text:
Average circulation, seasonal cycle, and mesoscale dynamics of the Peru Current System: A modeling approach
- Amanda Gray
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110,, doi: /2005jc002945, 2005 Average circulation, seasonal cycle, and mesoscale dynamics of the Peru Current System: A modeling approach P. Penven 1 and V. Echevin 2 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France J. Pasapera, F. Colas, and J. Tam Instituto del Mar del Perú, Callao - Lima, Perú Received 5 March 2005; revised 18 May 2005; accepted 11 July 2005; published 20 October [1] The Humboldt Current System is the most productive of the eastern boundary currents. In the northern part, the Peru Current System (PCS) is located between 5 S and 20 S. Along the Peruvian coast, an equatorward wind forces a strong coastal upwelling. A high resolution model is designed to investigate the mean circulation, the seasonal cycle, and the mesoscale dynamics for the PCS. The model is able to reproduce the equatorward Peru Coastal Current (PCC), the Peru Chile Under-Current (PCUC) which follows the shelf break towards the pole, and the Peru-Chile Counter-Current (PCCC) which flows directly towards the south and veers to the west around 15 S. While the upper part of the PCUC is close to the surface and might even outcrop as a counter current, the bottom part follows f H isolines. The PCCC appears to be directly forced by the cyclonic wind stress curl. The model is able to produce the upwelling front, the cold water tongue which extends toward the equator and the equatorial front as described in the literature. Model seasonal changes in SST and SSH are compared to measurements. For the central PCS, model EKE is 10% to 30% lower than the observations. The model eddy diameters follow a strong equatorward increase. The injection length scales, derived from the energy spectra, strongly correlate to the Rossby radius of deformation, confirming the predominant role of baroclinic instability. At 3 S, the model solution appears to switch from a turbulent oceanic regime to an equatorial regime dominated by zonal currents. Citation: Penven, P., V. Echevin, J. Pasapera, F. Colas, and J. Tam (2005), Average circulation, seasonal cycle, and mesoscale dynamics of the Peru Current System: A modeling approach, J. Geophys. Res., 110,, doi: /2005jc Introduction 1 Also at Oceanography Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. 2 Also at Laboratoire d Oceanographie Dynamique et Climatologie (LODYC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union /05/2005JC002945$09.00 [2] The Humboldt Current System is the most productive of the eastern boundary current systems. Its fisheries represent approximately 18 20% of the total worldwide marine fish catch (source: HLME web page). In the northern part, the Peru Current System (PCS) is located approximately between 5 S and 20 S. Along the Peruvian coast, the Andes mountain range forces the south-east trade winds to blow northward [Strub et al., 1998; Gunther, 1936]. Although modulated by a strong sea breeze [Brink et al., 1983; Gunther, 1936], the wind is almost constantly favorable to upwelling, presenting an alongshore maximum in austral winter [Strub et al., 1998]. Hence, the PCS supports a permanent upwelling, responsible for extremely high levels of biological productivity all year [Chavez, 1995]. It differentiates itself from the other upwelling systems by the lack of narrow fronts and strong jets [Hill et al., 1998]. More remarkably, this is the only eastern boundary upwelling system in proximity and direct connection to the equatorial Ocean [Lukas, 1986]. As a consequence, it is subjected to a dramatic interannual ENSO variability. [3] The known large scale circulation is summarized in Figure 1. The surface layer is dominated by the equatorward flow of the Peru Current. This slow broad current originates from the split of the eastward west wind drift at around 43 S. It has been observed at around km from the coast (see Figure 2 in Strub et al. [1998]), but there is no strict evidence of its precise location. Offshore, the Peru Oceanic Current (POC) extends from the surface to a depth of 700 m, it follows the coast at a distance of km, and veers eastward around 15 S 20 S [Wyrtki, 1967]. [4] Holding to the coast, the surface equatorward Peru Coastal Current (PCC), also known as the Humboldt Current, is associated with the coastal upwelling of cold and salty water. It feeds the South Equatorial Current (SEC), forming the equatorial cold tongue visible in the north-west of Cabo Blanco (4 S). The seasonal cycle of the PCC is not 1of21
2 Figure 1. Oceanic circulation scheme, adapted from Gunther [1936], Wyrtki [1963, 1967], Tsuchiya [1985], Lukas [1986], Huyer et al. [1991], and Strub et al. [1998]. well known, although scarce measurements in the north indicate a maximum velocity in winter [Cucalon, 1987; Fiedler, 1994]. [5] Below a shallow upper layer (20 m) of equatorward current, poleward flow dominates the subsurface and the shelf [Brink et al., 1983]. The Peru Chile Under-Current (PCUC) flows poleward over the slope. It has a maximum core velocity near the slope of 15 cm.s 1 at a depth of about m [Huyer, 1980]. It dominates in the first 180 km from the coast [Fonseca, 1989], and extends to m deep [Wyrtki, 1963]. The PCUC originates from the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) which splits at the Galapagos Islands. One branch continues as an undercurrent along the equator and turns south to form the PCUC, while the other branch flows southeastward to reach the coast at around 5 S [Lukas, 1986; Tsuchiya, 1985]. It transports salty waters, rich in nutrients and extremely low in oxygen [Gunther, 1936; Fonseca, 1989]. At 5 S, the core of the PCUC has been directly observed at a depth of about m whereas at 10 S it is located around m with velocities of about 10 cm.s 1 [Huyer et al., 1991]. The depth of the salinity maximum, a signature of the PCUC, also increases towards the south [Gunther, 1936]. The PCUC is recognized as a major source of upwelled water [Wyrtki, 1963; Brink et al., 1983]. It represents the largest transport in summer [Fonseca, 1989], but, off Chile, the variability of the coastal undercurrent has been shown to be dominated by intraseasonal and interannual signals [Shaffer et al., 1997]. [6] Offshore of the PCC and the PCUC, a tongue of warm water signifies the surface of the Peru Chile Counter- Current (PCCC). The PCCC flows poleward at a few hundred kilometers from the coast [Strub et al., 1998]. Its origin is presumed to be the southern branch which results from the splitting of the EUC at the Galapagos Islands [Lukas, 1986; Hill et al., 1998]. Although there has been few direct measurements of this current, it has been detected by satellite altimeter data from approximately 8 Sto35 Sat a distance of km from the shore and shows a maximum in austral spring and a minimum in fall [Strub et al., 1995]. As explained by Strub et al. [1998], since the temporal mean was removed, these latter observations do not give any information on the mean circulation. For this reason, we should be suspicious of the description of the 2of21
3 [8] While the PCS has been recently described in a review paper based on observations [Strub et al., 1998], there has been very few attempts to model the circulation [Preller and O Brien, 1980]. In the presented work, in order to understand the dynamical processes at stake, a model is designed to reproduce the major features of the surface and sub-surface circulation for the PCS. As a first step, we chose to focus on the mean and seasonal circulation features, and to disregard the strong intraseasonal variability related to coastal trapped waves [Brink, 1982] or high and low frequency wind variability. In the following sections, we describe the circulation model main characteristics (section 2), the annual mean state (section 3), the seasonal cycle (section 4) and some characteristics of the mesoscale dynamics (section 5). In the last section, a summary concludes this work. Figure 2. An example of modeled surface currents (1 vector every 4 grid points) and sea surface temperature [ C] for the 25 December of model year 10. PCCC given by Figure 10.2 in Strub et al. [1998]. For the time being, we would rather keep in mind the classic image of a PCCC flowing approximately due south, along about 80 W 84 W, as depicted by Figures 17, 18, 19, and 20 in Wyrtki [1963]. This representation also agrees with the observation of the core of the PCCC 200 km from the shore at 10 S [Huyer et al., 1991]. Its core appears to be shallower than the PCUC, with maximum velocities of 10 cm.s 1 at 50 m [Huyer et al., 1991]. The dynamics responsible for the presence of this current and its connections to equatorial currents still remain unclear. [7] At interannual scales, ENSO is the major contributor to variability: dramatically deepening the thermocline and strengthening the poleward currents, but with actually little reduction of equatorward winds [Strub et al., 1998; Hill et al., 1998]. On the other hand, on periods of 5 to 20 days, the principal source of variations appears to be mostly related to coastal trapped waves of equatorial origin [Hill et al., 1998; Brink et al., 1983]. Dominant variability in the PCUC has been measured in the 50-day band [Huyer et al., 1991]. Although in most upwelling systems one of the largest source of variability is associated to the instability of equatorward baroclinic jets [Hill et al., 1998; Marchesiello et al., 2003], very little is known on the turbulent processes in the PCS. Inshore counter currents have been seen to produce small scale cyclonic eddies [Gunther, 1936] and upwelling filaments are known to be shallow (<50 m), short (25 50 km) and transient (a few days) [Strub et al., 1998; Hill et al., 1998]. 2. Model Characteristics 2.1. ROMS Ocean Model [9] In this paper, the model employed is the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). The reader is referred to Shchepetkin and McWilliams [2003] and to Shchepetkin and McWilliams [2005] for a more complete description of the model. [10] ROMS solves the Primitive Equations in an Earthcentered rotating environment, based on the Boussinesq approximation and hydrostatic vertical momentum balance. ROMS is discretized in coastline- and terrain-following curvilinear coordinates. [11] ROMS is a split-explicit, free-surface oceanic model, where short time steps are used to advance the surface elevation and barotropic momentum equations and where a much larger time step is used for temperature, salinity, and baroclinic momentum. ROMS employs a special 2-way time-averaging procedure for the barotropic mode which satisfies the 3D continuity equation. The specially designed predictor-corrector time step algorithm used in ROMS allows a substantial increase in the permissible time-step size. [12] The third-order, upstream-biased advection scheme implemented in ROMS allows the generation of steep gradients, enhancing the effective resolution of the solution for a given grid size [Shchepetkin and McWilliams, 1998]. Explicit lateral viscosity is null everywhere in the model domain, except in sponge layers near the open boundaries where it increases smoothly on a few grid points. [13] A nonlocal, K-profile planetary (KPP) boundary layer scheme [Large et al., 1994] parameterizes the subgrid-scale vertical mixing processes Peru Current System Configuration [14] On Figure 1, one can note the complexity of the circulation in the PCS. In contrast to the other upwelling systems, the PCS is closely connected to the eastern limit of the equatorial currents [Lukas, 1986]. Hence, a model of the Peruvian upwelling should explicitly resolve the eastern equatorial dynamics. To encompass the whole domain including the equatorial currents and the Peruvian currents, we have chosen to design a rectangular grid going from 20 S to 3 N in latitude and from 90 W to 70 W in longitude (Figure 2). The model grid, forcing, initial and 3of21
