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Puerto Rican Immigrants: A Resource Guide for Teachers and Students
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1 Puerto Rican Immigrants: A Resource Guide for Teachers and Students Created by: Warren Stevenson Joshua Romano Kaitlin Quinn-Stearns Thomas Kennedy Summer 2009: TAH Program Immigration and the American Identity, Dr. Laura Baker
2 Narrative Overview: Puerto Rican Immigrants Puerto Ricans hold a unique place in the American immigration story. Technically Puerto Ricans do not match the definition of an immigrant a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence. Since 1917, Puerto Ricans have been recognized as US citizens. A person moving from Puerto Rico to New York should be no more considered an immigrant than a person moving from Massachusetts to Texas. However, the Puerto Rican experience in America has been an immigrant experience. The reason for this is two-fold: language and color. According to Paul Spickard, a prominent historian and advocate of a new paradigm for understanding US Immigration history, there is a fundamental difference between the experiences of peoples of color and those of White immigrants. He continues, The assimilation model does not work for people of color. No amount of wishing will make it so. 1 Following the Spanish-American war there was much debate within the United States regarding its newly acquired territories from Spain. Cuba and Puerto Rico were relatively close to the United States and economic interests led some in the United States to advocate for Cuban and Puerto Rican statehood. However, there was a fear of incorporating the predominantly Spanish speaking islands into the union. In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act which cemented Puerto Rico s territorial status. It declared that Puerto Ricans were citizens of Puerto Rico, but not of the United States, and yet Congress maintained veto power over Puerto Rico s laws and the President would appoint its governor and Supreme Court. In 1917 Puerto Ricans gained US citizenship. In 1 Paul Spickard, Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History and Identity (New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2007), 14.
3 1952 Puerto Rico gained the right to self-government and entered into a unique relationship with the United States as a commonwealth. As US citizens, Puerto Ricans are free to come and go to the continental United States without any restrictions; this is one element of the Puerto Rican migration experience that is very different than the rest of the Latin American experience. Puerto Rican migrant history follows the International Labor Migration model advocated by Edna Bonacich and Lucie Cheng. Bonacich and Cheng argue that mature capitalist economies seek cheap labor. They also argue that economic forces link the sending places and the receiving places. 2 Initially, Puerto Ricans followed the agricultural labor path to the United States. However, following World War II, Puerto Rican migration was mostly to urban centers as laborers in factories. Puerto Rican migration redefined the demographics of America s urban centers. Paul Spickard states, New colonias were built, as East Harlem became Spanish Harlem and the South Bronx became home to tens of thousands of Puerto Ricans. The same was true for depressed pockets of northern New Jersey, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, Philadelphia, and other urban centers. 3 The proximity of Puerto Rico to the United States, US citizenship for Puerto Ricans, cheap air travel, and more recently the world wide web has led to Puerto Ricans maintaining an unusual tightness to their ancestral homeland. 4 This is a distinct feature of Puerto Rican, and Caribbean migration in general, to the US. Puerto Rico s political status within the union is an important issue to both Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico and 2 Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., 309.
4 those in the continental United States. Under the current status as a commonwealth of the United States Puerto Ricans are US citizens, vote for their own local government, serve in the US military, do not pay federal income taxes, but do pay federal social security and Medicare taxes. The US Congress still holds jurisdiction over Puerto Rico, but Puerto Rico has no voting representatives in Congress and thus, no means to vote for President of the United States. Currently, Puerto Rico s Governor supports maintaining commonwealth status while the legislature is dominated by supporters of statehood. Nineteen-ninety-eight saw the most recent plebiscite held on the status of Puerto Rico. The results were as follows: Number of Votes Results by Percent None of the Above [Option 5] 787, % Statehood [Option 3] 727, % Sovereignty [Option 4] 39, % Free Association [Option 2] 4, % Limited self-government % Total 1,561, % turnout Sovereignty offered independence; Free Association offered a path towards sovereignty, but would have retained close ties to the United States in economic and defense matters; Statehood advocated for Puerto Rico to become the 51 st state; and Limited Self-government would have been a vote to remain a commonwealth. However, supporters of the commonwealth option noted that the Limited self-government option did not guarantee the retention of citizenship rights and urged supporters to vote none of the above. 5 In the two previous plebiscites (1993 and 1967) the commonwealth option won, statehood came in second, and independence came in third. 5 D Angelo Gore, FactCheck.org, 14 May 2008, <http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/why_does_puerto_rico_participate_in_the.html>
5 The Puerto Rican experience in the United States has been an immigrant experience. Push and pull economic factors brought Puerto Ricans from their island commonwealth to the mainland United States. There, they have encountered the prejudices based on color and language. At the same time, many Puerto Rican migrants maintain close ties to their homeland, sending money home, and often making return visits. Though US citizens since 1917, Puerto Ricans are viewed as part of the panethnic group, Latinos, and thus, with darker skin and the Spanish language, separate from the normative America.
6 Puerto Rican Immigrants: Key Questions to Consider How does race affect the relationship between Puerto Ricans and typical white Americans? Because of dual citizenship and the parental relationship of the United States to Puerto Rico, to which country do Puerto Ricans identify more with? If Puerto Rico, is that only the case with those born and raised in Puerto Rico, or those born in the US as well? To what extent does the United States control the government, economy, and social-cultural development of Puerto Rico? In what ways are Puerto Ricans used for economic exploitation by the United States? Is there a benefit to this or does it have a negative impact on Puerto Ricans and their relationship with the United States? Are Puerto Ricans considered true Americans, or are they immigrants? What factors are used to determine the answer to this question? What limitations exist for Puerto Ricans in the United States, if any, despite being considered American citizens? To what extent does race play a role in the decision to keep Puerto Rico simply a territory, rather than grant it statehood? Why do the Puerto Rican people continue to vote against independence from the United States? Puerto Rican Immigration Lesson Plan Ideas 1. Debate on Puerto Rican independence. Students can work in groups or independently reading one of the two articles for or against Puerto Rican independence. A. Pro Independence (from the Puerto Rican Independence Party website): B. Anti-Independence (from the New Progressive Party on PuertoRicoUSA.com, a pro-statehood website) After reading the articles and working in groups to review and organize the material, students will debate the issue of Puerto Rican statehood versus independence versus maintaining the status quo of commonwealth status.
