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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Several studies have investigated the differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Eurasian, African and American cattle as well as archaeological bovine material. A global survey of these studies shows that haplogroup distributions are more stable in time than in space. All major migrations of cattle have shifted the haplogroup distributions considerably with a reduction of the number of haplogroups and/or an expansion of haplotypes that are rare or absent in the ancestral populations. The most extreme case is the almost exclusive colonization of Africa by the T1 haplogroup, which is rare in Southwest Asian cattle. In contrast, ancient samples invariably show continuity with present-day cattle from the same location. These findings indicate strong maternal founder effects followed by limited maternal gene flow when new territories are colonized. However, effects of adaptation to new environments may also play a role.
During the past decades, analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has become the backbone of molecular-genetic investigations of animal population diversity and history [
For several livestock species, mtDNA analyses established the ancestral species and contributed to evidence for the localization of domestication sites [
Focusing on the major haplogroups, we combined the results of several regional studies of the cattle mtDNA control region (Table S1). This global meta-analysis allows a few generalizations about shifts in haplogroup distributions, suggesting strong founder effects during colonization of Europe, East Asia, Africa and America, but little temporal variation.
Table S1 shows the sources of cattle mtDNA datasets used in this study with a total of 6695 D-loop sequences. The haplogroups T, T1, T2, T3 and T4 could be differentiated by variation within a 240-bp D-loop segment [
A worldwide geographic plot of haplogroup distributions (
The presence of T1 in the Iberian peninsula suggests prehistoric and/or later African influence [
Distributions of major taurine and indicine haplogroups. T1* indicates T1c1a1 [
Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) haplogroup distributions in European and Southwest-Asian ancient DNA samples from domestic cattle. Data are from [
Migration from Central to East Asia led to the expansion of haplogroup T4. This is a subvariant of T3, which is not observed in the west, but has been found in East-Chinese ancient DNA dating to 4500 BP [
A similar expansion occurred during the colonization of the New World since the end of the 15th century. Haplogroup distributions, with T3 as major and T1 as minor, reflect the Iberian ancestry of American cattle. Although the T1 haplotype T1c1a1 is sporadic in the Old World it reaches frequencies of 31% in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles islands and even 50% in Brazilian Criollo cattle [
Indicine maternal lineages from haplogroups I1 and I2 diffused from South Asia to Southwest and Central Asia [
Geographic differentiation of cattle mtDNA is clearly stronger than observed for sheep, goat and horse, which exhibits a broader distribution of the major mtDNA haplogroups [
Selection offers an alternative explanation for the strong phylogeography seen in bovine mtDNA. Purifying selection acting on mtDNA has been demonstrated for both bovine and other mammals [
We conclude that the meta-analysis of bovine mtDNA sequences from both present and archaeological samples allows for a global picture of geographic differentiation of the maternal lineages, which have been shaped by population bottlenecks during the worldwide dispersal of cattle. As shown for haplogroup T1 in Africa [
Supplementary materials can be accessed at:
We acknowledge several published or unpublished contributions to the mitochondrial DNA sequence dataset described in this report. We appreciate the suggestions of both reviewers.
Johannes A. Lenstra initiated this study and wrote the first draft. Paolo Ajmone-Marsan, Albano Beja-Pereira, Ruth Bollongino, Daniel G. Bradley, Licia Colli, Anna De Gaetano, Ceiridwen J. Edwards, Luca Ferretti, Catarina Ginja, Peter Hristov, Juha Kantanen, Juan Pedro Lirón, David A. Magee, Riccardo Negrini and Georgi A. Radoslavov contributed to data compilation, Paolo Ajmone-Marsan, Luca Ferretti and Marleen Felius to the historic interpretation and Ceiridwen J. Edwards to final editing.
The authors declare no conflict of interest


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Latest question:
How do you think the new GigE standards will influence the machine vision industry?
Respond or ask your question now!
Navigation is primarily visual, with two Dragonfly2 cameras (one color and one black and white) providing streaming video at an average rate of 7fps over 900MHz and 12 fps over 802.11b. The software also allows for static pictures. To save on bandwidth, only one camera is active at a time, with the ability to swap between any number of attached cameras (up to the maximum supported by the 1394 hardware on board).
�We use the libdc1394 camera library to interface with the Dragonfly2 and take advantage of the bitmap image format to allow for a custom visual spectroscopy program,� says Boggeri, who will enter his senior year in aerospace engineering.� Using an IR-pass lens on the black & white camera and the red, green and blue color channels available on the color camera, the team created a program to perform visual spectroscopic measurements of a target to identify its composition and the error factor associated with the measurements.
�That gives us a fourth channel so we get RGB and IR responses,� he adds. �The program calibrates its readings using the published data for the CCD sensor spectral response against the spectral response of a Spectralon target. (Spectralon is a thermoplastic resin that can be machined into a wide variety of shapes for the fabrication of optical components.) The IR response is pretty accurate. We compare our rough spectral vs. known values for rocks and minerals. We can say it�s gypsum or that there�s a high concentration of copper in a rock.�
One problem the UCLA team ran into this year was underestimating the resolution needed for the visual range-finding mapping task. The target was white PVC pipes of about 10 cm (3.97 inches) in diameter and one to two meters (3.28-6.56 feet) high, with a white 15 x 30 cm (5.9 inches x 11.8 inches) flag attached. Teams had to survey the markers from about 0.8 km (875 yards), then had to determine the absolute map coordinates of the PVC pipes. �We weren�t able to find a zoom lens,� Boggeri explains. �We based it on the 1032 x 776 resolution of the Dragonfly 2, but we miscalculated the size of the markers.
�We knew the absolute dimensions of the marker. With a standard lens, the marker�s apparent size was only one pixel, not enough to carry out an accurate calculation of its distance from the Rover. There are two solutions possible for next year�s competition: one is to go to a higher resolution camera, the other to put a zoom lens on the camera. It narrows the field of view, but you get greater resolution at a distance. I�ve discovered that it�s hard to find zooms for a C-mount camera. And they�re very expensive.�

subset: commoncrawl


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2014 St Paul Heritage Preservation Awards Ceremony
AIA Saint Paul
Tuesday, May 20, 2014 from 6:00 PM to 8:30 PM (CDT)
Event Details
The Heritage Preservation Commission of the City of Saint Paul and the Saint Paul Chapter of the American Institute of Architects are co-sponsoring the twenty-third annual Saint Paul Heritage Preservation Awards to recognize projects, individuals and organizations that enhance and celebrate Saint Paul's cultural resources.
The 2014 awards will be presented at an evening event as part of a month-long celebration during National Preservation Month on May 20 at the Saint Paul City Hall.
Date: Tuesday, May 20
Time: Registration begins at 6pm and the program at 7pm
Location: Saint Paul City Hall - lower level & Room 40
15 West Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul (Use 4th St. Entrance)
St Paul, MN
When & Where
Saint Paul City Hall - lower level
15 West Kellogg Blvd
St Paul,
Tuesday, May 20, 2014 from 6:00 PM to 8:30 PM (CDT)
Add to my calendar
AIA Saint Paul
AIA Saint Paul, the City of Saint Paul, and the Saint Paul Heritage Preservation Commission invite you to submit nominations that will recognize projects, individuals, and organizations that celebrate the heritage and historic character of Saint Paul.


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Ed Sheeran Cheated on by Ellie Goulding?
Looks like Ed Sheeran is taking a page from pal Taylor Swift's song-writing book!
Rumor has it that Ed Sheeran's song "Don't" on his newest album "X" is all about his short relationship with Ellie Goulding. Talking to Billboard Magazine, Ed reveled, "The story in 'Don't' is 100 percent true.I could have gotten nastier – there was more shit I didn't put in." He also told the magazine, "I was seeing someone for a bit of time, and then they ended up physically involved with one of my friends in the same hotel that we were staying in, while I was downstairs."
The singer confirmed in 2013 that he and Goulding did have a relationship, but that they broke up. Fans eventually jumped to conclusions that the breakup was because of rumors floating around that Ellie was seeing One Direction star Niall Horan on the side.
Source: Billboard Magazine


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About the Book
This book is a collection of 71 poems and 65 beautiful full color fractals made in FE, Iterations, Flarium, Kataza, Tierazon and Ultra Fractal.
Note* This is the premium COLOR version of the book. Click on "Book Preview" to see what it looks like in premium color.
A less expensive Black & White version is available here: http://www.blurb.com/b/4130056-double-faced-poems-about-life-love
About the Creator
I have been is a poetry writer from an early age and a computer graphic artist. Making graphics and animations for cell phones that were distributed world wide to cell phone carries by Versaly Entertainment under my company back then named Studio 7 Imaging. Most all of the poems are about a life situation that made an impression on me. Sometimes good or bad, I look out into the world and write about love, life triumphs, tragedies or injustices that we all see.
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View the Flip Book.
In the late 1800s, unscrupulous slumlords took advantage of the Chicago's lax enforcement of housing construction codes to build sub-standard and crowded housing on small lots near the factories and stockyards that employed the waves of European immigrants moving into Chicago. This 1901 study attempted to raise public awareness of the devastating living conditions in some of the worst wards of the city. It paid particular attention to the "double-decker" or "dumb-bell" buildings where front and rear tenement buildings were joined by narrow passageways without proper provision for ventilation and light. "Some apartments have no windows opening upon any other space. The sun reaches the bottom for a few moments only each day, and the lower rooms opening upon it are always dark."