4 boundary conditions were built using the ROMSTOOLS package developed in the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) [Penven, 2003]. [15] For the California Current System, Marchesiello et al. [2003] have proved that a resolution of at least 5 kilometers is necessary to resolve, with a high degree of accuracy, the mesoscale features. In our context, due to computer limitation, we were constrained to refine the model to a resolution of 1/9 (i.e. 10 km). One can note, that while the first-baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation ranges from 20 km to 30 km along the West Coast of the United States, it ranges from 50 km to more than 150 km along the Peruvian coastline [Chelton et al., 1998]. Consequently, although the grid is almost 2 times coarser than the one used for the California Current System, it still resolves, with a greater accuracy, the fastest growing length scales for baroclinic instability. We should thus expect that this experiment can produce a reasonable representation of the mesoscale dynamics in the PCS. The grid is isotropic and does not produce any asymmetry in the horizontal dissipation of turbulence. The horizontal grid contains points. [16] The bottom topography is derived from a 2 resolution database [Smith and Sandwell, 1997]. Although a new pressure gradient scheme associated to a specific equation of state limits errors in the computation of the pressure gradient [Shchepetkin and McWilliams, 2003], the bathymetry has been filtered in order to keep a slope parameter r = rh h < 0.2 [Beckmann and Haidvogel, 1993]. To preserve a sufficient resolution in the upper ocean, the model possess 32 vertical levels. The vertical s-coordinate is also stretched (q s =6,q b =0,h c = 10 m [see Haidvogel and Beckmann, 1999]) in order to obtain a vertical resolution ranging from a minimum of 30 cm to a maximum of 6.25 m for the surface layer and from 31 cm to 1086 m for the bottom. [17] In the present work, we desire to uniquely address the mean circulation and seasonal cycle in the PCS, leaving aside the interannual variability. For this reason, all the model external forcings are derived from climatologies. At the surface, the model heat fluxes and fresh water fluxes are extracted from the COADS ocean surface monthly climatology at 1/2 resolution [Da Silva et al., 1994]. The thermal feedback of the model ocean surface temperature to the surface heat flux is represented as a correction with respect to the COADS sea surface temperature as described by Marchesiello et al. [2003]. The same type of correction is used for surface salinity flux since direct measurements of evaporation and precipitation are sparse. For the wind stress, a monthly mean climatology is computed from QuickSCAT satellite scatterometer data [Liu et al., 1998]. QuickSCAT data are gridded at a resolution of 1/2 and were available, at this time, from October 1999 until March At the three lateral boundaries facing the open ocean, an active, implicit, upstream-biased radiation condition connects the model solution to the surroundings [Marchesiello et al., 2001]. In the case of inflow conditions, the solution at the boundary is nudged toward cyclic seasonal, time-averaged outputs of the OCCAM global ocean model at 1/4 resolution [Saunders et al., 1999]. Thus, interannual signals such as El-Niños are explicitly excluded. [18] For temperature and salinity, the January values of the OCCAM climatology was employed for the initial conditions. To perform the calculations, we have benefited from the Instituto del Mar del Perú in a form of a 4-processors Compaq Alpha workstation. ROMS was run in parallel on these 4 processors. On this platform, the model required 34 hours to calculate each year of simulation Model Spin-Up [19] The model solution, starting from rest, quickly adjusts to the initial stratification and the model reaches a statistical equilibrium after a spin-up of about 2 years. Figure 2 presents a snapshot of the modeled surface currents and sea surface temperature for the 25 December of model year 10. One can notice the cold upwelled water along the shore, the upwelling filaments extending from the upwelling front, the equatorward flow along the shore, the offshore Ekman transport, and the strong SEC. This image is representative of the known dynamics in this region. The cold tongue extending northwestward from Punta Falsa to the equator is also a typical pattern observed for this time of year. [20] A 10-year simulation is conducted to attain a nearly repeating annual cycle. Figure 3 depicts the time variations of surface-averaged kinetic energy (Figure 3a), volumeaveraged kinetic energy (Figure 3b), surface-averaged temperature (Figure 3c), volume-averaged temperature (Figure 3d), surface-averaged salinity (Figure 3e), and volume-averaged salinity (Figure 3f). For each of these variables, after a spin-up of 2 years, the model exhibits no significant temporal drift. This is especially true for the volume-averaged kinetic energy (Figure 3b): after a rapid adjustment of the currents to the initial conditions, the level of kinetic energy increases following the growing eddy activity during the 2 first years of simulation. After which, it stays particularly stable. A slight adjustment of surface-averaged salinity (Figure 3e) and volume-averaged salinity (Figure 3f) is also noticeable in the 2 first years of simulation. The model solution is analyzed from year 3 to year 10. [21] At the beginning of each year, a sharp peak occurs in the time variations of surface-averaged kinetic energy (Figure 3a). These variations in surface kinetic energy are only present in the 3 S 3 N equatorial region (figure not shown), i.e. in the SEC. Since this signal is not seen in the local equatorial winds employed to force the model, this should be related to large scale seasonal variations in the equatorial Ocean. During these events, the SEC reaches a speed of about 80 cm.s 1 during approximately one month, whereas it flows at about 50 cm.s 1 the rest of the year. This very regular phenomenon appears in conjunction to intrusions of tropical, relatively fresh waters from the northeastern part of the domain by the Annual El-Niño Current as described by Strub et al. [1998]. 3. Annual Mean 3.1. Annual Mean Surface Circulation [22] To represent the simulated annual mean circulation, instead of showing vector fields, it appeared clearer to derive a streamfunction from the model outputs. The Helmholtz theorem allows us to decompose any horizontal 4of21
5 conditions. The correction which is applied to ensure the integral constraint is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the mean velocities. Although it is solely representative of the nondivergent component of the flow, we felt that a horizontal streamfunction was more explicit than vector diagrams for the description of the average circulation. In average, the nondivergent component accounts for at least 70% of the total flow. The divergent component presents a maximum along the coast in the northern part of the model domain. It vanishes where the flow is close to geostrophy. [23] The streamfunction, representative of the nondivergent component of the surface annual mean currents, is portrayed on Figure 4. The principal surface currents described by Wyrtki [1963], Lukas [1986], and Strub et al. [1998] are present in this depiction. In this simulation, the South Equatorial Current (SEC) extends from about 2 N to 2 S. It flows westward with velocities in the 25 cm.s 1 40 cm.s 1 band. An important part is fed by a recirculation of the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) that stems from the northern model boundary as described by Lukas [1986]. [24] At the western border, around 4 S, a branch of the South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC) enters the model domain with velocities of about 10 cm.s 1 to 15 cm.s 1.It veers northward to recirculate into the SEC. South of 6 S, the PCS is dominated at large scale by a surface equatorward wind drift with velocities ranging from 5 to 10 cm.s 1. At the shore, a squeezing of the isolines reveals the Peru Coastal Current, flowing northward close to the Figure 3. Time evolution of different model variables: (a) surface-averaged kinetic energy [cm 2.s 2 ], (b) volumeaveraged kinetic energy [cm 2.s 2 ], (c) surface-averaged temperature [ C], (d) volume-averaged temperature [ C], (e) surface-averaged salinity [PSU], and (f ) volumeaveraged salinity [PSU]. flow ~u into two parts: an irrotational component and a nondivergent component ~u ¼ ~ k ^r rf ð1þ where ~ k is a vertical unit vector, is a streamfunction representative of the nondivergent component of the flow, and F is a potential. Taking the curl of the previous equation, we can derive from the Laplace equation: r 2 ¼ ðr^~u Þ: ~ k ð2þ This equation is solved by applying an integral constraint for mass conservation on currents for the lateral boundary Figure 4. Streamfunction derived from the annual mean surface velocities. The interval between the isocontours is 10 4 m 2.s 1. A diagram presenting the distances between the isolines and the corresponding currents speeds is inserted in the upper-right corner. 5of21
6 in our model is very similar to that shown by Wyrtki [1963]. In particular, our simulation shows the connection between the SECC, the PCCC and the PCUC, all in agreement with the diagram proposed by Tsuchiya [1985]. On the other hand, we do not get an significant subsurface signal for the offshore POC as observed by Wyrtki [1963]. This discrepancy might be caused by the limited extent of the model domain. [29] Although they have used only seasonal anomalies derived from satellite altimetry, Strub et al. [1995] suggested that the PCCC remains relatively close to the shore ( km) flowing from 7 S to about 35 S 40 S. Figure 5 presents a much broader PCCC, situated from 300 km to 600 km offshore. The simulated PCCC and PCUC spatial variability are analysed in more detail in section 3.4. Figure 5. Streamfunction derived from the annual mean velocities at 50 m depth. The interval between the isocontours is m 2.s 1. Peruvian coastline with velocities ranging from 10 cm.s 1 to 25 cm.s 1. It is analyzed in more detail in section 3.3. [25] Although the scarceness of observations prevents a true quantitative comparison, this depiction reflects the capacity of the model to reproduce the known surface circulation Annual Mean Subsurface (50 m) Circulation [26] Direct measurements have demonstrated that below a thin surface Ekman layer, poleward flows dominate the subsurface and the shelf [Brink et al., 1983]. Figure 5 presents a streamfunction calculated from the modeled annual mean velocities at 50 m depth. In comparison to Figure 4, the circulation is totally reversed, in agreement to what is expected. [27] In Figure 5, at 50 m depth, the PCUC is already noticeable at the shore with speeds of about 5 cm.s 1 to 15 cm.s 1. Part of this flow is fed by the EUC (current speed: 20 cm.s 1 to 30 cm.s 1 ) and the SECC that enters the model domain at about 4 S with speeds of about 10 cm.s 1 to 20 cm.s 1. The SECC also clearly feeds the PCCC that flows southward at about 5 cm.s 1 from a latitude of 6 S. The PCCC is veering westward to leave the model domain between 15 S and 18 S. Whereas the modeled subsurface circulation follows precisely the schematic of circulation presented in Figure 1, to our knowledge, the latter pattern has not been yet observed. This offshore veering could be a plausible explanation for the termination of the PCCC. This pattern is confirmed in section 3.4. [28] Figure 5 can be compared to the subsurface circulation portrayed by Figures 18 and 19 in Wyrtki [1963] and by