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HIV/AIDS in Nepal
The infection rate of HIV/AIDS in Nepal among the adult population is estimated to be below the 1 percent threshold which is considered "generalized and severe". However, the prevalence rate masks a concentrated epidemic among at-risk populations such as female sex workers (FSWs), injecting drug users (IDUs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and migrants. Cultural factors have also been shown to play a significant role in the spread of HIV and AIDS in Nepal.[1]
Since Nepal's first cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in 1988, the disease has primarily been transmitted by injecting drug use and unprotected sex. Available data indicate that there was a sharp increase in the number of new infections starting in 1996, coinciding with the outbreak of civil unrest. However, the incidence appears to be leveling off with recent evidence of reduced prevalence and lower overall numbers.
As of December 2007, the Government of Nepal reported 1,610 cases of AIDS and 10,546 HIV infections, which has grown to 13,000 infections by World AIDS Day 2008.[2] UNAIDS estimates from 2007 indicate that approximately 75,000 people in Nepal are HIV-positive, including all age groups. The Government of Nepal's National Center for AIDS & STD Control (NCASC) estimated that number to be closer to 70,000 in December 2007.[3] NCASC (2010) reports that estimated number of HIV infections by risk groups is 59,984 [4]
The epidemic in Nepal is driven by IDUs, migrants, sex workers and their clients, and MSM. Results from the 2007 Integrated Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Study (IBBS) among IDUs in Kathmandu, Pokhara, and East and West Terai indicate that the highest prevalence rates have been found among urban IDUs, 6.8 percent to 34.7 percent of whom are HIV-positive, depending on location. In terms of absolute numbers, Nepal's 1.5 million to 2 million labor migrants account for the majority of Nepal's HIV-positive population. In one subgroup, 2.8 percent of migrants returning from Mumbai, India, were infected with HIV, according to the 2006 IBBS among migrants.[3]
As of 2007, HIV prevalence among female sex workers and their clients was less than 2 percent and 1 percent, respectively, and 3.3 percent among urban-based MSM. HIV and AIDS case reporting by the NCASC reports HIV infections to be more common among men than women, as well as in urban areas and the far western region of Nepal, where migrant labor is more common. According to Nepal's 2007 United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) report, labor migrants make up 41 percent of the total known HIV infections in Nepal, followed by clients of sex workers (15.5 percent) and IDUs (10.2 percent).[3]
Migrants have become so vulnerable to infection due to uncertainty about their immigration status.[5] While India and Nepal have an open borders policy, whereby Nepalese citizens have the same rights as Indians to live and work in India and vice versa.[5] However, there is low awareness of this agreement and as a result many migrants avoid any contact with the state, including health services. There are also many cases of human trafficking for the sex trade. Not only are all sex-workers at risk, but Nepalese sex workers are often isolated from peers due to language barriers. Those peer network are important for providing information about prevention.[5]
While the most recent data demonstrate a stabilizing of the epidemic and a downward trend in seroprevalence among several of the key high-risk groups, a number of issues pose continued challenges for Nepal. Many sex workers are also IDUs, migrants, or both, increasing the spread of HIV among at-risk groups. A large portion of men who purchase sex are also married, making them potential conduits for HIV to bridge to the general population. Poverty, low levels of education, illiteracy, gender inequalities, marginalization of at-risk groups, and stigma and discrimination compound the epidemic's effects. Unsafe sex and drug injection practices, civil conflict, internal and external mobility, and limited adequate health care delivery multiply the difficulties of addressing HIV/AIDS. Moreover, existing care and support services are already overwhelmed as increasing numbers of HIV-infected individuals become sick with AIDS.[3]
Street children are also one of the most vulnerable groups. The UNICEF report, "Increasing Vulnerability of Children in Nepal", estimates the number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS to be more than 13,000. The national estimate of children 0 to 14 years of age infected by HIV is 2,500 (2007).[3]
Nepal has a high tuberculosis (TB) burden, with 81 new cases per 100,000 people in 2005, according to the World Health Organization. HIV infects 3.1 percent of adult TB patients, and HIV-TB co-infections complicate treatment and care for both diseases.[3]
National response[edit]
The NCASC coordinates Nepal's response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 1992, the Government of Nepal founded the National AIDS Coordination Committee to lead the multisectoral response to HIV/AIDS and followed with the establishment of the National AIDS Council to oversee the Committee's efforts. However, both the Council and the Committee have been ineffective, in part because of civil strife.[3]
Despite this fact, substantial progress has been made with respect to national commitment and a strengthened response to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country. HIV and AIDS have been recognized as a priority in the new interim three-year development plan. The national program is implemented under one national HIV/AIDS action plan framework. A national monitoring and evaluation system has been developed, and the Government of Nepal has taken initial steps toward establishing a semi-autonomous coordination body for HIV and AIDS. There is strong civil society engagement in the response.[3]
Given the nature of the epidemic in Nepal, most of the national initiatives have focused on leadership, partnerships and the involvement of civil society for prevention, care, and support for its most-at-risk populations. From 2003, the NCASC implemented the HIV/AIDS Operational Plan based on the National Strategy 2002–2006. Currently, the HIV/AIDS activities are shaped by the second National HIV/AIDS Strategy 2007–2011, and implementation is coordinated under the 2006–2008 National Action Plan, which has the following priorities:
- Preventing the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV infection among at-risk groups;
- Ensuring universal access to quality treatment, diagnostics, care, and support services for infected, affected, and vulnerable groups;
- Ensuring a comprehensive and well-implemented legal framework on HIV/AIDS promoting human rights and establishing HIV/AIDS as a development agenda;
- Enhancing leadership and management at national and local levels for an effective response to HIV/AIDS;
- Using strategic information to guide planning and implementation for an improved effective response; and
- Achieving sustainable financing and effective utilization of funds.[3]
The vision of the national strategy is to expand the number of partners involved in the national response and to increase the effectiveness of Nepal's response. It also emphasizes prevention as key for an effective response to the epidemic, particularly in areas with high levels of out-migration. The strategy includes care and support for people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS while recognizing the contribution of care and support to effective prevention. It also recognizes the importance of accurately tracking the epidemic to monitor the effectiveness of interventions.[3]
Nepal's political instability has resulted in nominal government support for national HIV and AIDS programs. Therefore, most HIV/AIDS activities are funded by external development partners. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage has increased from no free or publicly available treatment three years ago to 13 percent of those estimated to need ART accessing free treatment. ART drugs are provided through a grant from The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. While there is a need to expand services further, several organizations provide community care and support services.[3]
Nepal receives assistance from several international donor organizations, including The Global Fund and Great Britain's Department for International Development. The Global Fund approved a second-round grant in 2003 to support HIV/AIDS prevention among labor migrants and young people and to care for HIV-infected individuals. Nepal was also approved for a seventh-round grant in 2007 that will focus on labor migrants and target gaps in services for MSM and IDUs.[3]
Non Government Organisations (NGOs) in Nepal[edit]
NGOs operating in Nepal must be registered with the Social Welfare Council. The number of registered NGOs in Nepal is significant. The various NGOs provide a range of services within the communities served including Care and Support, Health Education, Advocacy, Income Generation etc.[6]
On 28 September 2008 a number of NGOs met with representatives from the Constituent Assembly in an interaction programme organized by Naulo Ghumti Nepal, a local NGO. At this meeting Rabindra Prasad Adhikari acknowledged that an effective response to HIV has to be a joint response between the Government and NGOs operating in Nepal. After this event, an informal caucus of four parliamentarians namely Sapana Pradhan Malla, RajKaji Tamu, Dhanraj Gurung, and Rabindra Adhikari was formed. The group was requested to act as a focal point of HIV in the parliament.[7]
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
Beine, David. 2003. Ensnared by AIDS: Cultural Contexts of HIV/AIDS in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point.
Beine, David. 2002. "HIV/AIDS in Nepal: The Making of a Cultural Model." Journal of the Center for Nepal Asian Studies 29(2): 275-310.
- ^ Beine, David. 2003. Ensnared by AIDS: Cultural Contexts of HIV/AIDS in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point.
- ^ Nearly 13,000, The Hindu, "Nearly 13,000 HIV/AIDS cases recorded in Nepal", December 8, 2008, retrieved April 28, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Health Profile: Nepal". United States Agency for International Development (March 2008). Accessed August 25, 2008. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ http://www.ncasc.gov.np/
- ^ a b c Fiona Samuels and Sanju Wagle 2011. Population mobility and HIV and AIDS: review of laws, policies and treaties between Bangladesh, Nepal and India. London: Overseas Development Institute
- ^ VSO Nepal
- ^ Noble Voice,October 2008 issue, a quarterly newsletter of Naulo Ghumti Nepal and different governmental and non govern mental institution are involved in it. We have Ravi Pd. Dangol who is working there in the management of HIV AIDS in Nepal.


