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Mary 10 by davepalumboWatch
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5x7, oil on illustration board
Excellent work, I really love the life you instil in your figures
excellent work!
your nudes are very beautiful
Really beautiful work.
are these from photo or life?
are these from photo or life?
thanks! Photos, I shoot a bunch of refs and then work on them as I find random gaps in my schedule
absolutely beautiful.
5x7 feet? very nice!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 28, 1992
|Filing date
|Sep 7, 1989
|Priority date
|Sep 7, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John D. Williams
|Original Assignee
|Amp-Akzo Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (38), Classifications (20), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
A portion of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all rights whatsoever.
The present invention relates generally to the design of electrical circuits and specifically to a method of producing electrical circuits on the surfaces of three-dimensional objects.
Many electrical or electronic circuits are made by means of printed circuit boards (PCB's) in which electrical conduction paths are defined as traces of copper on the surfaces of a flat sheet of insulating material. In more complex versions, there may be multiple layers of circuit, for example, on the two sides of the PCB, which are connected to each other by plated through holes or vias in the PCB.
PCB's provide both electrical connection and mechanical support for electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and integrated circuits. In addition, PCB's may include connectors used to couple the circuit, for example, to power sources, transducers or to other circuits. Generally, PCB's are protected and supported in cases or other structures to make usable appliances.
In contradistinction to the flat two-sided nature of the conventional PCB, a molded circuit board (MCB) is generally a three-dimensional object, having multiple surfaces. Thus, an MCB may combine both mechanical features and electrical functions into one artifact.
This combined functionality is not achieved without some cost, since the design of such an MCB combines the mechanical design technology of molded or solid parts with circuit layout methods used to make PCB's. While there are readily available computer software packages or program suites that can aid designers in either of these fields, these programs are generally incompatible and, so, difficult to use in combination. This incompatibility is fundamental to the design methodologies and is not merely an issue of translating between different data formats.
The software packages for circuit design allow information about the placement of components on the PCB and the required connections among these components to be provided as an input data file, such as a netlist. The subsequent work of laying out the traces and vias is constrained by the obligation to meet topological restrictions imposed by the input data file. Many of these program packages provide automatic trace routing algorithms which do some or all of the job with varying degrees of competence. All packages allow manual routing, in which traces and vias may be moved on the PCB while the circuit connections are preserved. Neither the automatic algorithms nor the ability to move traces and vias is a part of the available methodology of conventional mechanical engineering design packages used to design three-dimensional objects. Conversely, the circuit layout and design packages do not admit of the existence of a third dimension, except in that they may provide for several parallel layers of circuit traces and the local connection between them.
The interrelationship between electrical and mechanical designs is very strong. Even in the design of flat circuit boards, the through-holes which link circuit traces on opposite sides of the board and the holes which are used to support or attach components to the board are recognized as existing on all layers. Furthermore, many of these holes (i.e. vias) are logically associated with the traces.
When a designer adjusts a design in the electrical design package by moving a trace and, so, causing a via to be moved, the computer software attempts to preserve the electrical-mechanical relationship by adjusting the routing on all layers of the board to conform to the new position of the via. Thus, in the electrical packages, a mechanical feature is automatically adapted to circuit requirements. In the mechanical engineering design packages, such topological relationships are not recognized. Mechanical features such as patterns of holes may be moved as a group, but, in general, there is no way of relating these features to the continuity of adaptable decorative details on the surface of the object.
In attempting to extend circuit layout to surfaces in three dimensions, a new set of problems arise due to the limitations of the two-dimensional circuit layout tools. When a solid part is to have circuit traces drawn, for example, on its inner and outer surfaces, electrically identical traces on the two surfaces may be very different due to the thickness of the part near edges or corners, or due to features that break the surface on one side but are not replicated on the other side. Thus, features such as stiffening ribs, standoffs, outer walls and mounting structures may make the topologies of two sides of an object very different.
In the implementation of the design of a molded part, tools are generally used which carry, in mechanical form, the image of what would be the artwork (i.e. traces and connecting pads) in normal two-dimensional circuit processes. In some cases, these tools may be generated using normal circuit board processes, for example, when the part includes flat areas which can be dealt with as simple locally flat boards. However, to obtain full benefit of integrating mechanical and electrical designs, it is desirable to allow the traces to follow shaped surfaces. To do this, the tools which are used to form the part should impose the traces on the part.
However, these tools are themselves solid objects which are fabricated by mechanical means such as machining or casting. Consequently, the traces and vias which constitute the electrical circuit should be specified in whatever system is used to fabricate the tools, be it mechanical drawings interpreted by a skilled machinist or input data files which are used to direct the motion of a numerically controlled machine tool.
The present invention is embodied in a method of adapting a two-dimensional circuit representation to a three-dimensional object. According to this method, a two-dimensional circuit representation, prepared by conventional techniques and corresponding to multiple surfaces on the three-dimensional object, is mapped onto the object one section at a time. As each section is mapped, data corresponding to traces and vias are transferred from the two-dimensional circuit representation to a data file containing a three-dimensional representations of the circuit as it is to be imposed on the surfaces of the object. This data file is then used to produce the circuit on the surface of the three-dimensional object.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary three-dimensional object suitable for use with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is plan drawing which illustrates the unfolding of the object shown in FIG. 1 to create a two-dimensional image of the object.
FIG. 3 is a circuit trace diagram placed and routed onto the image shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the object shown in FIG. 1 with the circuit represented by the circuit trace diagram of FIG. 3 mapped onto its surfaces.
FIGS. 5-10 are flow-chart diagrams which are useful for describing the present invention.
The design process of an MCB begins with the creation of a three-dimensional model of the part. For the described embodiment of the invention, this three-dimensional model is generated on an Apollo workstation using the GMS CAD-CAM system of Unisys Corporation as the mechanical design package. In this system, a three-dimensional object is specified as a set of quadrilateral surfaces in three dimensions. These surfaces are also known as ruled surfaces. The mechanical package produces a data file describing the three-dimensional object. In the present embodiment of the invention, this file is in Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) format. An exemplary object is described below with reference to FIG. 1.
The next step in the process is to "unfold" this three-dimensional object to generate a two-dimensional map of the ruled surfaces which, in the final artifact, are to include circuitry. In the present embodiment of the invention, this step is performed by concatenating the ruled surfaces, generated using the GMS package, to produce an outline representing a two-dimensional PCB. As set forth below, although this outline should approximate the outline of the concatenated ruled surfaces, it is not necessarily isomorphic with the three-dimensional object. The process of generating an outline of this type is described below with reference to FIG. 2.
The two-dimensional outline is generated, from data describing the concatenated surfaces, in an electrical design package, such as the Visula system produced by Racal Redac. This design package is also used to specify the placement of features such as connecting pads and vias which define both electrical and mechanical coupling of circuit components. When these features have been placed, the electrical package is used to define a routing for traces that connect these pads and vias as indicated by the circuit description. For this embodiment of the invention, the placement is accomplished by an operator specifying the position of vias and the position and size of pads on the two-dimensional surface. The pads are identified as being associated with specific components or with specific networks in the netlist. For the exemplary electrical design package set forth above, the routing operation is performed automatically to link the connecting pads and vias as indicated by the netlist file. The electrical package produces a data file describing the placed and routed circuitry. In this embodiment of the invention, this file is a GERBER photoplotter file. FIG. 3 is an example of a circuit routing produced by the electrical package.
The GERBER file describes a connecting pad as a point on the two-dimensional surface and an aperture for a beam of light which is flashed on to produce an image of the pad on a photosensitive material. A trace is defined as a starting point, an ending point and an aperture for a beam of light which follows a path between the starting and ending points to produce an image of the trace.
After the circuit has been placed and routed, the data files representing the three-dimensional object and the two-dimensional circuit diagram are combined by a program, which also runs on the Apollo workstation, to generate a data file representing a three-dimensional object having a three-dimensional circuit imposed on its surfaces. This program combines the two files by using space transformation algorithms which "rotate" a mathematical representation of the object in space to align each surface with a portion of the circuit diagram. As each surface is aligned, the circuitry circumscribed by that surface is removed from the data file for the circuit diagram and added to a data file for the three-dimensional circuit. In the exemplary embodiment of the invention, this program produces an IGES file which describes a mask that may be applied to the object generated in the first step to impose the circuitry on that object. FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary mask.
The present invention is described below with reference to the exemplary three-dimensional object, shown in a perspective view in FIG. 1. This object includes seven surfaces: 101, a hidden surface in the view shown in FIG. 1 that is bounded by vertices A, C, E, N and O; 102, bounded by vertices A, B, J, G and C; 103, bounded by vertices C, E, F and H; 104, bounded by vertices E, N, M and F; 105, bounded by vertices F, G, J, Q, P, M and L; 106, bounded by B, R, Q and J; and 107, a hidden surface in the view of FIG. 1 that is bounded by vertices H, G, F and S.
