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No. 62 GLOBALIZATION AND NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY ISSUES: A STUDY OF HUMAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING IN EAST ASIA. Ralf Emmers
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1 No. 62 GLOBALIZATION AND NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY ISSUES: A STUDY OF HUMAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING IN EAST ASIA Ralf Emmers Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore MARCH 2004 With Compliments This Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment and discussion. The views expressed are entirely the author s own and not that of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies
2 The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) was established in July 1996 as an autonomous research institute within the Nanyang Technological University. Its objectives are to: Conduct research on security, strategic and international issues. Provide general and graduate education in strategic studies, international relations, defence management and defence technology. Promote joint and exchange programmes with similar regional and international institutions; organise seminars/conferences on topics salient to the strategic and policy communities of the Asia-Pacific. Research Through its Working Paper Series, IDSS Commentaries and other publications, the Institute seeks to share its research findings with the strategic studies and defence policy communities. The Institute s researchers are also encouraged to publish their writings in refereed journals. The focus of research is on issues relating to the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific region and their implications for Singapore and other countries in the region. The Institute has also established the S. Rajaratnam Professorship in Strategic Studies (named after Singapore s first Foreign Minister), to bring distinguished scholars to participate in the work of the Institute. Previous holders of the Chair include Professors Stephen Walt (Harvard University), Jack Snyder (Columbia University), Wang Jisi (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) and Alastair Iain Johnston (Harvard University). A Visiting Research Fellow Programme also enables overseas scholars to carry out related research in the Institute. Teaching The Institute provides educational opportunities at an advanced level to professionals from both the private and public sectors in Singapore and overseas through the Master of Science in Strategic Studies and Master of Science in International Relations programmes. These programmes are conducted full-time and part-time by an international faculty from July each year. The Institute also has a Doctorate programme in Strategic Studies/International Relations. In 2004, it will introduce a new Master of Science in International Political Economy programme. In addition to these graduate programmes, the Institute also teaches various modules in courses conducted by the SAFTI Military Institute, SAF Warrant Officers School, Civil Defence Academy, Singapore Technologies College and the Defence, Home Affairs and Foreign Ministries. The Institute also runs a one-semester course on The International Relations of the Asia Pacific for undergraduates in NTU. Networking The Institute convenes workshops, seminars and colloquia on aspects of international relations and security development, which are of contemporary and historical significance. Highlights of the Institute s activities include a regular Colloquium on Strategic Trends in the 21 st Century, the annual Asia Pacific Programme for Senior Military Officers and the biennial Asia Pacific Security Conference (held in conjunction with Asian Aerospace). Institute staff participates in Track II security dialogues and scholarly conferences in the Asia-Pacific. The Institute has contacts and collaborations with many think-tanks and research institutes in Asia, Europe and the United States. The Institute has also participated in research projects funded by the Ford Foundation and the Sasakawa Peace Foundation. The Institute serves as the Secretariat for the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP), Singapore. Through these activities, the Institute aims to develop and nurture a network of researchers whose collaborative efforts will yield new insights into security issues of interest to Singapore and the region. i
3 ABSTRACT East Asia faces a series of non-traditional security challenges that include environmental concerns, infectious diseases and transnational crime. Rather than creating such forms of insecurity, the process of globalization has significantly amplified their spread and impact and accelerated their significance. This paper focuses on illicit drug and human trafficking in China and the Southeast Asian countries and examines these categories of transnational crime in the context of a globalizing world. It argues that the protection of state and human security against drug and people trafficking will increasingly require effective transnational cooperation and some surrendering of state sovereignty. The paper reflects on the depth of such problems in East Asia by analyzing the production, distribution and consumption of narcotics as well as the trafficking of women in the region. It notes an increasing level of multilateral cooperation in East Asia to combat human and drug trafficking. Yet, in addition to the ongoing development of capacitybuilding and soft mechanisms of cooperation, deeper law enforcement and judiciary collaboration is required at a multilateral level to address these non-traditional security challenges. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Dr Ralf Emmers is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He completed his Masters of Science (MSc) and PhD in the International Relations Department of the London School of Economics (LSE). His research interests include security studies, the international relations of Southeast Asia and multilateralism in the Asia-Pacific. His book entitled Cooperative Security and the Balance of Power in ASEAN and the ARF was published in 2003 by Routledge as part of its Politics in Asia Series. Other publications include chapters in edited volumes and articles in The Pacific Review, Contemporary Southeast Asia and Pointer. Dr Emmers is also one of the authors of an IDSS monograph on A New Agenda for the ASEAN Regional Forum. He teaches a course on Multilateralism as part of the MSc in International Relations at IDSS and lectures at the SAFTI Military Institute. ii