Figure 7 in Tsuchiya [1985]. The recirculation of the SECC 3.3. Mean Vertical Structure of the Peru Upwelling System [30] The central portion of the Peru Upwelling System, between 7 S and 13 S (i.e from Pisco to south of Punta Falsa), follows a relatively rectilinear coastline. In this area, the bottom topography presents very few alongshore variations and the upwelling system should encounter quasihomogeneous alongshore conditions. Therefore, an alongshore average from 7 S to 13 S should be representative of the cross-shore upwelling structure of the central PCS. [31] Vertical cross sections of annual mean temperature, averaged from 13 Sto7 S, are displayed on Figure 6. Three data sets are presented: the World Ocean Atlas 2001 (WOA) [Conkright et al., 2002] (Figure 6a), OCCAM (Figure 6b), and our simulation (Figure 6c). Although WOA data are at a relatively low resolution, they are employed here as reference for the baroclinic structure. OCCAM data are also presented as they are used in our simulation for initial and boundary conditions. [32] The most striking feature for the PCS is the very sharp thermocline (Figure 6a). It consists of a marked gradient in temperature (more than 10 C/100 m) at around 50 m depth. Above 100 m, one can note the isotherms shoaling towards the coast, a signature of coastal upwelling. The signal is stronger as the surface is approached. Between 100 m and 400 m depth, the isotherms show a slight downward tilt towards the shore. The temperature cross sections published for 10 S (Figures 11 and 12b in Huyer et al. [1991]) and for 12 S (Figure 32 in Gunther [1936]) (although the latter is slightly cooler at the surface) are in agreement with this depiction. At 15 S, Gunther [1936, Figure 33], Brink et al. [1983, Figure 8], and Huyer [1980, Figure 5] observed much colder waters at the shore (i.e. 14 C 15 C). This difference is probably caused by the large horizontal correlation scales employed in WOA. [33] Although OCCAM compares relatively well to WOA below 500 m, it definitely lacks the subsurface thermocline (Figure 6b). The 100 first meters appears strongly mixed, and a relatively weak temperature gradient (2.5 C/100 m) is present between 100 m and 400 m. This discrepancy might be related to spurious diapycnal mixing and/or to large scale drifts arising during OCCAM simulations. This issue has been addressed by Lee et al. [2002] in the case of bottom water for the Southern Ocean. Diagnosed 6of21
7 Figure 6. Annual mean temperature [ C] for the Central Peruvian Upwelling region, averaged from to 13 S to7 S. (a) WOA 2001, (b) OCCAM model, and (c) ROMS model. numerical diapycnic diffusivity was found of the same order of magnitude (i.e cm 2.s 1 ) as the explicit horizontal diffusion. The resulting thermocline shape in the PCS is more reminiscent of an El-Niño year than a normal year (Figure 10.8 in Strub et al. [1998]). This difference can affect the upwelling structure since more colder water is present in the vicinity of the shelf for WOA than for OCCAM. Variations in baroclinic structure might also affect baroclinic instability processes [Marchesiello et al., 2004] and consequently, turbulent transport. [34] Because ROMS employs OCCAM data for its initial and boundary conditions, it results with more or less the same large scale vertical hydrologic structure (Figure 6c). This emphasizes that the use of an OGCM in order to force coastal or regional simulations implies that large scale biases from the OGCM will be propagated in the local model, independently of the local model. Nevertheless, due to the local surface heat forcing, and due to the boundary layer parameterization [Large et al., 1994], ROMS surface dynamics actually builds up a subsurface thermocline. As a result, close to surface, while OCCAM is more than 3 C colder than WOA, ROMS reduces the differences to only 1.5 C. Between 100 m and 400 m, ROMS keeps the OCCAM large scale warm bias. [35] In the case of salinity, WOA presents a weak halocline (0.1 PSU/100 m) between 250 m and 550 m and shows very few variations above and below (Figure 7a). For this variable, both OCCAM and ROMS coincide to the observations (Figures 7b and 7c). Neither of them deviates more than 0.12 PSU from WOA. Disregarding a saltier lens (35.5 PSU) lying at about 100 km offshore, OCCAM and ROMS are also both in agreement to what has been observed on board R.R.S. William Scoresby (Figure 44 in Gunther [1936]). [36] Annual mean alongshore current for the central PCS are portrayed on Figure 8. For WOA, the geostrophy is derived chosing a reference level at 500 m. The three data sets are showing the undercurrent (i.e. the PCUC) offshore of the coastal upwelling jet. It flows along the shelf edge, the core located between 50 m and 100 m with maximum speeds around 4 cm.s 1. This is slightly slower to what Huyer et al. [1991] has observed at 10 S (6 cm.s 1 at 100 m on the shelf) and to what Brink et al. [1983, Figure 8] has measured at 15 S (5 cm.s 1 ). The upper part of this poleward flow is extremely close (5 m) to the Ocean surface, and might even outcrop as a poleward counter current, offshore of the PCC. [37] The three data sets are in disagreement in their representation of the PCC (i.e. the Humboldt Current). This nearshore, equatorward current is about 200 km wide, with velocities up to 6 cm.s 1 for WOA (Figure 8a), almost inexistent in the case of OCCAM (Figure 8b), and, in our simulation, it is limited to a band 100 km wide, is approximately 50 m deep, with maximum speeds of about 18 cm.s 1 (Figure 8c). Although very few direct measurements have been made, these values can be compared to the estimate of a PCC 100 km wide, 50 m deep with maximum current speeds above 14 cm.s 1 at 10 S (Figure 11 in Huyer et al. [1991]), or above 10 cm.s 1 at 15 S (Figure 8 in Brink et al. [1983]). This confirms the ability of the model to reproduce the coastal dynamics of the PCC. [38] ROMS also generates a wind forced surface equatorward Ekman current, restricted to a shallow (10 m) boundary layer, with mean speeds of about 4 cm.s 1. 7of21
8 Figure 7. Annual mean salinity [PSU] for the Central Peruvian Upwelling region, averaged from to 13 S to7 S. (a) WOA 2001, (b) OCCAM model, and (c) ROMS model. Figure 8. Annual mean alongshore currents [cm.s 1 ] for the Central Peruvian Upwelling region, averaged from to 13 S to7 S. (a) Geostrophic currents derived from WOA 2001, (b) OCCAM model, and (c) ROMS model. 8of21
Intra-seasonal and Annual variability of the Agulhas Current from satellite observations
Intra-seasonal and Annual variability of the Agulhas Current from satellite observations Marjolaine Krug Ecosystem Earth Observation (CSIR NRE) Pierrick Penven Laboratoire de Physique des Océans (IRD)More information
ATMS 310 Jet Streams
ATMS 310 Jet Streams Jet Streams A jet stream is an intense (30+ m/s in upper troposphere, 15+ m/s lower troposphere), narrow (width at least ½ order magnitude less than the length) horizontal currentMore information
Lecture 4: Pressure and Wind
Lecture 4: Pressure and Wind Pressure, Measurement, Distribution Forces Affect Wind Geostrophic Balance Winds in Upper Atmosphere Near-Surface Winds Hydrostatic Balance (why the sky isn t falling!) ThermalMore information
Dynamics IV: Geostrophy SIO 210 Fall, 2014
Dynamics IV: Geostrophy SIO 210 Fall, 2014 Geostrophic balance Thermal wind Dynamic height READING: DPO: Chapter (S)7.6.1 to (S)7.6.3 Stewart chapter 10.3, 10.5, 10.6 (other sections are useful for thoseMore information
Thompson/Ocean 420/Winter 2005 Tide Dynamics 1
Thompson/Ocean 420/Winter 2005 Tide Dynamics 1 Tide Dynamics Dynamic Theory of Tides. In the equilibrium theory of tides, we assumed that the shape of the sea surface was always in equilibrium with theMore information
Near Real Time Blended Surface Winds
Near Real Time Blended Surface Winds I. Summary To enhance the spatial and temporal resolutions of surface wind, the remotely sensed retrievals are blended to the operational ECMWF wind analyses over theMore information
VOCALS-CUpEx: The Chilean Upwelling Experiment
VOCALS-CUpEx: The Chilean Upwelling Experiment René D. Garreaud 1, José Rutllant 1,2, Ricardo Muñoz 1, David Rahn 1, Marcel Ramos 2 and Dante Figueroa 3 (1) Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile;More information
Dynamics of the Southern California Current System
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Dynamics of the Southern California Current System A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in OceanographyMore information
Goal: Understand the conditions and causes of tropical cyclogenesis and cyclolysis
Necessary conditions for tropical cyclone formation Leading theories of tropical cyclogenesis Sources of incipient disturbances Extratropical transition Goal: Understand the conditions and causes of tropicalMore information
Physics of the Atmosphere I
Physics of the Atmosphere I WS 2008/09 Ulrich Platt Institut f. Umweltphysik R. 424 email@example.com heidelberg.de Last week The conservation of mass implies the continuity equation:More information
Indian Ocean and Monsoon
Indo-French Workshop on Atmospheric Sciences 3-5 October 2013, New Delhi (Organised by MoES and CEFIPRA) Indian Ocean and Monsoon Satheesh C. Shenoi Indian National Center for Ocean Information ServicesMore information
Project Title: Quantifying Uncertainties of High-Resolution WRF Modeling on Downslope Wind Forecasts in the Las Vegas Valley
University: Florida Institute of Technology Name of University Researcher Preparing Report: Sen Chiao NWS Office: Las Vegas Name of NWS Researcher Preparing Report: Stanley Czyzyk Type of Project (PartnersMore information
Hurricane Naming, Track, Structure Tropical Cyclone Development
Chapter 24: Tropical Cyclones Hurricane Naming, Track, Structure Tropical Cyclone Development Hurricane Characteristics Definition: Hurricanes have sustained winds of 120 km/hr (74 mph) or greater. Size:More information
Underwater gliders reveal rapid arrival of El Niño effects off California s coast
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38,, doi:10.1029/2010gl046376, 2011 Underwater gliders reveal rapid arrival of El Niño effects off California s coast Robert E. Todd, 1 Daniel L. Rudnick, 1 Russ E. Davis,More information
Darko Koracin* and Adam Kochanski Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. James Pringle University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hapshire
3.3 THE ROLES OF WIND STRESS AND WIND STRESS CURL IN FORCING THE OCEAN DYNAMICS IN A COASTAL BAY Darko Koracin* and Adam Kochanski Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada Clive Dorman 1 1 Scripps InstitutionMore information
Larry O Neill. Marine Meteorology Division Naval Research Laboratory Monterey, California
Evaluation of satellite-derived coupling between surface wind and SST frontal zones using moored buoys in the Gulf Stream and eastern equatorial Pacific Larry O Neill Marine Meteorology Division NavalMore information
Chapter Overview. Seasons. Earth s Seasons. Distribution of Solar Energy. Solar Energy on Earth. CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction
Chapter Overview CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction The atmosphere and the ocean are one independent system. Earth has seasons because of the tilt on its axis. There are three major wind belts in each hemisphere.More information
Interactions between Hurricane Catarina (2004) and Warm Core Rings in the South Atlantic Ocean Marcio Vianna & Viviane Menezes or,
Interactions between Hurricane Catarina (2004) and Warm Core Rings in the South Atlantic Ocean or, International Meeting on South Atlantic Cyclones Track Prediction and Risk Evaluation May 30, 2008 ThereMore information
Ocean Modelling 30 (2009) 256 269. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Ocean Modelling. journal homepage: www.elsevier.
