text:
8th Grade Announcements
8th Grade Science Homework
Photo Gallery
Science 7th Grade
Science 8th Grade
Homeroom Class 8-1
7th Grade Announcements
7th Grade Science Homework
St. Patrick's School Huntington
Class Pages
Jr. High School
8-1 Mrs. Salustri and Mrs. Sanginario
7th Grade Science Homework
7th Grade Science Homework
Tuesday, May 9
Study for quiz.
Start vocabulary booklet on energy
Bring in a folder to use for the
science final project.
Monday, May 8
Complete quiz review sheet.
7-1 and 7-3 will have the quiz this Friday.
7-2 will have the quiz this Wednesday.
Friday, May 5
Submit your vocabulary booklets.
Complete worksheet on energy.
Thursday, May 4
Complete the review and reinforce worksheet
on energy.
Wednesday, May 3
Make sure you have textbook pages
108 to 113 completed.
Tuesday, May 2
Complete textbook pages 111 to 113 completed.
Monday, May 1
Complete all classroom work.
Tuesday, April 25
Read textbook pages 70 to 73.
Answer all questions.
Monday, April 24
Study for Newton's Laws Test
7-2 Test tomorrow
7-1, 7-3 test Wednesday.
Monday, April 3
Class 7-1 Read pg 56 to 57 and answer questions
Class 7-2 Study for quiz tomorrow
Class 7-3 Study for quiz Wednesday
Friday, March 31
Quiz for 7-1 on Monday
Quiz for 7-2 on Tuesday
Quiz for 7-3 on Wednesday
Thursday, March 30
Complete review sheet for quiz
on Newton's Laws of Motion
Wednesday, March 29
Complete momentum worksheets
Tuesday, March 28
Complete worksheet on momentum.
Quiz next week on Newton's Laws of Motion
Monday, March 6
All projects are due.
Tuesday, February 28
All written work is due by this Thursday
Monday, February 27
Data and Analysis is due by Wednesday.
Conclusion is due by Thursday.
Thursday, February 16
Continue working on science fair.
All work assigned for the last few weeks
please finish by tomorrow.
Wednesday, February 15
Materials and Procedure due this Friday.
Research due this Friday.
Start experiments at home.
Tuesday, February 14
Research due this Friday.
Monday, February 13
Start Research. Due this Friday
Obtain the tri-fold display board.
Tuesday, February 7
Purpose, Title, and Hypothesis due
this Thursday.
Start Research.
Monday, February 6
Work on Purpose, Title, and Hypothesis
for the Science Fair Project.
Thursday, February 2
Study for quiz on friction and gravity
Wednesday, February 1
Complete quiz review sheet
Monday, January 30
Complete friction worksheet
Science fair topic due this Friday
Wednesday, January 25
Science Fair Topic due Friday, Feb. 3
Tuesday, January 24
Read pages 41 to 43 in the textbook
and answer all questions.
Complete worksheet.
Bring in a folder.
Monday, January 23
Complete vocabulary booklet and submit it.
Complete the Pearson assignments.
Wednesday, January 18
Read textbook pages 36 to 39.
Answer all questions.
Complete 2 Pearson assignments.
Wednesday, January 11
Study for quiz
Tuesday, January 10
Complete review sheet for quiz
Class 7-2 will take the quiz Thursday.
Classes 7-1 and 7-3 will take the
quiz Friday.
Monday, January 9
Complete forces worksheet
Quiz on Forces this Thursday
Thursday, January 5
Read textbook pages 32 to 34.
Answer all questions
Wednesday, January 4
Complete the Pearson assignment
Tuesday, January 3
Complete Pearson assignment, "Sir Isaac Visits the Circus."
Wednesday, Dec. 21
Study for Motion test tomorrow
Tuesday, Dec. 20
Complete review sheet for Motion test.
Submit all vocabulary terms.
Monday, Dec. 19
Complete review sheet for Motion test.
Submit all vocabulary terms.
Monday, Nov. 28
Complete worksheet on speed.
Complete review sheet on Motion quiz.
Quiz this Wed for 7-2
and Thursday for 7-1 and 7-3
Tuesday, Nov. 22
Complete review sheet
Monday, Nov. 21
Read textbook pages 12 to 15.
Answer all questions.
Wednesday, Nov. 16
Complete Pearson assignments started
in class.
Bring a ruler to class.
Tuesday, Nov. 15
Complete worksheet on motion
Monday, Nov. 14
Read textbook pages 8 to 11
Wednesday, Nov. 9
Complete Pearson assignment on motion
Monday, Nov. 7
Read textbook pages 4 to 7 in Forces
and Motion. Answer all questions on each
Monday, Oct. 28
Study for test this week.
7-1 will take the test Wednesday
7-2 and 7-3 will take the test Thursday.
Thursday, Oct. 27
Complete the review sheet for next week's test.
Bring a ruler to class tomorrow.
Wednesday, Oct. 26
Bring a metric ruler to class Friday.
Test next week on Scientific Method and "Science
in the Natural World."
Tuesday, Oct. 25
Complete all vocabulary terms in your booklet
Bring a metric ruler to class
Monday, Oct. 24
Complete all classroom work
Friday, Oct. 7
Complete worksheet
Complete Pearson text assignment, "Inquiry
Thursday, Oct. 6
Complete worksheet
Return Adventureland field trip slip
Tuesday, Oct. 4
Read textbook pages 22 to 24.
Answer ques. on pages 22, 23, and 24
Return Adventureland field trip slip
Monday, Oct. 3
Read textbook pages 19 to 21.
Answer questions found on pages
19, 20, 21.
Thursday, Sept. 29
Finish vocabulary
Read textbook pages 15 and 16.
Complete questions only on page 16.
Tuesday, Sept. 27
Finish vocabulary terms
Read pages 14 to 15. Answer questions
on pages 14 and 15.
Monday, Sept. 26
Finish vocabulary started in class
Read pages 10 to 13. Answer the
questions on pg 10, 11, and 12.
Wednesday, Sept. 21
All etextbook assignments are due tomorrow.
Classes 7-1 and 7-3 will have their quiz this Friday.
Class 7-2 will have their quiz Monday.
Tuesday, Sept. 20
Check over the vocabulary pages in booklet.
Complete review sheet.
Complete textbook assignments (from Monday).
Quiz moved to Friday.
Monday, Sept. 19
All vocabulary due tomorrow.
Complete textbook assignments.
Quiz on Science and the Natural World this Thursday.
Wednesday, Sept. 14
Complete vocabulary words started in class
Read textbook pages 8 to 10
Tuesday, Sept. 13
Complete vocabulary words started in class
Read textbook pages 4 to 8
Monday, Sept. 12
Bring your chromebook, notebook, workbook,
and folder into school tomorrow.
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text:
Brunch at the Center
SF LGBT Center
Sunday, January 25, 2015 from 11:00 AM to 1:00 PM (PST)
Who's Going
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San Francisco, California
San Francisco, California
Luke Picard
London, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Rick Vespucio
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Please join us for Brunch at the Center.
Sunday, January 25, 2015, at 11:00 am.
Mimosas, refreshments and brunch will be provided.
Connect with fellow Center supporters and members of our Board of Directors, while hearing incredible success stories of our youth program participants.
Learn more about our upcoming Soiree celebrating the thirteenth anniversary of the Center!
