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Three Essays on Analyzing and Managing Online Consumer Behavior
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1 Three Essays on Analyzing and Managing Online Consumer Behavior Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Passau vorgelegt von Eva Maria Anderl M.A. geboren am 21. Mai 1981 in München Prinzregentenstr München
3 Dissertation an der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Passau Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Jan H. Schumann Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftslehre mit Schwerpunkt Marketing und Innovation Universität Passau Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Florian von Wangenheim Professur für Technologiemarketing ETH Zürich Datum der Disputation: 20. November 2014
5 Summary V Summary Summary Over the last two decades, the Internet has fundamentally changed the ways firms and consumers interact. The ongoing evolution of the Internet-enabled market environment entails new challenges for marketing research and practice, including the emergence of innovative business models, a proliferation of marketing channels, and an unknown wealth of data. This dissertation addresses these issues in three individual essays. Study 1 focuses on business models offering services for free, which have become increasingly prevalent in the online sector. Offering services for free raises new questions for service providers as well as marketing researchers: How do customers of free e-services contribute value without paying? What are the nature and dynamics of nonmonetary value contributions by nonpaying customers? Based on a literature review and depth interviews with senior executives of free e-service providers, Study 1 presents a comprehensive overview of nonmonetary value contributions in the free e-service sector, including not only word of mouth, coproduction, and network effects but also attention and data as two new dimensions, which have been disregarded in marketing research. By putting their findings in the context of existing literature on customer value and customer engagement, the authors do not only shed light on the complex processes of value creation in the emerging e-service industry but also advance marketing and service research in general. Studies 2 and 3 investigate the analysis of online multichannel consumer behavior in times of big data. Firms can choose from a plethora of channels to reach consumers on the Internet, such that consumers often use a number of different channels along the customer journey. While the unprecedented availability of individual-level data enables new insights into multichannel consumer behavior, it also makes high demands on the efficiency and scalability of research approaches. Study 2 addresses the challenge of attributing credit to different channels along the customer journey. Because advertisers often do not know to what degree each channel actually contributes to their marketing success, this attribution challenge is of great managerial interest, yet academic approaches to it have not found wide application in practice. To increase practical acceptance, Study 2 introduces a graph-based framework to analyze multichannel online customer path data as first- and higher-order Markov walks. According to a comprehensive set of
6 Summary VI criteria for attribution models, embracing both scientific rigor and practical applicability, four model variations are evaluated on four, large, real-world data sets from different industries. Results indicate substantial differences to existing heuristics such as last click wins and demonstrate that insights into channel effectiveness cannot be generalized from single data sets. The proposed framework offers support to practitioners by facilitating objective budget allocation and improving team decisions and allows for future applications such as real-time bidding. Study 3 investigates how channel usage along the customer journey facilitates inferences on underlying purchase decision processes. To handle increasing complexity and sparse data in online multichannel environments, the author presents a new categorization of online channels and tests the approach on two large clickstream data sets using a proportional hazard model with time-varying covariates. By categorizing channels along the dimensions of contact origin and branded versus generic usage, Study 3 finds meaningful interaction effects between contacts across channel types, corresponding to the theory of choice sets. Including interactions based on the proposed categorization significantly improves model fit and outperforms alternative specifications. The results will help retailers gain a better understanding of customers decision-making progress in an online multichannel environment and help them develop individualized targeting approaches for real-time bidding. Using a variety of methods including qualitative interviews, Markov graphs, and survival models, this dissertation does not only advance knowledge on analyzing and managing online consumer behavior but also adds new perspectives to marketing and service research in general.
7 Acknowledgments VII Acknowledgments Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the support of many. First and foremost, I want to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Jan Schumann for his continuous support, encouragement, and inspiration. I count myself incredibly lucky to have you as a mentor. Many thanks also go to my second advisor Florian von Wangenheim for his invaluable guidance and for immediately welcoming me into the DTM family. Without my colleagues in Munich and Passau this dissertation would not be the same and writing it would have been much less fun. Thank you so much to all of you! Armin März deserves a special mention for being a great partner in crime and roommate from day one. I would also like to thank my other co-authors Ingo Becker, Werner Kunz, and Sebastian Klapdor, as well as my cooperation partners at intelliad, Feld M, and ValueClick. It was a pleasure to work with you. I gratefully acknowledge the institutional support I have received during my dissertation. My study was conducted in the context of the project Fre(E)S: Produktivität kostenfreier E-Services (FKZ: 01FL10038), which was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and supported by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). A big thank you also goes to Passau University for providing me with the means to finish this dissertation and to Technische Universität München, the University of Massachusetts Boston, and the Cambridge Public Library for giving me shelter. Special thanks to Werner Kunz for inviting me to Boston and being a great mentor during my time in the US and beyond! I sincerely thank my friends and family for pushing me to take on this challenge and keeping my spirit up along the way. Finally, thank you, Sebastian, for accompanying me on this journey and for all the rest.
9 Short Table of Contents IX Short Table of Contents Short Table of Contents Summary... V Acknowledgments... VII Short Table of Contents... IX Table of Contents... XI List of Figures... XIV List of Tables... XV List of Abbreviations... XVI 1 Introduction There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch: Nonmonetary Customer Value Contributions in Free E-Services Mapping the Customer Journey: A Graph-Based Framework for Online Attribution Modeling Analyzing Multichannel Online Customer Journeys for an Online Retailer: A Categorization Approach Conclusion References
11 Table of Contents XI Table of Contents Table of Contents Summary... V Acknowledgments... VII Short Table of Contents... IX Table of Contents... XI List of Figures... XIV List of Tables... XV List of Abbreviations... XVI 1 Introduction The Digital Economy: Impact and Challenges New Business Models Proliferation of Channels Big Data Research Scope Study 1: There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch: Nonmonetary Customer Value Contributions in Free E-Services Study 2: Mapping the Customer Journey: A Graph-Based Framework for Online Attribution Modeling Study 3: Analyzing Multichannel Online Customer Journeys for an Online Retailer: A Categorization Approach Structure of the Dissertation There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch: Nonmonetary Customer Value Contributions in Free E-Services Introduction Literature Review: NMCVCs Methodology NMCVCs in the Free E-Service Industry WOM Co-Production... 22
