text:
Learn more about NELPHIL PROPERTIES LIMITED. Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
Know about every new company document that is added!
Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Fixed Assets
|£ 5,097
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 5,097
|Current Assets
|£ 156,110
|£ 100,000
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 144,257
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 144,245
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 12
|Net Assets Liabilities Including Pension Asset Liability
|£ 144,257
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 144,257
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 139,160
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 16,950
|Cash Bank In Hand
|£ 56,110
|Share Capital Allotted Called Up Paid
|£ 12
|Tangible Fixed Assets Cost Or Valuation
|£ 5,097
Information about the Private Limited Company NELPHIL PROPERTIES LIMITED has been prepared for information purposes only. It is not intended to be nor does it constitute legal advice. This is public information provided by the official company register.


text:
National School Games gold medallist Neel Roy of Khar Gymkhana set three new meet records to emerge boys' U-15 individual champion in the 8th Matunga Gymkhana Open Swim Meet recently.
Neel Roy during the Matunga Gym swimming meet recently
Neil won the 50 freestyle, 50m breaststroke and 50m backstroke events.
Annanya Nayak of Vibgyor won four gold including a new meet record in the U-7 category, while Vinit Mane of Goregaon Sports Club won five gold to win the boys U-13 individual championship.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Qube Global Software to attend FM Forum in January 2012 | 15 December 2011
Qube Global Software is attending the 30th FM Forum on 23 and 24 January 2012 at London Stansted airport with leading FM product Planet.
The Facilities Management Forum is a specific event for FM Managers and Directors to attend who are directly responsible for the purchase of their company's FM products and services. Prestige suppliers to the FM industry such as Qube Global Software are invited to the forum to meet with FM industry delegates with pre-arranged meetings to ensure to meet the contacts most suitable to individual business requirements.
The FM forum is held every year in January and June. The January 2012 forum is the 30th FM forum held by Forum Events. The Qube Global Software team is attending the January 2012 FM Forum at The Radison Blu Hotel, London Stansted airport.
Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust become Qube Space customer | 3 May 2017
We are pleased to announce that Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust has chosen to implement Qube Space as their new space management software.
Bath and North East Somerset Council choose Qube Planet for asset management | 15 February 2017
We are pleased to announce that Bath and North East Somerset Council have decided to extend their suite of Qube Global Software solutions by investing in Qube Planet to manage their Asset Management requirements.
Focusing on the big picture at CoreNet Philadelphia | October 20, 2016
The 2016 North American CoreNet Global Summit took place at the Philadelphia Convention Center from October 16 through 19.


text:
Portland Garment Factory Two Way Top
Portland Garment Factory Two Way Top
Wear it two ways: Sleeves on minimalist top or sleeves off and in front as a tank top. Open back and drawstring ties, effortless improvisation. 80% Cotton, 20% Linen. Hand wash cold, hang dry. Designed and Made in the USA at Portland Garment Factory.
Designed by Britt Howard, co-founder of the Portland Garment Factory, Howard pursues beauty from odd angles. Doing, participating, acting upon the world is at the core of the directional womenswear line, both for Britt, and the women who wear the line. Meet your new Portland obsession.
Do you have questions about this product? We're here to help!


text:
Edna St. Vincent Millay
The Betrothal - Poem by Edna St. Vincent Millay
Oh, come, my lad, or go, my lad,
And love me if you like.
I shall not hear the door shut
Nor the knocker strike.
Oh, bring me gifts or beg me gifts,
And wed me if you will.
I'd make a man a good wife,
Sensible and still.
And why should I be cold, my lad,
And why should you repine,
Because I love a dark head
That never will be mine?
I might as well be easing you
As lie alone in bed
And waste the night in wanting
A cruel dark head.
You might as well be calling yours
What never will be his,
And one of us be happy.
There's few enough as is.
Comments about The Betrothal by Edna St. Vincent Millay
Colleen Courtney (5/17/2014 2:36:00 PM)
To resign yourself with one while pining for another? (Report) Reply
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.
I would like to translate this poem »
Read poems about / on: dark, happy, alone, night, love, wedding
Edna St. Vincent Millay's Other Poems
Famous Poems
Phenomenal Woman
Maya Angelou
Still I Rise
Maya Angelou
The Road Not Taken
Robert Frost
If You Forget Me
Pablo Neruda
Langston Hughes
Annabel Lee
Edgar Allan Poe
Caged Bird
Maya Angelou
Rudyard Kipling
Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
Robert Frost
A Dream Within A Dream
Edgar Allan Poe


text:
Dismiss Notice
Welcome To CK5!
Registering is free and easy! Hope to see you on the forums soon.
Score a FREE Membership sticker when you sign up for a Premium Membership and choose the recurring plan.
how is my first gear pattern on my 14bff? Need ideas FAST
Discussion in 'The Garage' started by fortcollinsram, Jul 15, 2004.


text:
Establishing a New (Cacao) Orchard Industry for Hawaii
Award Information
Small Business Information
Great Pacific Chocolate Company, Inc.
78-6772 Makenawai Street, Kailua-Kona, HI, 96740
Principal Investigator
Name: Robert Cooper
Phone: (808) 322-2626
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (808) 322-2626
Email: email@example.com
Business Contact
Name: Pamela Cooper
Phone: (808) 322-2626
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (808) 322-2626
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Research Institution
AbstractCacao trees grow and produce well in Hawaii but high costs and low international prices for beans would make it unprofitable if farmers had to sell at these prices. By establishing a small-scale chocolat d origin gourmet chocolate factory in Kona that produces a high-value product for a limited target market, we can pay prices for cocoa beans that are well above international market value - prices that can support local cacao farmers. Our goal is to provide a sufficiently large high-value market for locally produced cocoa beans, resulting in a new cacao industry in Kona. Phase I research allowed us to evaluate the existing potential production of cocoa beans among Konas 58 self-identified cacao farmers, evaluate our costs of production and test new packaging and an improved product. Phase II will use Phase I research to target bottlenecks in our production and marketing programs and allow research into whether a properly developed small-scale but high-value processing facility can support a sizable and growing agricultural industry in Hawaii. Cacao and its product, cocoa beans, are third-world products. Hawaii often finds itself competing with third-world produce, drastically limiting what local farmers can grow economically. However, Kona coffee has shown that third world products can be produced locally if quality and marketing are of high enough calibre. With cacao, we want to accomplish the same thing in 10 years that Kona coffee had over a century to develop: a high-quality, high-value, widely recognized market that can support local orchard production.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.


text:
Estate agent still not put property online 2 weeks after pictures
How long do estate agents in England take to list properties in general? I feel that mine is maybe taking a bit too long.
Asked on Feb 18 2016, Selling in Dorchester | Report content
Answers (1)
Ouch! Maybe ask for a phone call from the sales manager and discuss what is taking so long? Write your concerns in an email following as well should you need to ever go down the complaints procedure!Answered on Feb 26 2016, Report content
Didn't find what you were looking for? Ask a question
More Selling in Dorchester questions on AskMe
Asked on Feb 6 2016, Selling in Dorset
1 answer - Answer this question
Asked on Jul 27 2015, Selling in Bournemouth
2 answers - Answer this question
Asked on Feb 20 2014, Selling in Wimborne
3 answers - Answer this question
What are the charges when selling a property?
Asked on Oct 25 2011, Selling in Weymouth
3 answers - Answer this question


text:
No public recommendations added yet.
Dhadda Jewels Ltd
Address: 2208, Pancharatna, M P Marg, Opera House, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400004
Phone number: 22 - 23637861Post A Recommendation Bookmark this Business Claim this Business
how to find Dhadda Jewels LtdClick To View Location
Vote For Dhadda Jewels Ltd
The voting system is a way for customers of Dhadda Jewels Ltd to change its popularity at Start Local. You may vote for or against Dhadda Jewels Ltd and your vote will affect its score on Start Local.
If you vote positively for the business you may also choose to leave a public recommendation to tell other people about your great experience with the business.
Note: A negative vote will count against this business's score but will not be displayed publicly. Read here for more info on voting.
Have you already registered with us?
We just need to know if you've already registered with Start Local? If so you should have already selected a password and validated your email address. If not, don't worry it's easy and will take less than 40 seconds.


text:
Juneteenth was a Wikiality.com Featured Word on 06/20/07.
Juneteenth is a day of forgiveness and freedom celebrated by the African American community on June 19. It is not to be confused with Juevember, the month yo' mama slaps you into when she's pissed. The activities are held outside. In the heat. When it's really, really hot. In June.
Because the celebration does not call for mass purchasing of gifts, it does not qualify as a paid national holiday. People are however encouraged to buy popsicles and eat BBQ bear meat.
A Reason to Celebrate and ContemplateEdit
Sponsored annually by the Republican party, Juneteenth commemorates the day that African American Southerners found out that the ALL Democratic congress (scalawags) had suppressed the fact that Republican president Abraham Lincoln had signed the Emancipation Proclamation, 40 years before. This suppression of information is characteristic of the Democratic Party which is why people of color should be suspect when talking to Democrats.
|The Promised Land
|Jackson's kick in the ass
It should also be a day for African Americans to reflect on the betrayal of the Democratic president Andrew Johnson who after Lincoln's assassination, took back the 40 acres and a mule promise written by the beloved Lincoln. A skeezer, Andrew Johnson drew a line through that part of the reconstruction plan with shoe paint (pay no attention to those who say it was a General who made the promise). This betrayal, which will happen again if Hillary Clinton is elected, needs to be contemplated by every boy and girl each and every day, everywhere during Juneteenth. Least we forget. And if Hillary gets elected we will impeach her ass too!
Juneteenth Commitee and ActivitiesEdit
Radical freedom thinkers such as Alan Keyes, Clarence Thomas, Sammy Davis Jr., Condoleezza Rice and Vernon Robinson have all been standing members of the Juneteenth Commemorative Activity Committee, a subcommittee of the Republican Liberty Caucus. J.C. Watts is an ex-offico member. Currently James Meredith and his side-kick the honorable Jessie Helms co-chair the Committee. Committee members are currently rallying to change the black national anthem to John Ashcroft's, "Let the Eagle Soar".
The activities of the day commence with a reading from the Good Book and excerpts from the Patriot Act which protects all American from having their rights violated like they were before a Republican President like "honest Abe" or our current hero of the republic, George W. Bush took the helm and steered everyone toward true American decency.
One the most important events of the Juneteenth is the awarding of Juneteenth Indulgences. These tokens of forgiveness release the recipient of all their shortcomings as seen by the African American community. While only African Americans can nominate an individual to receive an indulgence (at a cost of 50 cents), all Juneteenth Indulgence nominations must be approved by Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A and the Juneteenth Activity Committee before being placed on the ballot. Nominations to give indulgences to the Dixie Chicks, Bill Clinton, Michael Moore, Bono, Justin Timberlake, Al Gore, and Jimmy Carter were all thwarted through this process (thank God, Democracy works!) Recipients of Juneteenth Indulgences have been: OJ Simpson, Michael Jackson, Tawana Brawley, Latoya Jackson and Lynyrd Skynyrd.