Have questions about Brunch at the Center? Contact SF LGBT Center
When & Where
SF LGBT Center
1800 Market St
San Francisco,
Sunday, January 25, 2015 from 11:00 AM to 1:00 PM (PST)
Add to my calendar
SF LGBT Center
Brunch at the Center
Things to do in San Francisco, CA

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Unformatted text preview: not work for negative cost
edges Others do, but are much less efficient 84
What about negative cost cycles? Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm Identical in structure to Prim's MST algorithm Of course it solves a different problem!
Same time complexity Additional input parameter(s) Start node v
Destination node w (if needed) Different output: a path from v to w and a cost (or
sets of paths and costs) The tree is the sets of shortest paths to nodes Different greedy strategy: 85 Reminder: Prim's Algorithm
MST-Prim(G, wt)
init PQ to be empty;
PQ.Insert(s, wt=0);
parent[s] = NULL;
while (PQ not empty){
v = PQ.ExtractMin();
for each w adj to v
if (w is unseen) {
PQ.Insert(w, wt(v,w));
parent[w] = v;
86 else if (w is fringe && wt[v,w] < fringeWt(w)){ Dijkstra' Algorithm
dijkstra(G, wt, s)
init PQ to be empty;
PQ.Insert(s, dist=0);
parent[s] = NULL; dist[s] = 0;
while (PQ not empty)
v = PQ.ExtractMin();
for each w adj to v
if (w is unseen) {
dist[w] = dist[v] + wt(v,w)
PQ.Insert(w, dist[w] );
parent[w] = v;
else if (w is fringe && dist[v] + wt(v,w) <
View Full Document
- Spring '10
- Algorithms
Click to edit the document details


text:
2110https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/forums/atom/replies?topicUuid=77777777-0000-0000-0000-000014923060Create a database on a network drive Replies2012-12-27T15:42:50.746ZIBM Connections - Discussion Forumurn:lsid:ibm.com:forum:77777777-0000-0000-0000-000014923524Re: Create a database on a network drive2012-12-27T15:42:50.746Znivanov1100000H9H7active2012-12-27T15:42:50.746Z > Is it possible to install in a windows environment the database programs 10.1 on the drive C:
 > but having the database (i.e. the data) on a network drive?

 It is theoretically possible, but not recommended for a number of reasons, and is only supported with a limited number of NAS devices. Check the discussion of the CREATE TABLESPACE statement in the manual for details. none, view_forum, view_categoryurn:lsid:ibm.com:forum:77777777-0000-0000-0000-000014923375Re: Create a database on a network drive2012-12-27T03:56:29.650ZJ3RK_Kurtis_Knisely270005J3RKactive2012-12-27T03:56:29.650Z Sure, why not? Will it be fast? Probably not (not local DB SSD speeds), but could be fine for many situations.
 As usual, it depends upon the sizes of your DBs, how many users/customers are hitting your db, how complicated your queries are, how much of all this can be cached and how much money you have to blow on hardware. Do you have a decent NAS box (RAID)? Gigabit ethernet? Jumbo Frames? NAS would probably be fine for Development and Test Environments (and small/medium scale Production Environments).

 Otherwise for Production systems with lots of transactions/users/complex queries, look up Storage Area Networks (SANs), but they're pricey (and uber fast + provide good management options for Sys Admins).
 http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246538.html

 I'm sure there are many others out there who can help you with more information for your Windows Env. NAS DB questions. Might want to try posting on other more heavily read forums? none, view_forum, view_category


text: Services All Services Pressure Cleaning » Previous Next » Overview Sometimes our floors get really dirty over time. Here at AAA Construction and Restoration Services, we use the best equipment and the fastest services. We can pressure clean roofs, wooden floors, tile floors, marble floors, and many more! Why use us? Affordable Prices Fast Service Quality Products


text:
The reigning European champions have already qualified for next summer's finals in Poland and Ukraine and are expected to rest some of their star names for tonight's match in Alicante.
Spain coach Vicente del Bosque could give Valencia left-back Jordi Alba his international debut while Javi Martinez, Pedro and Santi Cazorla are all expected to feature.
Scotland captain Fletcher played in Scotland's 1-0 win over Liechtenstein on Saturday which ensured Craig Levein's team go into tonight's clash in second place.
If the Scots match theCzech Republic's result in Lithuania, they will qualify for the play-offs.
Fletcher said: "I know from experience that if you change five or six players then it does take a while to get consistency.
"But whoever comes in will be world class and you have the other aspect that whoever comes in will also be desperate to do well, so there are two ways to look at it".
Like Fletcher, Levein believes that the Scots face a huge challenge to claim a play-off place.
"There might be one or two who play who did not play against the Czech Republic but if you could point out which ones are weak I would be very grateful," said the Scotland boss.
"You know and I know that whoever they bring in will pose a different type of challenge."
- More about:
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Valencia Cf


text:
Passive house
" From the outside, there is nothing unusual about the stylish new gray and orange row houses in the Kranichstein District, with wreaths on the doors and Christmas lights twinkling through a freezing drizzle. But these houses are part of a revolution in building design: there are no drafts, no cold tile floors, no snuggling under blankets until the furnace kicks in. There is, in fact, no furnace. "


text:
- in Dress , Formal Dress , Women
Embellished Mesh Mermaid Gown by Adrianna Papell
Lustrous beads and sequins chart directional stripes on the cap-sleeve bodice and a gleaming check pattern down the sweeping skirt of a gauzy evening gown flared by wispy godets. A triangle back cutout provides a skin-baring finish.
- 60″ regular length (size 8); 58″ petite length (size 8P).
- Hidden back-zip closure.
- Back cutout with hook-and-eye closure.
- Fully lined, with padded cups in bodice.
- 100% polyester.
- Spot clean.
- By Adrianna Papell; imported.
- Special Occasion.
Adrianna PapellMixed-metal sequins scroll all throughout this illusion-bodice evening gown flared by wispy godets. Color (s) : lead. Brand: ADRIANNA PAPELL EVENING. Style Name: Adrianna Papell Embellished Mesh Mermaid Gown. Style Number: 5223350. Available in stores.$279.30
Adrianna PapellBeaded brocade patterns bloom throughout this lilac-hued gown sure to sway with every step and twirl you take. Color (s) : icy lilac. Brand: ADRIANNA PAPELL EVENING. Style Name: Adrianna Papell Embellished Mesh Mermaid Gown (Regular & Petite) . Style Number: 5207500. Available in stores.$369.00
BERTAThis wedding gown can't be purchased online but is available for special order in our in-store Wedding Suites. Special orders ship within 8-16 weeks. Please call 1.888.300.1295 to find a Wedding Suite near you or Book an appointment online. Masterwork beading, embroidery and sequins shimmer throughout the sheer decollete bodice and figure-accentuating mermaid skirt of this alluring wedding gown. Color (s) : ivory. Brand: BERTA. Style Name: Berta Embellished Mesh Mermaid Gown (In Stores Only) . Style Number: 5248471. Available in stores.$8,360.00


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Our client Mr Predrag Jovanovic has achieved an outstanding result in New Zealand as a New Zealand Bartender of the Year after only six months living in Aotearoa. We are delighted with Predrag's result and wish him best luck in his future endeavours in our beautiful country. Well done Predrag!!!
He's only been in New Zealand for six months, but talented Serbian Predrag Jovanovic was last night named NZ Bartender of the Year.
The 34 year old battled it out against the best bartenders from around the country, during the NZChefs National Salon, which was held at the ASB Showgrounds from July 30 to August 2.