12 Table of Contents XII Network Effects Attention Data Discussion Outlook Mapping the Customer Journey: A Graph-Based Framework for Online Attribution Modeling Introduction Research Background Research on Attribution Modeling Criteria for Attribution Modeling Connecting Criteria for Attribution Modeling and Prior Research Data Model Development Base Model Higher-Order Models Removal Effect Results Application of Evaluation Criteria Attribution Results Discussion Theoretical Implications Managerial Implications Outlook Analyzing Multichannel Online Customer Journeys for an Online Retailer: A Categorization Approach Introduction Background Online Marketing Channels... 68
13 Table of Contents XIII Multichannel Online Marketing Purchase Decision Processes Categorization of Online Channels Proposed Categorization Approach Alternative Categorization Approaches Methodology Data Model Development Results Model Comparison Estimation Results Robustness of Results Discussion and Outlook Conclusion Implications Outlook References
14 List of Figures XIV List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1 Structure of the Dissertation Figure 2 Exemplary Markov Graph Study Figure 3 Markov Graph for Data Set 1 (Base Model) Study Figure 4 ROC Curves (Within Sample) Study Figure 5 Theory of Choice Sets Study
15 List of Tables XV List of Tables List of Tables Table 1 Existing Literature on NMCVCs Study Table 2 List of Interview Participants Study Table 3 Evaluation Criteria for Attribution Models Study Table 4 Existing Research on Attribution Modeling Study Table 5 Descriptions Study Table 6 Predictive Accuracy Study Table 7 Removal Effect: Average Standard Deviation as % of Average Removal Effect (10-Fold Cross-Validation) Study Table 8 Attribution Results Compared to Existing Heuristics (in%) Study Table 9 Attribution Results for Second Order Model (Data Set 1) Study Table 10 Research on Multichannel Online Marketing Study Table 11 Categorization of Online Channels Study Table 12 Descriptions (Fashion Retail) Study Table 13 Model Comparison (Fashion Retail) Study Table 14 Estimation Results (Fashion Retail) Study Table 15 Descriptions (Telecommunications) Study Table 16 Model Comparison (Telecommunications) Study Table 17 Estimation Results (Telecommunications) Study
16 List of Abbreviations XVI List of Abbreviations List of Abbreviations AIC AUC BIC CCLV CEB CEV CIC CICBranded CICGeneric CLV CRV ewom FIC GDP GPS HMM NMCVC OLS RFID ROC SDL SE SEA SEO Std. Dev. SVAR Akaike Information Criterion Area under ROC Curve Bayesian Information Criterion Connected Customer Lifetime Value Customer Engagement Behavior Customer Engagement Value Customer-Initiated Channel Branded Customer-Initiated Channel Generic Customer-Initiated Channel Customer Lifetime Value Customer Referral Value Electronic Word of Mouth Firm-Initiated Channel Gross Domestic Product Global Positioning System Hidden Markov Model Nonmonetary Customer Value Contribution Ordinary Least Squares Radio Frequency Identification Receiver Operating Characteristic Service-Dominant Logic Standard Error Search Engine Advertising Search Engine Optimization Standard Deviation Structural Vector Autoregression
17 List of Abbreviations XVII TV UGC URL WOM Television User-Generated Content Uniform Resource Locator Word of Mouth
19 Introduction 1 The pervasiveness of the Internet, and its increasing and widespread influence as an information source, marketplace, and setting for social contact, have sparked growing interest in studying what people do online and how their behavior can be predicted and influenced. (Bucklin& Sismeiro, 2009, p. 35) 1 Introduction Introduction 1.1 The Digital Economy: Impact and Challenges Over the last two decades, the Internet has fundamentally changed the ways firms and consumers interact (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010). Both the number of Internet users as well as daily usage are continuously growing: In 2013, 54.2 million people in Germany, corresponding to 77.2% of the German population, used the Internet at least occasionally, spending on average 169 minutes per day online (van Eimeren & Frees, 2013). By 2016, nearly half of the world s population are expected to be online (Boston Consulting Group, 2012). As a consequence, e-businesses have become an integral part of the global economy: Worldwide, more than one billion consumers have made at least one digital purchase in 2013 (emarketer, 2013b), bringing the global B2C e-commerce market to a size of $1.25 trillion (emarketer, 2014). Overall, the Internet economy represented 4.1% of GDP in the G20 countries in 2012 with increasing tendency (Boston Consulting Group, 2012). The ongoing evolution of the Internet-enabled market environment has had a major impact on contemporary marketing research and practice. New opportunities and challenges emerging in the digital economy are shaping the marketing research agenda (Varadarajan & Yadav, 2009). In particular, prior research has identified three prominent challenges (Leeflang, Verhoef, Dahlström, & Freundt, 2014), which we will delineate in the following subsections: the development of new business models, a proliferation of touchpoints and channels, and an increasing prevalence of data.
20 Introduction New Business Models New digital businesses are currently sprouting in a Cambrian explosion, which is reshaping entire industries (Siegele, 2014). Providing services via electronic networks has not only become a new business paradigm (Rust & Kannan, 2003), but the network economy (Shapiro & Varian, 1998) has also fostered the emergence of novel, innovative business models. Even the term business model itself has largely been coined in the digital economy, as there was very little academic research on this topic before 1995 (Coombes & Nicholson, 2013; Ehret, Kashyap, & Wirtz, 2013; Osterwalder, Pigneur, & Tucci, 2005). Although research interest in business models has grown substantially over the last 20 years, scholars do not agree on the definition of the concept (Coombes & Nicholson, 2013; Zott, Amit, & Massa, 2011). As value creation and value capture seem central to a number of studies (Coombes & Nicholson, 2013; Zott et al., 2011), 1 we define a business model as the rationale of how an organisation creates, delivers, and captures value (Osterwalder& Pigneur, 2010, p. 14). New opportunities of connecting customers online have fostered the development of digital platform business models (Bakos & Katsamakas, 2008; Brousseau & Penard, 2007; Sriram et al., 2014). Platforms act as intermediaries in two-sided or multisided markets (Eisenmann, Parker, & van Alstyne, 2006, 2011; Rochet & Tirole, 2003, 2006), enabling interactions between distinct customer populations. Examples include marketplaces connecting buyers and sellers, such as ebay, or content platforms linking producers and consumers of digital media, such as itunes or Netflix (Bakos& Katsamakas, 2008). Multisided markets are not limited to the online world consider for example the credit card or the newspaper industry but have become much more prevalent in the digital economy (Eisenmann et al., 2006). To capture value in multisided markets, platform providers need to negotiate a number of challenges. First, because of increasing returns to scale and network effects, multisided markets are prone to winner-take-all dynamics (Eisenmann et al., 2006; Noe & Parker, 2005). Second, even if they successfully address the winnertake-all challenge, intermediaries risk being enveloped by adjacent providers (Eisenmann et al., 2006, 2011). Finally, serving multiple customer groups raises 1 See for example Chesbrough (2007), Johnson, Christensen, and Kagermann (2008), and Teece (2010).
