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This paper was presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and
Mass Communication in San Antonio, Texas August 2005.
If you have questions about this paper, please contact the author
directly. If you have questions about the archives, email
rakyat [ at ] eparker.org. For an explanation of the subject line,
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(Feb 2006)
Thank you.
Elliott Parker
Framing the SARS Outbreak:
A Comparative Study of Press Coverage
in the People's Daily and the New York Times
Song Tian
Department of Communication
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Lafayette, LA 70504
Tel: (337) 482 -8077
E-mail: [log in to unmask]
William R. Davie, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Communication
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Lafayette, LA 70504
(337) 482-6140 Fax: 337.482-6104
E-mail: [log in to unmask]
Submitted to the International Division of the Association for
Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
This study focuses on the SARS coverage combines two conceptual
frameworks: framing theory and risk communication to compare how the
elite press of China and the United States�the People's Daily and the
New York Times--framed the SARS outbreak and its potential risks for
public health. This study showed that there were some similarities
but considerable differences in news frames and sources used by the
two newspapers. Two new frames, solution and hazard, appeared to be
most common to the two newspapers' SARS coverage.
Framing the SARS Outbreak:
A Comparative Study of Press Coverage
in the People's Daily and the New York Times
Submitted to the International Division of the Association for
Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
This study focuses on the SARS coverage combines two conceptual
frameworks: framing theory and risk communication to compare how the
elite press of China and the United States�the People's Daily and the
New York Times--framed the SARS outbreak and its potential risks for
public health. This study showed that there were some similarities
but considerable differences in news frames and sources used by the
two newspapers. Two new frames, solution and hazard, appeared to be
most common to the two newspapers' SARS coverage.
In any country, the news media's role as a disseminator of
information increases in importance when disaster strikes. The
mechanism by which the media present information on potential hazards
to the public's safety can influence the perceptions of risk and
direct activities to reduce that peril. When one lethal epidemic,
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), swept across East Asia,
Southeast Asia, Canada, and other areas across the world in spring
2003, it became clear that the news media in the global age had
assumed a redefined role in the risk communication process. The
reporting of risks posed geopolitical challenges as journalists faced
difficulties in providing accurate and timely information across
borders. It is the different methods of reporting risk from the
context of different political economies and countries that informs
this study. By comparing media narratives of the risk situations in
the context of different cultures and countries, it is possible to
obtain useful insights into the critical textual choices that frame
the story during crises.
This study analyzes the news frames of SARS stories published by two
of the prestigious newspapers of China and the United States, the
People's Daily and the New York Times, and identifies the key
elements that differentiate news frames in the context of two
important countries in order to obtain a clear understanding of how a
disaster story is reported in politically and culturally dissimilar countries.
In 2003, pictures of a fatal epidemic labeled the Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) were broadcast worldwide. After the first
case of SARS was detected in South China's Guangdong Province in
November 2002, this pneumonia-like disease spread to 29 countries
around the world within the first six months, causing more than 900
deaths and 8,422 infections (WHO, 2003). Due to its deadly and rapid
contagious attributes of SARS, WHO issued its first global alert
reporting cases of severe atypical pneumonia in Vietnam, Hong Kong,
and China's Guangdong Province on March 12, 2003. The epidemic
reached its peak level on June 5, 2003 in the hardest-hit country,
China, and in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and Canada ("SARS
epidemic," 2003). Even though it did not mark the end of SARS, the
WHO declared on July 5, 2003 that SARS had been contained worldwide
after Taiwan was the last region on its list to be free of new
infections ("SARS outbreak," 2003).
Literature Review
Media coverage on SARS
The Chinese media response to the SARS outbreak exhibited a marked
series of changes over the months of disease migration. When WHO
issued its first warning against the disease in March 2003, the
response in the Chinese newspapers appeared to reflect the official
line that the disease had been brought under effective control
(Anthony 2003). The turning point appeared to come on April 20,
2003, when the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party, the highest authority in China's ruling faction,
issued an order to openly disseminate information on the spread of
SARS (SARS, Iraq war: Chinese Media Spurred on Revolution,
2003). This opened a near floodgate of reportage on the SARS
outbreak. The efforts to control SARS were described by the Chinese
media as a "people's war against SARS" from various perspectives,
including disease prevention, research on the virus and the medical
workers who saved the lives of others while risking their own (Bai
and Xiong, 2003).