The event tested his skills in Wine and Beverage Service, Classic Cocktails and Innovative Cocktails – and he came up trumps in all three categories.
"This is the first time I've ever entered a bartending competition. Winning this title means a lot to me because it will improve my chances of landing a managerial role in New Zealand and help build my reputation in the hospitality industry here," said Predrag, who is a hospitality management student at NZMA, one of the ACG Tertiary & Careers Group training providers.
He spent eight weeks training for the competition, putting in huge hours every week on top of his NZMA diploma studies and the 20 hours per week he works at Ascension Wine Estate. Much time was spent developing his award-winning innovative cocktail, 'Homage'. Inspired by speakeasies and the end of prohibition in America, it was a mouth-watering mix of dark chocolate, marsala wine and chip-infused rum. This, teamed with his classic Sidecar and Margarita, and his top-notch wine and beverage service skills proved to judges Predrag had just what they were looking for – excellent product knowledge, exceptional technical ability and outstanding bartending skills.The prestigious title was one of many top awards that went to NZMA.
With a medal haul of 8 gold medals, 15 silver and 10 bronze, as well as 6 Best in Shows and the NZ Bartender of the Year title, NZMA further cemented its position as New Zealand's premier hospitality and culinary arts training provider.
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Welcome to the Jenison High School Online Scheduler
For Parent / Teacher Conferences
Conference Days and Times:
Wednesday, March 1, 3:30 - 8:00 P.M.
Thursday, March 9, 3:30 - 8:00 P.M.
Access to this scheduling site will only be available as shown below:
Tuesday, February 21, at 8 A.M. through Tuesday, February 28 at 3 P.M.
Thursday, March 2, at 8 A.M. through Wednesday, March 8, at 3 P.M
If you have forgotten your password, click on the Forgot My Password button.
Email Address
Logging in for the first time? Simply click "Login/Create Account" and answer the questions there.
If you are already registered, enter both your email and password and push "Login/Create Account" to view your scheduled appointment.
Please record the date and time you selected, as well as your password (in case you want to change your appointment later).
Appointment software supplied by
, ©2017 pickAtime Inc.
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text:
Hi I try to validate a formulator object with a python script If an error was submitted the python script would acquire again the zope page template that render the formulator with the error messages
My problem is than when I try to return the ZPT render Zope process the return and convert <, > and & to the < > and & I try to conver these codes, change the content-type and so on but the problem persists How can I solve these question? TIA _______________________________________________ Zope-Dev maillist - [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://mail.zope.org/mailman/listinfo/zope-dev ** No cross posts or HTML encoding! ** (Related lists - http://mail.zope.org/mailman/listinfo/zope-announce http://mail.zope.org/mailman/listinfo/zope )


text:
See: http://www.apple.com/aperture/specs.html
Minimum System Requirements One of the following Macintosh computers: - Power Mac G5 with a 1.8 gigahertz (GHz) or faster PowerPC G5 processor - 17- or 20-inch iMac G5 with a 1.8 GHz or faster PowerPC G5 processor- 15- or 17-inch PowerBook G4 with a 1.25 GHz or faster PowerPC G4 processor
1GB of RAM One of the following graphics cards: - ATI Radeon x600 Pro or x600 XT - ATI Radeon X800 XT Mac Edition - ATI Radeon X850 XT - ATI Radeon 9800 XT or 9800 Pro - ATI Radeon 9700 Pro - ATI Radeon 9600, 9600 XT, 9600 Pro, or 9650 - ATI Mobility Radeon 9700 or 9600 - NVIDIA GeForce 6600 LE or 6600 - NVIDIA GeForce 6800 Ultra DDL or 6800 GT DDL - NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GT - NVIDIA Quadro FX 4500 5GB of disk space for application, templates, and tutorial DVD drive for installation - - - - - -Obviously, very few Mac users possess machines with these specs. I will say, if someone can make using RAW as easy and powerful for post- processing as standard 8-bit processing, and makes the decision that a new generation of hardware is the most feasible, effective way, then hats off to them. Digital photography with scores of amateurs and prosumers, as well as professionals, will fuel the demand for the "next best thing". Then, the high dynamic range Cinema Display will come out, etc., etc. Watch the QT movies - it looks pretty cool IMHO - we'll see what people say when it hits the streets.
kirkMac user _______________________________________________
Gimp-user mailing list firstname.lastname@example.com http://lists.xcf.berkeley.edu/mailman/listinfo/gimp-user


text:
It's been almost nine months since Gawker.com signed off, and I still find myself typing the site's URL into my search bar, OCD-style. Apparently, I'm not the only one. In October, when Gawker honcho Nick Denton spoke to Katy Lazarus at Joe's Pub during a taping of her Employee of the Month podcast, he said the site still gets a lot of "ghost clicks."
How the Bombay Beach Biennale Brought Art to a Toxic Wasteland
Just a few hours south of Los Angeles there's a tiny desert town called Bombay Beach– though its geographically close at hand to many millions of people, it might as well be another world.
One of several beachside settlements on the shores of the Salton Sea, the town was once a booming resort spot popular during the prosperous post-War years when more than a million vacationers traveled there annually. But the sea– actually a sprawling, shallow lake– and the dusty desert expanse around it, have since lost their appeal, slipped out of range, and essentially vanished from the minds of many Southern California residents. "I'd never heard of it," filmmaker and LA native Tao Ruspoli explained in a recent interview.
Four Shows: Syrian Wedding Singer's Wartime Serenades, Punk is (Sorta) Dead, and Cat Power (No, Really)
Vulture Fest: Cat Power, Frankie Cosmos
Saturday May 20, 7 pm at Webster Hall: $40 to $45
This one's at the top of our list because, well, Cat Power.
Lucky for you, Vulture Festival managed to do the impossible and book a last-minute gig with the ever elusive, certifiably brilliant Chan Marshall– which is just kind of how things go with her. In case you have lost track: she hasn't appeared on stage in five years.
It kinda goes without saying, but Marshall has had a stellar career releasing albums as Cat Power. Our sister site, Vulture, writes that "Marshall is still one of our most vital songwriters, and each time she gets onstage is a unique, unexpected, and moving experience."
But, for a time at least, she was notorious for lashing out at the audience (often justifiably– sorry, not sorry), walking off in the middle of her set, and generally having what the music media machine love to characterize as "breakdowns." Mind you, the term seems to be reserved especially for women artists when they get particularly emotional, or even just confrontational on stage. (I guess rock star dude bros can have "breakdowns" too, but they usually involve rehab, or perhaps a reality TV show that documents a clinical inability to remove one's headscarf.) When musicians of the male variety have tizzies on stage we just call it "shredding" or "Kanye."
Cat Power's last official tour–to promote Sun, which dropped way back in 2012–was predictably bumpy. Still, if it was easy to frame the drama as a result of "instability" or as a sign of burnout, it was impossible to square her recorded music with such a narrative. Pitchfork pointed out that Sun– Cat Power's first to "feature synthesizers, Auto-Tune, and Iggy Pop" released nearly two decades after her debut– was the work of an artist at her creative peak, and "[existed] completely and defiantly outside of any larger musical trends." What's more, it was Marshall's mercurial sensibilities that made Sun so magnetic and addictive in the first place.
So why would we expect anything other than an emotional hurricane from Cat Power's live performances? (Personally, I'm gonna stick this one in the ol' virgin/slut file, along with all the other contradictory roles we expect women to fulfill simultaneously.)