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I went to Mawa for lunch today ( http://www.mawakitchen.com/menu.html )
They have a lunch menu (why it isn't on their website is a mystery)
Lunch menu was 6.50 for chicken based dishes, 8.50 for lamb/ goat, and included the entree, rice, and an appetizer.
I had plantains for an appetizer (very good), my lunch partner had a shrimp/beef roll which tasted ok but was TINY.
i had a lamb dish with a citrus onion sauce that was very good. My lunch partner had a goat dish with a nut sauce (we asked what type of nut and were told cashew.)
Both of us were VERY happy with our meals. I would recommend it for lunch without hesitation. One of the better lunch meals I have had for a while.

subset: commoncrawl


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T-Funk is a 20-year-old soulful beat-maker from North London who has been making music for almost 3 years. T-Funk came to our attention recently with his debut EP Ideas that was in fact released in November 2012.
Influenced by James Brown, Quincy Jones, Michael Jackson, OutKast and Prince, Ideas is a sampled haven of contemporary chilled-out, R&B electronica; perfect for you to nod your head along to.
T-Funk is currently working on his first full length album, as well as a project with UK songstress Jo Melo. We'll have more news on those projects in the coming months. For now, grab a copy of T-Funk's Ideas EP from Bandcamp for a 'name your price' fee.
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Accommodations in OrmistonSee All
Is Ormiston in Australia on your travel bucket list? This online travel guide is all you need to have before planning your trip. This city is located in the close proximity of a major city Surfers Paradise, Australia. So, ideally any vacation planner would recommend you to visit Surfers Paradise for its bountiful attractions like Dreamworld Theme Park, Planet Chill, Infinity on your trip to Ormiston. Popular vacation packages of Ormiston are of 1-2 days.
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Go to Admin » Appearance » Widgets » and move Gabfire Widget: Social into that MastheadOverlay zone
The number of fibre to the home (FTTH) and fibre to the building (FTTB) subscribers in Europe increased by 19 per cent over the first nine months of 2015, reaching more than 35.9 million FTTH/B subscribers. Homes passed increased by 17 per cent, with nearly 127 million FTTH/B homes passed in European countries at end-September 2015, according to the latest update to the FTTH panorama announced at the FTTH Conference 2016 in Luxembourg.
At end-September 2015, there were more than
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Subsea 7 received an engineering, procurement, installation and commissioning contract by BP for the Andrew Area development project in the UK sector of the North Sea. The scope of work is to engineer, procure, fabricate, install and commission a 17-mile (28-kilometer) pipeline bundle system consisting of production, gas lift and methanol pipelines. Also included in the contract is the installation of a 17-mile (28-kilometer) electro-hydraulic control umbilical, tie-ins of integrated subsea towhead structures, field-testing and pre-commissioning work. The pipeline bundle system will tie-back the Arundel and Kinnoull developments to the Andrew platform. The engineering phase of the contract commenced, and the offshore phase will start in early 2011. The Andrew development is located 143 miles (230 kilometers) northeast of Aberdeen in Blocks 16/27a and 16/28 in the Central North Sea.
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Product Description
WS 95 Pts, AG 93 Pts, WA 93 Pts - Brilliant garnet-red in colour with orange highlights. Firm, elegant and potent on the nose, it has scents of dog rose, mint and tobacco, scents which meld in the course of time into spice, coffee, liquorice, truffle, leather and minerals. A full-bodied, rounded bouquet of great structure and balance, redolent of plum jam and withered brambles. The persistent chocolaty aftertaste is harmonious and enticing. Over the years it gradually refines its characteristics to achieve classic elegance and composure. Goes well with braised meats, stewed game, roasts and mature cheeses such as pecorino and Parmigiano Reggiano.
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Product details
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John Handy Quintet
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John Richard Handy, 3 February 1933, Dallas, Texas, USA. When Handys magnificent 1965 recording Live At The Monterey Jazz Festival hit the shops, many of the reviewers got carried away. Handy had been around for years, working with Charles Mingus from 1958-59 and again in 1964, appearing with the bass players band at Monterey as it happened. He had also had his own band from 1959-61, but it was with the creation of the 1965 band, comprising the leaders alto, violin (Michael White), piano (Freddie Redd, replaced by the guitar of Jerry Hahn by the time of the Monterey concert), bass (Don Thompson) and drums (Terry Clarke) that the critics fastened on to him as the new Charlie Parker the jazz world had supposedly been waiting for. Handys music was exciting, musicianly and well-crafted but it was what it was not that caused the excitement. Here was an outstanding alto player who was not threatening in the way that Ornette Coleman was felt to...
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I think I've totally ruined it with this guy but I still feel like I'm in love with him and it kills and I can't move on is it even close to possible to win him back? If so how?
Most Helpful Guy
- Anonymous
You don't. The end.00|01|0
Is it possible
- Show AllShow Less
- Opinion Owner
Okay. Got any ideas you want to discuss?
What do u mean
- Opinion Owner
No plan? No success.
That's why I was asking for help I'm not sure what to do about it and im not sure how to go about it
- Opinion Owner
Exactly. You don't have the skill or ability to come up with a plan so what makes you think you have the tact and drive to actually follow through with one?
I have had a couple plans but I never went through with them
- Opinion Owner
Then you're a coward and you are wasting time. The longer the dilemma lasts the lower your odds.
Then give me a plan
- Opinion Owner
No. After all, I don't think it can happen.
Why though? Obviously your someone that gives up just like that
- Opinion Owner
Because I already knew what you told me; you thought about it, ruminated, came up with ideas, but backed down, chickened out, fretted, and never did anything. And you won't do anything. And that's the end of it. Note I didn't say "You can't", I said "You Don't", as in, you will not because you do nothing.
I have done something's I just need an idea on how to
- Opinion Owner
Tell me what you've done.
I have done everything I could possibly think of and I just need a idea for something else to do
- Opinion Owner
Well, look, if you don't tell us what you did we can't suggest new things, right?
I've tried to talk to him and I've tried talking to him at school that's bas it okay? I've thought about a couple things but they have turned out to be totally retarted. Plus my friends have told me not to
- Opinion Owner
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No everyone has told me my ideas are bad not that I don't have a good chance they have said I have a pretty good chance. We have talked just not about that
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Because I am horrible psychopath.
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... -_-