21 Introduction 3 pricing issues because platform providers have to choose a price for each customer group, one of which is often subsidized (Eisenmann et al., 2006). In the extreme case, one customer group receives services for free, leading to a complete separation of usage and payment. Facilitated by low to minimal marginal costs, such business models offering services for free are spreading rapidly in the online sector (Anderson, 2009; Bryce, Dyer, & Hatch, 2011; Casadesus-Masanell & Zhu, 2013). To monetize their services in a sustainable way, providers of free e-services need to understand the value of their nonpaying customers to their own firm and to paying third parties. Marketing research thus needs to go beyond the consumer firm dyad and to consider more complex multiparty interactions in a system environment (Yadav& Pavlou, 2014) Proliferation of Channels The practice of multichannel marketing has grown significantly over the last years (Neslin & Shankar, 2009). Though selling through multiple channels is not a new phenomenon, the emergence of integrated multichannel retailing was largely driven by the ascent of the Internet (Zhang et al., 2010). Prior research has shown that multichannel customers buy more and are more valuable than average single channel customers (Ansari, Mela, & Neslin, 2008; Kumar & Venkatesan, 2005; Neslin et al., 2006). Yet, the evaluation of and resource allocation between channels in a multichannel environment is nontrivial, especially given synergies and crosschannel effects (Neslin et al., 2006). For instance, research shoppers gather information in one channel but make the final purchase in another channel (Verhoef, Neslin, & Vroomen, 2007). Besides employing multiple delivery channels, firms can also choose from a plethora of marketing vehicles to reach consumers. Online marketing channels include among others display, paid search, mobile, and social media advertising (Raman, Mantrala, Sridhar, & Tang, 2012). Compared to traditional marketing channels, such as television (TV), print, and radio, online marketing channels offer a higher degree of interactivity, such that consumers can show a direct behavioral response by clicking on advertisements (Chatterjee, Hoffman, & Novak, 2003). In addition, digital consumers have ample opportunity to talk back and talk to each other (Deighton & Kornfeld, 2009, p. 4), for example by reading and writing online reviews (Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh, & Gremler, 2004). Today, such social earned channels, which are often not under the control of the firm, complement the range of paid and owned marketing channels (Stephen& Galak, 2012, p. 624).
22 Introduction 4 The proliferation of digital marketing channels entails a number of challenges for marketing managers. Consumers may be exposed to advertisements through various channels along their customer journey (Lee, 2010), 2 yet marketing managers lack transparency about the degree to which each channel or campaign contributes to their companies success. In practice, the challenge of awarding credit to different channels is often addressed by simple heuristics, such as last click wins, such that the value gets attributed solely to the marketing channel that directly preceded the conversion, and any prior customer interactions are disregarded (Econsultancy, 2012a). Despite its practical relevance, marketing attribution only recently has become a focus for marketing researchers (Abhishek, Fader, & Hosanagar, 2012; Berman, 2013; Haan, Wiesel, & Pauwels, 2013; Kireyev, Pauwels, & Gupta, 2013; Li & Kannan, 2014; Xu, Duan, & Whinston, 2014). However, to the best of our knowledge, sophisticated attribution approaches have not found wide application in practice. Given the increasing number of possible online touchpoints, Yadav and Pavlou (2014) identify a need to (re)investigate the structure of consumers' purchase decision processes. Although purchase decision processes and consideration set formation have long been discussed in the marketing literature (Hauser & Wernerfelt, 1990; Howard & Sheth, 1969; Shocker, Ben-Akiva, Boccara, & Nedungadi, 1991), the ability to track online marketing exposures over multiple channels provides new opportunities for analyzing the path to purchase (Xu et al., 2014). Using data on multichannel behavior to investigate underlying purchase decision processes requires new approaches to categorize marketing channels though, which often evolve more rapidly than corresponding research efforts (Yadav & Pavlou, 2014). So far, the digital world has in parts developed faster than the tools needed to measure it (Bughin, Shenkan, & Singer, 2008) and marketing research does not fully capture the increasing richness and complexity of firms' online marketing activities (Yadav& Pavlou, 2014) Big Data The increasing complexity of the marketing environment is accompanied by an unprecedented wealth of data to observe and measure consumer behavior. The Internet allows for fast, easy, and unobtrusive collection of detailed information on 2 An online customer s journey includes all contacts of an individual customer with a brand over all online channels preceding a potential purchase decision.
23 Introduction 5 individual activities (Bucklin & Sismeiro, 2009), on a level of a granularity that was unheard-of in the offline world (Bijmolt et al., 2010). Every day, consumers leave a massive trail of data: Data are created and stored when we visit a Web site, when we buy, when we are exposed to an ad, when we click, when we message. More data are created when we simply move about town, or when we play games. Even little family businesses with the odd, occasional Web visitor can generate megabytes of the stuff each month. And social networks? My how people talk. And upload pictures. And post, chat, comment, like, link and review. Hundreds of different behaviors being captured by dozens of different types of sites and apps on four or five different types of devices. All day, every day. (Hofacker, 2012, pp. 1 2) This abundance of data provides new opportunities and challenges for marketing managers. As discussed above, online data offer new ways to investigate well-known phenomena such as the modeling of decision making processes and stages (Bucklin & Sismeiro, 2009). They also provide new opportunities for personalization (Bucklin & Sismeiro, 2009) and enable firms to target customers individually (Varadarajan& Yadav, 2009). Prior research has shown that customized communication based on clickstream data increases the number of clickthroughs to the website (Ansari& Mela, 2003) and that targeted advertising leads to higher profits (Iyer, Soberman, & Villas-Boas, 2005). Personalized recommendation systems can also reduce consumers information overload (Adomavicius & Tuzhilin, 2005; Xiao & Benbasat, 2007) and have a positive impact on sales (Pathak, Garfinkel, Gopal, Venkatesan, & Yin, 2010). Overall, marketing analytics based on market and customer data can help firms to sustainably increase their performance, especially in highly competitive industries (Germann, Lilien, & Rangaswamy, 2013). Big data are defined by their volume, velocity, and variety, thereby challenging existing approaches for data management and analysis (Chen, Chiang, & Storey, 2012; Laney, 2001; McAfee & Brynjolfsson, 2012). The sheer volume of data has evoked imaginative metaphors: Exploding volumes of data (Germann et al., 2013, p. 114) lead to a data deluge (Economist, 2010), such that companies are drowning in data (Hofacker, 2012, p. 1). Consumers conduct 32 billion searches on Google every month and compose 50 million tweets per day (Leeflang
24 Introduction 6 et al., 2014). The speed of data creation and analytics is another critical issue, especially for applications in (near) real-time. Efficient applications are especially important in the mobile sector where data are time- and location sensitive (Luo, Andrews, Fang, & Phang, 2014; Shankar, Venkatesh, Hofacker, & Naik, 2010). In online ad exchanges, advertisers can bid on advertising slots for specific users in real time, requiring decisions in milliseconds (Muthukrishnan, 2009). In combination, volume and velocity create a need for new analytic approaches, as traditional methods are often not applicable because of computational resource constraints (Bijmolt et al., 2010). The variety of data on online consumer behavior, which are often unstructured, also requires innovative techniques, such as social network analytics or text-mining (Chen et al., 2012; Malthouse, Haenlein, Skiera, Wege, & Zhang, 2013). For example, Ludwig et al. (2013) analyze the semantic content and style properties of unstructured customer reviews in order to examine the influence of electronic word of mouth (ewom) on the conversion rates of online retail sites. In addition to handling the volume, velocity, and variety of data, marketers need to be aware of privacy concerns (Goldfarb & Tucker, 2012; Malhotra, Kim, & Agarwal, 2004; Schumann, Wangenheim, & Gröne, 2014). Consumers become increasingly privacy-protective (Goldfarb& Tucker, 2012), such that marketing managers need to weigh privacy concerns and data richness (Malthouse et al., 2013). Academic marketing researchers often struggle to balance the needs of indepth understanding, causal explanation, and predictive accuracy related to big data (Dholakia & Dholakia, 2013, p. 26). Day (2011) laments a widening capabilities gap with regards to data, which is confirmed by a recent survey among marketing managers (Leeflang et al., 2014). Marketing research thus needs to develop new methods to analyze online data and to convince practitioners without in-depth statistical knowledge of actually using them (Lilien, 2011). In consequence, the Marketing Science Institute (2014) has declared developing marketing analytics for a data-rich environment a tier one priority for marketing researchers. 1.2 Research Scope This dissertation addresses three major challenges emerging in the Internet-enabled market environment, which we have outlined above, in three independent studies. In the following subsections, we provide a brief overview of these studies and present our research scope.