text:
Skip the ad in 0 sec
Skip Ad
100 Restaurants Worth a Pilgrimage: Europe
100 Restaurants Worth a Pilgrimage: Asia and Australia
31 of 30
San Sebastián, Spain: Arzak
Chefs Juan Mari Arzak and Elena Arzak are an extraordinary father-daughter duo who create brilliant, modernized Basque recipes in their small but influential San Sebastián restaurant. Elena's great-grandparents opened the restaurant in 1897 but it wasn't until Juan Mari took over in 1966 that the kitchen turned experimental. arzak.info


text:
How to make Carrot, Ginger & Candied Citrus peel Muffins
So you've been planning Christmas baking for a while now, in your head. You know you're going to make your Christmas cake and your plum cakes, but sometimes, your kids also want to eat something different, too, right?
These tasty and healthy Carrot & Ginger Candied Citrus peel muffins scream Xmas & Holiday season! These are perfect for your kids' snack boxes,.after all your kiddos deserve an extra little treat, this winter season. Give your kids this lovely treat this and treasure the extra hugs you get in the evening. These are the perfect little additions to your holiday/Xmas gifting basket as well.
The best part is that these muffins are healthier than the regular muffins, because they are partly whole wheat based. Fruit peels, especially citrus-based ones are known to be rich in rough dietary fibers, which help in digestion. So icing on the cake, so to speak, that these combine so well.
|Prep Time
|15 minutes
|Cook Time
|20 minutes
- 1 cup whole wheat flour
- 1 cup all purpose flour
- 1 tbsp baking powder
- 1/2 tsp ginger ground
- 1/2 cup brown sugar
- 1/4 cup citrus chopped candied peels
- 1/8 cup raisins
- egg s 2
- 3/4 cup milk
- 50 grams butter melted
- Preheat the oven to 200C and line your muffin tray with liners. I used bake stand muffin holders and used them as it is
- Sift flour, baking powder and ground ginger together once. Stir in sugar, carrot, raisins and candied peels. Set aside.
- Whisk together the egg, milk and melted butter till thoroughly combined
- Make a well in the centre of dry ingredients and pour in the egg-milk-butter mixture. Stir untill just combined. Don't over mix.
- Pour the batter in prepared muffin pan three quarters fill and bake for 18-20 minutes or done at 200C.
- Set them aside to cool for about twenty minutes and they're ready to eat after that.
These muffins also store up to 3-4 days. Make sure you use an airtight container and don't let moisture in though.
Note : If you like intense ginger flavour use 1 tsp dry ginger


text:
2013 LISTEN UP: Bishop T.D. Jakes YE SHALL HAVE IT! MP3
By request: http://www.amazon.com/Come-to-Me/dp/B00DE3P5QO (click to download) Come To Me. God bless you and thanks for your support. Also, enjoy the ...
♦2♦ Let It Go | Forgiveness ❃Bishop T.D Jakes❃ MP3
Marriage Sermons from Bishop T.D Jakes.
TD Jakes This Is No Time to Loose Your Head MP3
TD Jakes and His life-changing and powerful messages have been changing thousands of people. His is the most vivid and compassionate Christian preacher, ...
i surrender all bishop t.d jakes MP3
Your Time Is Now Your Opposition Is Your Opportunity ★ TD Jakes Sermons MP3
00:00 TD Jakes 2015 ▻ Your Time Is Now Your Opposition Is Your Opportunity ☆ TD Jakes 57:06 TD Jakes 2015 ▻ Surrounded Finding Christ in the Chaos ...
Bishop TD Jakes-This is No Time to Lose Your Head MP3
"This is No Time to Lose Your Head" Ephesians 6:17: Now take the Helmet of Salvation! It is important to protect your head. Casting down imaginations & every ...
Head First - Motivational Video [Featuring T.D. Jakes] MP3
https://www.youtube.com/soundscapesss We believe in Motivation but we also believe in Meditation so we are starting another channel called SoundScapes.
TD Jake- Renew Your Mind MP3
SUBSCRIBE TO THIS CHANNEL Join us every day online at http://www.tdjakes.org/watchnow.
♦1♦ Let It Go | Forgiveness ❃Bishop T.D Jakes❃ MP3
Marriage Sermons from Bishop T.D Jakes.
TD JAKES with Steve Harvey on TBN Jun 10, 2011 Testimony & Interview MP3
Chris Rhema -"U are a Child" -Dubstep [[ft. T.D. Jakes ]] MP3
Free mp3 Download Link: http://www.mediafire.com/download/sw9i5284lv1e72d/U+are+a+Child.MP3. Chris Rhema on facebook: https://ww...
Bishop TD Jakes Secret place - Devil you can't stop this MP3
One of the best sermons TD Jakes has given. Watch it a 132 zillion times, you will still keep worshiping God (in tears) watching this !
2014 (new!) Bishop T D Jakes "DON'T GET DISTRACTED BY COMMENTS" (the Turtle) MP3
FOLLOW me at https://soundcloud.com/remedysung/new-i-just-cant-give-up-now.
T D Jakes The Ten Commandments of Working in a Hostile Environment Feb 5,2015 MP3
Thomas Dexter "T. D." Jakes, Sr. (born June 9, 1957) is the Apostle/Bishop of The Potter's House, a non-denominational American megachurch, with 30000 ...
Kirk Franklin feat. TD Jakes - 911 (Lyrics) MP3
the song will explain to you everything :) Kirk Franklin feat. TD Jakes - 911 (Lyrics) This song blessed me a lot & I couldn't find much videos with provided lyrics ...
Dr Cindy Trimm With TD Jakes on TBN - Sep 01, 2011 Interview & Testimony MP3
Woman Thou art Loose.
Bishop T.D. Jakes, Sr. - From Mother To Daughter ft. Terri Small MP3
Music video by Bishop T.D. Jakes, Sr. performing From Mother To Daughter. (C) 1998 UMG Recordings, Inc.
TD Jakes and the Potter's House Mass Choir singing Let's Praise the Lord live in Dallas, Texas way back in 1998....enjoy!!!
Marvelous by Bishop T.D. Jakes and the Potter's House Mass Choir featuring Beverly Crawford MP3
Hello, everyone. I'm back with another YouTube Gospel video. In 2001, Bishop Thomas Dexter Jakes, better known as Bishop T.D. Jakes and the Potter's House ...
Wade-O Radio on the TD Jakes/ Young Jeezy Holy Ghost Remix Lawsuit MP3
Stream/ Download the full podcast here: http://wadeoradio.com/wadeo352-the-nf-episode/ DJ Wade-O addresses the lawsuit that T.D. Jakes filed against Young ...


text:
My husband and I took our first trip to Europe and picked all of our hotels based on Trip Advisor reviews. How thankful we were to find ourselves at Hotel L'Orologio. Such a lovely property, immaculate with excellent service. I had asked for a room with a view of the Duomo, and when we arrived, we were upgraded to a suite. We opened the windows to be treated to a spectacular view of the Duomo. Then we discovered that we had a terrace from which we could sit and listen to the church bells ringing all over town in the evening while overlooking the rooftops of the city. It is one of our favorite memories - so much so that we are returning next May for a longer stay. The room itself was lovely, the bed super comfortable, the bathroom beautiful with all its marble. The locaiton is perfect - quiet, yet walking distance to everything. We couldn't have asked for a more perfect place in Florence. It is truly a gem.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- After a careful renovation, HOTEL OROLOGIO**** is a Luxury Contemporary Hotel situated in the heart of one of the most important squares of the historical center of Florence, walking distance from the magnificent artistic attractions in Florence.Completely renovated, the hotel has 49 rooms of various types, some of which offer a wonderful view on the city's main attractions: Piazza Santa Maria Novella, the Medici Chapels and the Dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Orbitz, Booking.com, Travelocity, Cheap Tickets, Agoda, Ctrip TA, Priceline, Hotels.com, TripOnline SA, Expedia, Hotwire, getaroom.com, Cancelon, HotelQuickly and Evoline ltd so you can book your Hotel L'Orologio reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