As set forth above, this representation of the object may be generated using the mechanical design package. The object is generated one surface at a time, where each surface is a quadrilateral. To specify a surface, two line segments are described in terms of X, Y, and Z coordinates and the endpoints of these segments are joined to form the quadrilateral. It is noted that some of the surfaces shown in FIG. 1 are actually composed of two or more quadrilaterals. For example the surfaces 102 and 105 are respectively composed of two and three quadrilaterals.
The next step in the process is to generate a two-dimensional circuit layout area by concatenating the surfaces of the object shown in FIG. 1. This process resembles the generation of a two-dimensional map of the three-dimensional object. This step is performed using the mechanical package. Each surface of the three-dimensional object is copied and referenced to a common plane. The various surfaces are then oriented so that adjacent surfaces are joined. However, some surfaces which are contiguous in the three dimensional object are separated as a result of the mapping process. An exemplary map is shown in FIG. 2.
A set of dimensions which describe the outer boundaries of the concatenated surface are applied as input values to the electrical package to create an equivalent two-dimensional map upon which the circuit is to be placed and routed. In order to link the map to the three-dimensional object, one vertex is selected as a common orienting point. In this exemplary map, the orienting point is the vertex O.
The map used by the electrical package does not need to be an accurate representation of every surface of the object. In FIG. 2, for example, the quadrilateral defined by the vertices D, J, G and H has been omitted from the map and the surface 107, defined by the vertices H, S, F and G, has been incorporated into the map by lengthening the horizontal dimensions of the surfaces 103, 104, 105a, 105b and 105c.
The surface 107 is handled in this manner so that the map may have a regular structure suitable for use by the electronics package. The inventor has determined that the routing achieved with this outline is more effective than that which may be achieved from a more isomorphically mapped outline. Since the width of the surface 107 has been accounted for by lengthening the surfaces 103 and 105a, any circuit laid out in the portion of the map near the junction of these two surfaces will be transferred onto surface 107.
Circuitry may or may not be transferred to the omitted surface defined by the vertices D, J, G and H. This depends on the order in which the surfaces are evaluated when the two-dimensional circuit is applied to the three-dimensional object. However, the portions of an object which are to be occupied by circuitry may be limited to selected adjacent surfaces by concatenating only those surfaces to generate the outline. A vertex of one of these surfaces should then be chosen as the orienting point of the outline.
For the purposes of the electrical package, the area onto which the circuit may be placed is represented by the outline of the map shown in FIG. 2, with the respective pairs of vertices C and C' and H and G' joined as indicated. The boundaries of the individual surfaces which were concatenated to generate this map are ignored by the electrical package.
The circuit produced by the electrical package for this example is shown in FIG. 3. This circuit was generated by defining connecting pads and vias corresponding to two integrated circuits (302 and 304) and a transistor (306) as well as various other pads and vias as indicated. In the electrical package, the individual vias are labeled to correspond to networks, or nets, of a circuit defined by a netlist data file. The electrical package then routes the circuit defined by this netlist onto the outline generated by the mapping process. FIG. 3 shows the result of this routing operation.
In the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 3, traces have been placed in the void region defined by the vertices N, E, C, C', E' and N'. If this were a flat board, traces such as these would generate an error indication from the electrical package. In this instance, however, the edge defined by the vertices N', E' and C' is joined to the edge defined by the vertices N, E and C in the three-dimensional object and, so, the void does not actually exist. Depending on the electrical package used, some error checking may need to be deimplemented to allow traces to be routed across voids of this type.
Care should be exercised, where traces have been placed across voids, to ensure that the ends of traces on opposite sides of the void are properly aligned for the three-dimensional object. For example, consider the trace 308 generated by the electrical package. If the portions of this trace which extend across the void were omitted from the three-dimensional object, there would be no electrical connection because the end of the trace at the edge N'--E' would not meet the end of the corresponding trace at the edge N--E. To correct this problem, the operator of the electrical package moves the trace 308 to the position 310 indicated in phantom. Other traces which extend across voids should be examined for similar adjustment.
If circuitry is to be placed on both sides of the three-dimensional object, each of the steps set forth above would be performed separately for the inner and outer surfaces of the object. In the present embodiment of the invention, the operator is responsible for ensuring that any differences in surface area due to curvature of the three-dimensional object or due to the thickness of its walls are properly represented by the generated circuit outlines.
FIGS. 5-7 are a flow-chart diagram which illustrates the overall process of creating a MCB for a three-dimensional part. Steps 502, 504 and 506 relate to the design of the three-dimensional part, using the mechanical design package, and the creation of the IGES file describing the part. Steps 508 and 510 concern the creation of the two-dimensional surface outline from the three-dimensional part description. Steps 512, 602 and 604 relate to processes performed using the electrical package. These steps in FIGS. 5 and 6 are described in detail above.
Step 606 of FIG. 6 is implemented, in the present embodiment of the invention, by a program written in the computer language SMALLTALK. A source listing of this program is included as an appendix to the present application. The step 606 is briefly described above and is described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 7-10. As set forth above, this step produces an output data file which describes the circuit in three-dimensional space as it has been mapped onto the three-dimensional part.
In step 608, a test is made to determine if the output file is to be used to drive imaging equipment, in which case, the file is sent to the imager at step 610. Otherwise, at step 612, the file is used by the mechanical design system, together with the IGES file that describes the three-dimensional part (provided as an input 614 to the step 612), to generate, at step 616, commands for a numerically controlled machine tool. The machine tool, in turn, generates a three-dimensional mask which may be used, as set forth above, to print the circuit on the surface of the three-dimensional part.
FIGS. 7 and 8 are a flow-chart diagram which provides greater detail on the process of mapping the two-dimensional circuit onto the three-dimensional object (step 606).
The first step in this program, 702, is to create an aperture list. This list is generated by the operator from data used to produce the GERBER circuit description file in the electrical package. This list defines the sizes of light beam apertures to be used by the photo-plotter to create images of the pads and traces on the photosensitive output medium.
In the next step, 704, the operator creates a surface list. This list defines the sequence in which surfaces of the three-dimensional object are to be evaluated to receive circuitry from the two-dimensional circuit diagram. This list is created by the operator from a list of surface identifiers for the three-dimensional object. These identifiers are taken from the IGES file.
At step 708, the program reads in the data describing the circuit from the GERBER data file 706. This data is put into three-dimensional format at step 710. In this step, each pad and each trace are defined in a format which allows for three dimensions, however, all of the third dimension values are set to zero. These third dimension values are provided later in the procedure. This step also generates separate TRACE and FLASH lists which include arrays of records that define the positions and dimensions of the respective traces and connecting pads in the two-dimensional circuit. A separate pair of lists is established for each surface of the three-dimensional object, however, at this time, all lists are empty except for the respective FLASH and TRACE lists that correspond to the first surface in the surface list. These two lists are initialized to include all of the respective flash and trace records for the two-dimensional circuit.
The next step, 712, reads the mechanical surface data from the IGES part file 714. In step 802, reached via the offpage connector 2, the three-dimensional circuit representation is mapped onto the three-dimensional part using the data from the IGES file. This step adds the third dimension to the circuit description that was generated at step 710.
Step 804 illustrates the possible output data formats of the three-dimensional circuit description generated at step 802. In the present embodiment of the invention, the output data is in the format of an IGES file. However, as illustrated in FIG. 8, output data files may be prepared in several two-dimensional and three-dimensional formats.
FIGS. 9 and 10 are flow-chart diagrams which show details of the step 802, described above. FIG. 9 is a flow-chart diagram of a procedure MAP, which is invoked at step 802, and FIG. 9 is a flow-chart diagram of a procedure CLIP which is invoked from the procedure MAP as set forth below.
The procedures MAP and CLIP fit the two-dimensional circuit onto the surface of the three-dimensional object. The fitting process may be analogized to the wrapping of the three-dimensional object with a sheet of paper representing the circuit. As each surface of the object is aligned with the sheet of paper, all circuitry which covers the surface is clipped out of the paper and saved. The clipped circuitry is marked as to the surface to which it belongs. This marking process establishes a dependency between portions of the circuit and respective surfaces of the three-dimensional object. That is to say, the location in space of a section of the circuitry is dependent on the position in space of the surface onto which it has been mapped. Following this analogy, the folding and clipping continues until there is no more circuitry to be mapped or until there are no more surfaces to be mapped onto. When this process is applied to a three-dimensional object having both interior and exterior surfaces, each of these surfaces is mapped separately and the results of the separate mappings are merged as a final step.