25 Introduction Study 1: There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch: Nonmonetary Customer Value Contributions in Free E-Services The evolution of innovative business models in the digital economy raises new questions for academia and practice. In Study 1, we specifically focus on business models offering services for free, which have become increasingly prevalent in the online sector (Anderson, 2009; Bryce et al., 2011; Brynjolfsson & Oh, 2012; Casadesus-Masanell & Zhu, 2013). While free offers have long been in use as marketing incentives or bundled with other products or services outside the digital economy (Bawa & Shoemaker, 2004; Kamins, Folkes, & Fedorikhin, 2009), marketing research has only recently begun to address cases in which offering a service for free to at least a segment of the customer base is part of the main business model (Gupta & Mela, 2008; Halbheer, Stahl, Koenigsberg, & Lehmann, 2014; Papies, Eggers, & Wlömert, 2011; Pauwels & Weiss, 2008). Even though researchers have long recognized that direct revenues are not the only relevant source of customer value (Danaher, Rust, Easton, & Sullivan, 1996; Rust, Zahorik, & Keiningham, 1995; Zeithaml, 2000), there is scant research on nonmonetary customer value contributions by free e-service customers who do not pay anything at all. Study 1 addresses this gap by examining the following research questions: 1) How do customers of free e-services contribute value without paying? 2) What are the nature and dynamics of nonmonetary value contributions by nonpaying customers in free e-services? Study 2: Mapping the Customer Journey: A Graph-Based Framework for Online Attribution Modeling Monetizing attention by means of advertising is one of the most important revenue models for free e-service providers: customers pay with attention and e-service providers act as attention brokers (U.S. Patent No , 1998). In an online multichannel environment, both e-service providers relying on advertising as a revenue model and online marketers using advertising to promote their products and services need to develop a better understanding of advertising effectiveness. To efficiently allocate budgets, marketing executives call for new metrics to evaluate the contribution of each (online) marketing channel (Econsultancy, 2012a; Ramsey, 2009). Solving this attribution challenge should also result in fairer remuneration for advertising-financed e-service providers (Jordan, Mahdian, Vassilvitskii, & Vee, 2011).
26 Introduction 8 Modern tracking solutions that allow advertisers to record individual-level customer journeys across all online marketing channels enable new ways of addressing the attribution problem (Bucklin & Sismeiro, 2009). Nevertheless, the majority of advertisers rely on simple heuristics, such as last click wins, attributing the value solely to the marketing channel that directly precedes a conversion (Econsultancy, 2012a). Despite its high managerial relevance, attribution has only recently sparked the interest of marketing researchers (Abhishek et al., 2012; Berman, 2013; Haan et al., 2013; Kireyev et al., 2013; Li & Kannan, 2014; Xu et al., 2014). However, these academic approaches have not found wide application in practice potentially because analytical rigor is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for gaining acceptance in the managerial world (Wübben & Wangenheim, 2008). To reach managerial acceptance, an attribution framework also needs to fulfill more practice-oriented criteria, especially considering the volume and complexity of individual-level customer journey data. Study 2 therefore takes a practice-oriented approach to address the attribution problem by investigating the following research questions: 3) What are relevant criteria for an attribution framework to embrace both scientific rigor and practical applicability? 4) Which framework can be applied to ascertain the correct value contribution of each online marketing channel? Study 3: Analyzing Multichannel Online Customer Journeys for an Online Retailer: A Categorization Approach With a focus on analyzing multichannel online customer journeys, Study 3 is again located at the interface between multichannel marketing and big data. Despite an ever-evolving spectrum of online marketing channels (Evans, 2009) on average, European marketers report using seven channels in parallel (Teradata Corporation, 2013) academic research on online marketing in a multichannel environment is only beginning to gain momentum. Until recently, online marketing research primarily investigated the effectiveness of single channels such as display and search in isolation. Most existing studies on multichannel online marketing also focus on the interplay of selected channels, especially display and search (Abhishek et al., 2012; Kireyev et al., 2013; Lewis & Nguyen, 2014; Nottorf, 2014; Papadimitriou, Krishnamurthy, Lewis, Reiley, & Garcia-Molina, 2011; Xu et al., 2014). Outside of few recent exceptions (Anderl, Becker, Wangenheim, & Schumann, 2014; Klapdor, 2013; Li & Kannan, 2014), mainly in the context of
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text:
We help you find a Humbie tin whistle tutor. Tin Whistle tuition are a great way to begin a stimulating new hobby, acquire a new talent and gain confidence in tin whistle. Try our service to search for Humbie tin whistle teachers and determine which best suits your needs so you can start your tin whistle tuition in Humbie immediately!
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Best Beauty Looks of the Week
Note: This manicure works best on long nails—the better to show off that flashy red! In the interest of really showing a clear tutorial, we opted for acrylic nails this time around.
Apply a base coat of clear polish. (No need to apply the coat underneath your nails.)
Halloween Makeup How-To: Sugar Skull


text:
Lilies or skelfs: translating queer melodrama
Kinloch, D.P. (2007) Lilies or skelfs: translating queer melodrama. Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication, 13 (1). pp. 83-103. ISSN 1355-6509Full text not available in this repository. Request a copy from the Strathclyde author
Michel Marc Bouchard's important Québécois play, Les Feluettes, is often read as 'gay theatre' and consigned to the genre of tragedy. This paper presents a comparative reading of two translations of this play - one into Canadian English and one into Scots - and shows how the Scots version in particular suggests that Bouchard's play is rather an essay in 'queer' melodrama expressive of an anti-essentialist aesthetic. The paper thus highlights the benefits of the 'minority' translation activity of the late Bill Findlay and Martin Bowman, whose work in Scots has deepened the interpretative and performative afterlife of many recent Canadian theatrical texts, most notably those of Québécois dramatist Michel Tremblay.
|Item type:
|ID code:
|melodrama, gay theatre, plays, Scots language, English language, Literature (General), Communication, Linguistics and Language, Language and Linguistics
|Language and Literature > Literature (General)
|Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (HaSS) > School of Humanities > English
|Depositing user:
|Strathprints Administrator
|Date deposited:
|17 Feb 2008
|Last modified:
|06 Jan 2017 06:04
|Export data:


text:
- 2nd Half
- Ponce88'
- BeauvueSisto83'
- Silva81'
- JozabedSeñé80'
- Beauvue76'
- PereiraHernández75'
- KrhinBoga74'
- Díaz73'
- HjulsagerRadoja69'
- Lemos59'
- Díaz58'
- 1/2 Time
- KravetsCarcela-González45'
- 1st Half
- Kravets41'
- Wakaso38'
- Ingason37'
- Jozabed23'
Granada CF - RC Celta
Liga - 17 April 2017
Liga – Follow the Football match between Granada CF and RC Celta live with Eurosport. The match starts at 04:45 on 17 April 2017. Our live coverage lets you follow all the key moments as they happen.