4 GLOBALIZATION AND NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY ISSUES: A STUDY OF HUMAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING IN EAST ASIA Introduction In the 21 st century East Asia faces a series of security challenges that go beyond the traditional dimensions of security. This security agenda consists of terrorism, environmental concerns, conflicts between growth and development, migration pressures, health issues (HIV-AIDS and other epidemics), the spread of weapons of mass destruction, transnational crime and others. These problems, which are widespread in East Asia, are categorized in security studies literature as non-traditional security (NTS). Non-traditional security issues move beyond inter-state conflicts and geo-political concerns. They focus on non-military security concerns and incorporate both states and non-state actors. Beyond challenging state security, non-traditional security issues are particularly relevant to human security. 1 Indeed, these threats endanger both the stability of states and the security of other actors in international relations, including the individual. This paper studies non-traditional security issues in East Asia, with a particular focus on illicit drug and human trafficking in China and the Southeast Asian countries. It examines these forms of transnational crime in the context of a globalizing world. The so-called new security agenda is often associated with the rapid pace of globalization. One may question the novelty of these threats to state and human security. For a long time, policy makers and practitioners have had to deal with matters such as human smuggling, cross-border crime and drug trafficking. These issues have now been included in a new security agenda. Hence, rather than creating these new forms of 1 The term human security was introduced in the international security discipline following a 1994 Human Development Report published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The report outlines seven areas of human security: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. It also identifies six main threats to human security; namely, unchecked population growth, disparities in economic opportunities, migration pressures, environmental degradation, drug trafficking, and international terrorism. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, 1994, New York: Oxford University Press,
5 insecurity, the forces of globalization have extended and accelerated their significance. In other words, their spread and impact have been significantly amplified by the effects of globalization. The conditions of globalization have increased international economic liberalization, trade and financial flows, but they have also magnified illicit cross-border flows of narcotics, smuggled migrants and even infectious diseases like the Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Globalization has therefore a clear security dimension, and a non-traditional one in particular. Beck writes that it is now transnational threats of substate perpetrators and networks that challenge the collective world of states. 2 Non-state actors, such as criminal organizations and others can abuse the processes of globalization to operate at a truly transnational level. In this regard, they are more successful than states, which are restrained by the founding principles of the traditional state system, namely the values of national sovereignty and territorial integrity of nation-states. The paper asserts that in a context of globalization, state and human security will depend increasingly on deeper forms of transnational cooperation. In order to protect the state and its people against transnational crime, some surrendering of state sovereignty will be required in order to achieve more effective inter-state cooperation. The first section of the paper defines the notions of globalization and transnational crime and discusses how organized criminal groups extend their transnational activities aided by the forces of globalization. The following two sections apply this discussion to East Asia by studying in some detail the issues of drug and human trafficking in the region. Attention is given to describing and examining the kind of transnational cooperation that has emerged in East Asia to tackle them. It is noted that while an increasing level of multilateral cooperation has been achieved to combat drug and human trafficking, collaboration in the region has primarily been restricted to capacity building and soft mechanisms of cooperation. Deeper law enforcement and judiciary cooperation is required at a multilateral level to address some of the darker sides of globalization. 2 Ulrich Beck, The Silence of Words: On Terror and War, Security Dialogue, vol. 34, no. 3, September 2003, p
6 A. The Forces of Globalization and Transnational Crime The definition of the term globalization is contested. The concept is both highly complex and debated in the field of social sciences. According to Giddens: Globalisation is a complex range of processes, driven by a mixture of political and economic influences. It is changing everyday life, particularly in the developed countries, at the same time as it is creating new transnational systems and forces. It is more than just the backdrop to contemporary policies: taken as a whole, globalization is transforming the institutions of the societies in which we live. 3 In this paper, we refer to globalization as the processes of economic liberalization and transformation, the rapid scientific developments in communication, transport and information and the emergence of a global civil society. The growing transnational reach of organized criminal activities is part of the darker side of globalization. Coker writes that [o]ne security challenge which owes almost everything to globalisation is that of organized crime, which has moved away from the traditional clan-based and localized models ( ) to transnational networks that are structured like international business. 4 This indicates that globalization has not created these security threats but rather accelerated their impact and significance. Indeed, progress in telecommunications and information technology, as well as the rapid increase in cross-border movements mean that criminal organizations can spread their operations and act at a transnational level. The activities of many criminal groups cross national boundaries and escape the control of governments and law enforcement agencies. Coker rightly argues that organised crime is now transnational: all the main syndicates or 3 Anthony Giddens, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998, p Christopher Coker, Globalisation and Insecurity in the Twenty-first Century: NATO and the Management of Risk, Adelphi Paper no. 345, London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2002, p