The first step in the MAP procedure is to select a surface from the surface list. If this is the first invocation of the procedure, the first entry in surface list is selected. Otherwise, the selected surface is determined by the invocation of the MAP procedure as set forth below.
At step 904, the selected surface is examined to determine if it has been used. If so, or if the TRACE and FLASH lists for the surface are empty, step 906 is executed to select the next surface. The FLASH and TRACE lists for the surfaces were established at step 710 above.
When a suitable surface has been selected, step 908 is executed to "rotate" and "translate" the selected surface into the X,Y plane. These operations are a mathematical translation of the representation of the three-dimensional object to achieve a surface representation having a normal vector which is parallel with the Z-axis. An exemplary method of performing the rotation is described in chapter 22 of a textbook by W. M. Newman et al, entitled Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, McGraw Hill, 1979, pp 333-354, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
During the rotation and translation operations, the orienting point of the three-dimensional object is maintained as a reference point for the two-dimensional circuit diagram. Thus, when these operations are complete, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the target surface and a portion of the circuitry.
In step 910, the portion of the circuitry which is aligned with the target surface is clipped from the data structure created in step 710 and made dependent on the target surface. The clipping operation is described in detail below, in reference to FIG. 10.
In the next four steps, 912, 914, 916 and 918, the MAP procedure invokes itself recursively for each surface which is adjacent to the target surface, as indicated by the surface list. The steps 912, 914, 916 or 918 are executed if the surface list indicates that the target surface has respective left, right, top or bottom adjacent surfaces. These recursive invocations ensure that all surfaces of the three-dimensional object will be evaluated in the mapping process.
When all surfaces have been evaluated or when no remaining surface has entries in its TRACE or FLASH lists, step 920 terminates the mapping and clipping processes.
FIG. 10 illustrates the clipping procedure. This procedure is invoked in step 910 above. The clipping algorithm used in this embodiment of the invention is generally the same as the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm which is set forth in chapter 5, pages 65-67 of the above-referenced text by W. H. Newman et al., and is hereby incorporated by reference.
In the first step, 1002, of this procedure, the left, right top and bottom surfaces, if they exist, which are adjacent to the selected surface are identified. Next, at step 1004, a trace τ is selected from the TRACE list, T[s] for the selected surface s. At step 1006, the procedure determines if the trace τ is entirely within the clipping polygon defined by the selected surface. If so, a transformation matrix dependency for the trace τ is set, at step 1008, to indicate that the trace τ is mapped onto the surface s. Next, at step 1010, the trace τ is deleted from the TRACE list T[s] and placed in the master trace list.
If the trace τ is not entirely within the clipping polygon, it may be either entirely outside of, or partly inside and partly outside of the polygon. This determination is made at step 1012. If the trace is entirely outside of the polygon, step 1014 determines which edge of the polygon is closest to the trace and, at step 1016, assigns the trace to the TRACE list for the adjacent surface which shares that edge with the clipping polygon.
If the trace τ is only partly outside of the clipping polygon, the trace is clipped at the edge of the polygon to form two traces, τ' and τ" and both traces are inserted into the TRACE list T[s] for the selected surface s.
If, after steps 1010 or 1016, step 1018 determines that the last trace has not been processed; or unconditionally after step 1022, step 1023 is executed to select the next trace to be used as the trace τ. Step 1023 branches to step 1006 which processes the trace τ as set forth above.
If, at step 1018, it is determined that the TRACE list for the selected surface is empty, step 1024 is executed which processes the FLASH list for the surface in substantially the same manner as described above. The processing of the FLASH lists is the same as the processing of the TRACE lists except that there is no analogue to steps 1020 and 1022 since, in this embodiment of the invention, a flash (connecting pad) may not be split across two surfaces. It is contemplated, however, that the system may be modified to accommodate such a split.
The final step, 1026, in the clipping procedure is to mark the selected surface s as used. This marking is tested in step 904 as set forth above.
It may be desirable to specify that some ruled surfaces of a three-dimensional object are not to be imprinted with circuitry. This may be accomplished, for example, by marking these surfaces as used before the mapping and clipping processes are performed.
A method of producing a printed circuit on the surface of a three-dimensional object has been described. While this invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is contemplated that it may be practiced as outlined above within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|Feb 2, 1990
Owner name: ICI AMERICAS, INC., A CORP. OF DE, DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:WILLIAMS, JOHN D.;REEL/FRAME:005227/0299
Effective date: 19900126
|May 2, 1990
Owner name: AMP/AKZO JV, INC., DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ICI AMERICAS INC., A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:005461/0332
Effective date: 19900130
|Aug 3, 1990
Owner name: AMP-AKZO CORPORATION, DELAWARE
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AMP/AKZO JV, INC., A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:005418/0823
Effective date: 19900513
|Sep 28, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 4, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 15, 2000
Owner name: MECHATRONICS, LLC, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WHITAKER CORPORATION, THE;REEL/FRAME:010892/0884
Effective date: 20000328
|Aug 1, 2000
Owner name: MECHATRONICS, INC., CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WHITAKER CORPORATION, THE;REEL/FRAME:011027/0882
Effective date: 20000328
Owner name: WHITAKER CORPORATION, THE, DELAWARE
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:AMP-AKZO CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:011035/0415
Effective date: 19960401
|Nov 20, 2000
Owner name: MERCHATRONICS, LLC, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WHITAKER CORPORATION, THE;REEL/FRAME:011284/0962
Effective date: 20000328
|Sep 26, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sportsstuff® Chariot Warbird 3 Towable Tube
Item # WX2-125524
Mfg. Number: 53-1790
Sportsstuff® Chariot Warbird 3 Towable Tube
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text:
Jonathan Cheban leads tributes to David Gest
Jonathan Cheban has led the tributes to David Gest following his sudden death on Tuesday (12.04.16).
The US star - who regularly appears on best pal Kim Kardashian West's reality TV show 'Keeping Up With The Kardashians' - co-starred on 'Celebrity Big Brother' with David and remembers him fondly.
Speaking just hours after David was found dead in a London hotel room, Jonathan told Daily Mail Online: "He was like a cartoon and kept us up all night laughing.
"It got to the point when if he was walking in or we saw him we would start hysterical laughing because he's so funny. He had a little wobble when he walked and always wore these long black coats. He was a true entertainer."
Jonathan also referenced David's health and said the 62-year-old producer was unwell during his stint on the reality TV show.
He said: "He was ill most of the time on CBB and coughing non stop... We used to beg him to stop smoking those cigarettes but he loved to go outside and smoke and laugh with everyone.
"I used to torture him about Liza all the time... He wouldn't say a word but it was fun to try and get a reaction out of him. He was a wonderful person and will be truly missed."
Announcing the death, David's friend Imad Handi said in a statement: "David was truly larger than life. He was not just a huge talent and a dear friend but a showbiz icon.
"I know he will be missed by millions of fans around the world, and particularly in Britain, who came to love his charm and blistering one-liners.
"If I may steal the words of one eminent critic, David was a natural star and a genuine celebrity. I will miss him desperately."
Actress Denise Welch, mother of The 1975 frontman Matt Healy, took to Twitter to write: "So shocked and sad to hear that our friend David Gest has died. Hasn't quite sunk in xxx (sic)."
A number of UK actors also shared their sadness on social media, with Jamie Lomas writing: "So sad to hear the news about David Gest, I was lucky enough to get to know you, a wonderful fun and generous human being, RIP my friend X (sic)" and Les Dennis adding: "David Gest was a talented producer ,witty man and someone I was proud to call my friend. Shocked to hear of his death (sic)."
Busted's Matt Bourne tweeted: "Shocked and very sad to hear about David Gest. A good friend and so many great memories (sic)" while 'Celebrity Big Brother' co-stars including Gemma Collins, Stephanie Davis, Megan McKenna and Scotty T all shared their sadness on Twitter.
David was the producer behind 2001's 'Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special' and married Liza Minnelli in 2002 before they split less than 18 months later.
His sudden death comes just three months before he was due to kick off his UK tour of his show 'David Gest Is Not Dead But Alive With Soul', due to start in York in July.


text:
Defining network rules
Published: November 15, 2009
Updated: February 1, 2011
Applies To: Forefront Threat Management Gateway (TMG)
Network rules determine the relationship between two Forefront TMG networks. Networks can have either a route or network address translation (NAT) relationship.
Although network relationships are most commonly defined between networks, they can also be applied to other network objects, such as computer sets or IP address ranges.
You can create new network rules and modify or delete existing rules, in the Forefront TMG Management console, in the Networking node.
To create or edit a network rule
On the Network Rules tab, on the Tasks tab, click Create a network rule.