Have your say by voting on who will win between Granada CF and RC Celta? Enjoy some pre-match reading with related articles about these two Enjoy some pre-match reading with related articles about these two Football teams.
Head-to-head: see historical stats and visit our detailed profiles for Granada CF vs RC Celta. Get all the latest on Football: fixtures, results and tables.
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text:
NYSE acquires the National Stock Exchange
We launched Intercontinental Exchange in 2000, with an electronic trading platform that brought more transparency and accessibility to the OTC energy markets. Soon after, we began evolving in response to customer demand for efficiency, automation and risk management; we added global futures markets, cleared OTC products, data services and clearing houses – all designed to serve the dynamic needs of market participants around the world.
Today, we're a Fortune 500 company that operates a global ecosystem of markets and clearing houses, and delivers information and listings services. By combining the best of human ingenuity and technology, we help our customers seamlessly access global markets and information.
At our Core
We're engineers, strategists and problem-solvers who continually create and improve technology that solves market structure challenges on behalf of our customers. We got our start bringing transparency and risk management to the global derivatives markets and then, through the acquisition of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), started innovating solutions to reduce complexity in the U.S. equity markets while bringing unparalleled services to our global issuers.
By putting the needs of our customers and global market participants first, we are a high-growth company focused on delivering:
Learn More About Our Customers
View Our Company Fact Sheet
NYSE acquires the National Stock Exchange
ICE Data Services launches combining ICE and NYSE data, Interactive Data and SuperDerivatives
ICE acquires S&P Global's Securities Evaluations and Credit Market Analysis
ICE acquires majority equity interest in the Mortgage Electronic Registrations Systems (MERS)
ICE licenses swap future methodology from Eris.
NYSE invests in bitcoin wallet Coinbase.
ICE acquires Interactive Data Corp., a leading provider of data, valuation and connectivity services
ICE acquires Singapore Mercantile Exchange, expanding network of futures exchanges to Asia.
ICE adds leading risk management service SuperDerivatives.
ICE acquires majority stake in Holland Clearing House, now ICE Clear Netherlands.
ICE acquires majority stake in APX Endex and launches ICE Endex, the leading continental European energy exchange.
IntercontinentalExchange acquires NYSE Euronext to create the premier financial markets operator; adds interest rates to asset class portfolio.
ICE acquires Climate Exchange, becomes global leader in carbon markets.
ICE launches two CDS clearing houses, quickly becoming the global leader in CDS clearing.
ICE launches ICE Clear Europe, UK's first new clearing house in a century; acquires Creditex and YellowJacket.
NYSE Euronext acquires the American Stock Exchange (Amex).
ICE acquires New York Board of Trade and Winnipeg Commodity Exchange
NYSE Group merges with Euronext, creating NYSE Euronext, the first trans-Atlantic stock exchange group.
NYSE and Archipelago merge, creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned, for-profit NYSE Group.
ICE completes its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
ICE introduces the industry's first cleared OTC energy contracts.
LIFFE is acquired by Euronext.
ICE expands into energy futures by acquiring the International Petroleum Exchange.
Intercontinental Exchange is formed to develop a transparent marketplace for OTC energy markets.
Euronext is formed from the merger of the Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris and Portugal stock exchanges to support growth of the European Union financial markets.
New York brokers establish the New York Stock & Exchange Board (NYS&EB), renting rooms at 40 Wall Street.
Twenty-four brokers sign the Buttonwood Agreement outside of 68 Wall Street in New York to begin trading securities.
Our Business
Supporting financial integrity and developing a safer risk landscape across worldwide markets are our top priorities.
View Now
The New York Stock Exchange is one of the world's leading equities markets and, combined with the NYSE Group family of exchanges, trades more U.S. equity volume than any other exchange group.
Explore Now
A collaborative ecosystem of tools that supports seamless, straight-through processing from price discovery and trade to clearing and settlement.
See more
We've built a comprehensive set of data solutions that serve quote distributors, traders, risk managers and brokers by providing actionable information in easy-to-use formats.
Learn More
Our business is built around the recognition that the needs of our customers should come first.
Learn more
Intercontinental Exchange Resources


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18 comments found.
Wow. I want Font I Want. I like uploading my own fonts. Can't wait to give this plugin a spin.
Hey man, thank you! We know, you love Use Any Font plugin but Font I Want is better For now, you can use only Google Fonts, but we're going to add Typekit, Font Squirrel and ability to upload your own fonts very soon
Great. LMK so I can cut over to this one. I have a project going live this month where I will need to upload TT or OT fonts.
Hi mate, please, update the plugin: we've added FontSquirrel and Font Upload!
WHO HOO!!!!! thank you
WHO HOO!!!!! thank you
very good work !
Thank you!
Very very exciting—I've been looking for a plugin like this for a long time!!! Can't wait to buy but will wait until you offer Typekit and fonts I've bought from MyFonts, etc.. Do you have an estimate when that will happen?
Also, I'm considering purchasing Colors. Will this plugin come bundled with the theme eventually?
Thank you!
Hey mate, thank you! I hope we'll add all the planned font providers within 2-3 months. We've even tried to integrate My Fonts into the library but their API doesn't actually allow it (but you'll be able to upload their fonts). Colors is supercool theme too. We're thinking of adding Font I Want into our next theme, not sure about the Colors' integration… Anyway, feel free to contact us and share your ideas!
Hi, we've added FontSquirrel and Font Upload! And it's bundled in our Seriously theme (and it'll be included in all our upcoming themes too).
Looks interesting, but despite all the marketing blurb it's unclear to me how it actually works. Can you create a backend demo, or at least provide some backend screenshots?
Hi, you can look at the backend screenshots here – https://openmarco.ticksy.com/article/7832/
Thanks, that shows a lot. I do have some other questions. Does the plugin override theme admin panel font settings and theme css settings? Does it load its fonts inline or does it create an external css file? If it loads inline, does it have or will it have in a future version an export function that you can use to put in a css file, and disbale inline loading of the plugin fonts and styles?
1. So far, you cannot change admin panel's fonts but we'll add this feature later (after we'll implement the other planned features mentioned on the product page). 2. The plugin loads fonts via Webfont loader, and styles via an external css file
When are you planning to add the functionality whereby I can download my own fonts into this? When you do, I'll buy it! Thanks!
Hi, we're going to add Typekit and font upload in August
Hi, we've added FontSquirrel and Font Upload! And it's bundled in our Seriously theme (and it'll be included in all our upcoming themes too).
Uploaded, installed properly, activated properly, followed instructions, still doesn't work. I've changed all the font families under Customize, yet no change to fonts on website.
Hey, could you open a ticket here https://openmarco.ticksy.com/ and our Support team will help you! Thanks!