7 2. Research or Timeline Students will research the following significant events or aspects of Puerto Rican culture and history and complete presentations for the class.: Operation Bootstrap Holidays (i.e. Three King s Day, Discovery Day, Emancipation Day) Foraker Act Jones Act 3. Debate on bilingual education. Students will research into and support either the melting pot idea of education for non-english speakers (immersion programs) versus the salad bowl approach of being taught in their native language while learning English. A. Overview article: or B. The English-First website C. Bilingual support: 4. Esmeralda Santiago, When I Was Puerto Rican When I Was Puerto Rican is the memoir of Esmeralda Santiago, a Puerto Rican actress and author, describing her experiences as a migrant from Puerto Rico and her childhood in New York City. A. The Immigrant Experience and School (pp ) This excerpt describes Esmeralda and her mother Mami attempting to register Esmeralda for the eighth grade. The principal wants to place Esmeralda in the seventh grade until she speaks English better. Esmeralda argues that she was an A student in Puerto Rico and convinces the principal to allow her to enter eighth grade. But Esmeralda soon learns she has been placed the lowest ability group in the eighth grade. Guiding questions: 1. Is coming to the United States of America good for the immigrant? 2. What are the rights of non-citizen immigrants? 3. How are recent immigrants received by more established immigrant groups? 4. How are newly-arrived Puerto Ricans received by Puerto Rican Americans born in the US to Puerto Rican parents? What accounts for the tension between these groups?
8 5. How are your experiences similar to/different from those of an immigrant? To what extent does an immigrant s treatment depend upon his/her country of origin? B. Immigrants and Work (pp ) In this excerpt Esmeralda s mother, Mami, finds a job as a thread cutter in a factory. Guiding questions: 1. Do immigrants benefit economically by coming to the US? 2. What is the correlation between hard work and getting ahead? Is it the same for native-born Americans and for immigrants? Explain. 3. How do Mami s experiences compare with the workers in the Lowell factories in the 19 th century? (modified from lessons on m) Timeline of Puerto Rican migration to the United States : Spanish colonize the island, beginning with the voyages of Columbus and set up a colonial government. In 1873, the Spanish monarchy is replaced by a republican form of government and slavery was abolished on Puerto Rico. In November 1897, Spain approves the Autonomic Charter (Carta Autonomica) and cedes political control to the island government. Puerto Rico retains its representation in the Spanish Cortes and sets up its own bicameral legislature. 1898: February 9, new government officially takes control of Puerto Rico. March 10, two members of the Puerto Rican Cuban Revolution Party correspond with US President McKinley in the hopes that the US will include Puerto Rico in whatever it does with Cuba. They give the US information on Spanish military presence on the island. April 25, US and Spain formally declare war. July 26, US gains Military control of the island. France contacts McKinley administration to begin discussions toward peace. August 12, McKinley and French Ambassador Cambon sign armistice requiring Spain relinquish control of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the US.
9 1899: February 6, US ratifies the Treaty of Paris which granted Cuba its independence, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the US and allowed the US to purchase the Philippians for $20,000, : April 12, US Congress passes the Foraker Act, which established a Puerto Rican civilian government under the control of the United States. It allowed for representative government on the island, but did not allow a vote at the Federal level. May 1, US civilian government of Puerto Rico takes over 1901: Hollander Law was approved, granting Puerto Rico a Resident Commissioner in Washington. 1904: Puerto Rican Unionist Party is established as a resistance movement to US colonial rule under the Foraker Act. 1906: November 6, all males 21 and older are granted the right to vote. Unionist Party wins election in Legislative Assembly and sent an islander to Washington as Resident Commissioner. 1912: First Puerto Rican Independence Party is formed. 1917: March 2, President Wilson signs the Jones Act granting statutory US Citizenship (Congress can revoke) to Puerto Ricans. The Foraker Act remained in effect for the purpose of governing the island. The Jones Act also made Puerto Rico a territory of the United States, created a bill of rights, stated that elections would be held every four years and made English the official language of Puerto Rico. May, President Wilson signs legislation drafting 20,000 Puerto Ricans into US Military service 1921: June 3, Johnson Act is passed establishing immigration quotas for Europeans coming to the United States. This created more job opportunities for Puerto Ricans who chose to migrate to the United States.
10 1922: US Supreme Court case Balzac v Puerto Rico (258 US 308) declares that Puerto Rico was not part of the union, thus the US Constitution does not apply in Puerto Rico. 1929: Stock Market Crash and Great Depression are devastating to the island. Many farmers were foreclosed upon, banks failed and there was far-reaching hunger and unemployment. Many Puerto Ricans moved to the United States as a result. 1940: US Nationality Act is passed and ratified by the Nationality Law of 1952 stating that all persons born in Puerto Rico after 1952 are US Citizens and are protected by the US Constitution. 1942: Hiram Bithorn becomes first Puerto Rican to play Major League Baseball (Chicago Cubs) 1943: Senator Tydings introduces a bill calling for Puerto Rican independence, Congress defeats this bill 1945: First mass migration of Puerto Ricans to United States searching for jobs and better economic situations. 1947: August 5, President Truman signs the Elective Governors Act allowing Puerto Rico to elect their own governors. 1948: Puerto Rico sends its first Olympic delegation to the London games and boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas wins the island s first medal (Bronze). November 2, first popular election for Governor is held Luis Munoz Marin wins. 1950: July 4, President Truman signs Public Act 600, which allowed Puerto Ricans to draft their own constitution and changed its status from protectorate to commonwealth. November 1, two Puerto Rican nationalists from New York attempt to assassinate President Truman. 1951: July 4, the 600 Law takes effect and Puerto Ricans can begin to draft their constitution
11 1952: March 3, Puerto Rican flag is officially adopted, based on design created by those seeking independence in July 25, new Constitution takes effect and Puerto Rico officially becomes a Commonwealth. 1953: Largest migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States 69,124 emigrated to the mainland (mostly New York, New Jersey and Florida) November 27, United Nations stops listing Puerto Rico as a colony 1967: July 23, election on political status of Puerto Rico is held o Commonwealth 60% o Statehood 39% o Independence 1% 1989: Native Puerto Rican Antonia Novello is appointed as Surgeon General of the United States by Present George HW Bush. 1993: Election held and Puerto Ricans choose to maintain Commonwealth Status o Commonwealth 48.6% o Statehood 46.3% o Independence 4.4% o Nulls 0.7% 1996: July 25, US Government recognized Puerto Rican Citizenship, which denotes residency more than anything else. Puerto Rican citizens are those US Citizens who reside in Puerto Rico. Juan Mari Bras renounced his US citizenship and retained only his Puerto Rican citizenship, making him the world s only Puerto Rican citizen. 1998: December 13, non-binding referendum offered Puerto Ricans the following choices (with results) o Commonwealth 0.06% o Free Association with the US 0.29% o Statehood 46.49% o Independence 2.54% o None of the Above 50.30% 2006: May, schools and government offices are forced to shut down for two weeks due to huge fiscal crisis.