Complete the New Network Rule Wizard. Do the following on the specified pages:
On the Network Traffic Sources page, specify the source network.
On the Network Traffic Destinations page, specify the destination network.
On the Network Relationship page, select either Network Address Translation (NAT) or Route.
On the NAT Address Selection page, select the option used by Forefront TMG to determine the NAT address used to hide computers in the traffic sources.
Note: Route relationships are bidirectional, so that if a route relationship is defined from source network A to destination network B, an implicit route relationship also exists from network B to network A. Client requests are routed between networks with source and destination IP addresses unchanged. NAT relationships are unidirectional, and NAT is performed to hide IP addresses. For more information, see Network relationships.
- On the Network Traffic Sources page, specify the source network.
|The predefined Local Host Access network rule cannot be deleted.


text:
- Home
- E90 3-Series (E90,E91,E92,E93)
- Engine-Performance
- Power Packages
- COBB BMW N55 Stage 2 Power Package with V3, 6B2X32
COBB BMW N55 Stage 2 Power Package with V3, 6B2X32
Product Description
Upgrade your BMW's performance with COBB 6B2X32 Stage 2 Power Package with V3 Accessport. Fits all BMWs equipped with the N54 Engine. The COBB Accessport is the world's best selling, most versitile and easiest to use handheld ECU upgrade solution for your BMW. With this device you can unlock hidden power that is within the vehicle. It replaces the conservative factory tune with more agressive calibrations. Included in this Power Package is a High Flow Filter and a set of catted 3" downpipe.
The High Flow Air filter is designed to minimize restriction while maximizing efficiency and ensuring and long filter life. The use of woven cotton and metal mesh with a molded rubber base sets this filter apart from other filter available on the market today.
Filter Features
- Washable/Reusable Cotton Gauze Media
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The best way to free up some horsepower in your force inducted vehicle is by letting the turbo breathe. COBB's 3" catted downpipe is a direct replacement for your factory downpipe and features a 200 cell high flow catalytic converter and 304 stainless steel tubing. This downpipe provide a free flowing exhaust out for the high energy exhaust gasses which reduces back pressure and increases turbo efficiency. There is off-the-shelf mapping available for the Accessport to take full advantage of these downpipes.
Catted Downpipe Features
- 200 Cell Count Magnaflow Catalytic Converter
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Vehicle Fitment:
E90 E92 E93 3-Series 335i, xi, i xDrive (N55) 2011
- E82 1-Series 135i (N55) 2011


text:
Let's take a look at
your journey to this
day . . . Basketball School Presenting Clarion Area H.S.
Class of 2010 "Go confidently in the directions of your dreams.
Live the life you have imagined."
Henry David Thoreau What's Next? Congratulations Zack! You did it! Congratulations Zack!
We're so proud of you! family fishing We're so proud of you! GO BOBCATS! Hunting Colorado 2009 Even Kristin & Jacob are proud! Just the boys I.C. Hawks Years fly by so quickly
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text:
State Agencies |
Online Services
Find more...
Click here for the February edition of the Early Learning Program Updates, which provides important Early Childhood Education news and information for administrators, teachers, families and community members.
The State Board of Education has approved revisions to Ohio's Learning Standards for Mathematics and English Language Arts proposed by the Ohio Department of Education based on recommendations of educators statewide. In many cases, the changes reflect instruction already taking place in Ohio's classrooms. Clarifications in the revised standards will guide districts in reviewing their existing local curricula, instructional plans and resources to see what modifications, but not replacements, they might want to make. Learn more here.
ODE ITC EMIS Trainings for February–March 2017
Children spend more than half their weekdays in school. Start Talking! and the Drug Free Action Alliance recognize teachers are powerful influencers in their students' lives and have an incredible opportunity to guide them toward making healthy, drug-free lifestyle choices.
FY17 Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (A) Collection, v2


text:
$76 Million Distributed in Full Tilt Poker Restitution
We have previously reported on the arrangements being made by the Garden City Group for remittance of money to the former customers of Full Tilt Poker. Since that time, there has been a lengthy process for the submission of claims to the group for administration.
It appears that players' waiting has not been all for naught.
The Garden City Group reports that, on February 28, 2014, it issued more than 27,500 payments totaling approximately $76 million to former Full Tilt Poker players who timely confirmed the balance of their Full Tilt Poker accounts. GCG reports that petitioners will receive ACH transfers of the funds anywhere from the day it was issued until several business days later, depending on the practices of their banks.
These payments are only the first round of anticipated payments. The deadline for affiliates to submit a petition for remission is this Sunday, March 2.
Ifrah Law is a leading white-collar criminal defense firm that focuses on igaming.
Omnicare Decision Limits the Reach of False Claims Act
A recent decision by the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit limiting the reach of the False Claims Act demonstrates how relators who pursue cases in which the government declines to intervene can end up making law that is unfavorable to the government's enforcement of that statute.
United States ex rel. Rostholder v. Omnicare, Inc., et al., No. 12-2431, a qui tam case alleging violations of the False Claims Act (FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729, arose from a whistleblower's claim that defendants violated certain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety regulations requiring that penicillin and non-penicillin drugs be packaged in complete isolation from one another. The violation of these regulations resulted in a legal presumption of penicillin cross-contamination. The relator asserted that the contaminated drugs were not eligible for reimbursement by Medicare and Medicaid and, therefore, claims presented to the government for reimbursement of these drugs were false under the FCA.
In affirming the district court's grant of Omnicare's motion to dismiss, the Court of Appeals focused on the specific requirement of the FCA that there be a claim that is, indeed, false. The Court noted that the statutes providing for reimbursement require that the drug in question be approved by the FDA but these statutes do not require compliance with FDA safety regulations as a precondition for reimbursement.
The Court therefore held that, while the cross-contamination might be a violation of safety regulations, it did not transform Omnicare's requests for reimbursement into false claims. The Court observed statements in its own earlier cases that "the correction of regulatory problems is a worthy goal, but is 'not actionable under the FCA in the absence of actual fraudulent conduct.'" (citing Mann v. Heckler & Koch. Def., Inc., 630 F.3d 338, 346 (4th Cir. 2010)). If it were "to accept relator's theory of liability based merely on a regulatory violation," the Court noted, "we would sanction use of the FCA as a sweeping mechanism to promote regulatory compliance, rather than a set of statutes aimed at protecting the financial resources of the government from the consequences of fraudulent conduct." Given the FDA's "broad powers to enforce its own regulations," to permit the FCA to be used in this manner "could 'short-circuit the very remedial process the Government has established to address non-compliance with those regulations.'" (citing U.S. ex rel. Wilkins v. United Health Grp., Inc., 659 F.3d 295, 310 3d Cir. 2011)).
Based on these principles, the Court of Appeals found that the relator had failed adequately to allege the existence of a false statute or fraudulent conduct, and that he could not plausibly allege that Omnicare acted with the requisite scienter when submitting the claims in question to the government.
This Court of Appeals decision could offer support for companies in highly regulated industries that face qui tam cases under the False Claims Act that arise from violations of safety regulations. In industries such as pharmaceutical manufacturing and packaging in which payment reimbursements are not expressly tied to compliance with safety rules, those companies may face regulatory enforcement for those violations, but will not also face assertions that they have also violated the False Claims Act.
Ifrah Law is a leading white-collar criminal defense firm that focuses on online fraud and abuse, and healthcare.
Online Fraud and Abuse, Healthcare
White-collar crime
False Claims Act, FCA, FDA, Omicare
Jeff Ifrah Presents on the Future of Online Gaming at J.P. Morgan Global High Yield & Leveraged Finance Conference
Yesterday, at the annual J. P. Morgan Global High Yield & Leveraged Finance Conference in Miami Beach, Florida, Ifrah Law Founding Member Jeff Ifrah shared his predictions for the growing online gaming industry in the U.S. and in Europe. Susan Berliner, an analyst with J.P. Morgan who covers gaming and lodging, moderated the panel, which also included Marc Falcone, CFO of Fertitta Entertainment/Station Casinos, and Eamonn Toland, President of Paddy Power. The panelists addressed the potential for online gaming's additional expansion in the states as well as payment and logistical issues.
J.P. Morgan's conference attracted a crowd of over 1,000 CEOs, CFOs and other C-Suite executives from high-growth companies across an array of industries, including gaming, entertainment, energy, and transportation and institutional investors. Questions from attendees at Tuesday's panel indicated that investors were most interested in the rollout of online gaming in the three states that presently permit it: Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey.