The news coverage of SARS expanded to a lesser degree in the United
States, where 73 probable cases and 347 suspected cases had been
reported as of July 1, 2003 (Case update, 2003). Major news
magazines, Time, Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report all devoted
cover stories to the epidemic. On April 8, 2003, Time magazine
published a vital letter by Jiang Yanyong, a Chinese military surgeon
from Beijing, who for the first time in the western media publicized
and detailed the real situation about the magnitude of the SARS
epidemic in Beijing (Jakes, 2003). Although the New York Times
covered the SARS outbreak seriously, which shared the news agenda
with the war in Iraq at the time, health information regarding this
illness in the New York Times was unpacked into its various subtopics
in a fragmented manner (Drache, Feldman & Clifton, 2003).
While the SARS outbreak triggered a wave of relevant coverage in
Chinese and American news media, some media scholars attempted to
explore how the media in different countries responded to the
disease. Wallis and Nerlich (2005) examined how the coverage of SARS
in the U.K. press was framed and how language and metaphor were
used. Wallis and Nerlich demonstrated how the British media often
used two different sets of metaphors in their framing of the SARS
coverage: One used the term, "killer," primarily to describe the
nature and effect of the disease; the other was "Control," which was
employed to discuss responses to the outbreak.
From a comparative perspective, few researchers explored news frames
of the SARS coverage and identified factors influencing the selection
of news frames across countries directly affected by SARS. For
instance, Chang et al (2004) analyzed and compared SARS framing in
the press media of Canada, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, and
the United States. Their study found that the context-related
factors (e.g., organizational characteristics of media and economies)
influenced media frames about the SARS epidemic in those selected
nations. Another study, conducted by Luther and Zhou (2004),
identified that the economics, conflict, responsibility, and
human-interest frames established in previous studies (Semetko &
Valkenburg, 2000) were also adopted by Chinese and U.S. media to
cover SARS stories. Their study also found that these news frames
varied due to the distinct social structural environment across countries.
Background of the People's Daily and the New York Times
Mass media are part of the governmental institutions of China, and
have been regarded as a link between the Chinese Communist Party
(CCP), the government, and the people (Schell, 1995). The
predominant role of mainland Chinese journalism is that it serves as
an organ of the government, and the Communist Party acts as media
owner, manager, and practitioner (Chu, 1994). The People's Daily is
the most important official mouthpiece of the Central Committee of
the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with a current circulation of more
than three million copies daily. According to the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), it ranks
among the world's top 10 newspapers in readership. As an organ of
the CCP, its editorials directly reflect the opinions of the party's
central authorities. Furthermore, it is responsible for propagating
the party's political lines, policies, and goals for the Chinese
people. It usually sets the tone for the Chinese press on national
and international issues (Houn, 1961). There are certain
proscriptions and "red lines" guiding all Chinese media, most
significantly, the time-honored taboo of not questioning the party's
right to rule (Media in Mainland China, 2005).
Unlike their Chinese counterparts, U.S. newspapers are expected to be
"objective" or at least neutral and stress factual information in
their reporting (Priest & Ten Eyck, 2003). According to Pool (1970),
the elite newspapers within each country are usually semiofficial,
always in some way tied to the government and represent its
authoritative point of view, especially on foreign policy. Even
though the New York Times often doesn't follow the federal
government's line, Pool insists that it still retains the chief
characteristics of such elite newspapers. Established in September
1851, the New York Times was identified as the most prestigious
American newspaper among the top five ranking daily newspapers
(Emery, 1983). Over the past century, the New York Times has become
the newspaper of record for historical events, and is one of the
major sources of international news for Americans (Summit
communications, 2004).