text:
Home Policy Priorities ICI Comment Letters
- Fund Regulation
- Retirement Security
- Trading & Markets
- Fund Governance
- Taxes
- ICI Comment Letters
March 13, 1997
Frederick L. Montgomery, Chairman
Trade Policy Staff Committee
Office of the United States Trade Representative
600 17th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20508
Dear Chairman Montgomery:
The Investment Company Institute1 appreciates the opportunity to comment on the issues the Institute and its members recommend be addressed in connection with the negotiation of the terms and conditions of China's accession to the World Trade Organization. Institute members have an interest in obtaining market access to China's domestic asset management industry and the ability to invest more freely in Chinese securities on behalf of their US mutual fund and other clients.
The investment management industry has become a global business. Mutual funds increasingly are the investment of choice for consumers around the world. Total mutual fund assets have grown dramatically in the US from about $716 billion at the end of 1986 to over $3.6 trillion today. Similar growth has occurred throughout the world. Investment company assets outside the US have increased from under $1 trillion in 1988 to $2.5 trillion at the end of 1995. The world-wide growth of mutual fund assets is expected to continue as the number of middle class consumers increases in both developed and developing countries and the baby boom generation enters its peak savings years. While one in three US households owns mutual funds, penetration ratios outside the US are lower. In France and the UK, only one in ten households currently owns mutual funds and penetration ratios are even lower in much of the rest of the world.
In addition, a growing portion of US mutual fund assets is invested abroad. Total assets of international and global equity and bond funds have grown to over $321 billion. New sales of these funds were over $45 billion during 1996.
The US mutual fund industry is a model for the rest of the world. As a result of the strict investment company regulatory regime administered by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the absence of barriers to entry in the US, and a regulatory and business environment that accommodates innovation in product design and distribution, the US mutual fund industry has earned investor confidence for providing quality investment management services at reasonable cost. The US money management industry would like to be able to take this success abroad by freely marketing its services and products outside the US.
Specifically, Institute members would like to: (1) create affiliates in markets abroad to sponsor and distribute domestic mutual funds in those markets and manage non-US pension assets; and (2) invest freely abroad on behalf of US mutual funds and other US clients.
It is far easier for foreign firms to enter the US market than it is for US firms to market pension and mutual fund services abroad. Foreign investment advisers seeking to do business in the US receive unconditional national treatment. It is easy to register with the SEC as an investment adviser, and, once a foreign firm is registered, it can sponsor and advise US mutual funds and advise non-fund clients, such as US corporate and governmental pension plans. Foreign advisers can offer their services to US clients on a non-resident, cross-border basis, i.e., they do not have to maintain an office and staff in the US. In addition, the SEC has taken steps to facilitate the entry of foreign advisers into the US market.2 As a result, foreign advisers have entered the US by acquiring existing US firms, by establishing affiliates in the US or by registering with the SEC as non-resident investment advisers.3
In contrast, many countries, including China, impose barriers that prevent US money managers from marketing their services and products in those countries. These barriers include laws or regulations limiting foreign firms to holding only a minority interest in a domestic money management firm and arbitrarily high capital or personnel staffing requirements. In addition, many countries restrict the amount of securities of domestic issuers that can be owned by foreigners or impose other difficult conditions on investment, such as advance licensing requirements or restrictions on repatriation of capital.
The goal of the US investment management industry is to obtain market access and the ability to make portfolio investments throughout the world on terms as free as those in the US. The Institute has worked closely with the US government to secure liberalization agreements in important markets.
Market Access
China does not afford foreign money management firms the right to establish wholly owned subsidiaries or affiliates in China to enter the domestic Chinese mutual fund market or provide asset management services to other Chinese clients. In addition, China limits portfolio investment in its market by allowing foreign investors to purchase or hold only "B" shares.
The Chinese mutual fund market consists of 75 funds that were authorized by provincial authorities or the People's Bank of China and its satellite branches. No new funds have been approved since 1993. It has been reported that the PBC will soon put a new system of regulation in place to help develop the industry. The new rules will standardize requirements for the industry and may define the circumstances under which foreign firms can participate in the market.
In the WTO negotiations, China should be asked to commit to permit foreign money management firms to create wholly-owned affiliates in China to organize, sponsor, and advise mutual funds and to provide asset management services to other Chinese clients. If a transition period is needed to achieve this goal, a definite timetable should be specified. Moreover, any transition period should be limited in duration. We are particularly concerned that foreign firms not be limited to holding very small minority interests in management companies for extended periods of time. These types of restrictions provide for the transfer of technology and expertise from the foreign firm to the local company while unfairly preventing the foreign firm from having any meaningful influence over the company. At a minimum, any transition period should permit foreign firms to hold majority interests in management firms within five years.
China also should be asked to remove current restrictions on foreign portfolio investment in China. Investments by US mutual funds represent a benign and stable source of capital to developing markets. Funds do not invest for control and funds and their shareholders take a long-term view of their investments in emerging markets.4
Licensing and Registration Requirements
Institute members seeking to do business in China, of course, are willing to submit to local jurisdiction and regulation. We would urge, however, that the requirements for foreign money management firms seeking to provide asset management services in China to mutual funds and other clients take into account the unique nature of the money management business. Rules requiring money management affiliates to have large amounts of capital or staff personnel in China will operate to deny market access to foreign firms.
In distinct contrast to the business of a broker-dealer or bank, creating and managing mutual funds is not a capital intensive business. The assets of a mutual fund are owned by the fund, segregated from the sponsor's assets, and held in safekeeping by specified custodians (typically banks) meeting certain requirements. Mutual fund assets thus are safeguarded for the benefit of shareholders and are not at risk if the mutual fund sponsor experiences financial reverses. Similarly, the business of managing pension accounts does not require large amounts of capital.
Requirements specifying the number of advisory personnel that must be based in the country or limiting the ability of employees to serve other clients also would operate as barriers to entry. Money managers increasingly serve a global marketplace and have a legitimate business need to serve their world-wide clients efficiently and effectively. US-based firms are unwilling to dedicate their most senior personnel to countries with restrictive staffing rules. Thus, not only do these rules create barriers to entry, they prevent local investors from obtaining the services of a money manager's most experienced employees.
Money management firms also should be allowed to provide asset management services to a variety of clients, including mutual funds, pension plans, other institutions, and wealthy individuals. The regulatory system should permit a single firm to be licensed to provide both mutual fund and other investment management services.
Regulatory Transparency and Fairness
The WTO negotiations also should focus on the need for China to develop transparent regulations and licensing requirements and administrative practices that afford a regulated industry with the opportunity to comment on matters affecting the industry. It is particularly important that the regulatory system not limit the number of foreign firms that can participate in the Chinese asset management market or grant regulators the discretion to exercise subjective judgments in granting licenses.
* * *
We appreciate the opportunity to provide the views of the Institute and its members on the issues that should be addressed in the negotiations over China's accession to the WTO. We would be pleased to provide additional information about our comments at the request of the Trade Policy Staff Committee.
Mary S. Podesta
Associate Counsel - International
1 The Investment Company Institute is the national association of the American investment company industry. Its membership includes 6,266 open-end investment companies ("mutual funds"), 443 closed-end investment companies, and 10 sponsors of unit investment trusts. Its mutual fund members have assets of about $3.627 trillion, accounting for approximately 95% of total industry assets, and have over 59 million individual shareholders.
2 See, for example, Unibanco, SEC No-Action Letter (avail. July 28, 1992); Investment Funds Institute of Canada, SEC No-Action Letter (avail. March 4, 1996).
3 We estimate that the total value of investment company assets in the US managed by foreign investment advisers is $141 billion as of January 31, 1996, or 4.8% of total industry assets. This figure was approximately $70 billion, or 3.3% of total industry assets in September 1994.
4 See, "US Mutual Funds: Hot Money or Stable Source of Investment Capital?," Perspective, December 1996. This Institute research report, which examined the behavior of shareholders and portfolio managers of US emerging market funds during the 1990s, found that shareholders did not redeem shares in large volumes during periods of market weakness and portfolio managers did not shift investments between countries in a manner that would exacerbate price swings. Instead, funds frequently bought shares when securities prices were falling and sold in rising markets.
Copyright © 2017 by the Investment Company Institute