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Inquiry. Service. Leadership. Care.
A PLU education prepares students to excel by building excellent intellectual skills and connecting them with opportunities.
Take a tour from a current student, and meet with one of our admission counselors to learn more about admission requirements and scholarship opportunities.
Valuable financial resources that may help you manage your tuition costs for the next academic year.
Get to know the new student athletes who will be attending PLU starting this Fall.
Enjoy some summertime activities with fellow Lutes in your area!
Join us at Fall 2017 New Student Orientation, designed to welcome you to PLU's vibrant community and help you feel connected, involved and informed.
Learn about applying for financial aid. FAFSA forms for 2016-2017 are now available online.
Find out if you're eligible to double your impact through matching gifts.
International Student Center
Harstad Hall, Suite 112
Tacoma, WA 98447-0003
In order to be able to resume this form later, please enter your email and choose a password.
In order to maintain your F-1 student status, your SEVIS record must be registered by ISS at the beginning of each semester. Then students must take initiative in "confirming" their SEVIS record for its accuracy. ISS will put a hold on students' records who failed to confirm their SEVIS records.
International Students are required by federal law to notify PLU within 10 calendar days of any changes to their U.S. mailing, physical (if different from mailing) and international address.
Campus addresses are updated automatically in Banner by the Residential Life office.
Please take a moment now to check your addresses entered in Banner for their accuracy.
To update U.S. mailing address, please log in to the Banner Self-Service. Go to the "Personal Information" tab and click on "Update Address and Phones".
If your mailing address and physical address (where you actually live) are different please fill out Physical Address Update request.
To request international address to be updated, please fill out International Address Update request.
Take a look at your current I-20. If you have declared a different major, other than what's printed on your I-20, please fill out Change of Major or Minor in SEVIS form.
Please also fill out this form if you have declared a second major or a minor.
Take a look at the program end date on your I-20. This date is on the 1st page of your I-20 in the "Program of Study" section.
Do you need additional time? If so, please fill out Program End Date Extension Request
F-1 students must enroll full time during Fall and Spring semester in order to maintain their non-immigrant status. Full time credit load is 12 for undergraduate and 8 for graduate students. However, in certain situations, students may apply to drop below full course load. Please fill out Reduced Course Load Authorization if you would like to drop below full course load.
All incomplete credits must be completed by the incomplete grade submission deadline.
I may not take employment or internship off-campus without first discussing my options with ISS or I will fall out of status.
I must maintain a 2.0 GPA minimum (undergraduate). Graduate students should check with their department for minimum standards.
I must notify ISS if I decide to transfer out from PLU or withdraw from PLU.
By pressing submit below, I am submitting SEVIS Record Confirmation.
Need assistance with this form?


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Requirements For Motor Vehicle Damage Repair Shops
Record Keeping
- Every registered motor vehicle damage repair shop shall keep, or cause to be kept, a proper record of every motor vehicle that enters or leaves its place of business for repair. A proper record shall include, but not be limited to the following:
- A description of the motor vehicle (year, color, model, mfg.)
- The vehicle identification number (VIN)
- The date the vehicle was received
- The name and residence of the person from whom the vehicle was received
- A signed authorization for the work to be performed on the vehicle. Work authorization can be signed by the owner or the owner's authorized representative
- A description of all major components parts, motor, transmission, and body parts, and parts for the interior the repair; and a reference to or copy of the purchase invoice for those parts.
- A description of the work performed.
- All shops must also keep records of purchases of all major components, parts, motors, transmissions, body parts and interiors.
- All records shall be kept for a period of 18 months.
- No registered motor vehicle shall offer or give any rebate gift, prize, premium, bonus, fee or any other tangible or monetary thing to an insured, or any other person not in the employ of the repair shop, as an inducement to have the repair made at the repair shop.
- Every registered shop must include the registration number in all advertisements. Exceptions: (a) Advertisements placed prior to January 1, 1989 and (b) Single-line listings in the yellow or white pages of a telephone directory.
- When two or more motor vehicle repair shops are separately identified in a single advertisement, the advertisement must include the registration number of each shop.
Any person violating any of the provisions of Chapter 100A may be punished by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or both. Such fines may be imposed by the Director of Standards in a hearing or in a civil or criminal action brought by the Attorney General. Violation of any of the provisions of Chapter 100A shall constitute a violation of Chapter 93A.
This content provided by the Division of Standards .


text:
You can e-mail the current President of Healing Words at email@example.com.
Linda Luck is both the Pre-Health Coordinator for UAB and the Advisor for Healing Words. You many reach Healing Words through her office:
Healing Words
C/O Linda Luck
Division of General Studies
Hill University Center Suite 318
1400 University Boulevard
Birmingham, AL 35294-1150
Start a Chapter at Your University
If you are interested in starting a chapter of Healing Words at your university, please email email@example.com


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"12 I am sending him—who is my very heart—back to you. 13 I would have liked to keep him with me so that he could take your place in helping me while I am in chains for the gospel. 14 But I did not want to do anything without your consent, so that any favor [Read More…]
Philemon 1: Freedom–Here and Now
October 13, 2011 by


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Spreadsheet auditing tools help strengthen a weak link in the compliance chain.
John Edwards, CFO.com | US
April 27, 2007
In order to truly eliminate or substantially reduce spreadsheet error risk, a more holistic approach is necessary - extending well beyond just tracking changes and version control. Auditors - and spreadsheet users themselves - should employ automated error and risk testing software for their spreadsheets. The Audinator (www.audinator.com) is a good example, but there are several other goods ones out there. Tools such as these will automatically scan and audit an extire spreadsheet for forumula errors and other errors - and do so in a matter of seconds. Everytime a significant change is maded to an important spreadsheet model, just run the spreadsheet audit software tool and all errors and risks are quickly identified - before they can do real harm.
Posted by Jason Stockton | March 26, 2012 09:55 am
Microsoft are actually getting ready to launch their own Budgeting & Forecasting tool called PerformancePoint Planning Server 2007. This gives you the best of both worlds, being the flexibility of Excel combined with robust security, workflow, review & approval and auditing capabilities
Posted by Pierre Naude | May 02, 2007 04:19 am
I thought your article was extremely timely and accurate. Spreadsheets are here to stay, mainly because of their flexibility and ease of use, but compliance whether driven by Sarbanes-Oxley or because of auditing concerns has become paramount. You mentioned key needs for spreadsheet users tracking cell by cell, and version control. I wanted to point out that a key package that is fast gaining in popularity, partly because it not only offers the above but provides other benefits in the form of tracking formula changes as well as providing formula breakdowns, is ComplyXL. Its popularity is its ease of use, easy to use change management as well as pricing. Not many software companies post their prices on their web pages, but Lyquidity does.
Posted by Seddon | May 01, 2007 04:47 am
At ITM, we've found working with clients in the area of IT compliance and IT financial management that the most effective route is to eliminate spreadsheets when possible. If you support IT compliance programs with a centralized system and do likewise with IT financials (budgeting, planning, etc.), you not only reduce risk, but also end up saving money through improved efficiency and visibility.
Posted by Paul Acevedo | April 27, 2007 02:35 pm© CFO Publishing Corporation 2009. All rights reserved.


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8 Stars Who Are Big Fans Of Pole Dancing
We knew that pole dancing had gone mainstream when soccer moms started talking about it, and we all remember when Miley Cyrus took a stab at it during the 2009 Teen Choice Awards. Since then, pole dancing continues to seduce women by the truckload. The latest celebrity to express her love for the pole? Emma Watson, who has supposedly taken up pole dancing on the set of "The Bling Ring" to learn how to dance like a stripper. Even though she never thought she'd like it, a source tells the UK's Sun newspaper that Emma is "amazed with the results because it has toned her body so well [and] finds it quite liberating." Our little Hermione is growing up! Read on to hear why more stars love the pole. [The Sun UK]


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Career Management Services, boost your career, talk to our experts now on 1300 588 088 and get your career back on track with our specialist career management services
Resume writing services, access professional our professional resume writing services, expert resume writing services and key selection criteria writing services.
Expert interview coaching services greatly improve your chances of getting the role
Do you want to succeed? need leadership development , At a cross roads, or want a mentor talk to us. We help you achieve your goals!
Do you need career advice? Looking for a new job? Making a career change or reassessing your career path? Career Management Services will help you secure your career goals. Contact Us Now 1300 588 088
We consult with you to develop a professional resume that will get attention, distinguish you from the competition, and highlight your strengths, achievements and capability. Contact us 1300 588 088
Interview coaching and interview preparation services to give yourself the best chance to get the role. If you would really like the role talk to us and we'll get you prepared for your interview. Contact us 1300 588 088
Key selection criteria writers and advisers can either write or train you to write your own key selection criteria, highlighting your individual experience and assisting you to secure an interview. Contact us 1300 588 088


text:
All Tags
Auction Attendant is an auction agent that runs under Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP. It allows you to track auction items on eBay's web site. It contains a built-in browser, real-time clock countdown, system clock synchronization, reporting, automated unattended bidding (aka sniping), automatic ISP dialer, support for eBay Motors, and many more features.
Publisher: Olson Software
Tags: html editor, tag editor,
From Internet Category:
Of All:


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It's not an attractive color, and it's one of my least favorite typefaces. (Hobo. I, too, hate Hobo.) It's not the same type of book as the 1962 Key guide to LA, which was presented for your entertainment here. But it's as much of a record of its times as the 1962 guide, and I expect we'll learn a lot. LA entered a new phase in '41 - defense ramped up, people moved for factory jobs, housing was tight, nightclubs were packed, Hollywood was booming - and Lawry's was serving steaks, just as they do today.
I suspect it'll be harder to flesh out the details of the ads; so much has changed, so much was razed and paved. But let's see what we can learn. Don't worry: only a few pages are in color. Black and white will be a blessed relief.


text: Muslim History Detective's log, 2/28/14 Just four or five rows behind President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton, the Muslim woman sat, adorned in a majestically wrapped and hued purple headdress. The color crowned her glowing brown skin, completing her worthily. I had not been looking for her. I did not even know she [Read More…]


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DEVON-L ArchivesArchiver > DEVON > 1997-10 > 0876341374
From: Vicki Lindsay <>
Subject: Please introduce yourselves
Date: Wed, 8 Oct 1997 13:09:34 -0700
My name is Vicki Lindsay and I'm the Listowner for this list. No, my
research isn't in Devon; but, someone needed a Listowner and I do have
experience being one :)
I've been assisting the ROOTS-L group for a number of years, as well as the
GENBRIT and GENIRE group (used to be called GENUKI-L).
Happy Hunting!
Vicki Lindsay <mailto:>
This thread:
|Please introduce yourselves by Vicki Lindsay <>


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Should I get the preservative free vaccination while breastfeeding my 10 month old daughter? Will the immunity be passed on to her or would she need her own shot?
It always best to get the mercury-free versions of a flu shot. It's especially important for anyone who is pregnant, nursing, or for young children. As for immunity being passed on, no, we don't think this happens (at least, no one has demonstrated it happens through research). So, an infant or child would need her own flu shot if you wanted her to have immunity.


text:
2 Min Read
Jan 2 (Reuters) - Canada's main stock index looked set to open sharply higher, tracking global markets, after U.S. lawmakers reached the all-important deal to avert the fiscal crisis in the world's largest economy.
* The United States averted economic calamity on Tuesday when lawmakers approved a deal to prevent huge tax hikes and spending cuts that would have pushed the world's largest economy off a "fiscal cliff" and into recession.
* ArcelorMittal, the world's biggest steelmaker, will sell a 15 percent stake in one of its Canadian iron ore operations, raising $1.1 billion to help pay off debt at a time of sluggish demand.
* Manufacturing activity in Asia expanded in December as China's economy showed signs of revival but export demand was uneven, pointing to further sluggish growth for the region, business surveys suggest.
* Outgoing Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti said that the next government needs to have a broad parliamentary majority so that it can reduce the number of lawmakers, change the electoral law and overhaul the institutional system.
* The slowdown in euro zone factory activity deepened in December as new orders tumbled, a business survey showed, suggesting the economy may have slipped further into recession in the last quarter of 2012.
* Canada stock futures traded up 1.63 percent
* U.S. stock futures , , were up around 1.29 percent and 1.97 percent
* European shares, were up
* Thomson Reuters-Jefferies CRB Index : 297.8418; rose 0.81 percent
* Gold futures : $1,687.5; rose 0.76 percent
* US crude : $93.3; rose 1.61 percent
* Brent crude : $112.24; rose 1.02 percent
* LME 3-month copper : $8,130.25; rose 2.51 percent
* Major Canadian economic data includes RBC Manufacturing PMI
* Major U.S. events and data includes FOMC minutes, Markit manufacturing PMI and ISM


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Ukraine v England Live
England will be keen to maintain their perfect record in the World Cup qualifying campaign when they visit Ukraine in their next qualifying match on Saturday. Live Sport Network is the number one source to watch live world cup qualifiers online. Sign up with us today to get access to all the football action from across the world.
The Three Lions have already booked their place in next year's World Cup finals by winning their first eight games but coach Fabio Capello will be expecting nothing less than full commitment from his players as he attempts to go into the World Cup with a perfect record.
England wrapped up their qualification process in style as they thrashed Croatia 5-1 in their last game. Frank Lampard and Steven Gerrard grabbed two goals each before Eduardo snatched one back for Croatia late in the second half only for Wayne Rooney to restore his side's four goal lead four minutes later. Capello has named a strong line up for the final two games with Lampard, Gerrard, Rooney, Rio Ferdinand and John Terry all being picked. Gary Cahill's impressive form for Bolton Wanderers has led the England coach to pick the defender and the 23-year old is most likely to make his debut for the senior team either against Ukraine or against Belarus.
Meanwhile Ukraine will be going all out for a victory with coach Oleksiy Mykhaylychenko aware that anything less than all three points could see an end to their qualification hopes. Ukraine are currently third in their group table, two points behind Croatia but they do have a game in hand.
However with both the teams expected to secure victories in their final matches, the result against England could prove to be decisive as to who will progress to the play-off round. Watch Ukraine vs England Live online on Live Sport Network, the leading source to watch live footy streams on the web.
Tags: England, Ukraine, live world cup, Fabio Capello, Steven Gerrard, John Terry, England Live, watch live footy


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Centura Health has more experts in more places throughout the region. Start your health journey by finding the right one for you.
At Chatfield Women's Care, we offer expert and confidential care in an atmosphere that allows women to ask questions and understand every step of their care. We are a comprehensive women's health care practice, providing obstetrics (pregnancy care) and a full range of gynecology care.
We provide comprehensive women's care to the south metro area and look forward to seeing you soon in our office.
We welcome new patients and accept most insurances including Medicare and Medicaid.
Pregnant Care Services
Our goal is to ensure that every pregnancy and every newborn is as healthy as possible. In addition to providing expert medical care, we believe that a great pregnancy and delivery also depends on...
expecting moms
Women's Healthcare Services
At Chatfield Women's Care, we care for women from adolescence to menopause and beyond. Our doctors listen to you, understand your individual health concerns and answer any questions you have. We help women with...
womens health services
Stay healthy, get the right health tests at the right times.
We are here to guide you through your pregnancy & delivery.
Offering confidential and expert care.
Keeping women healthy and empowered with accurate and current health information.
Learn about how survival rates for breast cancer and gynecologic cancer are on the rise
Our search tools require a zip code to match the location nearest you.