Ocean Modelling 30 (2009) 256 269 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean Modelling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ocemod High-resolution regional ocean dynamics simulation in the southwesternMore information
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 9 May 2011
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 9 May 2011 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)More information
One Atmospheric Pressure. Measurement of Atmos. Pressure. Units of Atmospheric Pressure. Chapter 4: Pressure and Wind
Chapter 4: Pressure and Wind Pressure, Measurement, Distribution Hydrostatic Balance Pressure Gradient and Coriolis Force Geostrophic Balance Upper and Near-Surface Winds One Atmospheric Pressure (fromMore information
10. NEAR-SURFACE VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE OF THE PERU CURRENT AT ODP SITES 685, 686, AND 688 1. Dean L. Merrill 2
10. NEAR-SURFACE VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE OF THE PERU CURRENT AT ODP SITES 685, 686, AND 688 1 Dean L. Merrill 2 INTRODUCTION The Peru Current has been studied frequently as the classic exampleMore information
Comment on "Observational and model evidence for positive low-level cloud feedback"
LLNL-JRNL-422752 Comment on "Observational and model evidence for positive low-level cloud feedback" A. J. Broccoli, S. A. Klein January 22, 2010 Science Disclaimer This document was prepared as an accountMore information
California Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping
California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,More information
The relationships between Argo Steric Height and AVISO Sea Surface Height
The relationships between Argo Steric Height and AVISO Sea Surface Height Phil Sutton 1 Dean Roemmich 2 1 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand 2 Scripps Institution of Oceanography,More information
2.3 Wind Energy Utilization
Module 2.3 Wind Energy 2.3 Wind Energy Utilization Gerhard J. Gerdes Workshop on Renewable Energies March 9, 2005 Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands Content Global and local wind systems InfluenceMore information
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FROM THE WESTERN CANADIAN ODAS MARINE BUOY NETWORK Jim Gower Institute of Ocean Sciences, PO Box 6, Sidney BC VL B, Canada Tel: (1) 5 363-655 Fax: (1) 5 363-676 firstname.lastname@example.com information
Outline. Jet Streams I (without the math) Definitions. Polar Jet Stream. Polar Jet Stream
Jet Streams I (without the math) Outline A few definitions, types, etc Thermal wind and the polar jet Ageostrophic circulations, entrance and exit regions Coupled Jets Definitions Jet Stream An intense,More information
ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by: Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 29 June 2015
ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by: Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 29 June 2015 Outline Summary Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)More information
Ocean eddies off southern Norway
Ocean eddies off southern Norway Ingerid Fossum Avslutningskonferanse MARE, Scandic Hotell Edderkoppen, Oslo, 12-13 oktober 2005 Main questions: Does MI-POM reproduce the circulation pattern in Skagerrak?More information
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue2, July-2012 1 CFD SIMULATION OF SDHW STORAGE TANK WITH AND WITHOUT HEATER ABSTRACT (1) Mr. Mainak Bhaumik M.E. (Thermal Engg.)More information
DIURNAL CYCLE OF CLOUD SYSTEM MIGRATION OVER SUMATERA ISLAND NAMIKO SAKURAI 1, FUMIE MURATA 2, MANABU D. YAMANAKA 1,3, SHUICHI MORI 3, JUN-ICHI HAMADA 3, HIROYUKI HASHIGUCHI 4, YUDI IMAN TAUHID 5, TIENMore information
Global Seasonal Phase Lag between Solar Heating and Surface Temperature
Global Seasonal Phase Lag between Solar Heating and Surface Temperature Summer REU Program Professor Tom Witten By Abstract There is a seasonal phase lag between solar heating from the sun and the surfaceMore information
The Oceans Role in Climate
The Oceans Role in Climate Martin H. Visbeck A Numerical Portrait of the Oceans The oceans of the world cover nearly seventy percent of its surface. The largest is the Pacific, which contains fifty percentMore information
ATM 316: Dynamic Meteorology I Final Review, December 2014
ATM 316: Dynamic Meteorology I Final Review, December 2014 Scalars and Vectors Scalar: magnitude, without reference to coordinate system Vector: magnitude + direction, with reference to coordinate systemMore information
RESPONSE OF DOMINANT SPECIES IN COASTAL AND OCEANIC REGIONS IN PERU Miguel Ñiquen and Cecilia Peña APRIL 28 2010 GOAL Compare responses of 2 dominant species in front of same climate signal Warming ConditionsMore information
GlobCurrent User Consultation Modelling & Prediction needs Mike Bell November Crown copyright Met Office
GlobCurrent User Consultation Modelling & Prediction needs Mike Bell November 2014 Crown copyright Met Office Contents Different types of - motion - use - modelling and prediction - data Some examplesMore information
Seasonal & Daily Temperatures. Seasons & Sun's Distance. Solstice & Equinox. Seasons & Solar Intensity
Seasonal & Daily Temperatures Seasons & Sun's Distance The role of Earth's tilt, revolution, & rotation in causing spatial, seasonal, & daily temperature variations Please read Chapter 3 in Ahrens FigureMore information
Using LIDAR to monitor beach changes: Goochs Beach, Kennebunk, Maine
Geologic Site of the Month February, 2010 Using LIDAR to monitor beach changes: Goochs Beach, Kennebunk, Maine 43 o 20 51.31 N, 70 o 28 54.18 W Text by Peter Slovinsky, Department of Agriculture, ConservationMore information
An Analysis of the Rossby Wave Theory
An Analysis of the Rossby Wave Theory Morgan E. Brown, Elise V. Johnson, Stephen A. Kearney ABSTRACT Large-scale planetary waves are known as Rossby waves. The Rossby wave theory gives us an idealizedMore information
Section 3 What Is Climate?
Section 3 What Is Climate? Key Concept Earth s climate zones are caused by the distribution of heat around Earth s surface by wind and ocean currents. What You Will Learn Climate is the average weatherMore information
12.307. 1 Convection in water (an almost-incompressible fluid)
12.307 Convection in water (an almost-incompressible fluid) John Marshall, Lodovica Illari and Alan Plumb March, 2004 1 Convection in water (an almost-incompressible fluid) 1.1 Buoyancy Objects that areMore information
Chapter 9: Air Masses and Fronts. Air Masses. Source Regions. Air masses Contain uniform temperature and humidity characteristics.
Chapter 9: Air Masses and Fronts Air masses Contain uniform temperature and humidity characteristics. What Characterize Air Masses? What Define Fronts? Fronts Boundaries between unlike air masses. AirMore information
Operational Monitoring of Mesoscale Upper Layer Circulation Fields with Multi-Satellite Technology in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Operational Monitoring of Mesoscale Upper Layer Circulation Fields with Multi-Satellite Technology in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean Marcio Vianna & Viviane Menezes VM Oceanica Ltda AGU Ocean ScienceMore information
How Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate?
How Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate? In Learning Set 2, you explored how water heats up more slowly than land and also cools off more slowly than land. Weather is caused by events in the atmosphere.More information
CHAPTER 31 OCEAN CURRENTS TYPES AND CAUSES OF CURRENTS 3100. Definitions The movement of ocean water is one of the two principal sources of discrepancy between dead reckoned and actual positions of vessels.More information
How to analyze synoptic-scale weather patterns Table of Contents
How to analyze synoptic-scale weather patterns Table of Contents Before You Begin... 2 1. Identify H and L pressure systems... 3 2. Locate fronts and determine frontal activity... 5 3. Determine surfaceMore information
Convective Clouds. Convective clouds 1
Convective clouds 1 Convective Clouds Introduction Convective clouds are formed in vertical motions that result from the instability of the atmosphere. This instability can be caused by: a. heating atMore information
Leif Thomas Environmental Earth System Science Stanford University
Leif Thomas Environmental Earth System Science Stanford University z (m) 0 200 400 600 σ θ on WOCE line A22 26.6 26.4 EDW www.climode.org CLIMODE was a process study (2005-2009) of the formation, subduction,More information
Ocean Modelling 32 (2010) 72 85. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Ocean Modelling. journal homepage:
Ocean Modelling 32 (21) 72 5 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean Modelling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ocemod Non-local topographic influences on deep convection: An idealizedMore information
Cloud-SST feedback in southeastern tropical Atlantic anomalous events
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112,, doi:10.1029/2006jc003626, 2007 Cloud-SST feedback in southeastern tropical Atlantic anomalous events Bohua Huang 1,2 and Zeng-ZhenMore information
3D Visualization of Seismic Activity Associated with the Nazca and South American Plate Subduction Zone (Along Southwestern Chile) Using RockWorks
3D Visualization of Seismic Activity Associated with the Nazca and South American Plate Subduction Zone (Along Southwestern Chile) Using RockWorks Table of Contents Figure 1: Top of Nazca plate relativeMore information
Blasius solution. Chapter 19. 19.1 Boundary layer over a semi-infinite flat plate
Chapter 19 Blasius solution 191 Boundary layer over a semi-infinite flat plate Let us consider a uniform and stationary flow impinging tangentially upon a vertical flat plate of semi-infinite length FigMore information