7 cartels operate and are structured internationally. 5 In short, criminal groups tend to be network-orientated as well as transnational and entrepreneurial in their operations. The links between globalization, global inequality and transnational crime should also be noted. The forces of globalization are uneven in their effects, creating winners and losers between and within states. Steinberg explains that the benefits of globalization are not fully shared, either within our own societies, or around the world where the disparities are far more dramatic. 6 These disparities enhance the problem of transnational crime by facilitating the activities of criminal networks. The United Nations (UN) defines transnational crime as offences whose inception, prevention and/or direct or indirect effects involved more than one country. 7 Transnational crimes must be differentiated from international crimes, which are recognized by and can therefore be prosecuted under international law, and domestic crimes that fall under one national jurisdiction. In order to be considered as transnational, a crime must involve the crossing of borders or jurisdictions. The problem of transnational crime in East Asia is severe and consists primarily of drug trafficking, human smuggling and trafficking, money laundering, transnational prostitution, sea piracy, and arms smuggling. Some of the largest and most dangerous criminal organizations operating in East Asia are the Chinese triads, the Japanese yakuza and Vietnamese gangs. 8 Smaller networks have also flourished in most regional states and set up transnational criminal activities. Most East Asian countries suffer from fragile domestic institutions and socio-economic problems and inequalities. Attempts to combat organized gangs are undermined by 5 Coker, Globalisation and Insecurity in the Twenty-first Century, p James Steinberg, An Alternative Partnership: Salvaging Transnational Relations, Survival, vol. 45, no. 2, Summer 2003, p Definition reproduced in Gerhard O.W. Mueller, Transnational Crime: Definitions and Concepts, in Phil Williams and Dimitri Vlassis (eds) Combating Transnational Crime, a Special Issue of Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 4, Nos 3&4, Autumn/Winter 1998, p See Alan Dupont, East Asia Imperilled: Transnational Challenges to Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, chapter nine; and John McFarlane, Transnational Crime and Asia-Pacific Security, in Sheldon W. Simon (ed) The Many Faces of Asian Security, Lanham: Rownan & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001, pp
8 corruption and poorly financed law enforcement agencies. Organized criminal groups take advantage of corrupt officials and politicians, as well as weak governmental institutions to broaden their actions and increase their profits. By doing so, they undermine new democracies and developing countries in East Asia. In an era of globalization, the problem of transnational crime cannot be effectively addressed by individual governments and requires instead a transnational response. Steinberg asserts that the consequences of globalisation make international cooperation imperative. 9 To combat organized crime, the UN has established different bodies, which include the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and introduced conventions such as 2000 Convention Against Transnational Crime, which includes Protocols on Human Smuggling, Sex Trafficking, Illicit Trafficking in Arms, Corruption and others. Once the 2000 Convention gains international legal standing, the signatory nations will be forced to translate all its protocols into national law. Despite numerous international efforts, inter-state cooperation against crime tends to be limited. Transnational cooperation is complicated by the fact that its touches on sensitive questions such as national sovereignty and jurisdiction, the sharing of information, extradition laws and problems of corruption. 10 The issue of transnational crime is closely linked to the question of national sovereignty. On the one hand, transnational criminal activities represent a threat to the national sovereignty and integrity of independent states and endanger the survival of their governments. On the other, effective cooperation in combating transnational crime requires some surrendering of state sovereignty. As Beck argues: The only path in the face of the threat posed to national security by global terror (as well as financial risks, climatic catastrophe, organized crime, etc.) is transnational cooperation. The 9 James Steinberg, An Alternative Partnership: Salvaging Transnational Relations, Survival, vol. 45, no. 2, Summer 2003, p John McFarlane and Karen McLennan, Transnational Crime: The New Security Paradigm, Working Paper no. 294, Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1996, p
9 following paradoxical axiom is thus valid: Out of national interest, states must be denationalized and transnationalized that is, part of their autonomy must be given up in order to master national problems in the globalized world. 11 In short, a section of national sovereignty needs to be abandoned for it to be protected more effectively. The fight against organized crime and other transnational threats thus demands a rethinking of the principle of sovereignty that could lead to some form of shared sovereignty or international governance on specific issues. The paper has so far defined the notions of globalization and transnational crime and discussed how criminals benefit from a globalizing world to extend their transnational activities. The following two sections apply this discussion to two forms of transnational crime in East Asia; namely, the problems of illicit drug and human trafficking. B. Drug Trafficking in East Asia The Illicit Drug Trade in a Global Market Drug trafficking is a transnational criminal activity and most likely the largest international crime problem in the world. The global trade of illicit drugs is believed to be worth as much as US$ 400 billion a year; this figure is almost comparable to the tourism industry. 12 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates that 200 million people consume illegal drugs worldwide, mostly cannabis. 13 The drug trade occurs in a global market where narcotics are transported from a producing country to transit states and then to their final destinations. Drug cartels operate across national boundaries and produce, process, transport and distribute illicit drugs. 14 The drug trade is based on a complex transnational structure that includes farmers growing coca, opium poppies and cannabis, heroin and cocaine producers, manufacturers of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), smugglers, corrupt officials, distributors, wholesalers and small local 11 Beck, The Silence of Words: On Terror and War, p Philip Fiske, Drugs: A Global Business, BBC News, 9 June Illegal Drugs, The Economist, 26 July 2003, p Michael J. Dziedzic, The Transnational Drug Trade and Regional Security, Survival, November- December 1989, p