When I first read about this plugin, my reaction was EPIC! Yes, could be called "Plugin I Want" for that matter… I just hope that the development DOES get to the point of integrating all the promised features. Ambitious, no doubt, but all of your other projects look top notch as well as being uniquely creative in a style that I must say I like. I'm not sure if the plugin will immediately be used on any of my sites yet, as it still seems fairly basic. But I wanted to purchase it in hopes that will help BUMP the development and maybe get a few other users to jump in the pool as well. A finished product containing all the features listed in the description will be a typography masterpiece and a designers best friend. Looking forward to each new update… thank you kindly!
Keep up the great work!!
Hey man, thank you very much for your comment! We WILL develop everything we've mentioned, and yes, this will be the best font management plugin on the market!
Pre-Sales Questions.
1. In the upcoming updates, will the way of using the plugin will always be in the appearances section? It would be nice to have that feature live on the website like "Yellow Pencil" or "Cornerstone"
2. What guarantee you have that you WILL add the upcoming features and you wont abandon this plugin? Your last update was almost a month ago.
3. If the update comes soon, when is this update coming with the soon features listed?
4. I am using Salient theme, will this plugin and nectar's fonts selections cause any problems or incompatibility?
5. Las question. Does the plugin have different screen option sizes? This is a deal breaker for me. I would like to have big fonts on big screens and smaller fonts on the mobile screen (responsive). I want to know if i have full control on that.
Btw. the concept is awesome!
Hi, thank you for your (good) questions! 1. Once we built the first version we realized that there is no need for Customizer at all (since we're using REST API and Angular 2), so detaching plugin from Customizer is definitely in our list. 2. As you may know, Envato has a really big problem with review times now (and they cannot fix it): it takes up to 3 months to review a new theme with no approval guarantee, and themes bring more income than plugins. So we had to work "on something else" to keep our company alive. Therefore, it takes so long to finish Font I Want. But we will do it within a few months. I recommend you to wait until we release all the promised features. 3. We'll publish a public roadmap soon. 4. There should not be any problems. However, the plugin knows nothing about your current font selections, so you'll just overwrite your current settings with our plugin. 5. We'll add this feature too. Thank you!
Looks like a great plugin. I will buy it after more of the "Coming Soon" features are no longer coming soon.
Hi, thanks! We're going to add them one by one from the next month (or maybe a bit sooner).
Hi, we've added FontSquirrel and Font Upload! And it's bundled in our Seriously theme (and it'll be included in all our upcoming themes too).
Hey, October has started and still no Typekit, no Font Squirrel and no ability to upload my own fonts. Are you still alive?
Hi man, actually we're alive Sorry for this delay. It will take a bit more time than we expected. Could you drop us a message here https://codecanyon.net/user/openmarco so we could talk to your directly? Thank you!
Hi, glad to see that you're still alive. No need to talk, I've choosen another solution meanwhile. Thanks.
Hi mate, in about a week we're going to update Font I Want and include Typekit. Would you like to get it earlier? You may provide valuable feedback that will help us make the plugin better! Thank you!
Hi, yesterday we released the next version of FIW with Typekit support. Could you provide some feedback on it? Thank you very much!
Still not possible to upload my own fonts. I think what you call "soon" means "Maybe in one year. Or in two years. Or never …". No feedback for Typekit support, I don't need it.
Hi, there are no execuses for us. But we had to switch our developers to the Seriously theme, otherwise, we couldn't launch it by the end of the year. The font upload and FontSquirrel are technically ready, we just need to fix the style issues. Both features will be available in about 10-14 days.
Hi, we've added FontSquirrel and Font Upload! And it's bundled in our Seriously theme (and it'll be included in all our upcoming themes too).
Hi guys, looks and sounds awesome! Commenting here for future reference, purchasing ASA you add the upload options! Cheers
Hey hey, within a few days we're adding Typekit. Font upload will be available by December. We want to make the uploading experience as simple as possible. Just imagine: you just drop your font files into the plugin, and they appear in your font library without the need to specify their names, variants, etc…
Hi, we've added FontSquirrel and Font Upload! And it's bundled in our Seriously theme (and it'll be included in all our upcoming themes too).
Thanks for letting us know! Font Upload is a major want-want and we'll definitely will be making purchase soon! Good luck with your projects guys, you're on to something truly wonderful!
Thank you!
When Font upload will be available ?
Hi, we're planning to add it in December
Use the dropdown font list in the WordPress /tiny mce editor? I been searching for hours for for a software plugin that can do exactly just that. Does this software provide this function? Most software i seen adds the fonts to the default style in appearance. which is limited and kind of stupid in my mind. What i want is to have the flexibility of being able to chose the fonts i which to use from the wysiwyg editor in WordPress.. I understand that this software also support WP multisite? Thanks!
Hi, I see what you're saying… There is such a feature in our roadmap, but we're going to add it in February or I guess. Right now we're working on 2 our new themes (which will include this plugin for free). Thank you!
That sounds great. Well if you guys add it I will for 100% certainty buy your software! Look forward to that feature is added then, would love notification if possible.
Hi, when Font Squirrel and Font upload will be available?
Hi, both features will be available within a few days. If you open a ticket, we can send you a beta (unstyled) version
Nice I tried to submit a ticket but when I tried to connect to Envato something went wrong when trying to connect to my account and I can't connect for some reason!
Hey, try now (you can manually define the purchase code). We're sending the beta version now for every buyer who wants to get it
Hi, we've added FontSquirrel and Font Upload! And it's bundled in our Seriously theme (and it'll be included in all our upcoming themes too).
hi, just bought the font i want, but where or when can i upload my local fonts? i would like to install font-face, would that be possible?
Hi Anna, we've just submitted the version with FontSquirrel and font upload for Envato Quality Team. It will take a few days for them to review and approve it. Meanwhile, you can open a ticket here http://openmarco.ticksy.com/ and we'll send you the plugin's version. Thank you!
Wow.. good one ..
So i can upload my own fonts from now.. Thanks for the plugin
Hi, in a week we're releasing the next plugin's version, so you'll be able to control everything on 5 breakpoints separately…
Hello. I get a white screen when I install your plugin. I'm running WP 4.7.2. I tried using your support but the site ticksy has a maintenance page up. Thanks for any help you can give.
Hi, Ticksy is down indeed… You can email us via the contact form on this page to let us help you with this issue – https://codecanyon.net/user/openmarco Thank you!
I'm using Adobe Typekit, everything worked fine, I can changed the colors, sizes and font weight. But font type doesnt seem to be applied, please advise.
Hi, there may be some stronger rules that don't allow you to change font sizes, etc. But don't worry! We'll definitely help you with this issue! Just open a ticket here https://openmarco.ticksy.com/ and our Support team reply to you within a very short period of time.


text:
Release Notes: Rewritten and redesigned for use with the SuperWaba platform. Source code has been split into packages. Documentation and notes have been reformatted using LYX. Color support, auto-pause-on-exit, Boggle timing style, Scrabble timing style, support for 2 button devices, and popup information about timing styles have been added. Reset options have been collapsed into one menu bar option.
Release Notes: This release features a major rework of the program code base. New features include the saving of program settings and game time when the application is exited and a "reset to start" option for returning to the last beginning time set.