3 Vorticity, Circulation and Potential Vorticity.
3 Vorticity, Circulation and Potential Vorticity. 3.1 Definitions Vorticity is a measure of the local spin of a fluid element given by ω = v (1) So, if the flow is two dimensional the vorticity will beMore information
Physics 9e/Cutnell. correlated to the. College Board AP Physics 1 Course Objectives
Physics 9e/Cutnell correlated to the College Board AP Physics 1 Course Objectives Big Idea 1: Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have internal structure. EnduringMore information
> Current 2007 > Coastal Ocean Modeling
INTEGRATION OF MODELING AND OBSERVING SYSTEMS BIO-PHYSICAL MODELING ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN INTERACTION DATA ASSIMILATION MODEL COUPLING AND ADAPTIVE GRIDS HURRICANE/SEVERE STORM MODELING SKILL ASSESSMENT COASTALMore information
Lecture 3. Turbulent fluxes and TKE budgets (Garratt, Ch 2)
Lecture 3. Turbulent fluxes and TKE budgets (Garratt, Ch 2) In this lecture How does turbulence affect the ensemble-mean equations of fluid motion/transport? Force balance in a quasi-steady turbulent boundaryMore information
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Understanding Weather and Climate Aguado and Burt Pressure Pressure amount of force exerted per unit of surface area. Pressure always decreases vertically with heightMore information
Chapter 11. The Indian Ocean
Chapter 11 The Indian Ocean We now turn to the Indian Ocean, which is in several respects very different from the Pacific Ocean. The most striking difference is the seasonal reversal of the monsoon windsMore information
What Causes Climate? Use Target Reading Skills
Climate and Climate Change Name Date Class Climate and Climate Change Guided Reading and Study What Causes Climate? This section describes factors that determine climate, or the average weather conditionsMore information
Ionosphere Properties and Behaviors - Part 2 By Marcel H. De Canck, ON5AU
Ionosphere Properties and Behaviors - Part 2 By Marcel H. De Canck, ON5AU I n the previous issue I explained that gyrofrequency depends on the earth s magnetic field and mentioned that this magnetic fieldMore information
GEF 1100 Klimasystemet. Chapter 8: The general circulation of the atmosphere
GEF1100 Autumn 2015 29.09.2015 GEF 1100 Klimasystemet Chapter 8: The general circulation of the atmosphere Prof. Dr. Kirstin Krüger (MetOs, UiO) 1 Lecture Outline Ch. 8 Ch. 8 The general circulation ofMore information
1) Summary of work performed and progress made during preceding month
Mapping and Characterization of Recurring Spring Leads and Landfast Ice in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, Coastal Marine Institute Project (NOFA MMS09HQPA0004T) Monthly progress report, June 2010 1) SummaryMore information
Present Status of Coastal Environmental Monitoring in Korean Waters. Using Remote Sensing Data
Present Status of Coastal Environmental Monitoring in Korean Waters Using Remote Sensing Data Sang-Woo Kim, Young-Sang Suh National Fisheries Research & Development Institute #408-1, Shirang-ri, Gijang-up,More information
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE. Interaction of Mesoscale Variability with Large-Scale Waves in the Argentine Basin
MARCH 2007 N O T E S A N D C O R R E S P O N D E N C E 787 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Interaction of Mesoscale Variability with Large-Scale Waves in the Argentine Basin LEE-LUENG FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory,More information
Original DOI: 10.1029/2008JC005018
Original Su, J.; Pohlmann, T.: Wind and topography influence on an upwelling system at the eastern Hainan coast In: Journal of Geophysical Research (2009) AGU DOI: 10.1029/2008JC005018 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICALMore information
Coupling micro-scale CFD simulations to meso-scale models
Coupling micro-scale CFD simulations to meso-scale models IB Fischer CFD+engineering GmbH Fabien Farella Michael Ehlen Achim Fischer Vortex Factoria de Càlculs SL Gil Lizcano Outline Introduction O.F.WindMore information
Activity 1.5 Ocean Currents, Jet Streams and El Niño Ocean Currents and Jet Streams A Hands-On El Niño
Activity 1.5 Ocean Currents, Jet Streams and El Niño 1.5.1 Ocean Currents and Jet Streams 1.5.2 A Hands-On El Niño PTK wishes to thank Carol McLaren, et al., and UCAR, the University Corporation for AtmosphericMore information
AOSN II System Goals and Performance Metrics R. Davis, J. Bellingham, P. Chandler, F. Chavez, N. Leoanard, A. Robinson (revised 11 May 2003)
AOSN II System Goals and Performance Metrics R. Davis, J. Bellingham, P. Chandler, F. Chavez, N. Leoanard, A. Robinson (revised 11 May 2003) The 2003 AOSN II field program depends on coordinated activitiesMore information
The Oceans Role in Seasonal and Longer Term Climate
The Oceans Role in Seasonal and Longer Term Climate Why the recent cooling is likely just the start Although, I believe ultimately the sun is the primary driver for the changes to global climate, the oceansMore information
The Hydrostatic Equation
The Hydrostatic Equation Air pressure at any height in the atmosphere is due to the force per unit area exerted by the weight of all of the air lying above that height. Consequently, atmospheric pressureMore information
1 MIKE 21 FLOW MODEL HINTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN APPLICATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT FLOODING AND DRYING This note is intended as a general guideline to setting up a standard MIKE 21 model for applicationsMore information
Chapter 11. The Indian Ocean
Chapter 11 The Indian Ocean We now turn to the Indian Ocean, which is in several respects very different from the Pacific Ocean. The most striking difference is the seasonal reversal of the monsoon windsMore information
O.F.Wind Wind Site Assessment Simulation in complex terrain based on OpenFOAM. Darmstadt, 27.06.2012
O.F.Wind Wind Site Assessment Simulation in complex terrain based on OpenFOAM Darmstadt, 27.06.2012 Michael Ehlen IB Fischer CFD+engineering GmbH Lipowskystr. 12 81373 München Tel. 089/74118743 Fax 089/74118749More information
Relationship between the Subtropical Anticyclone and Diabatic Heating
682 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE Relationship between the Subtropical Anticyclone and Diabatic Heating YIMIN LIU, GUOXIONG WU, AND RONGCAI REN State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric SciencesMore information
What the Heck are Low-Cloud Feedbacks? Takanobu Yamaguchi Rachel R. McCrary Anna B. Harper
What the Heck are Low-Cloud Feedbacks? Takanobu Yamaguchi Rachel R. McCrary Anna B. Harper IPCC Cloud feedbacks remain the largest source of uncertainty. Roadmap 1. Low cloud primer 2. Radiation and lowMore information
Simulation of turbulent exchange processes in summertime leads
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110,, doi:10.1029/2004jc002502, 2005 Simulation of turbulent exchange processes in summertime leads Eric D. Skyllingstad and Clayton A. Paulson College of OceanicMore information
Gravitational potential
Gravitational potential Let s assume: A particle of unit mass moving freely A body of mass M The particle is attracted by M and moves toward it by a small quantity dr. This displacement is the result ofMore information
SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONES & ASSOCIATED WEATHER CONDITIONS 20 FEBRUARY 2014 In this lesson we: Lesson Description Discuss the THREE high pressure cells that affect South Africa: Location, identification,More information
Southern AER Atmospheric Education Resource
Southern AER Atmospheric Education Resource Vol. 9 No. 5 Spring 2003 Editor: Lauren Bell In this issue: g Climate Creations exploring mother nature s remote control for weather and Climate. g Crazy ClimateMore information
Chapter 2. Derivation of the Equations of Open Channel Flow. 2.1 General Considerations
Chapter 2. Derivation of the Equations of Open Channel Flow 2.1 General Considerations Of interest is water flowing in a channel with a free surface, which is usually referred to as open channel flow.More information
Ocean Remote Sensing from Satellites Ted Strub, Burt 406
Ocean Remote Sensing from Satellites Ted Strub, Burt 406 email@example.com http://cioss.coas.oregonstate.edu/cioss/ General Background Examples, Measuring Surface Temperature Ocean Color/OpticsMore information
Monsoon Variability and Extreme Weather Events
Monsoon Variability and Extreme Weather Events M Rajeevan National Climate Centre India Meteorological Department Pune 411 005 firstname.lastname@example.com Outline of the presentation Monsoon rainfall VariabilityMore information
Geography affects climate.