Let's be clear: Marshall is older and wiser now, and it's been years since she has relied on her potent stage juice (Xanax, cigarettes, and "a minibar's worth of Jack Daniel's, Glenlivet and Crown Royal") to get things going. But (while we hope to see a full set from her) we fully encourage her to let it all out– and if that means starting a fire and burning the whole stage down with her, then we trust that she knows what she's doing.
Weed, Bugg, RIPS, Silk Sign
Friday May 12, 8 pm at Trans-Pecos: $8 in advance, $10 at the door
If you're a cynical jerk like me, then you might also be immediately suspicious of a band named Weed (in town from Vancouver, BC)– like, if Urban Outfitters had the keys to the record label castle and were given full reign to manufacture some Frankenstein-like on-brand band, it would most certainly be called "Weed." I can see it now, an album cover adorned with pizza slices, alien faces, ying-yangs, and of course pot leaves, all sloppy-like as if sketched by a fifth grader hopped up on Hi-Chew and Mountain-Dew Slurpees. This "band" would sound like an aughts-does-the-'90s version of Sum-41 and would play shows at the (now-defunct) rooftop restaurant at the UO "concept store" in Williamsburg. In short, total barf fest.
Thankfully, Weed are not at all as I feared them to be. Instead they embody ganja in its realest, unmarketable form– as skater fuel, spiritual inspiration, and the stuff you ingest to make you slow down and, like, wonder about the universe for a moment. Sonically, that translates as sorta shoegazey (but not in any serious sense) stoner rock with a whole lotta reverb.
Street Eaters, HVAC, Boys Online, Salty
Tuesday May 9, 8 pm at The Silent Barn: $8
You know that rumor that's been going around for a while now? Something about how "punk is dead." Come to think of it, seems like this has kinda always been the case. Prepare to have your mind blown, but consider the possibility that maybe this debate has been on the table since the dawn of friggin' time. Hear me out: clearly "punk"–as a state of mind–existed long before The Velvet Underground and The Stooges and all that, even since the dawn of time. Shakespeare was kind of a punk (in fact, he was waaaay ahead of the curve when he used the term way back in 1602). And Sappho, well she was about as punk as anyone could hope to be when she was writing poetry circa 570 BC.
Given that punk (ideally, anyway) is youthful, rebellious, and against the status-quo, it's only natural that questions about its continuing relevance are about as common as punk manifestos. It's hard to admit, but in a lot of ways– looking around the NYC scene especially– punk, when considering its most visible forms and "successful" bands (lol whatever that means), still suffers from hyper-masculine, misogynist tendencies. Yes, still. Which, needless to say, has not only gotten old, but has been old– like, forever.
You might think that's sort of sad, since right now especially (given the awfully depressing circumstances of our most horrifying present) we should all be going to more punk shows. It is, if you're going to the same old shows, headlined by the same old bands. But there's an easy fix: support the bands that are not zombie relics of another era– bands that include women, queer and trans musicians, people of color, Muslims, Jews, everyone, everyone. If you even need reason, you will be rewarded not only with a fresh-feeling scene, but excellent sounds that remind you why you started listening to punk in the first place.
Omar Souleyman
Thursday May 11, 7 pm at Le Poisson Rouge: $30
The war in Syria has gone on for so long that many of us here in the West have grown numb to it– which might sound callous, but it's difficult to avoid mainly because the narrative has been dominated by chaotic battlefield reports and gruesome images of the violence inflicted by Assad on his own people, including children and civilians in general. The only way to avoid going completely insane over such horror is to keep a safe distance.
But this can't go on forever– and slowly, we're starting to receive dispatches that are more human: personal accounts by the people who have actually been there. Art is an especially useful way to reach people, and more importantly move them.
Enter Omar Souleyman, an unlikely rock star who "began his career as a prolific wedding singer" in Syria, "releasing nearly 500 live albums before civil war broke out" in 2011. His life, like many more, was upended in profound ways, but he continued making music even after leaving his home in Al-Jazira (a region in Syria's northwest) for Turkey, which took on a whole new depth. Now, the West is listening to Souleyman, whose sounds and heartfelt lyrics give listeners no choice but to reckon with reality.
On To Syria, With Love, the album Omar will release on June 2, he sings: "It's been six years I've been away, and I'm tired of looking for home and asking about my loved ones. My soul is wounded and it's like having dust in my eyes. We are in exile, and our nights are long. Our homeland is our only comfort. Life caused us so much pain—our wounds are too many and every wound calls out, 'We miss Al-Jazira.'"
Correction: The original version of this post was revised to correct the release date of "To Syria, With Love."
LES Airbnb Host Fined; Butcher Bar LES Arrives Tomorrow
An East Village resident was fined for charging $446/night for her city-subsidized apartment on Airbnb. [NY Daily News]
Greenpoint food and event space Glasserie has been temporary closed by the city's Department of Buildings. [Eater NY]
Chef Damon Wise—a recent transplant from South Carolina after years of working in NYC—returned back to the South (Atlanta) after helming Greenpoint eatery Sauvage for four months. [Eater NY] Keep Reading »
Don Pedro Says Hasta La Vista With One Last Show
Don Pedro went out with a bang this past Sunday thanks to a 10-band lineup that went till 4am. The music rocked, beer rained overhead, and cigarettes from the basement made the place smell like a pre-Bloomburg punk paradise. The goodbye had been in the works ever since it was announced in March that the Williamsburg property had been sold.
Alleyway Objects, Tech Art Galore, and More Visual Treats Opening This Week
Foofaraw & Spleen
Opening Wednesday, May 10 at The Lodge Gallery, 7 pm to 9 pm. On view through June 11.
This exhibition brings together two artists whose work is lighthearted, literary, and warmly familiar. The Lodge Gallery and DAVID&SCHWEITZER Contemporary, whose Ayakamay exhibition we recently covered, will be pairing up paintings by Heather Morgan and watercolor works on paper by Paul D'Agostino for the jauntily-named exhibition "Foofaraw & Spleen."
Morgan, who normally deals in self-portraits, has created an array of portraits of familiar faces that are not her own. Looking back at you will be a selection of figures that Morgan considers inspirational: writers, musicians and the like, ranging from esteemed literary fellows to plain old rock stars. D'Agostino, on the other hand, will be showing a portion of the 140 works on paper he's created for a book project. As they are titled The Produce Chronicles, With Flowers, it seems he is taking a leafier approach than Morgan's human renderings. Together, their work creates a harmony of quaint depictions, from the natural realm to the human species.
How Jonathan Lethem Helped Make Lee Ranaldo's New Album One of His 'Most Fun' Ones
On Inauguration Day, when Lee Ranaldo salved our wounds by previewing some new songs, he was strumming an acoustic guitar. But a documentary that premiered at the Montclair Film Festival over the weekend, Hello Hello Hello: Lee Ranaldo : Electric Trim, shows the extent to which his forthcoming album will be anything but unplugged.
Make Haste, Not Waste at This One-Stop Sustainable Products Shop
Lauren Singer says that all of the landfill waste she has produced in the past five years can fit into a mason jar. The sustainable-lifestyle blogger behind Trash is for Tossers doesn't expect everyone to be that extreme about "Zero Waste." But for those who want to cut down on the amount of garbage they produce (if only because the city's trash cans are mysteriously disappearing), she and Daniel Silverstein have opened Package Free in Williamsburg. The three-month pop-up sells sustainable products like bamboo toothbrushes, period panties, and reusable totes (for when the plastic-bag tax kicks in).