Ifrah noted that one study predicts online gaming revenues in the U.S. to reach approximately $670 million. According to Ifrah, how online gaming grows depends on what the states do to permit gaming and their licensing processes and what other states come online in the near future. Ifrah shared that just a couple hours before, Delaware and Nevada announced an historic agreement to pool their liquidity to increase their prize pool, allowing poker players in those states (and any other states which may subsequently sign on to the agreement) to play online poker offered by operators in either state, and to play against players in the other state. Governor Sandoval of Nevada and Governor Markell of Delaware met in Wilmington yesterday to announce this exciting development. The State of Delaware, an Ifrah Law client, launched online gaming in November.
Marc Falone of Station Casinos observed that run rate revenues for online gaming are estimated at $150 million in 2014. While online gaming is still in the early stages, it has the potential to be a much larger business with significant long-term growth potential. Falcone pointed out five challenges to online gaming growth, about which the panel generally agreed:
* General awareness – many consumers still do not understand that online gaming is legal in Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey, which hinders participation and growth.
* Payments – despite online poker's legality in the three states, Mastercard, Visa and other payment processors nevertheless decline to make deposits on online gaming sites.
* Geolocation – the states utilize geolocation technology to confirm that only residents in those states play. Many individuals have found the geolocation confirmation process unwieldy and difficult with which to interact, causing them to choose another activity. Falcone, Ifrah and the other panelists agreed geolocation technology and ease would improve over time.
* Security – in the age of high profile data breaches at Target, Neiman Marcus and elsewhere, and a reported breach on the Sands website, consumers' interest in online gaming may be chilled. New Jersey requires a player enter a social security number. Consumers are understandably reluctant to provide that type of sensitive personal information in a website form. Industry needs to continue to work on secure procedures that will boost consumer confidence.
* Offshore gaming – licensed operators in the three states still compete with offshore gaming sites.
Eamonn Toland of Paddy Power stressed that online gaming revenues are currently as anticipated; growth takes time as consumers become more aware and some of the "wrinkles" identified above are ironed out. He sees a significant revenue growth of 28% month-to-month. As to whether online gaming "cannibalizes" land-based casinos, Toland and the other panelists concurred that the online gaming player is an entirely different demographic and they did not see the cannibalism effect. Toland believes online gaming will grow significantly as states contract with each other like Delaware and Nevada just announced.
As to other states that may authorize online gaming, Ifrah and the other panelists mentioned California, Illinois, New York, and Pennsylvania as potential markets. The panel participants cautioned that while these are exciting developments at the state level, the federal government would be monitoring online gaming operations to see if there are any significant issues, such as consumer protection issues. However, at least one panelist believes that online gaming has extensive protections – such as age verification, protections for problem gamblers – that result in fewer losses for consumers than in land-based casinos.
Ifrah Law is a leading white-collar criminal defense firm that focuses on igaming.
Internet Law
Banks Shy Away From Processing Marijuana Transactions in Colorado – Will Anyone Step Up?
Last Friday, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Department of Treasury, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCen), both published new guidance in connection with the legalization of recreational marijuana in Colorado. Because marijuana use remains illegal under federal law, the banking industry is prohibited from servicing any marijuana-related bank accounts. This forces the recreational marijuana industry to operate on an all-cash basis, which increases public safety risks (both to retailers and to customers) and is a great inconvenience to the industry (which is required to take extreme measures such as hiring armed guards, installing very high tech security measures, and the businesses are unable to obtain bank loans or credit).
In response, FinCen's guidance, along with the DOJ memo, was supposed to enable marijuana-related banking and eliminate the public safety concerns, as it clearly stated: "This FinCEN guidance should enhance the availability of financial services for, and the financial transparency of, marijuana-related businesses." Although the guidance pursued an admirable goal, it fell remarkably short.
The DOJ memo states:
"The provisions of the money laundering statutes, the unlicensed money remitter statute, and the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) remain in effect with respect to marijuana-related conduct. Financial transactions involving proceeds generated by marijuana-related conduct can form the basis for prosecution under the money laundering statutes (18 U.S.C. §§ 1956 and 1957), the unlicensed money transmitter statute (18 U.S.C. § 1960), and the BSA. … Notably for these purposes, prosecution under these offenses based on transactions involving marijuana proceeds does not require an underlying marijuana-related conviction under federal or state law."
Simply stated, the DOJ memo confirms that recreational marijuana use remains illegal under federal law and could serve as the basis of prosecution against banks (or individuals), but that the DOJ will probably not enforce the applicable federal statutes against banks for processing marijuana-related accounts, provided that the banks follow certain guidelines that are outlined in the DOJ memo.
These wishy-washy "promises" of non-enforcement are extremely unlikely to sway banks from their decision not to permit marijuana-related accounts. Banks are naturally conservative and also have a huge self-interest to be 100% compliant with federal law because of the highly regulated banking industry; therefore, banks are only likely to permit marijuana-related accounts if it was legal under federal law, or if there were some form of safe harbor for the banks. However, there is clearly no safe harbor with the recent regulations and guidance.
For instance, the DOJ memo explicitly states: "Neither the guidance herein nor any state or local law provides a legal defense to a violation of federal law, including any civil or criminal violation of the CSA, the money laundering and unlicensed money transmitter statutes, or the BSA, including the obligation of financial institutions to conduct customer due diligence.". The FinCen memo also repeats "that the illegal distribution and sale of marijuana is a serious crime…" Thus, although the guidance issued by DOJ and FinCen on the surface appear to be helpful, they are ultimately toothless.
Further, the ultimate decision (and the inherent risk and liability) remains with the banks, as also noted in the FinCen memo: "In general, the decision to open, close, or refuse any particular account or relationship should be made by each financial institution based on a number of factors specific to that institution." Therefore, in the absence of any safe harbor and the illegal status of marijuana under federal law, banks will likely pursue the safe option of refusing to process marijuana-related accounts.
This scenario is quite similar to the recent aftermath in New Jersey when it legalized online gaming for intrastate users. Although New Jersey declared online gaming legal under New Jersey state law, banks generally refused and continue to refuse to process online gaming accounts. Banks deemed these accounts too risky because their internal regulations dictate that they would not process payments for accounts related to online gaming for real money when it was still prohibited in other states and would be an unwanted burden on their compliance checks. Similarly, the ultimate conclusion of banks considering marijuana-related accounts is likely to refuse to allow such accounts because they are still illegal under federal law and permitting those accounts presents an unwelcome risk for the banks.
Another significant hurdle that may cause banks to refuse marijuana-related accounts is the significant disclosure requirements applicable to the banking industry that are mandated by federal agencies like the FDIC and Federal Reserve. Banks, particularly banks that are publicly traded entities, have many filings and disclosures that they are required to make on a consistent basis. Therefore, the banks would presumably have to disclose that they are currently violating federal law by processing marijuana-related transactions and permitting marijuana-related accounts (and anticipate continuing to violate the federal laws). Regarding disclosure requirements, it should make no difference whether the DOJ presently anticipates prosecuting those crimes or how much of a priority they are in accordance with the DOJ memo – the fact remains that the bank is violating the federal law and that must be disclosed. Indeed, the DOJ could decide to prosecute these crimes at any time in the future. Furthermore, that disclosure (i.e. that they are currently violating the law) would likely trigger a host of regulatory issues that require banks to comply with all federal laws.
Yet, the banking market for marijuana-related accounts remains lucrative and underserved. The million dollar question is which bank will take the leap of faith to enter the marijuana industry?
One possibility is a Colorado bank that only has Colorado branches may be willing to permit marijuana-related accounts. Obviously, the potential reward is great because of the lucrative and underserved marijuana industry market. More importantly, the risk to Colorado banks is lower because they only operate in Colorado and can legitimately claim they are complying with all laws because Colorado state law permits recreational marijuana use, so they can be more confident that the DOJ will not prosecute them. More importantly, even if the DOJ decides to prosecute them, the state of Colorado will likely defend them and throw their weight behind the local bank, because if Colorado did not, then the whole recreational marijuana law and industry would quickly collapse.
Consequently, the risk-reward equation for a local Colorado bank is tilted more favorably toward permitting marijuana-related accounts because there is less risk to a Colorado-only bank, and the reward would be given more weight because the value of the marijuana accounts would mean much more to a smaller Colorado bank than to a larger national one. In the meantime, one would hope that the federal agencies would issue guidance that provides more clarity and real solutions to this issue, rather than just discouraging banks from this industry by issuing vague guidance.
Ifrah Law is a leading white-collar criminal defense firm that focuses on financial services.
Financial Services
Federal Criminal (Other), Financial Regulation
Wild, Wild West: The Legalization of Marijuana Brings Lots Of Regulatory Concerns
The beginning of 2014 has brought many new laws into effect and we have written on a number of them. But few laws have received more mainstream media exposure than Colorado's legalization of recreational marijuana. Of more importance to us, the legalization of recreational marijuana has posed some interesting problems for regulators.
