text:
Library Keeps the Public Entertained Throughout This Chilly February
The Bangor Public Library offers a variety of free programs and activities open to the public during the month of February. New programs for all ages, new art exhibitions and the selection of book groups gets more interesting!
February exhibits feature the Bangor Art Society in the Lecture Hall and McIntosh Studios in the Stairwell Gallery.
Other events happening in February:
Starting: Tuesday, February 4th- Free to public tax returns. Its tax season, come get your taxes done! AARP Tax Aide volunteers will be assisting the public with free tax returns at the library. They will be open for clients on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays (10 a.m. – 5 p.m. Reading Room) until April 15th, 2014. For more information clients can call Rich Jung during the Tax Aide hours at the library. 207-947-8336 Ex. (142)
Starting: Wednesday, February 5th- Usual Suspects Book Club. Are you a stone-cold mystery reader? New to the library is a group dedicated to mystery novels. Join local library lover, Cary Jenson, as you read through mystery-based novels. Meets the first Wednesday of the month (around 6 p.m. Board Room).
Thursday, February 20th & Monday, February 24th- Navigator "Lunch and Learn". Having trouble signing up for healthcare coverage? Well pack yourself a brown-bag lunch and join us for the ins and outs of registering at Healthcare.gov. (12 p.m. Lecture Hall)
Saturday, February 22nd- Fiber Art Exhibition. Looking for a new hobby? Or maybe you'd like to explore some beautiful local art? The Library is excited to hold our 4th Fiber Arts Exhibition on Saturday, Feb. 22 (10 a.m. -3:30 p.m.) 30+ local crafters, old favorites and new as well, will be scattered throughout the library from the Lecture Hall to the Children's Room.
Friday, February 28th – Global Lens Film Series. The Bangor Public Library is partnering with the River City Cinema in the Inaugural Global Lens Film Series. This foreign film series is an annual, curated program of narrative features
from Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin American and the Middle East. The second film is Craft, a Brazilian film (subtitles in English). Bianca manages a precarious living as a talented but underemployed actress in Rio de Janeiro, performing for private events as female movie icons. Also a short discussion will immediately follow the viewing. Refreshments will be served. (6 p.m. Lecture Hall)
Children's Reoccurring Programs:
Story Times; ABC Kids- Saturdays (11-11:30 a.m.); Chapter Chums- Alternate Tuesdays (4-4:45 p.m.); Creative Crafts Every 3rd Thursday (4-4:45 p.m.); Crochet Club-Fridays (4-4:45 p.m.); Goody Gang- Mondays (4-4:45 p.m.); Maryann's Night Story Time- Thursdays (6-6:30 p.m.); Mother Goose-Wednesdays and Thursdays (10:15-10:35 a.m.); Tiny Tots-Wednesday and Thursdays (11-11:30 a.m.)
Candy Workshop- February 18th (11-11:45 a.m.); Shadow Puppet Theatre- February 19th (11-11:45 a.m.); Make Your Own Snow Globe- February 20th (11-11:45 a.m.); Paul Bunyan Look-A-Like Day- February 21st (11-11:45 a.m.) No registration required.
All programs are free and open to the public. For more information about the February happenings, visit the Event Calendar at www.bangorpubliclibrary.org, or call (207) 947-8336.


text:
Coffee Talk: Michelle Obama to Write Gardening Book
See why we're splashing a little vanilla extract in our morning brew: Bobbi Kristina tweets she's not going to rehab, Rihanna loves her curves, Lisa Rinna allegedly sends threatening emails to Star Jones and Michelle Obama is prepping to write a book on the White House garden... Here's what you had to say: Mo Green commented via Facebook: "I'll have to get this book for my mother." Michelle wrote via Facebook: "I did garden years ago with my daughter. She's 19 now and in college. I miss doing that with her."
Read More
Latest News

subset: commoncrawl


text:
About the Book
Features & Details
- Category Biographies & Memoirs
Standard Portrait, 7.75×9.75 in, 20×25 cm
104 Pages
- Publish Date Dec 13, 2011
See More
About the Creator
Tell Annie: Your personal historian
New York City
I guide folks through the oral history process. My clients tell their stories in words and pictures. I edit their stories and add their photographs. Their storied memories are presented in book form.
Log in or create an account to post a comment.
0 Comments
Delete this comment?
See More


text:
Dispelling the Cloud of Unknowing
- Martha Byrd
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 Dispelling the Cloud of Unknowing Chris Collins Paul M. Postal New York University June 2015 Abstract: Collins and Postal (2014) present an argument for a syntactic analysis of Classical NEG Raising based on what they dub Horn clauses (first noted in Horn 1975: 238), illustrated by the italicized clause in (i): (i) I don t think that ever before have the media played such a major role in a kidnapping. Horn (2014) rejects Collins and Postal s argument on the basis of properties of a nonfactive use of the verb know (and a few other similar predicates). His key discovery is that the complements of such predicates can be Horn clauses. The present study argues that Horn s rejection of the Horn clause argument in CP(2014) is not sound. We support this conclusion by providing an analysis of the new data consisent with the assumptions of CP(2014). Keywords: Classical NEG Raising, Horn clauses, islands, Negative Inversion, negation, negative polarity items, NEG deletion, non-factive know, parentheticals. 1. Background: Classical NEG Raising Classical NEG Raising (henceforth: Classical NR) is a grammatical phenomenon traditionally defined in the simplest cases by the main clause presence of an overt negative element NEG nonetheless interpreted as having scope in a complement clause. See Horn (1978, 2001: 5.2) and 1
2 Collins and Postal (2014) (hereafter: CP(2014)) for much background discussion and references to the relevant literature. English examples are provided in (1a-d): (1) a. Harriet did not seem to be agitated. b. Vincent is not likely to win the election. c. They didn t believe that Rodney would testify. d. I don t suppose Helen can afford a new smartphone. Example (1a) has a reading equivalent to the claim that Harriet seemed not to be agitated, while (1b) has a reading equivalent to a claim that Vincent is likely not to win the election. Sentence (1c) has a reading equivalent to a statement that they believed that Rodney would not testify and (1d) has a reading where the speaker supposes that Helen cannot afford a new smartphone. These are the Classical NR readings. Classical NR readings are known to depend on the choice of the main clause predicate. The following sentences corresponding to those in (1) lack the low scope readings of the high clause NEGs. (2) a. Harriet did not claim to be agitated. b. Vincent is not afraid to win the election. c. They didn t testify that Rodney would testify. d. I don t insist that Helen can afford a new smartphone. Following CP(2014) we refer to those predicate elements taken in the pre-cp(2014) literature to permit Classical NR as Classical NEG Raising Predicates (CNRPs). In CP(2014), Classical NR is taken to be defined by syntactic raising of a NEG from a complement clause point of origin into a containing main clause. As noted there, this is a highly controversial view; most current approaches to Classical NR take it to be a purely semantic or 2
3 pragmatic phenomenon. In these views, e.g., Horn (1989 [2001: ]), Horn and Bayer (1984), Tovena (2001), Larrivée (2004: ), Gajewski (2005, 2007, 2011), Sailer (2005, 2006), Jacobson (2006), Boškovic and Gajewski (2008), Homer (2010) and Romoli (2012, 2013a, 2013b), syntactic NEG raising plays no role whatever. CP(2014) develops a powerful argument for a syntactic view of Classical NR based on the existence of subordinate clause constitutents that we called Horn clauses. First attested in Horn (1975: 283), these are illustrated by the italicized segments of such examples as (3): (3) a. We don t believe that in any sense has she met the minimal requirements. b. I don t think that any of those space aliens will we be able to catch. c. I do not think that ever before have so many space aliens visited Earth. d. No one supposes that any of those proposals will the director sign off on. e. One would never have imagined that any such people could be elected to the senate. The basic defining characteristics of Horn clauses are (i) the presence of a left-extracted nominal NPI phrase, e.g. in any sense in (3a), in the embedded clause, (ii) the obligatory occurrence of subject auxiliary inversion in the embedded clause and (iii) the occurrence in the main clause of some form of negation. The argument in CP(2014) hinged on a claimed restriction on Horn clauses (in addition to the properties in (i)-(iii) above) due originally to Horn (1975: 283; 1978: 169). The claim was that Horn clauses are limited to the complements of verbs independently permitting Classical NR, that is, complements of CNRPs. However, since the appearance of CP(2014), Horn (2014) has attested a new data class illustrating Horn clauses, but ones occurring in the complements of non-cnrp predicates. These include in particular a nonfactive use of the verb know, which Horn calls know-nf, a terminology we adopt. An example of the type at issue is given in (4): 3
4 (4) I don't know that ever before had the Army commander been in charge of the Naval forces. (www.americancivilwarforum.com) We agree that the complement here as in other cases Horn cites are Horn clauses. Based on this newly noticed data, Horn constructs a critique of the Horn clause argument developed in CP(2014) for a syntactic view of Classical NR. We will call the argument he advances on this basis the anti-horn clause argument, hereafter, Anti-HC. Since the data Horn uncovered were unknown to the authors of CP(2014), anti-hc was of course not treated in CP(2014). The present study seeks to show that contra Anti-HC, the important facts documented in Horn(2014) fail to undermine CP(2014) s Horn clause argument for a syntactic conception of Classical NR. We argue this by indicating how a viable Classical NR analysis of the newer data can be provided within the overall syntactic view developed in CP(2014). 2. The CP(2014) Treatment of Classical NR The examples in (1a-d) illustrate the most straightforward type of Classical NR. Following previous syntactic treatments, CP(2014) assumed that in such examples a NEG has (optionally) raised from the complement clause of a CNRP and appears overtly in the post-aux position of the immediately higher main clause. It was equally assumed there that Classical NR could take as input NEGs in various different complement clause positions, subject to certain syntactic constraints. The most important of the latter was that the original position of the raised NEG in the complement clause could not be separated from its main clause position by an island boundary. Since Classical NR is taken in CP(2014) to be a syntactic raising phenomenon, that is, 4
5 one of the same order as the various raisings in wh question clauses, relative clauses, topicalizations, etc., it follows that Classical NR should obey basic constraints on syntactic raising. A great deal of evidence that this is the case was presented in CP(2014), especially chapters 11 and 12. The island constraint was taken to account for such facts as (5d) given that, as illustrated in (5b), clauses with complement internal topicalization are islands: (5) a. When did Ted believe [that Marjorie had visited her mother <When>]? b. *When did Ted believe [that her mother, Marjorie had visited <When>]? c. Ted did not (= NEG 1 ) believe [that Marjorie had visited her mother [<NEG 1 > in years]]. d. *Ted did not (= NEG 1 ) believe that her mother, Marjorie had visted [<NEG 1 > in years]]. In (5c,d) and hereafter, following CP(2014), the notation <X> is utilized to represent covert occurrences of the syntactic constituent X. Hence <NEG 1 > in (5c,d) represents the lower, unpronounced occurrences of NEG 1. In (5c,d), NEG 1 starts out in the structure [NEG in years], which CP(2014) call a unary NEG structure. These are distinguished from binary NEG structures, which originate with two NEGs in representations of the form: [NEG 1 [NEG 2 X]]. Binary NEG structures are not of relevance to this work. While NEG 1 raises in both (5,d), the island created by the topic her mother in (5d) renders the result ungrammatical. The fact that the Classical NR phenomenon is subject to island constraints is a powerful argument for its syntactic nature. No existant nonsyntactic approach to Classical NR, including that in Horn (2014), has ever provided an account of this property. 5