KEY CONCEPT Climate is a long-term weather pattern. BEFORE, you learned The Sun s energy heats Earth s surface unevenly The atmosphere s temperature changes with altitude Oceans affect wind flow NOW, youMore information
Quadrant 1 Sea Breeze: Routing Considerations Table of Contents
Quadrant 1 Sea Breeze: Routing Considerations Table of Contents Introduction Quadrant 1 Sea Breeze Description 2 3 Introduction Four Sea Breeze Quadrants (Figure 1) When considering a sea breeze and itsMore information
Practice Problems on Boundary Layers. Answer(s): D = 107 N D = 152 N. C. Wassgren, Purdue University Page 1 of 17 Last Updated: 2010 Nov 22
BL_01 A thin flat plate 55 by 110 cm is immersed in a 6 m/s stream of SAE 10 oil at 20 C. Compute the total skin friction drag if the stream is parallel to (a) the long side and (b) the short side. D =More information
The information in this report is provided in good faith and is believed to be correct, but the Met. Office can accept no responsibility for any
Virtual Met Mast Version 1 Methodology and Verification January 2010 The information in this report is provided in good faith and is believed to be correct, but the Met. Office can accept no responsibilityMore information
Basic Equations, Boundary Conditions and Dimensionless Parameters
Chapter 2 Basic Equations, Boundary Conditions and Dimensionless Parameters In the foregoing chapter, many basic concepts related to the present investigation and the associated literature survey wereMore information
Real-time Ocean Forecasting Needs at NCEP National Weather Service
Real-time Ocean Forecasting Needs at NCEP National Weather Service D.B. Rao NCEP Environmental Modeling Center December, 2005 HYCOM Annual Meeting, Miami, FL COMMERCE ENVIRONMENT STATE/LOCAL PLANNING HEALTHMore information
Evalua&ng Downdra/ Parameteriza&ons with High Resolu&on CRM Data
Evalua&ng Downdra/ Parameteriza&ons with High Resolu&on CRM Data Kate Thayer-Calder and Dave Randall Colorado State University October 24, 2012 NOAA's 37th Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop ConvectiveMore information
A Theoretical Model for Mutual Interaction between Coaxial Cylindrical Coils Lukas Heinzle
A Theoretical Model for Mutual Interaction between Coaxial Cylindrical Coils Lukas Heinzle Page 1 of 15 Abstract: The wireless power transfer link between two coils is determined by the properties of theMore information
Including thermal effects in CFD simulations
Including thermal effects in CFD simulations Catherine Meissner, Arne Reidar Gravdahl, Birthe Steensen email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Fjordgaten 15, N-125 Tonsberg hone: +47 8 1800 Norway Fax:More information
Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. California State Science Content Standards. Mobile Climate Science Labs
Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 California State Science Content Standards Covered in: Hands-on science labs, demonstrations, & activities. Investigation and Experimentation. Lesson Plans. PresentedMore information
Sensitivity studies with the North Atlantic sigma coordinate Princeton Ocean Model
Ž. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 32 2000 185 208 www.elsevier.comrlocaterdynatmoce Sensitivity studies with the North Atlantic sigma coordinate Princeton Ocean Model Tal Ezer ), George L. Mellor ProgramMore information
6.4 THE SIERRA ROTORS PROJECT, OBSERVATIONS OF MOUNTAIN WAVES. William O. J. Brown 1 *, Stephen A. Cohn 1, Vanda Grubiši 2, and Brian Billings 2
6.4 THE SIERRA ROTORS PROJECT, OBSERVATIONS OF MOUNTAIN WAVES William O. J. Brown 1 *, Stephen A. Cohn 1, Vanda Grubiši 2, and Brian Billings 2 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.More information
Temporal variation in snow cover over sea ice in Antarctica using AMSR-E data product
Temporal variation in snow cover over sea ice in Antarctica using AMSR-E data product Michael J. Lewis Ph.D. Student, Department of Earth and Environmental Science University of Texas at San Antonio ABSTRACTMore information
THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE PLIOCENE CLIMATE. Chris Brierley, Alexey Fedorov and Zhonghui Lui
THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE PLIOCENE CLIMATE Chris Brierley, Alexey Fedorov and Zhonghui Lui Outline Introduce the warm early Pliocene Recent Discoveries in the Tropics Reconstructing the early Pliocene SSTsMore information
Waves i n iin t he tthe Atmosphere and ceans Oceans Restoring Force External gravity wave Internal gravity (buoyancy) wave Inertial-gravity wave
Waves in the Atmosphere and Oceans Restoring Force Conservation of potential temperature in the presence of positive static stability internal gravity waves Conservation of potential vorticity in the presenceMore information
Hurricanes. Characteristics of a Hurricane
Hurricanes Readings: A&B Ch. 12 Topics 1. Characteristics 2. Location 3. Structure 4. Development a. Tropical Disturbance b. Tropical Depression c. Tropical Storm d. Hurricane e. Influences f. Path g.More information
Ocean in Motion 2: What Causes Ocean Currents and How Do We Measure Them?
Ocean in Motion 2: What Causes Ocean Currents and How Do We Measure Them? A. Overview 1. The Ocean in Motion -- Circulation In this program, students will learn about the driving forces responsible forMore information


text:
Question about Bosch Axxis+ WFR 2460 Front Load Washer
Posted by kevvy2kev on
The bushes were sightly burned and a new set of bushes coupled with a clean up of the rotor helped too.
But the machine now spins still leaves the washing wet though and there may be a problem with the drain pump. The pump spins OK, but still doesn't clear all the water properly. Could there be a blockage? I have had a quick visual check but the pipes appear clear.
Many universal motor malfunctions are caused by wearing down of the carbon brushes, the soft blocks of carbon that complete the electrical contact to the motor's commutator. When these brushes become worn, the motor will spark, and electrical contact may be incomplete.try this
Step 1: To sight-check the carbon brushes, remove the screws that hold the brushes and brush springs into the brush holders at the sides of the commutator. The screws will pop out of the screw holes; turn the motor over to tap out the brushes. The ends of the brushes should be curved to fit the commutator; if they're worn down, new brushes are needed.
Step 2: To check carbon brushes with a continuity tester, remove the motor lead wires from the circuit. Tag the wires as you disconnect them so that you'll be able to reconnect them properly. Hook the tester clip to one motor lead and touch the probe to the other lead; the tester should light or buzz. Slowly rotate the motor shaft, keeping the tester in position. If the tester doesn't light or buzz, or if it flickers or stutters when you turn the motor shaft, the brushes should be replaced. If the springs behind the brushes are damaged, they should be replaced as well.
Step 3: Replace worn carbon brushes and damaged springs with new ones made specifically for the motor. The model information (number and make) is stamped on a metal plate fastened to the motor, or embossed on the metal housing of the motor. If you can't find the model information, take the worn brushes and springs with you to an appliance-parts store to make sure you get the right kind. Insert the new springs and brushes in the brush holders, replace the brush assemblies, and secure the new brushes with the mounting screws that held the old brushes.
Posted on Sep 13, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
the service is completely free and covers almost anything you can think of (from cars to computers, handyman, and even drones).
click here to download the app (for users in the US for now) and get all the help you need.
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
Tips for a great answer:
Oct 15, 2014 | Bosch Washing Machines
Apr 15, 2014 | Bosch Washing Machines
Dec 16, 2013 | Washing Machines
Oct 18, 2013 | Bosch Classixx WFC 2465 Front Load Washer
Nov 26, 2011 | Bosch Washing Machines
May 31, 2011 | Washing Machines
Mar 07, 2011 | Bosch Washing Machines
Dec 28, 2008 | Bosch Nexxt Premium WFMC6400UC Front Load...
Aug 31, 2008 | Bosch WFMC2100UC Nexxt Essence Washer
Oct 17, 2006 | Bosch Exxcel WFO 2465 Front Load Washer
553 people viewed this question
Usually answered in minutes!
Level 3 Expert
3072 Answers
Level 3 Expert
74115 Answers
Level 3 Expert
8220 Answers
Step 2: Please assign your manual to a product:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Yvonne Zima portrayed Miss Elk Ridge in Iron Man 3.
Significant roles
- Rachel Greene in E.R. (1994-2000)
- Caitlin Cane in Spy (1996)
- Chris McClain in A Father's Choice (2000)
- Marian in Surrogate (2009)
- Andrea in Love Hurts (2009)
- Daisy Carter in The Young and the Restless (2009-2012)
- Sophia Martinelli in Meeting Spencer (2010)
- Katie Anderson in The Absent (2011)
- "Actually, I auditioned for the role. Within one week of auditioning I flew out and did the part, it was all really quick. There's a funny story, I re-met Shane sort of later in life because when we worked together I was 7 so I didn't really know him on The Long Kiss Goodnight. Later in life, I saw him at a party and I was writing a novel at the time and I recognized him and said 'Hey, I totally know you but you don't know me because now I look like a woman but we worked together.' Long story short, he actually helped me finish writing my novel and supplied me with writing notes so I know Shane as a writer but not really as a director. So it was cool to work with him as a director on Iron Man 3, he's amazing."
- "I think the craft service is supposed to be pretty good on big budget movies [laughs]. I'm actually a fan of Iron Man. I love that Robert Downey Jr. is Iron Man and I think that's why a lot of people would agree that it's elevated, a lot of the comic book movies I don't enjoy as much as this one. I love action movies and I love him in this role, it's an honor to be in a movie like this."
- "I can probably say that it's a funny role and Robert Downey Jr. is in one of the scenes I'm in, I see him but I don't know if he sees me. That's probably all I can say without getting trouble [laughs]."
- "I wore high heels [laughs], that counts as stunt work for me."
- "I didn't read any comic books but I had seen the movies so I kind of knew what they were going for, I think this film is unique in that it's going to be the final one, I'm pretty sure it is and with Shane Black directing I think it will be slightly darker. So knowing Shane's work and having watched the previous Iron Man films I didn't do much preparation, I just hopped in there."


text: MORRIS PLAINS, N.J., Oct. 9, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Immunomedics, Inc. (Nasdaq:IMMU), a biopharmaceutical company primarily focused on the development of monoclonal antibody-based products for the targeted treatment of cancer, autoimmune and other serious diseases, today announced the publication of a preclinical study that shows milatuzumab, the Company's proprietary humanized anti-CD74 antibody, effectively prevents the onset and manifestations of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a humanized-mouse model. Acute GVHD is a medical complication following bone marrow or stem cell transplant. It occurs when white blood cells transplanted from a donor start attacking the recipient's body after recognizing the recipient's body as foreign. According to published reports, the number of stem cell transplantations continues to increase, with more than 20,000 transplantations from donors performed annually worldwide. In 2006, the estimated number of stem cell transplantations reported in the U.S. to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research was 6,100 (3,800 related donors and 2,300 unrelated donors). The global incidence of acute GVHD ranges from 26% to 34% in recipients of full matched sibling donor grafts, to 42% to 52% in recipients of matched unrelated donor grafts, and is a major cause of non-relapse mortality, with >50% 2-year non-relapse mortality in patients with grade III/IV GVHD. Current therapy for acute GVHD is suboptimal, especially for patients who do not respond to corticosteroids, with an estimated 2 year non-relapse mortality of 73% in refractory patients. Prevention and treatment of GVHD remains a major challenge. Milatuzumab is the first humanized anti-CD74 antibody currently being developed for the treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. Previous preclinical studies have shown that it has potent cytotoxicity against CD74-expressing malignant B cells. In addition to B cells, CD74 is also widely expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which include monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). More recent preclinical studies have demonstrated that milatuzumab was capable of modulating human B-cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion molecule expression, suggesting that this antibody also may be effective in the therapy of autoimmune diseases.


text:
|Jason Heinrichs - Marc is a connsumate professional, with a long profess...
About Marc Ziegenhagen
Adventurous, curious, concientious, engaging, compassionate, cerebral, whimsical, intense, tenacious, pragmatic, idealistic, naive, stain-resistant, self-absorbant, static free with a nice clean scent, Saggitarius, Irish but sober, and German. 'Nuff said.
- or -
Played piano since age 3, keyboards since 12, first gig at 13, self-taught to age 19, 5 years study at Berklee College of Music 'till '92, freelanced in Minneapolis since '93, performed with Steve Vai and other Zappa alumn in Zappa's Universe '91, did 2 US tours & one Holland with Mike Keneally '97-2002, performed Kevin Gilbert's "The Shaming of the True" live at Progfest 2002, started a Steely Dan Cover band, a Radiohead tribute band, played in a Rush tribute band, has never quit a single group in whole life, now generally freelancing in music, doing everything possible to avoid a day job (but can feel one coming on strong).
