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Evidence that Northern Pioneering Pines with Tuberculate Mycorrhizae are Unaffected by Varying Soil Nitrogen Levels
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Tuberculate mycorrhizae on Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) have previously been shown to reduce acetylene, but an outstanding question has been to what degree these structures could meet the nitrogen requirements of the tree. We compared the growth, tissue nitrogen contents, and stable nitrogen isotope ratios of P. contorta growing in gravel pits to the same species growing on adjacent intact soil. Trees growing in severely nitrogen deficient gravel pits had virtually identical growth rates and tissue nitrogen contents to those growing on intact soil that had nitrogen levels typical for the area. δ15N values for trees in the gravel pits were substantially lower than δ15N values for trees on intact soil, and isotope ratios in vegetation were lower than the isotope ratios of the soil. The form of soil nitrogen in the gravel pits was almost exclusively nitrate, while ammonium predominated in the intact soil. Discrimination against 15N during plant uptake of soil nitrate in the highly N-deficient soil should be weak or nonexistent. Therefore, the low δ15N in the gravel pit trees suggests that trees growing in gravel pits were using another nitrogen source in addition to the soil. Precipitation-borne nitrogen in the study area is extremely low. In conjunction with our other work, these findings strongly suggests that P. contorta and its microbial symbionts or associates fix nitrogen in sufficient amounts to sustain vigorous tree growth on the most nitrogen-deficient soils.
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) can be found growing well throughout British Columbia on the most nitrogen-deficient soils such as unreclaimed gravel pits and road cuts. Nitrogen levels in lodgepole pine, unlike in other species such as hybrid spruce, are sometimes poorly linked to soil nitrogen levels [1]. Some possible explanations for this include, for example, that P. contorta, through its physiology or mycorrhizal symbionts, is able to more effectively access and take up soil nitrogen than other tree species or that it has relatively higher levels of associative [2] or even symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Our previous work [3] has suggested that P. contorta, in conjunction with one of its tuberculate mycorrhizal (mycorrhizae that consist of a tight cluster of branched short roots encased in mycelium and usually a peridium to form a tubercle) symbionts, Suillus tomentosus, and identified bacterial species are capable of reducing acetylene at high rates, while non-tuberculate mycorrhizae are not. We have found abundant tuberculate mycorrhizae in low nitrogen forests [4], but have had difficulty answering the question of whether or not nitrogen fixation in these structures can supply a substantial portion of the tree's nitrogen needs. While we have demonstrated in situ high levels of acetylene reduction activity in S. tomentosus tuberculate mycorrhizae on P. contorta [5], that nitrogen-fixing bacteria can be isolated from within tuberculate mycorrhizae [3], that tuberculate mycorrhizae are abundant in some types of sub-boreal forests [4], and that tuberculate mycorrhizae contain a unique hemoglobin-like molecule [3], none of these constitutes proof that P. contorta is able to meet its nitrogen requirements through current nitrogen fixation on or around roots.
One simple and direct way to establish whether or not pine is able to meet its nitrogen nutritional requirements with limited soil-based nitrogen source is to examine pine in the most nitrogen-deficient environments to see if growth or nitrogen contents are restricted. For non-nitrogen-fixing forest plants, there is a reliable relationship between soil and tissue nitrogen levels and growth [6].
In this work, we compare tissue nitrogen contents and growth rates of P. contorta in undisturbed forest soil (secondary succession) to trees in highly disturbed and extremely nitrogen-deficient soils (gravel pits—primary succession), where atmospheric nitrogen inputs are very low. The purpose is to see if P. contorta has the capacity to meet its nitrogen growth requirements in the absence of significant soil or precipitation sources of nitrogen. In addition, nitrogen isotope analysis is used in this study to try to understand which nitrogen pools are being accessed by P. contorta growing on extremely nitrogen-deficient soils.
The basis for using nitrogen isotope natural abundance to determine source pools of nitrogen is the variation in the concentration of 15N in different nitrogen pools caused by discrimination against the heavier isotope during certain biological processes. Symbiotic N-fixation weakly discriminates against 15N [7, 8] or not at all [9]. Decomposing soil organic matter becomes enriched in 15N [10] because microbes are presumably slower to take up 15N and nitrification plus, either leaching of 15N-depleted nitrate or denitrification of the same can concentrate 15N in the remaining pool [11]. Ammonium volatilization can also concentrate 15N in soil [7]. Soil mineral N that derives from mineralized organic matter could be enriched in 15N [12]. Also, there appears to be a relationship between nitrogen uptake and the size of the nitrogen pool. Where a large proportion of a pool of nitrogen is taken up by a plant community relative to the replenishment rate of the pool, there is little discrimination because 15N rapidly concentrates as a result of plant uptake and so is absorbed at higher rates before plant uptake is satiated. Where the pool of nitrogen is large and quickly replenished, there may be considerable discrimination because even during periods of high plant uptake, the lighter isotope remains in greater abundance relative to the heavier isotope [6, 7]. Ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulate 15N, and there is depletion of 15N in plants where nitrogen has passed through ectomycorrhizal fungi [6]. However, when nitrate is the primary nitrogen source, ectomycorrhizal plants differ little from source N or non-mycorrhizal plants in nitrogen isotope ratio [13]. For some plants, there seems to be variable small discrimination when source levels of nitrate are high and a small to no discrimination when they are low [7, 14]. Climate also has an effect on foliar δ15N [9], but in this study, both treatments per site are paired in close proximity, and climate effects should not be an issue. Though there are a large number of interacting factors that affect nitrogen isotope ratios, natural abundance levels can sometimes help clarify nitrogen source.
Materials and Methods
Site Selection
Six gravel pits located in south-central British Columbia were utilized in this study. The pits are located within a 100 km by 50 km area defined by 52 ° 27′ 41.86″ N, 52 ° 02′ 10.45″ N, 123 ° 10′ 24.42″ W, and 121 ° 50′ 05.78″ W. The forests in this area are predominantly P. contorta with Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii (hybrid spruce) in wetter soils and in more mature stands. Some Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) was also present around the edges of some of the gravel pits. In British Columbia, these forest types are called Sub-Boreal Spruce and Sub-Boreal Pine Spruce [15]. All soils in this study are gravelly in texture with weak profile development, while the gravel pits do not have soil horizons, but rather the "soil" consists of gravelly parent material. Normal annual precipitation for 1971 to 2000 at the Williams Lake Airport (which is central to the study area) is 0.30 m/a rainfall, 0.15 m/a snowfall (as liquid) for total annual precipitation of 0.45 m/a as liquid. The average yearly temperature is 4.2 °C
Whole Tree Sampling
Three to four whole (roots, shoots, and boles) P. contorta trees between 1 and 2 m in height were excavated in each of the gravel pits (pit trees) and from adjacent to the gravel pits (intact soil trees) at each of six sites (approximately six trees per site, 38 trees in total). It was difficult to find enough trees of the same age and size to destructively sample (that we could access with an excavator), which is why the number of trees varies per site. Because we had to take what was available, by chance, the sample ended up being skewed in terms of size with the pit trees being larger than the intact soil trees. Intact soil trees were taken from areas where the forest had been cut during gravel pit development, but the overburden (≈topsoil) had not been stripped away (soil intact). The trees in the gravel pit were growing on bare gravel without any other nitrogen-fixing species within at least 20 m (usually much more than 20 m, nitrogen-fixing Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. and Alnus spp. occurred infrequently in the pits). Whole root systems were excavated carefully to try to keep short roots (mycorrhizae) as intact as possible using a combination of machine digging to undercut the roots and gentle hand digging to encourage the gravel and sand to fall free of the roots. All trees excavated were fully colonized by mycorrhizae with abundant tuberculate mycorrhizae, as well as many other kinds of mycorrhizae.
δ15N and Total Nitrogen
By convention, the air ratios are set to a value of 0 ‰, and this is the standard against which other materials are measured. Results are generally corrected to nitrogen standards IAEA-N1 and IAEA-N2. The error for clean ball-milled standard material is ± −0.3 ‰ for nitrogen. This error can be expected to increase depending on the homogeneity, type, and amount of sample used in analysis.
Tree Growth Rates
Trees for growth rate determination were selected to be between 1.3 and 1.5 m tall. They were chosen to fall within a size range rather than by age because we reasoned that trees in the gravel pits might be slow to establish, and we wanted to compare growth rates of trees with approximately equal canopy sizes rather than trees of the same age. Tree age was determined by counting branch whorls, with random checks of the accuracy of whorl, counting by cutting trees off at the root collar, and counting tree rings. Two of three checks agreed exactly with whorl counting, and one check differed by 1 year. Trees for growth rate determination were chosen to be free of disease, forks, or damage of any kind. They also had to be completely open to sunlight on three sides (no shadowing or overtopping by other trees). Trees sampled outside the gravel pits grew in intact topsoil, while the trees in the gravel pit grew in bare gravel without any nitrogen fixing species within 20 m. Tree height, leader length, and root collar diameter were measured.
Soil Nitrogen Levels
Six mineral soil samples were collected to a depth of 0.2 m from each gravel pit and bulked into two samples (to get a measure of variability of the sampling method). Three samples were taken from the soil intact areas at each site and bulked into one sample. The samples were air dried and sieved to separate the <0.002 m fraction. The <0.002 m fraction was analysed for total C, NH4-N, and NO3-N by the BC Ministry of Forests and Range Research Laboratory in Victoria BC. Isotope ratios were determined by the same lab described above for vegetation analyses. There were forest floors present in the soil intact areas, but forest floors were not initially sampled. We know from other work that forest floors in the area are typically around 1 % nitrogen [19], and we determined nitrogen isotope ratios on forest floor samples taken from a trial located 1.24 km from the Skulow pit site.
Precipitation-Borne Nitrogen
For rainfall measurements, two Cole Parmer #03319-10 rainfall collection gauges were installed at each gravel pit. The gauges were put out July 4, 2008, and collected rainfall was taken in monthly until October 20, 2008. The Palmer site gauges were stolen. The precipitation samples were stored in sealed glass bottles at 3 °C and kept for stable isotope N and nitrogen content analyses; however, it turned out that nitrogen levels were too low to permit the isotope analysis. The water was analyzed directly for inorganic N (nitrate-N and ammonium-N) using an OI-Analytical "Alpkem FSIV" automated chemistry analyzer. Total N was determined using an autoclave-heated alkaline persulfate digestion followed by determination of produced nitrate on the FSIV analyzer. Snowfall samples were collected in March 2008, and stored frozen until they could be analysed for stable nitrogen isotopes and nitrogen contents. These samples also had nitrogen levels too low for the isotope analysis to be conducted (University of Waterloo Environmental Isotope Laboratory, direct communication).
An alternative method for precipitation sampling was also used during the rainfall collection period. One or two ion exchange resin precipitation samplers were installed at each site. Two went missing, and one was damaged which left seven samplers that were extracted. The collectors were designed and extracted as per the method of J.A. Simmons [17]. Each collector contained 0.035 kg of MB-150 mixed bed ion exchange resin (Amberlite brand) and was extracted with two 0.0002 m3 washes of 2 N KCl. The extracts were filtered through a 0.45 u membrane syringe filter and immediately analyzed for ammonium-N and nitrate(+nitrite)-N using an OI Analytical, Alpkem automated chemistry analyzer. A separate filtered subsample was digested using alkaline persulfate in tightly sealed head space vials, heated for 30 min in an autoclave at 123 °C. A ratio of four parts persulfate to one part sample was used to ensure complete oxidation of nitrogen in the presence of high chloride levels. A volume of 0.0002 m3 of the alkaline persulfate reagent was autoclaved for later use in preparing calibration standards. The oxidized samples were analyzed for nitrate-N using the Alpkem analyzer. Several glycine-N standards in 2 N KCl, treated the same way as the unknown samples, were analyzed simultaneously to confirm full recovery. Standards used for calibrating the Alpkem analyzer were prepared in 2 N KCl and diluted one part to four with the autoclaved alkaline persulfate reagent. This ensured that the matrix of the standards was identical to the samples and also eliminated the need to account for a dilution factor.
δ15N and Total Nitrogen in Trees
Tree nitrogen content and isotope ratios by tissue type and mean
Percent nitrogen
Boles in soil
Boles in pit
Branches in soil
Branches in pit
Needles in soil
Needles in pit
Roots in soil
Roots in pit
Forest mean
Pit mean
Overall, there was no correlation between needle δ values for nitrogen and needle mass (e.g., needle mass and δ15N r2 = 0.04, significance of F of 0.20), and there was no correlation between needle δ and needle mass for the intact soil trees (e.g., forest bole mass and δ15N r2 = 0.05, significance of F of 0.30). However, for the pit trees, needle δ15N and needle mass had a positive correlation with an r2 = 0.22 and a significance of F of 0.04. The correlation between pit tree bole mass and bole δ15N was also positive with an r2 = 0.21 and significance of F of 0.05. Only the pit trees show any relationship between measures of mass and δ15N.
Tree Growth Rates
Growth comparison of pine trees by treatment
P (T < t) two-tail
Height for soil (m)
Height for pit (m)
Leader for soil (m)
Leader for pit (m)
Root collar for soil (m)
Root collar for pit (m)
Age for soil (Whorls)
Age for pit (Whorls)
The pit trees and the intact soil trees for the destructive whole tree sampling were not equal in size. The pit trees ended up being on average 1.9 times bigger by bole mass.
Soil Nitrogen Levels
Soil carbon and nitrogen levels
Pit or soil
Total C
Total N
Mountain House
Pit mean
Soil mean
Soil Isotope Ratios
Soil δ15N levels
Mountain House
Skulow Forest Floor
Precipitation-Borne Nitrogen
The average total nitrogen content in rain (less two obviously contaminated samples) was 2.3−7 kg N L−1 (SD = 6.2−8 kg N L−1). The average total nitrogen content in snowfall was 1.7−7 kg N L−1of snow as water (SD = 8.0−8 kg N L−1). Based on the Environment Canada normal precipitation values presented in the methods, this equates to annual deposition rates of 6.9−5 kg N m−2 in rainfall and 2.7−5 kg N m−2 in snowfall, for a total of 9.6−5 kg N m−2 total nitrogen. This agrees closely with estimates of precipitation-borne nitrogen of 9.0−5 kg N m−2a−1 from a nearby area [18]. For the ion resin samples, one had anomalously high N content and was discolored (the discoloration could have been due to contamination from bird or other animal droppings) and so was disregarded. Based on six ion resin samples and the Environment Canada precipitation data, the mean annual deposition rate was 3.1−4 kg N m−2 (SD = 4.0−5 kg N m−2).
In this trial, we found that the tissue nitrogen contents and growth rates of P. contorta are unaffected by dramatic differences in soil nitrogen levels. The trees in pits and undisturbed soil were growing in close proximity to each other, with little environmental difference other than the soil; there are no other major nitrogen-fixing species in the vicinity of the sampled trees, and in the remote and industry-free study area, atmospheric inputs of nitrogen are very low and unlikely to contribute much to nitrogen sufficiency [22]. Other studies confirm that P. contorta growing in central British Columbia are indifferent to large differences in soil nitrogen levels [1, 18]. P. contorta's indifference to soil nitrogen levels begs an explanation. Our work to date demonstrates that high rates of nitrogen fixation take place in P. contorta tuberculate mycorrhizae, but an outstanding question was whether or not P. contorta could meet its nitrogen nutritional requirements on a nitrogen-deficient soil. The combination of gravelly parent material for soil and low atmospheric inputs make the gravel pits used in this study site the most nitrogen limited environments we could find, yet the P. contorta in the gravel pits had growth rates that are typical for the area. This is very strong evidence that pine is able to meet its nitrogen nutritional requirements without a soil nitrogen source.
While we feel confident that this work unequivocally demonstrates P. contorta's indifference to varying soil nitrogen levels, we used isotope analysis to try to determine the nitrogen pool that the trees in this study are accessing. Presented below are two different interpretations of the isotope data.
There are a large number of fractionating steps for 15N [9, 20] in the nitrogen cycle and it is difficult to account for all the different potential discrimination points to arrive at a convincing accounting of how isotope ratios will vary [21] even, as in this case, when comparing two treatments using the same species growing in close proximity to each other. A simplification of the complex situation is that 15N is only slightly discriminated against during biological fixation, which means that the δ15N of recently fixed nitrogen should be close to that of the atmosphere (atmospheric inputs are discounted in this case because they are so low and too low to measure isotope ratios). At various points in the nitrogen cycle, 15N may be concentrated as, for example, in soil during plant uptake, in mycorrhizae by mycorrhizal fungi, in various plant tissues during internal cycling, and in decomposing organic matter by saprotrophs. As a consequence of the concentration of 15N in the tissue of mycorrhizal fungi or to a lesser degree in the soil during direct plant uptake, the tissue of mycorrhizal plants tend to be depleted in 15N over the source. Though these effects shift the concentration of 15N in the various pools in a system, they do not change the isotope ratio of the system as a whole. Ultimately, 15N is concentrated in the system as a whole only by nitrification/denitrification, leaching of organic molecules or ammonium loss (less important in forest soil) [23], all of which favor the lighter isotope. All of the concentrating processes progress over time. In this study, we had an older intact soil where nitrogen had been fractionated for at least many decades and a very young soil in the early stages of accreting nitrogen from recent fixation and deposition, with little time for fractionation. Since each nitrogen pool measured in the pit system in this study had a smaller proportion of 15N than its counterpoint in the intact soil system, it is logical to conclude that the pit system as a whole has a higher proportion of recently fixed nitrogen than the soil system. It is possible that some not specifically measured pool, like the pool of nitrogen within mycorrhizal fungi, might have been significantly enriched in 15N and so have skewed all other pools in the pit. However, some of the mycelial 15N in the mycorrhizal fungus pool would have been accounted for in the soil sample, and much of the 15N concentrated in mycorrhizae themselves would have been accounted for in the root sample. It is extremely improbable that there would have been enough 15N concentrated in unsampled mycorrhizal fungus to offset the depletion in the entire rest of the system, including the soil. There were no other nitrogen-fixing plant species in this study, so any recently fixed nitrogen was either coming from free living bacteria, which is very unlikely in such a low energy system (and the likelihood of which was not supported by the very low soil nitrogen levels), from associative fixation around the pine roots or from symbiotic fixation in tuberculate mycorrhizae on the pine roots.
To approach the isotope data in another way, the nitrogen level of the soil in the pits was in the order of sixfold lower than in the intact soil and extremely deficient [24]. Therefore, there would be little chance for concentration of 15N in the pit soil pool by discrimination against 15N during plant uptake as soil nitrogen would deplete quickly and both isotopes should be entirely taken up [13, 20]. The δ15N values of plants growing in such a nitrogen-deficient soil should closely approach soil values unless mycorrhizal fungi were sequestering large amounts of 15N [6]. In the pit, almost all of the nitrogen was in nitrate form, and some work reports little or no discrimination against 15N during uptake where soil nitrogen is present predominantly as nitrate [7, 14]. This lack of discrimination during nitrate uptake seems to be especially true when uptake is high relative to supply as would particularly have been the case in the pit portion of this study. The lack of discrimination against nitrate 15N also seems to hold true for ectomycorrhizal species [13]. In Högberg et al. [13], it is suggested that the reason for the difference in discrimination behavior for nitrate versus ammonium is that the presences of a heavier nitrogen isotope in ammonium results in a much greater proportional increase in the mass of the ammonium ion than it would in a nitrate ion. This means that uptake or transformation by mycorrhizal fungi or any biological process should have only weak discrimination, if any, against 15N incorporated in nitrate.
It has been observed by several others that there is a widespread trend for plant tissue δ15N to be lower with lower soil nitrogen contents [9]. At face value, this could be all that is occurring in this study. Two explanations are commonly offered for low tissue 15N [9] with low soil nitrogen. The first is that where soil nitrogen supply is high relative to demand, through a variety of processes and over time, 15N becomes concentrated in the soil [7], and the resulting higher soil δ15N values are ultimately reflected in the plants. Where nitrogen levels are generally low, there is no concentration of 15N because all available soil nitrogen is consumed, and so no concentration can occur. The second explanation is based on the observation that mycorrhizal fungi accumulate 15N. It is suggested that mycorrhizae would play a bigger role in nitrogen uptake in lower nitrogen soils, and so the lower the nitrogen content of the soil, the more 15N would accumulate in mycorrhizal fungi and the lower the δ15N of the plant tissue.
In this study we determined δ15N by plant part, and the roots of the pit trees also had lower δ15N values than the roots of the intact soil trees, so since total tree nitrogen levels were so similar, this finding is contrary to the likelihood that pit trees accumulated a greater proportion of 15N in mycorrhizae. The roots of both treatments had the highest δ15N values of all the tissue pools sampled, which is consistent with the mycorrhizal fungus accumulation theory, but they were still lower than (or in the case of the pit sample almost equal to) the soil δ15N values. If concentration of 15N within mycorrhizae was the major cause of 15N depletion (over soil values) in the upper plant tissue, then the roots (with mycorrhizae) should have had higher δ15N values than the soil. The roots can be broken into two pools; secondary roots which would also have received 15N-depleted nitrogen from mycorrhizae and the mycorrhizal roots where much of the concentrated 15N would have accumulated. Taken together, these two root pools still constitute a much smaller nitrogen pool than the rest of plant, and since a large proportion of the 15N depleted from the nitrogenous compounds that went to the tops should have accumulated in the roots as a whole, then the roots as a whole should have had δ15N values that were noticeably higher than the soil, which they did not. By contrast, if the plant nitrogen is largely coming from nitrogen fixation taking place in the mycorrhizae, then the baseline δ15N would be a combination of soil and atmosphere values, and the roots would be enriched by mycorrhizal discrimination to some level above the unknown (but lower than soil), combined base value. This remains a possible scenario. However, this argument cannot be taken too far because it was very hard to harvest roots with all of their mycorrhizae intact, even though we were very careful. Also, the roots were superficially contaminated with soil, which may have had some effect on δ15N values.
While the repeated observations of accumulation of 15N in mycorrhizal fungi do make a robust case [9] that 15N accumulation in mycorrhizal fungi does normally occur, it is still possible that another factor could also contribute to the trend of generally lower δ15N in aerial tissue with declining soil nitrogen. Since recently fixed nitrogen tends to have lower δ15N values than soil [21], the result of an increased use of recently fixed nitrogen by plants growing on nitrogen poor soil would, in most instances, be lower isotope ratios than would result from plants using soil nitrogen alone. It seems possible that this could be the cause of the lower tissue δ15N in this study and it might be worth exploring to see if this could be a factor in other cases where δ15N is lower in low nitrogen soils.
Since free living and associative fixation typically amount to only a small proportions of symbiotic fixation per unit area [25], and since soil nitrogen levels are extremely low in the gravel pits aside from in the trees, the most logical conclusion is that nitrogen is being fixed within or in close proximity to pine roots and moving directly into the pine trees. The possibility of nitrogen fixation in tuberculate mycorrhizae on P. contorta is in keeping with our previously published work which has shown high levels of acetylene reduction in situ on P. contorta tuberculate mycorrhizae (fungal symbiont—S. tomentosus) [5]. We have also demonstrated significant quantities of S. tomentosus tuberculate mycorrhizae in P. contorta forests [1], isolated nitrogen-fixing bacteria from within tuberculate mycorrhizae, and identified a hemoglobin-like molecule from the tuberculate mycorrhizae [1]. This accumulating evidence strongly suggests that P. contorta, in association with its fungal and bacterial symbionts, is a major nitrogen-fixing species.
In the comparison of growth rates, it could be argued that, by selecting trees of the same size, we might have inadvertently selected genetically slower growing trees in the intact soil and genetically faster growing trees in the gravel pits to get them to be in the same size class. Both in the gravel pits and beside the gravels pits, we ended up measuring virtually the entire population of trees that met our criteria. A wide range of trees sizes and ages were available, so a sample from within a narrow size range should have represented a cross-section of faster growing younger trees and slower growing older trees if the trees were growing at different rates. It turned out that the trees were very similar in age and growth rates, which means that there was little genetically derived variation in performance to be found. Therefore, we feel confident to say that, based on root collar diameter and leader length, the trees in the gravel pits are growing at the same rate or faster than the trees in the intact soil.
For trees growing in the gravel pits (only), the larger the tree the higher the δ15N. This suggests that older trees could be fixing less nitrogen and concentrating 15N by internal N cycling [26, 27] or other mechanisms. In previous work [5], we found higher levels of acetylene reduction activity in younger stands. However, many things could be going on. Perhaps as trees get larger, soil nitrogen pools are also increasing with typically higher δ15N values, and the trees become less dependent on recent fixation and mycorrhizae. Larger trees also have more extensive root systems to intercept precipitation. Since the gravel pit trees sampled for isotope ratio were by chance larger than the sampled intact soil trees, if the difference in tree size was linked to the cause of the differences in δ15N values between the two treatments, then it would be expected that the gravel pit trees would have had higher δ15N values. The difference in δ15N values was opposite in direction from what would have been expected if size had been linked to the cause of the difference between treatments.
Many of the P. contorta forests in the interior of British Columbia are thought to transition to spruce and are called sub-boreal spruce or sub-boreal pine spruce [15] forests. The fire return frequency is so high in parts of the sub-boreal pine spruce forest that some of these forests seem to be perpetually in pine sere. Many soils in the study area, even outside the gravel pits, are poorly developed and nitrogen poor from the cold, dry climate, and/or frequent fire volatilization of nutrients and sometimes, as in this study, from coarse textured soil with low nutrient holding capacity. We contend that P. contorta with its microbial symbionts acts a pioneer species in both primary and secondary succession in the forests of British Columbia, and the widespread abundance of P. contorta in BC is the result of the perpetually low nitrogen capital of many of the forest soils in the area.
Initiatives to offset the effects of mountain pine beetle on wood supply in British Columbia include contemplation to fertilize large areas of pine forest with nitrogen. There could still be positive growth effects from providing easily accessed nitrogen to pine trees; but on the scale of good ways to invest money, we concur with previous work that shows that the economics of fertilizing P. contorta's has to be examined carefully [28]. We feel that pine could be used more effectively in managed forests if its pioneering nature is better exploited. The beneficial effect of pines on the growth of other species has long been observed [29]. The ability of pine, in conjunction with its symbionts, to fix nitrogen could explain this effect. Northern pines, such as P. contorta, and their root symbionts also have great potential for reclaiming highly disturbed areas such as oil sands and mine spoils in forested northern Canadian ecosystems. P. contorta has been widely and successfully used in the Central Interior of British Columbia to rehabilitate highly disturbed areas associated with logging.
If nitrogen is ubiquitously fixed in boreal and temperate forests, then nitrogen fertilizer response in these systems may simply be a response to nitrogen that is energetically cheaper to the plant. A large, but less available, pool of nitrogen tied up in organic matter could have benefits that outweigh the advantages of a more readily available, but also more mobile mineral nitrogen pool. Understanding that nitrogen availability in northern forests is not necessarily limited by the capacity of the system to fix nitrogen should have great bearing on how northern forests are managed.
P. contorta is able to meet all of its nitrogen requirements for normal growth when growing on the most nitrogen-deficient environment we could find. The distribution of naturally occurring nitrogen isotopes in this study is not inconsistent with the possibility that the trees were accessing recently fixed nitrogen. Based on our previous work which demonstrates high levels of acetylene reduction in tuberculate mycorrhizae in P. contorta, we conclude that the simplest and most likely explanation for comparable growth and nitrogen levels between trees growing on intact soil and those growing on very low nitrogen gravel is that this pine species, in conjunction with certain symbionts, is capable of fixing biologically significant quantities of nitrogen.
We thank L. V. Chapman, and R. A. Chapman for all their work on this project. We extend our gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.