6 3. The CP(2014) Classical NR Analysis of Horn Clauses 3.1. Basics In this section we briefly sketch the treatment of Horn clauses within the syntactic view of Classical NR found in CP(2014). Consider Horn s (1975: 238) orginal Horn clause example (6a): (6) a. I don t think that ever before have the media played such a major role in a kidnapping. b. I think that never before have the media played such a major role in a kidnapping. For CP(2014), the analysis of (6a) is closely related to that of its paraphrase (6b), which uncontroversially instantiates the Negative Inversion construction. More precisely, the key assumption about Horn clauses in CP(2014) is (7): (7) Horn clauses are Negative Inversion clauses. The ideas just mentioned yield an analysis of (6a) like (8a), taken to represent the common underlying syntactic form of both (6a, b). We suppress from our representations the irrelevant phrase in a kidnapping. (8) a. I think that the media have [NEG 1 SOME ever before] played such a major role. b. I think that [NEG 1 SOME ever before] have the media played such a major role. c. I do NEG 1 think that [<NEG 1 > SOME ever before] have the media played such a major role. Structure (8b) represents the claim that both (6a, b) exist as a function of Negative Inversion. By positing a covert NEG internal to the fronted NPI phrase in (6a), the requirements of Negative Inversion are satisfied. That covert negative occurrence then represents the same NEG having an overt occurrence in the main clause, as illustrated in (8c). This is possible because the main verb think, a CNRP, permits Classical NR. The negative analysis of the NPI in a Horn clause is only 6
7 possible because CP(2014) analyzes NPIs in general as NEG-containing phrases, a position argued for at length in that work. In these terms, the difference between (6a, b) is that only in the former, as represented in (8c), does NEG 1 raise to the matrix clause. Since (6a) is then analyzed as involving Classical NR as well as Negative Inversion, the supposed fact that Horn clauses are limited to complements of CNRPs was taken to follow from the assumption that only CNRPs permit Classical NR. CP(2014) contains much discussion of the grammatical conditions under which Negative Inversion can occur. A highly simplified version of their condition is as follows: (9) The NI Negation Condition The fronted constituent (NI Focus) in a Negative Inversion clause is either syntactically negative or denotes a decreasing function. In the example in (6b), never is both negative and decreasing. In (6a), ever before can meet the NI Condition only under the CP(2014) assumption that it is a unary NEG structure: [<NEG> ever before]. In other views of nominal NPIs, they are taken to be existential or indefinite expressions, hence increasing constituents. The fact that they can be extracted under Negative Inversion is thus anomalous. Associating the relevant NPIs with a single NEG, rendering them decreasing negative expressions, dissolves this anomaly Independent Evidence that Horn Clauses Are Negative Inversion Clauses CP(2014, chapters 13 and 14) provide much independent evidence that the subject-aux inversion found in Horn clauses is an instance of Negative Inversion. We will not replicate that material here, but limit ourselves to a new argument. This stands on the fact that the modal might is 7
8 incompatible with uncontroversial instances of Negative Inversion and equally bars the formation of Horn clauses. The examples in (10) show that might is incompatible with Negative Inversion. (10) a. She might never finish her thesis. b. *Never might she finish her thesis. c. Vera might rent none of her cottages. d. *None of her cottages might Vera rent. The examples in (11) show that a similar constraint holds of Horn clauses, which are incompatible with the presence of might. (11) a. *I don t believe that ever might she finish her thesis. b. *I don t believe that any of her cottages might Vera rent. Because we take NPIs like ever in (11a) and any of her cottages in (11b) to have the same negative structures as respectively never in (10b) and none of her cottages in (10d), the constraint in (10b,d) carries over to (11a,b) without special statement. But in any other treatment of Horn clauses we can conceive of, such correlations are inexplicable accidents. The argument from might may be even stronger than at first appears. Probably (10b, d) are bad because of a more general fact that might cannot be under scope of a local NEG: (12) She might not finish her thesis. (scope: might > NEG ; *NEG > might) For, as discussed at length in CP (2014: section 14.2), the fronted phrase in a Negative Inversion clause must have the highest scope in its clause. Therefore, (10b,d) and (11a,b) are ungrammatical because a local negative expression scopes over might. Moreover, there is no general constraint on subject-aux inversion with might, indicating that the constraints in (10) are not functions of a general ban on subject-aux inversion with this 8
9 modal. (13) a. How might they approach that problem? b. What might be a possible solution? c. Might he be willing to lend some support to that project? Only an analysis taking Horn clauses to be Negative Inversion clauses permits reducing the violations in (10) and (11) to a generalization about negation scope since only on such an analysis is the fronted constituent in (11) a negative quantifier (a unary NEG structure). Even the limited evidence we have given here linking Horn clauses to Negative Inversion then strongly supports the conclusion of CP(2014) that Horn clauses are simply a subtype of Negative Inversion clause. 4. Horn s New Data Class and Anti-HC 4.1. The New Data Class Horn illustrates know-nf (non-factive know) with examples like (14): (14) I don t know that I can trust you. Such examples lack the implication obligatorily found with the standard, factive usage of know that the embedded clause is true (see Horn 2014: 184). Horn s critical discovery relevant here is the existence of many know-nf sentences whose complements appear to be Horn clauses, as (4) above. Additional examples include: (15) a. I don't know that EVER before had all three boys napped simultaneouly. (www.vrbo.com/194521/reviews) b. I don't know that ever before had the Army commander been in charge of the Naval forces. 9
10 (www.americancivilwarforum.com) We find such examples perfectly grammatical and accept Horn s claim that such examples contain Horn clauses. Based on such examples, the core of Horn s Anti-HC argument is the claim that know-nf clauses like those in (15) cannot be instances of Classical NR because of such nonequivalences as the following non-horn clause and Horn clause cases: (16) a. I don t know that she ever before visited Cyprus. b. I know that she did not ever before visit Cyprus. (17) a. I don t know that ever before did she visit Cyprus. b. I know that never before did she visit Cyprus. Critical to Anti-HC is that not only are cases like (16a) grammatical, but also that (16) and (17) contrast with the corresponding CNRP cases. (18) a. I don t believe that she ever before visited Cyprus. = b. I believe that she did not ever before visit Cyprus. (19) a. I don t believe that ever before did she visit Cyprus. = b. I believe that never before did she visit Cyprus. Examples (18) and (19) represent, of course, the kind of semantically equivalent pairs which originally motivate talk of Classical NR In illustrating the problem for CP(2014) s Horn clause argument, we have focused on know-nf, as Horn did. However, Horn (2014) observed that other forms are by the same reasoning apparently also not CNRPs because of the lack of equivalences like those in (16) and (17). These, namely, can t say and not aware, likewise permit Horn clauses, as in the additional Web examples in (20): 10
11 (20) a. I can't say that at any time did I have a problem with any of the customer service team. (www.reviewcentre.com/reviews html) b. I'm not aware that ever in the history of New York State has something like this happened. (issuu.com/downtownexpress/.../113011_de.indd) We can add, that in our dialects, the expressions, not certain, not confident, not evident (to me), not convinced, not persuaded, not obvious (to me), not positive, not recall, not sure, and can t swear also appear to have the relevant properties that Horn documents with know-nf and the forms in (20); see too section 10 on doubt, which has related properties and which receives a structurally parallel syntactic analysis to CU predicate cases in our terms. That is, for this class of predicates, there are no semantic equivalences of the sort typical of traditionally studied Classical NR cases and Horn clause examples like (21) are grammatical: (21) a. I am not aware that at any time did they insult any of the applicants. b. I am not certain that ever before have I met that person. c. It is not obvious to me that in any sense is he qualified for that position. d. I do not recall that at any point in time did I consent to their reprinting my article. Given facts like (17a), (20) and (21), Horn concluded: (22) Horn 2014: 190: The problem for this otherwise elegant argument for a syntactic rule of NR is that dichotomous status is not a necessary property for triggering embedded subject-aux inversion. By otherwise elegant argument, Horn refers to the CP(2014) argument from Horn clauses; by dichotomous status here he refers to equivalences like those in (18). We will call non-cnrp predicates which, when negated, permit Horn clause 11
12 complements, including know-nf, Cloud of Unknowing (CU) predicates, and sentences where they occur CU-sentences. So in this terminology, Horn s key discovery relevant to the overall argument in CP(2014) is that negated CU predicates, although failing to manifest the semantic equivalences usually taken as diagnostic of the simple cases of Classical NR, can take Horn clause complements. Given that, the claim of CP(2014) that Horn clauses provide an overwhelming argument for a syntactic conception of Classical NR is seemingly undermined. That follows because, as first claimed by Horn himself (1975:283; 1978: 169) and endorsed in CP(2014: chapter 14, section 4), Horn clauses are supposedly uniformly linked to main clause CNRPs. This was taken to be explicable under two assumptions: (i) only CNRPs permit Classical NR and (ii) Horn clauses have a syntactic Classical NR analysis as in (8) above. Thus the core of Anti-HC is that CP(2014) s Horn clause argument for a syntactic view of Classical NR falsely predicts the ungrammaticality of CU predicate cases like (17a), (20) and (21), etc The Apparent Paradox An apparent paradox then arises from two at first convincing arguments. First, there is the seemingly solid argument in CP(2014) sketched above that Horn clauses justify a syntactic view of Classical NR. That clashes with Anti-HC based on Horn s discovery that Horn clauses are possible with CU predicates. But taking the existence of Horn clauses with CU predicates to justify Anti-HC fails to recognize the range of analyses made possible by the framework of CP(2014). And, actually, Anti-HC itself is not compelling at all. While its internal reasoning is correct, it depends entirely on the assumption that Classical NR can be correctly recognized only 12
13 in the presence of the sort of semantic equivalences in (18). If that claim is unfounded, Anti-HC is groundless. And it is unfounded. That such equivalences are not a sufficient condition is already shown by the fact, first noted in Horn (1975: ; 1978: 203) and discussed further in CP (2014: ), that truth predicates, which guarantee the relevant equivalences, nonetheless do not permit Classical NR. (23) a. It not true that she ever before visited Bulgaria. = b. It is true that she did not ever before visit Bulgaria. c. *It is not true that ever before did she visit Bulgaria. d. It is true that never before did she visit Bulgaria. e. *It is not true that she arrived until Monday. f. It is true that she did not arrive until Monday. Here, despite the unquestionable equivalanece of (23a,b), Horn clauses (and strict NPIs like until; see section 7) are impossible. One of the main goals of this paper is to show that equivalences like those in (18) are not a necessary condition for Classical NEG Raising either. We argue that the semantic equivalences and Classical NR are independent. Our conclusion so far then is that the discovery that Horn clauses can occur in the complements of CU predicates cannot as such falsify the CP(2014) argument that Horn clauses strongly support a syntactic view of Classical NR. However, Horn s discovery could in principle undermine the CP(2014) view if it could be shown that there is no syntactic Classical NR analysis of the new data. But nothing like that has been shown and by advancing and justifying just such an analysis, the following sections argue that it cannot be shown. 13
