help my team. It's one of those things that shouldn't happen and definitely won't happen again in my career."
Davis said he's altered his lifestyle since the suspension (something left tackle Trent Williams, also suspended, said he did not do).
"Just not being around it," Davis said. "It's not that hard. You choose to be around it. It's like anything you just have to make sure you make the right choices. This game doesn't last long and missing four games, it could have been your last four games. So I think of it as that and it's something I'll never do again."
As for Cooley, he understands the situation. He's 29 years old and coming off an injury-plagued season because of his left knee. And he's playing alongside a guy in Davis who had a breakout season (59 catches for 796 yards).
"It's very apparent Fred Davis had a great year," Cooley said, "and for me to contribute the way I would like to contribute I have a big challenge ahead of me in proving that I'm still the player I think I can be and I'm still the player that I was. That's something I'm honestly excited about."
While this offense works well with two pass-receiving threats at tight end, Cooley's knee and salary cap number for 2012 ($6.2 million) called his future into question and still might. But Cooley said his knee feels good. He also weighs 237 pounds, the lightest of his career.
"I feel the best I've felt," he said. "It's to the point that I trust I'm healthy. It's tough to know but I've worked hard enough and ran hard enough and I've had no swelling."
According to a team source, the Redskins haven't approached Cooley about restructuring his contract either. Earlier this offseason one league source said it would be difficult to pay a No. 2 tight end $6.2 million. Also, the Redskins could have a logjam at the position with Niles Paul and third-year Logan Paulsen.
"Any move that's ever made you wonder what it means for your status," Cooley said of Paul's switch from receiver. "What I want to do is show up and play the best I can and show them I'm as good as I can be and go from there. I've always felt confident when it comes to playing football."
To subscribe to my free weekly email report, click here.


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by Staff Writers
Rio De Janeiro (AFP) Oct 10, 2013
Brazil said Thursday it will start work early next year on a new Antarctic base to replace the one gutted by a 2012 fire.
The new station would be modern, newer and built with more resistant material, Navy Admiral Julio Soares de Moura told reporters as he unveiled the $54 million project.
Two military personnel died when a blaze ripped through the Comandante Ferraz base in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in February last year. Around 70 percent of the base was lost in the fire.
A navy sergeant was charged with involuntary homicide and damage in connection with the accident.
The new base, which will shelter 64 people in summer and 34 in winter, will have 18 laboratories as well as seven isolated units for weather, ozone and atmospheric research, said architect Fabio Henrique Faria.
Next year an auction will be held to choose the company that will build the 200 modules that will make up the base, scheduled to be inaugurated in March 2015.
Scientists working under the Brazilian Antarctic Program use the base to study global warming, as well as coastal and marine ecosystems.
About 30 countries operate Antarctic stations.
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