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Offices, Rent, Košice - mestská časť Juh, Num. ZR-212-34
We offer to rent offices in Kosice on South classroom on the ground floor of the administrative building. Offices are an area of 42.08 square meters and have a separate entrance and restrooms. The price of rent of these premises is € 333.13 per month, + el. energy to an agreement - lump-sum payment + € 0.60 per month for draining rainwater, + € 1.83 / month / person for water and sewerage, +10.52 € registration of motor vehicles and persons + € 2.52 for disposal office waste + VAT. If interested, please contact us to arrange the inspection of such premises.
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42.08 m²
Real Estate Agency 64 offers
Berger Reality, s.r.o.
Dominikánske námestie 11
Košice 040 01
0905 99 88 88
Real Estate Agent 46 offers
Michaela Chovanová
0911 321 331
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With 1.9 million subscribers or less than half the 4-plus million it had in 2007, these have been difficult times for TiVo. But the struggling DVR pioneer is hoping there is still demand for its set-top boxes.
The company is about to unveil TiVo Premiere Elite, with four tuners that let you record up to four shows at once, plus 2 terabytes of storage, room for up to 300 hours of high-definition programming.
The $499 box is supposed to be available later this year, pending a Federal Communications Commission waiver (of a requirement to include analog tuners). Given the plunge in subscribers the lingering question is how many remaining on the service will be lining up by then to get one?
Technology Live covers computers, electronics, and the Internet, with a focus on cutting-edge technology that has a real impact on your life. Our reporters and editors -- based in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, New York, and Washington – offer news and tips to help you make the most of your digital domain. More about the team
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Home Design. Wednesday , January 18th , 2017 - 16:36:12 PM
Quote from Beach House Design from Famous and Comfort Resort :
All people need to go on vacation in order to relieve their stress. Even though method of getting rid of stress may be different, but it is acknowledged by most people that best way to do it is travelling. Some people may choose to go to beach, some pick hiking on mountains, and rest are around downtown area. The first option sounds promising because there is nice place to spend times here. Also, the owner should pay attention to beach house design so that guests can leave with lots of compliments.
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Ludwig von Höhnel
Ludwig Ritter von Höhnel (6 August 1857, Preßburg – 23 March 1942, Vienna) was an Austrian naval officer and explorer. He was trained at the naval academy in Fiume, then part of the Austrian empire. His brother was the naturalist Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel (1852–1920).
Journey with Teleki 1887-1888[edit]
Höhnel was the second-in-command of Count Sámuel Teleki von Szek's expedition to Northern Kenya in 1887-1888. He and Teleki were the first Europeans to see Lake Turkana, which they named Lake Rudolf after the expedition's patron Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, and also Lake Stefanie, named after Prince Rudolf's wife Princess Stéphanie of Belgium. Höhnel acted as the expeditions's cartographer, scientist, and diarist. Teleki and Höhnel made numerous observations on the climate, flora, and fauna of the territories visited and collected more than 400 ethnographical objects, most of them from Maasai and Kikuyu tribes. Their observations provided important contribution to ethnographical knowledge. The scientific results of the journey were published by Höhnel in several articles and in a book written in German and translated into Hungarian and English, entitled The Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie (1892).[1] The East African chameleon, known as Höhnel's Chameleon (Trioceros hoehnelii) was named after Ludwig von Höhnel.[2]
Journey with Chanler 1892-1894[edit]
Between 1892 and 1894 Höhnel explored the territory in the vicinity of Mount Kilimanjaro with American magnate William Astor Chanler.[3] They proceeded inland from the coast, mapping the north-eastern part of the Mount Kenya massif,[4] the Guasso Nyiro River, the Lorian Swamp, the Tana River, Lake Rudolph and then Lake Stefanie. They were the first westerners in this region to come into contact with the Tigania, the Igembe Meru and the Rendille people. The expedition was eventually stranded in what is now the Meru North District of Kenya because of the death of all of its 165 pack animals (probably due to trypanosomiasis) and the desertion of many of the 200 porters.[5] On 24 August 1893 Höhnel was gored by a rhinoceros[6] and was forced to leave Chanler and return to Zanzibar and then Vienna, arriving in February 1894.[7]
Later life[edit]
After recovering from his injuries, Höhnel became an officer on board the corvette SMS Donau, and traveled in 1897 to the Mediterranean and along the coast of West Africa south to Cameroon, then across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, and to New York and Newport, Rhode Island. During the trip, the ship's captain suffered a heart attack and Höhnel was made provisional commandant until June 1898. Also on this voyage he met the future US president Theodore Roosevelt, who was then in his words the 'much feared' police commissioner of New York. After this, Höhnel was assigned as officer of the deck to the central battery ship SMS Tegetthoff, whose executive officer was Commander Anton Haus, the future commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy.
In 1899 Höhnel became Emperor Franz Joseph's aide-de-camp and later (1905–09) led an official Austro-Hungarian delegation to Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. He also commanded the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Panther in a voyage to Australia and Polynesia. Höhnel was instrumental in introducing the chamois into New Zealand, negotiating the acquisition in 1905 of six does and two bucks from Neuberg in Austria. They finally arrived in New Zealand on board the SMS Turakino in 1907. He was the commanding officer of the armored cruiser SMS Sankt Georg and the commander of the navy yard in Pula.
In February 1907 he submitted a formal request to the navy for permission to marry Valeska von Ostéren (1870-1947) (permission was required as per Austrian naval regulations). However, permission was denied, because it was discovered that Valeska's brother had published an anti-Jesuit novel[8] in 1906 which had offended the powerful Archduke Franz Ferdinand.[9] Höhnel was eventually forced to choose between his marriage and his naval career. He married Valeska in August 1909 and subsequently resigned in the rank of captain. In 1912 he was promoted to rear admiral, probably in recognition of his duties as aide-de-camp to the emperor.
Höhnel wrote an autobiography centered on the turbulent years preceding the fall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, providing insights into African exploration, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and prominent personalities of the Habsburg court, including Admiral Hermann von Spaun, Admiral Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck, and Rudolf Montecuccoli. The complete manuscript remained in the possession of the family of William Astor Chanler for many decades and was finally published in 2000.[10][11]
Höhnel later wrote a 56-page account of his service as aide-de-camp to Emperor Francis Joseph, which was never published.[12]
He died in Vienna in March 1942.
- Discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stefanie: a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's exploring & hunting expedition in Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888, translated by Nancy Bell. In 2 vols. (Longmans, 1896). Original in German: Zum Rudolph-See und Stephanie-See, 1892.
- Over Land and Sea: Memoir of an Austrian Rear Admiral's Life in Europe and Africa, 1857-1909, ed. Ronald E. Coons and Pascal James Imperato; consulting ed. J. Winthrop Aldrich. New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 2000. Original in German: Mein Leben zur See, auf Forschungsreisen und bei Hofe, 1926.
Regarding personal names: Ritter is a title, translated approximately as Sir (denoting a Knight), not a first or middle name. There is no equivalent female form.
- ^ Balàzs Borsos, "Whose merit is it anyway? The Evaluation of Count Teleki and Ritter von Höhnel's roles in the Teleki expedition to East Africa in 1887-1888." In Archiv für Völkerkunde. 54, 2004, ISSN 0066-6513 S. 27-47.
- ^ Steindachner, F. 1891. Bericht über die von Herrn Linienschiffsleutenant Ritter von Höhnel während der Graf Samuel Telekis ostafrikanischer Expedition gesammelten Reptilien. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 100 (1): 307-313
- ^ "Mitchell Charles Harrison, Prominent and progressive Americans: an encyclopædia of contemporaneous biography, Volume 2, New York Tribune, 1904, pp. 41-44.". google.com. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ Kotrba, Franz, "William Astor Chanler (1867-1934) und Ludwig von Höhnel (1857-1942) und Afrika." Thesis, University of Vienna. Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät Betreuer. In: Sauer, Walter. 2008.
- ^ "IS CHANLER LOST? Alarming News of the Plucky Young Explorer," Trenton Evening News, 10 December 1893, p. 3.
- ^ Chanler, W.A. (1896). Through Jungle and Desert: Travels in Eastern Africa. MacMillan and Company. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ "CHANLER ON HIS WAY TO THE COAST: The Young Explorer Expected at Mombasa by Saturday," New York Daily Tribune, 6 February 1896, p. 9.
- ^ Friedrich Werner von Ostéren, Christus nicht Jesus: ein Jesuitenroman, Egon Fleischel and Co., Berlin, 1906.
- ^ Ildiko Simanyi, "Ludwig Ritter von Höhnel (1857-1942): Leben und Wirken." Master's thesis, University of Vienna, 1988.
- ^ "Milan Vego, "Over Land and Sea: Memoir of an Austrian Rear Admiral's Life in Europe and Africa, 1857-1909," The International History Review, 2001.". JSTOR 40108706.
- ^ Ronald E. Coons and Pascal James Imperato, eds. Over Land and Sea: Memoir of an Austrian Rear Admiral's Life in Europe and Africa, 1857-1909. Holmes and Meier, New York, 2000.
- ^ "ArchiveGrid : Beatrice and William Astor Chanler papers, 1897-ca. 1945.". beta.worldcat.org. Retrieved 15 April 2016.