Inside Tipsy Scoop, a Boozy Ice Cream 'Barlour' Now Open in Kips Bay
There were lines down the block (even in the rain) Sunday for the grand opening of Tipsy Scoop (217 E 26th Street, between 2nd and 3rd Avenues), the Kips Bay ice cream "barlour" we told you about last month. Watch our video to see why #icecreamwasted is going to be popping up in your Insta feed, like it or not.
Mailman Vandalizes Property and Slaps Cops in EV; W-Burg Shop Sues Starbucks
Yesterday afternoon, a dead man was found floating in the East River near 14th Street. Police believe he was 24 years old and homeless. [Town & Village]
According to new details released by the Brooklyn District Attorney, when 26-year-old off-duty police officer Stefan Hoyte crashed into a car on the Williamsburg Bridge in mid-March, he was driving 111 miles per hour. The crash killed another car passenger, Amanda Miner, who was celebrating her 21st birthday that evening. [Bowery Boogie]
A mailman made three visits to an E. 14th Street medical marijuana dispensary Saturday, ultimately kicking in the door and hitting the pair of cops who arrested him. [Gothamist] Keep Reading »
After A Long Wait, Chuko Ramen's Bushwick Location Is Open For Slurping
This past Monday, notable noodle purveyors Chuko Ramen began serving dinner in their Bushwick location at 144 Evergreen Avenue. Now, North Brooklynites will no longer have to make their way to Prospect Heights to enjoy a bowl of Chuko's flavor-packed veggie miso ramen or their celebrated kale salad.
Keep Reading »
Yissss, Rooftop Films Just Announced Its Summer Series Lineup
This is just the ray of sunshine we were hoping for on this soggy, dreary day: Rooftop Films has announced the lineup for its summer series, and there are some real treats among the 45 films that will be shown from May 19 to August 19.
This year, the fest will return to classic venues like the Old American Can Factory in Gowanus and Socrates Sculpture Park in Long Island City, and it's also taking up residence at Lower East Side venue New Design High School and North Brooklyn venues The William Vale hotel and House of Vans. The latter, in Greenpoint, will host a screening of the latest one from Ana Lily Amirpour, director of the excellent A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night. This new one, The Bad Batch, switches vampires in Iran for cannibals in Texas. Yes, that's Keanu Reeves in the trailer.


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BIOCHAR AMENDMENTS TO FOREST SOILS: EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND TREE GROWTH. A Thesis. Degree of Master of Science. with a
- Eugene Maxwell
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1 BIOCHAR AMENDMENTS TO FOREST SOILS: EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND TREE GROWTH A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science with a Major in Natural Resources in the College of Graduate Studies University of Idaho by Kristin M. McElligott May 2011 Major Professor: Mark Coleman, Ph.D.
2 ii AUTHORIZATION TO SUBMIT THESIS This thesis of Kristin M. McElligott, submitted for the degree of Master of Science with a major in Natural Resources and titled Biochar amendments to forest soils: Effects on soil properties and tree growth, has been reviewed in final form. Permission, as indicated by the signatures and dates given below, is now granted to submit final copies to the College of Graduate Studies for approval. Major Professor Committee Members Department Administrator Discipline s College Dean Mark Coleman Deborah Page-Dumroese Paul McDaniel Jo Ellen Force Kurt Pregitzer Date Date Date Date Date Final Approval and Acceptance by the College of Graduate Studies Nilsa A. Bosque-Pérez Date
3 iii ABSTRACT Bioenergy production from forest biomass offers a unique solution to reduce wildfire hazard fuel while producing a useful source of renewable energy. However, biomass removals raise concerns about reducing soil carbon (C) and altering forest site productivity. Biochar additions have been suggested as a way to mitigate soil C loss and cycle nutrients back into forestry sites; yet, little is known about the effects of intentional biochar amendments to temperate forest soil in conjunction with biomass removals for bioenergy production. This research evaluates the potential environmental implications of biochar application in forests by examining: (1) the potential for mobile bioenergy and biochar co-production systems in forests, (2) the influence of biochar and biochar application method on standard forest soil properties of three Inland Northwest soils, and (3) the effects of biochar and biochar application rate on poplar growth (a cultivar of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) in various forest soils. The results indicate that biochar contributes to notable short-term soil chemical alterations associated with blending the properties of biochar with those of various soil types, but the nature and scope of the alterations vary by soil type and application method. The soil nutrient alterations do not appear to affect tree growth in the short-term, as biochar had a neutral main effect on poplar growth. These results suggest that biochar produced from bioenergy production could be returned to forest soils to replenish soil nutrient stocks and enhance C storage, with little to no affect on tree growth in the short-term. Results from these studies provided a basic understanding of the potential for biochar in our region, and offer several primary implications for biochar management that could contribute to a comprehensive plan for continuing forest bioenergy production systems.
4 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With great sincerity, I would like to thank the people who have guided me through all aspects of this process. Thank you to my major professor, Mark Coleman, for his continuous support and encouragement over the past two years. Thank you to Debbie Page-Dumroese and Paul McDaniel, who were always available to provide valuable ideas, edits, and input. I also want to thank the extraordinary staff of the Intermountain Forest Tree Nutrition Cooperative, including Terry Shaw, Mark Kimsey and Adam Robertson, for their invaluable support and advice. With their mentoring, I have learned lessons I will use for the rest of my career. Thank you especially to Derrick Reeves, my colleague and friend, for his input and friendship during my two years at this university, and to Joe Mascaro, my chief supporter and partner during the writing of this thesis. Thank you to my fellow graduate students, Dan Smith and Kevin White, and all the great people I ve met along the way that have encouraged me. Finally, I want to especially thank my amazing family for their unwavering encouragement and support throughout my endeavors.