The most obvious effect of the law was to allow the recreational use of marijuana, but there has also been a significant side effect: Colorado has seen an explosion of food products with marijuana additives (known as "marijuana edibles"). A big reason for the wide variety of marijuana infused products is because it is relatively simple to manufacture them. The regular food manufacturing process is used and then cannabis oil is added to the recipe, which adds THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) the main psychoactive substance in marijuana, to the food. Marijuana edibles range from candies and sweets (e.g. chai mints, truffles) to sodas to cake (e.g. cookies, brownies), and even peanut butter. These products are especially attractive to people who want to avoid the coughing and inhaling of pot smoke, or, to partake of marijuana in a place where smoking is not permitted.
We are not generally in favor of more regulation, but we do think that there is a need for more robust regulation of marijuana edibles. These are standard food products with all the associated risks (e.g. going rancid, food poisoning like salmonella). Also, THC is not particularly stable as a good additive. Yet, despite these characteristics that pose risks associated with food products, marijuana edibles are not being monitored by the experienced federal food regulators (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration). Moreover, Colorado Department of Public Health also cannot provide oversight because part of their funding comes from the federal government. And while Colorado's Marijuana Enforcement Division may monitor these products, its original purpose was to regulate the medical marijuana industry and it is therefore ill equipped to regulate the entire recreational marijuana industry from the perspective of experience and resources. The Marijuana Enforcement Division has taken some significant steps to ensure marijuana edibles' safety – such as requiring laboratory certification of edibles and implementing a tracking program that would be able to trace any food poisoning outbreaks directly back to the plant – but the absence of experienced food regulators from this process is worrisome.
Like many new laws, the legalization of recreational use of marijuana in Colorado is creating unforeseen challenges for regulators necessary to ensure the health and safety of the public. We are confident that, even in the continued absence of federal agency involvement, Colorado state authorities will find new and effective ways to meet these challenges.
Ifrah Law is a leading white-collar criminal defense firm that focuses on a variety of practice areas. View all.
View all
CDC, Colorado, FDA, marijuana, marijuana legalization
Recent Ruling May Put Dent In Ability of Government to Seize Domain Names
A November 2013 ruling from the United States District Court in a bankruptcy case may create an obstacle for a tactic increasingly popular among federal prosecutors – the seizure of a defendant company's domain name.
The statutes permitting civil and criminal forfeiture in U.S. District Courts – Title 18, United States Code Sections 981 and 983, respectively – both authorize seizure of "property." In a number of prominent (and not so prominent) cases, federal prosecutors have seized a defendant company's domain name, which may shut down the company's operations during the pendency of the case. But it does not appear that any Court has squarely considered, in a forfeiture context, whether a domain name constitutes "property" that may be seized and forfeited.
Alexandria Surveys, LLC v. Alexandria Consulting Group, LLC, Civil Action 1:13—CV-00891, Bankr. Case No. 10-11559-BFK, was not a forfeiture case, but it may have set the table for a forfeiture defendant to argue successfully that a domain name may not be seized. In Alexandria Surveys, the District Court reviewed a ruling in the Bankrupcty Court relating to the sale of certain assets previously belonging to the debtor. In the case, the debtor argued, among other things, that the sale of the debtor's web address and telephone numbers was improper because neither were the "property" of the bankruptcy estate, and therefore neither could be sold by the trustee.
In considering the issue, the Court noted a split in the Circuits as to whether a telephone number constitutes property of an estate. Compare Rothman v. Pacific Tel. & Telegraph Co., 453 F.2d 848, 849-50 (9th Cir. 1971) (trustee lacks right to distribute telephone number as property of the estate); Slenderalla Sys.of Berkeley, Inc. v. Pacific Tel. & Telegraph Co., 286 F.2d 488, 490 (2d Cir. 1961) (same) withDarman v. Metropolitan Alarm Corp., 528 F.2d 908, 910 n.1 (1st Cir. 1976) (permitting trustee to distribute telephone number as property of estate); In re Fontainebleau Hotel Corp., 508 F.2d 1056, 1059 (5th Cir. 1975) (same).
The Court observed that, while the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals has not yet addressed the issue, state law determines the contours of property interests assumed by the trustee. In that regard, the Court noted the Virginia Supreme Court's relatively recent decision in Network Solutions, Inc. v. Umbro International, Inc., 529 S.E.2d 80 (Va. 2000), in which that court specifically held, in the context of a garnishment action, that a web address and telephone number could not be garnished by a judgment creditor because the debtor lacked a property interest in them. 529 S.E.2d at 86-87.The court held that a domain name registrant acquires the contractual right to use a unique domain name for a specified period of time, and that the domain name is not property, but rather, "the product of a contract for services." Id. Without diminishing the importance and significance of web addresses and domain names, the Alexandria Surveys court followed the holding in Network Solutions that they did not constitute "property."
While Alexandria Surveys did not deal specifically with the law of forfeiture, the holding that domain names do not constitute property has significant implications for civil and criminal forfeiture cases. The case is not binding on other courts, but given the paucity of precedent characterizing domain names, this analysis may be viewed as instructive by courts considering claimants' and defendants' challenges to domain name seizures. And a shift in the law that did not permit those seizures would deprive the government of a significant piece of leverage that it now wields in many cases.
Ifrah Law is a leading white-collar criminal defense firm that focuses on domain infringement.
Domain Infringement
Internet Law, White-collar crime
domain seizure, forfeited, infringement, seized
Can Violating Social Media Terms of Use Make You Guilty of Violating the CFAA?
LinkedIn has filed a suit against John Does in response to a spate of "data scraping" perpetrated by unknown individuals, in violation of the website's terms and conditions.This is the latest federal case in the Northern District of California in which a tech company seeks to enforce its contractual provisions through the criminal statute Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA).
Starting in May 2013, unidentified individuals unleashed automated software programs which bypassed LinkedIn's security measures in order to create thousands of new member accounts. Once established, these new accounts could be used to view millions of LinkedIn member profiles. The software bots copied personal information off of those viewable pages, which contain extensive personal information. Although we can't know exactly what the information was used for until the perpetrators are identified, these individuals could potentially use this personal information to steal members' identities or conduct phishing or other scams.
LinkedIn has since disabled the bot-created accounts and implemented additional security measures to prevent a similar incident. The company instituted the "John Does" lawsuit in order to use the legal discovery process to serve subpoenas which may help identify the attackers. LinkedIn based its legal complaint, in part, on violations of the CFAA. But is the CFAA a sound legal basis on which LinkedIn can bring its claims?
The CFAA states that whoever "intentionally accesses a computer without authorization or exceeds authorized access, and thereby obtains…information from any protected computer" violates the CFAA and commits a crime. In this case, the bots created LinkedIn member accounts in order to view other LinkedIn member accounts and gather information. According to LinkedIn, the use of bots violates the terms and conditions that each user must agree to when opening an account. Did the drafters of the CFAA intend to reach this type of conduct? If LinkedIn is right, what appears to be conduct supporting a traditional breach of contract may become fodder for a potential criminal violation.
The Ninth Circuit addressed a somewhat similar issue in United States v. Nosal, a case in which a former employee, David Nosal, convinced some of his former colleagues to help him start a business by downloading customer lists from the former employer's computer network. Although the employees had unrestricted access to the lists, their use of the lists violated the employer's policy prohibiting the use of work computers for non-business purposes. The Department of Justice indicted Nosal under the CFAA for aiding and abetting this action. Nosal filed a motion to dismiss, which the district court granted. On appeal to the Ninth Circuit, the government argued that the CFAA applied to the employees' use of the customer listseven though their access to the lists was permitted.
The Ninth Circuit rejected the government's argument, stating that "[t]he government's interpretation would transform the CFAA from an anti-hacking statute into an expansive misappropriation statute. If Congress meant to expand the scope of criminal liability to everyone who uses a computer in violation of computer use restrictions—which may well include everyone who uses a computer—we would expect it to use language better suited to that purpose."
Is the conduct in the LinkedIn complaint different? Clearly, the bots are not authorized users like the defendant in Nosal. But what does seem analogous is that the the bots accessed authorized files by opening thousands of accounts in a manner which violated LinkedIn's terms of use contract.
Last year in a different data scraping case Craigslist Inc. v. 3TapsInc., the district court declined to grant a motion to dismiss CFAA claim, stating that "[t]he relationship between a website's terms of use and the CFAA is somewhat unclear in light of Nosal." We will continue to monitor both Craiglist and LinkedIn and report back here on whether the courts will permit the use of the CFAA to enforce a violation of a website's terms of use.
