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|Photo © Robert Couse-Baker / Creative Commons
[image: Hand holding a spinning fidget]
Autistic people (and others with developmental disabilities) have been fighting a war for decades. It's a war against being forcibly, often brutally, conditioned to behave more like neurotypicals, no matter the cost to our own comfort, safety, and sanity. And those of us who need to stim in order to concentrate (usually by performing small, repetitive behaviors like, oh I don't know, spinning something) have endured decades of "Quiet Hands" protocols, of being sent to the principal's office for fidgeting, of being told "put that down/stop that and pay attention!," when we are in fact doing the very thing that allows us to pay attention instead of being horribly distracted by a million other discomforts such as buzzing lights and scratchy clothing. We've had our hands slapped and our comfort objects confiscated. We've been made to sit on our hands. We've been tied down. Yes, disabled children get restrained—physically restrained—in classrooms and therapy sessions and many other settings, for doing something that has now become a massive fad.
Think about this: Decades of emotional punishment, physical violence, and other abuses. And then some guy (who just happens to be in a position with more social clout than most disabled people will ever attain) writes an article about how having a fidget toy helps him concentrate during meetings, and all of a sudden, every neurotypical person in America is falling all over themselves to get a fidget toy of their own. The first time I heard about the fidget spinner craze on the news, I wasn't sure whether to laugh or cry. But I was leaning toward "cry," for the reasons I just explained, and because the irony made me feel ill. Sometimes the universe has a cruel sense of humor.
This is important. Really important, so read this next sentence twice: Something that was considered entirely pathological and in dire need of correction when done by disabled people is now perfectly acceptable because it is being done by non-disabled people. This should make you stop and think, especially if you are someone who works with, educates, or researches people with diagnoses like autism.
What else might we de-pathologize overnight once the "right" people, the "normal" people, the "healthy" people start doing it? Will somebody write a tweet that makes it socially acceptable to avoid eye contact? Will a Facebook meme make it suddenly trendy to have texture sensitivities? Will hand-flapping become cool after it shows up in a music video?
Normality is an illusion. It doesn't exist. Human culture is constantly changing, and our everyday behaviors are changing with it, more than ever in the fast-paced digital age (yeah, I'm old enough to remember when phones couldn't go everywhere with you, and believe me, social norms were very different back then). Even if "normal" did exist, setting it as the goal towards which disabled people should strive is unacceptable.
Because insisting that disabled people act more like non-disabled people is not about improving functionality, it's about who has the power to set social standards. It's the same reason certain accents and dialects are considered less "educated" and the people who speak that way snubbed. It's the same reason people with one skin tone are portrayed as less capable, or more dangerous, than people with the majority's skin tone. It's why "women's work" is devalued and underpaid. In short, it's oppression, plain and simple.
Perhaps I should be more hopeful. Perhaps we're moving towards an era of acceptance. Even before the fidget spinner hit the spotlight, more and more professionals have agreed that sensory needs are real, and should be acknowledged and met. Many websites now sell chewy toys, app stores abound with sensory relaxation apps, and plenty of autism "treatment" programs (though certainly not all) have moved away from their prior focus on sitting still with immobilized hands while grudgingly accepted that stimming is actually a perfectly healthy thing for autistic people to do.
But the power structure is still there. There's still a rigid hierarchy of who gets to decide which behaviors are normal or pathological. There's still a societal subtext that tells people who are different "be less like yourself and more like us." We need to work on that.


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Go/No Go Set Plug Assy, M2.0 x 0.40 6g
VERMONT GAGE| Zoro #: G2411525| Mfr #: 372104030
Zoro #: G2411525Mfr. Part #: 372104030
$238.50 /ea
This item ships free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G2411525 Mfr #: 372104030
|Thread Type: Metric
|Application: For Calibration of Measuring Equipment or to Gage Parts Directly
|Includes: Certificate of Accuracy Traceable to NIST
|Material: Tool steel
|Tolerance: Class X
|Class: 6g
|Meets/Exceeds: ASME B1.16M (Metric M Series Screw Threads)
|Overall Length: 2-5/16"
|Handle Length: 1-1/2"
|Country of Origin (subject to change): United States
Product Description
Class 6G, Includes Certificate of Accuracy Traceable to NIST, For Inspecting/Setting Adjustable Ring Gages, Not For Product Inspection, For Cumulative Inspection Thread Elements Except Minor Dia of Adjustable Ring Gages, Go/No Go Set Plug Assy, Tool Steel, Go/No Go, Taperlock, Thread Type 6g, Tolerance Class X, Meets/Exceeds ASME B1.16M (Metric M Series Screw Threads), Thread Size M2.0 x 0.40

subset: commoncrawl


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Pomme d'Api Preschool
About Pomme d'Api
Pré-maternelle Pomme d'Api Preschool offers preschool education for children in Vancouver to help foster their social and cognitive development while teaching and encouraging the use of the French language. The preschool caters to families who desire to have their children benefit from the richness of a French Immersion Program, or who are Francophone themselves and need to have their children continue learning in their mother tongue.
Pomme D'Api is a non-profit, parent-run preschool; it is completely self-supporting and managed by a parent board.
Pomme d'Api is licensed and inspected by the government of British Columbia through the Vancouver City Health Department under the Community Care Facilities Act.


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Linie Design Casa Doormat Petrol.
- Price: £42.00 - In stock
Availability: In Stock
SUMMER SALE 10% OFF ALL RUGS. Use code: RUGSP10 at the checkout!
The Casa design doormat in petrol by Linie Design is handmade in India by skilled craftsmen in 100% wool. The lovely little doormat is perfect for use inside front and back doors to your home. The rug has a block design using varying subtle shades of colour for both background and letters creating a great contemporary look. It comes in 2 colourways.
Linie Design Casa Doormat Petrol.


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Veterans Benefits
Federico Beauty Institute is Committed to Giving Back
Welcome to Veteran's Services for Federico Beauty Institute. We have developed our website in an effort to help you navigate the process required to use your education benefit.
Federico Beauty Institute is committed to giving back to those who serve our country and the family members who support those service members. Our Financial Aid staff members are eager to assist with explaining your VA Education Benefits and entitlements, and guiding you through the enrollment verification process.
Federico Beauty Institute is an approved institution for the education and training of veterans, reservists and the children and spouses of deceased or 100% "total and permanently" (with no further exams pending) disabled veterans. Our Admissions Office helps those who are eligible to obtain Veterans Educational Benefits. We will help direct you through the application process, and work as an instructional and advisory aid between the Department of Veterans Affairs and you as a Federico student.
Students who wish to use veterans' educational benefits should identify themselves to our Admissions Team as soon as possible so that proper enrollment certification procedures can be initiated for your program. If you don't know what Chapter you are claiming, please contact the Department of Veterans Affairs (1-888-442-4551).
Steps to using your VA Education Benefits:
1. If you are eligible for VA education benefits, you will need to complete and submit an application (VA form 22-1990) to the regional Veterans Administration Office. Begin the application process on the GI Bill Website.
2. After submitting the application, you will receive written notification explaining the VA's decision regarding your eligibility for the benefit program you applied for. If you are eligible, you will receive a Certificate of Eligibility (COE) that specifies your eligible program, benefit rate, and length of eligibility. Once you receive your COE and are deemed eligible, you will need to submit a copy of your COE to the Financial Aid Office.
3. Once you are enrolled at Federico's, a VA Certification Application must be completed and turned in for certification (depending on the applicable Chapter) the recipients wish to use their VA education benefits. Benefits will not pay unless this form is completed each semester.
Programs Veterans are eligible for at Federico's:
- Vocational Rehabilitation – Chapter 31
- VOW to Hire Heroes Act of 2011 – Veterans Retraining Assistance Program (VRAP) – Chapter 32
- Post 9/11 GI-Bill
- Montgomery GI Bill – Chapter 30
- Survivors & Dependents Assistance (DEA) – Chapter 35
Each Chapter has different eligibility requirements and benefits, so it is important to know the Chapter you are eligible for.
Chapter 31 http://www.vba.va.gov/bln/vre/
VRAP http://benefits.va.gov/vow/education.htm
Post 9/11 http://www.gibill.va.gov/benefits/post_911_gibill/
Apply on line http://www.gibill.va.gov/apply-for-benefits/application/
Educational Benefits http://www.gibill.va.gov/
GI Bill Resources http://www.gibill.va.gov/resources/education_resources/programs/ncd.html
Service Officer 1.800.827.1000