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ohhh my back
My back feels like it's been stabbed with a knife. What did you moms do to help your back pain????
I usually use heat/cold for my back. Massage may be?
I sit with a pillow behind me, I have a really arched back and if I don't while I'm pregnant it just hurts all the time. Also I have my husband massage it a lot!
A warm bath to relax the muscles and some ibuprofen. If you need to use a heating pad use that too! Sorry your back is sore. :(
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Adelaide Vacation Travel Guide | Expedia MP3
Adelaide, Australia, is one of the nation's most striking cities. Situated over the River Torrens and overlooking the Gulf of St. Vincent, Adelaide is the perfect ...
Adelaide Street Tour - South Australia MP3
Driving through Adelaide and North Adelaide on popular streets; Melbourne Street, King William Street, Grote Street, Gouger Street and North Terrace.
Jeff Reine-Adelaide vs Wolfsburg {26/07/15} HD MP3
Check me out on: Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/Touchofozil Twitter:https://twitter.com/TouchOfOzil.
Meg Myers - Adelaide [Official Audio] MP3
Debut album 'Sorry' available now! Download: http://smarturl.it/SorryLP?IQid=mm.yt Exclusive CD & vinyl bundles: http://atlr.ec/SorryBundlesYT Stream: ...
Anberlin - Adelaide MP3
And another song from this album. *Song copyrighted to Anberlin*
State Radio - Adelaide [Audio] MP3
Album 'Rabbit Inn Rebellion' (Ruff Shod/Nettwerk Records) available on iTunes - http://smarturl.it/rebellion State Radio - Adelaide [Video Postcard] Visit State ...
Life In Australia: Adelaide MP3
Made by The Commonwealth Film Unit 1966. Directed by James Jeffrey. A picture of life in the South Australian capital of Adelaide in the mid 1960s, social, ...
Scott Weiland's Last Interview - Adelaide Hall in Toronto 2015 MP3
Scott Weiland talks with Dawn Hamilton backstage at around 8pm, just 2 hours before his last performance at Adelaide Hall in Toronto on Tuesday, December 2, ...
Adelaide South Australia. Beautiful City MP3
Walking around Adelaide. South Australia. Russian girl travels to Australia :) Australia, South Australia Attractions, What to see in South Australia, What to see in ...
Arnold Turboust & Zabou - Adelaide MP3
Clip de Arnold Turboust & Zabou - Adelaide (1986)
Destination Adelaide MP3
Follow the journey of four international students upon their arrival to Adelaide, through their study and life in Adelaide and beyond.
REPLAY: Sydney Blue Sox @ Adelaide Bite, R7/G1 MP3
The Blue Sox and Bite open Round 7 with a night game in Adelaide.
Beach day + why I don't live in Adelaide + food MP3
How to go Raw Till 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEw8GvTrzEM Save yourself a lot of money and pain by grabbing my ebook here: ...
Adelaide... it's got that feeling (1982) MP3
Promotional film highlighting the city of Adelaide in South Australia as a recreational centre and attractive venue for conferences/conventions. The film shows ...
Adelaide (Rodrigo Sant'anna) - Metrô Zorra Brazil - 23/06/2012 (na íntegra) MP3
Adelaide (Rodrigo Sant'anna) - Metrô Zorra Brazil - 23/06/2012.
Adelaide City Lights for Indian Visitors MP3
Adelaide is the perfect backdrop for a Romantic Rendezvous, on Valentine's Day 2015, the eve of the blockbuster India v Pakistan ICC Cricket World Cup match.
Racism at local Hungry Jacks in Adelaide, Australia! MP3
Disgusting how a so called 'Australian' can say this. Recorded by my friend.
Arnold Turboust & Zabou Adélaïde HD MP3
Celia's Biggest Baddest Bucketlist - Adelaide Australia MP3
PLEASE VOTE for me here: http://www.mydestination.com/users/celiav/bbb#tab I would love to win this competition SO BADLY, and take you all on an amazing ...
Adelaide United 2-1 Brisbane Roar | FULL MATCH HIGHLIGHTS | Elimination Final 1 MP3
A-League: Watch the match highlights from Adelaide United and Brisbane Roar's elimination final.
Port Adelaide players get hypnotised - Chad Wingard, Ollie Wines and Daniel Flynn MP3
Hypnotist Isaac Lomman visited Alberton to hypnotise Port Adelaide players Chad Wingard, Ollie Wines and Daniel Flynn, with very funny results. Watch PART ...
Australia - Adelaide - Waterfalls, Walks & Wildlife MP3
On our second full day in Adelaide South Australia we headed off up in to the hills, firstly we visited Morialta Conservation Park and had a walk up to the network ...
Inimigos do Rei - Adelaide MP3
Andava na rua à noite Totalmente só Vez ou outra via coisas Em bancas de jornal Pensava na gaja Sem motivo me deixou Quando de repente ouvi Alguém ...
Zorra Total - Adelaide pede dinheiro aos passageiros MP3
Jussi Bjorling - Adelaide (Beethoven) MP3
Jussi Bjorling singing Adelaide by Beethoven.
17, AC/DC Whole lotta Rosie - Adelaide Oval 21st Nov 2015 MP3
AC/DC Whole lotta Rosie - Adelaide Oval 21st Nov 2015. Rock or Bust Tour. This clip is a rush job to get it out there for my cousin Nath! I'll be doing it during the ...
Australia Adelaide City and Glenelg Beach Tour MP3
A brief tour of the city of Adelaide, a walk through the Rundle shopping mall, and a visit to the beautiful beach of Glenelg in South Australia.