Release Notes: This release adds hard button control of the clocks via the address, calendar, todo, and memo buttons. It now un/pauses with the page up/page down button.
Release Notes: This release adds selectable timing styles, sequential and per-player move counting, a "black moves first" option, and full go support.
Release Notes: In this version, the menu now shows on the title bar tap, there is an improved interface, and the delay style is now Fischer timing.
Release Notes: This release includes bugfixes, adds an icon, now confirms reset requests, and automatically handles the PDA auto-off feature.
Release Notes:


text:
Your email:firstname.lastname@example.com have: 1 message
Thank you for using Nutaku. You are receiving this email because you have gold that is about to expire on: 21/06/2017(EST/EDT) If you do not use the GOLD before the expiration date, the GOLD will become invalid and removed from your account balance. Please make sure to spend it before it expires! If you have used this GOLD recently you may be receiving this email as an error. ----------------------------------- + The Expiration Date Of The GOLD ----------------------------------- The expiration date of the GOLD is one year from purchase. The Gold will expire if you don't use it before the expiration date. http://www.nutaku.net/support/faq/09005/ ----------------------------------- + Spend Your Gold ----------------------------------- You can use the GOLD all Nutaku games. http://www.nutaku.net/games/ ----------------------------------- + Contact Nutaku ----------------------------------- Our support staff are available to handle any inquiries regarding our site. Visit us at : http://www.nutaku.net/support/ or call us at : 1-855-716-5972
You can use as many email accounts as you need.
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text:
|785 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 - 7 nights
The Apartment is located in the Marina of Cala D'or.
The complex is equipped with swimming pool, entertainment for children, gardens, parking area, etc.
The apartment consists in:
-A Spacious triple room (16 m2 area) equipped with a double bed (150 cm) and a single bed (90 cm.).
-Hall and distributor, with wardrobes.
-A Full bathroom with tub.
-A Large living room with fully equipped kitchenette.
Dining area for up to 5 people.
A sofa-bed for 2 people (150 cm.) And a large sofa of 2.50 meters.
Satellite TV, DVD, Air conditioning, Free WIFI etc.
-Terrace (8 m2 área), equipped with a small table with chairs and drying area.
The terrace is oriented to the Marina of Cala d'Or , however due to the perimeter fence of urbanization and depending on the height of the vegetation of the garden, overlooking the marina can be greatly reduced.
Cot and high chair for babies included
Placed in the southeast of Majorca, Cala D'or is one belonging to tourist localities with bigger acceptance of the Island. The town arranges of all manner of services and comforts for your holidays, is a tranquil zone with beautiful landscapes and various activities to realize. The apartment is located at the more prestigious zone of the town, 'The Marina', with numerous and luxurious boats, various restaurants where you will be able to enjoy the best gastronomy of the zone. At the surroundings, you can enjoy various activities, like Golf, Windsurfing, Sailing, Water sports, Snorkel, Scuba Diving, Fishing ....
2 min walk from the Marina
2 min walk from Supermarket
2 min walk from the Restaurants
10 min walk from the beach, Communal Swimming Pool, Gardens, Parking space ...
Free Wifi Internet Access.
Had a great stay in Cala D'or, the well equipped apartment is 2 mins walk from the marina in a perfect location. Very homely with all you would need for a week's break.
The flat was in the lovely location, 2 min for The Marina and less than 10 min walk to the beach. Flat was lovely and clean and great value for money! Communications from both Zenon and Pierre was great! They were very quick to respond and were very accommodating with check in / check out times!
I definitely recommend this apartment and will be coming back there myself!
Nice, clean apartment which was everything we expected.
However, the pools were not ready for use all week so a long hike to the beach every day with the extra cost of sunbeds and lunch out. Very disappointed by this but the owner refunded us some money promptly.
Lovely resort
The Apartment gave us all we needed for our stay in Cala D'or.
Easy walking distance to the Cala's and restaurants.
The beds were very comfortable.
I have family with property in Cala D'or so will certaily use this Apartment again on my next visit.
We were pleased with the initial appearance of the apartment, it was clean bright and well furnished. For British visitors sadly the satellite TV only gave access to a number of news programs. We found that the patio though large was rarely in the sun and a fence situated about 4/5 feet away was overgrown with ivy and restricted almost completely any view.
We had trouble finding a pool that we could use. The apartment is situated as part of an 'All Inclusive' hotel complex and we were initially told that the pools were for the use of hotel users only. After numerous e-mails to the owner we were eventually told that we did have use of these pools. The problem then was that because in the main the rest of the complex was part of the 'all inclusive' complex, the pools and their surrounding area's were packed out from very early until very late in the day with all inclusive holiday makers who rarely left the site or pool's area.
The owner's local representative, 'Pierre' came and saw us on the evening of our third day (of a 7 day stay). He seemed to find our our concern a bit of a joke and left laughing.
Would we go to Cala D'or again? YES definitely.
Would we stay in this accommodation again? NO.
Pleasant and very well furnished apartment with very a comfortable bed. The loaction by the marina is ideal for access to its bars and restaraunts giving a different holiday experience to that available in central Cal D'or.
We will certainly return to this property if and when we holiday in this part of Mallorca in the future.
Other Activities: Golf.


text:
- Doctors
- Oregon
- Portland
- Orthopedic Surgeons
- Dr. Ronald Bowman
You may also like
Dr. Timothy J. Treible
Ratings for Dr. Ronald Bowman
Dr bowman is amazing. People talk about his bed side manners they were great actually hes focused and wants to see you better. He is a man doctor with a vision of your knee and gets the job done Thanks dr bowman Johnny hughes
I can not say enough bad things about this doctor. Not only did I have a surgery that I didn't need but he has been of no help to me at all. all he replies with is"I am sure your fine" Well I am not fine far from it. His staff tells you everything you want to hear then you can hear them talk about you. I waited an hour and a half for a 15 minute appointment at most. Now I have to start all over again please please what ever you do GET A SECOND OPINION or even better don't go to him. you will come out with more problems then you came in with.
Diagnosis seemed on target. Late, but so are most doctor's by day's end. If you are scheduled for 10 minutes but need 20 or more- there goes the schedule for everyone. Outcome unknown at this point. Surgery is risky business.
Dr. Bowman is terrific, I can't understand some of the negative comments, but I have nothing but great things to say. I appreciate his caring staff, and being back to work!
My knee surgery with Dr. Bowman was a less than stellar experience. First of all he seemed like he did not care about me at all. He was over an hour late to my surgery to begin with. When he was finally ready he told my husband that he would speak with his after the surgery to tell him how it went and to answer any questions. Well he didn't. Not only did he not stick around as promised but he snuck out the back door without even notifying his own staff that he was leaving. We waited an extra 45 min for him and he never came. Eventually the nurse found out what was going on and sent us on our way. In the following days my knee was not healing like I thought it should and what do you know... The good Dr. Bowman was unreachable. We left multiple messages at his office and it took him over 3 days to respond.