12 November 15, Taxpayer Justice Act amended Puerto Rican tax code in order to combat fiscal crisis by creating a sales tax. 2007: February 7, Puerto Rico Democracy Act filed in Congress, would provide for a referendum on Puerto Rico s status to be help by December 31, Puerto Ricans would have the option to choose either remaining a commonwealth or becoming something else. If the latter option were to be chosen, another vote would be held by December 31, This bill was never voted on. 2009: May 19, Pedro Pierluisi (D-PR) introduced the Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2009 (HR 2499), which would again give Puerto Ricans a choice on whether to remain a Commonwealth or to choose something else (statehood, independence, etc). This bill is still in committee. Timeline Bibliography "Chronology of Puerto Rico." February 13, 1998.http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html (accessed 7/13/09). "History of Puerto Rico." May 1, 2008.http://welcome.topuertorico.org/history.shtml (accessed July 13, 2009). "Puerto Rico Democracy Act." July 10, 2009.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Democracy_Act (accessed 7/13/09). ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayala, Cesar J, and Rafael Bernabe. Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History since University of North Carolina Press, This book offers the reader a comprehensive look at the history of Puerto Rico since the beginning of US rule in The authors look at the ways in which Puerto Ricans cope with daily life and how the lives of those who live there have been affected by the US control. Puerto Ricans consider themselves to be a distinct group of people, yet they have US citizenship but they are unable to participate in Presidential elections. This is the conundrum that Puerto Ricans find themselves in, the land that they live on is not independent, but it also is not part of the United States. This is an excellent book for a study of Puerto Rican migration to the United States because of the fact that it covers the entire history of the island from the time the
13 US gained control. Each of the great migration periods are studied from the point of view of those who lived on the island and moved to the United States searching for a better life. Santiago, Esmeralda. When I Was Puerto Rican. New York: Vintage Books, An autobiographical look at one woman s rise from rural Puerto Rico to graduating with honors from Harvard University. Esmeralda Santiago details her life growing up in Puerto Rico, her childhood scarred by the constant battles of her parents, not to mention the constant chaos that comes with being one of eight children. She talks of learning the things that young Puerto Ricans learn and then of being torn away from the only home she has ever known to move to New York. It is an excellent example of how an immigrant/migrant overcomes the adversity of moving to a new place and having to learn an entirely new language in order to be successful there. Source: Report by the President s Task Force on Puerto Rico s Status Date: December 2007 In 2000 President Clinton established the Puerto Rico Task Force. One of the main goals of the Task Force is to establish options for Congress to extend to Puerto Rico to allow Puerto Rico to determine its own fate. Puerto Rico has held three previous plebiscites on its own fate, but none were ever sanctioned by the US Congress and there was no guarantee that Congress would honor the Puerto Ricans choice. The most interesting part of the Report is the legal analysis of Puerto Rico s options. The Report finds that the statehood, independence, and status quo options are all constitutional. However, the enhanced commonwealth option which could lead to Puerto Rico remaining a commonwealth, but not under US Congressional authority would violate the US Constitution. Source: ProQuest Historical Newspapers New York Times Database This is a fantastic research tool for any study on Puerto Rico-United States relationship since I searched for Puerto Rico Statehood and limited the date field to A cursory reading of articles that came up with the search included the following headlines: EXPANSION CALLED AN EVIL; Eloquent Argument Against Annexation of Islands by Moorefield Storey. FOREIGN POLICY CONFERENCE Speaker Says Disregard of Our Principles in the Acquisition of Hawaii Will Yet Plague Us Sorely -- Other Addresses. What Shall Be Our Colonial Policy?
14 CONVENTION IN PUERTO RICO.; Municipal Representatives Desire Statehood in the American Union -- Favor Restricted Suffrage. Source: The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History. Kal Wagenheim, ed. New Jersey: Markus Weiner Publications, This book tells the story of the history of Puerto Rico through documents from the discovery of Puerto Rico by Columbus through modern issues regarding the political status of Puerto Rico. In particular, the book has a series of chapters dealing with American imperialism/colonialism and Porto Rico, as the spelling was used for much of American history. Source: Puerto Rican s History and Promise: Americans Who Cannot Vote. Jim Stafford. Mason Crest Publishers, This book details the culture of Puerto Rico and the contributions prominent Puerto Ricans have made in the United States, such as Roberto Clemente. The history, art, and language (the aspects of multi-lingualism among Puerto Ricans, including a section on the Spanglish many Puerto Ricans in the United States use) are among the topics explored. King, George G.. Letters of a Volunteer in the Spanish American War. Chicago: Hawkins & Loomis, A collection of letters written by King, himself, about his service during the Spanish- American War. This could serve as both a secondary source, as well as primary, because it is a collection of first hand accounts. Provides students with a soldier s point of view of the war, and allows them insight into a soldier s experience. Available in both book form or electronically, and can be accessed at the website referenced above: Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age. Stavans, Ilan. Latino USA: A Cartoon History. New York: Basic Books, This resource provides a unique perspective on Latino relationships with the United States, portrayed through a graphic novel. It is a helpful source because it challenges the typical textbook perspective of Latino relations, and allows students to explore different perspectives, as well as a different way to interpret and present history.
15 ANNOTATED PRIMARY SOURCES Roosevelt, Franklin D. Letter on Self-Government of Puerto Rico August 29, 1944 Roosevelt s letter to Judge Bell of the House Committee on Insular Affairs outlining the President s feeling that Puerto Rico is ready to take on a greater role in its own government, and urging the House to pass the legislation that would allow for this to take place. Source: Judge Sonia Sotomayor's 2001 address to the 'Raising the Bar' symposium at the UC Berkeley School of Law Date: Oct. 26, 2001 This speech comes from the UC Berkeley School of Law symposium titled "Raising the Bar: Latino and Latina Presence in the Judiciary and the Struggle for Representation." Since Sonia Sotomayor s nomination to the Supreme Court this speech has received significant attention in the media for the remark, I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn't lived that life. As inferred in the symposium name, a significant portion of Judge Sotomayor s speech was based on her experience of living in the United States as a Latino, and more specifically as a Puerto Rican American. This is an important source for students to read. It not only provides insight into the thinking of a potential Supreme Court judge, but also can lead to discussion of minority identity in the United States. Source: AmeRican by Tato Laviera Date: 1985 Tato Laviera was born in Puerto Rico in 1951 and moved to New York in AmeRican is a fascinating poem concentrating on both Laviera s pride in his Puerto Rico ethnicity and his analysis of Puerto Rican integration in the continental United States. With lines like, AmeRican, defining myself my own way and AmeRican, integrating in New York and defining our own destino Laviera is focusing on the sociological affect of growing up in a minority group. Another important focus of the poem is the combination of the Spanish and English terms. This poem is an important analysis of the modern Puerto Rican experience in the United States.