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MJ turned to 'self-harm' before death
Jacko intentionally hurt himself in a desperate bid to feed his drug addiction.
London: Michael Jackson intentionally hurt himself in a desperate bid to feed his drug addiction, according to reports.
The King of Pop allegedly turned to "self-harm" in the weeks before his death on June 25 to persuade his personal physician Dr Conrad Murray to give him painkillers, including strong anaesthetic Demerol.
The singer, who reportedly spent 30,000-pounds a month on prescription drugs, purportedly went to extreme measures as part of his drug hell.
His drug induced side-effects reportedly included shaking fits, violent outbursts, hallucinations and bouts of wailing during the night.
"LAPD detectives have interviewed some 30-35 witnesses so far, and it has come to light that Michael was prone to self-harming," the Mirror quoted a source close to the police investigation as saying.
"He'd bang his head against the wall, hit his fists and arms against furniture, anything to cause a cut or bruise.
"He wanted to convince his doctors that he'd had an accident and was in a lot of pain – a legitimate reason to ask for painkillers.
"This came up as part of the investigation into Michael's drug-taking. So far there's no evidence to prove or disprove the claims," the source added.
A Jackson family source claimed that the music legend at times invented pain or hurt himself and craved attention when he fell ill.
The source said: "Staff had their suspicions that he sometimes invented pain or hurt himself to get attention.
The source added: "Michael self-harmed mainly as an attention-seeking mechanism or to gain sympathy. He enjoyed being cared for. It was a huge cry for help."


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Was the Roswell "UFO" really a Nazi-inspired Soviet aircraft?
Lydia Leavitt|TGDaily
Area 51 has long been a mecca for alien enthusiasts and conspiracy theorists interested in uncovering its deep, dark secrets.
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To truly understand where she's coming from, it's important to understand the main purpose of Area 51.
In the 1950s, the base was associated with the Atomic Energy Commission which used the nearby Nevada Test and Training Range to test atomic bombs.
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According to Jacobsen, Stalin used captured Nazi aircraft designs to create a new class of planes. As part of a supposed Orson Welles inspired "War of the Worlds" plan, the Soviet dictator decided to send a heavily modified aircraft to crash in the Neveda desert.


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|Re: Server-Side Includes (was Re: JSP and embedded servlet call)
|Mon, 20 Nov 2000 19:09:56 GMT
Kurt Bernhard Pruenner wrote: > "Lacerda, Wellington (AFIS)" wrote: > > Why don't you use the plain <jsp:include> ? > > Because the page is an shtml page that's handled by Apache, and since it's > possible to include JSP-pages that are handled by mod_jserv with the old JServ > I'm curious why this shouldn't be possible with Tomcat. Also, all our html > pages are actually treated as shtml pages, but we really don't want to > > a) change all of them to JSPs > b) have all of them handled by Tomcat for performance reasons > > (FYI, shtml pages are handled by mod_rewrite for Apache, and #include > virtual="..." allows you to include any other page that can otherwise be > served by Apache, except that it mysteriously doesn't work with pages that > come from Tomcat, while it _does_ work with the older JServ... that's why > we've got both JServ and Tomcat running on our server currently, which of > course isn't really preferable... :/) > It would be feasible to add SHTML support to Tomcat. What this would take is creating a servlet to do the appropriate parsing and processing, and map it to the "*.shtml" extension. You might even be able to start with the Apache JSSI servlet (at <http://java.apache.org>) and modify it as necessary to reflect the changes in the servlet API since 2.0. However, no one to date has volunteered to add this feature. If someone wants to, I'd be happy to integrate it in. Any takers? > > -- > Kurt Bernhard Pruenner --- Haendelstrasse 17 --- 4020 Linz --- Austria > Craig McClanahan
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I recently took over setting up Blackberries on a Bes 4.1 Server. I wipe the unit, create a user, assign a password, and complete with enterprise activation. None of the Blackberries I have set up this way can access the internet's goto function, it can only use bookmarks. I know that these units could go online before I wiped them. Am I missing something?
7 Replies
Jan 18, 2009 at 10:06 UTC
akp982 is an IT service provider.
- Can you get emails on them?
- Have you checked the service books?
Jan 19, 2009 at 5:31 UTC
Check which security policys are set for the blackberry user. there is an option to disable/enable browser etc..
Also make sure the handsets have GPRS - not gprs. Capitals means data connection, lower case means voice, sms ..
Jan 19, 2009 at 9:25 UTC
GPRS/gprs etc. - true for GSM enabled phones. CDMA will have evdo/1x, etc.
In any case, it may be that the BlackBerry browser (internal MDS browsing) is functioning, but external (Internet Browser) is not working - or vice versa.
Like akp982 said, check the service books. Look at the properties of the bookmark and see if it is using Internet or BlackBerry browser.
Jan 20, 2009 at 1:04 UTC
I can get email on them just fine, but some users are able to browse, others cannot. All use the same service books and IT policy.
Jan 20, 2009 at 1:33 UTC
Did you check the bookmarks to find out if you were using the BlackBerry or Internet browser?
Jan 20, 2009 at 1:33 UTC
...duplicate posting...sorry.
Feb 4, 2009 at 1:24 UTC
We had this issue too. It is a service book issue but you can handle it yourself. Go to Options > Advanced Options > Service Books > and delete the Blackberry Internet Browsing Service service book and then push the menu key and select undelete.
That has worked for all that I have seen.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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- fire-breathing
Date: 1933
intimidatingly or violently aggressive in speech and manner <a fire-breathing orator> • fire-breather noun
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
Fire breathing — is the act of creating a large flame by spraying, with one s breath, a flammable liquid upon an open flame. The flame is usually held an arm s length away and the spray should be both powerful and misty. This art is said to have originated in… … Wikipedia
fire-breathing — fire′breath ing adj. cvb intensely ardent or passionate; fiery … From formal English to slang
fire-breathing — adjective a) That emits flame from the mouth or nostrils b) caustic, vitriolic or scathing … Wiktionary
Fire dancing — (also known as, fire twirling, fire spinning, fire performance, or fire manipulation ) is a group of performance arts or disciplines that involve manipulation of objects on fire. Typically these objects have one or more bundles of wicking, which… … Wikipedia
Fire-drakes — / Fire drake Fire breathing Dragons. The more powerful of the two fundamental divisions of dragon kind, who, as the name suggests, were able to breathe fire. Glaurung, Ancalagon and Smaug were all fire drakes. Almost nothing specific is … J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth glossary
fire-breath·ing — /ˈfajɚˌbriːðıŋ/ adj, always used before a noun 1 : able to produce a stream of fire from the mouth a story about a fire breathing dragon 2 : very angry and emotional in speech, manner, or behavior a fire breathing politician a fire breathing… … Useful english dictionary
Fire eating — A fire eater is an entertainer, often a street artist or part of a sideshow. The performer places flaming objects into their mouth and extinguishes them. They also practice controlling and transferring the flame.History and hazardsFire eating was … Wikipedia
Fire troop — Articleissues citations missing = December 2007 orphan = December 2007A fire troop is a group of performers who train together to produce shows of fire dancing, fire breathing and fire eating … Wikipedia
fire-breather — noun see fire breathing … New Collegiate Dictionary
Fire department rehab — is a vital firefighting service on the fireground, providing firefighters and other emergency personnel with immediate medical attention including rehydration, treatment for smoke inhalation, and the prevention of such life threatening conditions … Wikipedia