Framing Theory
Framing theory poses a scientific means for analyzing the content of
news coverage. Originally conceived as the second-dimension of
agenda setting, Entman (1993), defined framing as the news process of
selecting "some aspects of a perceived reality," and making them
"more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a
particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral
evaluation and/or treatment recommendation" (p. 53). In general,
framing involves the organization and packaging of information by
selection and salience.
Tuchman (1978) argued that journalists make sense of the world by
creating frames that involve two processes: "an occurrence is
transformed into an event" and "an event is transformed into a news
frame" (p. 193). Other studies explained the conceptualization and
operationalization of framing by examining key variables in the
message and audience. According to Entman (1991), news frames exist
as specific properties of the news narrative that are embodied in the
key words, metaphors, concepts, symbols, and visual images emphasized
by the stories.
A number of studies focus on media frames in order to examine how the
frame used gives meanings to the issue or event being presented
(e.g., Entman, 1993; Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000). These studies
agree on the fact that there are a number of recurrent frames in
media coverage, although news may be framed in different ways. For
instance, Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) investigated five major
frames which appear commonly and are repeated in news coverage over
time: attribution of responsibility, conflict, human interest,
economic consequences, and morality. Following is the abbreviated
description of each of the five frames:
The attribution of responsibility frame reveals a problem, and
attribute responsibility for its cause or solution to either the
government or to an individual or group. The conflict frame
"emphasizes conflict between individuals, groups, or institutions as
a means of capturing audience interest" (Semetko & Valkenburg 2000,
p. 95). Neuman, et al. (1992) argued that the routines of news
making encourage the media to use the conflict frame to attract
audience interest. The human-interest frame brings a human face, an
individual's story, or "an emotional angle to the presentation of an
event, issue, or problem" (Semetko & Valkenburg 2000, p. 95). This
frame personalizes and emotionalizes the news. The economic
consequences frame emphasizes how events can be covered in terms of
the financial impact it will have on the public. The morality frame
puts the event, issue or problem in the context of religious tenets
or ethical prescriptions.
Semetko and Valkenburg's study (2000) showed that the attribution of
responsibility and conflict frames were most commonly used in the
presentation of news, especially by serious newspapers and television
news programs, followed by the economic consequences, human interest,
and morality frames, respectively. The use of the five categories of
frames not only helps the receiver of the news think and talk about
issues or events in some certain way but also provides researchers
with an approach to do testable and comparable research.
Norris (1995) suggested that the framing process is dynamic and the
dominant news frames change and evolve over time in American news
coverage of international affairs. Other studies found that the
framing of news is often influenced by a variety of intrinsic and
extrinsic factors involving individual, societal and cultural norms
(Tuchman, 1978). Shoemaker and Reese (1996) argued that at least five
factors influence how journalists frame an issue: social norms and
values; organizational pressures and constraints; pressures of
interest groups; journalistic routines; and the ideological or
political orientations of journalists.
Risk Communication
Risk communication is defined as "an interactive process of exchange
of information and opinions among individuals, groups, and
institutions concerning a risk to human health or the environment"
(National Resource Council, 1989). This research addresses how
individuals, groups or organizations frame the world by presenting
scientific evaluations of risks.
Risk communication is a complex and evolving process of increasing
importance in protecting the public's health (Prevention report,
1995). The application of it starts with a potential or actual hazard
or danger, and an assessment of that hazard. Public health officials
considered the news media as a vital vehicle for epidemic-prevention
in that it is a quick and effective method of disseminating important
information and messages (Mercado-Martinez et al, 2001). Therefore,
media coverage of epidemics and those affected by the disease can
influence public perceptions of personal risk. Tversky and Kahneman's
(1974) studies further indicated that continual media reporting of a
hazard can increase the ability to recall the risk.
Some media scholars who have studied news media's coverage of risk
have challenged the quality of this type of communication in the news
media. Wilkins and Patterson (1987) examined news coverage between
1984 and 1985 of the Bhopal (toxic chemical) and Chernobyl (nuclear)
disasters that caused deaths and injuries in India and the former
Soviet Union. Their study found that news media often commit
underlying errors of attribution when covering risk situations in
that journalists treat both disasters as political and novel events,
and the coverage does not provide sufficient information and analysis
of risk. Other studies further demonstrated that the general public
and the scientific community disagree on their risk perceptions.