16 "Political cartoon portraying Sotomayor as a piñata is insensitive but deserves no rash judgments." June 3, 2009.http://www.latinalista.net/palabrafinal/2009/06/political_cartoon_portraying_sotom ayor_a.html (accessed July 14, 2009). The above cartoon originally appeared in the Oklahoman on June 3, It portrays a view of Supreme Court Nominee Sonia Sotomayor as a piñata for the Republicans in Congress to take their hacks at during her upcoming confirmation hearings. It shows Congressional Republicans being placed in an awkward situation, if they do not confirm her, they will be seen as anti-hispanic, but if they do they may be going against what they believe about who is (or is not) a good fit for the Supreme Court. This could make for a great discussion in class about whether President Obama truly feels she is the best choice for the court or whether it is a savvy political move to further isolate Republicans. Source: Website: American Propaganda: Controlling Public Opinion in Puerto Rico John Rivera-Resto, 2001 at This website provides multiple political cartoons exploring the Puerto Rican relationship with the United States. Some of the examples include the issue of bilingual education and whether or not Puerto Rico should become independent, remain a territory or become a state. King, George G.. Letters of a Volunteer in the Spanish American War. Chicago: Hawkins & Loomis, A collection of letters written by King, himself, about his service during the Spanish- American War. This could serve as both a secondary source, as well as primary, because it is a collection of first hand accounts. Provides students with a soldier s point of view of the war, and allows them insight into a soldier s experience. Available in both book
17 form or electronically, and can be accessed at the website referenced above: Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age. Annotated Websites "History of Puerto Rico." May 1, 2008.http://welcome.topuertorico.org/history.shtml (accessed July 13, 2009). This website offers an in-depth timeline of Puerto Rican history going back to pre-columbian times and ending in There are frequent mentions of migration periods of Puerto Ricans to the United States and also discussion of events of historic significance to Puerto Rico, the US and the world. It is very easy to navigate and a good source to use in the classroom. Korrol, Virginia Sanchez. " Bridging the Caribbean: Puerto Rican Roots in Nineteenth Century America." March 2005.http://www.historynow.org/03_2005/historian4.html (accessed July 14, 2009). This article discusses the impact of Puerto Ricans on American Immigrant history, and also the fact that this is a group of people who are left out of the immigrant discussion in the United States because of the fact that Puerto Ricans are technically nonimmigrants. This website could be used for an entire class in studying immigration from Latin America. Puerto Rico is one of the options on the website. The Puerto Rico link focuses on modern times with the majority of articles dating from 2000 to the present. However, the images are primary source documents that range from This website would be very interesting for students because it is an online newspaper edited with Puerto Rican perspectives. This would differ from mainstream US papers. The site appears to have a bias towards statehood. There is a poll on their front page showing that a majority of Puerto Ricans in both Puerto Rico and the United States favor statehood. Also, they have a link on their front page that dates from 2007 entitled, STATEHOOD: Is NOW the best chance? Students could read the articles on this website and then find a website from a Puerto Rican newspaper that favors independence and compare the way information is presented by both newspapers. Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age:
18 This website provides a collection of resources on Puerto Rico, including its colonization by the Spanish and the Spanish-American war. Resources provided include primary and secondary sources, dated from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s. The World of 1898: The Spanish American War This website secondary sources on the Spanish American War, including maps, timelines, and biographies. It also contains information and resources on the following areas that the United States had an imperialist influence on in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries: Cuba, Guam, Philippines, Spain, and the United States. Sources are provided in several translations, which is helpful for those teaching bilingual students or English language learners.
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Former Montana House member Daniel Kennedy of Laurel has agreed to pay a $19,599 fine for accepting illegal campaign contributions during the Republican primary in 2010. In a settlement reached last Thursday and posted Tuesday on the Montana commissioner of political practices' website, Kennedy said "I did not know at the time but now understand" that the package of campaign services he received came from the National Right to Work organization. (more…) Continue Reading →
Art Wittich
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Filed under: Opinion, Art Wittich, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Gene Jarussi, John Heenan, Jonathan Motl, Kimberly Reed, Protect America's Consumers
Questions raised over access dispute involving Gianforte
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Jury says Wittich broke campaign-finance laws
HELENA — It took a jury of six men and six women four hours Friday to find that Bozeman Republican lawmaker Art Wittich illegally coordinated with non-profit third-party political groups during his 2010 primary election campaign. (more…) Continue Reading →
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Wittich testifies for first time in political corruption trial
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subset: commoncrawl


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Meaning and Origin of: Budd
Search for Names & Meanings Top 100 Names for Boys Top 100 Names for Girls Last Name History & Meaning Name Popularity Tracker Celebrity Names Search for Names by Trait Browse First Names A-Z Browse Last Names A-Z Browse First Names by Origin Browse Last Names by Origin Baby Name Lists How to Choose a Name
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Boy name origins & meanings:
- Old English : Herald
- German : To puff up
Family name origins & meanings:
- English : from an Old English byname, Budde, which was applied to a thickset or plump person. By the Middle English period it had become a common personal name, with derivatives formed with hypocoristic suffixes, Budecok and Budekin. Reaney derives it from Old English budda 'beetle'.
- Shortened form of German Budde.
- John Budd was one of the free planters who assented to the 'Fundamental Agreement' of the New Haven Colony on June 4, 1639.


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Wiley Rein Recognized for Pro Bono Efforts in Public Accommodations Case
The Washington Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs has presented to Wiley Rein an Outstanding Achievement Award in the field of Public Accommodations. The firm was honored for its pro bono representation of the NAACP and several individuals in a federal lawsuit alleging a widespread pattern and practice of race discrimination against restaurant patrons throughout the South.
The Wiley Rein litigation team included partners Charles C. Lemley and Thomas W. Brunner and associates Nia Y. McDonald, Heather H. Ramirez and Mary Catherine Martin.


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Australia's Carnarvon Petroleum is working with the new operator of its three onshore concessions in Thailand to develop an Oil Development Plan covering the multiple sandstones and the fractured volcanic reservoirs, Carnarvon said in a statement Wednesday.