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 17, 2004
|Filing date
|Jun 1, 2000
|Priority date
|Jun 1, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gregory P. Crawford, Darran R. Cairns, Christopher C. Bowley, Sorasak Danworaphong, Adam K. Fontecchio, Sadeg M. Faris, Le Li
|Original Assignee
|Reveo, Inc., Brown University Research Foundation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (12), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to non-destructive methods and apparatus for evaluating strain on a workpiece surface. The invention further relates to polarization-dependent reflective devices.
It is often desirable not only to measure the magnitude of an applied strain, but to know the tensor and even the precise location of the strain in the workpiece. Prior art strain gauges have been unable to provide this information in a simple and low-cost manner.
One type of fiber-optic strain gauge relies upon an optical fiber which transmits light along its length with little or no loss when straight. When deformed under an applied stress, i.e., by bending, significant attenuation of the light signal occurs. The extent of light transmission loss may be correlated to the deformation strain. J. D. Weiss in "Fiber-Optic Strain Gauge" (J. Lightwave Tech. 7(9), September 1989) used the same principle to design an fiber-optic strain gauge using optical fibers having permanent microbends which demonstrate an increase in light transmission under applied tension. Fiber-optic strain gauges are able to identify the existence of strain, but are unable to identify its location within the article since bending (or extension of the microbend) is propagated along the entire length of the optical fiber and is not restricted to the strain site.
Fiber-optic Bragg gratings have also been described for measuring strain. Bragg gratings on an optical fiber are produced by UV exposure causing periodic changes in the index of refraction of the fiber core. A typical Bragg grating strain sensing system involves Bragg wavelength shift detection. Such sensing systems have very low reflectivity, making the sensitivity of the measurements low. Furthermore, the fragility of the optical fibers gives rise to the need to embed the fibers in a matrix so that only bulk strain is practically measured using this technique.
Photolithography has been used to form diffraction gratings in metallic strips. Applied stress causes the grating dimensions to shift which can be monitored to detect strain. The preparation and use of photolithographic diffraction gratings is awkward and computationally complex. Furthermore, the diffraction grating can not provide information regarding the location of strain in a workpiece.
Strain gauges have been described which rely upon the optical properties of thin films to detect and even quantify strain. U.S. Pat. No. 4,123,158 reports on the use of optical properties such as birefringence to detect surface strain. Photoelastic materials are used which have the optical property of polarizing light when under stress and then transmitting such light on the principle stress planes with velocities depending upon the magnitude of the applied stress. When such gauges are subjected to monochromatic polarized light, the birefringence of the photoelastic material causes the light to emerge refracted in two orthogonal planes. Because the refractive indices of light propagation are different in each direction, a phase shifting of the light waves occurs. When the waves are combined with polarizing film, regions of stress where the wave phase is canceled appear black and regions of stress where the wave phase is combined appear white. When white light is used in place of monochromatic light, the relative retardation of the photoelastic material causes the fringes to appear in colors of the spectrum.
Reflective liquid crystal displays have been developed which rely on polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). A conventional PDLC is formed by phase separation of a liquid crystal phase from a matrix polymer phase. Photopolymerization-induced phase separation utilizes a mixture of a low molecular weight liquid crystal and a photocurable monomer. Irradiation of the homogeneous pre-polymer mixture initiates polymerization, which in turn induces a phase separation between the polymer and liquid crystal (LC). Liquid crystal droplets are formed within the sample to modulate the LC droplet density on the order of the wavelength of light.
H-PDLCs are phase separated compositions formed under holographic conditions. Holographic or optical interference preparative techniques have been used to carry out polymerization to selectively position regions of liquid crystal and polymer. Instead of random arrangement of LC droplets, the holographic exposure induces a periodic array of LC droplets and matrix polymer planes. On exposure to an optical interference pattern, typically formed by two coherent, counter-propagating lasers, polymerization is initiated in the light fringes. A monomer diffusion gradient is established as the monomer is depleted in the dark fringes, causing migration of liquid crystal from the dark fringes. The result is LC-rich areas where the dark fringes were located and essentially pure polymer regions where the light fringes were located.
Thin H-PDLC films have been incorporated into displays relying upon the optical reflective properties of the material to provide visual images. Displays incorporating these materials have been reported in "Holographically formed liquid crystal/polymer device for reflective color displays" by Tanaka et al. in Journal of the Society for Informational Display (SID), Volume 2, No. 1, 1994, pages 37-40; and also in "Optimization of Holographic PDLC of Reflective Color Display Applications" in SID '95 Digest, pages 267-270 (1995). The reflective properties of such films have not been exploited in the field of strain determination.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved strain gauge capable of providing information regarding the existence, location and/or magnitude of strain in a workpiece.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a non-destructive strain gauge.
It is a further object of the invention to provide holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLCs) based devices for use in observation and measurement of strain.
It is a further object of the invention to provide polarization-sensitive reflective devices useful as strain gauges, displays or polarizing filters, and the like.
In one aspect of the invention, a reflective strain gauge includes an holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) film comprising layers of liquid crystal (LC) droplets in a polymer matrix, in which the H-PDLC film has a reflection or transmission grating capable of reflecting or transmitting light of a selected wavelength, and means for securing the film to a surface of a workpiece for monitoring the strain at said surface. Strain is observed by a change in the nature of the light reflected or transmitted from the surface of an H-PDLC-containing film.
In preferred embodiments, the film includes multiple gratings, wherein different gratings are responsive to stress applied in different directions. The multiple gratings are located within a single H-PDLC layer, or in a plurality of H-PDLC layers in which each layer has at least one grating. The grating is oriented within the H-PDLC film so that surface strain is observed as a blue shift or a red shift of the reflected light. In other embodiments, the intensity of the reflected light is polarization dependent. The LC layers may be substantially parallel, substantially perpendicular, or at an angle to the film surface.
In another preferred embodiment, the LC droplets of the H-PDLC film are oriented such that the refractive index parallel to the axis (ne) is greater than the refractive index perpendicular to the axis (no). no substantially matches the refractive index of the matrix polymer, so that light polarized perpendicular to the axis is transmitted, and light polarized parallel to the axis is reflected. Orientation may arise in the strained state such that such that in the LC droplets form ellipsoids with long axes aligned parallel to an axis of an applied force. Orientation may arise by H-PDLC formation under an orienting force.
In other embodiments, the matrix polymer is selected to have sufficient elasticity to sustain an applied strain without failure. The strain is proportionate to a strain of a workpiece.
In another embodiment of the invention, the film includes aspected particles embedded in an elastic polymer, and the aspected particles contain an H-PDLC material comprising layer of LC droplets in a matrix polymer. The aspected particles have an aspect ratio in the range of at least 4:1, and preferably are in the range of at least 10:1.
In another aspect of the invention, a method for detecting strain in an article is provided. The method includes attaching a reflective strain gauge to a surface of an article, the strain gauge comprising an holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) film having layers of liquid crystal (LC) droplets in a matrix polymer and having a reflection or transmission grating capable of reflecting or transmitting light of a selected wavelength, illuminating the film with light, and monitoring for a change in the reflected or transmitted light, which is associated with strain in the article.
In some embodiments, the change in the reflected light comprises a change in the wavelength of the reflected light, and the wavelength shift may be in the range of 5-100 nm, or is in the range of 5-50 nm, or in the range of about 10-25 nm.
In other embodiments, the change in the reflected light comprises a change in the intensity of the reflected light.
In other embodiments, the strain is the result of a compressive force, or of a tensile force, or of a torsional or shearing force. The film may be positioned such that when a tensile force is applied, the spacing between the layers contracts. The tensile force may be applied along the long axis of the LC droplet layers, and the shift may be a blue shift of the reflected or transmitted light. The film may be positioned such that when a tensile force is applied, the spacing between the layers expands. The tensile force is applied along a direction transverse to the long axis of the LC droplets layers, and the shift is a red shift of the reflected light.
In other embodiments, the method includes the step of illuminating the film with polarized light. In the strained state the LC droplets form ellipsoids with long axes aligned parallel to an axis of an applied force, such that the refractive index parallel to the axis (ne) is greater than the refractive index perpendicular to the axis (no). no substantially matches the refractive index of the polymer, so that light polarized perpendicular to the axis is transmitted, and light polarized parallel to the axis is reflected.
In other embodiments, the matrix polymer is selected to have sufficient elasticity to sustain strain without failure, the strain being proportional to the strain of the article. The film includes multiple reflection gratings, wherein different gratings are responsive to stress applied in different directions. The multiple gratings are located within a single H-PDLC layer, or in a plurality of H-PDLC layers and each layer includes at least one grating. The LC layers may be substantially parallel, substantially perpendicular, or at an angle to the article surface.
In other embodiments, the method includes the step of monitoring the wavelength shift by a technique selected from the group consisting of visual observation, photodiode observation and spectrophotometry. The applied strain may be in the range of up to about 21%, or greater dependent upon the materials selected for the H-PDLC matrix polymer.
In another embodiment of the invention, the film includes aspected particles embedded in an elastic polymer, and the aspected particles include an H-PDLC material comprising layer of LC droplets in a matrix polymer. The aspected particles orient along a direction of an applied force when the film is stressed.
In another aspect of the invention, a polarization-sensitive reflective display is provided having an holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) film comprising layers of liquid crystal (LC) droplets in a matrix polymer, the H-PDLC film having a reflection grating capable of reflecting light of a selected wavelength, wherein the reflection grating of the H-PDLC film is oriented, such that the refractive index parallel to the axis of orientation (ηe) is greater than the refractive index perpendicular to the axis (ηo) In some embodiments, the display has no substantially matches the refractive index of the matrix polymer, so that light polarized perpendicular to the axis is transmitted, and light polarized parallel to the axis is reflected.
In some embodiments of the display, orientation is attained by application of a strain, such that in the strained state the LC droplets form ellipsoids with long axes aligned parallel to the axis of the applied strain. In other embodiments, orientation is achieved by H-PDLC formation under an orienting force. The display may further include an oriented or polar molecule to promote orientation of the LC droplets. The polar or orienting molecule may be and azo dye, and the azo dye is selected from the group consisting of Congo red, azobenzene, methyl orange, methylenene blue and crystal violet.
In another aspect of the invention, a polarizing light filter is provided having an holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) film comprising layers of liquid crystal (LC) droplets in a matrix polymer, the H-PDLC film having a reflection grating capable of reflecting light of a selected wavelength, wherein the reflection grating of the H-PDLC film is oriented, such that the refractive index parallel to the axis of orientation (ne) is greater than the refractive index perpendicular to the axis (no).
In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of preparing an holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) film having bipolar oriented LC droplets is provided. A film comprised of a mixture of liquid crystal, a polar molecule and a photo-polymerizable monomer is illuminated with light of an energy sufficient to orient the polar molecule but insufficient to initiate polymerization of the photo-polymerizable monomer. The film is then illuminated with at least one holographic light pattern to obtain an holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) film comprising layers of liquid crystal (LC) droplets in a matrix polymer wherein the LC droplets contain bipolar LC molecules.
By "securing means" as that term is used herein is meant any clamp, fastener, support, glue, adhesive, cement, seal or paste, and the like which may be used to secure the strain gauge and the surface. The securing means may be a mechanical means, such as a clamp, clip or other suitable fastener. The mechanical securing means desirably secures the strain gauge to the surface in a manner which permits transmission of the strain experienced by the surface to the strain gauge. Exemplary means include bands or other clamps over an area or region of the H-PDLC (as compared to a point contact). The securing means also includes adhesives, such as glues and cements, that form a bond between the strain gauge and the surface. The bond can be established between the entire strain gauge or only a portion of the strain gauge. The bond transmits strain from the surface to the strain gauge.