Jasanoff (1993) observed that non-experts and unprofessional people
tend to unreasonably respond to risk information and do not rightly
evaluate and interpret such hazardous information. The conflicts on
the perception of risk information between the public and government
officials, scientists and other relevant professionals tend to be
deteriorated by a lack of trust in information sources and selective
and biased news coverage by the media (Renn & Levine, 1991; Sjoberg, 2000).
Overall, risk communication takes place in the context of media
frames. Risk frames can have a significant impact on the
understanding of risk and the decision-making process (Slovic et al.,
1984). Through such frames, media make certain points prominent and
ignore others while reporting news events and explaining how they are
to be understood (Entman, 1993). For instance, a pandemic disease's
potential risk to the public can be highlighted while its potential
economic impact is ignored depending on different story frames. By
using content analysis, the phenomena of how the media frame the
epidemic in the context of risk communication can be systematically studied.
This study mainly adopted the categories of frames identified by
Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) with two modifications. In our pretest
sample of 20 stories, there were no stories falling into the morality
frame, while more items were related to risk and risk assessment of
the potentially fatal illness. The morality frame thus was
eliminated in favor of the hazard frame for the purposes of this
analysis. The researcher also looked at the SARS pretest stories and
noticed that a large sample focused on how health experts, government
or other institutions solved problems related to the
epidemic. Therefore this study used the solution frame to replace
the responsibility frame in order to more clearly and accurately
describe the coverage.
Based upon the review of the previous literature about framing theory
and risk communication, this study proposed the following hypotheses:
H1. The solution frame would be used more often in the People's Daily
than in the New York Times.
The solution frame was adapted from the attribution of responsibility
frame identified by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) in order to
underscore the efforts to resolve related problems or issues during
the SARS crisis by the government, specific individuals or
groups. The SARS outbreak first struck Asia, and specifically China,
before it spread to other areas in the world. Therefore, the People's
Daily would be more likely to report on how to cure and control the
disease. By contrast, the New York Times might be less inclined to
report how authorities in other countries were waging the fight
against the SARS outbreak in the world.
H2. The human-interest frame would be used more in the People's Daily
than in the New York Times.
According to Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), the human-interest frame
brings a human face, an individual's story, or an emotional angle to
the presentation of an issue or problem. Because most of the SARS
cases were reported by China, the readers of the People's Daily would
be expected to ask how many Chinese had been infected with the SARS
virus, while the New York Times readers would be presumably less
concerned with individuals or poignant narratives regarding foreign citizens.
H3. The economic consequences frame would be used more often in the
New York Times than in the People's Daily.
The economic consequences frame emphasizes the future financial
consequences of the event (Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000). The New York
Times would be able to devote more time to thinking about and
analyzing the economic impact of the SARS outbreak, while the Chinese
press leader would tend to avoid that perspective.
H4. The conflict frame would be used more often in the New York Times
than in the People's Daily.
The conflict frame emphasizes divisions between individuals, groups,
or institutions often in order to capture the audience's interest
(Semetko & Valkenburg 2000). The New York Times would tend to focus
more on criticizing the Chinese government for its lack of
disclosure, while the People's Daily would be less likely to
criticize official reports released in Beijing, or to reflect on the
disagreements or divergence of opinions between the government and
prominent individuals.
H5. The hazard frame would be used more often in the New York Times
than in the People's Daily.
The hazard frame concerns risk and risk assessment of the SARS
outbreak. The western media were criticized by some media scholars
for distorting the nature of the disease with coverage focusing on
certain negative aspects. Therefore, the New York Times would have
devoted more time and space to report on risks of the SARS outbreak
while the People's Daily would be more likely to reassure its readers
with articles suggesting that the government was on its way to
controlling the epidemic.
This study also asked the following research questions:
RQ1. Did the dominant frames of coverage of SARS in the People's
Daily and the New York Times change during different stages of the
crisis? Previous studies showed that themes of news coverage in the
media changed over time; emphasis on a theme or issue can be
determined by its number, length and story order (Norris, 1995).