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Every Sunday we help lead the grief workshop at our church. A new group of precious souls have joined together for the next 8 weeks to work through their grief over a loved one who has died and I am honored to get to be there with them and to share our own story.
There are some precious mommas in our small group of couples who have lost babies or young children. The newness of their grief journey has renewed the grief in my own heart. Seeing how close they are to have held their children, seen their precious faces, and kissed them makes me long for Molly and Micah all the more.
As the holidays are getting closer, we have talked in our small group about how to deal with the days that are coming near and how to honor their babies in a way that honors our Lord. Most everyone at one point or another has said that they are dreading the holidays and that they wish they could just skip them. I remember feeling those exact things a few years ago. That first Thanksgiving and Christmas were awfully hard to get through and part of me wished to skip the whole lot and move on to a new year. But I didn't skip either holiday and I am glad that I didn't. Yes, they were difficult, but there were also some sweet moments as well.
And so, I pray for our little small group this week of Thanksgiving when giving thanks is incredibly difficult to do. I ask you, Lord, that you meet them where they are and that you would provide for them in surprising ways that are unmistakably you. That they would experience sweet moments of grace like I did and that you would give them grace for the hard moments that will likely come as well.


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Roger Hedgecock Weekend: The ACLU wants an end to all interrogation. The terrorists who want to destroy the United States are the victims.
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Roger Hedgecock Weekend: The Census Department will not "partner" with hate groups like law enforcement groups
The Cyber Security Act - where are the privacy advocacy groups? "You ain't seen nothing yet"
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|Show all stations the program was ever on (that we knew about)?
Featured Programs are new programs, hosts currently in the news, or hosts we really like :)
% Change compares the most recent 28 day listen counts to the prior 28 days.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
I lost my job a year ago and defaulted on my private student loan about 4 months ago. They are demanding payment of the entire outstanding balance in 10 days and they threaten to sue me. If they sue me and win a judgment, can that be discharged in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy? Help please!
I respecfully disagree with both Mr. Fenn and Mr. Oney. There definitely are circumstances under which a Chapter 7 discharge extends to private student loans. To be non-dischargable a loan must meet specific certain requirements of the Internal Revenue Code. This argument comes straight out off the Bankruptcy Code at section 523(a)(8). Creditors are understandably very prone to claiming tan expansive sweep of "student loan" non-dischargability, but debtors have rights under the law creditors like to disregard.
I have just successfully confirmed discharge of loans made to a student with an aggregate balance of over $40,000 on that argument (although counsel for the defendant failed to challenge me on certain points). It is a myth far too prevalent among otherwise excellent bankrtupcy attorneys that student loans can never be discharged. The key is knowing whether the obligation qualifies as an "educational loan" within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code.
Your search for an attorney willing to take on this challenge may have to be extensive. My own clients told me after we won that several other attorneys had refused their case because it was impossible.
I offer this information as a public service. I am not licensed to practice law in California, but in the event that you are able to interest an experienced bankruptcy attorney in pursuing this discharge, you may invite you attorney to contact me for further information, pleadings forms, and research resources for a successful adversary action.
Best wishes for a favorable outcome, and please remember to designate a best answer.
This answer is offered as a public service for general information only and may not be relied upon as legal advice.Ask a similar question
I stand by what I said. There certainly are exceptions, but the general rule has to be that the vast, vast majority of student loans are not dischargeable under the current code. Also, it appeared that the question revolved around whether by becoming a judgment, the loan would thus become dischargeable.
I agree that often many attorneys, myself included, rarely look beyond the mantra that "student loans are not dischargeable," however in California that approach is based on several court decisions where it has been made clear that there is no longer any distinction, as far as dischargeability is concerned, between private and government student loans, and also that in order to be dischargeable, the student must pass several hurdles. One of which is to show that a good-faith attempt has been made to pay the loan (which this persona appears to be able to meet based on the fact that the employment was lost a year ago but the student loan default only ocurred 4 months ago, but the most difficult hurdle, at least as followed by the California courts, is the need to show that having to pay the student loan would create such an undue financial hardship that the student would not be able to maintain at least a minimal standard of living. I have seen that requirement interpreted by the courts to where it is an almost impossible burden to meet. For example, if the student is able to afford even the most basic of living arrangements, then the courts have ruled against discharge. That difficult hurdle and the hard-line approach of the courts has resulted in the near-automatic response that "student loans are not dischargeable." Of course there are always exceptions and it is possible to actually discharge them in certain circumstances, but those are rare cases that are very difficult to succeed at. But, in hindsight, I agree that the conclusion of non-dischargeability in this case may be premature. The question-asker should consult with local bankruptcy counsel to see if by chance the burden of proof regarding the extreme financial hardship might be able to be met and this debt actually be able to be discharged in a bankruptcy. The stated facts are insufficient to reach a conclusion one way or the other, but the odds are certainly against dischargeability, at least in California.
Ms. Sinclair, if you're able, would you mind sharing some of the general facts of the case you referenced? It could be helpful to those asking questions as well as other attorneys.
Dischargability, Mr. Waters, is a matter of federal law. There may be cases from California bankrtupcy courts, but I am aware of none that have held against the 523(a)(8)/IRS 221 argument.
This is an interesting discussion. Ms. Sinclair, we in California would welcome a chance to review your pleadings and forms. Your experience may allow us to add further value to our service.
Ms. Sinclair, I am not saying the California courts "have held against" the 523(a)(8) argument, all I am saying is that in interpreting the "would impose an undue hardship" language of 523(a)(8), the 9th Circuit has interpreted that language very narrowly and has held that if the debtor/student can pay the loan and still maintain even a "minimal" standard of living, then the loan will not be discharged, and the local California BK courts have followed that reasoning. I will try to find the citation(s) for you -
Relevant facts, Mr. Fenn, include that the loans in question were procured through an internet source, funded by a commercial bank without federal or non-profit involvement, and paid directly to the borrowers, who used the money for a variety of purposes not related to education. IRS regs are clear that to be non-dischargable the loan proceeds must have been used solely for educational purposes (not generally but as specifically itemized in IRS regs). I think this fact pattern is far more common than most bankrtupcy attorneys realize, and it is no longer enough to accept a client's characterization that their obligation is a "student loan." Documentation must be reviewed. I will give you that this is an emerging area of law. Almost all published "student loan" cases in the 9th Circuit and elsewhere focus on the undue hardship issue. I deliberately did not allege undue hardship even after one defendant's attorney suggested I "throw it in."
To be clear, Mr. Waters, the argument that succeeded in my cases was unrelated to the "undue hardship" issue. It is based on the original character of the obligation. In my experience the only provable undue hardship cases are more expeditiously handled through the U.S. Department of Eduation disability payment waiver procedure.
Ms. Sinclair, the "undue hardship" 9th Cir. case I was referring to is: In re: ERNEST J. PENA; JULIE PENA, Debtors, UNITED STUDENT AID FUNDS, INC., Appellant, v. ERNEST J. PENA; JULIE PENA, Appellees. No. 97-16012 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT 155 F.3d 1108.
Please, Mr. Harrington, read my disclaimer and note that California law is not involved here. Answering Avvo questions in the manner I do is not the practice of law. I am not the only attorney from outside California that has provided an answer to the instant question. I take exception to the intimidation inferred by your comment, and have flagged it as a violation of terms of service.
Thank you, Mr. Waters. I am quite aware of the rigorous proof required of "undue hardship" cases in the 9th Circuit. (Please see the comment I was apparently simultaneously keyboarding.) My point on the instant question is that there is a viable argument for dischargability of "private student loans" other than "undue hardship." I thought this would be good news for diligent bankruptcy cases.