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deep dub step bass. ;)
where's the bass?
gah.. dont even have this file anymore. I'm gonna say 139. Or 138. right in there...sry.
sick sound but, what bpm is it??
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Lincoln Cole
BioLincoln Cole is a Columbus-based author who enjoys traveling and has visited many different parts of the world, including Australia and Cambodia, but always returns home to his pugamonster and wife. His love for writing was kindled at an early age through the works of Isaac Asimov and Stephen King and he enjoys telling stories to anyone who will listen.
He has won more than twelve literary awards for his novels from Reader's Favorite, Literary Classics, New Apple, and many other organizations. He has also reached the top #50 rank for all books in the Kindle store on Amazon and bestseller in many different categories.
Free Book Giveaways
Summer Solstice Lincoln Cole
More stories from the worlds of KP Authors! There are over twenty-five stories in this anthology telling stories in and around their published books, and whether you are an old fan or just want to give some new authors a try, then this is the collection for you! So pick up your copy today and come along for some intense journeys into the heart of these worlds. Who knows: you might just find your next favorite author!
Vernal Equinox: A KP Author Anthology Lincoln Cole
A collection of short stories by Kindle Press authors set in the worlds of their books.
Unknown: A Collection of Sci-Fi & Fantasy Short Stories Lincoln Cole
A collection of twenty science fiction and fantasy short stories and novellas.
Second Chances Lincoln Cole
Nichole is caught in a tough position. She is juggling too many responsibilities as her world falls apart. She isn't sure where she can turn to for help, and she is facing a lot of harsh realities about just how much society can hold her back. Richard is a corporate lawyer who lost his way. He wants to help Nichole through this heartbreaking situation, but he makes mistakes and loses her trust. He discovers that he's been doing the right things for the wrong reasons for a long time. Everything begins to fall apart as he realizes he's swept problems under the rug for so long he might no longer be able to fix them. After meeting an alcoholic who is struggling to take control of his life, Richard wakes up to just how far off-course his life has become and attempts to right it.
Ripples Through Time Lincoln Cole
Calvin Greenwood is a family man in his eighties. He is alone for the first time in over sixty years: his wife, Emily, just passed away and he isn't taking her loss well. He doesn't remember how to be alone, and he isn't sure if he can forgive himself for the mistakes he made while she was alive. Edward White is a long time family friend who knows something is wrong with Calvin. He comes to check on him during his time of need and make sure he isn't planning to do anything reckless. Edward understands just how dangerous things are for someone struggling the way Calvin is, and he hopes talking to him can settle things back down. He just hopes he isn't too late to help. Help, however, isn't the easiest thing to give, and it can be even more difficult to accept...
Graveyard of Empires Lincoln Cole
Argus Wade was born into the Ministry, an archaic and barbaric religion that's taken ahold of the Republic. He knew from an early age that he was different from the other students who learned there: the threat of death - or worse - loomed over him because of his special gifts. When he tries to protect his daughter from this fate by hiding her from the Ministry, he finds out that all he's managed to do is make things worse. He's running out of options and growing more desperate by the day.
Winter Solstice Lincoln Cole
Looking for a good book to curl up with through the cold and lonely winter? Then look no further! This volume contains a dozen winter-themed stories by Kindle Press Authors writing in the worlds of their longer works. There is romance, action and adventure, intrigue, and even a few scary stories to get you through the long and cold nights. So grab a copy and come along! Who knows, you might just find your next favorite author!
The Ninth Circle Lincoln Cole
Arthur Vangeest has been hunting a cult known as the Ninth Circle for months and finally located their base of operations, but something goes terribly wrong before he can strike at them. Someone he trusts betrays him and his wife and young daughter are murdered. Now he isn't sure if there is anything left to live for. But, when he exacts his revenge on the people that hurt him, he finds a new reason to stay alive. This story takes place several years before the events of Raven's Peak and details how Arthur first discovered Abigail and how she gave him something new to live for.