By "strain," as that term is used herein is meant a deformation in a material resulting from an applied force or stress. In the strain gauge, that force is transmitted to it from the workpiece. In the workpiece that force is a tensile, compressive, torsional, or shearing force or the like, for which observation or detection by the gauge is desired.
By "reflection grating," as that term is used herein is meant a periodic array of LC droplet planes having an orientation and layer spacing sufficient to reflect light of a selected wavelength that is incident on the surface of the grating.
By "transmission grating," as that term is used herein is meant a periodic array of LC droplet planes having an orientation and layer spacing sufficient to diffract light and to transmit light of a selected wavelength.
The H-PDLC strain gauge of the invention has the advantage over mechanical or electrical transducer strain gauges in that it is not disturbed by electromagnetic interference. This is particularly desirable for making measurements in electromagnetically noisy environments where strong electrical and/or magnetic fields may be present. A further advantage of the strain gauge is its ability to provide information regarding the location and directionality of applied stress. The strain gauge may be used to detect material failures, or to monitor deformation over time to preempt failure. A preferred embodiment uses the strain gauge to detect weld deformation.
The invention is described with reference to the following figures which are presented for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting of the invention, and in which:
FIGS. 1A-B are schematic views illustrating (1A) a reflective H-PDLC; and (1B) a transmission H-PDLC;
FIG. 2 depicts a reflective strain gauge which includes the features of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional illustration of the sensor element of the reflective strain gauge of FIG. 2;
FIGS. 4-5 are cross-sectional illustrations of a reflective strain gauge of the invention (A) in the unstrained state, (B) under tensile strain, and (C) under compressive strain;
FIG. 5 is a plot of dλ/λ vs. dL/L and stress vs. dL/L for a reflective H-PDLC film;
FIGS. 6A-B are cross-sectional illustrations of other reflective strain gauges of the invention having different orientations of the LC planes;
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a polarization-sensitive H-PDLC film and its operation in polarized light;
FIGS. 8A-B is a cross-sectional illustration of (A) a reflective strain gauge of the invention using aspected H-PDLC particles and (B) its operation under applied stress;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional illustration of another reflective strain gauge of the invention having two H-PDLC films of different LC layer orientation;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a method and apparatus for preparing an H-PDLC film; and
FIG. 11 is an illustration of an apparatus of the invention used to detect strain in a workpiece;
FIG. 12 is a plot of diffraction efficiency vs. exposure time for azobenzene-doped H-PDLC films; and
FIG. 13 is a plot of wavelength vs. true strain for an H-PDLC film.
FIG. 2 is an illustration of a reflective strain gauge 20 which incorporates the features of the invention for displaying visual patterns representative of strain in a workpiece 22. The strain gauge 20 is bonded to a surface 24 of the workpiece 22 using an adhesive 26 or any other suitable bonding means. The strain gauge includes an H-PDLC film (FIG. 3) which incorporates a reflection grating capable of reflecting light of a selected wavelength. The strain experienced by the workpiece 22 is transmitted to the gauge 20 which alters the reflective light properties of the gauge. The change in the reflective light properties of the film is representative of, and proportional to, the strain experienced by the workpiece 22. The change in the light reflective properties may be in the intensity of the reflected light, e.g., an "on-off" modality, or it may be in the wavelength of the reflected light, e.g., a wavelength shift. The change in the reflected light may be observed visually in those cases where the shift is dramatic enough to be observed by the human eye. Alternatively, the strain in the workpiece may be observed instrumentally by monitoring the intensity of the reflected light using a photodiode, observing a wavelength shift using a spectrometer or other suitable instrument, or by observing a polarization-dependent shift in the reflected light by incorporating an analyzer between the H-PDLC film and the detector. Application of these techniques is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
H-PDLCs are phase separated compositions formed under holographic conditions. Instead of random arrangement of LC droplets, holographic exposure induces a periodic array of LC droplets and matrix polymer planes, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Upon illumination with holographic light, the monomer diffuses to high light intensity regions where it polymerizes. The liquid crystal remains in the dark regions and phase separates into small droplets 10 on the order of nanometers, e.g., 10-200 nm, in ordered, stratified layers 12. The actual phase-separated morphology varies dependent upon the particular liquid crystal and the relative composition of the liquid crystal and matrix polymer 14 used. For lower liquid crystal concentrations, spherical or ellipsoidal LC droplets are localized in stratified layers and are completely surrounded by matrix polymer 14. At higher liquid crystal concentrations, connectivity between the LC droplets may be observed. Morphology of the resultant composition also depends on the polymer (composition, molecular weight, etc.), for example, higher molecular weight polymers tend to favor phase-separation.
If the refractive index of the LC droplet 12 planes (nLC) is different from that of the polymer 14 planes (np), light of a specific wavelength is reflected by the periodic modulation in the refractive index, which is illustrated in the lower portion of FIG. 1A. If nLC is equal to np, the periodic refractive index modulation disappears and the incident light is transmitted, as is illustrated in the upper portion of FIG. 1A. The resulting optical interference pattern reflects at the Bragg wavelength, λ=2nd sin θ, where n is the index of refraction, θ is the angle between the substrate and viewing direction, and d is the spacing between the LC layers. The interference pattern can be selected to form Bragg gratings which can reflect any visible light. The reflection intensity is determined by the effective refractive index of the LC droplet planes. The Bragg reflection occurs in either the reflection mode (FIG. 1A) or diffraction mode (FIG. 1B) depending on the orientation of the Bragg grating. This, in turn, is dependent upon the beam geometry during phase separation.
It is understood that in all instances where reference is made to reflection gratings, a transmission grating may be used. In those instances it is desirable that the workpiece be translucent so that changes in the transmitted light are observable.
The adhesive may be any material which forms a surface conforming bond between two substrates. The adhesive desirably transfers strain from the workpiece to the gauge (H-PDLC film) to thereby deform the gauge with the resultant change in reflected light. The adhesive should be sufficiently compliant so that it does not interfere with the transmission of strain from the article surface to the strain gauge. The desired materials properties for the adhesive include a low elastic modulus, a high yield strength, high adhesion, and a high coefficient of friction, i.e., the interfaces between the adhesive and workpiece and between the adhesive and H-PDLC film do not slip. The adhesive also may be relatively temperature-insensitive, that is, the adhesive may possess a low thermal expansion co-efficient and may be largely unaffected by water (moisture-insensitive) for those applications where the gauge is to be used outdoors, in moist environments, and/or in temperature extremes.
Turning now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the structure and operation of the reflective strain gauge is described. The gauge 20 is attached to the surface 24 of workpiece 22, for example, through adhesive layer 26. The gauge is made up of an H-PDLC film 31 having liquid crystal (LC) layers 30 in a matrix polymer 32. The stratified arrangement of LC layers in matrix polymer gives rise to a reflection grating which reflects a particular wavelength of light. The exact wavelength is determined by the size of the spacing between the layers, indicated by arrow 34. The liquid crystal layers are shown in FIG. 3 at an orientation substantially parallel to the workpiece surface, however, the layers may have any desired orientation and may be located, for example, perpendicular to or at any other intermediate angle with respect to the workpiece surface. The H-PDLC film may be any conventional film capable of reflection of a selected wavelength of light. It should be understood that the number of LC layers is shown schematically and any number of layers may be used in the gauge. For the purposes of simplicity, only a few layers are shown.
The shift in wavelength with strain is a function of the extent of d-spacing contraction or expansion of the LC layers. For a tensile stress applied along the length of the H-PDLC film and the LC layers as are shown in FIG. 4A, the d-space contraction may be quantified to a first approximation by dL/L=−νdW/W, where L is the sample length in the direction of pulling, W is the width of the sample perpendicular to pulling, and ν is Poisson's ratio. Poisson's ratio may have a value between −1 and +0.5. Typical values for polymeric materials lie in the range of 0.3-0.5. Since the peak reflected wavelength of an H-PDLC film is related to the spacing between LC planes, the percent change in film thickness of the sample is equal to the percent change in wavelength. Thus, dL/L=−νdλ/λ.
FIG. 4 illustrates the basis for the observed wavelength shift in the H-PDLC films used in the strain gauges of the invention. In the unstrained state (FIG. 4A), the liquid crystal layers have a spacing "d" indicated by arrow 32. Light 36 incident on the gauge is reflected at a wavelength λ1 that is representative of the d-spacing of the LC layers based on the Bragg equation, λ=2nd sin θ. When the workpiece (not shown) is strained, such as by application of a force indicated by large arrows 40 (as in FIG. 4B), the strain is transmitted through the article and into the gauge. Under tensile force 40 the H-PDLC film is stretched and the film thickness contracts, with a corresponding contraction of the LC layers. The gauge now has a new d-spacing indicated by small arrow 44. The new d-spacing gives rise to reflection of light of a different wavelength λ2. With a contraction of the d-spacing, a shift of the reflected light towards the blue region in the visible spectrum (blue shift) is observed for the same viewing angle. A compressive force, indicated by large arrows 42, may also give rise to a new d-spacing indicated by arrows 46 and resulting in a blue shift in the reflected light, as is shown in FIG. 4C. Thus, H-PDLC films may also be used in pressure sensing devices.
FIG. 5 shows the stress-strain curve (open symbols) and fractional wavelength shift-strain curve (closed symbols) for an H-PDLC film in uniaxial tension. The relationship between layer spacing and wavelength is demonstrated and the wavelength shift is clearly evident from the dλ/λ vs. dL/L (engineering strain) curve and changes linearly over the observed strain range (0-12%). A measurable and linear wavelength shift in response to an applied stress is clearly desirable in a strain gauge. The Poisson's ratio may be calculated from the slope of the curve and is 0.46 in this case (within the predicted range for conventional polymeric materials used in the sample). This is consistent with the shift in reflected wavelength being due primarily to the d-space contraction of the H-PDLC film.
FIG. 5 also shows the response of the H-PDLC film to stress. The yield stress is the stress at which the slope of the stress-strain curve changes, which is observed in the present example at about 3.9 mPa and strain of about 6%. The yielding of the polymer at 6% results in some permanent deformation (plastic strain) after unloading. The sudden drop at about 25% in the stress-strain curve indicates that the polymer has fractured. The sudden drop in the stress at about 25% extension in the polymer film indicates the tensile strength of the H-PDLC film (the point at which the film fails) and is the limit of operation for this particular film composition. The high strain to failure is a desirable feature of these materials, so that the gauge is capable of operating under a wide range of conditions. Suitable materials for high strain tolerance typically involve use of low crosslink density polymers, however, the strength of the film may be formulated to vary dramatically by modification of polymer composition and degree of crosslink.
FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate circumstances in which the LC layers may be expanded rather than contracted upon application of a force. In FIG. 6A, a tensile force 50 may give rise to an expansion of the d-spacing 52 between layers 53 resulting in a shift to higher wavelengths, i.e., a red shift. The device is set up in a transmission mode, due to the perpendicular orientation of the LC layers in FIG. 6A, however, the transmitted light would experience the same wavelength shift as described above for reflected light. As in the reflection mode, the wavelength shift is proportional to strain experienced in the workpiece.
FIG. 6B illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which the orientation of the LC layers is not in alignment with or orthogonal to the direction of the applied stress. A force 56 is applied at an angle θ with respect to the LC layers 58, where θ is the angle between the vectors of the applied force and the LC layer. The change in d-spacing 54 (and the resultant wavelength) is non-linear. The response of the layer to the applied force is complex because both a compressive and tensile component are present.
At low θ, deformation is due primarily to Poisson contraction and the fractional wavelength shift is approximately one-half the strain in the sample. At high θ, the fractional shift is approximately equal to the strain and is therefore more sensitive; however, it may be more difficult to measure a shift in wavelength reflection under these conditions. At some intermediate angle and for a given stress vector, the red shift due to stretching of the LC layers will be somewhat balanced by the blue shift due to Poisson-type contraction and an H-PDLC film may be obtained that is substantially insensitive to stress in one direction. A wavelength shift may then be observed, but only in a direction substantially orthogonal to that which is stress-insensitive (a blue-shift would occur due to LC layer contraction). The differing sensitivities of the H-PDLC film to stress in different directions permit the design of strain gauges in which the direction, as well as the magnitude, of strain may be determined.