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ST.JOHN - Manuel Herrera, 20, died Sunday Aug. 16, 2015 at Via Christi St. Francis, Wichita. Born May 22, 1995 at Brighton, Colo., he was the son of Jesus and Luz Emilia Herrera. He was a graduate of St. John High School. He is survived by his parents: Jesus and Luz Herrera; brothers: Erick Herrera and Omar Herrera; grandparents: Francisco Balderrama R., Ma de los Angeles Mendez M., Manuel Herrera M. and Monserrat Chavez O; and many aunts and uncles.
The budget hearing at the Ellinwood City Council meeting Tuesday night, Aug. 11, was short with no public comment. The council then adopted resolution 8115, a new requirement by the state legislature of municipalities seeking to increase their mill levy, and unanimously approved the 2016 budget as presented for publication.
Imagine packing 15,120 meals for hungry children in just two hours. Now, imagine you had the help of more than 60 friends. That's just what happened at the Great Bend Expo 1 Friday night, when members of four churches gathered to take part in meal packaging event with the Kansas City non-profit Stop Hunger Now.
Saturday, whether they fancied vintage, classic, muscle, or "rat rods," car lovers found plenty to appreciate as they converged on Great Bend's Party in the Park car show. This year, the number of cars increased nearly 50 percent over last year's event. 142 cars were on display, up from 93 the year before. Several factors were at play, and the appearance of reality television show 'Street Rodding American Style,' with hosts David Wolfe and Cy McCormack on location to interview three car owners about their rides for an upcoming show didn't hurt.
A must-see for visitors to Barton County for years has been the Ellinwood Underground tour. Now, thanks to the efforts of Wolf Hotel owner Chris McCord and his loyal volunteers, that tour offers not only a chance to imagine what it was like in the early days of the Santa Fe Trail town, but a chance to experience it firsthand.
Saturday morning, the mud, goo, and foam was flying at Great Bend's Veterans' Memorial Park as over 200 runners participated in the Tuff Enuff Obstacle Run. It was the kick-off to the third annual Party in the Park, which featured the run, mud volleyball tournament, dog park fun, and much more.
Thanks to the efforts of Eagle Scout candidate Eric Frieb, Olmitz, The Dominican Sisters of Peace now have shade and accessibility at Heartland Farm events covered. Literally. Since early spring, Frieb, his parents and a host of volunteer labor have undertaken a project to construct a pavilion in the center of the farm's herb garden. With the project nearly complete, the farm plans to hold a dedication ceremony at the annual fall harvest celebration Sept. 12, said Jane Belanger, O.P. It will also mark a milestone for Frieb, when Boy Scout Troop 7130 holds an Eagle Court of ...
The third annual Great Bend Party in the Park is Saturday, Aug. 8 at Veterans' Memorial Park, and promises to be another fun-filled day, with events for young and old. Coolers will be allowed in the park all day, with only 3.2 beer and malt beverages only and a no glass restriction. Families and friends are encouraged to make a day of it, bring blankets and lawn chairs, plan a picnic or visit vendors that will have a variety of foods for purchase, including pulled pork, hamburgers, hotdogs, funnel cakes and more.
ELLINWOOD – After 10 months of drama, Mark and Cassie Batchman, owners of The Cutting Edge Salon in Ellinwood, remain in limbo over the fate of their building and the razing of a building connected to it.
The dog days of summer are here, and they are sure to last well into September. But soon, city pools in the county will close. Its a by-product of school start dates falling ever earlier in August. Lifeguarding has traditionally been a summer job for high school and college aged youth, and when the kids can no longer work, city pools have no choice but to close.
Over the past 17 years, the building that once housed Roosevelt Middle School at 2100 Broadway in Great Bend has slowly evolved into a center that is making profound differences in the lives of people in the county that have weathered storms the vast majority have through grace been able to avoid. The result is uplifting, not only for those who receive help at what is now the Central Kansas Dream Center, but also for those that take time to help, to pray and to care about their fellow neighbors. On Saturday, an open house will give others who haven ...
With the start of school right around the corner, its almost time for clubs to become active again, and with church and sports gearing up too, there will be plenty of groups vying for what seems to be an ever shrinking slice of free time for families. Still, the benefits of young people getting involved with community clubs are far reaching. Friends are made, and projects and field trips provide fun learning experiences, and long-time involvement can even lead to better performance in school and the possibility of college scholarships too. For those itching to get involved in 4-H, new ...
Each week we'll take a step back into the history of Great Bend through the eyes of reporters past. We'll reacquaint you with what went into creating the Great Bend of today, and do our best to update you on what "the rest of the story" turned out to be.
"I feel like we abdicated our responsibility," Sen Michael O'Donnell, R-Wichita, was quoted in the AP story "Kansas cash balance to be lower than expected," in Wednesday's Great Bend Tribune.
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Each week we'll take a step back into the history of Great Bend through the eyes of reporters past. We'll reacquaint you with ...
HOISINGTON - With three band members and one football player from Hoisington High School selected to participate in the upcoming 2017 Shrine Bowl and Shrine Bowl ...
Thanks to the recent passage of HB 2102, which went into effect July 1, the governor will no longer be called on to appoint members ...
Everyone is invited to attend a Special Farmers Market Thursday evening, at the Summer Street Stroll Farmers Market at Jack Kilby Square. Then, when the ...
When the Great Bend Public Library learned it was one of six community organizations to receive annual support from the Don and Phyllis Whelan Endowment ...
LARNED - Mayor William Nusser spoke to The Great Bend Tribune on Monday, confirming the Larned City Council was aware of a bankruptcy filing last week ...
ELLINWOOD - Early Saturday morning, residents of Ellinwood began trickling onto Main Street, setting out blankets and lawn chairs in preparation for a tradition 44 years ...
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text:
Fine art show is coming to Mt. Pleasant Public Library
An art show fundraiser will be held at the Mt. Pleasant Public Library beginning Saturday.
Titled "Art and Soul, A Fine Art Show," the event is sponsored by the Friends of the Mt. Pleasant Public Library, and it will feature a variety of artwork from local artists.
An opening reception will take place from 1 to 3 p.m. Saturday.
Patrons are invited to visit the library and browse the array of art that will be available for purchase.
Admission is free, and refreshments will be served.
The show will run through July 15 during regular library hours.
"An art show is very appropriate for this area," said Phyllis Shumar, a borough resident and an artist who will participate in the event.
"Mt. Pleasant is quite a diverse town. We have a lot of talent here. This is a chance for us to show what our community has to offer," she added.
Approximately 20 local artists were asked to participate in the event by contributing three original pieces to be displayed. More than 30 submissions have been collected so far, with more coming in daily.
A wide variety of mediums will be represented including: oil and acrylics, watercolors, ceramics, graphics and photography.
A portion of the sale from each item will support the library's summer reading program for local children, said Mary Lou Shick, the library's director and a Mt. Pleasant Township resident.
"I think it's a wonderful idea," she said. "It's a new event for us, so it's a learning experience, but the cultural exposure is great."
The show will also serve as a commemorative event to honor the late Michael R. Comfort, who worked as an art teacher for Mt. Pleasant Area School District and whose creativity inspired generations of students.
Several event participants had taken art classes with Comfort.
"His artistic legacy lives on through many local artists," said Mary Jo Baker, who is one of the leaders of the publicity and website committees for the Friends of the Mt. Pleasant Public Library.
Commemorative items created by Comfort will be displayed at the library for the duration of the event.
"I thought it would be fun to bring a little more culture to Mt. Pleasant," said Nancy Sebek, a borough resident and president of the Friends of the Mt. Pleasant Public Library.
Sebek said when she brought the idea of an art show to the "Friends," the group was immediately in favor of sponsoring the event.
"We're hoping the show really takes off so we can make it an annual event," Sebek said.
Cami DiBattista is a freelance writer.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 4, 2000
|Filing date
|Dec 7, 1998
|Priority date
|Dec 7, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Aris Mardirossian
|Original Assignee
|Technology Patents, Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (31), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a system and method for enabling human beings to communicate with one another by monitoring brain activity. In particular, this invention relates to such a system and method where brain activity of a particular individual is monitored and transmitted in a wireless manner (e.g. via satellite) from the location of the individual to a remote location so that the brain activity can be computer analyzed at the remote location thereby enabling the computer and/or individuals at the remote location to determine what the monitored individual was thinking or wishing to communicate.
In certain embodiments this invention relates to the analysis of brain waves or brain activity, and/or to the remote firing of select brain nodes in order to produce a predetermined effect on an individual.
It is known to monitor brain activity by way of electroencephalograph (EEG) methods, magnetoencephalograph (MEG) methods, and the like. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,816,247 and 5,325,862, the disclosures of which are both hereby incorporated herein by reference. As discussed in the '247 patent, an EEG may be recorded from a number of pairs of scalp electrodes and processed according to known software. Such software and/or hardware acquires both processed and unprocessed EEG data and may record it on a disk. The records may be replayed and statistics of the on-line measures made on suitable sections placed in categories predefined by a user. This may utilize the form of database of statistical measures of brain activity. Unfortunately, neither the '862 nor the '247 patents disclose or suggest any methods by which humans can communicate with one another by way of monitoring brain activity.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,561 discloses a communications device and method, the entire disclosure of the '561 patent hereby being incorporated herein by reference. The '561 patent discusses a method and device for vibromechanical tactile communications adaptable for use by individuals to recognize alpha numeric messages in a language or in other symbols known to them. The '561 patent discusses using a series of sequentially firing vibromechanical stimulators vibrating against a suitably tactile sensitive surface of the wearer (e.g. skin) to induce a phenomenon of illustration of linear continuity. Unfortunately, the '561 patent requires the use of burdensome and complex vibromechanical tactile devices, and is not suitable for long distance communication.
It is a purpose of this invention to address any or all of the above-identified problems in the prior art, as well as other problems which will become apparent to the skilled artisan from the following detailed description of this invention.
Generally speaking, this invention fulfills the above described needs in the art by providing a method of communicating comprising the steps of:
providing a first human being at a first location;
providing a computer at a second location that is remote from the first location;
providing a satellite;
providing at least one sensor (preferably a plurality--e.g. tens, hundreds, or thousands, with each sensor monitoring the firing of one or more brain nodes or synapse type members) on the first human being;
detecting brain activity of the first human being using the at least one sensor, and transmitting the detected brain activity to the satellite as a signal including brain activity information;
the satellite sending a signal including the brain activity information to the second location;
a receiver at the second location receiving the signal from the satellite and forwarding the brain activity information in the signal to the computer;
comparing the received brain activity information of the first human being with normalized or averaged brain activity information relating to the first human being from memory; and
determining whether the first human being was attempting to communicate particular words, phrases or thoughts, based upon the comparing of the received brain activity information to the information from memory.
In certain embodiments, the invention includes the following step: asking the first human being a plurality of questions and recording brain activity of the first human being responsive to the plurality of questions in the process of developing said normalized or averaged brain activity information relating to the first human being stored in the memory. A database in a memory may include, for each of a plurality (e.g. one hundred or thousands) of individuals, a number of prerecorded files each corresponding to a particular thought, attempt to communicate a word, attempt to communicate a phrase or thought, or mental state. Measured brain activity of a given individual may be compared to files from that database of that individual to determine what the individual is attempting to communicate or what type of mental state the individual is in.
In certain embodiments, the plurality of questions are the same question.
In certain embodiments, the plurality of questions are different questions.
In certain embodiments, the invention includes the step of normalizing or averaging recorded brain activity responsive to a given question or set of questions in developing the normalized or averaged brain activity information relating to the first human being.
It is an object of this invention to enable brain activity of a first human being to be monitored, with the activity being transmitted to a remote location so that individuals and/or a computer at the remote location can determine what the first human being was thinking or intending to communicate. In such a manner, human beings can communicate with one another via monitoring of brain activity, and transmission of the same.
It is another object of this invention to communicate monitored brain activity from one location to another in a wireless manner, such as by IR, RF, or satellite.
It is another object of this invention to provide a system capable of identifying particular nodes in an individual's brain, the firings of which affect characteristics such as appetite, hunger, thirst, communication skills (e.g. which nodes are utilized to communicate certain words such as "yes", "no", or phrases such as "I don't know", "I'm not sure", or numbers such as "one", "two", "ten", "one hundred" and the like), thought processes, depression, and the like). When such nodes are identified, they may be specifically monitored by one or more sensors to analyze behavior or communication or words, phrases, or thoughts. In other embodiments, devices mounted to the person (e.g. underneath the scalp) may be energized in a predetermined manner or sequence to remotely cause particular identified brain node(s) to be fired in order to cause a predetermined feeling or reaction in the individual, such as lack of hunger, lack or depression, lack or thirst, lack of aggression, lack of alzheimer's disease effects, or the like.
Brain node firings are the basis of thought and mind processes of individuals. Certain embodiments of this invention enable such brain firings and behavior to be captured by an external device. It is an object of this invention to utilize a normalization or normalizing curve (or waveform or pattern) based upon monitored brain activity to detect or determine thought processes by the monitored individual. In such a manner, individuals can transmit by satellite what they are thinking or intending to think via their monitored brain activity, without the need to talk or write down information.
Each individual has a distinct pattern of brain node firings or brain activity. Each person is believed to be different in this regard. Thus, a separate brain activity file may be stored in a memory for each individual, and analyzed or compared to received brain activity from the monitored individual in order to determine what that individual is thinking or attempting to communicate.
It is an object of this invention to utilize brain monitoring and transmission of monitored brain activity for lie detection and/or human communication.
It is another object of this invention to formulate or build-up a file for each individual based upon patterns recorded in response to that individual answering or responding to numerous predetermined questions with known intended responses. Subsequently, monitored brain activity from that individual may then be compared to information stored corresponding to that individual to determine whether the individual is lying or what the individual is intending to communicate in the monitored brain activity. The higher the level of detail of the file, the higher the level of potential communication by certain embodiments of this invention.
At least one sensor on the scalp or skin in certain embodiments provides signals representative of physiological activity generated in the brain of a monitored individual. A data acquisition device receives the signals representative of the physiological activity generated in the monitored brain, and transforms the signals into a pattern or curve corresponding to the monitored brain activity. This is then transmitted (e.g. by satellite) to a computer located at a remote location, with the monitored brain activity pattern or curve being stored in a memory at the remote location. The computer then causes the received pattern or curve information to be compared with stored brain activity pattern information relating to the monitored individual in order to determine (a) whether the monitored individual is lying in response to a particular question, or (b) what the monitored individual is communicating or attempting to communicate.
Another object of this invention is to utilize normalization curves representative of received brain activity patterns from the monitored individual, and to compare the received normalized data with normalized brain activity pattern or curve data stored in memory relating to that individual. The use of normalization curves in one or both of the individual's file and received brain activity improves reliability, accuracy, and efficiency.
In certain embodiments of this invention, the computer located at the remote location includes a neural network suitably programmed in accordance with known neural network techniques, for the purpose of receiving the monitored brain activity signals, transforming the signals into useful forms, training and testing the neural network to distinguish particular forms and patterns of physiological activity generated in the brain of the monitored individual, and/or comparing the received monitored brain activity information with stored information relating to that individual in order to determine what the individual is attempting to communicate.
This invention further fulfills the above described needs in the art by providing a method of affecting a mental or physiological state of an individual, the method comprising the steps of:
providing at least one firing device capable of being energized on an individual; and
energizing the firing device to cause the firing device to cause a particular or group of brain nodes to be fired in the individual in order to affect the mental or physiological state of the individual.
In certain embodiments, the method including the step of providing the at least one firing device on or under the scalp of the individual in proximity of the brain of the individual.
In certain embodiments, the method including the step of identifying at least one brain node related to the mental or physiological state intended to be affected, targeting the identified brain node, and energizing the firing device or devices to cause the identified node to be fired in order to affect the mental or physiological state of the individual.
In certain embodiments, the method is utilized to cause the individual to be one of less hungry, less thirsty, less anxious, and less depressed.
In certain embodiments, the remote node firing devices are electrically energized and generate electromagnetic waves which cause a plurality of brain nodes to be fired.
This invention will now be described with respect to certain embodiments thereof, along with reference to the accompanying illustrations.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the system and method according to a first embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the neural network inclusive computer of the FIG. 1 embodiment of this invention.
FIGS. 3(a)-3(f) are exemplary graphs of monitored brain activity of different individuals, with, for example, FIG. 3(a) illustrating monitored brain activity of a particular individual who is attempting to communicate the word "no" and FIG. 3(b) illustrating monitored brain activity of the same individual when that individual is attempting to communicate the word "yes."
Referring now more particularly to the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals indicate like parts throughout the several views.
There are significant individual differences in electrical and magnetic activity in the brain. Brain node or synapse firings are chemically and/or electrically caused and/or related. Some characteristics of brain activity may be relatively stable when measured from day to day. Brain responses to sensory stimulation (e.g. visual, audible, olfactory, gustatory, etc.) as well as higher order cognitive processing (e.g. decision-making or thought/word communication), can be examined in great detail using a variety of recording procedures. A recording of brain electrical activity is called an electroencephalograph (EEG), and a comparable record of magnetic activity is called a magnetoencephalogram (MEG). When human sensory systems are stimulated by a particular event (a given sound or optical effect) or when a human wishes to communicate a particular word or phrase (e.g. the word "yes" or the word "no"), there is a predictable sequence of processing that occurs in the brain. This processing generates an event related potential that can be recorded from the scalp beginning shortly after the onset of the stimulation, and lasting for approximately 0.5-4 seconds after the stimulation. These potentials can be repeatedly generated from individuals given the same stimulus or wishing to communicate the same word or phrase. In certain embodiments of this invention, brain activity may be repeatedly sampled, and response patterns averaged by way of a normalization curve or the like. Comparable recordings of averaged or normalized magnetic activity may be referred to as evoked fields. Neuroelectric and neuormagnetic recordings are subsets of general measurings referred to as bioelectric and biomagnetic measures. These measures refer to recordings which may be made from different types of tissue including neural, muscle, heart, etc. For example, EEG, evoked potentials (EP), MEG, position emission tomography (PET) of glucose, or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may be used to monitor brain activity in different embodiments of this invention.