10 traders. The laundering of drug money depends on accountants, lawyers, bankers and other actors. 15 Drug trafficking is also connected to other categories of transnational crime that include money laundering, arms smuggling, corruption, illegal migration and in some cases terrorism. The Chinese triads trade most of Asia s narcotics. 16 They collaborate with other transnational criminal organizations, such as the Japanese yakuza and Vietnamese gangs, to distribute illicit drugs. The drug trade, but also to an increasing extent human smuggling and trafficking, has provided these mafias with exceptional financial resources. These funds enable the criminal syndicates to purchase modern military equipment and to pay off corrupt politicians, judges and police authorities. Consequently, the reference to these mafias as mere criminal groups, especially in the case of the Chinese triads, tends to minimise the threat that they pose to the political, economic and societal stability of East Asian states. Instead, it may be more appropriate to deem them as transnational criminal powers. Drug trafficking is perhaps the most serious transnational criminal problem faced by East Asian states. The social ills caused by the trafficking and consumption of narcotics are well known and documented. The drug trade increases drug consumption and addiction, raises the level of violent crime, affects the health of the consumers, spreads HIV/AIDS through intravenous drug use, 17 wastes human potential and undermines family structures. 18 These social effects are felt in the countries of production, transit and destination. In addition to its social consequences, drug trafficking has significant economic and political effects. It creates shadow economies that evade taxation authorities, distort financial institutions and undermine national economies. Moreover, 15 Allan Castle, Transnational Organized Crime and International Security, Working Paper no. 19, Vancouver: Institute of International Relations, The University of British Columbia, November 1997, p See Ko-Lin Chin, Sheldon Zhang and Robert J. Kelly, Transnational Chinese Organized Crime Activities: Patterns and Emerging Trends, Transnational Organized Crime, vol. 4, no. 3&4, Autumn/Winter 1998, pp Mangai Balasegaram, Aids explodes on Trafficking Routes, BBC News, 15 June 2000; Mangai Balasegaram, Vietnam s Drugs and Aids Epidemic, BBC News, 9 June Economic and Social Consequences of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific. 7
11 the drug trade is the prime contributor to the worldwide problem of money laundering. Finally, drug traffickers violate national borders, compromise political and administrative systems and erode the rule of law. They manipulate state authority by corrupting politicians, judges as well as police and military authorities. Narcotics Production in East Asia The production of narcotics in East Asia is an historic phenomenon that has clearly predated the emergence of a so-called process of globalization. Regional production has been increased, however, as a result of an ever-growing demand for illicit drugs at a global level. The Golden Triangle, which incorporates Northern Thailand, Eastern Myanmar and Western Laos, has traditionally been one of the leading producing regions of narcotics in the world. 19 Thailand has succeeded in significantly reducing opium cultivation in its Northern provinces primarily through economic development that has offered these regions with an alternative to drug trafficking. 20 In contrast, Myanmar and Laos are still among the largest cultivators of opium poppies worldwide. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that the cultivated areas in these two countries were respectively 80,000 and 15,000 hectares in In the case of Myanmar, however, this figure had been reduced from 105,000 hectares the previous year. The recent efforts made by the military leadership to reduce opium production in the country have led the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNDCP) to describe Myanmar as one of the countries most committed to combating illicit drugs. Rather than a derivative of the forces of globalization, the production of narcotics is still very much dependent on the domestic conditions prevailing in a specific producing country. The central importance of Myanmar in the Golden Triangle heroin trade partly results from the activities of the former Burmese Communist Party (BCP) and its 19 See Ronald D. Renard, The Burmese Connection: Illegal Drugs and the Making of the Golden Triangle, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, See Opium Reduction in Thailand : A Thirty-Year Journey, Prepared by Ronald D. Renard for the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok: UNDCP, Illegal Drugs, The Economist, 26 July 2003, p
12 breaking-up into separate factions in The BCP started to traffic drugs in the 1970s to fund its fight against the military regime of General Ne Win who had seized power in The BCP gradually became a central player in the production and distribution of heroin. In September 1988, the military government in Yangon transformed itself into the State and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) after having violently suppressed a popular rebellion. This was followed a year later by the splitting up of the BCP into numerous groups including the United Wa State Army (UWSA), the Shan State Army, the National Democratic Alliance Army, and the New Democratic Army. Between 1989 and 1995, SLORC reached ceasefire agreements with 14 rebel ethnic groups, permitting them to trade heroin in exchange for not attacking government troops or entering areas under its control. Due to the growing evidence of complicity between the military government and the drug traffickers, Dupont writes that Myanmar is the most egregious example of a drug-tainted regime in East Asia. 23 The production of narcotics in the Golden Triangle rapidly increased in the 1990s because of the drug trafficking activities of rebel groups and the rampant level of corruption among Myanmar s government officials. 24 Olson explains that it is not clear whether the ethnic rebel armies are drug trafficking organizations that use a cover of nationalism to give their activities a patina of legitimacy or whether they are national liberation movements that turned to drug trafficking as a means to raise money. 25 The UWSA is one of the largest armed drug trafficking militia in the world, disposing over 10,000 soldiers and exercising almost full control over the Shan State in Northeast Myanmar. It is untroubled by Yangon with which a ceasefire agreement has been signed. The agreement allows the UWSA to retain its weapons, to administer the Shan State area and it provides a de facto licence to traffic in drugs. 26 The military junta in Yangon is still in conflict, however, with the Shan State Army and the Karen National Union that 22 Alan Dupont, Transnational Crime, Drugs, and Security in East Asia, Asian Survey, vol. 34, no. 3, May/June 1999, pp Dupont, Transnational Crime, Drugs, and Security in East Asia, p Dupont, East Asia Imperilled, pp William J. Olson, Illegal Narcotics in Southeast Asia, in William M. Carpenter and David G. Wiencek (eds) Asian Security Outlook 2000, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000, p Richard M. Gibson and John B. Haseman, Prospects for Controlling Narcotics Production and Trafficking in Myanmar, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 25, no. 1, April 2003, p. 8. 9