14 5. The Inadequacy of the Simplest Classical NR Analysis of CU-Sentences Perhaps the simplest approach in the framework of CP(2014) would be that a CU predicatebased Horn clause example such as (24d) is a result of Classical NR with (24b) as its input (parallel to the analysis in (8) of section 3 for CNRPs): (24) a. I know-nf that the media have [NEG 1 SOME ever before] played such a major role. b. I know-nf that [NEG 1 SOME ever before] have the media played such a major role. c. I do NEG 1 know-nf that [<NEG 1 > SOME ever before] have the media played such a major role. d. I don t know-nf that ever before have the media played such a major role. The coindexing between the two occurrences of NEG 1 in (24c) then represents the raising of NEG 1. In (24b), NEG 1 modifies SOME and the extraction via Negative Inversion of [NEG 1 SOME ever before] to the clause initial position satisfies the NI Negation Condition and requires subject-aux inversion. Then, (24c) is the result of Classical NR taking as argument the NEG 1 of (24b). However, there are at least three reasons to reject such a straightforward Classical NR analysis for CU predicate instances of Horn clauses. First, it predicts the existence of exactly the semantic equivalences found with CNRPs, just the situation Horn (2014: 190) observed does not exist with CU predicates; see (25): (25) a. I don t know that Carol is the best candidate. b. I know that Carol is not the best candidate. c. I can t say that ever before have the media played such a major role. d. I can say that never before have the media played such a major role. 14
15 e. I can t swear that he embezzled the money. f. I can swear that he didn t embezzle the money. Second, if (25a, c, e) represented instances of a Classical NR analysis in which the overt main clause NEG raised from the complement clause, that NEG would in each case function semantically only in the complement clause. But each such example clearly involves main clause semantic negation. A third and even stronger basis for rejecting the simple Classical NR analysis represented in (24) can be based on the analysis of parenthetical clauses in chapter 17 of CP(2014). This is discussed in section 9 below. 6. A Covert NEG-Based Approach to Horn Clauses in CU-Sentences 6.1. Motivation We suspect that Horn s (2014) conclusion that the occurrence of Horn clauses in CUsentences undermines the support from Horn clauses for a syntactic view of Classical NR is based implicitly on the following assumption: (26) The only possible syntactic Classical NR analysis of CU-sentence Horn clauses is that rejected in section 5. But assumption (26) is not sound. We can show this by displaying a distinct syntactic Classical NR treatment of the CU-sentence data Horn discovered which suffers from none of the flaws mentioned in section 5. Beyond accounting for the fact that CU-sentences can take embedded Horn clauses, the analysis we propose will meet two further criteria. First, it is consistent with the fact that Horn clauses are Negative Inversion clauses. Second, as discussed in the previous section, the overt 15
16 matrix NEG in CU-sentences originates in the main clause and thus correctly functions semantically in that clause, not in the complement clause. These assumptions are consistent with the following representation for (24d): (27) I NEG 1 know that [[[<NEG 2 > SOME ever] before] have the media played such a major role] Structure (27) contrasts with (24c) in that NEG 1, which modifies know-nf, is distinct from the NEG 2 modifying SOME. Hence in (27), NEG 1 has not been raised from the embedded clause. But the presence of NEG 2 as a modifier of SOME determines that the resulting negative adverbial phrase satisfies the NI Negation Condition and can hence undergo Negative Inversion in the embedded clause. And the presence of unraised NEG 1 in the main clause correctly accounts for the semantically negated character of the higher clause. But (27) cannot be the correct representation of (24d), since it yields an incorrect interpretation equivalent to that of (28): (28) I don t know that never before have the media played such a major role. That is, (27) has the wrong number of negative elements to represent the meaning of (24d). The actual Classical NR analysis we propose for (24d) remedies the defect in (27) by adding an additional NEG to the complement, and is given in (29). (29) I [NEG 1 know-nf] that [<NEG 2 > [[[<NEG 3 > ever] before] have the media played such a major role]] This representation contains three semantically and syntactically distinct NEGs. NEG 2 is a clausal modifier, negating the embedded clause whose initial element is the phrase extracted under Negative Inversion. The covert NEG 2 and NEG 3 are taken in the framework of CP(2014) to have been deleted. We return to the deletion of the NEGs in the next section. 16
17 Contrasting with many views about the distribution of syntactic negation, the general position of CP(2014), is that a NEG can modify any category whose semantics is compatible with semantic negation. Thus the presence of elements like NEG 2 and NEG 3 in the positions where they are found in (20) requires no special stipulations. In particular, NEG 2 modifies the clause (denoting a proposition), and NEG 3 modifies a covert SOME (denoting a generalized quantifier). We observe that (29) arguably yields the correct interpretation of (24d), one essentially equivalent to (30a) (in turn equivalent to (30b): (30) a. I don t know that it is not the case that the media haven t ever before played a major role. b. I don t know that the media have played a major role at some time before. This conclusion holds because the occurrence of one negation under the scope of a distinct one yields a nonnegative result semantically. So the outer NEG in the embedded clause of (29) in effect cancels the semantic effect of the lower NEG associated with ever. In predicate logic notation: [ xp(x)] xp(x). Structure (29) provides both the NEG needed to account for the negative status of the main clause and the NEG needed in the fronted phrase of the Horn clause. As argued in detail in CP(2014) and above, the latter is necessary to satisfy the condition on Negative Inversion, namely, the NI Negation Condition NEG Deletion The previous section crucially appealed to NEG deletion. Reprsentation (29) contains two deleted NEGs. In this section, we consider how they are deleted. CP(2014, chapters 7 and 8) 17
18 propose the general view that NEG deletion is based on a primitive binary relation between phrases called NEG Deletion (NDEL). (31) The NDEL Interpretation Condition If NDEL(X,Y), then Y = NEG and Y is not pronounced. This states that NDEL is a relation that determines the covertness (in other words, the nonphonetic realization) of a NEG. Phrases instantiating the variable X in (31) are called NEG deleters. CP(2014) further distinguishes between lexical and general NEG deleters. All the examples in the present paper involve general NEG deleters. A fuller representation of structure (29) would indicate that the NEG deleter of NEG 2 is the negated matrix verb [NEG 1 know], while the NEG deleter of NEG 3 is NEG 2. These deletions form an object called a NEG Deletion Chain, a sequence of phrases meeting various conditions. For (29), the NEG deletion chain would be (32): (32) <[NEG 1 know], NEG 2, NEG 3 > The basic idea is that NDEL(X,Y) holds between each successive pair in a NEG deletion chain and that any deleted NEG occurs in such a chain. The initial element of the chain in (32) for (29) is an example of a NEG deleter. These are claimed to be subject to an additional general condition, which is the analog in the system of CP(2014) of the various semantic conditions on NPI licensers posited in standard approaches to NPIs. CP(2014) requires, via (33), that general NEG deleters define nonincreasing functions (see also CP(2014:242, n 6)). (33) The General NEG Deletion Condition 18
19 If C = <A, NEG 1,..., NEG n > is a NEG deletion chain, and A is a general NEG deleter, then A defines a function which is nonincreasing with respect to the origin position of each NEG in C. Just as standard views of NPIs commonly appeal to a c-command condition on NPI licensing, CP(2014) posits a c-command condition on NEG deletion: (34) The NDEL C-Command Condition If NDEL(X, Y) then X c-commands Y. The NPI which triggers Negative Inversion in Horn clauses exemplifies unary NEG structures since they are represented as [[NEG SOME] N]. Deletion of unary NEGs is taken to be subject to condition (35): (35) The NDEL Clausemate Condition If NDEL(X,Y) and Y is a unary NEG, then X and Y are clausemates. Moreover, CP(2014) posit a condition, whose foundational idea is due to Szabolcsi (2004). This serves to rule out massive overgeneration of structures with covert NEGs. We here, however, present an oversimplified version, since the actual one involved several complex issues not relevant in this work. (36) The NEG Deletion Evenness Condition (simplified version) If G is a NEG Deletion Chain, then G contains an even number of deleted NEGs. All the principles just mentioned were motivated entirely independently of CU-sentences, which, as indicated earlier, we were unaware of. Finally, even though CP(2014) allows NEG to modify any syntactic constituent whose semantics can be negated, we know of no cases in English (or indeed in other languages) where an overt NEG is adjoined to a clause. That is there are gaps like: 19
20 (37) a. *Not Vincent left. b. *I think that not Vincent left. This parallels the fact that even can modify a wide range of constituents, but not clauses: (38) *Even it was raining. It was even true that it was raining. Based on very limited knowledge, we therefore boldly suggest a general principle, to be added to the collection of principles governing NEG deletion in CP(2014), as follows: (39) The Clausal NEG Deletion Condition For every structure [ Clause NEG x [ Clause Y]], there exists a Z such that NDEL(Z, NEG x ). Consider then how the CU-sentence (24d) represented in (29) satisfies the general idea that NEG deletion is a function of the NDEL relation satisfying the set of constraints just given. The Clausal NEG Deletion Condition requires NEG 2 to be deleted. The General NEG Deletion Condition then requires the NEG deleter of NEG 2 to define a nonincreasing function. The only forms in the complement clause of (29) with this property other than NEG 2 itself are NEG 3 and [NEG 3 ever before]. These phrases do not, however, c-command NEG 2. Therefore, the General NEG Deletion Condition and the NDEL C-command Condition combine to entail that the NEG deleter of NEG 2 cannot be internal to the complement clause. So it must be in the main clause. The NDEL Clausemate Condition requires that the NEG deleter of NEG 2 must be its clausemate. Therefore, NDEL(X, NEG 2 ) in (29) can only satisfy the overall set of conditions on NEG deletion if NEG 2 raises into the main clause. There it finds a decreasing phrase, [NEG 1 know-nf] (the matrix verb modified by negation), which is a c-commanding clausemate and hence a licit NEG deleter. The exact position to which NEG 2 raises in the main clause depends on various assumptions that space does not permit considering here. 20
Semantics and Generative Grammar. Quantificational DPs, Part 3: Covert Movement vs. Type Shifting 1
Quantificational DPs, Part 3: Covert Movement vs. Type Shifting 1 1. Introduction Thus far, we ve considered two competing analyses of sentences like those in (1). (1) Sentences Where a QuantificationalMore information
CHAPTER 7 GENERAL PROOF SYSTEMS 1 Introduction Proof systems are built to prove statements. They can be thought as an inference machine with special statements, called provable statements, or sometimesMore information
The compositional semantics of same
The compositional semantics of same Mike Solomon Amherst College Abstract Barker (2007) proposes the first strictly compositional semantic analysis of internal same. I show that Barker s analysis failsMore information
Sounds Like Like. Peter Lasersohn. University of Rochester. Abstract: It is argued that the verb sound is ambiguous between
Sounds Like Like Peter Lasersohn University of Rochester Abstract: It is argued that the verb sound is ambiguous between one reading where it denotes a two-place relation between individuals and properties,More information
Likewise, we have contradictions: formulas that can only be false, e.g. (p p).