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House Sitter in Mukwonago
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The Class Hero (written Bangalore, 22 March, 2006)
A version of the following story in graphic format, titled 'The Zookeeper's Son' was published in Tinkle in July 2010.
The Class Hero
Apratim hated coming back from school. No, it was not that he loved school so much, he hated the return journey. It was very complicated. He would get off the bus at Alipore zoo and then have to wait till it passed out of sight. Then he would look furtively to the left and right, cross the road, and enter the zoo.
Apratim's father was a keeper in the zoo, and he lived in the zoo staff quarters. But Apratim was unwilling to tell this to his classmates. If they knew, they would have lots of things to say to him which could do without. He told them instead that he lived in an apartment two blocks away from the zoo gates.
Apratim's behaviour puzzled his friends. When some of them, who lived near Alipore wanted to come to his house to see his toys and games, he refused to give his address. He said that his mother did not like boys playing in her house, and his elder brother who was studying for engineering exams would not like to be disturbed.
One day, the bus broke down. Apratim had just gotten off, and the bus had moved a few yards before the engine failed. However, in the busy traffic of Alipore road, he did not notice the bus. As usual he looked left and right, and crossed the road. Prabir, who was getting bored in the immobile bus, caught a glimpse of Apratim going into the zoo. He immediately told all his friends.
"Hey Abhijit, Bibhas, Chandan, come here. Look, Apratim is going into the zoo!"
"What is he doing there?"
"I don't know. We'll ask him tomorrow!"
There was no avoiding his classmates in the recess next day. They pressed him to tell them why he went to the zoo after school. Apratim refused to tell.
"Hey Apratim, you better tell, or Krishanu will eat all your lunch!" said Prabir, and snatched his lunch box.
"I am not going to tell you. Why do you care?" said Apratim.
Though he was horrified to see the class glutton Krishanu eat up his tasty lunch of fish curry and rice, his lips were sealed.
Abhishita threatened to tell Ms. Sen, their class-teacher. "I will tell Sen Ma'am that you go to the zoo everyday after school instead of going home."
Even then Apratim kept quiet.
Abhishita, who could never keep any matter inside her for more than ten minutes, complained to Ms. Sen at the start of the mathematics class. Apratim was furious, but he kept his peace. When returning home, he would remove her hair-clip and throw it out of the bus.
Ms. Sen was not surprised.
"I know that, Abhishita. He lives in the zoo quarters. His father is a keeper there."
Apratim told himself that Ms. Sen would find a pin in her seat the next class. Now his cover was blown.
They were ready for him when the bell rang for recess the next day.
"Which cage do you live in?"
"Hey monkey, have a banana!"
"Hey pigeon, have some grams!"
"Bengal tiger, like some fish?"
Apratim ran after them, and got into a scuffle. They all had to kneel outside the class after recess as punishment for fighting. This went on for several days.
But he didn't have to keep up his drama anymore. After getting off the bus, he could walk straight home.
Towards the end of the school-year, an annual picnic was organized. Apratim was horrified as Ms. Sen said, "Class, we will go for our annual picnic to the zoo on Sunday."
The class cheered. After long last, they would get to see Apratim's home!
On Sunday, everyone in the class (except Apratim of course), was at the zoo gates by 10 o'clock. A sullen Apratim met there. He was to show them around, as Ms. Sen had declared.
After they had bought their tickets, he started the tour. He took them to the reptile enclosure first. He wanted to take his revenge by giving them a good scare. He pointed out all the deadly snakes and lizards behind the glass walls.
"Hey Prabir, you are so brave no. Get into the cobra cage and see!" He pressed his nose against the wall, as a cobra came sliding towards them. Prabir gave a frightened yell.
Ms. Sen gave them a scolding and hustled them out of the scary enclosure. They went to the Primate section next.
"Hey Apratim, which cage do YOU live in?" asked Krishanu.
"Definitely not the gorilla cage; that is for you" retorted Apratim.
"Apratim lives in the langur cage" said Abhishita, as she saw the langurs come towards them.
And then it was their turn for a surprise. All the langurs recognized Apratim and called out to him. He pulled out some gram and thrust his hands into the cage. A little langur came up to him, and nibbled at the seed. Then he patted it, and it squeaked with delight.
Everyone looked at him open-eyed.
"See, I told you. Apratim lives with the langurs!" screamed Abhishita.
"Maybe I do. But can you feed the langurs just like me?" retorted Apratim.
"Huh! Anyone can do that." said Abhijit.
"Then here are some grams. Try!"
Abhijit thrust his hands into the cage. The langurs drew back, screeching and hissing. Frightened, he too pulled his hand back.
"Now, now. You should not do things like that." admonished Ms. Sen.
"But how did he do it?" wailed Abhijit.
"He lives here, and he knows all the animals."
"Yes" said Apratim, "all the animals are my friends. Come, let's make friends with Chunni."
"Who is Chunni?" asked Shamita.
"The rhinoceros."
Everyone watched dazedly as Apratim boldly climbed into the rhino enclosure. She docilely let him pat her on the back. He then went to the enclosures of the hippopotamuses and did the same thing.
He took them to the big cats enclosure. Everyone was amazed to see the leopards and tigers let him pat him on their heads, instead of biting his hands. He invited them to do it, but they declined.
He had another surprise for them at the bear enclosure.
"Wait a minute", he said, and disappeared behind the walls.
After sometime, he came out with a person who was leading a bear-cub.
"This is my daddy. He takes care of the bears here. And this is Bhondu, who is my friend. You can touch him if you like"
Under Apratim's father's supervision, all the boys and girls touched Bhondu and patted him on the head. Apratim showed them how to tickle him behind his ears. In a few minutes, he and Bhondu were wrestling joyfully on the ground, as everyone watched.
"Apratim, you are really good with animals." said Abhishita."
"Yes" said Shamita, "we are sorry."
"We can never be friends with animals like you do." admitted Krishanu.
"No, no. If you come to my house, I can get you make friends with all the animals too! There is very little difference between you and them anyway!" he said with a grin.


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Microwave Grilled Chicken Cooking Method
Be the first to review
READY IN: 22mins
Recipe by jellyko
this method of cooking chicken can be used with any favorite marinade! tasted wonderful and kept chicken so moist in a quick method we all can appreciate.
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 lb bone in chicken piece
- marinade, of choice (I use chiavetta's ..a buffalo favorite... and sometimes mesquite flavor envelope making as directed)
Directions See How It's Made
- Marinade chick pieces for several hours or overnight. Place in microwave safe dish and microwave 100% power for 6 minutes per pound laying skin side down and covered with wax paper. turn once. Proceed to grill on preheated medium grill for 5 minutes per side.


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Resource and Capacity Management Administrative Support Assistant
, West Virginia
October 13, 2016
Looking for a smarter career?
IBM is the place to be.
Here, you can cultivate your expertise, use your knowledge to the fullest extent, or re-invent yourself-without ever having to leave the company.
We are looking for qualified candidates to join our Global Business Services (GBS) Public Sector Resource & Capacity Management Operations Support team.
Successful candidates will perform a range of administrative and operational support duties, reporting and analysis functions for internal Public Sector clients, to include: creating and maintaining records, staffing plans, assist with utilization forecasting, and execute regular and ad-hoc resource management reporting.
We are looking for applicants who are self-motivated individuals with academic or business experience using database and reporting tools.
Required skills include:
*Advanced level experience with MS Excel, demonstrated verbal and communication skills, the ability to interact with executives, and must be able to work effectively in a team environment.
*Candidates should demonstrate ability to meet deadlines, handle multiple tasks concurrently and be adaptable to new assignments, systems, and tools.
*Experience in Government contracting environment is desirable.
Please note: this role resides in our Rocket Center West Virginia office; candidates must be local to Rocket Center, WV.
A little about us:
IBM is the world's largest information technology company with more than 360,000 employees serving clients in 170 countries.
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Our Mission
A faith-inspired organization, Clinic with a Heart serves the uninsured and underinsured through a ministry of healthcare. Our volunteers provide free healthcare with hospitality, dignity and grace. As part of our commitment to our patients we serve as a gateway to local human service agencies to assist our patients in finding permanent healthcare homes.
Providing hope, health and humanity through a ministry of healthcare. With your help, we are making a big difference in lives of many!
Clinic with a Heart is a Free Healthcare Clinic
- We do not require patient identification or proof of income.
- We see patients first come/first served.
- Our doors open at 4 p.m. for completion of paperwork, vital signs and medical history.
- Our volunteer providers begin seeing patients at approximately 5:30 p.m.
- See the Clinic Schedule for clinic dates and the services provided each night.