13 often clash militarily with the tatmadaw (Myanmar s armed forces) and the pro-yangon UWSA. In supplement to the heroin trade, drug manufacturers in the region have diversified into the manufacturing of ATS, which include amphetamines, methamphetamines and substances with hallucinogenic properties such as Ecstasy. ATS can be produced in small and portable laboratories and can easily be smuggled in large quantities to other countries. Its illicit production has dramatically increased in the Golden Triangle since the early 1990s, specifically in Myanmar where relatively inexpensive forms of the drug are being produced in massive quantities. Over the last few years, the UWSA is believed to have become the largest producer and supplier of synthetic drugs in Southeast Asia. Gibson and Haseman point out that drug traffickers in Myanmar have supplemented their heroin product with methamphetamine to meet the new demand from overseas as well as from neighbouring countries for new cocktail drugs that are widely distributed in Southeast Asia and transited to Western markets. 27 Distribution and Consumption of Narcotics in East Asia Some Southeast Asian countries have traditionally served as transit for illicit drugs exported to different parts of the world including North America, Europe and Northeast Asia. An effective distribution network enables the drug traffickers to transport the refined heroin and amphetamines from the Golden Triangle into Thailand but also into China s Yunnan Province and then overland to Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. Moreover, Ho Chi Minh City, Manila and Phnom Penh have become important hubs in the global drug distribution network. All these destinations are used as transit points to supply domestic and international markets and clearly illuminate the transnational nature of the drug trade. Thailand has remained an important route of the illicit drug trade. It has a rugged land border of 2400km with Myanmar, most of which is un-demarcated. These geographical factors make the reduction of the inflow of drugs from Myanmar a difficult task. The 27 Gibson and Haseman, Prospects for Controlling Narcotics Production and Trafficking in Myanmar, p
14 Phra Nuang Task Force is a special unit of the Thai army that guards the mountainous border and has received over the last few years training and support from the US army. In addition to the geographical impediments, the Thai authorities are poorly equipped to deal with the drug trafficking problem coming from Myanmar. Moreover, some corrupt Thai officials are believed to be involved in the illicit drug trade. Finally, the activities of the Thai authorities are restrained by the fact that they have no influence on the production of ATS in the Shan State of Myanmar. Unless the military junta in Yangon forcefully combats the production of narcotics within its frontiers and puts strong pressure on the UWSA to stop its illicit activities, millions of ATS tablets will continue to be smuggled into Thailand each year. Thai army officials expected a billion ATS bills to pour into the country in Narcotics produced in the Golden Triangle used to be primarily exported to non-asian countries. This has changed since the late 1980s due to a dramatic increase in drugs consumption in East Asia. 29 Though relatively new, the problem of ATS is growing rapidly. Its consumption has already become the prime drug problem in Asia, larger than opium or heroin addiction. 30 Young people prefer to consume synthetic drugs that come in the form of easy to swallow pills over heroin, increasingly perceived as an old man s drug. 31 This paper will use Thailand as an illustration to highlight the consequences of drug consumption. Thailand s office of Narcotics Control Board estimates that the country has at least 1.2 million consumers of amphetamines and heroin, the most abused drugs in the nation. 32 Heroin abuse takes a large proportion of the available drug treatment resources and has contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand, which has one of the highest infection rates in Asia. Yet, the most serious recent trend in the country has been the 28 Andrew Marshall and Anthony Davis, Soldiers of Fortune, Time, 16 December 2002, p Dupont, East Asia Imperilled, p Jayandra Menon, Scourge of Asia: Not Heroin but Synthetic Drugs, The Straits Times Interactive, 28 February 2002; Rupert Wingfield-Hayes, Asia faces New Drug Scourge, BBC News, 20 May 2002; Methamphetamine Scourge, BBC News, 25 June 2002; Ice ousts Ecstasy as Drug of Choice among the Youth, The Straits Times Interactive, 13 September K.C. Vijayan, Status Drugs New Enemy No. 1, The Straits Times Interactive, 5 August Simon Ingram, Thailand s War on Burmese Drugs, BBC News, 25 June
15 rapid increase in the use of synthetic drugs, especially a form of methamphetamine cheap to produce and easy to consume known in Thai as ya ba crazy medicine. The consumption of ATS in Thailand has been a growing source of concern since 1998 and has over the last few years reached epidemic proportions. The International Narcotics Control Board estimates that 5 per cent (3 million) of the Thai population (63 million) are consumers of methamphetamines. According to official figures, 700 million pills are sold domestically every year. The consumption of ATS has become popular among university students but also increasingly among school children. The average age of drug initiation continues therefore to decline. ATS consumption has had a negative impact on crime rates and the justice system, with more than sixty per cent of court cases in Thailand somehow related to narcotics. 33 Since becoming Thai Prime Minister in 2001, Thaksin Shinawatra has portrayed drug trafficking as a threat to the Thai national security and has promised to rid the country of the illicit drugs problem. He repeated his declaration of war on drugs on 1 February 2003 vowing to the Thai population to eliminate the narcotics problem within three months. Besides the seizure of more than 40 million ATS pills and the arrest of thousands of suspected drug producers and dealers, it was later reported that more than 2,500 people had been killed as part of the anti-drugs campaign between 1 February and 30 April The Thai government blamed inter-gang warfare for most of the killings. In contrast, human rights groups suspected the police of having executed alleged traffickers and condemned the war on drugs as targeting minority groups in Thailand. Thaksin announced in December 2003 that the illicit drug problem had been eradicated up to the point where it no longer had a major impact on the Thai population but added that the fight would go on until the country was entirely drug-free. 35 Beyond the human costs and effects on the Thai justice system, it is questionable whether any crackdown on 33 Nasty Business, In A Survey of Thailand, The Economist, 2 March 2002, p Drugs Victory Price too High, Bangkok Post, 3 December Yuwadee Tunyasiri Supoj Wancharoen, PM declares Nation now out of Danger, Bangkok Post, 2 December