CHAPTER 4. STATEMENT LOGIC 59 The rightmost column of this truth table contains instances of T and instances of F. Notice that there are no degrees of contingency. If both values are possible, the formulaMore information
Perfect being theology and modal truth
Perfect being theology and modal truth Jeff Speaks February 9, 2016 Perfect being theology is the attempt to use the principle that God is the greatest possible being to derive claims about the divineMore information
Boonin on the Future-Like-Ours Argument against Abortion. Pedro Galvão Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa
Boonin on the Future-Like-Ours Argument against Abortion Pedro Galvão Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa David Boonin s recent book 1 is an impressively deep and detailed attempt to establishMore information
2. Methods of Proof Types of Proofs. Suppose we wish to prove an implication p q. Here are some strategies we have available to try.
2. METHODS OF PROOF 69 2. Methods of Proof 2.1. Types of Proofs. Suppose we wish to prove an implication p q. Here are some strategies we have available to try. Trivial Proof: If we know q is true thenMore information
The Meta-Problem of Change
NOÛS 43:2 (2009) 286 314 The Meta-Problem of Change THOMAS HOFWEBER University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1. Introduction One of the central problems in metaphysics over the last so many centuriesMore information
Movement and Binding
Movement and Binding Gereon Müller Institut für Linguistik Universität Leipzig SoSe 2008 www.uni-leipzig.de/ muellerg Gereon Müller (Institut für Linguistik) Constraints in Syntax 4 SoSe 2008 1 / 35 PrinciplesMore information
A Short Course in Logic Zeno s Paradox
1 Grappling with Good Arguments A Short Course in Logic Zeno s Paradox We ve seen that if we decide that an argument is good then we should be inclined to believe that the ultimate conclusion is true.More information
CHAPTER 2. Logic. 1. Logic Definitions. Notation: Variables are used to represent propositions. The most common variables used are p, q, and r.
CHAPTER 2 Logic 1. Logic Definitions 1.1. Propositions. Definition 1.1.1. A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true (denoted either T or 1) or false (denoted either F or 0). Notation:More information
or conventional implicature [1]. If the implication is only pragmatic, explicating logical truth, and, thus, also consequence and inconsistency.
44 ANALYSIS explicating logical truth, and, thus, also consequence and inconsistency. Let C1 and C2 be distinct moral codes formulated in English. Let C1 contain a norm N and C2 its negation. The moralMore information
Computing and Informatics, Vol. 20, 2001,????, V 2006-Nov-6 UPDATES OF LOGIC PROGRAMS Ján Šefránek Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University,More information
Database design theory, Part I
Database design theory, Part I Functional dependencies Introduction As we saw in the last segment, designing a good database is a non trivial matter. The E/R model gives a useful rapid prototyping tool,More information
General Philosophy. Dr Peter Millican, Hertford College. Lecture 3: Induction
General Philosophy Dr Peter Millican, Hertford College Lecture 3: Induction Hume s s Fork 2 Enquiry IV starts with a vital distinction between types of proposition: Relations of ideas can be known a prioriMore information
Does rationality consist in responding correctly to reasons? John Broome Journal of Moral Philosophy, 4 (2007), pp. 349 74.
Does rationality consist in responding correctly to reasons? John Broome Journal of Moral Philosophy, 4 (2007), pp. 349 74. 1. Rationality and responding to reasons Some philosophers think that rationalityMore information
Review. Bayesianism and Reliability. Today s Class
Review Bayesianism and Reliability Models and Simulations in Philosophy April 14th, 2014 Last Class: Difference between individual and social epistemology Why simulations are particularly useful for socialMore information
WHAT ARE MATHEMATICAL PROOFS AND WHY THEY ARE IMPORTANT? introduction Many students seem to have trouble with the notion of a mathematical proof. People that come to a course like Math 216, who certainlyMore information
COMPARATIVES WITHOUT DEGREES: A NEW APPROACH. FRIEDERIKE MOLTMANN IHPST, Paris firstname.lastname@example.com
COMPARATIVES WITHOUT DEGREES: A NEW APPROACH FRIEDERIKE MOLTMANN IHPST, Paris firstname.lastname@example.com It has become common to analyse comparatives by using degrees, so that John is happier than Mary wouldMore information
Sorensen on Unknowable Obligations
Sorensen on Unknowable Obligations Theodore Sider Utilitas 7 (1995): 273 9 1. Access principles Vagueness in the phrase can know aside, the principle of Access An act is obligatory only if its agent canMore information
An Innocent Investigation
An Innocent Investigation D. Joyce, Clark University January 2006 The beginning. Have you ever wondered why every number is either even or odd? I don t mean to ask if you ever wondered whether every numberMore information
Overview of the TACITUS Project
Overview of the TACITUS Project Jerry R. Hobbs Artificial Intelligence Center SRI International 1 Aims of the Project The specific aim of the TACITUS project is to develop interpretation processes forMore information
The Role of Dispute Settlement Procedures in International Trade Agreements: Online Appendix
The Role of Dispute Settlement Procedures in International Trade Agreements: Online Appendix Giovanni Maggi Yale University, NBER and CEPR Robert W. Staiger Stanford University and NBER November 2010 1.More information
Chapter 21: The Discounted Utility Model
Chapter 21: The Discounted Utility Model 21.1: Introduction This is an important chapter in that it introduces, and explores the implications of, an empirically relevant utility function representing intertemporalMore information
Frege s theory of sense
Frege s theory of sense Jeff Speaks August 25, 2011 1. Three arguments that there must be more to meaning than reference... 1 1.1. Frege s puzzle about identity sentences 1.2. Understanding and knowledgeMore information
Adverbs (and adverbials)
CHAPTER 11 Adverbs (and adverbials) Adverbs are the most mixed of all the parts of speech. By definition, an adverb is a word (or, phrase) that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, but thisMore information
Revised Version of Chapter 23. We learned long ago how to solve linear congruences. ax c (mod m)
Chapter 23 Squares Modulo p Revised Version of Chapter 23 We learned long ago how to solve linear congruences ax c (mod m) (see Chapter 8). It s now time to take the plunge and move on to quadratic equations.More information
KNOWLEDGE FACTORING USING NORMALIZATION THEORY J. VANTHIENEN M. SNOECK Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Department of Applied Economic Sciences Dekenstraat 2, 3000 Leuven (Belgium) tel. (+32) 16 28 58 09More information
1/9. Locke 1: Critique of Innate Ideas
1/9 Locke 1: Critique of Innate Ideas This week we are going to begin looking at a new area by turning our attention to the work of John Locke, who is probably the most famous English philosopher of allMore information
Last time we had arrived at the following provisional interpretation of Aquinas second way:
Aquinas Third Way Last time we had arrived at the following provisional interpretation of Aquinas second way: 1. 2. 3. 4. At least one thing has an efficient cause. Every causal chain must either be circular,More information
CHAPTER 3. Methods of Proofs. 1. Logical Arguments and Formal Proofs
CHAPTER 3 Methods of Proofs 1. Logical Arguments and Formal Proofs 1.1. Basic Terminology. An axiom is a statement that is given to be true. A rule of inference is a logical rule that is used to deduceMore information
Arguments and Dialogues
ONE Arguments and Dialogues The three goals of critical argumentation are to identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments. The term argument is used in a special sense, referring to the giving of reasonsMore information
POSITIVE POLARITY ITEMS: AN ALTERNATIVE BASED ACCOUNT ANDREEA CRISTINA NICOLAE Harvard University 1 Introduction The focus of this paper is on the polarity sensitive indefinite someone, whose distributionMore information
The Double Lives of Objects: An Essay in the Metaphysics of the Ordinary World
252 The Double Lives of Objects: An Essay in the Metaphysics of the Ordinary World, by Thomas Sattig. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 288 pages, ISBN 9780199683017 (hbk). In The Double Lives ofMore information
Critical Study David Benatar. Better Never To Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)
NOÛS 43:4 (2009) 776 785 Critical Study David Benatar. Better Never To Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) ELIZABETH HARMAN Princeton University In thisMore information
Is the Symmetry Problem Really a Problem?