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Multimedia Gallery
Our video library features Carilion Clinic hospice professionals and providers covering a wide range of hospice topics. Hear from Lisa T. Sprinkel, M.S.N., R.N., Senior Director of Carilion Clinic Hospice, Mazen I. Madhoun, M.D., medical director of Carilion Clinic Hospice and Brian K. Unwin, M.D., chief of geriatrics and palliative medicine of Carilion Clinic.
Lisa T. Sprinkel discusses important considerations to think about when selecting a hospice provider.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
I'd like to travel to the US in January for about 80 days.
I studied in the US from 2004-06 and also had a different student visa denial back in 2006.
The purpose of my trip this January is to visit friends and old schoolmates,attend some music business seminars(i've already paid for)as well as travel a bit.
From what i've been told one becomes eniligible for VWP after a visa refusal.
However,i completed ESTA just a few weeks ago,mentioning my past visa denial on it and my ESTA was approved.
At the port of entry,i am capable to present 2 bank accounts with my savings,address while in the US,receipt of my short course payment,as well as a return ticket.
I would like to book tickets asap,but if it's going to be risky due to my past status i'd rather cancel the trip.
Any advice/info pl
No matter how much you want the actual assurance that you will be admitted, there is no such guarantee for any foreign national seeking admission on any non-immigrant visa.
Since your ESTA was approved, present the above documents at the point of entry and respond honestly and fully to any questions at the point of entry for a favorable decision on your entry. If anything raises a red flag you entry will be denied.
DISCLAIMER The answer given above by the lawyer serves for educational purposes only and provides general information and a basic understanding of the applicable law. Take notice that the answer above does not create an attorney-client relationship as this website is not intended to provide anyone a specific legal advice. Anyone using the site expressly consents that there is no attorney client privilege between any person and any attorney responding. Further take notice that the site should not be used as a crude substitute for any professional and competent legal advice by a licensed professional attorney in the applicable jurisdiction. The attorney above attempted to provide competent professional opinion, however, the law and its applications may change frequently and vary greatly from other U.S. jurisdictions and locales. Therefore, any information and opinions stated above are general in nature, and may not apply to specific factual or legal circumstances related to one's current legal issues. Contact an experienced lawyer admitted to practice in your State under an attorney-client privilege to further receive a comprehensive legal before making an educated decision about your particular legal issue. Respectfully, Attorney Alexander Ivakhnenko, Chicago, IllinoisAsk a similar question
Thanks for the answer. No assurance seeking,just collecting additional info from professionals who know more than me,so i can come to a decision whether it's worth or not travelling in the end. At this stage you're saying it's black or white,which i'm already aware of,you're not telling me something i don't know. Nonetheless,many thanks for taking the time to answer.
Thank you for marking the answer helpful.
That is your decision to make, and you'll have to live with its consequences. Just like our beloved Professore recounted in his answer to your previous (duplicate, triplicate and quadruplicate question) , I too happened to have heard of a few instances when individuals like yourself boarded flights to the U.S. on their ESTA certifications, only to be intercepted by CBP upon landing and being sent back (after spending some 17 hours on CBP's hospitality at some special quarters of the airport, with no food or water during that time, allowed to go "toilet" only twice) By the same token, I've also heard of others that had much worse denials than yours, but who were allowed back in with their ESTAs as if nothing... Which statistic will you fill? That's the question. (Am sure you'll be back soon to tell us how it went.)
BTW if you decide to be bold and adventuresome, DO NOT present anything to CBP, unless challenged or specifically asked. (Keep everything out of sight in your closed bag.)
Kindly be advised that the answer above is only general in nature cannot be construed as legal advice, given that not enough facts are known. It is your responsibility to retain a lawyer to analyze the facts specific to your particular situation in order to give you specific advice. Specific answers will require cognizance of all pertinent facts about your case. Any answers offered on Avvo are of a general nature only, and are not meant to create an attorney-client relationship.Ask a similar question
Would you be boarded if ESTA is approved? Probably. Might you be refused admission at the POE, most probably.
The information contained in this answer is provided for informational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice on any subject matter,not should it be viewed as establishing an attorney client relationship of any kind.Ask a similar question
Many thanks for your answer. There is something i don't understand and an expert could give an answer to. Since ESTA applications are approved by the CBP,why are people being refused entry at the port of entry by CBP again? It defeats the purpose of having applied,given the fact that it's CBP who authorize ESTA in the first place. If the chances of entry denial are THAT high even in the case of an approved ESTA,it's like saying go ahead and book flight tickets but you'll probably be sent back anyway. I've never attempted it myself to know first hand but according to you,i'd be most probably denied entry so what's the reason why my ESTA wasn't denied? I assume the inspection never takes place and it's some kind of an automatic application based on data? I'm just trying to have a clearer picture on that.
based on the information that you provided you should not be allowed on the plane and if you are allowed on the plane you should not be allowed in the United States. you might get lucky and get away with it but don't plan on it.Ask a similar question
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A Levels: Computer Science
Why study Computer Science?
A Level Computer Science teaches you a whole range of skills. You will develop communication skills to influence people, discover new ways to use and analyse information, become a real 'problem solver' and develop an analytical brain. Computer Science combines very well with other subjects and we have some of the highest pass rates in the College. It's an ideal course if you're planning to do mathematics, computer science, engineering or robotics at university; it's also useful if you have ambitions to work in the booming games industry.
What will I study?
This course will give you a solid grounding in computing theory and problem solving. A substantial part of this course consists of practical work where you will learn to use industry standard software and write structured programmes to an advanced level. For your coursework you will then apply these skills, developing and documenting computing solutions to real-world problems.
How will I be assessed?
Your A Level award will be based on two written exams (40% each) and the submission of a piece of coursework (20%). All elements are assessed at the end of the two-year course.
What are the entry requirements?
The entry requirements to an A Level programme is five GCSEs at grade 4 or above, including English Language and Mathematics.
You do not need to have studied computer Science or programming before.
What Havant adds to this
The College has fantastic facilities, with specialist IT rooms where you'll have your own computer to work with. You'll also be encouraged to attend public lectures with a computing focus at the University of Portsmouth and University of Southampton. Additionally enrichment activities involve trips to places like The Science Museum, Action Stations at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard and the wartime codebreaking centre at Bletchley Park. You'll also benefit from our community engagement initiative with Scottish and Southern Electric
Your destinations with this course


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"Given the well-known anti-Americanism of the Cuban and Venezuelan governments, rallies in Havana and Caracas cannot be considered representative of public opinion in the hemisphere."
Related quotes
"In a museum in Havana there are two skulls of Christopher Columbus, Òone when he was a boy and one when he was a man.Ó"
"The last of the sniper teams dispatched by Robert Kennedy in 1963 to assassinate Fidel Castro were captured in Havana."
"literally circled the globe with bureaus, from Baghdad to Johannesburg to Havana to Sydney to Hong Kong."
"Hemingway invited him to Havana for some weekends and the movie is really about what happens when he goes there. It's a thriller, it's a love story, it's Hemingway as he falls apart and is suicidal. This guy was a witness to it all."


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Wednesday, August 6, 5:30 p.m. ET
If you think bands like Green Day, Blink 182
and Sum 41 started this whole "punk rock" thing, think
again. The movement actually started in England way back in 1977,
with one of its most influential acts being the Sex Pistols. Not
bad for a band who only released one album and four singles! Their
tour of America 25 years ago led the band to implode, but they've
reformed and are hitting the road again this summer. Chat with frontman
John "Johnny Rotten" Lydon about the tour.
the chat? Read the transcript below:
Medford, MA: Hi John, I see that you all are gonna play all the
songs from "Bollocks" on the upcoming tour, but are you gonna
still do other tunes like Sattelite (my favorite Pistols song), "Did
U No Wrong," or "Steppin Stone," like you all did in 1996?
By the way, I and many other in the US are so glad you guys are coming
back again! I loved the '96 tour and hope you all still do tour from
time to time!! Don't ever listen to rock critics (like you ever would!!),
you all are the most important and relevant band of all time and Bollocks
still has the sam power now that it did in '77 (how many bands can
say that?) Looking forward to your show in Boston on Aug 20th!! Thanks
for listening John!!! TAke care! John Reed Massachusetts
John Lydon: You'll get what you're given.
We're a legend enough in our own lifetimes without having to consult
with the trainspotter fan network. It's a live performance. We're not
Barry Manilow here.
Hamtramck, Michigan: John, Will you be doing any PIL? Unfortunately,
it looks like the whole alternative/independent music scene of the late
70s, 80s and early 90s--real quality alternative music--has been effectively
snuffed-out by the big record execs after all. Is there any hope of getting
intelligence back into music?
John Lydon: Yes. Ignore record companies. They've had their time
and have shown nothing but corrupt politics, and have gotten theirs from
the file sharers. Their decision to deny licensing to play music on the
Internet is bizarre, and doesn't benefit the artist. We want to be heard
by the majority of people, so move along record companies. Your time is
Young bands don't need an 800,000 video. If you can't play live you're
in the wrong industry. We're going out with low ticket prices and somehow
people are saying we're after the money! Come on. It's not about money.
We want people to come and think about themselves, not copycat MTV punks.
We do this to improve ourselves, not perpetuate the same old problems.
We come from the slums and are working class, and yet here we are.