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Kathy Lette
Kathy Lette first achieved succès de scandale as a teenager with the novel Puberty Blues, which was made into a major motion picture by Oscar-winning director Bruce Beresford. Since then, she's penned a plethora of bestsellers, including Mad Cows , Nip 'n' Tuck, Dead Sexy, and most recently, Men – A User's Guide.
The Mandarin Oriental, located in the centre of Knightsbridge, is positioned in the heart of girl heaven – Harrods, Harvey Nichols and virtually every designer boutique you can imagine is within strolling distance.
The hotel has just undergone a $92 million USD restoration. The palatial interior decoration, complete with carved marble columns and frescoed ceilings is just magnificent. My room was as beautiful as the lobby. The plush carpets and ornate four poster bed with a carved head and embroidered canopy made me feel like a Sultana (the female version of a sultan).
The staff were attentive, discreet and ever so courteous. They bent over backwards for me – at times so far backwards I thought they were gymnasts. For example, a concierge overheard it was my daughter's 18th birthday and a cake immediately materialized in our room. Classy.
We all need to de-stress now and Zen. And the hotel's spa is a soothing haven of pampering tranquility. Treatments are tailor-made for each visitor. Although I do think it's a bit unfortunate that guests have to pay to use the vitality pool and steam rooms. The gym is adequate, but with Hyde Park in the backyard, who needs a treadmill?
The causally chic Bar Boulud with its bistro menu, proved excellent value. The open kitchen lets you watch the chefs at work and you can eat at the bar, ideal when dining alone. And is there any chef more wow or hip than Heston Blumenthal – the Damien Hurst of divine dining? Be sure to book early.
The hotel promised an elegant, sophisticated experience and totally delivered. Pack your High Life Visa and go and be treated like a princess.
Kathy's Rating
A Part of the Ambassador Review Series


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Welcome to CapBiz A.M., your morning primer on business news with a focus on Washington.
Lobbying's new landscape: Once dominated by a handful of big, powerful personalities, the lobbying industry is evolving, with new players, new tactics and more decision makers to influence. Meet four small lobbying shops that are shaking up the sector. (CAPBIZ)
Plaza's pizzazz: After a 20-month, $40 million makeover, the newly-renovated L'Enfant Plaza makes its formal debut Monday, complete with several popular new retailers and restaurants – and more are on the way. (CAPBIZ)
New spin on cycling: Soul Cycle, a chain of indoor cycling studios, was founded in 2006 and has since developed a cult following, with devotees including Lady Gaga and Anderson Cooper. Now, at long last, the company is coming to Washington. (CAPBIZ)
Gobbled up: District-based financial advice company HelloWallet has agreed to be acquired by Chicago-based investment research firm Morningstar, one of the upstart's largest stakeholders, in a deal valued at $52.5 million. (CAPBIZ)
Gobbled up II: District-based LetsMoveDown, a sports company founded by three University of Maryland business school graduates, has been acquired by OneUp Sports, a Florida company that builds mobile apps for professional sports teams, including the Redskins. (CAPBIZ)
Stepping down, but not away: After 17 years at the helm, Barbara J. Krumsiek, the president and chief executive of Calvert Investments, plans to step down at the end of the year. However, she will not be leaving the company altogether. (CAPBIZ)
Tesla to Tysons: Electric car maker Tesla Motors is planning to open its first dealership in Virginia off the Dulles Toll Road in Tysons Corner after a long-running legal battle with state officials ended in compromise. (CAPBIZ)
Handshakes aplenty: JM Burkman & Associates signed the most new lobbying clients during the first quarter of the year, according to a new report, but three other lobbying shops were hot on its heels. (CAPBIZ)
Shopping slips: Spending by U.S. consumers dropped 0.1 percent in April, the first time shoppers have pulled back in the past year. Still, analysts aren't worried, with many expecting the numbers to bounce back in May. (AP)
Opportunity's knocks: Openings are abundant for what has become the nation's fastest-growing job – but the work comes with numerous challenges, plenty of stress and low pay. Just ask Tereza Sedgwick. (WP)
On Wall Street
Stocks climbed last week as investors largely shrugged off the nation's weak first-quarter output as a temporary setback, not a sign of trouble. Whether they're right may become more clear when the May jobs numbers are released Friday. (Get the latest updates here)
What's on tap today
Gallup consumer spending report (8:30 a.m.)
PMI manufacturing index (9:45 a.m.)
Construction spending report (10:00 a.m.)
National Association of Small Disadvantaged Businesses contracting seminar (7:30 a.m.)
ChallengeHER USDA contracting event for women-owned businesses (8:00 a.m.)
Northern Virginia Technology Council's CFO awards gala (6:00 p.m.)
Appointments: A look at some of the area's latest movers and shakers
Help: How to respond to bad publicity and negative reviews (YFS)
Follow: How to evaluate the true potential of your business idea (YEC)
Extra: What the Google searches of the unemployed tell us about the economy. (WP)