Is the Symmetry Problem Really a Problem? Eliza Block The Symmetry Problem 1 is a simple and powerful challenge to the Gricean explanation of a certain class of Quantity implicatures, to the effect thatMore information
Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics
Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics WRITING A GOOD ETHICS ESSAY The writing of essays in which you argue in support of a position on some moral issue is not something that is intrinsically difficult.More information
Writing Thesis Defense Papers
Writing Thesis Defense Papers The point of these papers is for you to explain and defend a thesis of your own critically analyzing the reasoning offered in support of a claim made by one of the philosophersMore information
Basic Set Theory. 1. Motivation. Fido Sue. Fred Aristotle Bob. LX 502 - Semantics I September 11, 2008
Basic Set Theory LX 502 - Semantics I September 11, 2008 1. Motivation When you start reading these notes, the first thing you should be asking yourselves is What is Set Theory and why is it relevant?More information
Notes on Factoring. MA 206 Kurt Bryan
The General Approach Notes on Factoring MA 26 Kurt Bryan Suppose I hand you n, a 2 digit integer and tell you that n is composite, with smallest prime factor around 5 digits. Finding a nontrivial factorMore information
Do we need Structured Question Meanings? Two Approaches to Questions
Do we need Structured Question Meanings? Manfred Krifka Humboldt-Universität & Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS) Berlin http://amor.rz.hu-berlin.de/~h2816i3x Two Approaches to Questions TheMore information
Kant s deontological ethics
Michael Lacewing Kant s deontological ethics DEONTOLOGY Deontologists believe that morality is a matter of duty. We have moral duties to do things which it is right to do and moral duties not to do thingsMore information
In Defense of Kantian Moral Theory Nader Shoaibi University of California, Berkeley
In Defense of Kantian Moral Theory University of California, Berkeley In this paper, I will argue that Kant provides us with a plausible account of morality. To show that, I will first offer a major criticismMore information
Mackie's treatment of miracles
International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 39:151-158 (June 1996) 9 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Mackie's treatment of miracles RICHARD OTTE University of CaliforniaMore information
We would like to state the following system of natural deduction rules preserving falsity:
A Natural Deduction System Preserving Falsity 1 Wagner de Campos Sanz Dept. of Philosophy/UFG/Brazil firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract This paper presents a natural deduction system preserving falsity. This newMore information
A Primer in the Semantics of English
A Primer in the Semantics of English Some Nuts and Bolts 2000-2010 by Terence Parsons A Primer in the Semantics of English Some Nuts and Bolts Chapter 0: Preliminary Issues 0.1 What Sentences Do 0.2 Standing-forMore information
A Framework for the Semantics of Behavioral Contracts
A Framework for the Semantics of Behavioral Contracts Ashley McNeile Metamaxim Ltd, 48 Brunswick Gardens, London W8 4AN, UK firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract. Contracts have proved a powerful conceptMore information
Using, Mentioning and Quoting: A Reply to Saka 1 Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore
Using, Mentioning and Quoting: A Reply to Saka 1 Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore Paul Saka, in a recent paper, declares that we can use, mention, or quote an expression. Whether a speaker is using orMore information
Non-nominal Which-Relatives
Non-nominal Which-Relatives Doug Arnold, Robert D. Borsley University of Essex The properties of non-restrictive relatives All non-restrictive relative clauses include a wh-word. There are no that or zeroMore information
13 Infinite Sets. 13.1 Injections, Surjections, and Bijections. mcs-ftl 2010/9/8 0:40 page 379 #385
mcs-ftl 2010/9/8 0:40 page 379 #385 13 Infinite Sets So you might be wondering how much is there to say about an infinite set other than, well, it has an infinite number of elements. Of course, an infiniteMore information
Read this syllabus very carefully. If there are any reasons why you cannot comply with what I am requiring, then talk with me about this at once.
LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING PHIL 2020 Maymester Term, 2010 Daily, 9:30-12:15 Peabody Hall, room 105 Text: LOGIC AND RATIONAL THOUGHT by Frank R. Harrison, III Professor: Frank R. Harrison, III Office:More information
Predicate Calculus. There are certain arguments that seem to be perfectly logical, yet they cannot be expressed by using propositional calculus.
Predicate Calculus (Alternative names: predicate logic, first order logic, elementary logic, restricted predicate calculus, restricted functional calculus, relational calculus, theory of quantification,More information
Game Theory and Poker
Game Theory and Poker Jason Swanson April, 2005 Abstract An extremely simplified version of poker is completely solved from a game theoretic standpoint. The actual properties of the optimal solution areMore information
7 Conclusions and suggestions for further research
7 Conclusions and suggestions for further research This research has devised an approach to analyzing system-level coordination from the point of view of product architecture. The analysis was conductedMore information
OPRE 6201 : 2. Simplex Method
OPRE 6201 : 2. Simplex Method 1 The Graphical Method: An Example Consider the following linear program: Max 4x 1 +3x 2 Subject to: 2x 1 +3x 2 6 (1) 3x 1 +2x 2 3 (2) 2x 2 5 (3) 2x 1 +x 2 4 (4) x 1, x 2More information
5th Week. Ways of making a phrase, clause, and sentence
5th Week Ways of making a phrase, clause, and sentence 1. Ways of making Phrase Before explaining the way of making phrase, we need to understand the basic concepts in advance. Words are the most basicMore information
CELF -5 Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fifth Edition Score Report Elisabeth H. Wiig, Eleanor Semel, Wayne A. Secord
CELF -5 Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fifth Edition Score Report Elisabeth H. Wiig, Eleanor Semel, Wayne A. Secord Name: Timothy Sample Gender: Male Birth Date: 03/23/2003 Test Date: 11/21/2013More information
A BRIEF ALTHOUGH NOT AS BRIEF AS I D HOPED GUIDE TO WRITING PHILOSOPHY PAPERS Introduction: Philosophical writing is a different sort of beast than that required in other disciplines. The style is on theMore information
This chapter is all about cardinality of sets. At first this looks like a
CHAPTER Cardinality of Sets This chapter is all about cardinality of sets At first this looks like a very simple concept To find the cardinality of a set, just count its elements If A = { a, b, c, d },More information
[Refer Slide Time: 05:10]
Principles of Programming Languages Prof: S. Arun Kumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Lecture no 7 Lecture Title: Syntactic Classes Welcome to lectureMore information
Omnipotence & prayer
Omnipotence & prayer Today, we ll be discussing two theological paradoxes: paradoxes arising from the idea of an omnipotent being, and paradoxes arising from the religious practice of prayer. So far, inMore information
Harvard College Program in General Education Faculty of Arts and Sciences Harvard University. A Guide to Writing in Ethical Reasoning 15
Harvard College Program in General Education Faculty of Arts and Sciences Harvard University A Guide to Writing in Ethical Reasoning 15 A Guide to Writing in Ethical Reasoning 15 Professor Jay M. HarrisMore information
3. Mathematical Induction
3. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 83 3. Mathematical Induction 3.1. First Principle of Mathematical Induction. Let P (n) be a predicate with domain of discourse (over) the natural numbers N = {0, 1,,...}. If (1)More information
Pascal is here expressing a kind of skepticism about the ability of human reason to deliver an answer to this question.
Pascal s wager So far we have discussed a number of arguments for or against the existence of God. In the reading for today, Pascal asks not Does God exist? but Should we believe in God? What is distinctiveMore information
Degrees of Truth: the formal logic of classical and quantum probabilities as well as fuzzy sets.
Degrees of Truth: the formal logic of classical and quantum probabilities as well as fuzzy sets. Logic is the study of reasoning. A language of propositions is fundamental to this study as well as trueMore information
Semantics for the Predicate Calculus: Part I
Semantics for the Predicate Calculus: Part I (Version 0.3, revised 6:15pm, April 14, 2005. Please report typos to email@example.com.) The study of formal logic is based on the fact that the validityMore information
BARRY LOEWER LEIBNIZ AND THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT* (Received 2 February, 1977)
BARRY LOEWER LEIBNIZ AND THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT* (Received 2 February, 1977) I In his comments on Descartes' Principles, Leibniz formulates an ontological argument which he attributes to Anselm and DescartesMore information
A Puzzle about Ontology
NO ^US 39:2 (2005) 256 283 A Puzzle about Ontology THOMAS HOFWEBER University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1 Ontology Ontology is the philosophical discipline that tries to find out what there is:More information
Organizing an essay the basics 2. Cause and effect essay (shorter version) 3. Compare/contrast essay (shorter version) 4
Organizing an essay the basics 2 Cause and effect essay (shorter version) 3 Compare/contrast essay (shorter version) 4 Exemplification (one version) 5 Argumentation (shorter version) 6-7 Support Go fromMore information
CHAPTER II THE LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE OF NUMBERS DEFINITION OF THE NUMBER e.
CHAPTER II THE LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE OF NUMBERS DEFINITION OF THE NUMBER e. This chapter contains the beginnings of the most important, and probably the most subtle, notion in mathematical analysis, i.e.,More information
Impossible Words? Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore
Impossible Words? Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore 1 Introduction The idea that quotidian, middle-level concepts typically have internal structure-definitional, statistical, or whatever plays a central roleMore information
Quine on truth by convention
Quine on truth by convention March 8, 2005 1 Linguistic explanations of necessity and the a priori.............. 1 2 Relative and absolute truth by definition.................... 2 3 Is logic true by convention?...........................More information
Journal of Philosophy, Inc.
Journal of Philosophy, Inc. Counterparts of Persons and Their Bodies Author(s): David Lewis Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 68, No. 7 (Apr. 8, 1971), pp. 203-211 Published by:More information
Descartes Fourth Meditation On human error
Descartes Fourth Meditation On human error Descartes begins the fourth Meditation with a review of what he has learned so far. He began his search for certainty by questioning the veracity of his own senses.More information
ST ANSELM S VERSION OF THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT Anselm s argument relies on conceivability :
Michael Lacewing The ontological argument St Anselm and Descartes both famously presented an ontological argument for the existence of God. (The word ontological comes from ontology, the study of (-ology)More information
Why? A central concept in Computer Science. Algorithms are ubiquitous.
Analysis of Algorithms: A Brief Introduction Why? A central concept in Computer Science. Algorithms are ubiquitous. Using the Internet (sending email, transferring files, use of search engines, onlineMore information
1. Probabilities lie between 0 and 1 inclusive. 2. Certainty implies unity probability. 3. Probabilities of exclusive events add. 4. Bayes s rule.