text:
Posted by IITA Ibadan, Nigeria - VERIFIED EMPLOYER VERIFIED18 Jan 11:24 amIbadan North, Oyo
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture seeks suitable Nigerian Nationals for the position below at the Institute's Headquarters, Ibadan.
Research Associate (Ibadan) 2 year renewable contract
Successful candidate will among other things
perform the following duties:
Under the supervision of the scientist,
undertake project-related activities
Implement approved on-farm and
demonstration of Cassava trials
Work with the IITA team, plan field days and
training for Cassava farmers
Determine and supervise fertilizer and
herbicide application protocols
Collect all relevant research and project data
including outgrower contacts, farmers:
including location, quantities, and pictures
Write reports of field trials, training, and
other farmer participatory activities carried
Work with the IITA team to collate on a monthly basis progress report
Any other duty assigned by the supervisor.
Minimum of MSc in
Agriculture with a major in
agronomy, or a related
At least 2 years' experience in
Cassava production
Excellent writing skills
Ability to communicate
fluently (orally and in
writing) in the English
Ability to communicate in
one or more of local major
Capacity to work
effectively in a team
Good knowledge of
Microsoft Office
applications such as Word,
Excel, and PowerPoint
We offer highly competitive salary with equally attractive fringe benefits and excellent working
conditions in a pleasant campus environment.
Interested applicants should forward their applications with detailed curriculum vitae saved with
their names in Microsoft word format . The application must include the names and e-mail
addresses of three professional referees which must include either the Head of applicant's current
or previous organization or applicant's direct Supervisor/Superior officer at work and evidence of
current remuneration package.
IITA is an equal opportunity employer and particularly welcomes applications from female
Please visit our website to apply for the position Research Associate @ IITA:
Stay safe!
Watch out for:


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Citation Edit
House of Lords, Protecting Europe Against Large-scale Cyber-attacks (European Union Committee - Fifth Report) (Mar. 9, 2010) (full-text).
Overview Edit
This report looks at how States and their major organisations can defend themselves and their critical information infrastructures (CIIs) against such attacks, whether these attacks are criminally or politically motivated; along with the similar issues which arise when considering how to reduce the risk of disruptions to the CII caused by natural or man-made disasters.


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*NEWS*2 TOP XEROX EXEC's PASS AWAY
*NEWS*2 TOP XEROX EXEC's PASS AWAY
2006-12-26 at 4:02:00 pm #16934
McColough, former top Xerox exec, dies at 84
Recalled as 'giant in business,' sales soared under his leadership C. Peter McColough, the executive who led Xerox Corp. through more than a decade of dramatic growth and sometimes turbulent change, was remembered Monday as a man who helped turn the company into an international giant.Mr. McColough, 84, died Wednesday in Rye Brook, Westchester County. The cause was cardiac arrest after a long illness, said his son, Andrew McColough."I know I speak for the entire Xerox family when I say how deeply saddened we all are to hear of Peter's passing," said Anne M. Mulcahy, the current chairwoman and chief executive officer. "He led our company through a period of explosive growth and global expansion. Perhaps more importantly, he took the values of our founder and deeply embedded them in our culture."He was a giant in business and politics, a citizen of the world and a deeply committed family man."As the hand-picked successor of Xerox founder Joseph C. Wilson, Mr. McColough served as chief executive from 1968 until retiring in 1982. He took the title of chairman in 1971 after Wilson's death.During Mr. McColough's tenure as CEO, Xerox sales soared almost tenfold, from $896 million to more than $8.7 billion. The stock price peaked at more than $171 a share in 1973.He also moved corporate headquarters from Xerox's Rochester birthplace to Stamford, Conn. The move brought the headquarters closer to the New York City financial community and saved money because of lower Connecticut taxes.He is credited with expanding Xerox's sales force and global reach. He also saw the need for Xerox to adapt to the age of computers and change to battle competition from overseas manufacturers. One result of that vision: Xerox's famed Palo Alto Research Center in California.Before ascending to the top spot in the company, he helped create the pricing strategy that made Xerox copiers marketable. His marketing team decided to lease the expensive machines and charge customers based on how much they copied.Charles Ellis, author of a recent biography of Wilson, interviewed Mr. McColough for the book. "He was a delightful person and fun to be with," Ellis said.The author gave Mr. McColough credit for helping build Xerox's sales team into an international force. However, Mr. McColough also faced many challenges that put pressure on Xerox. Competitors ate away at the company's once-dominant market share, and many of the research center's inventions ended up being popularized by other companies.A merger with Scientific Data Systems, designed to help bring Xerox into the digital age, lost more than $500 million for the company after the $1.5 billion acquisition.Mr. McColough was succeeded as CEO by David T. Kearns. In his 1992 book, Prophets in the Dark, Kearns called Mr. McColough a "broad thinker willing to take risks …. His talent was in getting others to think and do."Charles Peter McColough was born Aug. 1, 1922, in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He served as an airman with the British navy in World War II. He then received a law degree from Dalhousie University in Halifax and a master's in business from Harvard University.He joined what was then Haloid Co. in 1954 and rose quickly through the ranks.Mr. McColough also became a prominent philanthropist, serving as chairman of the United Way of America. He held posts on a variety of other corporate boards.Mr. McColough served nearly two years as treasurer of the Democratic National Committee and actively worked in several presidential campaigns.Despite his hectic life, Mr. McColough was dedicated to his family, his son said. He was also open about the challenges and growth at Xerox, and dinnertime conversation often turned to business, Andrew McColough said."We just had some incredible family experiences. He was very much a family man."Often the family world and Mr. McColough's public life intertwined. Andrew McColough remembers his father asking him to take Sen. Henry M. Jackson, D-Wash., to the airport after a Jackson presidential fundraiser at the McColough home."Here I am, this 17-year-old kid with long hair, driving Scoop Jackson to LaGuardia in the Country Squire wagon." Andrew McColough said. "Talk about dichotomy."In addition to Andrew, Mr. McColough is survived by his wife of 53 years, Virginia; son Ian and daughter Virginia Keeshan; a sister, Patricia Wallace; and seven grandchildren. Two children, Peter Charles and Robert, preceded him in death.
David Curtin, ad executive at Xerox, is dead
Xerox Corp. lost another well-known executive last week.David Curtin, 85, the company's longtime public relations director, died Thursday.Curtin worked at Xerox for 26 years, beginning in 1957 as assistant to the president. He was named public relations director in 1963 and retired in 1982 as vice president of corporate programs.Before joining Xerox, Curtin served as a news and sports broadcaster for several Rochester radio stations, which included doing play-by-play of Red Wings baseball games. He also worked in advertising for Genesee Brewing Co.He was a graduate of Aquinas Institute and the University of Notre Dame, and was a World War II veteran.When Curtin retired, then-Xerox President David T. Kearns said he "developed for Xerox one of the finest public images of any major corporation anywhere."Survivors include his wife, Nancy, three sons, a daughter and a stepdaughter.