Cybersecurity, White-collar crime
CFAA, computer fraud, Hackers, LinkedIn, Nosal
Healthcare Fraud Recoveries at All-Time High Since 2009
Fiscal year 2013 marked the fourth consecutive year in which the Department of Justice has recovered at least $2 billion from cases involving charges of healthcare fraud. Make no mistake: these record-setting yields were no accident. The Obama Administration has prioritized busting healthcare fraudsters since it took office, and for good reason. A 2009 analysis by the AHIMA Foundation, estimated that only 3 to 10 percent of healthcare fraud was being identified. To help crackdown, Attorney General Eric Holder and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius formed the Health Care Fraud Prevention and Enforcement Action Team (HEAT) in 2009.The Government also launched www.stopmedicarefraud.org in an effort to curb ongoing fraud. From January 2009 through the end of the 2013 fiscal year, the Justice Department used the False Claims Act to recover an unprecedented $12.1 billion in federal healthcare dollars.
In this past year alone, DOJ successfully recovered $2.6 billion. More than half of that amount related to alleged false claims for drugs and medical devices under federally insurance health programs, including Medicare, Medicaid and TRICARE.
Many of the DOJ settlements involved allegations that pharmaceutical manufacturers engaged in "off-label marketing" –that is, promoting sales of their drug products for uses other than those for which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved them. A notable "off label" settlement was with Abbott Laboratories, which paid $1.5 billion to resolve allegations that it illegally promoted the drug Depakote to treat agitation and aggression in elderly dementia patients and schizophrenia – neither of which was the use for which the FDA had approved the drug as safe and effective. Abbott's settlement included $575 million in federal civil recoveries, $225 million in state civil recoveries and nearly $700 million in criminal fines and forfeitures. DOJ also reached a settlement in 2013 with biotech giant Amgen, Inc., which paid $762 million (including $598.5 million in False Claims Act recoveries) over allegations that included promotion of Aranesp, approved to treat anemia, in doses and for purposes not approved by the FDA.
DOJ settlements in the past year also addressed allegations of the manufacture and distribution of adulterated drugs. For example, in May, Ranbaxy USA Inc. paid $505 million, including $237 million in federal civil claims, $118 million in state civil claims and $150 million in criminal fines and forfeitures, due to adulterated drugs from its facilities in India.
Kickbacks were the subject of other DOJ enforcement in 2013. DOJ obtained a $237 million judgment against Tuomey Healthcare System Inc. after a four week trial. Tuomey was accused of violations\ the Stark Law (which prohibits hospitals from submitting Medicare claims for patientsreferredto the hospital by physicians with a prohibited financial relationship with the hospital) and the False Claims act. Tuomey's appeal is pending; if upheld, the judgment will be the largest in the history of the Stark Law. DOJ's $26.3 million settlement with Florida dermatologist Steven J. Wasserman M.D., arising from allegations of illegal kickbacks from a pathology lab, was one of the largest with an individual in the history of the False Claims Act.
DOJ Civil Division's Consumer Protection Branch was likewise active during 2013, obtaining 16 criminal convictions and more than $1.3 billion in criminal fines, forfeitures and disgorgement under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
These numbers make clear that DOJ continues to view healthcare fraud as a priority. Providers and others who operate in this highly regulated space ignore this law enforcement focus at their peril in 2014.
Ifrah Law is a leading white-collar criminal defense firm that focuses on healthcare.
Civil Remedies, Federal Criminal (Other), White-collar crime
AHIMA, DOJ, False Claims Act, FDA, Healthcare Fraud, HEAT
Charges Against Former Virginia Governor McDonnell Brought on by Whistleblower
The media coverage of this week's announcement that federal prosecutors have charged former Virginia Governor Robert F. McDonnell and his wife, Maureen, with illegally accepting gifts from a wealthy Richmond area businessman have largely focused on what the Commonwealth's first family may have given in return. To be sure, the question of whether and how these gifts corrupted the state government is an important one, and the effect on a man once considered a potential 2016 Presidential candidate is a significant political story.
But the story of how the allegations against Governor McDonnell first surfaced is also a cautionary tale about the vulnerabilities that can lead prosecutors to the evidence they need to bring down rich and powerful people. During his tenure at the Virginia gubernatorial mansion, chef Todd Schneider kept records and photographs of a variety of things he viewed as suspicious. When Schneider was accused of wrongdoing involving his outside catering company's relationship with the state – allegations that proved to be unfounded – Schneider revealed to prosecutors all of the documents and photographs he had that suggested corruption on the part of the Governor and his family. The indictments announced this week are the product, at least in part, of that treasure trove of carefully preserved incriminating evidence.
The defense in this case will likely be that gifts were accepted but no favors were granted in exchange, and that may be a winning strategy but there is also a lesson here. Corporate officers and public officials need to understand that, when they engage in behavior that comes close to crossing the line between proper and improper, their acts need to be explained and not kept private. They also need to understand that leaders are often judged by and held to a higher standard of conduct. From the mail room on up, employees expect the most from their leaders. Anything less than that may look suspicious and can literally turn into a federal case.
This saga is by no means the first in which a lowly employee who is discharged or accused of wrongdoing becomes a whistleblower that leads to headline-grabbing criminal charges against a company or a political figure. But it is a good reminder that those who cut corners or even commit crimes in organizations are vulnerable to the evidence collected by others in that organization.
Bitcoin Goes Mainstream
As followers of trends in e-commerce, our firm takes a keen interest in new e-payment methods. Last year, we predicted the Bitcoin would emerge as an innovative mode of currency for online transactions. When Bitcoin – an alternative virtual currency – first appeared in the mainstream media, it was largely portrayed as a wonky, nerdy counterculture experiment in decentralized wiki-currency. Reports explained that it was based on digital cryptography, but few if any people actually understood the math and even fewer could explain it in language that was comprehensible to most of us. But things have changed, and it is a whole new Bitcoin world.
Recent reports actually treat Bitcoin like a part of the mainstream economy. Government officials testifying on Capital Hill warn legislators not to underestimate the value that Bitcoin brings to the economy. Even leaving aside the federal shutdowns of illicit sites like Silk Road (an eBay-like marketplace for illegal drugs), ever-growing numbers of businesses are accepting Bitcoin as payment. Online market Overstock.com and social gaming site Zynga.com have both indicated their intent to accept Bitcoin. The owner of the Sacramento Kings has announced that fans will soon be able to buy tickets and hot dogs using Bitcoin. And it even appears that it will be possible to make political contributions using Bitcoin – doubling down on the whole issue of transparency versus anonymity in campaign contributions.
So if your organization considers using or accepting Bitcoin, there are some significant considerations:
1. The value of Bitcoin is extremely volatile.
Individuals can exchange national (fiat) currencies for Bitcoin through a variety of exchanges that have popped up in response to the demand for such services. The prices on these exchanges vary considerably among themselves at any particular time, and the price of Bitcoin has fluctuated wildly over the course of the past year. One Bitcoin was worth about $13 a year ago (in January 2013); in November 2013, the price surged over $1000 per Bitcoin. For a period of time, people in China were reportedly using Bitcoin as a means to avoid currency restrictions in that country; when China issued a ban on Bitcoin, the price swooned, although it later recovered much of that value.
The volatility of Bitcoin obviously poses challenges for businesses that accept them. Some address the issue by setting prices in national (fiat) currencies, accepting payments in Bitcoin but exchanging them on a regular basis. Other businesses have proposed engaging in sophisticated hedging transactions to address this risk.
2. Bitcoin has regulatory uncertainty.
To even talk about regulations and Bitcoin feels like it cuts against the entire vibe of this alternative currency, but there is little doubt that it is coming. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN) has stated unequivocally that Bitcoin exchanges (which exchange Bitcoin for fiat currencies) and most Bitcoin "miners" (which process Bitcoin transactions) must register as Money Services Businesses (MSBs) under Department of the Treasury regulations. And legislators in the U.S. Congress are unquestionably considering what regulations can and should be imposed on the currency in order to safeguard against abuses without extinguishing the innovation to which it is so closely tied.
3. Bitcoin is anonymous – sort of.
When Bitcoin first emerged in the public eye, it was ballyhooed – and demonized – because of its supposed anonymity. The belief that its users could indeed remain anonymous gave rise to marketplaces for drugs and murders for hire paid in Bitcoin. The rub is that Bitcoin is not entirely anonymous: The digital framework of the currency is that each transaction is recorded in the cryptography itself (preventing fraud such as spending the same Bitcoin twice), and it is possible in some cases to use that information to find one's way back to a Bitcoin user. The combination of a belief in anonymity and the ability of law enforcement to identify users obviously poses risks related to anti-money laundering obligations of which businesses must be aware.