I found Dr Bowman to be both knoeledgeable and accesible. My surgery went off without a hitch, and my followup appts were on time and pleasent. Good doc with a good staff. D
Very unprofessional office, especially office staff. I recommend getting a second opinion.
Terrible. Does not listen to a word you say. My "treatment" with him is going nowhere.
Daughter had painful condition, barely able to walk. Office staff and doctor were inconsiderate and uncaring. Doctor was rude and barely communicated. HE gave her no help finding cause of the pain as if he had no time to do so.
Dr. Ronald Bowman's Credentials
Facility Affiliations
Accepting New Patients
- OREGON HEALTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE (Grad. 1985)
Other Specialties
Areas of Expertise
Awards & Recognitions
Publications & Research
Insurance accepted by this Doctor
- Blue Shield California
Top Hospitals in Portland, OR
Top Urgent Care Centers in Portland, OR
Find a Doctor by Specialty
Featured News
You may also like
Dr. Timothy J. Treible
Top Orthopedic Surgeons
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text:
Mood E Studios Photographer
Joanna LaurenModel Female Detroit, Michigan, US
My Website: Come HEAR ME SING!My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/JoannaLaurenSings
Mayhem # 1993053
About MeHi my name is Joanna. I'am 20 years old and am an aspiring model and singer.
My goal in joining this site is to have fun modeling for photographs, gaining more experience with people in my area and learning more about the industry.
A big shout out to my fans who suggested I join this site. :)
Although not all my work reflects this, I'm very interested in the commercial side of modeling as well as the side of beauty and passion.
I also prefer to bring one escort to any new shoots that I do, for my own personal comfort and safety. Never can be to careful! If you won't let me bring one, then you don't want to shoot with me.
You can see more of me at the following links:
www.youtube.com/joannalaurensings (I'am a singer!)
http://joannalaurensings.deviantart.com/ (You can see more pictures of me here)
www.twitter.com/joannasings (You can follow me here)
http://www.facebook.com/people/Joanna-Lauren/100000805481096 ( You can be my friend here)
Have you worked with Joanna Lauren? Add Credits for Joanna Lauren! >>
Credit NotesPhotographers
Dan Photo #42175
Kelton Kaye #366988
Rod Alexander #215810
NikonRob2020 #1747746
HairStylist/Makeup artist
Deb cutlip #2285246
Mood E Studios Photographer
B Photos Photographer
NJO_PHOTO Photographer
W3 Studios Photographer
Guillermo Umbria Photographer
Frank DeFeo Model
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text:
The activities are as follows:
- Teacher Guide
- Student activity, Graph Type A, Level 2
- Student activity, Graph Type B, Level 2
- Student activity, Graph Type C, Level 2
- Grading Rubric
The goopy, mucky, (sometimes stinky!) mud at the bottom of a wetland or lake is a very important part of the ecosystem. Mud is basically wet soil, but because it has different properties than soil because it is wet most of the time. Mud is usually dark brown because it contains partially decomposed plants, called organic matter. Dead organic matter tends to build up in wetlands. Organic matter decomposes more slowly under water than on land. This is because underwater microbes do not have all the oxygen they need to break it down quickly.
Under the right conditions, mud can act like fertilizer for a wetland. Nutrients, such as phosphorus, tend to build up in mud. This makes mud an important source of the phosphorus that algae and other plants need to grow. As a graduate student at Michigan State University, scientist Lauren was interested in what helped phosphorus stick to mud. She also wanted to know why phosphorus builds up more in some wetlands than others.
Although most mud is high in organic matter and high in nutrients, all mud is not created equal! The amounts of organic matter and nutrients are different from one ecosystem to the next. How quickly these materials enter or leave the mud may also change across ecosystems. Even within the same ecosystem mud can be very different from place to place. The molecules in organic matter could be a major source of phosphorus in mud. This would mean that wetlands with more organic matter would have more phosphorus.
Scientist Lauren measured organic matter and phosphorus in mud from 16 ecosystems (four lakes, five ponds, and seven wetlands). She wanted to determine if there was a relationship between the amount of organic matter and the amount of phosphorus in mud.
Featured scientist: Lauren Kinsman-Costello from Kent State University
Flesch–Kincaid Reading Grade Level = 8.7
More photos associated with this research can be found here. There is one scientific paper associated with the data in this Data Nugget. The citation and PDF of the paper is below:
Kinsman-Costello LE, J O'Brien, SK Hamilton (2014) Re-flooding a Historically Drained Wetland Leads to Rapid Sediment Phosphorus Release. Ecosystems 17:641-656


text:
Question about Gateway MX3228 Notebook
I have just installed a 1 gig ram on my mx3228 gateway laptop. the problem it is still tell me i only have 448 mb install instead of 1064 mb. please could someone help me
Posted by chendaroya pal on
i'm on the laptop right now and i did brought the rite one and it installed correctly and i'm frausted
i did still won;t work
I have the exact same problem with my MX3228. I am working with Gateway on the issue right now. Will re-post if I find an solution.
I have the same problem. I correctly installed the correct 1gb ram module, the system is operating however the system is only recognizing 448mb. Have been corresponding with Gateway but now they say that something must be wrong with the RAM slot. They are not helpful. This is very frustrating I agree !
P.S. I'm using Window XP
Same problem. I have the correct memory, it is correctly installed. I have re-booted and played around with advanced system settings. I've also downloaded the latest motherboard driversfrom Gateway site.
I've seen this problem posted on several sites but no found no workable solutions so far. I'd try a BIOS upgrade if I could find one (only Gateway reference to a BIOS upgrade is for Vista - seems odd).
I bought the right ram today. 1 gig. My PC wont boot up with it in. I got on teh support chat with gateway and they told me to call a service tech.
What is up with this? I really would like to get it up to 1 gig!
Make sure that the ram is pushed in all the way and also that it is the right ram. This is what should be on the package that you bought, if none of this matches you bought the wrong one.. DDR2-533 (PC2-4200) SO-DIMM
Please repost if this doesn't solve your problem
Posted on Dec 29, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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text:
What to make of this? In general, I eagerly embrace everything offering type safety. However, in this particular case, I'm not entirely convinced. Probably I won't use this feature in my projects any time soon. On the other hands, this stuff has so many options that it may easily pay off in larger projects. Especially, if some of the JSF views of your applications require authorization.
I'm talking about the "type-safe navigation" offered by the JSF module of Deltaspike. Basically, that's a Java file describing every JSF page of your application.
Back to the future!
In a way, it's funny that Deltaspike, which aims to improve JavaEE in general and JSF in particular, adds such a feature. One of the key advantages of JSF 2 was to get rid of the navigation rules file of JSF 1.x. Deltaspike brings it back, albeit in a different way.
Continue reading


text:
.ng is the top level country-code domain name for Nigeria but some of it is open to anyone in the world.
Web4Africa being an accredited .ng domain registrar, can facilitate the registration of 2nd-level .ng domains. 2nd-level .ng domain names are domains registered directly under .ng. Existing examples are: bi.ng, web.ng etc.
Register a .NG Domain Name now:
Register bulk .ng domains is also available.
Web4Africa also offers 3rd-level .ng domain names like .com.ng, .org.ng etc.