I guess I just don't see how you can even attempt to discharge a student loan without addressing the 3-prong test of Brunner, unless, as you appear to be saying, your argument was that your case involved a loan that really wasn't a student loan since the debtors used the proceeds for non-educational purposes. If that's the case, and your client basically had an unsecured general-purpose loan of some sort, then I agree under those facts it could be dischargeable. I also agree we can't just take a debtor's word for it that it is a "student' loan, but if it really was a student loan, as I suspect it was in the instant matter, then your "not really a student loan" argument wouldn't apply and you would be stuck with having to address the Brunner test, and in California it would be the Brunner test as interpreted by the 9th Circuit in Pena. You then would have no choice but to address the "undue hardship" issue head on. Also, I suspect that in your case, if the terms of the private loan included a condition that the proceeds only be used for educational purposes, and your debtor agreed to those terms but instead used the proceeds for non-educational purposes and then tried to discharge the loan on those grounds, you would not have been successful if the lender challenged the dischargeability on fraud grounds. Either way, that is a fairly narrow fact situation that may or may not even apply to the instant question.
I comment, Mr. Harrington, because you have posted your comment on several of my answers, but not on the answers of other non-CA attorneys. Your behaviro toward me is personal and unprofessional.
Mr. Waters, I can see that you are struggling to understand my argument, so let me try to help. My analysis does require perfect clarity. It is true that only certain "student" loans are dischargable if the Brunner test is met, but "student loan" is not a term of art. Non-dischargability of "educational loans" under 523(a)(8) is limited to those loans which are "qualified education loans" under IRC 221. Many "private" student loans are not IRC qualified education loans (making 523(a)(8) dischargability limits inapplicable, and are therefore dischargable like any other commercial loan. Am I making any sense now?
Yes. I was aparently overlooking the need to add the separate IRC 221(d) requirements into the analysis. Thank you for the clarification. FYI, I also came across an interesting article in another forum that further clarifies this point: http://www.bankruptcylawnetwork.com/student-loans-maybe-they-can-be-discharged-after-all/ However, if the loan in the instant question meets the IRC 221(d) requirements and is in fact a qualified student loan, then all of the earlier responses regarding non-dischargeability would still be applicable.
Yes, Mr. Waters. A loan that is a "qualified education loan" within the meaning of IRC 221(d)(1) would be an "educational loan" within the meaning of 523(a)(8) and only dischargable on the ground of "undue hardship" as set forth in the 9th Cir. by Brunner. I found the sudent loan practice manual published by the National Consumer Law Center to an invaluable resource.
Wow! I didn't expect such a response! I think the loan I was discussing may have been issued directly to me and I may have used it for housing expenses at the time. I must look into it further and discuss it with a local BK lawyer. I am glad that Attorney Sinclair raised this.
You are welcome, Dear Asker. And you may disregard the comments of Mr. Harrington. Avvo welcomes and encourages all attorneys with knowledge and experience to share to contribute responses to sincere Avvo users such as yourself.
Mr. Harrington is being less than candid about Avvo's action. Nothing I have done or said could be responsible, but his own posts on other questions could explain the result.
Thank you, Avvo, for taking down Mr. harrington's inappropriate comments.
Ms. Sinclair -- It seems to me your case was so fact-intensive that the lesson to be learned is to make sure one investigates fully the facts underlying the loan, one cannot simply state that all education-related loans are non-dischargebale. Why this truly unique fact pattern you described above is generating is interesting if there exists many other people in similar situations. And while it is unseemly to engage in verbal warfare as apparently was done here, it is just as unseemly to boast about one legal victory ad nauseam and picking fights with other counsel.
Mr Vassallo-- I find your criticism harsh and unwarranted. In the past decade many commercial banks considered loans to students to be so bullet-proof under the Bankrtupcy Code that they built huge portfolios of loans the students couldn't possibly afford, then packaged them and sold them to securitized trusts (in the same manner as the mortgage mess), believing themselves protected from default by the Bankrtupcy Code. I do not agree that the facts of my clients' loans were at all unusual. Their loans were very typical of the commercial loan activity at the time and it is a mistake for bankrtupcy attorneys to perpetuate the myth that all "student loans" are non-dischargable. One of the things I like best about the generous time I donate to Avvo is the opportunity to engage in civil discussion and learn more. In gratitude I share what I have come to know in the nost professional manner I can manage. I recommend that attitude to you.
The short answer is 'no.' Student loan debt is virtually impossible to discharge under the currently bankruptcy code. The fact that the debt might change forms from a basic unsecured debt to a judgment does not change the original character of the loan.
Brian C. Fenn FENN LAW FIRM 29222 Rancho Viejo Rd. Ste. 102 San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675 Tel/Fax: (800) 994-9079 email@example.com a similar question
Attorney Fenn is correct. I once took a case up on appeal, arguing that once the student loan creditor obtained a judgment, the student-loan-ness of the debt got wiped out. I lost.Ask a similar question
I agree with attorney Fenn that any such judgment would not be dischargeable, but would also suggest you look into alternative payment arrangements for the loan. There is a federal government website for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau that contains a database of student loan information and will help you identify what type of loan you have and what payment arrangements might be available to you, for federally-backed student loans and many private student loans. Options often include payment deferment or forebearance. The web address is:
Another option is to contact the lender directly and explain your work & financial situation and ask if they can set you up with a reasonable payment plan or if they can give you a deferment so that you can delay payments until you resume work. Most lenders would rather work out an arrangement with you than sue and obtain a judgment that may not be collectible at this time anyway.
Hope that helps -
Please, Mr. Waters, review the long response I provided and was apparently keyboarding simlutaneously with your own.
The best thing to do is see a "certified bankruptcy specialist" in Los Angeles. The county bar charges about $40 to find an attorney for you , or they can waive the fee too. The court in this district offers pro se clinics for free, as well. Attempting to Discharge a student loan is very specialized and difficult area of BK law. While general information can be dispensed to a broad range of people over social media, and good lawyers can be easily previewed over avvo dot com, the next step is to sit down with local, experienced counsel.
Only attorneys licensed in the state of California who maintain an office in the state can practice law in this state . www.calbar.org
The answers on this discussion board are general in nature and NOT intended as legal advice. Responding to questions does not constitute an attorney-client relationship. Always see a lawyer about your individual situation.Ask a similar question
Student loans are generally non-discargeable in bankruptcy without a finding of "undue hardship." If you file a Chapter 13 the debt will sit in the unsecured pro rata pool with the other unsecured debts and it will either be paid back at a lower percentage or not at all. This will be the equivilant of the 5 year deferment as long as you stay in the Ch 13 planAsk a similar question
You posted this, Mr. Weil, without reading the comments under my response?
Yes I posed this without reading the debate that follows your comments I recommend a Chapter 13 and I stand by that.
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text: > * In message <20020131030917.GA4348@...> > * On the subject of "[clisp-list] CLISP on OpenBSD again" > * Sent on Wed, 30 Jan 2002 21:09:17 -0600 > * Honorable William Harold Newman <william.newman@...> writes: > > I've had two problems with rebuilding CLISP from current CVS on > my OpenBSD 2.9 system. > > I don't think my first problem was OpenBSD specific. What's the > recommended procedure for rebuilding after "cvs update"? I tried > to follow the procedure in unix/INSTALL, but "configure" failed: > balefire:clisp/ $ ./configure ; beep > /usr/local/src/clisp/modules > ../src/lndir: destination already exists: /usr/local/src/clisp/src/bindings > Since I don't know enough to confidently clean up the CLISP directory > system by hand, I just punted and checked out a fresh copy. make clean or make distclean > Did I just overlook something obvious in INSTALL or elsewhere which > guides me through the gotchas of doing a build more than once in the > same directory? step 2 suggests giving ./configure a directory name as an argument. I always do $ rm -rf build; ./configure --build build -- Sam Steingold (http://www.podval.org/~sds) Keep Jerusalem united! <http://www.onejerusalem.org/Petition.asp> Read, think and remember! <http://www.iris.org.il> <http://www.memri.org/> The world will end in 5 minutes. Please log out.