Ungar (1998) suggested that news frames could be changed by
journalists while dread events are developing in unforeseeable and
threatening ways.
RQ2. How does the use of sources in the coverage of SARS by the
People's Daily and the New York Times. News sources played a key
role in the framing of information. Shoemaker and Mayfield (1987)
found that the types of sources used by reporters are influenced by
social and institutional pressures within and outside the news
organization. Considered differences of the media systems between
China and the United States, the People's Daily would be expected to
use more news sources by government officials than the New York
Times, which is more likely to cite health experts and non-government
organizations, such as the WHO, as the primary sources of SARS information.
Selection of Sample
The People's Daily and the New York Times were selected for this
study because they represent the most prestigious newspapers in China
and the United States. All SARS stories from March 12 to July 6, 2003
in the two newspapers were collected and coded. March 12 is the date
that SARS captured worldwide attention when the first global alert
was issued by the World Health Organization. On July 5, 2003, the
World Health Organization declared that the SARS outbreak had been
contained, and it removed Taiwan from the list of affected areas (WHO, 2003).
The basic unit of analysis for this study is the news story. Of all
the stories related to SARS, only fact-based reports focusing on the
SARS outbreak and directly related aspects were included. News in
brief, photographs, graphics, illustrations, editorials, op-ed
pieces, letters to the editor, very short stories with less than 100
words, and articles that made only passing reference to the disease
were excluded.
In the case of the New York Times, the full-text search engine of the
Lexis/Nexis, the "Major Papers" library database was used to collect
the SARS articles. The operational definition for the sample was any
article containing the keywords "severe acute respiratory syndrome"
or its acronym "SARS" in the headline or lead. This procedure
produced a sample of 271 articles, excluding approximately 340 less
pertinent articles within a total data set of 610 articles.
In order to analyze the People's Daily, full texts of all relevant
stories were downloaded for the sample from the People's Daily online
archives. The keywords "Fei Dian Xing Xing Fei Yan" (atypical
pneumonia) as well as its abbreviation "Fei Dian" were used to search
for relevant stories. It was necessary to use distinct keywords in
searching the People's Daily because the respiratory illness,
commonly known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the
United States, was described as "atypical pneumonia" in China. It did
not carry the SARS label in that country. Among of the total of 2,740
articles, a number of irrelevant texts such as prose, poems as well
as other material unsuitable for this study were eliminated from the
analysis. This procedure produced a sample of 489 fact-based stories
focusing on the SARS outbreak.
Sources of Information
The analysis also examined the sources used by journalists,
tabulating the first source attributed in each article. With a coding
manual that explicitly defined each source, these articles were
classified according to the following seven types: (1) government;
(2) non-government organizations (NGOs); (3) health expert; (4)
patients; (5) patients' friends and/or families; (6) business and
finance; and (7) other.
Framing Measures
Based upon the study of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), the following
five news frames were used to code each story: solution, conflict,
human interest, economic impact, and hazard. Detailed operational
definitions for the conflict, human interest, and economic impact
frames were guided by a series of 11 questions adapted from Semetko
and Valkenburg's (2000) study while the solution and hazard frames
were measured by five questions established for each frame.
Solution frame: This frame was measured by affirming the following
questions: Does the story emphasize or suggest there is a possible
cure or solution to the spread of the disease or its other harmful
effects? Does the story identify what entity (government,
health/science institutions) should take responsibility for affecting
this solution? Does the story suggest the specific action(s) that
individuals, groups or organizations could take to deal with the
problem? Does the story suggest why the problem requires these urgent
action(s)? Does the story suggest any progress made in terms of
affecting these solutions?
Conflict frame: This frame was measured by three questions: Does the
story reflect disagreement between
parties�individuals�groups-countries? Does one
party-individual-group-country reproach another? Does the story refer
to two sides or to more than two sides of the problem or issue?