The operator, Hong Kong and China Gas Company's wholly-owned subsidiary ECO Environmental Investments (ECO), and Carnarvon plan to initially target the Wichian Buri sandstone, Wichina Buri Extension (WBEXT) sandstone, Si Thep sandstone and the WBV1 and WBV2 volcanic within the WBEXT sandstone reservoirs.
The joint venture aims to drill 10 to 15 wells in the L44/43 concession, with the initial wells slated to appraise the recently discovered NS-4A sandstone and WBEXT WBV1 and WBV2 volcanic, Carnarvon's managing director Adrian Cook told Rigzone on Wednesday.
"The rig which will be used to drill these appraisal wells is Elite Rig 01," Cook said.
Carnarvon was assigned three onshore concessions in Thailand, SW1, L44/43 and L33/43, on December 31, 2011, a report published by the company in March 2012 shows. The three concessions contain in total proved reserves of 3.8 million barrels of oil, an independently certified reserves statement from Gaffney, Cline and Associates shows.
Carnarvon holds a 40-percent stake in the joint venture, while ECO holds the majority 60-percent stake.
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Donna Susan (Renczkowski) Petrylak formerly of Kirkwood 73 years, fell asleep in the Lord on Wednesday evening, January 11, 2017 at the Vestal Park Nursing Center.
She was predeceased by her husband, Joseph J. Petrylak, two daughters, Denise and Joann, a son, Mark and her parents, Paul and Susan (Hrywnak) Renczkowski.
Donna is survived by her devoted son, Stephen Petrylak, two special daughters, Kim and Lisa, her grandchildren, whom she was so proud of loved with all her heart, Courtney, Jessica and Michael Petrylak, two sisters, Lois (Joseph) Andrascik of Binghamton; and Paulette (John) Daniel of Liverpool, nieces, nephews and cousins.
She was a member of Saints Peter & Paul Orthodox Church and a retired employee of the I.B.M. Corporation, Endicott.
Funeral services will be held at 10am on Wednesday at Saints Peter & Paul Orthodox Church, 210 Hill Avenue, Endicott with the Very Rev. Alexey Karlgut officiating. Burial will be in St. Mary's Russian Orthodox Cemetery at the convenience of the family. Rev. Karlgut will conduct a panikhida Tuesday 5:30pm at the Chopyak-Scheider Funeral Home, 326 Prospect Street Binghamton where the family will receive friends Tuesday 3-6pm.
In lieu of flowers, kindly remember Donna by contributing to the Legacy Fund at Saints Peter & Paul Orthodox Church, 210 Hill Avenue, Endicott, NY 13760.
Olga peacefully fell asleep in the Lord Sunday November 27 at Beechtree Care Center Ithaca, NY survived by her daughter Susanne, Son-in-law Jack Thompson and her Granddaughter Katherine Olga. Olga is also survived by her nephew Peter James Kyzmir and his children Kristin Kyzmir-Martin with her children Peyton and Lincoln all in the Lisle, NY area, Erica Kyzmir-McKeon and her daughter Lois of Boston, MA, and Alexandra Kyzmir, as well as her sister Alice Matthews of Vestal, NY and her children Katherine Robertson and Philip Matthews. Olga, married 58 years, was the widow of Joseph Solomon, and was predeceased by her mother and father Katherine and Philip and her brothers Peter, Theodore, John and Jack. Olga had been an Executive Secretary for Harrison Radiator in Lockport, NY as well as in Seaford, DE. A 1940 graduate of Lockport NY Senior High School and champion basketball player, Olga was very active in her community wherever she lived, and was Past President of YWCA Lockport, Girl Scouts, Garden Clubs in Lockport, Endwell and Roberson/Binghamton (she truly loved her gardens!), a member of several Russian Clubs and active in local projects. Olga was also an alumnae initiate member of Alpha Phi Sorority through her daughter's chapter at Cornell University and was an active supporter. Words cannot express the impact Olga had on her community, family and friends. Viewing at Coleman and Daniels Funeral HomeLLC 300 East Main St. Endicott will be Friday Dec. 2, 5 to 7 pm and Panahida at 6:30. Services will be held Sat Dec 3 at Sts. Peter and Paul Russian Orthodox Church on Hill Ave. Endicott, NY at 11:30 AM with burial immediately following at the church Cemetery. Donations may be sent to Alpha Phi Foundation/Cardiac Research, 1930 Sherman Ave. Evanston, IL 60201 email@example.com or Sts. Peter and Paul Russian Orthodox Church.
Mary Ann Wartonick fell asleep in the Lord on Tuesday evening, November 29, 2011, after a courageous battle with cancer. She was predeceased by her parents; Andrew and Helen Malenich, brother, George, and sisters Dorothy and Margaret. She is survived by her devoted husband of fifty-five years; Robert T. Wartonick, two daughters; Susanne (Steven) Harris of Holly Springs, NC, and Cathy (Marvin) Deane of Barboursville, VA, three grandchildren; Jenna and Christian Pokerwinski and Andrew Harris, a brother-in-law; Nicholas (Sonja) Wartonick, nieces, nephew and her faithful companion, her shih-tzu, Max. She was a member of SS Peter & Paul Russian Orthodox Church of Endicott. She loved her family and will be dearly missed. A Funeral Service will be offered by the Very Rev. Alexey Karlgut on Monday at 9:30am at SS Peter & Paul Russian Orthodox Church, 210 Hill Avenue, Endicott. Burial will be in St. Mary's Russian Orthodox Cemetery. The family will receive friends Sunday 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. at Chopyak-Scheider Funeral Home, 326 Prospect Street, Binghamton where a Panakhida (prayer service) will be conducted by Rev. Karlgut at 8 p.m. In lieu of flowers, kindly consider contributing in Mary Ann's memory to Our Lady of Lourdes Hospice, 4102 Old Vestal Road, Vestal, NY 13850, or SS Peter & Paul Russian Orthodox Church's Building Fund. The family would like to express their appreciation to the Drs. Readling and Harris and staff at Broome Oncology for their compassionate care given to Mary Ann during her illness.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Rui Silva" <f...@rduartes.net>
|Re: my suggestions
|Tue, 10 Jan 2012 16:43:01 GMT
> From: "Raju Bitter" <firstname.lastname@example.com> (...) why should Apache Flex ignore that > approach? It shouldn't and that's not what I meant. What I meant is that it is far too early to diverge into new directions. We need to have the code on our side, the JIRA instance setup, some early and simple bug fixing and improvements underway and only then, when we all understand what it means to even think about porting Flex to other runtime technologies, should we consider it. Rui
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text:
Home |
About Us |
Dogs are Carnivores |
Raw Benefits |
Toxic Pet Food|
Rawfeeding Guide |
FAQ's |
Holistic Health |
Raw Suppliers
Q - My vet says feeding bones will kill my dog
A - This is a common belief among Vets, as many a
Vet has had to remove a cooked
bone from a dog's stomach and they automatically seem to believe all
bones are bad. Vets get
approximately 4 hours of nutritional training during 5+ years of vet
school and those lectures are sponsored
by pet food manufacturers. As a result, most Vets are ignorant when it comes to raw feeding which
is why it helps to say you feed a homemade diet if they ask. Vets will
blame everything on raw if the dog is fed raw and then they don't look
for what's really wrong with your dog.