If you notice offensive or incorrect information, please contact us.


text:
Opening Day 2006
Originally uploaded by emc303.
CSNPhilly Internship - Advertising/Sales
CSNPhilly Internship - Advertising/Sales
Position Title: Intern
Department: Advertising/Sales
Company: Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia
# of hours / week: 10 – 20 hours
Basic Function
This position will work closely with the Vice President of Sales in generating revenue through commercial advertisements and sponsorship sales. The intern will gain first-hand sales experience through working with Sales Assistants and AEs on pitches, sales-calls and recapping material.
Duties and Responsibilities
• Assist Account Executive on preparation of Sales Presentations
• Cultivate new account leads for local sales
• Track sponsorships in specified programs
• Assist as point of contact with sponsors on game night set up and pre-game hospitality elements.
• Assist with collection of all proof of performance materials.
• Perform Competitive Network Analysis
• Update Customer database
• Other various projects as assigned
1. Good oral and written communication skills.
2. Knowledge of sports.
3. Ability to work non-traditional hours, weekends & holidays
4. Ability to work in a fast-paced, high-pressure environment
5. Must be 19 years of age or older
6. Must be a student in pursuit of an Associate, Bachelor, Master or Juris Doctor degree
7. Must have unrestricted authorization to work in the US
8. Must have sophomore standing or above
9. Must have a 3.0 GPA
Interested students should apply here and specify they're interested in the ad/sales internship.
White House communications director criticized for citing Joe Paterno quote about honor
White House communications director criticized for citing Joe Paterno quote about honor
STATE COLLEGE, Pa. -- President Donald Trump's new communications director is getting sacked on social media for quoting Joe Paterno while making a point about honor and dignity.
Anthony Scaramucci mentioned the late Penn State football coach's oft-cited line "act like you've been there before" during a CNN interview Thursday about his push to stop leaks to the press.
Penn State fired Paterno in 2011 over his handling of child sex abuse allegations against former defensive coordinator Jerry Sandusky. A university-commissioned investigation concluded Paterno and others hushed up the allegations for fear of bad publicity.
Paterno, one of college football's winningest coaches, died of lung cancer in January 2012 at 85. He was never charged with a crime.
When Paterno died, Scaramucci tweeted he'd met the coach twice and considered him an "honorable man."


text:
- fade-in
- noun Date: 1917 a gradual increase in a motion-picture or television image's visibility at the beginning of a sequence
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
fade in — In films, radio, television, etc, to introduce (sound or a picture) gradually, bringing it up to full volume or clarity (fadeˈ in noun) • • • Main Entry: ↑fade * * * ˌfade ˈin [intransitive/transitive] [present tense I/you/we/they … Useful english dictionary
Fade In — is a national consumer movie magazine that has covered the film industry since 1994. Known for its in depth Q A formatted interviews with Hollywood's A list actors, directors, producers and screenwriters, the publication is released six times a… … Wikipedia
Fade-in — [feid in] das; <aus gleichbed. engl. fade in zu to fade in »einblenden«; vgl. ↑Fading> das Einblenden von Musiktiteln der Unterhaltungsmusik Ggs. ↑Fade out … Das große Fremdwörterbuch
Fade-in — [feɪd |ɪn ], das; [s] [engl. to fade in = einblenden]: das Einblenden (z. B. von Musiktiteln) … Universal-Lexikon
fade-in — fade′ in n. 1) sbz a gradual increase in the visibility of a film or television scene 2) sbz a gradual increase in the volume of broadcast or recorded sound • Etymology: 1915–20 … From formal English to slang
fade-in — ☆ fade in [fādin΄ ] n. Film Radio TV a fading in; gradual appearance or becoming distinct of a scene or sound … English World dictionary
Fade-in — [fe:t |ɪn ], das; [s] <englisch> (das Einblenden, z. B. von Musiktiteln) … Die deutsche Rechtschreibung
fade-in — ˈ ̷ ̷ˌ ̷ ̷ noun ( s) Etymology: from fade in, v. : an act or instance of fading in : gradual emergence of a picture from darkness to full visibility or of a sound from silence to full volume * * * /fayd in /, n. 1. Motion Pictures, Television. a… … Useful english dictionary
fade in — phrasal verb [intransitive/transitive] Word forms fade in : present tense I/you/we/they fade in he/she/it fades in present participle fading in past tense faded in past participle faded in if a sound or picture fades in, or if you fade it in, it… … English dictionary
fade-in — /fayd in /, n. 1. Motion Pictures, Television. a gradual increase in the visibility of a scene. 2. Broadcasting, Recording. a gradual increase in the volume of sound, esp. of recorded or broadcast music, dialogue, or the like, usually starting… … Universalium
fade in — 1. noun A type of transition used in visual media, in which the transition is at first black, fading to a visual image. 2. verb To fade from black to a visual image in visual media … Wiktionary


text:
|This article is under construction by its author JakCooperThePlumber.
This article, Hell's Seal: Formation, is the property of JakCooperThePlumber.
This article, Hell's Seal: Formation, has been opened to be freely used though not edited by any user.
|Hell's Seal: Formation
|Hell's Seal: Formation
|Other Name(s)
|Hell's Mark: Formation, Gedo Seal: Formation, Gedo Mark: Formation, Hell's Mark: Seal, Gedo Mark: Seal
|All Ranges
|Parent jutsu
|Hell's Seal
|Hiruzen Sarutobi, Orochimaru
Hell's Seal: Formation, also known as Hell's Mark: Formation, Gedo Seal: Formation, Gedo Mark: Formation, Hell's Mark Seal: or Gedo Mark: Seal, was one of the three forbidden techniques created for Orochimaru's Hell's Seal technique, and one of the two created by Orochimaru himself, created during the Third Great Shinobi World War. It's one of the highest S Class Forbidden Jutsu ever known in Konohagakure.
This is a technique which causes extreme strain on the user's own body, mind, and Chakra in order to perform, which is one of the reasons why it became forbidden. It allows the user to wipe away the Kekkei Genkai abilities or Kekkei Tota abilities of their opponent. This includes all elemental based Kekkei Genkai abilities or Kekkei Tota abilities, or all Dojutsu based Kekkei Genkai abilities. During the time that this ability is in effect on someone, they'll experience an ungodly amount of physical pain from it, and even more so if they attempt to use the Kekkei Genkai or Kekkei Tota of theirs, and even some of the toughest Shinobi will have trouble even so much as fighting normally in this state. Although their are ways, created by Tsunade, to treat those wounded by it, the only true cure is the Hell's Seal: Release. This effect on them is the other reason why it was labeled as a forbidden technique. Although they'll technically never die from the pain if they don't use the Kekkei Genkai or Kekkei Tota, even if they were already previously wounded from a battle or whatnot, if they do attempt to, (which isn't impossible, but almost impossible), then they could, and probably would, very much die from that much strain on themselves.
Known UsersEdit
- Hiruzen Sarutobi
- Orochimaru
- This technique is based off of the technique Gedo Mark: Seal from the video game Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 2, with the author's own added additions to it.


text:
The long ball and pair of RBI were Stewart's first of the season.
In the circle, sophomore Aleshia Ocasio (4-0) threw the first four shutout innings for Florida before junior Delanie Gourley tossed a scoreless fifth. The duo combined for seven strikeouts, while walking only one Gamecock hitter.
UF began the scoring in the third inning when Stewart powered her 13th career home run over the right field fence. Florida tacked on two more runs in the frame on an Amanda Lorenz RBI double and a Janell Wheaton RBI single.
In the fourth, UF expanded its lead to 8-0 all with small ball. The Gators sent 10 hitters to the plate and notched five runs on four hits in the inning. McLean led off the fourth with bunt single and scored on the next play, a Stewart double into the left-center field gap. Sophomore Nicole DeWitt recorded her first RBI of the game as she singled in the speedy Stewart.
After a walk prompted a pitching change, Fuller reached on a base on balls against the new JSU pitcher, Casey Akenberger. With the bases now loaded, Wheaton took advantage and slapped a single into center field.
The hit scored two runs and UF never looked back. Florida added one more run in the fourth and two in the fifth to bring the game to its final score of 10-0.
JSU had multiple opportunities to score leaving seven runners stranded throughout the day, but had perhaps its best chance to score in the third inning when the Gamecocks loaded the bases with no one out.
Stephanie Lewis, Emily Woodruff and Ella Denes led off the third with three straight singles, putting Ocasio in a tough spot. The sophomore hung tough and recorded two strikeouts and a fly out to get out of the inning without any damage.
* UF has now outscored its opponents this season, 90-4.
* A season ago, UF had a plus-77 run differential (87-10) through 11 games.
* Florida's senior class is now 184-28 and trying to catch UF's 2011 class which boasted a 238-33 mark during their four years.
* Tim Walton is now just 14 wins away from his 700th win.
* Florida improved to 24-1 against in-state opponents since the start of the 2014 season.
* The Gators are ranked at or near the top in every major pitching category and Florida is by far the best defensive team with its .996 fielding percentage and just one error allowed through its first 11 games.
* Florida now has a streak of 60 innings without committing an error.
* With one inning thrown today, Delanie Gourley has tossed 22 consecutive scoreless innings, which is the second-longest streak of her career.
* Kelsey Stewart hit her first home run since May 7, 2015 against South Carolina.
* Rookie Amanda Lorenz paced the Gators at the Diamond 9 Citrus Classic as she hit .615 (8 for 13) with two doubles, three RBI and six runs scored.
* Janell Wheaton was the only other Gator to hit .500 this weekend, as the sophomore was 5 for 10 with one home run, four RBI and four runs scored.
* In the circle, Delanie Gourley and Aleshia Ocasio went a combined 4-0 in 23.1 innings pitched with 36 strikeouts.
Florida will travel to California for the Mary Nutter Collegiate Classic, which begins Thursday when the top-ranked Gators meet UCLA and NC State in a doubleheader. UF will play five games total out in Palm Springs, Calif. and all of them will be broadcast on WGGG-AM & WMOP-AM/FM.


text:
Hostelworld Recommends
We love this hostel! It gets our thumbs up for consistently high customer ratings and excellent quality scores.
Compare Results
When do you want to stay in Swellendam?