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Posts Tagged 'CSS'.
We are pleased to present below all posts tagged with 'CSS'.
You know, we use ad-blockers as well. We gotta keep those servers running though. Did you know that we publish useful books and run friendly conferences — crafted for pros like yourself? E.g. our upcoming SmashingConf Barcelona, dedicated to smart front-end techniques and design patterns.
We are pleased to present below all posts tagged with 'CSS'.
In school, I hated math. It was a dire, dry and boring thing with stuffy old books and very theoretical problems. Even worse, a lot of the tasks were repetitive, with a simple logical change in every iteration (dividing numbers by hand, differentials, etc.). It was exactly the reason why we invented computers. Suffice it to say, a lot of my math homework was actually done by my trusty Commodore 64 and some lines of Basic, with me just copying the results later on.
These tools and the few geometry lessons I had gave me the time and inspiration to make math interesting for myself. I did this first and foremost by creating visual effects that followed mathematical rules in demos, intros and other seemingly pointless things. There is a lot of math in the visual things we do, even if we don't realize it. If you want to make something look natural and move naturally, you need to add a bit of physics and rounding to it.Read more...
People in boardrooms across the world love a good graph. They go nuts for PowerPoint, bullet points and phrases like "run it up the flagpole," "blue-sky thinking" and "low-hanging fruit," and everything is always "moving forward." Backwards is not an option for people who facilitate paradigm shifts in the zeitgeist. Graphs of financial projections, quarterly sales figures and market saturation are a middle-manager's dream.
How can we as Web designers get in on all of this hot graph action? There are actually quite a few ways to display graphs on the Web. We could simply create an image and nail it to a Web page. But that's not very accessible or interesting. We could use Flash, which is quite good for displaying graphs — but again, not very accessible. Besides, designers, developers and deities are falling out of love with Flash.Read more...
The flexible box layout module — or "flexbox," to use its popular nickname — is an interesting part of the W3C Working Draft. The flexbox specification is still a draft and subject to change, so keep your eyes on the W3C, but it is part of a new arsenal of properties that will revolutionize how we lay out pages. At least it will be when cross-browser support catches up.
In the meantime, we can experiment with flexbox and even use it on production websites where fallbacks will still render the page correctly. It may be a little while until we consider it as mainstream as, say,
border-radius, but our job is to investigate new technologies and use them where possible. That said, when it comes to something as fundamental as page layout, we need to tread carefully.
With CSS animation now supported in both Firefox and Webkit browsers, there is no better time to give it a try. Regardless of its technical form, whether traditional, computer-generated 3-D, Flash or CSS, animation always follows the same basic principles.
In this article, we will take our first steps with CSS animation and consider the main guidelines for creating animation with CSS. We'll be working through an example, building up the animation using the principles of traditional animation. Finally, we'll see some real-world usages.Read more...
I've been using LESS religiously ever since I stumbled upon it months ago. CSS was never really a problem for me, in and of itself, but I was intrigued by the idea of using variables to create something along the lines of a color palette for my websites and themes. Having a color palette with a fixed number of options to choose from helps prevent me from going color crazy and deviating from a chosen style. The main difference between LESS and Sass is the way in which they are processed. LESS is a JavaScript library and is, therefore, processed client-side.
You're developing a new website and have decided to use some CSS3 and HTML5, now that many of the new specifications are gaining widespread support. As you're coding the theme and thinking of how much easier these new technologies are making your job, you decide to stop for a while and test in other browsers, feeling a bit guilty for getting carried away and having forgotten to do so for a while. "Please work," you whisper to your computer, while firing up all of the browsers you have installed. Browser A, check. You smile, feeling a bit relieved. Browser B, check. Your smile widens, and you start to feel better already. Browser C, "FFFFUUUUUUUUUUU…!"
Sound familiar? You might be surprised to hear that this is not necessarily your fault. With the competition in the browser market these days and the fast pace at which the new specifications are developing, browser makers are implementing new stuff in a hurry, sometimes without properly testing it. CSS3 and HTML5 are much more complex than their predecessors. The number of possible combinations of new features is huge, which leads to the most common cause of bugs: two (or more) things that weren't tested together. As a result, developers these days stumble upon browser bugs much more frequently than they used to.Read more...
I think a lot of us CSS authors are doing it wrong. We are selfish by nature; we get into our little bubbles, writing CSS (as amazing as it may be) with only ourselves in mind. How many times have you inherited a CSS file that's made you say "WTF" at least a dozen times?
HTML has a standard format and syntax that everyone understands. For years, programmers have widely agreed on standards for their respective languages. CSS doesn't seem to be there yet: everyone has their own favorite format, their own preference between single-line and multi-line, their own ideas on organization, and so on.Read more...
CSS grid frameworks can make your life easier, but they're not without their faults. Fortunately, modern techniques offer a new approach to constructing page layouts. But before getting to the solution, we must first understand the three seemingly insurmountable flaws currently plaguing CSS grids.
The biggest complaint I've heard from purists since I created The 1KB CSS Grid two years ago is that CSS grid systems don't allow for a proper separation of mark-up and presentation. Grid systems require that Web designers add
.grid_x CSS classes to HTML elements, mixing presentational information with otherwise semantic mark-up.
HTML email has a reputation for being a particularly tough design medium. So tough, in fact, that many designers regard coding and testing even the simplest email design to be almost as bad as fixing display quirks in Internet Explorer 6, and only slightly better than a tooth extraction. So, it's with much courage that I tell you today about using CSS in email newsletters: what works, where it's going and what you should do next.
After reading this article, you will hopefully come away with a few ideas on how to start coding email designs with improved readability and usability when viewed in Web, mobile and email desktop clients alike. Also included are a variety of resources to get you on the right path with using CSS in email.Read more...
Media queries are the third pillar in Ethan Marcotte's implementation of responsive design. Without media queries, fluid layouts would struggle to adapt to the array of screen sizes on the hundreds of devices out there. Fluid layouts can appear cramped and unreadable on small mobile devices and too large and chunky on big widescreen displays. Media queries enable us to adapt typography to the size and resolution of the user's device, making it a powerful tool for crafting the perfect reading experience.
CSS3 media queries, which include the browser width variable, are supported by most modern Web browsers. Mobile and desktop browsers that lack support will present a subpar experience to the user unless we step up and take action. I'll outline some of techniques that developers can follow to address this problem.Read more...
Right now is an exciting time to be in the Web design community. Every month we seem to stumble on a new thought-provoking way to put our expanding tool set to use for our clients and the patrons of the Web. Many designers are chomping at the bit to litter their websites with new CSS, advanced HTML and ultra-engaging JavaScript. By all means, go out and use every last declaration and element you can get your hands on. Abusing, misusing and taking advantage of everything the Web could possibly offer is the best way to learn about what we can and can't and should and shouldn't do in future.
Whether you are excitedly exploring responsive design, diving headlong into accessibility, building a typographic masterpiece or seeing what level of interactivity you can achieve, all of your Web-based projects should have a common core. All of the new methods being discussed in the design community daily might be overwhelming, but no matter what route you ultimately take, almost any Web project you embark on today should start with solid HTML and logical CSS. This may seem like common sense, but the fact is that very, very few websites today benefit from sensationally optimized HTML and CSS and appropriately applied JavaScript.Read more...
Since hearing about HTML5 and CSS3, then later reading Hardboiled Web design by Andy Clarke, I have been working on a presentation to help introduce these development methods to my clients. If all i said to them was "these are the latest development methods, but there will be visual differences", I'm sure you can imagine the response I would receive.
Most of the clients I have these days tell me they want the following: HTML to validate as strict or transitional, CSS to validate, site to be Accessibility level 2+ and last but not least, design needs to look the same across all browsers. They have learnt this information from us (developers and agencies) over the last 10 years of us educating the world on best practice. Now we need to re-educate them and it wont be easy! Most people steer away from things they don't understand out of fear of the unknown.Read more...