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Rhona Engels LCSW, ACSW
Rhona Engels LCSW, ACSW
|Professions: Psychotherapist
|License Status: I'm a licensed professional.
|Primary Credential: LCSW
Billing and Insurance
I don't currently accept insurance, but I can provide documentation if clients wish to submit to an insurance company for "out of network" benefit coverage
See other therapists in New York City, NY.
In my thirty years of practice, I have developed particular expertise in helping people change patterns of feeling, thinking and behaving that prevent them from living more fulfilling lives. In the course of our work together, you will discover what prevents you from getting more of what you want in life. In the process, you will learn to trust your instincts so that you find your own answers, enjoy the pleasure of self acceptance, a wider range of feelings, deeper self awareness, and the empowerment to achieve what you want in work and relationships.
You will be able to count on my sensitivity to your feelings as well as my honesty. I will share with you my thoughts and feelings as I listen. I will help you feel what you are thinking and think about what you are feeling because both are vital for real change. As a result, you can anticipate having an experience that positively changes the way you feel and think about yourself and others.
You can expect me to create an environment that feels welcoming and non-judgmental, so that you feel safe enough to open up. This is important because thoughtful, emotional risk taking is essential for lasting change. From the relationship that develops between us, you will learn a lot about what happens in all your relationships as, together, we forge more of the kind of relationships you want, including with yourself.
Email or Call Rhona Engels LCSW, ACSW at 1-800-651-8085 ext. 14498
More Info About My Practice
I do not participate as an "in network" provider for any insurance company. However, my services are credentialed for out of network benefits. Most insurance companies offer some out of network mental health benefits and I will provide any information and guidance you may need to submit your claims.
When thinking about the fee, you may find it helpful to consider the following:
1. Psychotherapy is a serious investment in yourself, in your work life, personal relationships, and ongoing sense of well being.
2. In general it is to be expected that a more senior, experienced therapist is less likely to be in network or offer a low fee.
During our initial consultation, I will talk with you about your financial considerations and priorities, and what your insurance may cover. In most cases, I find we are able to work together to find a fee that is manageable for you, fair to me, and competitive in the NYC market.
How Psychotherapy Can Help
Talking honestly to a therapist you trust about things you are ashamed of or hate in yourself leads to self acceptance, a greater ability to take responsibility and so feel empowered, and a deeper capacity for good relationships.
My View on the Purpose of Psychotherapy
I value psychotherapy as a form of conversation that helps us find new things about ourselves that we didn't know we could value.
What I Love about Being a Psychotherapist
I get to have intimate conversations with people for whom I come to care about a lot, from whom I learn more about myself, and with whom I often get to share a good laugh.
What I value the most though, comes by way of a story.
Many years ago, while attending the wedding of a former client, her mother introduced herself to me. She wanted to thank me for the help I'd provided her daughter, but also to let me know that the changes her daughter had made had affected the larger family. In fact, she said, she was sure that those changes would make a difference into the next generation, for her still to be born grandchildren and their children. It doesn't get any better than that.
Services I Provide
- Clinical Supervision
- Consultation
- Group Therapy
- Individual Therapy & Counseling
- Marriage, Couples, or Relationship Counseling
- Online Counseling / Phone Therapy
Ages I Work With
- Teens
- Adults
- Elders
- English
Client Concerns I Treat
- Abandonment
- Abuse / Abuse Survivor Issues
- Academic Concerns
- Addictions and Compulsions
- Adjusting to Change / Life Transitions
- Aging and Geriatric Issues
- Anger
- Anxiety
- Attachment Issues
- Bipolar
- Body Image
- Career Choice
- Child and/or Adolescent Issues
- Codependency / Dependency
- Communication Problems
- Compulsive Spending / Shopping
- Control Issues
- Creative Blocks
- Depression
- Dissociation
- Divorce / Divorce Adjustment
- Eating and Food Issues
- Emotional Abuse
- Emotional Intelligence
- Emotional Overwhelm
- Emptiness
- Family of Origin Issues
- Family Problems
- Fear
- Fertility Issues
- Forgiveness
- Gambling Addiction
- Grief, Loss, and Bereavement
- Habits
- Helplessness / Victimhood
- Identity Issues
- Inadequacy
- Individuation
- Infidelity / Affair Recovery
- Internet Addiction
- Irritability
- Isolation
- LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) Issues
- Life Purpose / Meaning / Inner-Guidance
- Men's Issues
- Midlife Crisis / Midlife Transition
- Mood Swings / Mood Disturbance
- Multicultural Concerns
- Obsessions and Compulsions (OCD)
- Parenting
- Post Partum Depression
- Posttraumatic Stress / Trauma
- Pre-Marital Counseling
- Relationships and Marriage
- Religious Issues
- Self-Confidence
- Self-Criticism
- Self-Doubt
- Self-Esteem
- Self-Harm
- Self-Love
- Sensitivity to Criticism
- Sexual Assault / Abuse
- Shame
- Social Anxiety / Phobia
- Spirituality
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- Trust Issues
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Types of Therapy
- Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy
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- Emotion Focused Therapy
- Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy
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- Existential Psychotherapy
- Focusing
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- Person Centered / Rogerian
- Psychodynamic
- Relational Psychotherapy
By using this site, you signify your assent and agreement to the Terms of Service.


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$ 10.00
These transportation themed cupcake toppers will steal the show at your party! They are the perfect compliment to our Things That Go invitation and party decorations. This set includes 12 toppers in 3 designs, all of which are customizable to your needs. Please provide your customization request below.


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Vinyl & Linoleum Flooring
I have over 15 years experience and do great work. Carpet, vinyl, hard woods, floating floors of all kinds. I have affordable rates. Warranty all my work. And will get your work done within a reasonable amount of time. Rates as low as 99 cents a sq ft., and $2.00 a sq ft for ceramic tile.
Please call me.
Elderly get discount. Veterans get discount. Single moms get discount.


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After trading down several times in the first round San Francisco settled on Oklahoma State receiver Rashaun Woods. More productive than any of his collegiate counterparts, Woods combines solid route running and great fundamentals with an uncanny ability to make plays. While his size and speed are most often listed as his faults Woods measured and timed better than most people expected at the combine. Should the 49ers be able to get him the ball Woods he could be the next great receiver for the 49ers. Justin Smiley provides several options along the offensive line. Though he will immediately battle for a starting position Smiley must improve his playing strength to allow his run blocking to catch up to superior pass protection skills. A heady, hard working and intelligent guard, Smiley was a solid value for the 49ers in the second round. Shawntae Spencer gives the 49ers another young talented cornerback to replace Jason Webster. With Ahmed Plummer and Mike Rumph ahead of him on the depth chart, Spencer will fight to earn time as a nickel back. Spencer combines excellent size, good technique and had the benefit of covering Larry Fitzgerald and Antonio Bryant in practice at Pitt. Derrick Hamilton gives the 49ers another young wide receiver to develop. Hamilton is more explosive than any other 49er receiver and if nothing else, he should earn a spot as a return specialist . Isaac Sopoaga is a big bodied defensive tackle that was a great value in the fourth round. He is a thumper that should allow an ageing Bryant Young and a smallish Anthony Adams to be more effective as Sopoaga will occupy multiple blockers up front. Richard Seigler adds another young talented linebacker to the teams roster. Seigler likely projects to the inside where he will backup Jeff Ulbrich and Derrick Smith. Coached by Dennis Erickson in college, he will not see much playing time as a rookie but he should have no problems finding a roster spot. Andy Lee gives the team a punter to develop, something they have not had for many years. Keith Lewis could earn a roster spot based on special teams play but a home on the practice squad is more likely for the hard hitting safety. Cody Pickett has an opportunity to carry the clipboard for a year unless the 49er brass decides to bring in a veteran to mentor Tim Rattay and Ken Dorsey, something quite possible after Rattay's recent injury. Christian Ferrara is a solid blue collar defensive tackle. While he does nothing spectacular yet could earn a roster spot by having a good camp.
With so many needs and a messy salary cap situation San Francisco had little choice but to trade down in the draft, yet they did not sacrifice value and still managed to fill several needs. As many as four choices from this draft could play major roles on offense and defense this season, with several more possibly starting on special teams. San Francisco will likely not be a strong team for a few years but this draft could provide the nucleus that eventually propels the team back into the playoffs.


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Straight facts
Give me the Straight facts.
While the TR process provides great results, not every head of hair is a good candidate for the treatment. All prospective clients are strongly encouraged to schedule a pre-TR consultation to determine the probable results. This should take approximately 30 to 45 minutes. Out-of-town clients need to do communicate to send advance hair snippets and close-up photos so that the stylist can do a preliminary check to determine in advance if they are a good candidate. This prevents everyone from "wasting unnecessary travel, time and money".
Do not have unrealistic expectations that TR would give everyone the straight, silky, wash-and-wear freedom. The TR treatment works best on unprocessed hair with a loose wave/curl pattern that starts two-to-three inches from the scalp. If the curl pattern is twisted, corkscrew-like or overly curly, it will not take well and may not be effective.
Each person who has the treatment will experience different results. Previously colored, highlighted hair may experience problems like, reversion, breakage and dryness, especially if it is bleached or highlighted. Some may complain that their hair feels more like straw than silk. There should be no greater than 20 volume peroxide in the color your stylist uses. Higher peroxide volume is very serious.
The very best candidates have virgin hair that has not ever been colored or processed in any way. Unfortunately most women have some type of chemicals applied to their hair before they decide to opt for the TR system. While some stylists will apply the treatment to fragile or damaged hair, generally it will not respond well to the treatment and the hair may not withstand the chemicals and the excessive heat from the irons.
The ideal candidate has "fairly healthy, chemically virgin hair, that is frizzy, coarse and at least five or six inches long". Great candidates are the type of people who generally have to spend hours blow drying and straightening their hair every day just to get it to look decent. After Thermal Reconditioning this same client will spend less time to blow-dry and style their hair.
Super short hair is generally not a good candidate for TR. The benefits of the treatment will not be as long lasting on short hair as it is for longer hair. Also, it doesn't look good, and you'll be disappointed. Clients with chin length or longer hair will get best long term results. For many people the effects can last up to 6 months depending on the natural wave pattern of their hair. If the texture of your hair is fine and the density is thin, or if you don't like relatively flat, pin straight hair, consider the conventional method; this gives you manageability and volume control.
Not a Cure-All.
Not all hair types can or should receive Thermal Reconditioning, and remember that you will most likely get different results on different types of hair. To be sure, the Japanese method is not a cure-all for all locks of hair from all walks of life. People with highlights, their hair may be too brittle and fragile for the treatment. If the hair is tight-curled and too frizzy, the effect is not as outstanding and the roots have to be retouched much sooner, thus, making it vulnerable for damage. Unfortunately there will probably be people out there who are going to do it for the wrong reasons. It's not worth it.