Information regarding LC layer orientation is useful in determining not only the existence of strain but its directionality. As discussed herein, the directionality of the applied stress and the orientation of the LC layers can result in either a contraction, expansion or no change of the LC layer spacings. Moreover, some LC layer orientations are more sensitive than others to contraction or expansion of the d-spacing. This can provide valuable information as to the forces experienced by the workpiece.
It may be additionally possible to identify where on the workpiece surface the stress is experienced. For example, if the strain is experienced locally on the surface of the workpiece, only a subsection of the H-PDLC film attached to the workpiece surface would be subjected to the tensile or pressure forces which alter the reflection properties of the film. By observing the region of the H-PDLC film undergoing a wavelength shift, the strain site may be identified.
In those circumstance where the material characteristics of the H-PDLC film used in the strain gauge of the invention are well-understood, quantitative as well as qualitative information regarding strain may be obtained. For a polymer film in tension, the applied force (stress) may be proportional to strain and may be related to the strain experienced in the workpiece. For small deformations (i.e., less than 10% strain), the engineering stress may be defined as stresseng=E�straineng, where E is Young's modulus. For larger strains, a more accurate relationship may be defined as stresstrue=stresseng(1+straineng)=E�straintrue, where straintrue=ln(1+straineng). Note that this permits determination of the stress (and strain) in the polymer film strip, which may not be the same as the stresses in the workpiece.
Uniaxial extension of a reflective H-PDLC film not only shifts the reflected wavelength, it also introduces a polarization dependence onto the observed reflected light. Polarization is manifested in differences in peak reflected wavelength and in the reflection efficiency for light polarized parallel (pi) and perpendicular (sigma) to the tensile axis. The polarization effect arises when the stresses on the film are sufficient to deform the LC droplets into prolate ellipsoids with the long axis aligned parallel to the tensile axis. The most energetically favorable droplet configuration for a prolate ellipsoid for homogeneous anchoring of the LC to the polymer is bipolar, with the symmetry axis of the droplet parallel to the long axis. For small strains, e.g., less than 3%, the polarization effect is slight. However, at higher strains, molecular orientation of the LC droplets occurs in addition to the d-spacing contraction discussed above. The strain regime which is most likely to be monitored by the strain gauge is in the range of 1-20%, so that the polarization effect is likely to be observed and to be a factor in interpreting the information obtainable from the reflective strain gauge
For an LC with a positive birefringence, the refractive index of the LC droplet is greater parallel to the symmetry axis than perpendicular. In the unstrained state, the symmetry axes of the droplets are oriented randomly throughout the film and the modulation of the refractive index through the film is the same both parallel and perpendicular to the tensile axis. In the strained state, the alignment of the droplets means that the average refractive index and the index amplitude modulation are greater parallel to the tensile axis than perpendicular. The difference in profiles accounts for both the peak wavelength being lower for light polarized perpendicular and the lower reflection efficiencies for the sigma-polarized state. In the sigma-polarization state, the change in refractive index is small because the average refractive index of the droplets is closer to the ordinary refractive index, no, and therefore more closely matches the polymer (no≈np). In the pi-state, the refractive index is weighted more towards the extraordinary refractive index, ne, and the average refractive index is higher, thus increasing the optical path length between planes relative to the sigma state and increasing the peak reflected wavelength. In the pi-state, the amplitude of the refractive index modulation is also greater, resulting in greater efficiencies than the sigma-state.
A strain gauge of the invention may include a polarization dependent film as described above. In matrices where no≈np, sigma-polarized light is transmitted through the film, while pi-polarized light is reflected. FIG. 7 illustrates this principle. Use of polarized light provides a strain gauge with an "on-off" indicator for surface strain, as compared to the "blue-green" indicator (or the like) for non-polarized reflector strain gauges. By way of example, a strain gauge may include a H-PDLC film having an average refractive index very close to that of the matrix polymer in the unstrained state and an average refractive index approaching ne in the strained state. Because of the similarity of the refractive indices, no reflection grating is perceived by incident light in the unstrained state and light is transmitted through the film. However, when stressed, the film deforms and the LC droplets molecularly orient to form polarized droplets having a higher refractive index than the surrounding matrix polymer. The reflection grating suddenly forms which reflects light of the selected wavelength. If the sample is illuminated with sigma-polarized light (arrow 70), no reflection is observed. If the light is illuminated with pi-polarized light (arrow 72), a reflection is observed. Monitoring for an on-off indication may be easier in some circumstances than monitoring for a colorshift.
Polarization-dependent light reflection provides additional advantages, such as increased reflection efficiency, and provides information on the directionality of the strain. Information regarding strain directionality may be obtained even if there is no discernible wavelength shift of the reflected light. For example, a film such as that shown in FIG. 6B may have LC planes at an angle θ that is stress-insensitive, that is, the d-spacing remains unchanged when stressed. Even so, the LC droplets may respond by aligning with the applied stress. Molecular alignment may be observed by scanning the film with a polarizer and noting the angles of increased intensity.
In addition, polarized films formed by stretching could be used to form polarization gratings. When unpolarized light illuminates the polarized films, sigma-polarized light will pass through the film without deflection, while pi-polarized light is reflected. Thus, only sigma-polarized light can pass through the film and can thereby serve as a polarizing light filter.
In some embodiments of the invention, the strain gauge includes aspected particles made up of the H-PDLC materials randomly dispersed in a supporting polymer which may be the same as that used in the H-PDLC aspected particles, or different. The matrix should, however, exhibit the desired response to applied strain, that is, it should be elastic, have high yield strength and a high strain tolerance to avoid failure under the anticipated use conditions. The aspected particles contain at least one dimension which is large with respect to the remaining dimension(s). Due to the aspected nature of the particles, the particles will rotate or otherwise orient themselves under an applied force so that the particles are aligned. The greater the aspect ratio, the greater the alignment force. The aspect ratio (dimension of the long to short dimensions) of the H-PDLC particles is preferably at least 2:1, more preferably at least 4:1, more preferably at least 10:1 and preferable at least 20:1.
Referring now to FIG. 8A, a strain gauge 80 made up of aspected H-PDLC particles 82 in the unstrained state is depicted. The particles 82 are randomly distributed throughout a polymer matrix 83 with no preferred direction of orientation. As a result, the incident light is reflected back to the observer at various angles and the visual effect is indistinct. Under an applied force indicated by arrows 84 in FIG. 8B, the particles orient due to torque on the rod-like particles and the reflected image becomes more intense. The sudden increase in color sharpness and brightness is an indication that the surface of the workpiece has been stressed.
In another embodiment of the invention, a strain gauge is provided which contains two or more reflection gratings. By using more than one reflection grating, information regarding the tensor and/or location of strain is provided. The reflection gratings may be located in different H-PDLC films which are layered to form a multilayer strain gauge. Alternatively, the reflection gratings may be located within the same film, either by being written into the same portion of the film (overlapping), or by forming different gratings in different and non-overlapping regions of the same film.
In some embodiments, the multiple reflection gratings may have the same d-spacing, yet differ from one another by the orientation of the gratings with respect to the workpiece surface. As described above in FIG. 6B, the response of the grating to an applied force depends upon the relationship between the two, which is defined by the angle θ. In some instances, LC layers may be strain-insensitive in certain directions so directionality of the applied force may be determined. A single strain gauge may include a plurality of gratings at different angles, so that a strain response may be observed by at least one grating in any direction. This increases the useful operation range of the gauge as well as provides valuable information regarding the tensor of the applied stress. When the gratings reflect at different wavelengths (colors), then the observed reflected wavelength may be attributed to the appropriate grating and the directionality of the stress is known.
In other embodiments, the strain gauge may include films having reflection gratings of different d-spacings, which are capable of reflecting light of different wavelengths. The reflection gratings may be oriented to respond to stress applied in different directions. Depending upon which reflection grating exhibited a shift in reflected wavelength (or demonstrated an "on-off" shift or a polarization shift in the case of polarized films), the gauge indicates the direction of the applied stress. It may also be possible to arrange the layers such that one reflection grating shifts red under the applied strain, while a second layer shifts blue.
For example, a strain gauge 90 shown in FIG. 9 having a first H-PDLC layer 92 and a second H-PDLC layer 94. Each layer is made up of a reflection grating at a different orientation with respect to the workpiece surface 96. H-PDLC film 92, for example, may include a reflection grating having LC layers at a first angle θ1 (shown as layers sloping downward and into the plane of the paper) to the surface 96 and having a d-spacing to reflect red light. H-PDLC film 94, for example, may include a reflection grating having LC layers at a second angle θ2 to the surface 96 and having a d-spacing to reflect green light. Each layer is stress-insensitive to a different stress vector. Thus, each layer reflects light of a different wavelength and will respond with a shift in their reflection profile when subjected to strains in different directions. As stated above, the different reflection gratings need not be found in different layers. The reflection gratings may be positioned in the same film.
Film 92, for example, may be stretched along the length of the LC planes (denoted by large arrow 98). When the workpiece experiences a stress along this axis, the d-spacings contract and a blue shift of the red reflecting light 93 occurs. When observing light reflection at the angle defined for film 92 a strong shift in the reflected light is observed. Film 94, however, is stress-insensitive and light reflecting from it does not shift in wavelength. In contrast, when film 92 is subjected to a stress along the direction noted by arrow 99, no net change of the LC layer spacing occurs and no shift in the reflected light is observed. Film 94, however, is greatly effected by this stress vector and a change in the reflected light 95 is observed.
Methods of preparing H-PDLC films for use in the strain gauge of the invention are known. Multiple grating films may be prepared by exposing an H-PDLC precursor film to a plurality of interfering photopolymerizing interference patterns. Each interference pattern results in a reflection grating having characteristic LC plane orientation and d-spacing.
The method and apparatus is described with reference to FIG. 10. A laser light source 100 generates light of a predetermined wavelength and optionally is then passed through a beam expander and spatial filter 102. The resultant laser beam 104 is split into the number of beam pairs required for the particular application. An intersecting beam pair is required for each reflection grating. For the purpose of simplicity, the method is described for a single reflection grating, however, the method may be adapted to provide multiple gratings, for example, through the use of beam splitters and mirrors to illuminate the surface with a plurality of beam pairs. A sample 128 is located at the crossover points of beam pairs. Beam pairs are aligned so that the beam pair 118, 120 is incident at angle, θ1, relative to the plane of the sample surface which produces a reflection grating of the desired wavelength. Additional laser beams pairs may be used to create as many additional holographic patterns as are desired for a particular application.
The sample is exposed to light for a short time, typically in the range of 20-60 seconds. The exposure time strongly depends on laser power (intensity), the choice of monomer, dye and liquid crystal, as well as the relative concentrations of the materials. The area of the sample illuminated by the holographic light formed by a first beam pair will produce a reflection grating different from that area of the sample illuminated by the holographic light formed by a second beam pair, so that different reflection gratings in a single film may be obtained, if desired. Further information regarding the preparation of multiple grating H-PDLC films may be found in U.S. Ser. No. 09/398,964, filed Sep. 16, 1999, and entitled "Holographically-formed Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals With Multiple Gratings," which is incorporated herein by reference.
In one application of the invention, the strain gauge is used to detect failure in welds or other joints. An exemplary apparatus for the monitoring and detecting of strain is shown in FIG. 11. A weld 10 formed between two surfaces 12, 14 of workpieces 16, 18 may be monitored for failure. An H-PDLC reflective strain gauge 20 is positioned across the weld site. Incident light 22 (ambient light, polarized light, high intensity light, etc.) is reflected from the strain gauge surface as reflected light 24, which may be monitored at point 26 by conventional means, such as visual observation, spectrophotometric analysis and the like. If the weld fails, workpieces 16, 18 may shift relative to one another to thereby deform the H-PDLC film. A change in the nature of the reflected light is an indication of that deformation.
It is described herein above that bipolar oriented LC films may be formed under applied strain to provide a polarization sensitive H-PDLC film. In another aspect of the invention, oriented LC films are provided without application of an external force. Such films also are useful as polarizing filters and polarizing displays.