4. Bitcoin still has security issues.
The last, but possibly most serious, consideration about accepting Bitcoin is lingering questions about security. Bitcoin are balances (credits) assigned to "addresses" (random strings of letters and numbers) that are publicly available. To spend the balance associated with a particular "address," a user must have the corresponding "private key" (a slightly longer random string of letters and numbers) and apply a digital signature that allows some portion of that balance to be transferred to another address. Thus, the security of Bitcoin relies entirely on the security of "private keys": Anyone who gains access to a private key gains access to the Bitcoin balance associated with that key. Given the recent headlines about data security breaches, it is not hard to understand why there might be concerns about accepting a virtual currency that can be purloined simply by stealing digital data from a computer.
The likelihood is that it is simply too early to judge whether Bitcoin is simply a fad or a harbinger of a sea change in our notion of what constitutes money and currency in a global digital world. Businesses who are early adopters may garner significant gains – or they may get burnt by early "learning experiences." Inside counsel are wise to advise their clients about the risks and benefits of Bitcoin so that business leaders may make wise choices about the decision to accept them.
Ifrah Law is a leading white-collar criminal defense firm that focuses on financial services.
Financial Services
Financial Regulation


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- Health Integrated24.Mar 2016
- Employee
Support from Management
Communication is a joke. Promises in the initial interview were not fulfilled or kept
What I like about the company
What I dislike about the company
I joined the company as a 90 day temp and then was supposed to be hired as a permanent employee with health benefits and a raise in pay. After 120 days, I was called at home and laid off with no severance or notice. One week later I applied and got a different position at the same pay as the temp salary and waited another 60 days for health benefits. Very disappointing.


text: elijah October 26, 2011 9:37 AM Last Edited 2094 days ago Selling two thirds of the ticket at full price then slashing the price of remainder looks like very good management. This near full capacity race is guaranteed to be a success, so banish all thoughts of Korea, India is going to be hot on track and off. Can't wait Reply Report abuse 0 agree 0 disagree


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ShopRite is establishing the fund with a contribution of $100,000. All 200 ShopRite stores located throughout New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Delaware an d Pennsylvania will participate in the effort. Customers who are interested in contributing to the fund may do so at the Chatham Township ShopRite, located in the Chatham Mall off Shunpike Road in the township. Customers may contribute in $2 and $5 denominations, which will be added to the customer's total order, through Oct. 27.
The money will be distributed through the Salvation Army and the American Red Cross and will be designated to aid the families who need assistance as a result o f the tragic occurrence on Tuesday, Sept. 11.
"We recognize that hundreds of families will experience a loss of income as they are displaced from their jobs or have lost a loved one because of this disaster," said Thomas P. Infusino, chairman of the board for Wakefern Food Corporation, the wholesale, merchandising and distribution arm for ShopRite supermarkets. "It is our hope that this fund will begin to address the needs of those who have been affected by this devastating event," he said.
ShopRite supermarkets have already provided the New York State Police, the New Jersey Policemen's Benevolent Association (PBA), local hospitals and rescue squads with food, bottled water, diapers, formula and transportation in addition to other supplies requested. ShopRite will continue to meet requests from law enforcement and disaster relief agencies through the duration of this crisis, Infusino said.


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Tag: Electric Vehicles - Page 11
Porsche goes after Tesla with the 600hp Mission E electric car
A new contender for the high-end electric car market.
Drone flyover shows the current state of Tesla's gigantic Gigafactory in Nevada
Construction seems to be going well. There is now an outer shell on most of the superstructure.
Nissan unveils 2016 LEAF electric car with 25% bigger battery pack
Finally a bit more range for the popular electric car from Nissan.
Tesla offers Roadster owners a bigger battery, boosting range to 360+ miles
Tesla Roadster still getting better even 3 years after it was discontinued.
Tesla passes 500 Supercharger Stations milestone (over 2,800 individual Superchargers)
In less than 3 years, the Supercharger went from an idea to a worldwide reality.
I'm on a boat: solar powered recycled plastic boats tour the Canals of Copenhagen
Bicycles aren't the only green way to get around the city.
The new Tesla is so good, it broke the Consumer Reports rating system with a score of 103%
And this wasn't even the most recently announced model with "ludicrous" mode...
New World Record: Norwegian team drives 452.8 miles on a single charge in Tesla Model S
You can squeeze a lot out of this extremely efficient machine.
Tesla and Airbnb team up to offer free charging stations to some hosts
Making electric road trips as easy as possible.
Tesla's 'Autopilot' feature has gone live for a limited number of beta testers
I, for one, welcome our new car-robot overlords.
Electric car sales are up 78% so far this year in the European Union!
And this is despite the coming wave of updated, improved EVs that is coming soon...
This Norwegian man won a free Tesla Model X just by being really convincing...
Winner of the first Tesla referral contest.
Is Tesla going to start its own Uber competitor with self-driving electric cars?
One more industry that Tesla wants to get in eventually?
Elon Musk tweets video of Tesla's strange 'snakebot autocharger' prototype
People like convenience? How about not even having to actually plug-in your plug-in car yourself...
LEAF could become whole family of electric vehicles, says Nissan exec
A small electric crossover utility vehicle next?
Just a 691-horsepower Tesla dual-motor P85D flooring it on the German Autobahn...
Easily keeping up with a Mercedes AMG SL63...
Teslas are about to start driving themselves on the highway, Elon Musk says on Twitter
A new software update that will enable some 'autopilot' features is almost ready.
Tesla's gigantic factory in California shot in glorious 4K video by a drone
One of the largest buildings on Earth is now dedicated to making electric cars.


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Illinois had one of the top prospects in their home state on campus Monday as Chicago Marist tight end T.J. Ivy made his way to Champaign.
The Illini have offered, but so have several other programs including a good handful at the power-five level, so as in-state recruiting continues to be a priority for Lovie Smith and his staff, Ivy is an important target of theirs.
"Illinois' coaching staff stood out," he said. "They have a lot of NFL experience and are very great to be around."
Ivy says he does not have any favorites at this point in the process, but he holds the Illini in high regard.
"I think very highly of Illinois and am definitely considering them."
Coming up next, he hopes to see two more programs who have offered him scholarships.
"I'm not sure on the date, but I'm going to try to get to West Virginia pretty soon and also Indiana."


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Well This Is Strange...
For the first time in a really long time, I have absolutely nothing that I need or want to do today lol. It's a bit weird. I usually always have something planned or some small thing that still needs to be done, but not today. It's Sunday, it's raining, it's dark. This is new to me lol. I have no idea what to do with myself today.
It is a weird feeling, isn't it? Maybe a good day to just relax and watch awful television? Or catch up with a friend?
yeah there's a few people I've been meaning to catch up with. I might even get to catch up on my sleep too lol. Clara is just all over the house trying to figure out what's going on because mommy is never just home all day. She always goes with me everywhere so staying home is not something she's used to when I'm off work lol.
Hmmm-- read a book you've been meaning to read, watch movies, catch up on a series you like, go for a long walk, work out, just hang out!
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About Dale Polley
Born: Indianapolis, Indiana
Current: Fortville, Indiana
Birth: January 04
On Moms.com since: Apr 8, 2014
I'm a 23 year old single mother living in Fortville, IN. I work in Indianapolis. I have a wonderful 3 year old daughter, Clara. Check out my facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100005722937289 :-)


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Bats And Butterflies Author
January 26, 2012 by staff
Bats And Butterflies Author, The ranks of those suing James Cameron for stealing the idea for Avatar is swelling to Comic-Con proportions as yet another individual has brought forth claims for being the true genius behind the mega-blockbuster film.
Last month, we covered three plaintiffs who had recently filed a lawsuit against Cameron's Lightstom Entertainment.
Meet the fourth fifth sixth latest individual who thinks he can beat the odds and not end up being ordered by a judge to pay Cameron's legal bill.
Elijah Schkeiban says he's the creator and author of "Bats & Butterflies," a franchise of products first created in 1988, based on a novel and WGA-registered script by the same name, about a main character named Joshua who fights with thugs and gets injured. Joshua travels to a planet, Altair, and gets lost in a forest. There, he meets indiginous species and is caught up in a battle between the bats and the butterflies. He's held captive by the butterlies and meets the queen, whose daughter teaches him about their ways. Joshua's bonds grow and he flies on the backs of the butterflies and fights for them.
The plaintiff tries to make the case in a lawsuit filed on Monday in California federal court, that all this has similarities to the plot line, themes, and characters portrayed in Avatar. The complaint also lists some not-too-convincing alleged similarities in dialogue as well. Amazingly, Schkeiban found a lawyer to represent him.
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