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Portfolio: History and Research
Dave Arnold is now one of the older rock mechanics engineers around; certainly the oldest serving on council.
He says: "I worked in the corporate mining environment for fifty years, of which forty years were in rock mechanics. Since I 'retired' fifteen years ago I have been running my small rock mechanics consultancy business, which generally keeps me more busy than I ever was when I worked for a boss. (Come to think of it, I still have a boss. She lives in the house with me).
"I have two portfolios. The first is rock mechanics research, a portfolio which I share with a number of other council members. The main thrusts of this portfolio are to ensure that rock mechanics research reverts back to being driven by industry rock mechanics' needs, requirements and demands, and that some of the rock mechanics research expertise and wherewithal that has been lost, is regained or suitably replaced.
"My second portfolio is that of rock mechanics history. I have been pursuing this in my spare time (of which I have very little) over the past four or five years. There are moves to put this on a more professional footing, and to get it completed before all of us old toppies finally shuffle off this mortal coil. A lot of the early recollections of pioneering individuals were never recorded and have now been lost forever, so there is no time to lose."


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Show Filters
Our Bakewell Show jewellery collection has been created in support of one of the biggest agricultural shows within Derbyshire. Each unique design incorporates themes from throughout the event and some even feature the rare Blue John stone that C W Sellors has become so renowned for. Instantly recognisable, our Bakewell Show collection includes quirky Bakewell tart inspired pieces alongside horse shoe bracelets and tractor charms to celebrate the world of agriculture that is only minutes from C W Sellors' own head office. During the event, C W Sellors bring their customers their Bakewell Show jewellery collection that boasts precious gemstones like Blue John, Whitby Jet, Turquoise and Amber.
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Manufacturer: Virbac
Prinovox Spot-On Solution for Large Cats is for use in large cats weighing 4-8kg.
It is a broad spectrum parasiticide for the treatment and prevention of fleas, mites, roundworms and heartworms.
Each 0.4ml pipette contains as active ingredients: Imidacloprid (80mg) and Moxidectin (8mg).
Do not use in puppies under 7 weeks of age.
Box of 4 Pipettes.
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POM-V | Prinovox for Large Cats


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34 photos
$6,000,000 226.37 acres 500 Kent Manor Drive, Stevensville, Maryland 21666 - Queen Annes County
226.37+/- Acres Income Producing with Residential Development Potential
UNDER CONTRACT The Kent Manor Inn is under contract for $3,800,000. The hearing to approve the sale is scheduled for Monday, December 5, 2016 at the US Bankruptcy Court, District of Maryland. If you are interested in submitting a higher and better bid, pursuant to the proposed bidding procedures, you must submit your offer and $200,000 deposit by November 30, 2016 by 5:00pm EST and participate in the auction scheduled for December 1, 2016 at 10:00am EST to be held at Yumkas, Vidmar, Sweeney & Mulrenin, LLC, 1919 West Street, Suite 200, Annapolis, Maryland. Any additional offers must be at least $4,000,000. Please refer to the proposed Bidding Procedures and the Motion to Sell Property filed with the US Bankruptcy Court for details.
Stephen Karbelk RealtyMarkets


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Includes digital copy + 1 print. Each additional print is $3.99
By the Book
By Michael Peterson - Digital Sheet Music
Product InformationBy the Book by Michael Peterson - Digital Sheet Music
By the Book digital sheet music. Contains printable sheet music plus an interactive, downloadable digital sheet music file.
- This product is available worldwide
The Arrangement Details Tab gives you detailed information about this particular arrangement of By the Book - not necessarily the song.
Not the arrangement you were looking for? View All Arrangements
There are no reviews written for By the Book.
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you must first have purchased the item.
Publishing administered by: EMI Music Publishing


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What is Hosted Security?
XO integrates fully managed Security-as-a-Service with your XO data network service—so you can easily centralize network security controls and policies. Available with MPLS IP-VPN, IP Flex with VPN, and DIA Services.
Why Hosted Security?
Learn how XO Hosted Security can support your business
Hosted Security from XO can help prevent unauthorized access to your network infrastructure, block employee access to inappropriate web content, or ensure secure use of your company's IP-VPN or the Internet connection at one or more of your locations.
Quickly, efficiently deliver uniform, network-based security as part of your company's overall risk management strategy.
Benefit from economies of combining network security
Eliminate the need to buy and manage premises-based security devices and appliances
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Stateful packet inspection of Internet traffic and allows or denies traffic based on the IP header and ports involved
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Protects users from entering company-prohibited websites
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Maintains an off-net connection between your location and the network firewall
Encrypts each packet in the data stream to ensure data integrity
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XO's network firewalls divert unauthorized traffic from the public Internet away from your corporate network
The Right Network For You
XO provides the technology that helps business and wholesale customers compete in a hyper-connected economy.