16 narcotics could ever transform Thailand into a drug-free country. Drug abuse and trafficking is a phenomenon that will most likely never disappear completely. The prime target of any anti-drugs policy should therefore be to reduce and manage the problem rather than try to eradicate it through short-term and radical measures. Multilateral Response to Drug Trafficking in East Asia It was previously argued that in a context of globalization state and human security against drug trafficking and other forms of organized crime will increasingly depend on deeper forms of transnational cooperation. It is therefore important to examine the kind of transnational cooperation that has emerged in East Asia to tackle the illicit drug trade. The East Asian countries have formulated a plan to combat the narcotics problem at a multilateral level. In October 2000, Thailand hosted the International Congress in Pursuit of a Drug Free ASEAN 2015 with the UNDCP. The congress was attended by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, China, India, New Zealand, Australia and the European Union. It led to the formulation of the Bangkok Political Declaration in Pursuit of a Drug-Free ASEAN 2015 and to the adoption of a plan of action, the ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations in Response to Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD). The ACCORD seeks to eradicate, or at least drastically reduce, the production, trafficking and consumption of narcotics in Southeast Asia by It created a Plan of Action that relies on four central pillars: 1. Proactively advocating civic awareness on dangers of drugs and social response 2. Building consensus and sharing best practices on demand reduction 3. Strengthening the rule of law by an enhanced network of control measures and improved law enforcement co-operation and legislative review 4. Eliminating the supply of illicit drugs by boosting alternative development programmes and community participation in the eradication of illicit crops ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations in Response to Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD), Bangkok, Thailand, 13 October
17 The plan links each of the four pillars to a set of challenges as well as actions that ought to be undertaken by China and the ASEAN states. In the case of the third pillar, for instance, the challenges are said to be the large production of opium in Southeast Asia, the rapid increase in ATS trafficking and consumption, the urgent need for legal cooperation and the strengthening of the rule of law. In response to these problems, several actions are recommended that include the training of law enforcement agencies, the introduction of national legislation to combat money laundering, and better judicial drug control. With regards to the final pillar, i.e. the elimination of the supply of elicit drugs, the two interrelated challenges faced by the regional states are to reduce the cultivation of opium poppies and to integrate poor rural areas into their national economies. The actions suggested by the ACCORD involve a better measurement of the quantities of opium cultivated in the region and a decline in production through crop substitution. Furthermore, the ASEAN states and China agreed in October 2000 on target dates and the creation of a monitoring mechanism to follow the progress of the drug control activities. The ACCORD declares: All participating countries and international organizations will share the responsibility of data collection as well as the monitoring of the process. The resulting information will be available to all participating bodies. 37 The first operational meeting of the ACCORD Plan of Action was organised in Bali in November 2001 and attended by 17 states as well as some governmental and nongovernmental organisations. 38 Thailand and Myanmar agreed to contribute financially to the action plan while Japan, the United States, the UN and the Asian Development Bank reiterated their support. It was decided to enhance cooperation between ASEAN and China on law enforcement, alternative development and other measures. Finally, the participants agreed that the different task force meetings would gather once a year. 37 ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations in Response to Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD). 38 First Meeting of the Accord Plan of Action Task Forces, Bali, Indonesia, November
18 The ACCORD is a comprehensive plan put forward by China and the Southeast Asian countries in their fight against drug trafficking and abuse. If properly implemented, its four pillars could provide an initial response to the narcotics problem. While the ACCORD is primarily a declaration of intent, it still seeks to address some key issues. First, it regionalises and internationalises cooperation against narcotics by including China. The regional production, trafficking and consumption of narcotics should be viewed as an East Asian problem with global ramifications and it needs therefore to be tackled increasingly through broader cooperative structures. Second, the ACCORD addresses the question of supervision by establishing a monitoring mechanism and introducing some target dates. Finally, the need for financial resources is discussed in the ACCORD. Nonetheless, it is still to be seen whether the ACCORD will succeed in contributing to a reduction and a better management of the narcotics problem in East Asia. The multilateral agreement offers an institutional structure to enhance inter-state cooperation and focuses on action plans to reduce narcotics demand and supply. Yet, its success will depend on the actual implementation of its central pillars and actions lines rather than on their endorsement at a diplomatic level. However, most attention has so far been directed towards declaratory cooperative efforts rather than on actual collaboration in illicit drugs interdiction. ASEAN has also sought to address the problem of drug trafficking in its Plan of Action to Combat Transnational Crime adopted in May To enhance the exchange of information, the programme asks member states to disseminate relevant laws, regulations and bilateral agreements, as well as to the international treaties they have acceded to. It also seeks to improve law enforcement and training by recommending the appointment of drug liaison officers, the organization of conferences and training programmes. In short, the ASEAN and broader regional reaction to drug trafficking has primarily focused on soft mechanisms of cooperation. Areas of concentration include the sharing of 39 Work Programme on Terrorism to Implement the ASEAN Plan of Action to Combat Transnational Crime, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17 May