text:
1109 St Joseph Drive, St. Joseph MI, 49085
Sold Price:
4 beds , 3 Full/2 Half baths
4,635 sqft
Status: Closed
Last Updated: 7/26/2017 5:43 PM
Description for 1109 St Joseph Drive St. Joseph, MI 49085
Bring your water toys - jets skis, small boat, and kayak/canoes. Enjoy all of the conveniences of city living with the PRIVACY afforded by the nearly 4 acres of wooded property with 357 FEET OF SJ RIVER FRONTAGE.River views from multiple rooms and from glass panel deck.Enjoy the spacious family room w/ vaulted ceiling, large windows and inviting fireplace. The 4BR home offers a convenient main floor master suite with lavish master bath.Don't miss whole home central vacuum,two gas lit fireplaces,and accessible storage above garage.This home has been EXTREMELY well maintained and features rooms able to function in a variety of ways. Enjoy the restorative powers of nature and a LIFESTYLE that is unmatched.
Sold Price:
Sold Date:10/01/2015
St.Joseph City
3 Full/2 Half
4,635 (approx)
Listing Information
St.Joseph City
Crawl Space
Softener Own, River
Public Sewer
Natural Gas
School Information
Room Information
Family Room
Interior Features
Central Vacuum, Humidifier, Oven Built-in, Dishwasher, Dryer, Garbage Disposal, Microwave, Range, Refrigerator, Washer
Ceramic, Wood
Central Air, Ceiling Fan(s)
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Basement, Full
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2, Gas logs
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Attached Garage, 3 Car Garage
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Driving Directions
Niles Ave to St Joe Ave to cul-de-sac. No sign.
Financial Considerations
Listing Price History
St. Joseph Real Estate
St. Joseph is located in Michigan. St. Joseph, Michigan 49085 has a population of 8,286.
The median household income in St. Joseph, Michigan 49085 is $52,772. The median household income for the surrounding county is $44,701 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in St. Joseph 49085 is 44.2 years.
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Naval Postgraduate School, Physics Department and Remote Sensing Center, 833 Dyer Road, Monterey, California 93943, United States
DigitalGlobe Inc., 1601 Dry Creek Drive, Suite 260, Longmont, Colorado 80503, United States
Perry Remote Sensing, LLC, 9105 East Wesley Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80231, United States
WorldView-3 (WV-3) is a newly launched (August 2014) high-spatial resolution commercial multispectral satellite sensor with eight visible to near-infrared bands (0.42 to 1.04 μm) and eight shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands (1.2 to 2.33 μm). Previous analyses using hyperspectral imagery (HSI) data of Cuprite, Nevada, to simulate WV-3's eight SWIR bands demonstrated identification and mapping of a wide variety of minerals, including kaolinite, alunite, buddingtonite, muscovite, calcite, and hydrothermal silica. These results, using partial unmixing, showed mineral occurrences similar to those mapped using full resolution HSI data and established WV-3's potential as a valuable new mineral mapping tool. Confusion matrix analyses using the HSI data as ground truth did indicate, however, some difficulties with mapping spectrally similar minerals using the multispectral data. Follow-up mineral mapping, using on-orbit WV-3 data acquired September 19, 2014, for Cuprite, Nevada, and the same algorithms and methods used for WV-3 simulation, indicates that the WV-3 sensor is performing as expected. WV-3 SWIR data analyses closely match expectations for mineral mapping as predicted by the simulation. While not as capable as an HSI sensor, WV-3's carefully selected eight SWIR bands provide new remote mineral mapping capabilities not available from any other spaceborne multispectral system.
WorldView-3 (WV-3), launched August 13, 2014, is the latest in a constellation of commercial high-spatial resolution Earth imaging satellites developed by DigitalGlobe Inc. (Longmont, Colorado, USA). WorldView-1 (WV-1) was launched in 2007 with a panchromatic (PAN) imaging system capable of 0.5-m spatial resolution.1 WorldView-2 (WV-2), launched in 2009, provides high-spatial resolution PAN data at a 0.46-m pixel size, plus visible and near-infrared (VNIR) imagery (0.4 to 1.04 μm) at a 1.85-m spatial resolution in eight multispectral bands.2 WV-3 is an incremental improvement to the previous sensors, delivering essentially the same PAN and VNIR multispectral capabilities (albeit at 0.31- and 1.24-m spatial resolution, respectively).3 These are supplemented on WV-3 by an additional eight shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands (referred to here as bands S1 to S8) ranging from approximately 1.2 to 2.33 μm at 3.7-m spatial resolution (though currently released only at 7.5-m spatial resolution).3 The system also includes an additional 12 bands "Clouds, Aerosols, Water Vapor, Ice, and Snow" (CAVIS) at 30-m resolution for atmospheric compensation. Combined, these give WV-3 the distinction of having a total of 29 spectral bands, spanning the VNIR-SWIR range, and being the only commercial high-spatial resolution SWIR multispectral Earth imaging satellite currently in orbit.
This paper summarizes an assessment of using only the eight WV-3 SWIR bands for mineral mapping for a well-known site—Cuprite, Nevada. The Cuprite mining district is located about 200 km northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, along U.S. Highway 95. Surface geology at Cuprite consists of a variety of Cambrian—through Tertiary-age rocks, most notable for their extensive hydrothermal alteration4–7 (Fig. 1). Cuprite has been used since the 1970s to validate multispectral and HSI remote sensing for mineralogical and geological mapping.6–13
(a) Cuprite field alteration map.6 (b) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) hyperspectral imagery mineral map of Cuprite.13
An alteration map [Fig. 1(a)] compiled from a combination of airborne multispectral imagery, traditional field mapping, and laboratory measurements6 and modified in presentation by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)13 is shown to introduce alteration at Cuprite and for later reference. The three mapped zones (silicified, opalized, and argilized) are classic alteration descriptions that typically include mineral assemblages rather than a specific individual mineral. Silicified rocks are described as containing abundant quartz, chalcedony, minor alunite, and kaolinite, and some postalteration calcite.6,13 Opalized rocks (opalite) contain opal with variable amounts of kaolinite and alunite, and minor calcite.6,13 Argillized areas are typically within or adjacent to opalized zones and contain primary quartz, unaltered sanadine, opal, montmorillonite, and kaolinite.6,13
Produced from airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data by the USGS,13Fig. 1(b) is a subset of the original image map, and provides a more detailed surface mineralogy reference. The USGS mineral map is a highly detailed compilation of surface minerals based on an expert system approach to HSI spectral feature and shape matching,11 and is supported by field validation, x-ray diffraction, and laboratory spectral measurements.13 The spectral map includes identification and mapping of several mineral groups, and information about mineral composition, crystallinity, and spectral mixing based on matching to specific library spectra.13,14 While this provides extensive mineralogic information for Cuprite, note that most HSI algorithms do not map to this level of detail, so more general mineral classes are used in this study. Broader groups of key minerals are more typically identified, including kaolinites, alunites, buddingtonite, muscovites, carbonates, and certain types of silica. Note that most algorithms also map only the spectrally predominant mineral at each pixel. This is the approach adopted for our investigation.
The results reported here are a follow-up to a previous study which utilized hyperspectral data to simulate WV-3 data and predict mineral mapping performance.12,15 Mapping results for on-orbit WV-3 utilizing the exact same methodology and algorithms as those used in the simulation are reported and are directly compared to previous simulated WV-3 mineral mapping performance. Results indicate that the capability to map selected key minerals at Cuprite using WV-3 is similar to that predicted by simulation. Overall, on-orbit WV-3 SWIR data generally match mineral mapping as predicted by simulation and provide unprecedented high-spatial resolution and multispectral capabilities.
Previous research predicting WV-3 capabilities for spectral mapping of mineralogy utilized AVIRIS data to simulate WV-3 SWIR data.12,15 AVIRIS data were spectrally resampled to the proposed eight SWIR WV-3 bands at 3.7- and 7.5-m spatial resolution, and characteristic reflectance signatures extracted from the data for known mineral locations were used to map locations of specific minerals. Results demonstrated that WV-3 spectral bands should permit identification and mapping of certain key minerals; however, a potential exists for multispectral mapping errors for spectrally similar minerals.
AVIRIS radiance data collected by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) on October 14, 2010, at 3-m spatial resolution for the Cuprite, Nevada, site were used as the starting point for the previously reported WV-3 SWIR simulation and mineral mapping.12 AVIRIS is an imaging spectrometer [hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system], measuring radiance over the 0.4 to 2.5 μm range in 224 spectral bands at approximately 10-nm spectral resolution and variable spatial resolutions from approximately 2 to 20 m depending on flight altitude.16,17 Eighty-six SWIR bands between approximately 1.2 and 2.5 μm with 3-m spatial resolution data were used for this analysis. The AVIRIS data were coregistered to orthorectified Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery,18,19 and resampled to both 3.7-m native WV-3 resolution, and the proposed WV-3 release spatial resolution of 7.5 m for analysis. The radiance data were corrected to apparent reflectance using the model-based "ACORN" atmospheric correction program20 and further refined using field-measured calibration spectra.21 This allows direct comparison to laboratory and field spectra (spectral libraries) using both visual and automated approaches.22–29 Characteristic mean HSI reflectance signatures for laterally extensive minerals important to understand the general geology and hydrothermal alteration at Cuprite were extracted from the data for known mineral locations [Fig. 2(a)], and mapped using the mixture-tuned-matched filter (MTMF) partial unmixing algorithm30–32 [Fig. 2(b)].