Human interest frame: This frame was measured by five questions: Does
the story provide a human example or "human face" on the issue? Does
the story employ adjectives or personal vignettes that generate
feelings of outrage, empathy-caring, sympathy, or compassion? Does
the story emphasize how individuals and groups daily activities have
been changed by the issue/problem? Does the story delve into the
private or personal lives? Does the story contain visual information
that might generate feelings of worry, sympathy, or compassion?
Economic consequences frame: This frame was measured by three
questions: Is there a mention of financial losses or gains now or in
the future? Is there a mention of the costs or degree of expenses
involved? Is there a reference to the economic consequences of
pursuing or not pursuing a course of action?
Hazard frame: This frame was measured by five questions: Does the
story emphasize the dangers or hazardous effects of the illness? Does
the story contain anxious messages detailing these effects? Does the
story measure the extent of the impact in terms of harmful
consequences? Does the story contain references to deaths and
casualties? Does the story suggest the problem is without specific
solutions other than avoidance?
Data Treatment and Analysis
For testing instrument reliability, a pilot study was conducted to
prove the operational measures. Specifically, ten percent of the full
sample from each newspaper was randomly selected, and statistically
compared by two graduate students within the social sciences who were
native Chinese speakers. The two coders agreed upon the frame
selection for 62 of 76 articles, yielding a reliability coefficient
of .816. For the variable of news source, intercoder agreement was
achieved for 68 of 76 articles, yielding a .895 reliability
coefficient. Scott's pi corrects for the possible disagreement
between coders, which ranged from .69 to .78 over the two variables.
This study used 27 undergraduate students in the Department of
Communication at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette to code 271
New York Times articles. Two graduate students who were native
Chinese speakers also were selected for coding the People's Daily
articles. Each article was assigned to only one frame based on the
operational measures of the five identified frames for this study.
A total of 760 stories were analyzed for the use of framing and
sources in both newspapers. This study found a few similarities and
significant statistical difference in the categories of frame and
sources used. The People's Daily mainly adopted the solution frame
(365) and the human-interest frame (64) to cover the SARS outbreak.
During the same time period, the three most frequent frames of the
SARS outbreak in the New York Times were solution (86), hazard (63),
and economic consequences (57). (See Table 1).
H1. The solution frame would be used more often in the People's Daily
than in the New York Times.
Solution framing of SARS stories focused on the subject matter
relating to efforts to resolve problems or issues on the illness,
such as a topic of SARS isolation and quarantine or other actions
taken by the Chinese government to prevent the spread of SARS. The
findings indicated that solution was the primary frame of the
coverage of the SARS outbreak for both the People's Daily and the New
York Times. However, there were significant differences in the
solution-framed stories between the two newspapers. Nearly
three-fourths (74.6 percent) of the coded articles in the People's
Daily used the solution frame, whereas only about one-third (31.7
percent) of the New York Times stories adopted the solution frame to
cover the illness. A two-tailed t-test was conducted to examine
whether there were significant differences in the solution-frame
stories between the People's Daily and the New York Times. The
result was a significant difference at the p<.001 level (t=11.53,
df=758, p<.001). Therefore, hypothesis 1 was strongly supported. (See
Figure 1).
H2. The conflict frame would be used more often in the New York Times
than in the People's Daily.
The conflict frame emphasizes conflict between individuals, groups,
or institutions in order to attract audience interest. Although other
researchers in studies of media framing found conflict narratives to
be commonly used by serious newspapers (Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000),
only 13 articles (2.7 percent) of the stories coded in the People's
Daily used the conflict frame. Five of those stories covered the
divergence of opinion between mainland China and Taiwan, which was
triggered by opposition of China to cooperation between the WHO and
Taiwan. As can be seen in figure 2, the New York Times preferred the
conflict frame (41 articles, 15.1 percent), although it was not
predominant in the coverage. The result of a two-tailed t-test run to
test hypothesis 2 indicates that the difference was significant at
the p<.001 level (t=-6.4, df=758, p<.001) between the conflict-frame
stories of two newspapers. Thus, hypothesis 2 was supported.
H3. The human-interest frame would be used more in the People's Daily
than in the New York Times.