Event related potentials have been shown to be stable and unique to individuals. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,862, which is incorporated herein by reference. Although the actual shape of such potentials varies considerably from individual to individual, there is stability within individuals over time for individual waveforms. Sources of these potentials and variations thereof include individual differences in brain anatomy and differences in the way in which information is processed by each individual. Thus, it is feasible herein to utilize monitored brain waveforms for the purpose of determining whether an individual is lying or not, or what word or phrase a particular individual is attempting to communicate (without the need for writing information down or speaking).
Thus, evoked fields and/or event related potentials can be utilized as classifiers for several purposes. For example, because these potentials and/or fields are relatively unique to individuals, an individual's evoked field or event related potential (or brainprint) can be utilized to determine what thoughts an individual is communicating or attempting to communicate given knowledge of the identification of that individual and previously recorded patterns associated with that individual communicating predetermined words, phrases or thoughts. Because there is a remarkable degree of stability in individual waveforms of a person over time, it is possible to identify changes in individual event related potentials and evoked field patterns which can be utilized to determine when an individual is lying, or impaired in any way.
There are numerous neural networks in the brain, these networks having complex inner connections and non-linear response patterns. Relationships between the latencies and amplitudes of event related potentials and evoked field waveform features have become well understood. In addition, there are many individual variations in waveform morphology. Computing techniques modeled after brain neural functions are known in the art. They are typically referred to as neural network analysis techniques or computers. Neural network analysis computing technology offers a method for finding complex, non-linear relationships in large data sets, even when the nature of the relationships is not known in advance. Neural network technology is implemented sometimes using computer software programs, but may also be hardware implemented. Neural network theory, and detailed descriptions of specific techniques, are available in numerous books and articles set forth in the aforesaid '862 patent, as well as in, for example, any of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,136,687; 5,059,814; 5,461,699; 5,737,485; 5,224,203; and 5,640,493, the entire disclosures of which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference. Such neural computing systems have a capability to learn features of data sets and classify same into either unknown or predetermined categories. A variety of neural network techniques may be utilized to classify event related potentials, evoke fields, or any other type of pattern corresponding to monitored brain behavior. In most neural networks, input values are adjusted through a series of layers by a series of transforms and weighted so that output categories are correctly predicted. Thus, a neural computing system herein may be utilized to receive monitored brain activity and based upon predetermined stored and/or learned information, determine based upon the received information what word, phrase, or thoughts the monitored individual is attempting to communicate. In such a manner, the monitoring of brain activity may be utilized to allow individuals to communicate from one location to another, with the neural computer or any other type of computer analyzing the monitored brain information (e.g. via comparison with previously recorded brain activity of that person) and outputting information indicative of the word, phrase, or thoughts which the monitored individual is attempting to communicate.
FIG. 1 illustrates a particular monitored individual 3 according to an embodiment of this invention. Individual 3 includes a head 5. As illustrated, sensors 7 may be attached or otherwise disposed adjacent to the scalp or skin of the individual 3. Sensors 7 detect and monitor brain activity of individual 3. Sensors 7 can detect event related potentials and/or event related fields (i.e. ERPs or ERFs). Optionally, sensor 7 may be utilized to detect any other type of "brainprint" indicative of brain activity of individual 3.
The monitored "brainprint" of individual 3 is forwarded to a small transmitter 9 which is preferably embedded in the skin of individual 3, or in close proximity to individual 3. Transmitter 9 causes the monitored "brainprint" information detected by sensor 7 to be transmitted by way of antenna 11 as wireless signals 13. In certain embodiments of this invention, signals 13 propagate through atmospheric free space in the form of uplink satellite signals toward satellite 15. Satellite 15 receives signals 13 and then redirects those signals back toward Earth as signals 17 which include information therein (analog or digital) indicative of the monitored brain activity of individual 3. Signals 17 are received by antenna 19. Antenna 19 and individual 3 are both preferably located on Earth at different locations. In certain embodiments, antenna 19 is located at a location remote from individual 3. For example, individual 3, sensor 7, transmitter 9, and antenna 11 may all be located in Europe while receiving antenna 19 and computer 21 may be located in the United States.
FIG. 1 illustrates both a digital embodiment 23 and an analog embodiment 25 of receiving systems. Either may be utilized. When signals 17 include digital information, they are received by antenna 19 and forwarded to tuner 27. The signals are processed through equalizer 29, demodulator 31, parallel to serial converter 33, deinterleaver 35, decoder 37, descrambler 39, digital estimator 41, and finally to neural network analysis or other type of computer 21. Monitored firings of brain nodes may be broken down into digital form (e.g. the firing of a node is equivalent to a "1" and nonfiring to a "0"). These 1s and 0s, which are digital, may be modulated onto a carrier and then transmitted to the satellite so that the monitored brain activity in the signal is in digital form. When the computer receives this monitored signal from the satellite, the demodulating system analyzes the received digital information (e.g. 1s and 0s) which is indicative of the firing of select brain nodes of the monitored individual. These digital signals may be transformed, in certain embodiments, into analog form similar to the illustrations of FIG. 3, or alternatively may be kept in digital form and compared with prestored digital signals to determine what the monitored person was intending to communicate.
In analog embodiments, signal 17 is received by antenna 19, and the information forwarded to tuner 27, amplifier 43, and the analog information inclusive signal 45 is forwarded to computer 21. In analog embodiments, the signals received by the monitoring sensors are in the form of waves similar to those shown in FIG. 3 herein.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of computer 21 in certain embodiments of this invention. The input thereto may be in either analog or digital form. Computer 21 includes processor 51, RAM 53, comparing device 55, and memory 57 for storing a plurality of files or patterns of measured brain activity or responses of particular individuals. For example, memory or storage 57 may include one file for individual X which includes hundreds of monitored brain activity (e.g. ERPs or ERFs) that were measured when individual X was attempting to communicate the word "no." Another file in storage or memory 57 may have stored therein hundreds or thousands of monitored brain patterns or activities of individual X when individual X was attempting to communicate the word "yes." Storage or memory 57 may also include similar files for individual X including patterns which were measured when the individual was attempting to communicate different words or phrases. Each of these files may have a normalized curve, waveform or pattern formed or developed for each word, phrase, or thought for each individual, based upon all of the recorded patterns or curves for that word, phrase, or thought (e.g. 1,000 such recordings for the phrase "help me," and 1,000 for the phrase "I've been caught." Memory 57 further includes in certain embodiments many different files for many different individuals, all including files for each individual's past communicating of particular words, phrases, or thoughts.
Normalized curves or patterns corresponding to each individual's attempt to communicate a particular word, thought, or a pattern may be stored in storage or memory 57. Thus, for individual X attempting to communicate the word "no", a normalized curve, waveform, or a pattern may be stored in memory 57 indicative or such a communication. Likewise, a normalized curve, waveform, or pattern may be stored in memory 57 for individual Y attempting to communicate the word "no" and another distinct normalized curve, waveform, or pattern may be stored in memory 57 for individual Y attempting to communicate the word "yes." In a similar manner, a normalized curve, waveform or pattern may be stored in memory 57 for individual Y attempting to communicate the phrase "I don't know" or "I'm not sure." Thus, if one hundred different human beings have files in memory 57 corresponding to each of these individual's attempt to communicate the phrase "I don't know", then one hundred different normalized waveforms, curves or patterns would be stored in memory 57, each corresponding to a particular individual. A normalized curve, waveform, or pattern may be developed by repeatedly asking an individual tens, hundreds, or thousands of times a particular question or group of questions which evoke a known response such as "I don't know," or "no" or "yes." Each time the response is made, a curve, waveform, or a pattern is recorded. After tens, hundreds, or even thousands of these patterns have been recorded, a normalized curve, waveform or pattern is formed based upon same so as to be indicative of that particular individual's attempt to communicate the phrase. In a similar manner, if it is desired to store normalized curves, waveforms, or patterns for ten different words, phrases or thoughts communicated by a particular individual, then a normalized curve, waveform, or pattern is developed for each of the different ten items so that ten different normalized curves, waveforms or patterns are stored in memory 57 for that individual and classified accordingly. Thus, when computer 21 receives signals indicating brain activity from that monitored individual, the received signals are compared by device 55 to the ten different normalized signals in memory 57 in order to determine what the individual is attempting to communicate.
FIGS. 3(a)-3(f) illustrate different normalized curves which may be stored in memory 57. FIG. 3(a) shows a normalized curve indicative of individual "Joe" attempting to communicate the word "no." FIG. 3(b) shows a normalized curve indicative of individual "Joe" attempting to communicate the word "yes." FIG. 3(c) shows a normalized curve indicative of another individual "Steve" attempting to communicate the word "no", while FIG. 3(d) shows a normalized curve indicative of individual "Steve" attempting to communicate the word "yes." Finally, FIG. 3(e) shows a normalized curve indicative of still another individual "Anita" attempting to communicate the word "no", while FIG. 3(f) illustrates a normalized curve of "Anita" attempting to communicate the word "yes."
Thus, if computer 21 receives a signal including monitored brain information identified as being from individual "Steve", then computer 21 causes the received signal to be compared by device 55 with the normalized curves or waveforms shown in FIGS. 3(c) and 3(d) and all others normalized stored signals of "Steve." If a match or a close match is found between the received monitored signal and the normalized curve of FIG. 3(c), then the computer determines that "Steve" was attempting to communicate the word "no." Meanwhile, if no match is found with the normalized curve of FIG. 3(c), but a match or a substantial match is found with regard to the normalized curve or waveform of FIG. 3(d), then the computer determines that "Steve" was attempting to communicate the word "yes." If no match is found between the received "Steve" signal and any normalized curve or waveform of either FIG. 3(c) or FIG. 3(d), or with any other normalized curve stored in memory 57 corresponding to "Steve", then the computer determines that it is unclear what "Steve" was attempting to communicate.
Thus, different embodiments of this invention may be utilized to help individuals communicate with one another without having to send faxes, make telephone calls, speak, or the like. For instance, military personnel located in the Middle East or Europe can communicate with superiors in the Pentagon, simply by use of monitored brain activity being transmitted by satellite to the Pentagon. Alternatively, a special operations individual (e.g. a spy) located in Europe could be asked a question by way of a telephone call, fax, or the like, and that individual can respond to that question simply by thinking the answer so that that individual's monitored brain activity which is transmitted back to the United States can be analyzed to determine the individual's response. In further embodiments of this invention, twoway human communication is possible, provided that human beings at both locations have equipment capable of analyzing and monitoring received monitored brain activity. In such a manner, individuals at two remote locations may communicate with one another without either individual having to speak a word, write anything down, or the like.
In other embodiments, devices mounted to the person (e.g. underneath the scalp) may be energized in a predetermined manner or sequence to remotely cause particular identified brain node(s) to be fired in order to cause a predetermined feeling or reaction in the individual, such as lack of hunger, lack or depression, lack or thirst, lack of aggression, lack of alzheimer's disease effects, or the like. In an example of such an embodiment, the sensors may be replaced with remote firing devices. The computer may cause satellite signals to be sent to a receiver on or proximate an individual, which receiver forwards instructions to the remote firing devices that are mounted, e.g. under the scalp of the individual, in order to selectively cause same to fire or be energized. Such energizing of the device(s) under or near the scalp in a predetermined manner tend to cause identified brain nodes to fire a predetermined number of times. This is useful, for example, in the following scenarios. For example, the system can be used to identify which brain node(s) in a particular individual are typically fired causing that individual to not be hungry. If that individual has an eating disorder or problems with obesity, then the firing devices can be remotely energized thereby causing the identified brain node(s) to be fired at predetermined or random times in order to cause the individual to not be hungry (even if the individual has not eaten for several hours or several days).
In a similar manner, brain nodes which cause an individual to be jovial or not depressed can be identified, and caused to be remotely fired by the computer and firing devices 7 mounted under the scalp in a predetermined manner or sequence(s) in order to minimize or prevent depression of the individual. This may eliminate the need for drugs such a Prozac. Alternatively, such drug(s) may be administered after such remote node firings, and the nodes at issue thereafter being monitored as discussed above and a biofeedback being performed to determine the effectiveness of the drug(s) or alternatively to enable a system to be utilized combining drug treatment with remote node firings to more effectively prevent or minimize depression of the individual. Thus, the biofeedback may enable the identified nodes to be fired by the firing devices and/or drug treatment at the proper level to most efficiently treat the disease, illness or state. This invention, including remote firings and/or monitoring, is not limited to these examples, and its potential uses are almost endless. Brain node firings can be remotely controlled in a predetermined manner or sequence(s) (even random or sequential) to reduce, minimize, or eliminate undesirable behavior or mental characteristics. This may eliminate or reduce the need for burdensome drug treatments and the like. Brain node firings of a normal person, or of a particular person in a given mental or physical state, may be monitored and the brain activity stored and analyzed in the computer 21 memory. This stored brain activity may then be caused by remotely causing the firing devices to cause particular brain node(s) to be fired at given times or intervals in a predetermined manner or sequence. The computer may be programmed to instruct the brain sensors and/or firing devices to identify which brain nodes are responsible for which types of physical or mental behavior, and then the computer transmits firing instructions to the firing devices for those nodes to cause them to be fired in a predetermined manner to effect such physical or mental behavior.
Once given the above disclosure, many other features, modifications, and improvements will become apparent to the skilled artisan. Such other features, modifications, and improvements are, therefore, considered to be a part of this invention, the scope of which is to be determined by the following claims.
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|Aug 19, 1994
|Jun 4, 1996
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Pulsating behavior monitoring and modification system for neural networks
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|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., Inc.
|Historical database training method for neural networks
|Dec 7, 1995
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|Biofield Corp.
|Neural network method and apparatus for disease, injury and bodily condition screening or sensing
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|Feb 17, 1998
|Gilbert R. Gonzales
|Tactile communication device and method
|Sep 30, 1994
|Mar 3, 1998
|Bro; L. William
|Method for mediating social and behavioral processes in medicine and business through an interactive telecommunications guidance system
|Feb 9, 1994
|Mar 24, 1998
|Itil; Turan M.
|Transmitting, analyzing and reporting EEG data
|Apr 3, 1996
|Apr 7, 1998
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Benzoxazines for enhancing synaptic response
|Mar 7, 1995
|Apr 7, 1998
|Rutgers The State University Of New Jersey
|Method and apparatus including microphone arrays and neural networks for speech/speaker recognition systems
|Jul 23, 1993
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|Heteroatom substituted benzoyl derivatives that enhance synaptic responses mediated by ampa receptors
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|Michael F. Roizen
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|Method and apparatus for electroencephalography
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|Insertion of medical devices through non-orthogonal and orthogonal trajectories within the cranium and methods of using
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|May 9, 2017
|Sherwin Hua
|Insertion of medical devices through non-orthogonal and orthogonal trajectories within the cranium and methods of using
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|Electroencephalogram acquisition unit and system
|May 11, 2001
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|Jose Millan
|System for detecting brain activity
|Feb 1, 2006
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|Brian machine interface device
|Dec 12, 2006
|Jul 5, 2007
|Brown Stephen J
|Method and apparatus for interactively monitoring a physiological condition and for interactively providing health-related information
|Dec 5, 2006
|Nov 8, 2007
|Brown Stephen J
|System and method for remote education using a memory card
|Jul 17, 2006
|Jan 17, 2008
|Buarque De Macedo Pedro Steven
|Methods of diagnosing and treating neuropsychological disorders
|Dec 20, 2007
|Jun 26, 2008
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for operating terminal by using brain waves
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|Alzheimer's cognitive enabler
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|Insertion of medical devices through non-orthogonal and orthogonal trajectories within the cranium and methods of using
|Jun 27, 2011
|Mar 1, 2012
|Lim Hyebong
|Mobile terminal and method of controlling operation of the mobile terminal
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|Feb 14, 2013
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Apparatus and method for generating brain waves for suppressing appetite while dieting
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|Method and system for assisting patients
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|Computing device for enhancing communications
|Oct 18, 2002
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|Biofeedback method and device, as well as a method for producing and presenting data
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|May 11, 2001
|Nov 22, 2001
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|System for detecting brain activity
|U.S. Classification
|600/544, 600/545
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 25, 1999
Owner name: TECHNOLOGY PATENTS, LLC, MARYLAND
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text:
[Date Index]
[Thread Index]
[Author Index]
Re: plotting two functions on the one graph
On 15 Dec 04 10:24:47 -0500 (EST), Frank Murphy wrote:
>siafra at vaxsa.csied.unisa.it wrote:
> how can I plot two functions f(x), g(x) with the same x range on
> two different y-axes, say the one for f(x) at left and the one
> for g(x) at right ?
Plots (one or more) are usually made to compare quantities of the same
order of magnitude, so Mathematica has such a default plotting
feature. If there are big differences, either use a LogPlot or use a
scale factor SF in multiples of 10 to divide out the larger quantity
bringing it at par with the others for comparable plots.
f = Plot[Sin[x], {x, 0, Pi}, DisplayFunction -> Identity];
g = Plot[Exp[x]/SF, {x, 0, Pi}, DisplayFunction -> Identity];
Show[{f, g}, DisplayFunction -> $DisplayFunction];