Q - My puppy keeps trying to swallow his food whole!
A - Some dogs who have never come across raw food
before can get a little confused or over-excited and some may even try
to swallow the food whole. Ideally, particularly in the beginning, feed large enough pieces that
can't be swallowed whole, or alternatively hand feed by holding onto one
end of the portion until the dog gets used to chewing it properly. This is something particularly important with puppies in the
beginning. With dogs that might be possessive about their food, hand feeding is a great way to
reassure them.
Q - Why do you say no vegetables or dairy?
A - The prey-model diet ensures that the dog
acquires the optimal balance of bone, organ and meat. In fact, latest
studies on wolves and wild dogs have determined that contrary to
previous belief, wolves and dogs shake out the contents of the stomach
before eating the highly prized stomach (tripe) rather than eating the
contents as well. No vegetables or dairy are therefore needed as the prey model diet
approximately mimics the kind of carcass your carnivore would be
consuming in the wild if it were hunting for its own food, such as
rabbits or birds etc.
Q - My dog keeps vomiting his food
A - Usually (if there is no underlying medical
condition) vomiting indicates that the stomach is rejecting the food
because it can't handle it. Usually, this is when there are any of these
Also, with dogs that have been fed kibble for many
years, their stomach acid is often a little bit weaker, thought to be
because carbohydrates don't need as much acidity to be digested. Try
feeding smaller amounts, more often, while they adjust.
Q - My dog got a mix of diarrhoea and constipation from raw, why is that?
A - A dog that gets both diarrhoea and constipation
is most likely from too much fat and too much bone - for example a pig's foot that is both very bony and very fatty,
or a duck carcass which is also bony/fatty. Some dogs can
tolerate this for occasional meals, yet new to raw dogs and/or dogs with
sensitive constitutions can't, so always feed according to the health of
your dog.
When monitoring your dog's stool, bear the
following in mind:
As discussed in the
rawfeeding guide, the
approximate ratios to build up to are 80% muscle meat, fat, sinew / 10%
edible bone / 5% liver / 5% other organ). So monitor your dog's stools until you get the ratios just right
for your dog.
Q - My dog just doesn't like raw! What can I do?
A - It's quite common actually, especially with
older dogs who have only ever known kibble their entire lives. Some
don't like the 'wet, squidgy' texture of raw after their hard kibbles.
There are several options:
The options are endless really. Dogs that refuse
raw are usually objecting to the texture and strange smell. Some of the
tougher meats like mutton can overcome the texture issue, as does
searing in the pan etc. Experimentation is the key, to see what works
for your dog.
Q - My vet says my dog will get worms and parasites from feeding raw
A - Yes, there can be parasites in raw meat. The
parasite issue is something that Vets use as a scare tactic, telling you
that your dog is going to die if it eats raw meat because it will get a
weird parasite. They neglect to tell you the very low incidence of these
parasites in meat reared for the human market; nor do they tell you the
most "deadly" of these parasites come from things like infected sheep
placentas or stillborn calves. Simple solution, do not feed those things
to your dog. If the dog looks like it has parasites, simply get a stool
sample or blood sample taken.
Freezing meat can help kill many parasites (such as
the parasite present in salmon that CAN cause a deadly disease in dogs;
freezing fresh raw salmon, steelhead, trout, and other salmonids for at
least 24 hours before feeding effectively disposes of the parasite). As
long as one exercises caution in obtaining their meat, parasites are a
Worms thrive more on a carbohydrate laden diet than
they do on prey-model raw. If you are worried about worms, do a fecal
test and if positive your dog can be wormed holistically. Generally speaking, if your dog has a healthy immune system, it
can deal with these parasites before they even get a chance to establish
themselves. Parasites hate a very healthy host. We have found this
to be very true through our work at
K9 Rescue and
once we get the dogs onto raw food, worms are a thing of the past.
Q - My vet says my dog will get Salmonella poisoning and other bacteria from
feeding raw
A - Dogs are surprisingly well-equipped to deal
with bacteria. Their saliva has antibacterial properties; it contains
lysozyme, an enzyme that lyses and destroys harmful bacteria. Their
short digestive tract is designed to push through food and bacteria
quickly without giving bacteria time to colonize. The extremely acidic
environment in the gut is also a good bacteria colonization deterrent.
Vets often point to the fact
that dogs shed salmonella in their faeces (even kibble-fed dogs do this)
without showing any ill effects, as proof that the dog is infected with
salmonella. In reality, all this proves is that the dog has effectively
passed the salmonella through its system with no problems. Yes, the dog
can act as a salmonella carrier, yet the solution is simple - do not eat
dog faeces and wash your hands after picking up after your dog.
Add to this that there has been research done
showing that dogs do not carry Salmonella in their saliva or on their
skin, not even after eating 100% Salmonella infected raw food! But, when
they do eat Salmonella infected food, about one third of them will show
a moderate concentration of Salmonella in their faeces - yet no clinical
signs of being sick.
As vet Dr Tom Lonsdale writes: "I put forth that it
is the kibble, not the raw meat, that causes bacterial problems. Kibble
in the intestine not only irritates the lining of the bowels but also
provides the perfect warm, wet environment with plenty of undigested
sugars and starches as food for bacteria. This is why thousands of
processed food-fed animals suffer from a condition called Small
Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth, or SIBO. Raw meaty bones, however,
create a very inhospitable environment for bacteria, as RMBs are easily
digestible and have no carbohydrates, starches, or sugars to feed the
Q - Doesn't
feeding dogs a raw diet simply increase the demand for factory farming?