Probabilities as betting odds and the Dutch book Carlton M. Caves 2000 June 24 Substantially modified 2001 September 6 Minor modifications 2001 November 30 Material on the lottery-ticket approach addedMore information
ON EXTERNAL OBJECTS By Immanuel Kant From Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
ON EXTERNAL OBJECTS By Immanuel Kant From Critique of Pure Reason (1781) General Observations on The Transcendental Aesthetic To avoid all misapprehension, it is necessary to explain, as clearly as possible,More information
Michael Lacewing Personal identity: Physical and psychological continuity theories A FIRST DISTINCTION In order to understand what is at issue in personal identity, it is important to distinguish betweenMore information
THE ENGLISH SENTENCE (Materials based on: Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G.K. (Eds.)., 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. London: CUP and Greenbaum, S., & Quirk, R. 1990. A Student's GrammarMore information
Michael Lacewing Descartes arguments for distinguishing mind and body THE KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT In Meditation II, having argued that he knows he thinks, Descartes then asks what kind of thing he is. DiscussionsMore information
Samples of Opening Paragraphs for a Short Philosophy Paper
Samples of Opening Paragraphs for a Short Philosophy Paper For Illustrative purposes only In what follows, you'll read 3 samples of opening paragraphs. The last example is a whole paper (on a topic totallyMore information
Th e ontological argument distinguishes itself from the cosmological
Aporia vol. 18 no. 1 2008 Charles Hartshorne and the Ontological Argument Joshua Ernst Th e ontological argument distinguishes itself from the cosmological and teleological arguments for God s existenceMore information
Summary, Discussion and Conclusions
7 Summary, Discussion and Conclusions 7.1 Introduction In the past four decades, children s non-adult-like understanding of quantified sentences has been explained in syntactic, semantic or pragmatic termsMore information
Kant s Possibility Proof
History of Philosophy Quarterly Volume 27, Number 3, July 2010 Kant s Possibility Proof Nicholas F. Stang 1. In t r o d u c t i o n In his 1763 work The Only Possible Ground of Proof [Beweisgrund] forMore information
2. Basic Relational Data Model
2. Basic Relational Data Model 2.1 Introduction Basic concepts of information models, their realisation in databases comprising data objects and object relationships, and their management by DBMS s thatMore information
Traveling in A- and B- Time
Traveling in A- and B- Time Theodore Sider The Monist 88 (2005): 329 335 Some say that presentism precludes time travel into the past since it implies that the past does not exist, but this is a bad argument.More information
Critical analysis. Be more critical! More analysis needed! That s what my tutors say about my essays. I m not really sure what they mean.
Critical analysis Be more critical! More analysis needed! That s what my tutors say about my essays. I m not really sure what they mean. I thought I had written a really good assignment this time. I didMore information
Return on Investment from Inbound Marketing through Implementing HubSpot Software
Return on Investment from Inbound Marketing through Implementing HubSpot Software January 2010 Prepared By: Melissa DiBella MBA Class of 2010 MIT Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMore information
Sudoku puzzles and how to solve them
Sudoku puzzles and how to solve them Andries E. Brouwer 2006-05-31 1 Sudoku Figure 1: Two puzzles the second one is difficult A Sudoku puzzle (of classical type ) consists of a 9-by-9 matrix partitionedMore information
P1. All of the students will understand validity P2. You are one of the students -------------------- C. You will understand validity
Validity Philosophy 130 O Rourke I. The Data A. Here are examples of arguments that are valid: P1. If I am in my office, my lights are on P2. I am in my office C. My lights are on P1. He is either in classMore information
LOOKING FOR A GOOD TIME TO BET LAURENT SERLET Abstract. Suppose that the cards of a well shuffled deck of cards are turned up one after another. At any time-but once only- you may bet that the next cardMore information
Cross-linguistic differences in the interpretation of sentences with more than one QP: German (Frey 1993) and Hungarian (É Kiss 1991)
Cross-linguistic differences in the interpretation of sentences with more than one QP: German (Frey 1993) and Hungarian (É Kiss 1991) 1. Quantifier Scope in English (May 1977, 1985) Predictions of MayMore information
One natural response would be to cite evidence of past mornings, and give something like the following argument:
Hume on induction Suppose you were asked to give your reasons for believing that the sun will come up tomorrow, in the form of an argument for the claim that the sun will come up tomorrow. One naturalMore information
The Refutation of Relativism
The Refutation of Relativism There are many different versions of relativism: ethical relativism conceptual relativism, and epistemic relativism are three. In this paper, I will be concerned with onlyMore information
Constraints in Phrase Structure Grammar
Constraints in Phrase Structure Grammar Phrase Structure Grammar no movement, no transformations, context-free rules X/Y = X is a category which dominates a missing category Y Let G be the set of basicMore information
Hume on identity over time and persons
Hume on identity over time and persons phil 20208 Jeff Speaks October 3, 2006 1 Why we have no idea of the self........................... 1 2 Change and identity................................. 2 3 HumeMore information
1/10. Descartes 2: The Cogito and the Mind
1/10 Descartes 2: The Cogito and the Mind Recap: last week we undertook to follow Descartes path of radical doubt in order to attempt to discover what, if anything, can be known for certain. This pathMore information
Slippery Slopes and Vagueness
Slippery Slopes and Vagueness Slippery slope reasoning, typically taken as a fallacy. But what goes wrong? Is it always bad reasoning? How should we respond to a slippery slope argument and/or guard againstMore information


text:
How can I accomplish the following?
- Allow only authorized persons to email sensitive documents outside our network.
- Email / share sensitive documents within our network.
- Restrict documents from leaving the network via web mail client, etc.
- Restrict a notebook that received documents while attached to the network from being able to be able to re-distribute them without authorization.
I have the ability to lock-down write access to USB and CD/DVD devices.
Any thoughts or suggestions on how you make this happen on your network. And of coarse the boss doesn't want to spend much...lol
12 Replies
Dec 10, 2010 at 2:28 UTC
I think your first issue is to restrict the access to the documents in the first place. If they are that sensitive does everyone in the workplace need to see them? That should clear up points 1-3 as if they can't see the doc's they can't email them out.
If everyone needs to see the docs, maybe look at a transparent encryption such that the user doesn't know they are encrypted but if sent out of the network they wont be able to open them as they don't have the encryption keys.
What your asking is pretty tough, as if a user can open the file they can do all sorts of things with it, ie print it out and walk out the door, copy the data to another file, email that out, etc etc.
Not sure how to address 4 unless the laptop is under your control?
Dec 10, 2010 at 2:50 UTC
Niagara Technology Group (NTG) is an IT service provider.
Yes, basically if an employee has access to a document then they can get it outside of the company. You have to trust people with the data that you hand to them. If you don't trust them, don't give them the data.
Dec 10, 2010 at 2:52 UTC
The principal documents in question are sales related. we want the sales force to be able to receive and view these spreadsheet, yet not be able to copy or retransmit them.
I know we could upgrade our firewalls to block the transmission of them (via watermarking, etc.). However that does nothing to address the trusted copy that walks out the door on the salesman's notebook.
I am looking for suggestions that might be of lower cost vs. upgrading firewalls. And thoughts about the notebooks. Maybe some users out there can share their thoughts on Data Loss solutions they have experience with.
Dec 10, 2010 at 3:02 UTC
Niagara Technology Group (NTG) is an IT service provider.
From a managerial standpoint, any significant attempt to block them attempting to steal data is a waste. They have it and they can walk out with it. Preventing accidents is different. But it is so ridiculously easy to get a copy of a doc if you want it if it is something that you have access to.
Dec 10, 2010 at 3:11 UTC
Have to agree with SAM here, your best bet is to put in place policy's and then follow up on them. This is much easier to do and much lower cost as all you need at that point is some decent auditing software.
Dec 10, 2010 at 3:35 UTC
Microsoft claims that the .XPS format in conjunction with an Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) server can do exactly what you are wanting (AD RMS also supports most Office files too).
Seems like a terribly complex (and not cheap) solution to protect some sales information, but what do I know.
I would tend to agree with SAM on this one, if you don't trust the people who have the information, they should not have the information.
If you're worried about theft of the laptops, encrypt the drives (Bitlocker works great for this), and handle the rest with policy.
But, if you want to investigate the AD RMS option, here are some places to start:
AD RMS Overview (MSDN)
AD RMS Overview (TechNet)
AD RMS Step-by-step setup guide (TechNet)
TechNet documentation for AD RMS
Good luck to you.
Dec 10, 2010 at 3:40 UTC
I'm assuming your using AD?
If so create groups in your domain and use NTFS/Share permissions for access to said shares.
Then populate the groups with the users who need access.
Also setup a system so only managers can approve/deny access through your spiceworks helpdesk. This way you have an audit trail.
Dec 11, 2010 at 12:54 UTC
Also Exchange has a lot of these functionalities built into it as well, from the email aspect.
Dec 13, 2010 at 7:52 UTC
Part of our difficulty is the age of our OS's. Server platforms are primarily Win2k and our workstations are WinXPPro with some Win2kPro still in use. Our budget won't let upgrades occur until there is a failure. And that doesn't happen too often (thankfully). Our network may be fairly simple, but it is also rock solid. (Pat self on back)
Locking down shares with NTFS permissions is easy as is creating an audit trail. Unfortunately, the focus of this is documents that are transmitted via email.
Additionally, knowing the expense of implementing / maintaining Exchange and the fact that we utilize less then 60 email accounts (currently), you can rule that out. The MDaemon email server we have been using has been flawless (for what it does.
Not really sure what else I can do within these constrants...
Dec 13, 2010 at 8:03 UTC
Perhaps something like this will work?
Dec 13, 2010 at 9:07 UTC
I think this is diminishing returns on data security. If they really want to get it out they will still be able to. I read an article a while back where they were locked down from everything but viewing the document on a trusted computer, they had a camera in their phone and voila. Your company sounds an awful lot like mine, they are worried our sales might be able to copy our daily sales stats (how much each inside salesman billed the day before). You can't prevent it completely, the more people that need to see it/use it the less protected it can be.
You could try placing the documents in a different format on an internal webserver, and only allow access to the originals to those that need to email them etc.... This seems like a lot of work to me, but cheap to implement, and it will prevent access to the documents by someone unless they are in the office or connected by VPN, and they will be unable to email links or the docs themselves to anyone else.
Dec 13, 2010 at 10:23 UTC
Excellent! I am going to investigate all the various options laid out, thank you!
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
FORT WAYNE, Ind. -- Ending his AAU season at the beginning of August in 2012, Jalen Coleman earned the opportunity to play the final tournament of the year playing with and against guys two years older than him, and holding his own. After a strong season at Indianapolis (Ind.) Cathedral, Coleman is back down on the 16's level this spring, leaving Spiece Indy Heat to join Indiana Elite alongside Hyron Edwards and Chandler White.
As can be expected, learning to play with new teammates and adjusting on the fly isn't a dish prepared quickly and painlessly.
"It's been enjoyable," Coleman told GoBlueWolverine. "Playing with new teammates, we're getting it together the more games we play. And better chemistry that we'll improve on."
Already known for his raw ability to score the basketball in a variety of ways, Coleman is looking to take the next step. Still two full high school seasons from moving on to college basketball, Coleman isn't waiting around to further develop his game. Instead he's prepping and expanding it to include more ball handling duties, sliding between point guard and shooting guard.