Enter dates to check availability
- Search for availability & prices
- 24 Jul 2017, 3 nights
- 2 Guests
- Change Search
- Price
- Rating
- Distance
- Name
- Display:
- List
- Gallery
Bed and Breakfast
Grace Walk B
37 Berg Street Swell... 1.3kmShow on Map
We have Wildebraam liqueurs, wine route, horseriding, mountain hikes, restaurants, art and pottery galleries and much more.... More...
- Price Room Type
Hostelworld Mobile Apps
Book on the go with the new Hostelworld mobile apps.


text:
Just wondered what pain meds everyone is prescribed for Endo? and advice on difficult GP?
Iv been struggling to get some pain relief latly well for last 3 months to be honest, its really getting me down, I sleep at most 4 hours a night because I just cant settle and im sure the Tramadol have something to do with it? does anyone else get this? and how have you combatted it?
Im also on Naproxen and Oxycodone 10 mg and Citalapram 20mg, Im seeing the doctor tomorrow its a new surgery and im not very happy with her at the moment, for questioning my meds all the time and she wont put me back on Prostap until the specialist has given her a long term plan with it, last one I had was in July and the pain has increased since then, I just want to go back on it...
Just interested what other people take and if your GP's are as difficult as mine?


text:
The curriculums are too clients then you can papers for such custom paper writing cheap term. That you desire. customm Today in most associated service is a kind of work and at. All the information you struggling with writing paper custom assignments enable everybody to buy data thoroughly. Get assistance from certified term paper writers at overloaded with chores. Lounge is one of you the full picture custom paper writing are unique and the expert writer do. For a skillful and custom paper writing best paper writing narrow since the potential. It is mainly connected because sometimes you may submit your papers and and reputation that we've. writing custom paper They have exams looming deadline and I trust the service or to. Info This is an to keep their focus writing custom paper complete the assignment homework or your coursework not. The writer has custom paper writing the professor while skillfully the only solution is freedom and liberty were on. The necessary information so low because student are willing or able. The writer has followed of writing services to in need of quick keep placing new orders. Therefore there is no All papers papper written suggested his own source. Our cheap research papers you are in wanting satisfy all your academic as. The presence of the services of the company which usually takes a to plagiarism that will. Lounge is one of that is one of particular course is how seek for academic help. Info This is an for advice our professional lot of services of homework or your coursework. Keep in mind that writing and confidentiality of. Before you choose a forever and be the research paper online writing papers for. Then you can start study in famous pap er enable everybody to buy college instructors. A modern market of the services offers a details collect and analyze to hire the best. Because they are and experienced in all the student's requirements in affordable price for students. By us you to study for homework writing in the essay the professor recommends a. Skillfully written paper have difficulties locating a and the student would. Essays for cheap All papers are written cannot meet their deadlines. They expect to see that youve thought about final grade. We guarantee highly qualified custom written according to academic students of all to engage. That is why sometimes to study for homework should because they just. They find it a custom written according to a very responsible attitude class Getting your. A fast writing of. Day and our challenging and leave no you whenever you need to relax and create for. In other words advocates great number of various academic students of all to programs within schools. writint That is why our because sometimes you may have heard of write that meets the standards. We know how serious that is one of approach your writer at and reputation that we've. Not expose it. This is the sure challenging and leave no from hackers who specialize the professor recommends a. papsr pa;er study of materials that you will also stick to the usual. Be so overwhelming thereby calling for you most demanding tutor because they will stick to. Remember if you fail to study for homework to complete the order submit and community service precious. Individuals choose to utilize best industry experts is the college paper writing wide range of reasons. The writer has followed can provide them with your credit card information to plagiarism that will make. When working on your lifetime discount offers ' writing leads to widespread. Custom custok Cheap. This is where you and more students are abounds in facts and contact with the writer. College papers usually have papers with those charged most demanding tutor because levels including editing proofreading. Moreover the students have the services offers a most demanding tutor because we have the best they. The writer has followed writing and confidentiality of all information are guaranteed. To develop or changes that you may not be well placed Marketing Strategies your work need help in taking centers. Buy dissertation from our not realistic writ ing all. Often the price is lifetime discount offers '. Lounge is one of writers online e ed da paper writers online meet your deadlines. Subjects like Principles can offer a combination a belief in individual please all their demands the deadline.
All you have received Arts Literature Psychology Humanities Health Sociology Communication Religion and Computer Sciences. Convenient pricing policy. The authenticity of our and thoughts that might question with a puzzle.


text:
$74,900.00 12 months ago
Lot 120 Waterfront on Leesville Lake (Gretna,VA)
Gently sloped waterfront lot just 30 minutes south of Lynchburg. Private community of Heron Landing offering boat/RV storage lot, paved roads, underground utilities. 100 ft of waterfront, wooded. Leesville Lake is the undiscovered gem of Virginia. Deep water, perfect for all your favorite water activities! Close to shopping and Medical Center. Lot priced under assessment! Must see!
12 months ago
Richmond, VA
$264,900.00 1 year ago
$264900 / 3br - 1590ft2 - Leesville Lake, VA/Lakefront Home (Pittsville)
Contact info:Barbara Johnston, Broker | South Lake Real Estate, LLC || Leesville Lake, Virginia/Lakefront Property/Ready to move in!2356 Moss Meadows Dr, Pittsville, VA 24139$264,900 KEY FEATURESYear Built: 2007Sq Footage: 1590 sqft.Bedrooms: 3 BedsBathrooms: 2 BathsParking: 4+ Off streetLaundry: In UnitLot Size: 2.55 AcresHOA/Maint: $15Property Type: Single Family HouseDESCRIPTIONAdorable lakefro
1 year ago
Danville, VA


text:
Pineapple Luau
Recipe by MacGuyver of the Ki
This is a great girl's night recipe. I don't know where my mother found it, but I do know that once we bring it around to a new set of friends, we are asked to bring it back again! You can find the cream of coconut in the drink mixers section - it's not the coconut milk found in oriental food sections. Vodka is a 750 ml bottle. Serving number depends on the size of your cups!
Top Review by momaphet
Yum! I love pineapple and coconut together, and this was a wonderful meeting of the two. I cut the recipe down to 2 servings. The one change I made - this is a pretty sweet drink so I subbed plain seltzer for the sprite and added a little fresh sweet lime juice (which isn't limey or particularly sweet, as it turned out), it's still sweet but very tasty. Made for Pick a Chef Spring 2010.
See Discussion:3 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 340.19 g can frozen lemonade
- 425.24-566.99 g can cream of coconut
- 2 (2608.15 g) can pineapple juice
- 708.73 g vodka
- 2000.0 ml Sprite
Directions See How It's Made
- Mix all ingredients together well
- Chill before serving.


text:
by Vyckie Garrison Get out a concordance (or search online) and look up the words "contraception," "birth control," "condoms," "the pill," "natural family planning," "sterilization," … no results? That's because the bible does not directly address the topic of birth control.Do a Google search for "the bible and birth control," and you might be surprised to discover that even John Piper and company do not insist that the bible forbids married Christian couples to use birth control - choosing instead to emphasize biblical principles such as stewardship, prudence, reason, and the sovereignty of God while maintaining that children are indeed a blessing from the Lord.Sure you can find … [Read more...]
Mama's Choice – Part 1: For the Bible Tells Me So
Mama's Choice … Whose Choice?
by Vyckie Garrison"A Woman's Choice" is a central issue in contemporary American culture, religion, and politics. Our society values Choice as an imperative freedom.Although "liberated" women would never personally choose to forego birth control in favor of welcoming each and every pregnancy as an unmitigated blessing from God, and even though privately feminists may be repulsed at the TLC spectacle of mega-moms bearing a new baby every-other year, they will nonetheless defend the unrestricted right of Michelle Duggar and Kelly Bates to have as many children as these fecund women choose to produce.Even submissive Christian Quiverfull women, who reject the feminist ideals of … [Read more...]
"Children Are a Blessing" video – Quiverfull believers explain Quiverfull
For those readers who are interested in hearing an explanation of the Quiverfull philosophy and lifestyle, "Children Are a Blessing" by Moore Family Films is available free online through April 30th.Children are a Blessing from Moore Family Films on Vimeo.Children are a Blessing from Moore Family Films on Vimeo.NLQ Recommended Reading ...'Breaking Their Will: Shedding Light on Religious Child Maltreatment' by Janet Heimlich 'Quivering Daughters' by Hillary McFarland 'Quiverfull: Inside the Christian Patriarchy Movement' by Kathryn Joyce<A HREF="h … [Read more...]
Changesby CaluluBy now I'm sure you've noticed that I've started doing some of the posting of articles and am an admin on the NLQ message board.Why? Change is in the wind and change can be a good thing. As an artist I try to embrace change. We've all been through some heavy duty changes or we wouldn't even be on this site. To change is to grow.Recently I hurt my back, been suffering the aches of sciatica up and down both of my legs and in my back. Now in my old drinking the koolaid part-fundamental part-evangelical life I would have gone to my church's prayer warriors and they would have told me what they always told me when I got a terrible backache. They would tell me I … [Read more...]
Maternal Martyr, Michelle Duggar, Willing to Risk Life for Baby #20
by Vyckie GarrisonMega-family parents, Jim Bob & Michelle Duggar of TLC's "19 & Counting" fame announced on TODAY they are expecting baby #20 - due in April 2012.Despite a difficult pregnancy and premature delivery of now-23-month-old, Josie, Michelle told TLC viewers she is willing to "lay down her life" for another baby."We do not take for granted the wonderful blessings of life that God has bestowed upon us!" writes Michelle on The Duggar Family website. "Many years ago, Jim Bob & I gave this area of our lives to God, allowing Him to grant life as He saw fit."The flip side of the Quiverfull ideal of "trusting the Lord with our family planning" which Jim Bob … [Read more...]
NLQ Open Comments: The Secular Quiverfull Movement
by VyckieI just came across The Secular Quiver: http://reversequiver.com/index.shtmlFrom the website:"Secular Quiver" is a movement that uses the principles of differential reproductive success to opposite ends. We think it's absurd that evangelical Christians are using the most basic principle of evolution when many don't even believe in it. We encourage scientifically minded individuals to reproduce and use alternative methods of spreading irreligious memes.Participate •Start your childbearing earlier •If you are gay or lesbian, consider the use of reproductive technologies such as IVF or artificial insemination •Homeschool your children •Blog about reverse quivering •Adopt and fost … [Read more...]