A - Not if you are creative and make an effort to find
suitable sources of food. Wherever possible try to feed 'second grade' meat which is meat that is
either not approved for human consumption or undesirable (such as some
organ meats etc) yet it is approved for animal consumption and would
normally go into pet food anyway. It's a bit more difficult in some poorer countries where many of
the parts that are seen as 'not fit for human consumption' in the West,
are sold for soups etc, however there is still plenty available if you
ask local butchers or wholesalers. Also go direct to farms, especially
small scale organic farms who may be more approachable and whose waste
meats will be of a higher nutritional value. The easiest approach is probably to explain that you 'Make Your
Own Dog Food'. In the UK, some EU countries and USA, there are specialist
companies that buy 'second grade' meat and bones and sell it to pet raw
feeders, either as it is or turned into ready packaged raw meals.
Q - Are the E-numbers listed on supermarket processed chicken safe for my
A - Some meat, often chicken portions (legs, quarters,
breasts) can be "enhanced", which basically means tumbled in phosphates
so that it absorbs more water and hence greater saleable weight. Some dogs can tolerate these additives fine; some may get upset
digestion/itchy skin from it. Try to avoid these meats wherever possible. These additives are usually listed as E numbers so check labels.
Avoid labels that contain any E numbers.
Q - The meat
I had in the fridge wrapped in plastic cling film has become 'slimy' and
doesn't smell so good even though it is in date, is that safe for my dog?
A - As a general rule, try to avoid storing meat in
plastic. If it is bought or thawed in plastic, remove the plastic as
soon as you can to allow the meat to breathe. This is in fact also good advice for meat we are going to consume
ourselves! Plastic creates unnatural bacteria that a dog's stomach is
not designed to cope with natural bacteria from old meat stored
naturally on an open plate or in a glass covered dish for example are
absolutely fine for dogs even if it smells ripe to us!
Q - What can
I use for training treats?
A - Anything meat or fish based such as cubes of
meat, organ or even fish such as baby herring or whitebait - for easy
handling cut meat into small strips, then place on a wire mesh tray and
place in the oven on the lowest temperature setting and leave it to
cook/dry out for several hours until dry, then place in a glass jar.
They do not need to be refrigerated - you can put them in your walking
coat pocket and keep there for weeks. The dogs love them - they're
crunchy and they keep coming back for more!
For more frequently asked questions please visit:
Disclaimer: Since we are unable to personally oversee or monitor the care and diet
of your dog, we assume no responsibility or liability for the use of the
information contained in this guide which is provided for general
information purposes. Any information provided is not veterinary advice
and should not be substituted for a consultation with a holistic
veterinary professional. If you have any concerns about your dogs
health, please contact your holistic veterinarian or other qualified
professional immediately.
©rawfeddogs.org ~ Version 1.00


text:
Vladislav Shevchenko, "Lunar and Planetary Cartography in Russia"
English | ISBN: 3319210386 | 2015 | 160 pages | PDF | 12 MB
English | ISBN: 3319210386 | 2015 | 160 pages | PDF | 12 MB
This book is the first to document in depth the history of lunar and planetary cartography in Russia. The first map of the far side of the Moon was made with the participation of Lomonosov Moscow University (Sternberg Astronomical Institute, MSU) in 1960. The developed mapping technologies were then used in preparing the "Complete Map of the Moon" in 1967 as well as other maps and globes. Over the years, various maps of Mars have emerged from the special course "Mapping of extraterrestrial objects" in the MSU Geography Department, including the hypsometric map of Mars at a scale of 1:26,000,000, compiled by J.A. Ilyukhina and published in 2004 in an edition of 5,000 copies. A more detailed version of this map has since been produced with a new hypsometric scale. In addition, maps of the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars have been compiled for the hypsometric globe of Mars. Relief maps of Venus were made in 2008, 2010, and 2011, and hypsometric maps of Phobos and Deimos at a scale of 1:60,000 were published in 2011. History of provides detailed information on the compilation of this diverse range of maps and will be of interest to all lunar and planetary cartographers.
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text:
What is NetworkCR?
NetworkCR is a professional networking organization. Unlike the Chamber of Commerce, NetworkCR allows only one member per business category. This is a tremendous benefit to a NetworkCR member, as there is no competition within the group. Once a category is filled, you become known as the expert in your field and other members routinely begin giving leads every time a need for your service arises.
As a NetworkCR member, you become part of an organization of business professionals. NetworkCR will become your support team as well as your sales team. If you are a business professional in the Linn County area looking to grow your business, becoming a NetworkCR member will help achieve this goal. For more information contact our Membership Director, any of our members or come to a lunch meeting. We would love to see you there!
1. A membership creates quality leads for you and your business.
2. Members learn to be better public speakers.
3. NetworkCR is a family and members are loyal to one another.
4. Our members have a reliable source of business professionals to recommend to clients, family and friends.
5. NetworkCR stimulates the "Feel Good Factor" - the feeling we get when we help another achieve success.


text: Valentine had a wonderful Fathers Day with his son Colin Liz spent the weekend at the beach. And received beautiful flowers from her guy. Jill and her cousins at a wedding shower. Jill's best friend's daughter turned 1! Jill's friend Jett held an art show to raise money for a friend with cerebral palsy. He raised over $500 Dyl took his girlfriend to LACMA Dylan's dog Dexter on Fathers Day. Val's intern Amanda helped out at her dance studio's recital. Amanda and her friends Zeta and Jess Photo 1 of 1 Continue Gallery


text:
What To Expect
Day 1: Marrakech/Ouarzazate
Journey through breathtaking countryside via Tizi N' Tichka pass (7,415ft), the highest pass in North Africa. Discover a remarkable area characterized by the magnificence and beauty of its various landscapes.
We will stop for a visit of the famous, fortified city of Ait Ben Haddou Kasbah. Classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it has been the backdrop for many films. We will also enjoy a guided visit of Atlas Film Studios where we will have lunch, Then a city tour of Ouarzazate, whose name is the Berber word for "no noise." Admire the exterior of Taourirt and Tiffoultoute Kasbahs which were the ancient residences of Glaoui (Old Pacha of Marrakech). Then we will check in to our hotel, eat dinner and stay the night.
Day 2: Ouarzazate / Erfoud
After eating breakfast at the hotel , we will then travel to Erfoud via Tinghir with a stop at Todra Canyons. Upon arrival, join a camel trip to the encampment of Merzouga "Erg Chebbi" desert. Eat dinner before staying overnight in nomads tents.
Day 3: Erfoud / Ouarzazate
After breakfast under tent, We will then head to Ouarzazate with free time.
Day 4: Ouarzazate / Marrakech
Breakfast at hotel, free time and in the afternoon, we will then depart to Marrakech where our tour will end.