"That's one thing the coaches at the next level talk to me about as far as my height," said Coleman. "Me being dominant, being able to shoot the ball and dribble, and using my height and my length. With me trying to get bigger right now as far as lifting and being more physical (too)."
Michigan is one school approving of and preaching this message to Coleman, envisioning multiple roles in the Wolverines wide open, perimeter and guard oriented offense.
Guard play was on full display during Michigan's NCAA tournament run to the national championship game, catching the eye of Coleman, a hard worker that embraces the skill development the coaching staff provides for their players.
"It showed me as a coaching staff, how they want their team to play," said Coleman. "We got them that far and as far as skill development, not only Trey Burke and Hardaway, but even their bench. The white dude that came in, Spike, that shows that they work out not only their starting five but their whole program, as far as their bench.
"As long as I'm on the court, coach Jordan said one (or) two. They usually have a lot of size as far as having big guards."
Though recruiting rules currently limit the amount of contact coaches are allowed to have with recruits, the relationship Coleman has built with Michigan assistant LaVall Jordan has kept the Wolverines in the race for his services, a key component of Coleman's decision making process.
"That's one thing that's beneficial as far as being recruited early," said Coleman. "You get to know the coaching staff a lot more, you get to see them a lot more, you get to see their personalities, and I get to analyze how each coach coaches."
Coleman says he plans to be up in Ann Arbor for an unofficial visit and for Michigan's elite camp on June 1st, also taking the time to make it over to East Lansing and Michigan State on the trip. With June 15th just two weeks after that camp, Coleman appears to be in line for a scholarship offer from the Wolverines.
"It'll be a blessing," said Coleman if the offer comes. "It's always a great option, especially it being academic wise and basketball wise."
To watch the full video interview with Coleman from Spiece Run-N-Slam, press play below.


text:
Purchased the Boss BV9980NV after reading some other review.
Self installed - straightforward - if you have installed stereos previously. easy to do.
Nav seems to work well - DVD's are sharp and clear. Bluetooth paired easily. Used aux input (mini jack) on front - could not get the USB port from the back to work with I-Pod - will see if I am missing something.
Backup camera works great.
I would buy this unit again.
Boss BV9980NV
Single DIN In-Dash Bluetooth DVD Car Stereo w/ Built-In Navigation System and 7" Touchscreen Display
3-Year Manufacturer's Extended Warranty When Bought Here!
Get FAST answers from customers ASK a Question See questions answers
General Features:
- Boss BV9980NV In-Dash Receiver
- Power Output:
- Peak: 85 watts x 4 channels
- RMS: 20 watts x 4 channels
- 7" fold-out LCD touchscreen display
- Built-in navigation system
- Bluetooth enabled
- Remote control included
- Authorized Internet Dealer
- 1-year Manufacturer's Warranty
Playback and Audio Features:
- AM/FM tuner with 18FM/12AM presets
- 10-band equalizer with 8 preset curves
- 3.5mm Front A/V Auxiliary Input
- Front and Rear USB Input
- CD text information display
- MP3 ID3 Tag Display (Title/Artist/Album)
- Low pass filter
Bluetooth Features:
- Built-in Bluetooth technology for hands-free talking and audio streaming
- Supports A2DP audio streaming
- Works with most Bluetooth enabled cell phones
- Includes a built-in microphone for clear, convenient talking
Navigation Features:
- Includes maps of the United States, Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands
- 8 million points of interest
- Text-to-speech announces street names at turns
- Lane guidance and junction view
- 3D graphics for buildings and landmarks
- Speed limit and safety camera alerts
Expandability Options:
- 3 Sets of 2V preamp outputs (front, rear and mono-subwoofer)
- Steering Wheel Control Ready: PAC ControlPRO or Axxess ASWC-1 are required and sold separately
- Backup Camera Input: Universal Backup Camera recommended and sold separately
Product History:
(newest, current model)
(previous model, replaced by Boss BV9980NV)
In-Dash Receiver Specifications
Single DIN: 1 DIN dimensions will work with all single DIN installation kits we have to offer. Single DIN radios are the most common size for after-market stereos.
Single DIN slot with flip-out screen: The DIN stereo includes a retractable, flip-out screen. Before purchasing, make measurements to be sure there is no interference with dash accessories such as A/C vents or shift levers.
Single DIN slot with a larger face: Standard single DIN size, but the display is larger then the standard single DIN size. Due to the nature of the larger face, problems may arise when installing in particular vehicles. These stereos are great for single DIN slots where you want a larger screen.
1.5 DIN: This size is very uncommon in vehicles, however this size opening is most commonly found in Chrysler and Chevrolet vehicles.
Double DIN: Approximately 4-inches in height, this size is becoming more common every year. Prior to 2000, this size was typically only found in Japanese vehicles such as those made by Honda or Toyota. Now, it is becoming more popular for many vehicles to be fit with a Double DIN opening.
Some manufacturers display peak power ratings on the face of their products to increase the appeal to consumers. The RMS power rating is more accurate, and we recommend using it for product comparison.
Dot-Matrix Text Display: A simple display which uses dots in specific illuminated color(s) to light up and form letters or numbers that are displayed on the receiver.
Graphic or Motion Display: Typically found in mid to high-end receivers and give your text information and receiver more life by adding motion, backgrounds, or multiple colors to your display. There are types of graphic displays such as 3D Graphic, Motion, and OEL (Organic Electroluminescent) displays. They can range from one color to full color displays and typically allow you to select from one of many built-in animations, background images, screensavers or other graphics to enhance your experience and add an extra bit of personality to your system. Some units also come with software that allow you to load your own customizable pictures or animations.
LCD Monitor Display: Can be as small as 2" or as large as 10". Some LCD displays are motorized for angle adjustment. LCD monitors display full motion video playback as well as your standard text such as track status, radio station information and more depending on the receiver's features.
Multi-Color: When more than one color is on the display, for example one part of the text is white, while the other part is blue.
Variable-Color: The display colors can be changed by the user. If the default color of text/display is blue for example, the user can change the settings to where the color turns to red. Variable color displays are typically described in detail in the item's description.
TFT-LCD Display: In-dash receivers with a video screen that display multiple colors and often times video such as DVD, navigation or other video sources.
Playback Features
Audio / Video Inputs
RCA Composite Inputs
These are your typical red, white, and yellow RCA composite cables that are common among devices with audio and video inputs. The red and white cables are dedicated for audio. The red cable is for the right channel and the white is for the left channel. The yellow cable is specifically for the video signal. Because this type of auxiliary cable contains 2 channels of audio, it will support stereo sound.
This is commonly referred to as a mini-jack or a headphone jack. It is a 3.5mm plug that transfers audio only. There is a right and left audio channel on the plug which allows for stereo sound playback.
3.5mm AV Input
These plugs look similar to the common 3.5mm mini-jack, however they carry a third channel dedicated for video.
This means that an auxiliary input is possible, but only with the use of an optional accessory. These optional adapters will sometimes use the CD Changer port or other port on the back of a unit that might restrict the use of other expandability features. These accessories are typically sold separately.
Monitor Screen Features
Navigation Features
Puerto Rico
Address: The user is able to enter a specific address and the unit will navigate there.
City: The unit is able to navigate to a city, without a specific address needed. A great feature when traveling across several states or provinces.
Coordinates: This is a convenient feature for when you have specific longitude and latitude values.
Favorites: These are shortcuts that you can set for easy access to commonly traveled locations. Examples could include your home, office, favorite restaurant, movie theater, or any other frequently traveled location.
Home: Program and save your home address for fast and simple navigation to your home.
Intersection: Searches for specific cross-streets rather than a specific address.
Map Browsing: This feature enables the user to point to a location on the navigation screen and choose to navigate there. A great feature for when you visually know where you want to go, but are not sure of the address or intersection.
Phone Number: Search for locations by their phone number. Perfect for when you know the phone number of a restaurant or similar locations, but do not have the address. Also convenient when a store has many locations and you need to go to the one that you have previously called.
Point-of-Interest (POI) Name: Search by name for Points-of-Interst such as restaurants, ATMS, banks, hotels, recreation, hospitals, shopping, and more!
Point-of-Interest (POI) Vicinity: Search for Points-of-Interst that are close by to your current location. Points-Of-Interests include restaurants, ATMS, banks, hotels, recreation, hospitals, shopping, and more!
Points-of-Interest (POI) Type: Search for Points-of-Interst by there category. These include restaurants, ATMS, banks, hotels, recreation, hospitals, shopping, and more!
Quick Search: Allows the user to search for specified POI's that are commonly used.
Recent (Previous) Searches: This feature will load the users recent searches for fast navigation back to them.
Route: This allows the user to select a route that has been previously established.
Point-of-Interest (POI) Name
Point-of-Interest (POI) Vicinity
Points-of-Interest (POI) Type
Recent (Previous) Searches
Expandability Features
Some in-dash head units are built-in with the navigation features, while others require an add on navigation box. Other navigation options include portable navigation units that you can take with you or attach to the dash of your vehicle.
If "Yes", then the aftermarket stereo is compatible with steering wheel remote controls. If an additional accessory is required for the steering wheel controls to work properly, a compatible piece will be listed.
What is in the box?
Warranty and Return Policy
Summary of Customer Ratings & Reviews
Phoenix, AZ
November 20, 2014
Purchased the Boss BV9980NV after reading some other review.
75 of 87 found this helpful
lutz, FL
May 7, 2015
I am very happy for the product I have and with it's functions and for that reason I reccomend it
37 of 45 found this helpful
Burbank, CA
February 4, 2017
I did myself really easy to install just what I expected I would recommend it thanks..Dell from Burbank ca..
0 of 0 found this helpful
October 23, 2016
It was well bigger than expected, although it does technically fit my 04 tiburon... it has to be without the bracket that I received as well as I can not have my gauge pods in as it is too tall as well. Aside from fitment the product works as it should and I will update if it ceases, the navigation is quite slow so it works best for long trips, I recommend a GPS if you are a dominos driver lol.
0 of 0 found this helpful
Austin, TX
November 24, 2015
I've been enjoying my new boss head deck has a lot of great features so many things for the price. I added the rear view camera option and it does everything that I expected to do. Instructions take a little time to get to understand but after spending some time with the unit I've understood all of the features that it offers
1 of 2 found this helpful
2 meter (6 feet) Aux to Aux Cable Connector, Great for iPod / MP3 Player headphone jack connection to car stereo aux input.