text:
Hello, fellow Halo Nationers!
2 years ago, I tried to Write an Article for the Unggoy heard in Halo 3 with the IWHBYD skull on. This was rejected, but now I have proof that it is not fan fiction. since there is an article for Flipyap, why not one for Poonflip?


text:
Lightweight fighter, Bobby Green, has been forced out of his scheduled bout with Alonzo Martinez this weekend with an undisclosed injury.
Strikeforce officials announced the change in card yesterday afternoon but did not give word on a replacement opponent for Martinez.
"Strikeforce: Rockhold vs. Jardine" is set to go down on January 7 from The Joint at Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas Nevada. In the main event, Luke Rockhold will attempt to defend his middleweight title for the first time against the crafty MMA veteran, Keith Jardine. The Main card airs for free on Showtime and the preliminary portion of the evening is set to air on Showtime Extreme.
Green is a former KOTC champ, who, upon making his Strikeforce debut suffered a close split-decision loss to top prospect Gesias "JZ" Cavalcante. After notching his first defeat for the promotion he went on to the Challengers series where he successfully took out Charon Spain and J.P. Reese in his last two outings. He was won six of his last eight fights, but will now have to wait until healed to return to action.
The latest "Strikeforce: Rockhold vs. Jardine" card includes:
MAIN CARD: (Showtime)
Champ Luke Rockhold vs. Keith Jardine
Adlan Amagov vs. Robbie Lawler
Lorenz Larkin vs. Muhammed "King Mo" Lawal
Jordan Mein vs. Tyron Woodley
Tarec Saffiedine vs. Tyler Stinson
PRELIMINARY CARD: (Showtime Extreme)
Alonzo Martinez vs. TBA
Nah-Shon Burrell vs. James Terry
Trevor Smith vs. Gian Villante
Ricky Legere vs. Chris Spang
Click here for the latest STRIKEFORCE coverage provided by BJPENN.COM