(a) Mean shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectra extracted from the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data at 7.5-m spatial resolution for selected image regions of interest (ROI) with known mineralogy. (b) Mixture-tuned-matched filter (MTMF) mineral map showing spectrally predominant mineral for each AVIRIS pixel.12
The AVIRIS data were analyzed using a standardized approach—linear transformation utilizing the minimum noise fraction transformation33 to whiten noise, followed by MTMF.30–32 Typically used for HSI data, this method locates known spectral signatures in the presence of a mixed or unknown background (Fig. 3). MTMF is also described as "partial unmixing," as it does not require knowledge of all of the spectral endmembers, thus each individual material can be separately unmixed without knowing the full background composition. MTMF combines the best attributes of the classic matched filter (MF)34–36 with the feasibility constraints of spectral mixing.37 It allows both determination of specific minerals and estimation of their pixel abundances by calculating two measures: an MF score and infeasibility score (Fig. 3).32
MTMF concept showing identification and quantification of a known target spectrum in the presence of a diverse background. Higher MF scores (from 0.0 to 1.0=0% to 100% abundance) indicate that there is more of the target spectrum material in the pixel of interest. Lower infeasibility scores [forming 1σ and 2σ (etc.) cones extending from the background to the target] constrain the spectral signature in the context of mixing of the background and target signature. The best spectral matches can be mapped based on meeting the combined criteria of high MF score and low infeasibility score.32
These two attributes are typically used together to determine occurrence and abundance of a particular material at each pixel of a spectral image dataset. The MF score determines the spectral abundance of the material, while the infeasibility score determines whether the measurement is a feasible mixture of background and the target signature. Two-dimensional scatter plotting is usually used to highlight feasible mixtures; however, this is somewhat subjective. For the purposes of this research, an "MTMF Feasibility Ratio"38 (MF score/infeasibility score) was used for standardization between the datasets. All data analyzed utilizing MTMF were thresholded to show only the best mineral match (one material per pixel) for MTMF feasibility ratios greater than 0.025. AVIRIS results are presented for the spectrally predominant minerals only [Fig. 2(b)] to facilitate later comparison with the simulated WV-3 data. Mineral classes mapped using AVIRIS generally correspond with the main mineral groups and locations shown in previously published alteration maps5,6 and HSI-derived mineral maps7–13 (Fig. 1). The same MTMF mapping approach was applied to AVIRIS data and simulated WV-3 data,12 and subsequently to the on-orbit WV-3 data for consistency.
Simulated WV-3 SWIR bandpass functions were built based on specifications and generic response functions provided by DigitalGlobe (DG) (Table 1).39 AVIRIS reflectance data were spectrally resampled to the WV-3 bands using the simulated bandpasses, which were nominally similar to those measured for the actual WV-3 system launched into orbit in 2014 (Table 1 and Fig. 4).40 The spectrally simulated WV-3 data were then resized to 3.7- and 7.5-m spatial resolution using pixel aggregation (averaging). The 7.5-m data were used for subsequent analyses.
WorldView-3 SWIR band responses (September 26, 2013).
Mean SWIR reflectance spectra for selected minerals were extracted from the simulated WV-3 data based on known field locations (same locations as for the AVIRIS data) [Fig. 5(a)]. The spectral signatures were used to perform MTMF to match spectral signatures and map spatial locations [Fig. 5(b)]. Results were visually compared to AVIRIS mean spectra and mapping (Fig. 2).
(a) Mean reflectance spectra extracted from simulated WV-3 SWIR data at 7.5-m spatial resolution for selected image ROIs with known mineralogy. (b) MTMF mineral map showing spectrally predominant mineral for each simulated WV-3 pixel.12 Visually compare to Fig. 2 AVIRIS results.
Despite numerous remote sensing campaigns at Cuprite, no fully validated ground truth exists for the site—in fact, HSI data provide the best, most detailed mineral maps available [Fig. 1(b)].13 Mineral classes mapped using AVIRIS, as part of this research, generally correspond with the main mineral groups and locations shown in previously published alteration maps5,6 and HSI-derived mineral maps7–13 (Fig. 1). For the purposes of this validation, the AVIRIS mineral map described here and shown in Fig. 2(b) was used as surrogate ground truth to evaluate WV-3 performance. These data were directly comparable in spectral and spatial coverage and spatial resolution. Visual comparison of the two mineral maps indicates a good correspondence [Figs. 2(b) and 5(b)]. A confusion matrix41 computed using the AVIRIS as "ground truth" and evaluated with respect to mapping specific alteration minerals using the simulated WV-3 data,12 however, shows that the overall accuracy is 50.92% and the per-pixel match between the AVIRIS and WV-3 mineral mapping results using the Kappa coefficient42,43 is 0.38 (Table 2). The simulated WV-3 data performed best for identification and mapping of buddingtonite, calcite, and silica according to the diagonals of the confusion matrix. Assessment of the errors of commission and omission in Table 2 and the AVIRIS and simulated WV-3 mineral maps illustrate, however, that the simulation mapped a large amount of buddingtonite, where the AVIRIS data did not [Figs. 2(b) and 5(b)]. Table 2 also illustrates that significant portions of the errors for all classes are attributable to unclassified areas, indicating that rather than misidentification of materials, many of the errors are ones where no identification was possible using the multispectral data, presumably because the simulated WV-3 data cannot resolve key spectral features because of lower spectral resolution. Additionally, Table 2 shows that there is significant confusion between alunite, kaolinite, and muscovite as well as between buddingtonite and kaolinite at simulated WV-3 bandpasses and spectral resolution.
Excluding unclassified pixels from the confusion matrix analysis improves the overall accuracy to 63.43% and the Kappa coefficient to 0.54 (Table 3). Confusion matrix diagonals are somewhat improved, and errors of commission and omission are more easily evaluated with respect to specific minerals. Buddingtonite, kaolinite, and silica are most often mapped as another mineral. AVIRIS pixels containing alunite, kaolinite, and muscovite are most often missing from the simulated WV-3 MTMF mapping.
Some minerals are better separated by the WV-3 SWIR bands than others. Examination of the confusion matrices shows that performance is high for calcite, buddingtonite, and silica. There is still, however, confusion between minerals with similar SWIR spectral features such as alunite, kaolinite, and muscovite, which at high spectral resolution all have characteristic spectral features near 2.2 μm [Fig. 2(a)].
WV-3 data of the Cuprite site were acquired September 19, 2014, at 3.7-m spatial resolution. SWIR data were prepared for release by DG at 7.5-m spatial resolution and stacked with the 1.6-m resolution VNIR bands using nearest neighbor resampling, providing a 16 band data cube. The full dataset was corrected to reflectance by DG using an empirical line correction44,45 of WV-3 radiance data to October 2010 HSI AVIRIS reflectance data. AVIRIS data were previously corrected to reflectance using the model-based "FLAASH" atmospheric correction.46 FLAASH-corrected AVIRIS reflectance spectra of bright and dark in-scene targets (playa and basalt, respectively) were used with WV-3 spectra for the same areas/materials to perform a linear regression (empirical line correction, calculating, and applying gains and offsets), converting radiance for each WV-3 band to match the known AVIRIS reflectance. (Note that DG plans to implement a WV-3 atmospheric-model-based reflectance correction, taking advantage of the WV-3 aerosol and water vapor CAVIS bands; however, this correction was not available to apply to the data used in this investigation.) Representative reflectance spectra were then extracted from the WV-3 SWIR reflectance data for known minerals using the same locations defined for both AVIRIS and simulated WV-3 analyses. MTMF mineral mapping was applied using the standardized approach, and the on-orbit WV-3 mapping results were compared to the AVIRIS mineral mapping results and the previous WV-3 simulation.
SWIR color composites were generated from the AVIRIS data, the simulated WV-3 data, and the on-orbit WV-3 data using bands at approximately 1.65, 2.20, and 2.33 μm (RGB) (Fig. 6). Potentially altered areas are shown on the images as magenta to red pixels. Based on known mineralogy, the alteration mineral alunite (absorption feature near 2.16 μm) appears dark magenta, whereas areas with argillic (high kaolinite content) alteration and muscovite (absorption features near 2.2 μm) occur as more pure red (pink) colors. Note the close visual match between AVIRIS, simulated WV-3, and on-orbit WV-3 color composites (Fig. 6).
SWIR color composite images using (a) AVIRIS bands 137, 194, 207 (1.652, 2.198, 2.327 μm) as RGB, (b) WV-3 simulated data using SWIR bands S3, S6, S8 (1.65, 2.20, 2.33 μm) as RGB, and (c) on-orbit WV-3 data using bands S3, S6, S8 (1.661, 2.202, 2.329 μm) as RGB.
Mean SWIR reflectance spectra extracted from all three datasets for the previously defined regions of interest (ROI) show a close correspondence between the AVIRIS spectra, the simulated WV-3 spectra, and the actual WV-3 spectra (Fig. 7). All spectra have the expected shapes and show key absorption features, with less than 5% error in all cases. Nearly all of the spectra agree to within about 2%. Clearly, on-orbit WV-3 spectra delineate the mineralogy at Cuprite, exhibiting spectra very similar to those predicted in the WV-3 simulation using AVIRIS HSI data. Specific key features present in the WV-3 spectra include the 2.2 and 2.3 μm absorption features in muscovite [Fig. 7(a)], the 2.33 μm feature in calcite [Fig. 7(b)], the asymmetrical 2.2 μm feature in kaolinite [Fig. 7(c)], the 2.16 μm feature in alunite [Fig. 7(d)], and the broad hydrothermal silica shoulder feature near 2.25 μm [Fig. 7(e)]. The buddingtonite feature near 2.1 μm is still distinct, but is shifted to 2.2 μm because WV-3 does not include a specific band at 2.1 μm [Fig. 7(f)]. Together, these spectra form the basis of the MTMF mineral mapping for the Cuprite site.