Guided visit of Oscar Studios
Lunch at Hotel Oscar restaurant
Visit of Ouarzazate "the desert's gate"
Visit the Todra Canyons
Excursion to the fascinating Merzouga sand-dunes
All taxes and fees
Pick-up from Marrakech city-center hotels
Dinner and Breakfast (Half Board)
1 lunch at Hotel Oscar Restaurant
Meals and drinks not specified
Personal expenses
Tips and gratuities
Optional activity costs
Please make sure you are at the reception at least 30 minutes before scheduled departure time.
Please call 48 hours prior to your tour to confirm your departure and/or pickup time.
Please make sure you have a printed voucher with you and present it to our staff at the departure point in front of Central Office/Poste Centrale.
Valid identity papers are obligatory (passport or identity card).
All our card payments are protected by thawte to give you peace of mind.
9 hours
Free Cancellation
4 hours
Free Cancellation
3 days / 2 nights
3 hours
Free Cancellation
11 hours
Free Cancellation


text:
In 1880s London, forward-thinking young doctor Mortimer Granville has a difficult time keeping a job until he and an inventor friend concoct an electrifying solution to the rampant "hysteria" affecting England's sexually and socially repressed women.
Rent DVDs for only $4.99 a month.
Movie Details
- Director
- Tanya Wexler
- Genres
- Comedy, Romantic Comedies, United Kingdom
- This movie is
- Romantic
- Format
- DVD and Blu-ray
- Ratings
RSexual content
17Common Sense rating OK for kids 17+
DVD details
Blu-ray details
Widescreen Anamorphic 2.35:1Subtitles
English SDHClosed captioned
YesLanguage and sound
English: Dolby Digital 5.1Other features
Color; interactive menus; scene access; director's commentary; cast and crew interviews; behind-the-scenes featurette; deleted scenes.
Widescreen 2.35:1Subtitles
English, English SDH, HindiClosed captioned
YesLanguage and sound
English: DTS-HD Master AudioOther features
Color; interactive menus; scene access; director's commentary; cast and crew interviews; behind-the-scenes featurette; deleted scenes.
For Parents
Common Sense Note
Parents need to know that Hysteria is a comedy-romance set in the 1880s that deals with the invention of the vibrator. Although the movie (akin to The Full Monty) manages to coyly avoid actually saying anything vulgar or showing any nudity, it has very strong suggestions of sexuality, as male doctors provide orgasms for female patients in an attempt to treat "hysteria." The doctors touch and massage the women behind a discreet screen, while they remain otherwise clothed. There's a bit of violence (male debt collectors beat up an old lady in one scene), and some social and comical drinking. Even though the movie isn't graphic, teens should be mature enough to understand something about sexuality before viewing.
- Sexual Content
- Hysteria is all about female sexuality, but it's very coy about actually showing any nudity or directly saying anything vulgar. Even so, women -- diagnosed with the vague condition "hysteria" -- visit the doctor to have orgasms, and the male doctors (working under a discreet screen), masturbate and massage them to achieve this. Otherwise, they remain clothed. The dialogue during these scenes is almost exclusively made up of discreet innuendo. Additionally, a former prostitute propositions the hero, but using only innuendo and gestures. The most physical thing shown, aside from a romantic kiss, are two ducks having sex in a pond. During the end credits, there are photos of vibrators throughout history.
- Violence
- Debt collectors beat up an old woman, and a young woman punches a cop in the face. Viewers see images of a primitive hospital, with leeches, blood, and festering wounds. There's general arguing and a reference to splitting someone's head with an axe.
- Language
- Since the movie is set in 1880, language is limited to historical slang/swearing such as "stiff prick," "bugger," and "bloody hell."
- Social Behavior
- It's possible to see a message about women's liberation or women's sexuality, but Hysteria's arc is mostly focused on very traditional Hollywood things: men getting ahead in the world, getting rich, and finding romance. That said, most characters do learn that they can choose their own path in life.
- Consumerism
- Not applicable
- Drugs / Tobacco / Alcohol
- A supporting character is said to be a drunk, but he's rarely actually seen drinking. Otherwise, characters drink socially (whisky, rum, champagne, and port), and there's discussion of doctors and the pills they prescribe.
- Age appropriate
- Not an issue
- Depends on your kid and your family
- Not appropriate for kids of the age most likely to want to see it


text:
With figure of fad diets out there, it's a consider someone is conformity up these life. Eat a low-carb fare. No, eat a healthy diet. Wait, eat fat beside carbs but merely when Mars and Jupiter adjust.
The information is that fad diets travel and go. The key to losing weight is a counterpoised and logical design that takes into article your vivacity. I mean, really, who has occurrence to measure six ounces of banana? Or eat just ten more calories?
So, in a word, no - the South Beach Diet is not a low-carb diet. It's not a light diet either. Instead, it emphasizes the appropriate carbs, fats and proteins to comfort you be unable to find weight.Post ads:
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Consuming niminy-piminy carbs, similar those found in outstandingly prepared foods, leads to spikes in your humour refined sugar levels. To make conform these spikes, your article over-produces insulin central to dips in your blood sweetening levels. Those dips make happen you to want (and eat) more than carbs which raises your humor refined sugar levels over again. This round is particular as hypoglycemic agent chafing or your body's cognition to system fuel, fats or refined sugar the right way. The diet's target is to change your humor sugar, end cravings and lend a hand you put in the wrong place weight.
On the diet, you will enjoy a sort of wholesome, wholesome foods - meat and fish, cheese, fit oils and nuts, vegetables and the correct carbohydrates. The diet is configured in cardinal phases. Phase 1's content is to rid you of your saccharide cravings and correct your body fluid chemistry. Phase 2 teaches you how to use the diet's standards in your plain life while achieving your weight loss goals. Phase 3 is how you will eat post-weigh loss. At this point, the diet's moral principles should be so 2d temper that they go part of a bigger improved mode instead than a weight-loss program.
The iii phases are built for flexibleness - you can controller between phases as you see fit. If you have fallen off the wagon, electrical switch back to Phase I for a brace of weeks and get rear on line. Or go final to Phase 2 to misplace whatever unneeded weight. Maintain at Phase 3 when natural life conscionable seems too amazing.Post ads:
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Instead of action low-carb, the South Beach diet aims to guide you how to eat for vigour. It is based in realism - in that are present when you will eat property that aren't the privileged for you. That's ok; there's a way to get spinal column on line. The clinical is to filch into relationship the every-day truth of your life, take in foods you same to eat and keep you on the road to eudaimonia.
After all, we don't know when Mars and Jupiter line up either.