text:
Ramachandran, V and Radhakrishnan , B and Dwarakanath Rao, B and Parameswara, MA and Subbarayadu, K and Radhakrishnan, S (1988) Electroslag Welding. Project Report. National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore.Full text available as:
|PDF - Published Version
Download (63Kb)
This is the final report of a Grant-in-aid project of the Aeronautics Research and Development Board . The report contains details of the construction of two types of electroslag welding units. Using these, sound welds free from cracks, with smooth bead appearance and good side wall penetration have been obtained on plates of mild steel, a medium carbon pressure vessel steel, En 24 steel, an armour steel and an austenitic stainless steel . The microstructure and mechanical properties of the weldment and heat affected zone have been studied.
|Item Type:
|Proj.Doc/Technical Report (Project Report)
|Uncontrolled Keywords:
|Electroslag welding, wire electrode, consumable guide, strip electrode, steels, weldment, heat affected zone, microstructure, mechanical properties .
|CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS > Chemistry and Materials (General)
|Materials Science Division, Materials Science Division, Materials Science Division, Materials Science Division, Materials Science Division, Materials Science Division
|Depositing User:
|Ms Indrani V
|Date Deposited:
|01 Aug 2012 13:30
|Last Modified:
|01 Aug 2012 13:30
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text:
I love the phrase "less is more" because it is the absolute truth in the fashion world. I believe that simplicity is key, especially in college fashion. Professors notice the appearance of a student in the classroom and will take that into consideration on how they may view you as a student professional. Now, we have all seen those students who roll out of bed and head straight to class (not the way to go)! You do not have to wear slacks everyday but people notice the effort you take to get dressed, which could say a lot about your personality traits. Build your personal and professional brand without even saying a word.
This Fashionisto is wearing a burgundy pullover and a pair of denim jeans. The pullover is simple and complements his jeans and shoes perfectly. I love the neutral colors of this look and it is the perfect way to start off the day. Pullovers are an excellent way to get you through spring! It may be a lot cooler in the day and it is convenient to take off if necessary. This allows his look to be clean, casual and professional all at the same time.
He tops his look off with a pair of Cole Hann shoes. This definitely is fashion trend amongst a lot of college students! Sneakers are great but it is always good to switch your look up from time to time (don't be boring)! I love college fashion because it is a great way to see the versatility of fashion on a college student.
Hint: Cross-body backpacks are a great way to navigate through campus. It is always great to get a neutral colored bag so that it can go with almost anything in your wardrobe!