Your Price $4.99
This rear view camera is designed, engineered, and made specifically for the receiver you are viewing.
Your Price $69.99
120° License Plate Mount CMOS Color Camera w/ Night Vision
Your Price $33.99
170° Degree Viewing Angle Universal Surface Mount Back-Up Camera
Your Price $19.99
170° Wide Viewing Angle License Plate Frame CMOS Color Camera
Your Price $79.99
Includes panel removal tool, wire cutter/stripper, test light, RCA cable runner, screwdriver, and more!
Your Price $14.99
Helps with removing dash and trim panels during car stereo installation.
Your Price $11.99
Heavy Duty Metal Mounting Backstrap
Your Price $1.29
Monitor the noise level of your new car audio system with this SPL meter measuring from 60-135 dB.
Your Price $33.95
This headunit's chassis is a traditional Single Din Size. Therefore, it WILL fit, with the proper dash kit. HOWEVER, clearly the 'flip out' design is far from 'traditional', so Please make sure there isn't anything on the vehicle that will impedes its progress, OR if the headunit will impede anything on the dash itself. In addition, the Dash Kit I referred to is Vehicle Specific, NOT headunit specific, so be prepared to potentially make a small accommodation of some kind. If you wish to completely avoid any of this, then a traditional Single Din will be your best option. [i.e. Non-Flip Out]
Product Summary
Model Number
Internal SKU
Internal Product ID
Wiring Diagram Legend
Warning: The image depicted shows the resistance change when wiring multiple subwoofer terminals. Please refer to your subwoofer's owner's manual for the proper wiring of its terminals. Sonic Electronix, Inc. is not responsible for damage caused to your audio system or vehicle due to improper installation. Please call tech support at 1-877-289-7664 if you require additional assistance.


text: Beyond the Black River is one of the original Conan stories written by Robert E. Howard. Characters Edit Valannus Balthus Conan Zogar Sag Valerius Retrieved from "http://aoc.wikia.com/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_River?oldid=11633" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Stories Add category Cancel Save


text:
Look and feel
The Nokia Lumia 820 is still surprisingly bulky and heavy, but not as cumbersome as the larger Lumia 920. We liked the rounded, coloured finish, but can appreciate it isn't a design that everyone will love.
Ease of Use
A sharp and vibrant 4.3-inch touchscreen is perfectly responsive and spacious enough to enjoy browsing the web or apps. Windows Phone 8 proves very user-friendly, especially if you're new to the world of smartphones.
The Lumia 820's 8MP camera with Carl Zeiss lens takes pleasingly sharp photos. The usual excellent range of Nokia-branded apps makes up in part for the meagre selection on the Windows Market.
A 1.5GHz dual-core processor backed up with 1GB of RAM keeps everything running smoothly, whether you're enjoying your media or playing games.
Battery life
The Lumia 820 will comfortably last the day with plenty of use, and you can stream around seven hours of battery from a full charge before it finally dies.
Review by Sunetra Chakravati,11/23/2012 1:53:18 PM
Ease of use
Decent battery life;
Lighter than the Lumia 920;
Bright, crisp screen;
Excellent Nokia apps;
Capable camera
Still quite thick and heavy;
Windows Phone 8 lack of apps
Nokia's Lumia 920 was, to put it mildly, a bit of a porker. Sporting one of the chunkiest designs of 2012, we were shocked at the sheer heft of the Lumia, even if we did gradually get used to that extra weight. The Lumia 820 is a slightly more compact model, sporting a 4.3-inch screen compared to the Lumia 920's 4.5-incher, but it still packs a punch with its bulky build and thankfully retains most of the 920's excellent features.
Big yellow monster
The Nokia Lumia 820 comes in a number of colours but our review model was a bright yellow beast that certainly stands out from the rest of the smartphone crowd. Some might love the vibrant design, others might think it looks like a kid's toy. Personally we like the curved and colourful finish, which thankfully doesn't get easily scuffed. It's still a heavy little mobile, but not quite as hefty as the Lumia 920 (and a little slimmer to boot).
We struggled to prise the back cover off to access the precious innards, made tougher with our lack of fingernails, but eventually managed to pull it off. Inside you'll find a removable battery as well as the Micro SIM slot. You also get a Micro SD memory card slot for expanding the 8GB of built-in storage, and you'll definitely want to invest in a memory card if you love to download apps or carry your music collection around.
Dual-core delights
Things haven't changed too much inside the Lumia 820 compared to its bigger bro, with the same 1.5GHz dual-core processor providing super-smooth performance. Windows Phone 8 runs like a dream, and all of the apps we tested loaded quickly and handled without a hitch. We were pleased to get over a full day's battery life from the 820, even with plenty of emails, texts and social shenanigans, and you can stream around seven hours of video on a single charge too. The phone charges via Micro USB, and also supports wireless charging like the Lumia 920 (wireless charging pad sold separately).
Windows Phone 8 is as sociable as ever, with its People hub streaming your friends' social updates into one handy place. You get the excellent Office app to stay productive on the move, and Nokia has thrown in plenty of its own software to maximise the Lumia 820's usefulness. Nokia Maps is a great way to track your location and discover local services, and Nokia Drive is a voice navigation app for drivers. Nokia City Lens is another way of discovering good eateries etc in your local area, while Nokia Music is a completely free, ad-less service that allows you to download dozens of mixes and enjoy them offline.
Bear in mind that the Windows Market is still pretty bare compared to its iOS and Android rivals, so app fans will be best off with a different OS – for the meantime at least.
Get online
The Lumia 820 supports 4G LTE, so if you're plush enough to afford the contract you can download data at incredible speeds (fast enough to stream an HD movie without any kind of stuttering). Even on a standard 3G contract, the Lumia 820 is a nifty little web browser. Its 4.3-inch screen is responsive to every swipe and poke, allowing you to zoom and slide around large websites with ease. The panel is bright with excellent viewing angles, so you can clearly read even tiny text under the harshest glare. Photos and movies also look excellent thanks to the vibrant colour reproduction.
Smart snapper
The 8MP Carl Zeiss lens may not have the same 'PureView' tag as the Lumia 920's camera, but we still found the Lumia 820 took some good snaps. Hold down the physical shutter button on the right edge and the camera app loads up automatically. Give it another poke and the camera focuses and takes a shot. There's a pause of around a second from pushing the shutter to each photo taking, so you'll have to keep your hand steady to avoid blurring, but our pics were both bright and vibrant when viewed back on our monitor.
Our night shots came out well, without too much noise, although we did notice a lot of lens flare when the photo included bright lights such as street lamps. You'd have to play around with the camera settings to try and offset this. A flash can be used to take shots in dimly lit interiors.
An example of lens flare using the automatic camera mode
One quite impressive feature is SmartShoot, which essentially takes a quick succession of photos over three seconds and can then be used to paste the best expression (no blinking or gurning) from each person into a single perfect shot. The only problem is that you need to remember to switch on the feature, and then get everyone to hold still for the required amount of time.
Nokia's Lumia 820 is a slightly more compact version of the Lumia 920 that still packs in most of its best features, including wireless charging and Nokia's fantastic range of apps. The battery life is more forgiving than the Lumia 920's too, giving you a full day of use from a single charge.


text:
Gatún Lake
save place
Photos (1)
Gatún Lake
In the 17th century, the pirate Henry Morgan traveled the Chagres River to attack Panama City. In the early 20th century, the Chagres River was dammed to create the 53-kilometer-long (33-mile-long) Gatún Lake, at the time the largest manmade lake in the world. One salubrious effect of this was the establishment of wildlife pockets around the lake where crocodiles, sloths and various monkey species thrive; some of these creatures can be seen as your boat traverses the lake.
By John Oseid
Have you been here? Share a tip or a photo with fellow travelers.


text:
The mobile-first contact management app, this is where teams share contacts. Pobuca offers enterprise level features to scale from few users to thousands.
Enterprise Benefits
Pobuca gives you the control you need for business contacts in your organization. Use it company-wide and store all your contact information.
Start sharing your business contacts
In modern businesses we share any kind of information with co-workers: documents through file servers, calendars to arrange meetings, company-wide reports. Amazingly, this is not the case with contact lists! Let's see if you pass the Pobuca challenge: Once you update a business contact in your smartphone, is this automatically shared with your team as it should be? If not, can you find a way to do it? How much time do you and your co-workers lose to individually keep and update (not shared) contacts on your mobile phones? Pobuca gives you a company-wide and unified address-book.
Access contact lists from mobile
Only 20% of business workers solely use their desk phones to make phone calls. The rest 80% use mobile devices and therefore need anywhere access to their organization contacts (internal or external)! Pobuca offers synced contact lists in any device that also work while offline.
Always be in control
Do you protect and have company policies for your valuable assets? Why not to including your contacts then? With Pobuca you should not worry any more if a salesman leaves the company and takes all your organization contacts with him. With advanced privacy & security settings you can ensure that information is accessible only under certain conditions.
Save valuable time
Updating contact information is definitely a boring thing to do. Moreover, how much time do you waste trying to reach someone for your work? Meet Pythia, the Pobuca AI bot that will be your personal e-assistant: she imports from any source, automatically updates and calls contacts stored in Pobuca using physical language.
Enterprise Features
Integrate with Microsoft Active Directory
Active Directory integration makes your users more productive by providing a common identity for accessing both on-premises applications and cloud services such as Pobuca. You need first to connect your on-premises directory with Azure AD (if not already implemented) and Pobuca professional services team can deliver this project "turn-key" using Azure AD Connect.
Integrate with PBX
With Pobuca you can access your business contacts on mobile – why not on your desk phone as well? With PBX integration you can sync Pobuca contact lists with desk phone directories using LDAP and make users more productive.
Custom interface & features
In need of a special customization, which is not included in Pobuca? An interface different from the default one? White labeling our app and distributing it in big quantities to your market, perhaps? No worries, we can deliver!
Import contacts from any file
In most cases sources of business contacts are fragmented in personal address books, CRMs, paper business cards, email signatures. With Pythia, the AI Pobuca bot we help you initialize your address book in Pobuca with all your organization contacts from any kind of source.
Integrate 3rd party apps with Pobuca
You have 3rd party applications that need access to your business contacts? Using Pobuca API you can connect with your own services and keep contact details and information up-to-date across all parts of your organization.
Custom Backups
Pobuca professional services team can design for you custom database backups consistent with your policies. We can store backups on cloud or send them to your premises using dedicated hardware.
Start with Pobuca Enterprise Today!
Get CRM features with a more advanced solution
Upgrade Pobuca to a CRM with all your business contacts automatically imported