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yes. It doesn't matter if you're sexually active or not. It all comes down to the bacteria that's in your vagina. The one thing that you should make sure that you do is keep your pH balance under control.
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text: Pinch to zoom Carrot Peeler by TheLittleBoysRoom £12.95$22.73€15.79$17.10 14 customer reviews(14) Favourite Favourite View your favourites quantity personalise & pay PRODUCT DETAILS ask seller a question save for later Say hello to your new best friend - the Karoto! While you're at it, say goodbye to the laborious peeling of vegetables because Karoto is a giant pencil sharpener shaped vegetable peeler with which you can peel carrots, courgettes, parsnips, cucumbers, those long radish things...and other similar shaped vegetables. It also allows you to sharpen and curl ribbons of your chosen veg to decorate and add a bit of fun to your salads and dishes. A great way to show off your incrediable vegetable design skills ! Named Karoto (after the ancient Greek for carrots). Cut your vegetables into different shapes and create different shaped curls and ribbons. You can form them into flowers or use different coloured vegetables to add layers of colour. The side grips make it comfortable to hold. made from: plastic Because of the sharp points, this kitchen tool isn't suitable for children under 9 years. dimensions: Dimensions: 7.8 x 5.5 x 4 cm product code: 227683 CUSTOMER REVIEWS 14 customer reviews see more customer reviews read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor DELIVERY This product is dispatched to you by TheLittleBoysRoom. RETURNS You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. TheLittleBoysRoom's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


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|Phone: (916) 791-2831
|S.S. Snack Shack
|Food and Fun at Folsom Lake...
We are open everyday from 11:00 am to 7:00 pm.
    Enjoy a day outdoors in the warm water at Beal's Point State Recreation Area on Folsom Lake. The perfect place for a picnic, BBQ, water sports, volleyball, bike riding, horseback riding, or just lounging in the sun. Beals Point is about a half-hour drive East of Sacramento on the NorthWest side of Folsom Lake near the town of Folsom.
   Open Everyday 11-7


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According to 24hourhiphop, there's an apparent campaign against Curtis brewing in the coming weeks. This is definitely news to me, but hey, I'm just reporting it. Here's what 24HH says in their rumors section:
"….This one is laughable. I am hearing from my down south connect that several Miami artists are not feeling the way 50 Cent has been destroying their two hometown heroes. Like it or not Rick Ross and DJ Khaled are the biggest stars in Miami at this point and they are the face of that city. Pitbull already made kind of a statement with his track "Defend Dade†featuring none other than DJ Khaled. However I am hearing that the city is getting organized to go on a more full blown attack on Curtis and The Unit.
Word is everybody who's somebody down there is about to start riding on Fif'. Trick, Pitbull, Cool And Dre, and anybody else who has been making noise and has any affiliations with Ross or Khaled, which is basically every artist in the city you've ever heard of or are going to hear from in the next 5 years or so. I am hearing that Ross did not initiate this plan but is riding with it to the fullest of course. From what I am hearing we should be hearing something by next week.
I gotta say if this is true, this is not a good idea. Getting a whole city to go at 1 guy? That makes it look like 50 really is the monster he claims to be if it takes all them to tackle 1 man right? Also besides that, have we not learned from others mistakes? 50 Cent is not the one. He DESTROYS people for fun. Not disses or battle raps, he DESTROYS. Why put yourself in the way of the cannon like that right? There's a lot of talent in Miami and I personally think Ross is one of the best rappers in the game right now so hopefully him and his city can move on and make the right decision…."


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Home > Construction & Real Estate > Heat Insulation Materials > edge straight xps boards
|Product Name:
edge straight xps boards
|Packaging Details:
|Plastic Bag
|Delivery Detail:
|6-8 days
edge straight xps boards
Our Corporation introduces the most advanced automated production lines from Germany. The computer pre-stores thousands of process parameters, equipped with full automatic control of various processes, automatic fault inspections and diagnosis closed recycled material processing system, various plate on-line automatic control and adjustment, the programs above are under network control by three country expert groups, which solves the quality non-stability phenomenon caused excess operators.
Thermal Conductivity W/(m.K)
Minus 20°C: 0.023/ 0°C:0.025/ 10°C:0.027/ 25°C:0.028
Compressive strength (kPa)
Nominal Density (kg/m³)
Fire behavior
Class E
Oxygen Index (%)
Applicable temperature
Minus 20°C-Positive 25°C
Size (mm)
Grooved and Embossed
Insulation & Energy-saving for roof, floor and walls
Ø Able to resist repeated freeze/thaw cycles
Ø High density, tough and durable, not easily damaged
Ø Dimensionally stable, cryogenic secondary foaming
Ø Flame-retarded, light weight, thermal bridge breaker, easy to install
Ø ECO, ODP, GWP: zero Ozone Depletion Potential, low global warming potential, the 1st manufacturer which uses CO2 foaming technology in China, each piece of insulation board dedicates love for global environmental protection causes.
Packing Details: Plastic bag or OEM accepted
According to clients\' requirements
Shipping date: 6-8 days after order confirmation.
Founded in 1993, the corporation is China's earlier enterprise which domestically developed centrifugal glass wool, the development and production of extruded polystyrene insulation board started in 2004. Group corporation was established in 2014. After 20 years development, learning and growth now it is a comprehensive systematic group corporation. Its business involves in real estate, thermal insulation building materials, painting, waterproof, building construction, investment management, the development and manufacturing of environment protection equipment etc. The sales headquarter of the group is on the 16th floor of Xingchuang Building of Daxing District in Beijing. The production bases and subsidiaries spread over Tianjin, Hebei, even overseas, it has positive contribution for China's building material industry.
The annual production capacity of high environment extruded polystyrene insulation board is 800,000 cubic meters at present, it is China' first manufacturer which use CO2 foaming technology in production of extruded insulation board maturely, the annual production capacity of new type EPS molding polystyrene insulation board and product is 600,000 cubic meters, and polyester series products is 300,000 cubic meters, mortar products is 250,000 tons, painting is 2000 tons, waterproof coiled material is 8000,000 square meters and related product scales.
Under the strong support from the Ministry of Environment Protection, the corporation achieves long-term technical communication strategic cooperation relations with Germany GTZ technical corporation company and International Industry Union Organizations in 2009. The corporation was chosen as XPS extruded industry technical innovation pilot enterprise in China by the United Nations environmental protection agency and the Ministry of Environment Protection in 2010. It provides a lot of valuable production technical data and experience for China's future extruded board CO2 technology renovation project, also has great contributions for China's environment protection causes.
Q: Are you a manufacturer of insulation materials?
A: Yes. We are responsible manufacturer of thermal insulation board.
Q: Where are your plants located?
A: We have two plants producing all kinds of insulation materials, one is at Daxing district of Beijing where our headquarters is located, the other is at Jinnan district of Tianjin.
Q: What is the seaport near your plants?
A: The nearest port is Tianjin Port, there are about 50km from the port to our plant in Tianjin.
Q: Besides XPS insulation board, do you have other insulation materials to produce?
A: Yes. As the most professional system solution provider of thermal insulation materials, we don't only produce rigid Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) Insulation Boards, but also manufacture Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Insulation Board, Polyurethane Thermal Insulation Board, Rock Wool and its supporting auxiliary materials i.e. Polymeric Mortar, Pastering Mortar, Interface Agent, Alkali-resistance Gridding Fabric, Anchoring Nails etc.
Q: What is annual production capacity of your main products?
A: XPS Board—800, 000 Cubic Meters
EPS Board—600, 000 Cubic Meters
PUR Board—300, 000 Cubic Meters
Polymeric Mortar—250, 000 Tons
Waterproof Coiled Material—8, 000, 000 Square Meters
Paint—2, 000 Tons
Q: Do you have your own brands? And what are they.
A: Yes. We have 4 brands for our products at present, i.e. "SUPERHOT", "KINGLISH", "SOHOT", "BEIPENG SHOUHAO"
Q: Is sample available for testing?
A: Yes. The sample is free.


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In times of crisis, OneOC and our Emergency Volunteer Center is your partner to volunteer.
The OneOC Emergency Volunteer Center is a program that supports emergency response officials throughout Orange County by engaging and safely deploying spontaneous volunteers to respond to critical needs and/or long term recovery.
The devastating nature of disasters finds us at our most compassionate and spontaneous as we look for ways to be involved in disaster response and recovery.
Orange County residents have always been moved to support their local communities in times of need, even showing up on the front lines or in places where victims are being treated – which can be ineffective and dangerous at times.
Click here to become a part of our Disaster Response Team
From earthquakes & tornadoes, to wildfires & floods, disasters can strike anywhere, at any time. Big or small, when disaster hits, will our community be ready? History has shown that thousands of people will come forward and want to help when disaster hits. But rarely do we think about who directs and manages these volunteers.
Watch this informational webinar to learn how you can help when disaster strikes Orange County.
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Take Our Survey!
OneOC offers a series of trainings for our Disaster Cadre members to learn how to operate our Emergency Volunteer Center in times of disaster.
Click here to sign up for the 2017 Disaster Cadre Trainings
Available dates include:
- Thursday, March 16, 2017 EVC 101 (Interviewer I)
- Thursday, April 20, 2017 EVC Activation (Disaster Preparedness Month)
- Thursday, August 17, 2017 EVC 201 (Interviewer II)
- Thursday, September 7, 2017 EVC Activation (9/11 Day of Service & Safety Month)
- Sign up with AlertOC, a mass notification system designed to keep Orange County residents and businesses informed of emergencies and certain community events. By registering with AlertOC, time-sensitive voice messages from the County or City in which you live or work may be sent to your home, cell or business phone. Text messages may also be sent to cell phones, email accounts and hearing impaired receiving devices
- Visit ReadyOC!, a site that provides residents with preparedness kits, plans and information on earthquakes, wildfires, terrorism and more
- Download CaliforniaVolunteers Disaster Supplies Checklist
Questions? Contact [email protected].