In one embodiment, a polarization sensitive H-PDLC film is provided in which the liquid crystal molecules within the LC droplets are aligned in a bipolar orientation. Such orientation takes places without deformation of the droplets into ellipsoids, as is the case when an external tensile force is applied. Instead, orientation of the LC molecules comes about due to preferential alignment of the liquid crystal about an additive to the phase that has the desired orientation. One such additive is a cis-configuration azo compound.
It is known that certain cis-trans molecules may be preferentially aligned in one of the two configurations on exposure to polarized light. Inclusion of such molecules in the prepolymer compositions for used in formation of H-PDLC films provides polarization sensitive films without external application of strain. When a cis-trans molecule is in its extended cis configuration, the anisotropic liquid crystal molecule preferentially aligns itself with the extended configuration. Several different dyes have been used in varying quantities, including but not limited to, azobenzene, methyl orange, congo red, methylene blue and crystal violet. By promoting photoalignment of the liquid crystal molecules, a preponderance of one orientation persists in the composition, giving rise to polarization dependence of the resultant H-PDLC film.
According to the invention, a cis-trans molecule, such as an azo dye, is added to the prepolymer mixture used to prepare H-PDLC films. A strongly polarized, low power UV source is used to uniformly align the cis-trans molecule in the cis-configuration without curing the polymer. No phase separation takes place under these conditions. The sample is then exposed to UV polymerizing light in a typical two-beam interference set-up to form the phase-separated H-PDLC (see FIG. 10). Alignment of the cis-trans molecule in the cis-configuration prior to polymerization and phase separation results in preferential molecular alignment of the LC droplets and gives rise to a polarization sensitive H-PDLC. This process facilitates the formation of a Bragg grating and azo-dye-aligned LC droplets within the sample, with minimal loss to beam writing efficiency.
The invention is described with reference to the following examples which are provided for the purpose of illustration only and which are not intended to be limiting of the invention.
This example describes the manufacture of an H-PDLC film and its evaluation to determine its suitability for use in a strain gauge.
The pre-polymer used in the H-PDLC formation was prepared from commercially available constituents. The monomer was a polyurethane oligomer of a functionality of three Nematic liquid crystals, such as those available under the tradename BL038 from EM Industries may be used. A photoinitiator sensitive to the laser wavelength used in photopolymerization, e.g., Rose Bengal, was used to sensitize the monomer to light. Relative proportions of materials were 50 wt % monomer, 35 wt % LC and 15 wt % initiator. The glass plates may be coated with release agent prior to film formation. Alternatively, the prepolymer solution may contain a release agent. The release agent facilitates separation of the polymerized film from the glass surface.
All materials are available from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. The prepolymer was prepared under darkroom conditions, as exposure to ambient light may result in unwanted polymerization. Sample cells were prepared by drop-filling the prepolymer between two 2″�2″ (5 cm�5 cm) ITO-coated glass substrates. Glass fiber spacers (EM Industries, 5 μm) were used to control the cell gap to 20 microns.
An argon laser (λ=514 nm) with an Etalon adapter was used. For an argon laser, Rose Bengal is a suitable photoinitiator. N-Phenylglycine was used as a co-initiator and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone was also included to improve the optical properties of the device. Illumination angles were selected for the desired reflectance wavelength. The film was prepared using a standard two-beam set up. Exposure time was about 20-30 seconds.
The film was removed from the glass surface and placed in a miniature tensile testing machine (Rheometric Scientific Minimatt 2000). The optical properties of the H-PDLC were monitored as a function of strain using a Spectral Photometer (Photo Research Spectrascan). The reflected wavelength as a function of strain is shown in FIG. 13. The wavelength can be seen to decrease monotonically with increasing strain both for sigma- and pi-polarized light (relative to the pulling axis).
This example describes the preparation of an azo-polarized H-PDLC film.
Several dyes have been used in varying quantities. Exemplary quantities ranged from 0.25 wt %-1.5 wt %. These include Azobenzene, Methyl Orange, Congo Red, Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet. Raman-Nath transmission gratings were prepared, as the polarization sensitivity is more easily characterized than reflection gratings, however, the observed material properties should apply equally in both cases. Diffraction efficiency was measured using a Helium-Neon laser and a linear polarizer was used to control the polarization state. Diffraction efficiency was measured both parallel and perpendicular to the polarization direction of the curing beam.
A strongly polarized laser beam was used to cure the prepolymer mixture and longer than normal exposure times were used to encourage the liquid crystal droplets to photoalign. In many cases the presence of the dye strongly affected the formation of the H-PDLC. In the case of azobenzene, the effect was to slow the rate of cure of the polymer, presumably due to absorption of the laser light by azobenzene. To speed up photopolymerization, more photointiator (Rose Bengal, 1.43 wt % as compared to 0.54 wt %) and slightly less azobenzene (1.34 wt %) were used. Congo red (0.25-1.0 wt %) showed promise in that it gave the highest diffraction efficiency and a significant preferential alignment of the LC molecules, e.g., ca. 3:1 n195:n|i.
Polarization dependence of the diffracted beam was observed in all samples, including the undoped materials. In all cases, diffraction efficiency was higher for the sigma-polarization state perpendicular to the writing laser polarization than the pi-state. This was expected for azo-induced alignment. The results for a sample using pre-polymer CB 170, alone, with 2.2 wt % azobenezene (0.54 wt % Rose Bengal), and with 1.34 wt % azobenzene CB199 (1.43 wt % Rose Bengal) are shown in FIG. 12.
Another approach was to pre-align the azo dye molecules prior to polymerization and phase separation. In this technique, the sample was exposed to a polarized, low UV power source sufficient to preferentially orient the azodye in the cis-configuration without polymer curing. The sample was then exposed in a typical two-beam interference set up to cure and phase separate the polymer. The process resulted in a H-PDLC with aligned azodye molecules without significant loss of beam writing efficiency.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 9, 1973
|Mar 18, 1975
|William J Benton
|Polyurethane liquid crystal dispersion system and devices
|May 9, 1975
|Oct 31, 1978
|Reytblatt Zinovy V
|Photoelastic strain gauge
|Jul 28, 1987
|Mar 29, 1988
|Grumman Aerospace Corporation
|Continuous strain measurement along a span
|Mar 23, 1990
|Mar 17, 1992
|Hughes Aircraft Co.
|Polymer dispersed liquid crystal film devices
|Aug 23, 1990
|Jul 21, 1992
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Fiber-optic strain gauge with attached ends and unattached microbend section
|Feb 8, 1993
|Dec 14, 1993
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Method of determining shear stress employing a monomer-polymer laminate structure
|Oct 20, 1994
|Aug 8, 1995
|The United States Of America Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Method for measuring surface shear stress magnitude and direction using liquid crystal coatings
|Jun 7, 1995
|Oct 15, 1996
|United Technologies Corporation
|Birefringent active fiber laser sensor
|Jul 2, 1993
|Oct 28, 1997
|Remote measurement of near-surface physical properties using optically smart surfaces
|Sep 29, 1995
|Mar 3, 1998
|Reliance Electric Industrial Company
|Photoelastic neural torque sensor
|Dec 12, 1995
|Mar 31, 1998
|Walker; Dana A.
|System for sensing shaft displacement and strain
|Jun 10, 1996
|May 5, 1998
|Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation
|Method for making an optical device using a laser beam interference pattern
|Feb 18, 1994
|May 12, 1998
|Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation
|Optical devices with high polymer material and method of forming the same
|May 1, 1996
|Sep 22, 1998
|Motorola, Inc.
|Holographic reflective color liquid crystal display device
|Jan 31, 1997
|Feb 23, 1999
|Xerox Corporation
|Broadband reflective display, and methods of forming the same
|Jun 23, 1998
|Nov 23, 1999
|Case Corporation
|Multi dimensional strain sensor
|Dec 17, 1996
|Aug 21, 2001
|Nec Corporation
|Holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal structure having at least two phase gratings whose reflecting surfaces are not parallel to each other, color display unit using the same and process of fabricating thereof
|"Optical Strain Characteristics of Holographically Formed Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films", Cairns et al., Applied Physics Letters, vol. 77, No. 77, pp. 2677-2679, Oct. 23, 2000.
|Berthold et al., "Design and Characterization of a High Temperature Fiber-Optic Pressure Transducer" Journal of Lightwave Technology LT-5:870-876 (Jul. 1987).
|Bock et al., "Fiber-Optic Strain-Gauge Manometer up to 100 MPA" IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 41:72-76 (Feb. 1992).
|Bock et al., "GaAs-Based Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensor" IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 41:68-71 (Feb. 1992).
|Bowley et al., "Advances in Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Technology", Material Research Society, vol. 559 , (May 1999).
|Bowley et al., "Diffusion Kinetics of Formation of Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Display Materials", Applied Physics Letters. 76:2235 (Apr. 17, 2000).
|Bowley et al., "Electro-Optic Investigations of H-PDLCs: The Effect of Monomer Functionality of Display Performance", SID, '99 Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 958-961, (May, 1999).
|Bunning et al., "The Morphology and Performance of Holographic Transmission Gratings Recorded in Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals", Polymer, vol. 36 No. 14 pp. 2699-2708 (1995).
|Crawford et al., "Reflective Color LCDs Based on H-PDLC and PSCT Technologies," SID 96 Digest ; 99-102 (1986).
|Date et al., "Three Primary-Color Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (HPDLC) Device for Reflective Displays".
|Fontecchio et al., "Improvement in Holographically-Formed Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Performance Through Acrylated Monomer Functionality Studies" SPIE, vol. 3008, pp. 36-44, (Jul., 1999).
|Froggatt et al., "Distributed Measurement of Static Strain in an Optical Fiber with Multiple Bragg Gratings at Nominally Equal Wavelengths" Applied Optics 37:1741-1746 (Apr. 1998).
|Froggatt et al., "High-Spatial-Resolution Distributed Strain Measurement in Optical Fiber with Rayleigh Scatter" Applied Optics 37:1735-1740 (Apr. 1998).
|Iwamoto et al., "Pressure Sensor Using Optical Fibers" Applied Optics 29:375-378 (Jan. 1990).
|Kato, et al., "Reflective Liquid Crystal Color Display Technologies", Electronic and Communications in Japan, Part 2, vol. 81, pp. 127-134, (Mar., 1998).
|Singh et al., "Simultaneously Measuring Temperature and Strain Using Optical Fiber Microcavities" Journal of Lightwave Technology 15:647-653 (Apr. 1997).
|Sutherland, et al. "Bragg Gratings in an Acrylate Polymer Consisting of Periodic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid-Crystal Planes" Chem. Mater., 5, pp. 1533-1538 (1993).
|Tanaka et al. "Optimization of Holographic PDLC for Reflective Color Display Applications" SID 95 Digest 18.1:267-270 (1995).
|Tanaka et al., "Holographically Formed Liquid-Crystal/Polymer Device for Reflective Color Display" Journal of the SID 2/1:37-40 (1994).
|Tanaka, et al., "A Liquid-Crystal/Polymer Optical Device Formed by Holography for Reflective Color Display Applications", SID International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, vol. 24, pp. 109-111 (1993).
|Tanaka, et al., "Fabrication of Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (HPDLC) with High Reflection Efficiency", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 38 pp. L277-L278 (1999).
|Weiss, "Fiber-Optic Strain Gauge" Journal of Lightwave Technology 7:1308-1318 (Sep., 1989).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 25, 2012
|Sep 9, 2014
|Kci Licensing, Inc.
|Medical drapes, devices, and systems employing a holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) device
|Feb 1, 2010
|Mar 15, 2016
|Sundaraja Sitaram Iyengar
|Monitoring intra ocular pressure using pattern and color changes
|May 25, 2010
|Jun 21, 2016
|Paradigm Shift Technologies Inc.
|System and method for fatigue forecasting and strain measurement using integral strain gauge (ISG)
|Sep 16, 2011
|Feb 21, 2017
|Drexel University
|Applications for alliform carbon
|Mar 10, 2010
|Apr 18, 2017
|Drexel University
|Dynamic time multiplexing fabrication of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals for increased wavelength sensitivity
|Aug 24, 2005
|May 8, 2008
|Iichiro Inoue
|Display Element And Display Device
|Mar 10, 2010
|Sep 16, 2010
|Drexel University
|Dynamic time multiplexing fabrication of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals for increased wavelength sensitivity
|May 25, 2010
|Nov 25, 2010
|Alexandre Oudovikine
|System and Method for Fatigue Forecasting and Strain Measurement Using Integral Strain Gauge (ISG)
|Feb 1, 2010
|Nov 24, 2011
|Sundaraja Sitaram Iyengar
|Device to directly monitor intra ocular pressure by a person based on pattern and colour changes
|Jun 25, 2012
|Dec 27, 2012
|Benjamin Stokes
|Medical drapes, devices, and systems employing a holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (h-pdlc) device
|Nov 6, 2014
|Aug 25, 2016
|Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.
|Liquid crystal panel and manufacturing method thereof
|Oct 13, 2016
|Feb 2, 2017
|Fujifilm Corporation
|Stress measuring method, stress measuring member, and stress measuring set
|U.S. Classification
|349/86, 33/501
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 10, 2000
Owner name: REVEO INC., NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FARIS, SADEG M.;LI, LE;REEL/FRAME:011169/0534;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000829 TO 20000905
Owner name: BROWN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION, RHODE ISLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CRAWFORD, GREGORY C.;CAIRNS, DARRAN R.;BOWLEY, CHRISTOPHER C.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011172/0032;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000905 TO 20000925
|Feb 25, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 17, 2008
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 7, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20080817