19 intelligence and expertise and to the development of capacity building programmes. While this increased level of multilateral collaboration should be welcomed, more needs to be done in terms of strengthening law enforcement and judiciary cooperation. C. Human Smuggling and Trafficking in East Asia Migration and Organized Crime in a Globalizing World Human smuggling and trafficking further complicates and adds a criminal dimension to the issue of cross-border migration. The latter is a complex social phenomenon that is influenced by economic, political, socio-cultural, historical and geographical factors and accelerated by the rapid pace of globalization. Economic determinants, especially poverty and economic disparities are the prime motivation for migrants to leave their countries of origin. Over the last ten years, the issue of illegal migration has been increasingly linked to organised criminal groups that now largely control the smuggling and trafficking of people. Although we live in a globalizing world, migrants increasingly face restrictive immigration policies and reduced legal immigration opportunities. This leads to a growing reliance on illegal methods to either enter or remain in a specific country. Skeldon points out that as long as countries in the region maintain their policies of restrictive immigration, trafficking can be expected to continue and almost certainly increase. 40 The US government estimates that approximately 800,000 to 900,000 people are trafficked annually across international borders. 41 Human smuggling and trafficking is a thriving activity for organized criminal groups, and it is gradually replacing the illicit drug trade as the largest illegal business in the world. 42 It is already the most lucrative illicit business after the smuggling of narcotics and arms. Human smugglers and 40 Ronald Skeldon, Trafficking: A Perspective from Asia, in Reginald Appleyard (ed.) Perspectives on Trafficking of Migrants, New York: International Organization for Migration, United Nations, 2000, p State Department says Human Trafficking on Rise, cnn.com, 11 June Human Smuggling eclipses Drugs Trade, BBC News, 20 June
20 traffickers make high profits while facing a low risk of detection and, if caught and tried, encounter relatively short prison sentences in comparison with drug traffickers. People-smugglers demand large sums of money to individuals in exchange for their illegal entry into a new country. 43 They normally provide transport, fake passports, transit accommodation and the crossing of borders. Those who wish to escape domestic poverty or conflict increasingly rely on these dangerous and expensive services. For example, 353 illegal migrants en route to be smuggled into Australia were killed in 2001 when their ship sank in Indonesian waters. The smuggled immigrants usually reimburse the price of the passage after their arrival. Due to their illegal status, they cannot enter the open labour market and end up in the underground economy in low skilled jobs or get involved in the sex industry and crime. Human smuggling ends once the illegal migrants reach their destination and reimburses their debt. This is the point, however, where the exploitation of the trafficked people starts. 44 People traffickers trap mostly young women and children into work or prostitution through the use of force or deceit. They end up after having been promised good jobs as sex slaves, domestic labourers and cheap labour. The illegal trade in women is difficult to apprehend as it is predominantly hidden within the broader phenomenon of undocumented migration. Victims of traffickers are betrayed, exploited and have their human rights violated. Their passports are generally confiscated and their illegal status makes it much harder for them 43 The UN defines people smuggling as the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or permanent resident. Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, New York: United Nations, December The UN defines people trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, New York: United Nations, December
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Currently 3.36/512345 Rating: 3.4/5 (Total votes: 14)
Rating: 3.4/5 (Total votes: 14)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
LOS ANGELES -- The way Yao Ming sees it, Karl Malone's 16 seasons of experience over him made the difference in the Lakers' overtime win in Game 4. He's right.
Over 18 seasons, Malone has developed the persona of someone who gets his way. It's a mixture of knowledge and arrogance and talent and intimidation, and even though he's backed off to make this year's alliance work with Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal, he knows how to turn it on when need be. He did just that all night long in Game 4. Contributing 30 points and 13 rebounds was only the start. Who else would knock Bostjan Nachbar off his feet as he came down from a dunk, pretend to have done nothing wrong and not get fined by the league later? Who else would rage at the referee when Nachbar then fouled him while making a clean play to block his fastbreak layup attempt? Who else could evade the NBA fashion police -- who are not above making calls during the course of a game to have a uniform violation enforced -- to wear a jersey ripped in the second quarter the rest of the game?
So was there any doubt what he'd do when he saw Yao, saddled with five fouls, between him and the basket in overtime and the Lakers down by four and fading? You could practically see Karl twitch with excitement at the opportunity. I don't know if Malone also glanced to see which referee had the play, but I wouldn't put it past him. In any case, he quickly drove directly at Yao and muscled the ball up as if he had to fight through Yao's arms.
It didn't matter that Yao tried to pull his hands back and avoid touching Malone. The mistake he made was not anticipating what the Mailman had in mind and keeping his hands clear. Instead, referee David Jones thought he saw contact and blew the whistle for Yao's sixth and final foul and a momentum-turning three-point play. (Among NBA officials, Jones is one who never seems affected by time of game or situation. My guess is if crew chief Joey Crawford had been on the baseline for that play, it would have had to be a no-doubt foul for him to make the call.)
Malone, in short, has carved out a sense of entitlement that stretches league-wide. Yao needs to do the same. First, of course, he needs to establish one that encompasses his team.
It's coming, slowly. After the loss Maurice Taylor mentioned how the team can't afford to be without its "best player." And Yao acknowledged that his fouling out was "the turning point."
The next step, of course, is for all the Rockets to understand that their collective "turning point" will be when they fully utilize their "best player." Granted, in the regular rotation only Jim and Mark Jackson recognize the instant Yao has a mismatch or solid position, but too much has been made of the limited court vision of Steve Francis and Cuttino Mobley. They're not the first scoring guards with an impaired sense of when to make an entry pass and how, but Yao could help them by being more demonstrative. Whether it was Kareem or Hakeem or Shaq, big dogs in the NBA don't get their bowl filled -- not properly, anyway -- without barking. Francis and Mobley miss, on average, a dozen chances a game to get Yao the ball deep in the paint or with a defender sealed, but I guarantee they'd be down to three or four if Yao let them know about it.
Instead of talking, though, Yao listens. It's an admirable trait and perfectly understandable for a good-natured, unselfish second-year player, but the adage of too-many-cooks-in-the-kitchen applies to both broth and the growth of 7-foot-6 centers from China.
"His next big step is to stop listening as much," coach Jeff Van Gundy said. "He's got to have selective hearing. You can listen to your coaches and your teammates, but at some point you have to decide what you need to do and let the rest roll off your back. The more he listens, the slower his feet get."