text:
Ricky Ponting, preparing to lead Australia into battle as Test captain for the first time, will wear the prestigious Allan Border Medal around his neck as he flies to Sri Lanka tonight, after he was overwhelmingly voted the most outstanding cricketer of the year.
Only Adam Gilchrist's continuing stranglehold on the one-day game prevented Australia's 42nd Test captain from making the first clean sweep in the award night's five-year history.
Ponting's murderous year - from his glittering 140 to lead Australia to victory in the World Cup final to his three Test double centuries in 2003 - earned 139 votes from the players, umpires and media who voted using a 3-2-1 system.
Ponting was also named Test player of the year for the second successive time, reflecting his almost Bradmanesque achievements. He was, in fact, the first player since Don Bradman to score three double tons in a calendar year, and eclipsed West Indies captain Brian Lara as 2003's most prolific runscorer.
Last night, Ponting said his biggest challenges were still ahead, as he assumes the Test leadership from Steve Waugh and takes the Australian one-day squad to Sri Lanka tonight.
"The last 12 months has been an exceptional year for me. I don't see any reason why I can't (get better). The challenge is there for me now to remain consistent at this high level. If you look back to Matthew Hayden over the last three or four seasons he has been very consistent each year. The challenge now is ahead of me to do that same thing and I'll be preparing the same way and giving myself the best chance to do that," Ponting said later.
"(Sri Lanka is) a pretty hard place to play and a pretty hard place to win. We lost the series in Sri Lanka last time so that challenge lies ahead of us again."
Ponting, who was accompanied by his wife, Rianna, at the Crown Palladium Ballroom last night, played 11 out of a possible 12 Tests and made 1557 runs at a stratospheric average of 103.8. The season culminated with his successive double centuries against India in Adelaide and Melbourne.
Last night he sat on a table with Shane Warne and his wife, Simone, after the leg spinner's successful comeback match for the Victorian Second XI.
"He is and has been such a great cricketer and bowler for Australia over a long period of time that if he gets back to his best or somewhere near his best the selectors are going to find it hard not to pick him," Ponting said.
In one-day cricket, Ponting tied for second with Brett Lee. Both were outshone by Gilchrist in the end.
Earlier, NSW batsman Simon Katich was announced as state player of the year. Besides returning to international cricket and bedding down a place in the Australian middle-order more than two years after playing his only Test, and clinching a one-day place for the tour of Sri Lanka, Katich shone brilliantly for his adopted state.
A year after leaving WA, Katich made more runs than any other batsman in domestic cricket during the voting period, averaging 71.35 in the four-day and one-day competitions. But it was his value as a left-arm wrist spinner that endeared him to Steve Waugh and the national selectors when Darren Lehmann (a three-time winner of the award) and Stuart MacGill broke down during the Test series against Zimbabwe.
"The whole decision to move to Sydney has been the catalyst for me. I knew I was going out on a limb and when you make a decision like that you want to make sure it works for you," Katich reflected. "I've done everything in my power to try and make it work for me and I think I owe a lot to everyone at Cricket NSW."
Fast bowler Cathryn Fitzpatrick, who recently became the first female player to capture more than 100 wickets in one-dayers, was named women's international cricketer of the year. Fitzpatrick, who is currently on tour in New Zealand, is considered the world's fastest female bowler. She was voted the most outstanding player for the second successive year.
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106 S 12th StreetChesterton, IN 46304ph: (219) 926-5645fax: (219) firstname.lastname@example.com
Dunes Office is northwest Indiana's best place to find great deals on new and used office furniture. Desks, office chairs, file and storage cabinets, tables, cubicles, and more. Along with a full catalog of new furniture, we have over 12,000 sq/ft of used and reconditioned inventory.
We offer the finest new, pre-owned and reconditioned office furniture and equipment at exceptional prices. Visit Dunes Office Furniture today!
106 S 12th Street
Chesterton, IN 46304
M-F 9-5 & Sat 9-1
Please contact us anytime! We look forward to hearing from you.
Phone: (219) 926-5645
Fax: (219) 926-3156
Copyright 2011 Dunes Office & Shop Equipment. All rights reserved.
Web Hosting by Yahoo!


text:
Mother the New Mother
See this part of the article: "Don't forget about mothering the new mother -- a tried-and-true tradition in many cultures. If mother-adrenaline has your friend spinning like a top, try to convince her to take a warm bath and catch up on her sleep. She needs to conserve her energy. Motherhood is a marathon, not a sprint event." My comment: Sometimes people forget all about the new mother in all the excitement about the new baby. A new mom needs practical and emotional support during this exciting but overwhelming time in her life.
A good looking man on the cover, playing with baby and changing diapers? Yeh, that's new mom porn.Added 9 Years Ago from Amazon.com
Mommy's to be, this ones for you! Full of funny tales and insight into becoming a babies momma.Tags: Mom, chardonnay, wine, baby, kids, parenting, Mothers Day Gifts, childrens, gifts for herAdded 9 Years Ago from Amazon.com


text:
Below, the
rounds up the latest royal headlines.
Coming soon to a post office near you
Just in time for return of mail service, Canada Post has launched a new royals-themed stamp, depicting Kate and Wills in all their wedding day glory. It's the third in a series of Kate-and-William stamps issued by Canada Post; the stamps are available as of June 28 online or by mail order.
Funny hats: not just for the British!
Activist group Environmental Defence Canada has teamed up with the U.K.'s Tar Sands Network to design some royal-themed headgear of a very different kind (photos above).
Gillian McEachern of Environmental Defence says, "These hats tell the story of Canada, a very different Canada to the one Prince William's parents visited 20 years ago. In a humourous way, we wanted to make the point that Canada is not the country the couple might be expecting, with the tar sands especially damaging our reputation around the world."
Jane Austen, early ancestor to Kate Middleton?
According to
Jane Austen is a (distant) relation of Kate Middleton's. Through a common ancestor, Henry Percy, who lived in the 15th century, the Duchess is related to Jane Austen. Mr. Percy was Kate's 16th great-grandfather and Mrs. Austen's 10th great-grandfather. This makes Kate and Ms. Austen 11th cousins, six times removed.
The people's Will
showed that Canadians prefer Prince William to his father and to the Queen, with 56% of Canadians saying they prince to succeed Queen Elizabeth instead of Prince Charles.
National Post


text:
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Eating Disorder Counselor
Abigail Blackburn, Psy.D.
Licensed Psychologist
233 Needham Street Third Floor, Newton, Massachusetts
Whether severely restricting calories, overeating or caught in the binge/purge cycle, if some deep hurt or experience of abuse or trauma is causing you to use food to cope with hard emotions and low self esteem, my treatment approach is helpful. By examining what has happened, reconstructing beliefs and thoughts about it, strengthening your ability to assertively speak up during inner and interpersonal conflicts, and addressing other difficult emotional triggers, my clients learn how to hold strong boundaries, voice needs appropriately, repair self-esteem, and restore more control over what happens to them. You CAN transform your relationship to food. Visit my website for more detail.
Eating Disorder Counselor
Kevin Fleming Ph.D.
Coach/Change Agent/Consultant
Newton, Massachusetts
While most eating disorder issues are treated by cognitive behavioral methodologies or specialized outpatient/inpatient programs, Grey Matters International and the work of Kevin J. Fleming, PhD provide relief first and foremost for the brain of one suffering from an eating disorder----without giving them medication. We believe that the neural circuitries responsible for the compulsive behaviors with eating are not necessarily only a neurotransmitter issue but of overused neural networks that affect the harmonization, balance, and decisions of the whole brain. Contact firstname.lastname@example.com or 877-606-6161 to learn more about this safe and effective alternative.
Eating Disorder Counselor
Krista Sand, LICSW, LADC-I
Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker
13 Bowdoin Street, Boston, Massachusetts
I work with clients who struggle with compulsive overeating issues, body image issues, and disordered thinking around food. I work with clients to assist them in reaching a place of satisfaction with their bodies and the food they eat. My approach is based on the work of Evelyn Tribole & Elyse Resch as outlined in their groundbreaking book "Intuitive Eating".
Eating Disorder Counselor
Annemarie Santangelo, LADC-I, CADAC-II, M.Ed., CCDVC
Psychotherapist, Addictions Specialist
228 Central St. Suite 5, Saugus, Massachusetts
Eating disorders -- such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder – include extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight and food issues. Eating disorders are serious emotional and physical problems that can have life-threatening consequences for females and males. The most effective and long-lasting treatment for an eating disorder is counseling, coupled with careful attention to medical and nutritional needs. Ideally, this treatment should be tailored to the individual and will vary according to both the severity of the disorder and the patient's particular problems, needs, and strengths.
Eating Disorder Counselor
Ellen S Leventhal, MEd., MS, LMFT
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
Norfolk MA & E Counseling In MA and Virginia , Norfolk, MA, & all of Virginia Online Counseling, Massachusetts
Today, eating disorders are spread throughout classes, races, ethnicity, and subcultures. Eating disorders are determined by multiple factors: individual personality traits, physiological predispositions, family patterns, critical experiences such as loss or abuse, the sociocultural influences of gender roles, and the meanings ascribed to food, weight, and appearance as well as the addictive quality of modern day foods. Family & individual therapy can help the whole family system, relieving the blame, self-degradation, & confusion for the individual and gives the family clear guidelines of how to help. The goal is to use food as nourishment & develop satisfying connections with loved ones
02459 is a zip code located in Middlesex County and part of Newton Center, Massachusetts. It has a land area of 5.004 square miles.  The population of 02459 is 19,095 people.