5 v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE... i AUTHORIZATION TO SUBMIT THESIS... ii ABSTRACT... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS... v LIST OF FIGURES... vii LIST OF TABLES... ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION... 1 Literature Cited CHAPTER 2: EFFECTS OF BIOCHAR AND APPLICATION METHOD ON TEMPERATE FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature Cited CHAPTER 3: BIOCHAR APPLICATION EFFECTS ON POPLAR BIOMASS Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods... 70
6 Results Discussion Conclusions Literature Cited CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS Literature Cited... 94
7 vii LIST OF FIGURES 2.1. Biochar treatment*soil interaction effects observed in total C (A), available NH 4 -N (B), ph (C) and exchangeable K (D) at 30 weeks. Letters denote significant differences at P <0.05 among treatments within soil type and treatment. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean Biochar treatment effects for all soil types observed in organic matter (A), available K (B), and CEC (C) at 30 weeks. Letters denote significant differences at P <0.05 within soil type. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean Soil leachate response to biochar treatments among various soil types (treatment*soil P < 0.05) for (A) NH 4 and (B) NO 3 concentrations in collected at 30 weeks. Letters above bars denote significant differences at α = 0.05 among treatments within soil type. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean Total biomass production (g dry weight) at harvest 2 in response to biochar (A) and sand (B) amendments in the FA. Least Squares means are shown. Columns with the same letter above are not significantly different (P<0.05) Total biomass production (g dry weight) at harvest 2 in response to biochar (A) and sand (B) amendments in the CA. Least Squares means are shown. Columns with the same letter above are not significantly different (P<0.05) Above-ground biomass production (g dry weight) in response to biochar and fertilizer (A) and sand and fertilizer (B) amendments in the FA. Least Squares means are shown. Columns with the same letter above are not significantly different (P<0.05)... 82
8 3.4. Leaf Nitrogen (%) response to biochar (A) and sand (B) amendments for both soils. Least Squares means are shown. Columns with the same letter above are not significantly different (P<0.05)
9 ix LIST OF TABLES 2.1. Summary of mean values of biochar and unamended soil properties Analysis of Variance degrees of freedom (DF) and P-values for selected soil properties response to biochar treatments and soil type Summary of mean values of soil nutrient properties at 30 weeks Fresh biochar nutrient status from standard fertility analysis Analysis of Variance degrees of freedom (DF) and P-values for biomass response to biochar and sand amendments separated by soil type
10 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION THE NEED FOR BIOMASS REMOVALS Removal of residual forest biomass from forest management activities is important for hazard fuel reduction and forest health improvement. Improper fire management during the past century has resulted in overstocked forests or excess coarse woody debris on the soil surface (Kauffman 1990). There are an estimated 73 million acres of national forest land in the Western US alone that have been identified as having unnatural or excessive amounts of woody biomass (USDA Forest Service Biomass residues associated with harvesting are also significant, further resulting in increased susceptibility to catastrophic fire. As a consequence of increasing wildfire occurrence and overstocked stands altering forest health, land managers have begun to thin trees and remove residues. Removal operations are often mandated by law for both public and private land owners, but financial support and incentive is limited with these operations (Healthy Forests Initiative 2003). In the west, the cost of biomass removals often exceeds the value of products, despite increasing interest in utilization of forest biomass. Burgeoning interest in using woody biomass for heat or bioenergy is a result of rising fuel costs, greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, and the threat of stand-replacing wildfires; however, the collection and transportation of woody debris and harvesting waste from forests are among many economic impediments to woody biomass utilization. There is little to no market for this residual biomass, deeming it the lowest value material removed from the forest (Evans 2008). Consequently, it is rarely a source of income for land owners. Costs of low-grade wood such as forestry residues range from $0.10 to $40 per ton for chips. The median cost for removal projects that did not result in profits was $625 per acre but could reach up to $1000 per acre
11 2 in the Western US for mechanical clearing alone (Stokes and Shepard 2003). In 2005, the median cost of bringing biomass to the roadside was $680/acre for mild slopes (USDA Forest Service 2005) not including costs for haul distances. The US Forest Service (2005) analyzed Western forests break-even hauling distance to be a maximum of 86 miles. This assumes a price of $30 per dry ton delivered to the mill for chips and chip transport costs of $0.35 per dry-ton-mile, excluding treatment costs. Biomass removal costs are highly variable depending on stand conditions, locations, and markets (Lynch and Mackes 2003) making it difficult to estimate standard costs for these operations. Minimizing costs of collection and delivery of biomass to end-users is essential to effectively and economically use this resource. An important, emerging market for woody biomass is energy production. Woody biomass is a local, renewable resource that can be used for transportation fuel, heat, and power. Additionally, it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions if used as a sustainable substitute for fossil fuels. Utilizing residues from logging, pre-commercial thinning, and hazard fuel reductions for energy production will help meet US energy independence goals while promoting forest stand health, and reducing wildfire risks. It is estimated that in the 15 Western States, more than 28 million acres of forestlands could benefit from hazardous fuel reduction treatments, yielding approximately 345 million oven dry tons from accessible areas (Rummer et al. 2003). Yet, due to the low value of biomass, limited accessibility, and varying biomass markets, the majority of residuals are left to decay at the site or incinerated in slash piles, which is a waste of potential energy. Piling and burning slash redistributes nutrients on the site, or concentrates them to localized areas, which may lead to lower average site productivity (Binkley 1986). Further, slash burning releases pollutants
12 3 including greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, and can results in a loss of site nutrients. Volatile elements such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) are readily released as gases, and some C and N is lost from the ecosystem (Hosking 1938; Knight 1966; Tiedemann 1987; Caldwell et al. 2002). Phosphorus (P) can also be lost, but in lower quantities than nitrogen and sulfur. These nutrients are frequently limiting in forest environments (Fox et al. 2007; Kishchuk and Brockley 2002), therefore it is important to retain onsite nutrient stores instead of causing losses from volatilization. Consequently, slash burning is an unwise method for biomass removal. Biomass removal projects raise concern over ecological impacts. Biomass typically consists of mostly fine diameter material with high nutrient content. The concerns of consequential ecological impacts with removals are due, in part, to the high nutrient content in the tops and limbs, and the lack of research to evaluate short and long-term ecological effects of removals. While the site impacts are thought to be low, there is considerable concern that an established bioenergy market would degrade site nutrient stocks overtime, and over exploitation of this resource could be a negative consequence of biomass harvesting for energy production (Kimmins 1997). The dead wood left behind from harvest residues would otherwise decay and slowly recycle nutrients back to the soil and forest (Johnson and Curtis 2001; Mahendrappa et al. 2006). It is understood that bole-only removal during timber harvesting has little impact on the growth of succeeding forest stands; however, whole-tree removals on nutrient-poor sites have resulted in negative impacts (Kimmins 2004). Further, it is understood that disturbing or removing litter and displacing soil may have significant negative impacts on the subsequent stand rotations (Fleming et al. 2006). There exists little to no field research on the impacts of removing small diameter biomass
13 4 material (e.g. twigs, small branches and needles that contain high concentrations of nutrients), making long-term impacts associated with these removals difficult to infer. Potential removal consequences will likely depend on the initial site quality and soil properties, the frequency and intensity of harvests, and the ability of the site to replace nutrients between removals (Kimmins 2004). Although forest systems are resilient and maintain large stocks of nutrients, increasing the frequency of biomass removal may exceed the natural capacity for nutrient replenishment between removals, making the need to understand implication of biomass removals critical and urgent. MOBILE FAST-PYROLYSIS A sustained bioenergy production system might include removing the energy and not the nutrients, or returning the nutrients after energy is extracted from the biomass. Innovative technology allows for in-woods conversion of biomass to higher value energy products through pyrolysis, with an opportunity to retain the nutrient status at removal sites. Mobile fast-pyrolysis bioenergy production systems (Badger and Fransham 2006) may be one approach to profitable and sustainable biomass utilization. These units can be located at or near biomass removal locations and are capable of converting bulky, low-value biomass into an easily stored and transportable fuel (bio-oil), which can be effectively used for the production of heat, power, and chemicals (Garcia-Perez et al. 2007). Additionally these units produce a charcoal byproduct (biochar) that has market value of its own, but might best be used by returning it to the site of energy extraction as a soil amendment and as a means of soil C sequestration. Such an approach has been implemented in agricultural systems (Laird 2008; Lehmann et al. 2006), but is particularly attractive in forest ecosystems where the biochar can be both produced and immediately returned to the site of energy extraction.