Comparison of mean SWIR reflectance spectra extracted from the three datasets (AVIRIS, WV-3 simulated data, and on-orbit WV-3 data) for selected ROIs with known mineralogy: (a) muscovite, (b) calcite, (c) kaolinite, (d) alunite, (e) hydrothermal silica, and (f) buddingtonite. Note that colored symbols indicate the simulated WV-3 spectra, which are nearly identical to the AVIRIS spectra where they overlap, but with fewer bands.
The on-orbit WV-3 reflectance spectra extracted for the previously defined ROI for selected minerals based on known field locations (Fig. 7) were used to perform MTMF to map the spatial locations of specific minerals [Fig. 8(c)]. This result was visually compared to the AVIRIS MTMF results [Fig. 8(a)] and simulated WV-3 MTMF mapping results [Fig. 8(b)]. The WV-3 on-orbit results [Fig. 8(c)] generally appear to match the simulated WV-3 mapping [Fig. 8(b)]. In some aspects, however, they actually appear to more closely match AVIRIS mapping (better performance than predicted). For example, it appears that the actual WV-3 sensor did a better job of mapping buddingtonite and kaolinite than that shown in the simulated results. Note that buddingtonite occurrences mapped by WV-3 are limited, and mostly correspond to those shown in AVIRIS (cyan colored areas near the center of the left image), while the simulated WV-3 shows more extensive buddingtonite occurrences in areas known to be principally alunite or unclassified (cyan areas near top of center image and along right center edge, Fig. 8).
(a) SWIR MTMF mineral mapping using AVIRIS, (b) WV-3 simulated data, and (c) on-orbit WV-3 data.
Again, the AVIRIS HSI data provide the best, most detailed mineral maps available for the Cuprite site.13 Comparison of the AVIRIS and on-orbit WV-3 MTMF mineral maps illustrates that mapped mineral classes generally correspond with main mineral groups and locations shown in previously published alteration maps5,6 and HSI-derived mineral maps.7–13 The AVIRIS mineral map shown in Fig. 2(b) and again in Fig. 8(a) provided surrogate ground truth to evaluate the WV-3 performance [Fig. 8(c)]. Confusion matrices were computed using AVIRIS as ground truth and evaluated for mapping each specific alteration mineral. The overall performance of WV-3 on-orbit (Table 4) appears similar to that predicted by the WV-3 simulation (Table 2). While visual comparison of the two mineral maps suggests good correspondence, closer inspection and analysis of the confusion matrices for these data (Table 4) demonstrates an overall accuracy of 55.90% and the per-pixel match between AVIRIS and WV-3 mineral mapping results using the Kappa coefficient42,43 is 0.39. The on-orbit WV-3 data performed best for identification and mapping of calcite and muscovite according to confusion matrix diagonals. Further assessment of errors of commission and omission indicates that WV-3 mapped a greater amount of buddingtonite compared to AVIRIS. This was less severe for the on-orbit WV-3 mapping, with only 16,263 pixels (2%) mapped as buddingtonite when they should have been unclassified, compared to the simulated WV-3 map of 109,847 pixels (14%) as buddingtonite that were unclassified on the AVIRIS mineral map. On-orbit WV-3 also exhibited considerable errors of commission for kaolinite and alunite mineral mapping. Most errors were caused by mapping unclassified AVIRIS pixels as specific minerals by WV-3 (Table 4). Overall, WV-3 illustrated serious errors of omission with respect to nearly all minerals mapped, indicating that, in many cases, no identification was possible using the multispectral data and the MTMF approach. These errors are similar to those observed in the WV-3 simulation. Table 4 shows that at the actual WV-3 bandpasses and spectral resolution, significant mineral mapping confusion exists between alunite, kaolinite, and muscovite. This is most prevalent in alluvial fan areas, where mixing occurs between all three minerals. Additional confusion exists between buddingtonite and kaolinite, probably due to the fact that WV-3 does not have a spectral band that corresponds exactly to the buddingtonite absorption feature near 2.11 μm. Both results are similar to the previous WV-3 simulation.
Exclusion of unclassified pixels from the confusion matrix analysis for on-orbit WV-3 data improves both the overall accuracy to 62.23% and the Kappa coefficient to 0.51 (Table 5). Confusion matrix diagonals are significantly improved and errors of commission and omission are clarified with respect to specific minerals. As observed in the previous WV-3 simulation, buddingtonite, kaolinite, and silica are most often mapped as another mineral. Errors of omission, however, are generally higher for on-orbit WV-3 mineral mapping than indicated by simulation predictions.
Even though WV-3 is a multispectral sensor, we have compared its performance to the hyperspectral AVIRIS sensor and direct mineral mapping approaches to establish a baseline against HSI mineral mapping. This research establishes that, in fact, WV-3 can directly map some minerals based on their spectral signatures because of the well-designed placement of its SWIR bands. There are also other approaches well-suited to multispectral analysis that can produce unique and useful mapping products. A few selected examples shown here for WV-3 include spectral-based methods such as band ratios, directed color composite images, and mineral indices.
Color ratio composite images have long been used to highlight spectral signature shapes using multispectral data.4,47–49 These are known to reduce the effects of shade, shadows, and image noise on classification. WV-3 VNIR reflectance ratios, in combination with the WV-3 S3/S5 (1.66/2.20 μm) ratio, provide legacy capabilities similar to Landsat color ratio composites that include the Thematic Mapper SWIR bands 5/7 (1.65/2.20 μm) ratio, but at much higher spatial resolution. This ratio generally allows mapping of clays and carbonates.49 The well-placed WV-3 SWIR bands also provide a wide range of new possibilities for mapping key materials of interest for geologic and alteration mapping using band ratios. For example, WV-3 SWIR band ratios S5/S6 (2.16/2.20 μm) and S7/S6 (2.26/2.20 μm) used together highlight spectral absorption features at 2.2 μm. Band ratio S7/S8 (2.26/2.33 μm) in combination with band ratio S7/S6 (2.26/2.20 μm) accentuates the distribution of materials with absorption features near 2.33 μm and establishes a spectral slope for materials like alunite. Combining S5/S6, S7/S6, and S7/S8 ratios (RGB) as a color composite image allows mapping of materials like muscovite (light red), alunite and related minerals (blue-green), and carbonates (blue) [Fig. 9(a)]. The orange area right–center in the image corresponds to the distribution of hydrothermal silica. Other band ratios can be designed utilizing both VNIR and SWIR bands to highlight different minerals or specific materials, and to identify and/or mask areas of water or vegetation.
(a) WV-3 SWIR reflectance band ratios S5/S6, S7/S6, S7/S8 (2.16/2.20 μm, 2.26/2.20 μm, 2.26/2.33 μm) as RGB, (b) selected representative WV-3 mineral spectra, and (c) directed color composite with SWIR bands S5, S6, and S8 (2.16, 2.20, 2.33 μm) as RGB. Color saturation of the right image was enhanced using decorrelation stretching50 (hues remain unchanged). The vertical colored lines in the spectral plot (b) show the bands displayed as RGB in the directed color composite image (c). The spectral plots are used to design specific color ratios and directed color composites to show materials of interest in predetermined colors.
Directed color composites are simple three-band color images designed based on the known spectroscopic response of materials of interest. Key materials can be emphasized in specific colors by strategically selecting the three bands used for the RGB display based on spectral features and characteristics of the material(s) of interest. Using bands centered on a specific spectral absorption feature allows design of a color composite showing the desired material(s) in a predetermined color or range of colors. The vertical colored lines in the spectral plot [Fig. 9(b)] show the RGB bands used in the WV-3 directed color composite image of SWIR bands S5, S6, and S8 (2.16, 2.20, 2.33 μm) [Fig. 9(c)]. Image color saturation was enhanced using decorrelation stretching.50 Muscovite appears red because of high SWIR band S5 (2.16 μm) reflectance coupled with low contributions of green and blue caused by absorption in SWIR band S6 (2.20 μm) and lower reflectance in SWIR band S8 (2.33 μm). Kaolinite is light magenta because of high contribution from SWIR band S5 (2.16 μm) in conjunction with some contribution of blue and green from SWIR bands S8 (2.33 μm) and S6 (2.20 μm), respectively. Carbonates (calcite) are yellow-green in Fig. 9(c) because of high reflectance in SWIR bands S5 (2.16 μm) and S6 (2.20 μm) and low reflectance in SWIR band S8 (2.33 μm) caused by the carbonate absorption feature near 2.33 μm. Alunite appears blue in the image because of higher reflectance near 2.33 μm compared to lower reflectance in SWIR bands S5 (2.16 μm) and S6 (2.20 μm). Other directed color composites can be designed to highlight specific materials, spectral shapes, or absorption features.
Indices for mapping spectral characteristics of materials using multispectral data have long been used for detection of vegetation (e.g., NDVI).51–53 They have also been extensively used for geologic/mineral mapping with the ASTER sensor,48,54,55 which had SWIR spectral bands similar to WV-3, but at a lower (30 m) spatial resolution. Mineral indices are typically more complex images than simple RGB color composites or band ratios. They are designed to show occurrence measures for specific minerals or groups of minerals. There are many possible combinations, several of which are shown in Fig. 10 to illustrate the WV-3 capabilities.
Selected SWIR mineral indices derived from the on-orbit WV-3 data. (a) WV-3 carbonate index [defined here as WV-3 SWIR bands [S6/(S7+S8)], or 2.20 μm/(2.26 μm+2.33 μm)]: areas with carbonate signatures appear red or white. (b) Alunite/kaolinite/pyrophyllite index [defined by the USGS as a relative band depth (RBD) image48 using ASTER bands (S4+S6)/S5 and implemented here as WV-3 SWIR bands [(S3+S6)/S5], or (1.66 μm+2.20 μm)/2.16 μm]: areas with these minerals are green through white. (c) AL-OH group composition index [defined by CSIRO55 as ASTER bands (S5+S7)/S6 and adapted here to WV-3 SWIR bands (S5+S7)/S6 or (2.16 μm+2.26 μm)/2.20 μm]: blue is well ordered kaolinite or Al-rich white mica (muscovite, illite, paragonite, pyrophyllite, beidellite). Red is Al-poor (Si-rich) white mica (phengite), or montmorillonite.55