Van Gundy is waiting for Yao to send him a message, as well. There will be a timeout with a game on the line and Van Gundy will feel a tap on the leg as he sits down in front of the team. The tap will come from Yao and he will say, or gesture, to give him the ball.
"That," Van Gundy said, "has never happened."
There are signs, though, that it's not far away. Yao's already gotten over his reluctance to shoot after missing several in a row, and his confidence in taking and making 18-foot jumpers off pick-and-pop plays is growing with each game. The 19-footer he hit in overtime in Game 4 to put the Rockets ahead by one was huge.
But developing the persona Malone has goes far beyond the ability and willingness to take and make big shots. Someone on the Rockets with Karl's moxie would've realized that Malone had a technical foul from the exchange with Nachbar and would've been agitating him in hopes of drawing a second or being so careful not to get a second he would've been strangely un-Karl-like.
Yao is learning how to speak his mind off the court when decorum isn't observed, as when someone forgot to turn their cell phone off in the postgame press conference and it rang. "You're not a rookie anymore," he said to the cellphone owner.
Yao, neither are you. An oncourt point of decorum: There's nothing impolite about a team's best player growling, "Gimme the damn ball."
Ric Bucher covers the NBA for ESPN The Magazine. Also, click here to send Ric a question for possible use on ESPNEWS.


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Gross Domestic capital formation is defined as.....?
Gross Domestic capital formation is defined as.....?
Net addition to stock after depreciation....
It is just how many net (added minus deducted or invested minus de-invested) capital were added over certain period within selected country. Gross means that depreciation is not taken into account. It is flow value.
If we will deduct depreciation of capital in certain economy then we will get Net capital formation - this will mean that certain volume of capital were added as production factor. Sometimes depreciation is higher than gross capital formation - so this will mean fall in capital stock (actual de-investment due to wearing off of capital).
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Lt. Mukhtar (pictured above) was also killed in the Boko Haram ambush that claimed the life of his commander, Lt. Colonel B.U Umar along the Bita and Piridang road in Borno state yesterday. So Sad! May his soul rest in peace, Amen.
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Erica TongNew York, US
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Audiobooks, Cartoons, Educational, Internet, Jingles, Music, Podcasting, Radio, Telephone, Television
Bachelor of Arts in Radio Broadcasting/Media Production, Minor in Theatre – May 2009
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Amy Winehouse's Death
October 27, 2011 by staff
Amy Winehouse's Death, Amy Winehouse's death has generated a warning from alcohol Public Health Minister Anne Milton.
The singer died of alcohol poisoning at only 27 years old prompted Milton to argue that the UK still do not have the risks of drinking seriously.
She told MPs that the message that alcohol causes damage has not yet overcome the public as opposed to the message that obesity and smoking causes damage.
"I still think that while people accept the harm of smoking, accept the problems caused by being overweight, there is still a problem in accepting the harm caused by alcohol."
"I think we still do not have a message through the guidelines."
Amy Winehouse causes of death: alcohol no drugs Amy Winehouse: research report sent to the wrong address, but also acknowledged that even when people understand the risks of a particular activity, you still choose to do so.
"People who know things that harm their health, so that 22 percent of people still smoke," said
"We have to see what people feel the need to go to look very, very drunk and damaging their health."
Milton also said the government policy of raising the tax on strong beer was having an effect on alcohol consumption.
"No doubt about it, the price can manipulate the market, which increases tax on high-strength alcohol is not a bad idea, because for every liter sold there is less alcohol in it, which is a step in the right direction" .
However, he admitted the effect of price increases in problem drinkers were less clear.
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|Jeffs Comeback Cut Short at Springfield
Jeffs Comeback Cut Short at Springfield
September 20, 2006
SPRINGFIELD, MA – The Amherst College women's field hockey team was in the midst of a heroic come-back when the final whistle blew on their non-conference match-up at Springfield College Wednesday evening. The Jeffs fell behind 3-0 to the Pride, who were led by Jane Kelleher's (Chatham, MA) pair of goals.
Refusing to give up, the Jeffs pushed hard into the second half, and finally netted their first goal in the 54th minute, when junior defender Lauren Benson (Hamilton, NJ) notched her first goal of the season, with the assist going to first year sensation Haley Douds (South Orange, NJ).
With just 2:32 left in regulation, Amherst's Douds scored another goal to close the gap to one goal, on a pass from Molly Malloy (Stamford, CT). The Jeffs maintained heavy pressure, peppering the Pride defense, and out-shooting Springfield 14-12, and winning the penalty corner battle 11-4.
In the final minute, Amherst had two penalty corners but was unable to find the equalizer, falling to 1-3 on the season.
The goalie tandem of Kathleen Boucher (Washington, D.C.) and Jane Mostue (Lincoln, MA) combined on the evening for the Jeffs for 9 saves, while Pride junior Emma Kaplan (Ridgefield, NJ) and Julia Kincade (Durham, NC) paired for 12 saves on the night.
The Jeffs return to action against NESCAC rival Tufts this Saturday at home at 11 a.m.
|Amherst College > Athletics > Field Hockey >Jeffs Comeback Cut Short at Springfield


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CROTON-ON-HUDSON, N.Y. -- Emergency responders rushed to the scene of a two-car collision on snow-covered southbound Route 9 at Croton Point Avenue early Saturday evening.
Three parties declined medical attention, according to the Croton-on-Hudson Fire Department.
Croton On Hudson Emergency Medical Services and CFD units remained on scene assisting Croton Police diverting traffic while the roadway was closed and as the vehicles were towed away.