14 5 A mobile pyrolysis unit would provide an economical hazard fuels reduction system by producing alternative sources of energy which could be sold to offset biomass removal costs. Mobile pyrolysis units are designed to convert biomass into bio-oil, biochar, and syngas, through thermal decomposition of organic material under anaerobic conditions (Bridgewater 2004; Boucher et al. 2000). It involves rapidly heating the biomass (500 C /sec) to moderate reaction temperatures ( C) followed by rapid cooling with short vapor residence times (1-2 s) and includes drying the biomass feedstock to less than 10% water in to minimize the water in the resulting liquid product (Bridgewater 2004; Mohan et al. 2006). Pyrolysis produces 60-75% w/w bio-oil, 15-25% w/w solid char, and 10-20% w/w of noncondensable gases, but exact proportions are largely dependent on the feedstock used and process temperatures (Mohan et al. 2006). No waste, other than flue gas and ash, is generated in the conversion process as the bio-oil and biochar can each be used as a fuel and the synthesis gas can be recycled back into the pyrolysis process yielding an energy output and making the process sustainable (Bridgewater 2004; Mohan et al. 2006). Such an energy production system would help maintain or enhance site productivity and mitigate nutrient depletion through the application of biochar. BIOCHAR SOIL APPLICATION Biochar, a byproduct of the pyrolysis process, is biomass-derived black carbon intended for use as a soil amendment. It is analogous to charcoal manufactured through traditional or modern pyrolysis methods, and to black carbon found naturally in fireecosystems. Biochar is used as a soil amendment to improve soil nutrient status, C storage and/or filtration of percolating soil water (Lehmann and Joseph 2009). Biochar from pyrolysis and charcoal produced through natural burning share key characteristics including
15 6 long residence time in soils and a soil conditioning effect (Glaser et al. 2002). Biochar has an inherent energy value which can be used to maximize the energy output of pyrolysis. However, research has shown that application of biochar to soil may be more desirable as it can increase soil organic carbon (SOC), improve the supply of nutrients to plants and therefor enhance plant growth and soil physical, chemical, and biological properties (Glaser et al 2002; Lehmann et al. 2003; Rondon et al. 2007). Regardless of its commercial market value, biochar presents an opportunity to return site nutrients lost from biomass removal projects, which may overshadow other potential uses. Biochar composition Biochar is produced from biomass and is predominantly composed of recalcitrant organic C with contents of plant micro and macro nutrients retained from the starting feedstock. We know from research on wildfire occurrence and the development of Anthrosols (e.g. Terra Preta soils) in the Amazon that charcoal can remain in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years (Agee 1996; Lehmann and Rondon 2006). Consequently, biochar can rapidly increase the recalcitrant soil C fraction of soil. The C in biochar is held in aromatic form which is resistant to decomposition when added as a soil amendment (Amonette and Joseph 2009), making it a C sequestration tool. However, composition varies by feedstock type and conditions of pyrolysis (Downie 2009). Actual C contents can range between 172g kg -1 and 905g kg -1. Nitrogen content ranges from 1.8 kg -1 to 56.4g kg -1, total P from 2.7g kg -1 to 480g kg -1 and total potassium (K) from 1.0g kg -1 to 58g kg -1 (Chan et al. 2007; Lehmann et al. 2003, Lima and Marshall 2005). Biochar also contains varying concentrations of other elements such as Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), N, Sulfur, P, base cations, and heavy metals (Goldberg 1985; Preston and Schmidt 2006). Freshly produced
16 7 biochar consists of a crystalline phase with graphene layers and an amorphous phase of aromatic structures (Lehmann et al. 2005; Cohen-Ofri et al The outer surfaces contain various O and H functional groups and the graphene sheets may contain O groups and free radicals (Bourke et al. 2007). Additionally, biochar has been produced with a range of ph values between 4 and 12, dependent upon the starting feedstock and operating conditions (Lehmann 2007). Generally, low pyrolysis temperatures (< 400 C) yield acidic biochar, while increasing pyrolysis temperatures produce alkaline biochar. Once incorporated to the soil, surface oxidation occurs due to reactions of water, O 2 and various soil agents (Cheng et al. 2006; Lehmann 2007). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of fresh biochar is typically very low, but increases with time as the biochar ages in the presence of O 2 and water (Cheng et al. 2008; Cheng et al. 2006; Liang et al. 2006). There are increasing concerns associated with contaminants being retained in biochar and leaching into soil once added as an amendment; however, these are dependent on the origin of the pyrolysis feedstock and the conversion process. Biochar may contain contaminants such as heavy metals and organic compounds, but these are commonly associated with sewage sludge, or treated wood feedstocks (Lievens et al. 2009) and would likely not be an issue if produced from forest biomass. Contaminants contained in feedstocks could undergo changes during the pyrolysis process and be destroyed or transformed into benign compounds, while others could be retained in the biochar and be potentially detrimental if added to the soil. In addition, some contaminants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) can be formed during pyrolysis. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be formed from any carbonaceous feedstock, but concentrations are feedstock dependent (Zhurinsh et al. 2005). Thus, it is important to understand the chemical composition of the
17 8 initial feedstock and biochar to avoid potential environmental consequences prior to adding it to forest sites in a large-scale, irreversible manner. Impacts of biochar on soil Biochar has substantial potential for soil improvement because of its unique physical, chemical, and biological properties and their interactions with soil and plant communities. If used as a soil amendment, biochar could mitigate the possible negative impacts of forest biomass removal operations. However, uncertainties surround the potential short-and longterm effects of intentional biochar application in many regions and ecosystems, namely temperate forests, as most evidence comes from agricultural systems. While additions have largely been neutral or positive (reviewed by Sohi et al. 2010), there exists potential for negative impacts. This demonstrates the need for a comprehensive understanding of biochar s origin, production, and functional properties. Several soil benefits arise from the physical properties of biochar. The highly porous nature of biochar results from retaining the cell wall structure of the biomass feedstock. A wide range of pore sizes within the biochar results in a large surface area and a low bulk density. Biochar incorporation can alter soil physical properties such as structure, pore size distribution and density, with implications for soil aeration, water holding capacity, plant growth, and soil workability (Downie et al. 2009). Evidence suggests that biochar application into soil may increase the overall net soil surface area (Chan et al. 2007) and consequently, may improve soil water and nutrient retention (Downie et al. 2009) and soil aeration, particularly in fine-textured soils (Kolb 2007). Biochar has a bulk density much lower than that of mineral soils (~0.3 Mg m -3 for biochar compared to typical soil bulk density of 1.3
18 9 Mg m -3 ); therefore, application of biochar can reduce the overall total bulk density of the soil which is generally desirable for most plant growth (Brady and Weil 2004). Increased surface area, porosity, and lower bulk density in mineral soil with biochar can alter water retention, aggregation, and decrease soil erosion (Piccolo and Mbagwu 1990; Piccolo et al. 1996; Mbagwu and Piccolo 1997). Water retention of soil is determined by the distribution and connectivity of pores in the soil matrix, which is largely affected by soil texture, aggregation, and soil organic matter content (Brady and Weil, 2004). Biochar has a higher surface area and greater porosity relative to other types of soil organic matter, and can therefore improve soil texture and aggregation, which improves water retention in soil. These starting physical properties in biochar occur at a range of scales and affect the proportion of water than can be retained. Kishimoto and Sugiura (1985) estimated the inner surface area of charcoal formed between 400 and 1000 C to range from 200 to 400 m 2 g -1. Van Zwieten et al. (2009) reported the surface area of biochar derived from papermill waste with slow pyrolysis to be 115 m 2 g -1. These properties are expected to change over time with physical weathering, but have not been explicitly examined resulting in uncertainties associated with the longevity of these beneficial physical changes in soil. Soil moisture retention improvement is an indirect result of alterations in soil aggregation and structure after biochar application (Brodowski et al. 2006). Biochar can affect soil aggregation through interactions with SOM, minerals, and microorganisms; however, the surface charge characteristics and their development over time determines the long-term effect on soil aggregation. Glaser et al. (2002) reported that Anthrosols enriched with charcoal had surface areas three times higher than those of surrounding Oxisols, and had an increased field capacity of 18%. Tryon (1948) studied the effect of charcoal on the