These alternative processing and analysis methods demonstrate the wealth of spectral information available in the WV-3 SWIR bands. They illustrate that the WV-3 data are equally amenable to mineral analysis using a wide variety of algorithms and methods developed for multispectral data analysis. In addition to unique SWIR bands, WV-3 provides matchless opportunities for fused VNIR-SWIR analysis and for PAN sharpening of results at an unprecedented 0.31-m spatial resolution.
WV-3 is a highly capable commercial multispectral satellite sensor with an impressive combination of high-spatial resolution and key SWIR spectral bands. Previous simulation using AVIRIS data of Cuprite, Nevada, demonstrated that WV-3 should be able to identify and map selected minerals based on their SWIR spectral properties utilizing spectral matching approaches. MTMF mineral maps produced during the simulation showed similar mineral occurrences and spatial distributions to those mapped using full-resolution, 86-SWIR-band AVIRIS data. Statistical analyses using confusion matrices and AVIRIS data as ground truth, however, illustrated typical multispectral shortcomings (confusion between similar minerals), caused by reduced spectral resolution as compared to AVIRIS and with respect to key spectral features of minerals. Given that WV-3 is not a hyperspectral sensor and does not perform as such, simulated WV-3 mineral mapping results were promising, establishing WV-3's potential as valuable new tool for geologic and alteration mapping—better than any other commercial multispectral sensor currently in orbit.
Follow-up mineral mapping using actual on-orbit WV-3 data for Cuprite and the same algorithms and methods used for the simulation, indicates that the WV-3 sensor is performing as expected and predicted. Extracted spectra are remarkably similar to the simulated spectra with typically less than 5% error. Key mineral features are readily apparent in the on-orbit WV-3 spectra, and these were successfully used to map the character and distribution of alteration minerals at the Cuprite site using the MTMF approach. Minerals mapped included kaolinite, alunite, buddingtonite, muscovite, calcite, and hydrothermal silica. Overall, the on-orbit WV-3 SWIR data closely match expectations for mineral mapping as predicted by the simulation, and WV-3's carefully selected eight SWIR bands and 7.5-m resolution provide extensive new mineral mapping capabilities not available from other spaceborne multispectral systems.
In addition to the direct mineral mapping approaches described in the WV-3 simulation and validated against on-orbit WV-3 SWIR data, the unique selection of spectral bands provides SWIR multispectral mapping capabilities similar to those demonstrated by the ASTER sensor but at much higher spatial resolution. Approaches such as band ratios, directed color composites, and mineral indices can be used with WV-3 data along with direct mineral mapping methods and other multispectral algorithms to provide results unmatched by any current orbiting commercial sensor. With the ASTER SWIR bands now defunct; WV-3 is the only multispectral sensor currently in orbit with multiple, nearly contiguous, SWIR bands. It is clear that WV-3 will provide vastly improved capabilities in support of geologic and other surface mapping applications.
WV-3 data for the Cuprite site were calibrated to radiance, converted to reflectance, and provided by DigitalGlobe, Inc. AVIRIS data were acquired and processed to radiance by JPL. Use of brand names in this paper does not indicate endorsement by the United States Government.
Fred A. Kruse received his PhD in geology from the Colorado School of Mines in 1987. He has been involved in remote sensing research and applications for over 30 years. Currently, he is a research professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, teaching spectral remote sensing and synthetic aperture radar. His research explores the distribution and character of earth surface materials. He is also one of the scientists that originally developed the image analysis software ENVI.
William M. Baugh is a senior scientist at DigitalGlobe. He received an MS degree in geology from the University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, in 1995. He previously worked as an associate scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research and for over 15 years total in industry. His current focus is on leveraging WorldView-3's new spectral capabilities to create practical applications. Additional interests include hyperspectral data, spectrometry, algorithm development, field research, radiometric calibration, and atmospheric compensation.
Sandra L. Perry is an exploration geologist specializing in satellite imagery analysis. She received a BS degree in geology from Indiana State University, specializing in structural and photogeology. After receiving her MS degree in geology at the Colorado School of Mines, she focused on digital image analysis of satellite data for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration worldwide. She has over 30 years of experience, participated on the ASTER Science Team, and was the lead scientist recommending WV-3 SWIR band designations.
Fred A. Kruse ; William M. Baugh and Sandra L. Perry"Validation of DigitalGlobe WorldView-3 Earth imaging satellite shortwave infrared bands for mineral mapping", J. Appl. Remote Sens. 9(1), 096044 (May 27, 2015). ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.9.096044
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If you are in the process of developing and creating software, a business, or product, the steps to get from point A – the idea – to point B – the finished product – can seem completely overwhelming. You start brainstorming, you get a great idea and follow it, but if it doesn't work out, you are back at the beginning, brainstorming. It might feel like you are going nowhere, you don't know which way to turn, and all you'd really like is a road map straight to success.
Well, I can't promise you a road map, but I can get you close. First – there are two ways of thinking about the development process. The first is called the waterfall system, because when you draw it out, each idea cascades down to the next logical step – it will look like a waterfall. Think of it this way:
Each step logically follows the next, and you do not move on to the next step until you have fully completed the step you are one. For many people, this kind of straight layout helps them think, stay organized, and keep on track. However, maybe your business model doesn't fit this type of planning, or maybe your brain doesn't like this kind of rigid thinking. In these cases, you might want to try the agile model. The agile model allows you to try a few different steps, and if something doesn't work out, you can easily backtrack without losing too much time (and possibly money). Here is what an agile road map would look like:
In agile planning, you can move on to any step from (almost) anywhere. You can start with an idea and move to planning, but if things are going well you can jump to implementation. The description truly is in the name – you will be very agile, that is, graceful, moveable, and quick.
Each of these types of development has its own advantages and disadvantages. In waterfall planning, you can plan big projects. It is well suited to the type of project that needs to move slowly and methodically. However, this is also one of its main drawbacks. If you are on a tight deadline, slow and methodical may win you the race but lose you the client. It also has a drawback of leaving important steps, like implementation and testing, to the very end – so if bugs develop, it might be too late to go back and fix things.
Agile planning has the drawback that it can be easy to fritter your time away bouncing from idea to idea. However, if has the definite advantage that it is quicker and less prone to bugginess – for example, if you are programming some code, you don't have to wait until the very end to test, you can jump right to testing and determine if you are on the right path or not. Because of the built-in agility of this system, it is the preferred method of operation for many technological fields.
Here is the question back to you – Which Software Development Methodology do you use and why?
Reference: Pinal Dave (https://blog.sqlauthority.com)
11 Comments. Leave new
Waterfall….approach being systematic and we usually take enough time from client for processing debugging etc
It is a good summary, I would prefer Agile over Water Fall. It has many advantages, some of them are, This gives you early scenario to get a feedback from client, Test out different algorithm's. Most important is that it lets's user start using the system early and you prioritize features based on that user needs.
You are absolutely right on this. But What about small scale projects, does this method still hold good? I believe this might be an overhead for small projects. So size also is an aspect we should consider.
Agile is better in many ways, one of the most important benefit we I found during product development that it helps bridging the gap of users expectation and development implementation. The development team can take the feedback of users in each roll out, that helps bridging the communication gap..
Waterfall would function in small-easy projects. As they get complex, agile would be better.
As a matter of fact, the waterfall model is not recommended anymore other than highly accurate projects (CBAP and PMP call it progressive elaboration and rolling wave planning).
Short, Precise and to-the-point sir. Can I expect blog(s) on cost estimation on Agile?
I will go for Agile..
Success rate in Agile is higher than waterfall. Agile has better management process. Iterative release and customer collaboration is key concepts of agile.
Agile is definitely the better Methodology
Usually we will have to go back and forth, for the correct tune. Agile. Even if you recycle waterfall it will require the previous step to move on.
Agile development is a gradual process, it doesn't have to be done at the flick of a switch. Start with a thing called Kanban methodology and everything will become easier.
The article is good.. Could you please give any scenario in real time how it will be implemented in Water fall and Agile and how it is more advantageous with Agile?