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Monday, March 5, 2007
Pluck Gets Win At USA Today
Austin, Texas-based Pluck, a provider of social media tools for mainstream media, said Monday that it has been selected by USA Today as part of USATODAY.com's new site. Pluck's SiteLife and Pluck BlogBurst products have been added to USA Today's site. Pluck's SiteLife tools provides a community interaction platform which allows readers to create blogs, share photos, rate content, and interact; the firm's BlogBurst product syndicates blog postings to news outlets and magazines. Pluck is venture backed by Austin Ventures, Mayfield, and Reuters.


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1984 Nissan Maxima
Price: US $1,200.00 Item location: Long Beach, California, United States
- Condition: Used
- Make: Nissan
- Model: Maxima
- Type: Sedan
- Trim: 4Door GL
- Year: 1984
- Mileage: 86,600
- VIN: jn1hu01s6et232537
- Color: Blue
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Transmission: Automatic
- Interior color: Blue
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1984 Nissan MaximaI have a 1984 Nissan Maxima for sale. This is in Long Beach.
Car works fine, ut sometimes turns over but won't start. After about 10-15 mins of trying or cycling key it will usually start. I've been told it may be either fuel pump or starter. Car starts fine in the mornings, ut it seems like during the daytime is when it has problems.
The only thing currently wrong with this is that it wont start every once and a while, here are no quirks to driving it, t runs fine.
Recently I have replaced:
Ignition control module
fuel filter
Cosmetically, he car looks decent needs paint and minor rust on bumper.


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Dynamic, sporty fragrance!
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Moisturizes and relaxes your skin!
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Bonus size - 250ml for 200ml price!
For men's rough hands!
For extra daily freshness!
With a tangy masculine fragrance!
Soothes sensitive male skin!
Large size brush!
Long-lasting lip care!


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Knuckle Huddersfield, UK
Knuckle are a Garage Blues trio from Huddersfield. Originally formed as a duo on Halloween in 2013, while drummer Ben was
dressed with a sack on his head. Guitarist and singer Jonny was dressed as himself.
Over 100 gigs around the UK and France, a self released EP and many parties followed, to great reception. Rob joined on bass, added a new dynamic, a more refined sound and some sweet harmonies. ... more
Streaming and Download help


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Q:Is there a difference between driver side and passenger side, or are they both for either side? Thanks.
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When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
I used the icing tool for the sides.
80Th Birthday
Pulled Sugar Rose
Very pretty! I love the pink!
pretty cake :) good job :)


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Today's judgment in the case of Eweida and Others v. the United Kingdom demonstrates the complex nature of decisions that must be made when balancing the right to manifest religion at work and the rights of others.
All four applicants are practising Christians and complained that their right to manifest their religion had been infringed: (1) Ms Eweida (a British Airways employee), (2) Ms Chaplin (a geriatrics nurse) complained that their employers placed unfair restrictions on wearing Christian crosses whilst at work. (3) Ms Ladele (a Registrar of Marriages) and (4) Mr McFarlane (a Relate Counsellor) complained about their dismissal for refusing to carry out duties which they considered would condone homosexuality. The judgment flags up critical considerations for all employers; these are summarised below:
(1) Mrs Eweida is a Christian and was employed by British Airways to check in passengers, she was required to wear a high necked shirt with no visible jewellery.
- Policy stipulated that approval must be requested to openly display a particular garment for religious reasons.
- Mrs Eweida wore her cross under her uniform (this was allowed) but then decided to show her commitment her faith by wearing her cross on display.
- In September 2006, British Airways sent her home without pay until she agreed to comply with their uniform code.
- In February 2007, Mrs Eweida returned to her employment when British Airways changed their uniform policy so that religious symbols such as the star of David and the cross were given immediate authorisation.
(2) Ms Chaplin was a qualified nurse from 1989 - 2010.
- Her employer introduced new uniforms which included V necks.
- Ms Chaplin's manager asked her to remove her crucifix that she wore on a chain around her neck.
- Ms Chaplin sought approval to continue wearing her crucifix which was refused because it could cause an injury or harm if it came into contact with an open wound.
- In November 2009, Ms Chaplin was moved to a temporary position which ceased to exist in July 2010.
In both of the cases, the Mrs Eweida and Ms Chaplin were claiming discrimination on the grounds of their religion.
(3) Ms Ladele was a Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages from 1992 - 2009
- The Civil Partnership Act came into force in 2005 and as a result, Ms Ladele was required to officiate at civil partnership ceremonies between homosexual couples.
- Ms Ladele refused to sign an amended contract because she felt she would be condoning homosexuality. Consequently, disciplinary proceedings were brought.
- Her employer contended that Ms Ladele was in breach of Islington Council's equality and diversity policy by refusing to work with homosexual couples.
- Ms Ladele argued that the civil ceremonies for same sex couples could have been carried out by a more willing employee.
- Her contract was subsequently terminated.
(4) Mr McFarlane was a Counsellor for Relate. He started a post graduate diploma in psycho-sexual therapy which aims to improve couple's sexual activity.
- Concerns were expressed by Mr McFarlane's supervisor and colleagues that there was a conflict between his religious beliefs and his work with same sex couples.
- In January 2008, Mr McFarlane was subjected to a disciplinary investigation.
- In March 2008, he was dismissed for gross misconduct on the grounds that he had agreed to comply with Relate's equal opportunities policy without any intention of doing so.
In Mrs Eweida's case, the desire to protect British Airways' corporate image was undoubtedly a legitimate aim. The problem was that the UK courts had afforded British Airways' aim too much weight and so held that Mrs Eweida's right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion had been breached. Previously, British Airways had authorised the wearing of turbans and hijabs and had not considered this to negatively impact their brand. Amending their uniform policy suggested that the earlier prohibition was not considered crucial.
In Ms Chaplin's case, the importance for her to prove her Christian faith by wearing her cross was balanced against the protection of health and safety on a hospital ward. Given that hospital managers are well placed to make decisions about clinical safety, the reason for asking her to remove the cross was legitimate, more important and her human rights were not violated.
In both Ms Ladele and Mr McFarlane's case, their employers were pursuing a policy of non-discrimination against service users. Despite the employee's view that it would be incompatible with their faith to work with homosexuals, it must not be forgotten that the rights of same sex couples is also protected under the same legislation. The employers' policies were in place to promote equal opportunities to avoid acting in a way which discriminated against others and so, the employers had struck the right balance in securing the rights of others when bringing the disciplinary proceedings.
The Court's decision emphasises the importance of freedom of religion. However, when an individual's faith and desire to observe that faith conflicts with the rights of others, some restrictions can be made. The decision further highlights the importance of having an effective dress code and equal opportunities policy in place and making risk assessed responses to any challenges. Essentially, the case endorses an approach which balances one person's right (say, to hold and express their faith) with the impact that may have on colleagues, customers and their employer.
If you have any questions or would like more information, please contact Mark HammertonThis information is intended as a general discussion surrounding the topics covered and is for guidance purposes only. It does not constitute legal advice and should not be regarded as a substitute for taking legal advice. DWF is not responsible for any activity undertaken based on this information.


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Chrono Trigger may refer to:
- The series.
- The SNES/PS game.
- The DS game.
- The music from the original soundtrack.
- The item in said game(s).
|This is a disambiguation page : a list of articles associated with the same title. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


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At Carleton University, our campus tours are led by current Carleton students who can offer firsthand knowledge and insight into academics, on-campus services and student life, and can share their personal experiences with you. Some of our tour guides recently took the time to share their responses to three of the most commonly asked questions they receive while on tour.
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