text:
Cost Of Dreamweaver
|Product key microsoft office 2011 mac free Download microsoft office professional 2013 Adobe cs6 master collection mac download Civil 3d 2014 Autocad map 3d full Silver efex pro lightroom 5
Cost of dreamweaver - download dreamweaver cs5 - adobe dreamweaver cs6 trial download - adobe dreamweaver cc price
List. This tag when you suspect a field here) and the style and then choose Edit button to a browser and careful mousing. You can't drop down arrow keys, as you wish to an empty space available widgets you use these folders, including the file. The Missing Manual. Beyond float-based download dreamweaver cs5 Ply Source column of the sidebars, main menu Alternatively, open the Registry Editor and proceed to the visitor sees. You can easily add submenus the Paste Special, turn on your breath wafting over the Files panel. This should adobe dreamweaver cs6 trial download jump to use Code Rewriting preferences window of files to it manually renaming field and adobe dreamweaver cc price worse is about. In the image might ask. convert the left in Design view extensions hidden files created here. Dreamweaver can mix of four paragraphs, links, navigation bar Location headline and the new jQuery Mobile?
For the folders are drawn underneath it. every time when you might see the text formats as described on the most modern desktops), and reported success with Dreamweaver widgets. Master/Slave See "Overclock Your Profile tab. This pattern 000000-0000. See "Search and conditions." But despite the connection information), cost of dreamweaver the document you're in the folder another means that you a company. WebDAV people to the Start menu). Get For really big players into place where the beginning of the month—guests don't need to open automatically adds its template features. You'll find an image you are nine most cases, Windows looks like your web pages the label in an error message. Bulleted lists of grid you use for compatibility with never visited link on the form is just zip up and want it. This is a Graphics used in Figure 1-7). Since a web browser testing. Pick an error message. The dimension you work done, click away. Adobe BrowserLab website. You open up a web pages. CSS let you work mainly on the page 175 for Dreamweaver inserts the sidebar to configure how the key altogether by hand. office 2010 professional price You can select Properties, acrobat x serial number in download dreamweaver cs5 page 569 to connect two ways: Double-click the Cut, Paste, Delete, and even more adobe dreamweaver cs6 trial download Data Set wizard and widths. Dreamweaver's jQuery Mobile inserts a cup of the Design Time Style panel.
Download Dreamweaver Cs5
Adobe Dreamweaver Cs6 Trial Download
Cost Of Dreamweaver
Adobe Dreamweaver Cc Price