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Rupee Rebounds From 3-Week Low as Share Sale Seen Drawing FundsBy
The rupee rebounded from a three-week low on speculation an initial share sale by India's biggest private-sector life insurer attracted inflows.
The 60.6-billion rupee ($905 million) initial public offering by ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. drew orders of more than 6.5 times the amount of stock for sale, data from the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. showed Wednesday afternoon. That helped the rupee overcome the weakness seen earlier in the day, according to Dhanlaxmi Bank Ltd.
The local currency ended little changed at 67.0225 per dollar in Mumbai, after weakening earlier to 67.1350, the lowest level since Aug. 29, prices from local banks compiled by Bloomberg show. The early declines were caused by a pickup in the government's dollar purchases, traders said.
"The rupee cut losses on account of the potential inflows from the ongoing share sale," said Arnab Sardar, a currency trader at Dhanlaxmi Bank in Mumbai.
Sovereign bonds rose, with the yield on notes maturing in September 2026 falling four basis points, the most in two weeks, to 6.85 percent, according to prices from the central bank's trading system.


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Fertilizers Importers
Directory of Fertilizers Importers provides list of fertilizers buyers, purchasers and buying agents looking to source fertilizers from global suppliers.
Don't know your target market? Wanted to market your Fertilizers products globally? Join TradeFord.com to list your products online for Free and reach thousands of global buyers and importers.
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TradeFord.com is a growing Manufacturer Directory and B2B Marketplace connecting Global Fertilizers Importers, Exporters, Suppliers, Traders and Manufacturers at a reliable, common platform.
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Fauji Fertilizer Company Mirpur Mathelo
Fauji Fertilizer Company Mirpur Mathelo distric Ghotki Sindh Local Procurement Section Material Unit Mirpur Mathelo
Wilshire Pesticides & Fertilizers Pvt Ltd
we are a private limited company operating from india. we are seeking supplier for fertilizers & bio pesticides.
Nanyang Phosphorus Fertilizers Sdn Bhd
nanyang phosphorus fertilizers sdn bhd address : No 176 1st Floor Jalan Dato Bandar Tunggal 7000 Seremban Negeri Sembilan Tel : 06-7612886 / 7613886 Fax : 06-7618886 Person Incharge : Norman S S Vong
MS Fertilizer Ltd.
MS fertilizer limited. specializes in agricultural plantations and innovating best combination of fertilizer for the agricultural industry
Kalsul Fertilizers
Importers of Fertilizers, Chemicals Npk Urea, Rock Phosphates, Organic Chlorine Pump Filter, Urea, Ammonia, Nitrate, Sulphate, Beef, Cheese, Lamb, Halal Chicken, Chemical Supplies. Please contact us.
Fauji Fertilizer Company
Fauji Fertilizer Company
Al- Fatah Fertilizers
Al-Fatah Fertilizers deals in fertilizers and chemical products. We import products from chine and export to different countries.
Fatima Fertilizer Ltd.
Fatima Fertilizer Ltd. Mukhtar Ghar. Sadiq Abad, Basically its Chemical industry, our products are Urea Ammonia NA NP CAN.
Advanced Fertility And Genetics Center
advanced fertility and genetics center , is a specialized in IVF was established 2001 the first one in Oman, managed by Jordanian dr. and staff best regards
trading in fertilizer since 20 years .also in organic manure made of banana plant zinc sulphate gujarat chemicals and fertilizer trading company baroda
Union Fertilizer
union fertilizer importer and buyer of boric acid fertilizer from u s a new d o h s mohakhali dhaka Bagladesh road 8 house 7 tel 88018192043
Recicaucho Grupo S.A
Dear sir,We Recicaucho Grupo SA have the pleasure and privilege to introduce ourselves as importers of honey,t.shirts,fertilizer,nuts,foods,garments,safety vest,olive oil,coconut oil,guar gum powder,body cream,disposable razo...
April Morning Trade
Dear Sir, April Morning Trade is an importers of Olive oil,Honey,Fertilizer,T.Shirts,Disposable Razor,Ladies underwear,Safety shoes,Examination gloves,Face masks,Body Cream,Spices,Foods,Starch,Guar Gum powder,Arabic gum,Mine...
Ha Tifila Ent
MANUFACTURER/SELLER of organic based foliar fertilizer
Value Line Consultants
Dear Sir, We are importer of your products BATTERY KNAPSACK SPRAYER,Fertilizer,Guar Gum powder,Toys,T.Shirts,3-1 Coffee Mix,Led Energy Bulb,School Bags,Olive oil,Gloves,3ply Ear Loop Face Mask,Garments,Ladies Under Wears,Wat...
Vasectomy Reversal & Fertility Clinic Center Dr Kirk Lo
Description: Dr. Kirk C. Lo is a Board Certified Urologist, an Associate Professor at the University of Toronto. He is fellowship-trained in microsurgeon and his clinical focus is microsurgical vasectomy reversal and male i...
Overseas Consolidated
We are en Export-Import Agency deals in MINERALS a nd Fertilizer
Obar Agro Products Pvt. Ltd
Obar Agro Products Pvt. Ltd is a limited labiality Limited Company managed by a group of proficiently efficient and experiences people. The mail business is import fertilizers such as DAP 18-46-0-0 Fertilizer Grade, MOP, MA...
Agrosoyl LLC
The company is a supplier of fertilizers and animal food additives to agricultural companies in Russia and Ukraine.
Foliar Fertilizer One of the largest foliar fertilizer manucafture in Brazil. Durante todas as etapas do desenvolvimento das culturas a Forquímica está presente, fornecendo ao agricultor todo o suporte necessário para qu...
United States organic fertilizer broker seeks Indonesian suppliers of kelp meal, kelp extracts, fish bone meal, crab meal, bat guano, humic acid extracts, blood meal, phosphorus extracts, potassium extracts, molasses extracts...
A leading ×Company specializing in chemicals, fertilizers, industrial / medical gases and household pesticides.
Prozyme Bio Industry Sdn Bhd
Prozyme Bio Industry Sdn Bhd, will in the agriculture base industry, we are in the Bio fermentation technology ,we manufacture organic fertilizer and 24 hour fermentation technology
Trade Point Inter Limited
Dear Sir, We are interested to buy the following products. Kindly contact us today with your offers. ITEMS: FERTILIZER, INSECTICIDE, T-SHIRT, GIRLS DRESS Thanks
FFC is a manufacturing and marketing concern. We manufacture urea and fertilizer and sell it all across Pakistan. We have thousands of warehouses and dealers throughout the country and we deliver the best for the prosperity o...
SRJ Global Enterprises
SRJ Global Enterprises is an international supplier; engaged in organic farming, manufacturing and trading of Bio Fertilizer, Processed food, Essential Oils and Agricultural products. We are well known for the best quality pr...
Moisbribge Farmers Union
farmers fertilizer stockist , we specialize in different types of fertilizer. farms within northrift and western kenya region have been have severe zinc sulphate deficiency and we teach farmers on the importance of the nutri...
Orient International Company
We are a reputable importer of FOODS / BEVERAGES, COSMETICS, FERTILIZERS, CHEMICAL, INSECTICIDES, PHARMACEUTICALS. Let the interested exporters / manufacturers contact us direct with their quotation
Jaswood Company (Nig.) Ltd
We import and export Rice, sugar, Fertilizer, beverages, can food,detergent, building materials, condensed farm milk, etc


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In my department:
* Understanding and supportive managers, respecting your intelligence and new ideas
* Smart co-workers always open to help you out
* Job could become a routine
Since 1825 we've been dedicated to making sure everything we do helps our customers save and invest for the future, you can find out more about the services we provide at http://www.standardlife.co.uk
Check out what Andy Murray got up to when he visited our Edinburgh office! #withAndy
3 salaries reported
$43,201 per year
At Standard Life we all have a part to play and a story to contribute to. It's a story of helping to build a more prosperous world and that includes yours. We believe in integrity, innovation and ambition. Our ethos is uncompromising – we do the right thing for our customers and clients. It's in our DNA. Working together for the right reasons we can – more... achieve great things; for you, for our customers, for the business, and for society as a whole. – less


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Butler Hors D'Oeuvres Brigadier Hammered Stainless Steel Serving Tray
$ 169.00
This elegant hammered finished stainless steel serving tray with leather handles is the perfect way to bring a classical element to your next dinner or cocktail party. Perfect for an artful buffet display. When not in use make a decorative statement on your sideboard, hutch, or console table.
- Finish: Hors D'oeuvres
- Collection: Hors D'oeuvres
- Materials: Stainless Steel
- Style: Transitional
- Color: Silver
- Shape: Round
- Dimensions: 21" w x 23" d x 8.5" h
- Weight: 8 pounds
- Cubes: 3.12


text: China's leading life insurance company China Life Insurance ( LFC) announced it will be introducing its first investment-linked insurance policy pegged to the domestic capital market. The new policy will focus on investing in Chinese blue-chip stocks, especially financial stocks and new offerings. Shares of China Life surged higher by 10% to $63.92 on over 3 times the average daily volume. Yucheng Technologies ( YTEC), a leading provider of IT solutions and services to China's banking sector, announced it has inked an agreement with the Beijing Branch of the Bank of Communications to provide outsourced point-of-sale merchant-acquiring services that will target merchants for credit and debit card processing services. Shares of Yucheng finished higher by 1.6% at $15.63. Some big winners among Chinese ADRs Wednesday were China Finance Online ( JRJC), which rose 16% to $17.29; Huaneng Power International ( HNP), which surged higher by 15% to $30.25; Aluminum Corp. of China ( ACH), which advanced by 11.3% to $43.75; and China Southern Airlines ( ZNH), which traded up 11% to $33.50. Be sure to check out the Far East Portfolio at Stockpickr.com every night to find out which stocks in India and China are making big moves and announcing major news. For more on Asia, check out Daniel Harrison's coverage at TheStreet.com.