19 10 percentage of available moisture in soils of different textures and found different response among soils. In sandy soil, the addition of charcoal increased available moisture by 18% after adding 45% biochar by volume, while no changes were observed in loamy soil, and soil available moisture decreased in the clayey soil. The high surface area of biochar can lead to increased water retention, although the effect seems to depend on the initial texture of the soil. Improved water holding capacity with biochar additions is most commonly observed in coarse-textured or sandy soils (Gaskin et al. 2007; Glaser et al. 2002). The impact of biochar additions on moisture content may be due to increased surface area relative to that found in coarse-textured soils (Glaser et al. 2002). Therefore, improvements in soil water retention by biochar additions may only be expected in coarse-textured soils or soils with large amounts of macropores. Additionally, a large amount of biochar may need to be applied to the soil before it increases water retention. Biochar has the potential to increase nutrient availability for plants (Lehmann et al. 2003). Nutrient availability can be affected by increasing cation exchange capacity, altering soil ph, or direct nutrient contributions from biochar. One potential mechanism for enhanced nutrient retention and supply following biochar amendment is increasing (CEC) by up to 50% as compared to unamended soils (Lehmann 2003; Liang 2006; Tryon 1948; Mbagwu and Piccolo 1997). Biochar has a greater ability to adsorb and retain cations in an exchangeable form than other forms of soil organic matter due to its greater surface area, and negative surface charge (Liang et al. 2006). Studies have shown significant increases in the availability of all major cations (Glaser et al. 2002; Topoliantz et al. 2005; Lehmann et al. 2003). Tryon (1948) found increasing amounts of exchangeable bases in sandy and loamy soils after adding 45% hardwood and conifer charcoals. Additionally, freshly produced
20 11 biochar is reported to have an anion exchange capacity (AEC). Cheng et al. (2008) found biochar to exhibit an anion exchange capacity at ph 3.5, which decreased to zero over time as it aged in soil. Biochar has a higher sorption affinity for a range of organic and inorganic compounds, and higher nutrient retention ability compared to other forms of soil organic matter (Bucheli and Gustafsson 2000, 2003; Allen-King et al. 2002; Kleineidam et al. 2002; Nguyen et al. 2004). Once added to the soil, abiotic and biotic surface oxidation of biochar results in increased surface carboxyl groups, a greater negative charge, and subsequently an increasing ability to sorb cations (Cheng et al. 2008; Cheng et al. 2006). It also exhibits an ability to sorb polar compounds including many environmental contaminants (Yu et al. 2006). Cation exchange capacity of biochar is highly variable depending upon the pyrolysis conditions under which it is produced. Cation exchange capacity is lower at low pyrolysis temperatures and significantly increases when produced at higher temperatures (Lehmann 2007). Freshly produced biochars have little ability to retain cations resulting in minimal CEC (Cheng et al. 2006, 2008; Lehmann 2007), but increase with time in soil with surface oxidation (Cheng et al. 2006). This supports the findings of high CEC observed in Amazonian Anthrosols (Liang et al. 2006). Biochar can serve as a liming agent resulting in increased ph and nutrient availability for a number of different soil types (Glaser et al. 2002; Lehmann and Rondon 2006). The carbonate concentration of biochar facilitates liming in soils and can raise soil ph of neutral or acidic soil (Van Zweiten et al. 2007). Mbagwu and Piccolo (1997) report increases in ph of various soils and textures by up to 1.2 ph units from ph 5.4 to 6.6. Tryon (1948) report a greater increase in ph in sandy and loamy soils than in clayey soils. The ph of various soils
21 12 increase after applications of hardwood charcoals (ph 6.15) than of conifer charcoals (ph 5.15) likely due to their different ash contents of 6.38% and 1.48%, respectively (Glaser 2002). Biochar feedstocks and pyrolysis conditions largely determine the resulting carbonate concentrations, making some biochar a better liming agent than others. Concentrations of carbonates can vary from 0.5 to 33% (Chan et al. 2007) depending on starting conditions. Hardwood charcoals are reported to have substantial carbonate concentrations and prove more effective in reducing soil acidity, therefore having a larger influence on soil fertility (Steiner 2007). The liming of acidic soils decreases Al saturation, while increasing cation exchange capacity and base saturation. (Cochrane and Sanchez 1980; Mbagwu and Piccolo 1997; Fisher and Binkely 2000). Additionally, nutrient availability may actually increase beyond the amount anticipated by cation exchange sites alone as a result of the soluble salts available in the biochar. The liming effect associated with biochar may not be ideal for all soil types and plant communities. Increased soil ph associated with biochar additions have caused micronutrient deficiencies in agricultural crops (Kishimoto and Sugiura 1985) and forest vegetation (Mikan and Abrams 1995), thus it is important to acknowledge the presence of calcifuge vegetation prior to application. In addition, many forest plants, fungi, and bacteria thrive in lower ph soils (Meurisse 1976; Meurisse 1985), therefore altering forest soil ph through the addition of biochar may result in unfavorable shifts in above- and belowground flora. Understanding interactions among biochar production and application conditions, soil texture, organic matter (OM), and soil ph will be a key factor in determining long-term effects of biochar application on forest soils.
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text:
Before adding content from the The Fall of Oriath beta to the wiki, please read the guidelines regarding upcoming content.
The Ship Graveyard Cave
The Ship Graveyard Cave is an optional area in Act 1. This area has no waypoint and is connected to The Ship Graveyard.
At the end of the tunnels is Stranglecharm and the corpse of the slave girl who stole the Allflame from Captain Fairgraves. When looted, she drops the quest item AllflameAllflameDistilled from naked ambition and unfettered obsession,
the Allflame emanates a silvern warmth like no other,
and engulfs those moths fool enough to embrace it..
- Stranglecharm (unique Seething Brine)
- Cursed Mariner
- Fathom Screamer
- Merveil's Chosen
- Seething Brine
Native monsters in this area can resist cold, fire or chaos damage and deal physical and cold damage. They can apply the Temporal ChainsTemporal ChainsCurse, Spell, AoE, Duration
Radius: 22
Mana Cost: (24 to 50)
Cast Time: 0.50 secRequires Level 24Curses all targets in an area, Slowing them, and making effects on them expire more slowly.Per 1% Quality:
Cursed enemies are 0.5% slowerBase duration is (5-5.95) seconds
Cursed enemies are (20-29)% slower
Other effects on Cursed enemies expire 40% slower
40% reduced Effect of Curse against Players
(0-76)% increased Area of EffectPlace into an item socket of the right colour to gain this skill. Right click to remove from a socket. curse.
Corrupted area
Strange Sinkhole has a chance to spawn.
Divination card
The following divination card can drop in this area:
- Lantador's Lost LoveLantador's Lost Love7Two-Stone RingThey fought the storm together as one,
Until the longest of days was done.
Their love grew stronger
with every breath,
Until it was broken apart by death. (Cruel)
| Full Clear: Ship Graveyard Cave
|Fully clear the Ship Graveyard Cave.
Version History


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