Figure 3 shows that a slightly higher percentage of the
human-interest frame used by the People's Daily than by the New York
Times. Specifically, 13.1 percent of the SARS stories in the People's
Daily adopted the human-interest frame while 8.9 percent of articles
in the New York Times used the same frame. A two-tailed t-test was
conducted to test whether there were differences in the
human-interest-frame stories between the People's Daily and the New
York Times. As Figure 3 indicated, the t-test result was not
statistically significant (t=1.75, df=758, p>.001). Therefore,
hypothesis 3 was not supported. However, it is important to note that
there were significant differences in the content of the
human-interest articles in the two newspapers. About four-fifths of
the human-interest articles in the People's Daily included an
individual's account of how to make efforts to fight against SARS,
especially among medical practitioners or Communist Party members. In
contrast, human-interest articles in the New York Times seldom
highlighted efforts taken by an individual to combat the disease in
concert with others. Instead, these articles tended to emphasize how
the disease influenced people's personal choices or actions.
H4. The economic consequences frame would be used more often in the
New York Times than in the People's Daily.
The results for Hypothesis 4, which predicted that the New York Times
would have a higher percentage of articles adopting the economic
consequences frame than the People's Daily, are displayed in Figure
4. Even though the spread of SARS deeply influenced China's economy
especially in terms of public consumption and tourism, less than ten
percent (8.2 percent) of the articles in the People's Daily applied
the economic consequences frame to discuss the SARS
crisis. Dissimilarly, the New York Times preferred the economic
consequences frame (21 percent) as compared to the People's Daily
reports on SARS' impact on the Chinese economy and other regions and
countries around the world. The result of a two-tailed t-test showed
that the difference was statistically significant at the p<.001 level
(t=-5.09, df=758, p<.001). Therefore, hypothesis 4 was supported.
H5. The hazard frame would be used more often in the New York Times
than in the People's Daily.
The results of Hypothesis 5, which predicts that the
People's Daily would be less likely than the New York Times to employ
the hazard frame, are displayed in Figure 5. The results strongly
support this hypothesis at a level of p<.001 significance (two-tailed
t-test, t=-9.96, df=758, p<.001). While nearly one-fourth (23.2
percent) of the stories in the New York Times adopted the hazard
frame to depict the epidemic, only 7 articles (1.4 percent) in the
People's Daily gave prominence to the dangers of the disease. In
other words, the obvious frame of SARS as a hazard was the least
likely one to appear in the People's Daily. In contrast, the hazard
frame was the second one in the New York Times. Furthermore, a number
of hazard-frame articles in the New York Times contained facts
detailing the dangers or hazardous effects (55.6 percent), anxious
messages (65.8 percent), and deaths or casualties (40.5 percent).
RQ1. Did the dominant frames of the SARS coverage in the People's
Daily and the New York Times change during different stages of the crisis?
This study examined the evolution of the main frames of the
SARS coverage in the two newspapers during three periods of the SARS
crisis: initial period (March 12, 2003-April 20, 2003), middle period
(April 21, 2003-June 5, 2003), and final period (June 6, 2003- July
6, 2003). Two significant events were used to divide these periods:
the turning point of the SARS crisis due to the end of the Chinese
government's information blockade (April 20, 2003) and the peak of
SARS worldwide as pronounced by the WHO (June 5, 2003).
Figure 6 indicates the solution frame dominated the news of SARS in
the People's Daily across three periods although the percentage of
this type of coverage decreased as events unfolded. The use of
human-interest frames across different periods were less significant
than the economic consequences frame: The coverage with the
human-interest frame slightly increased and peaked after two Chinese
top officials were fired on the spot for a breach of duty on April
20, 2003, then fell slightly after June 5, 2003. Conversely, the
economic consequences frame increased quickly to nearly one-sixth
after the peak of SARS passed on June 5, 2003, and replaced for the
human-interest frame as the second most common frame of coverage.
For the New York Times, use of the solution frame increased when
concern arose over the possible infection and expansion of SARS after
March 12, 2003, but decreased after SARS news peaked on June 5, 2003
(see Figure 7). It indicates that cure or prevention of this illness
was given greater attention after the WHO issued its first global
alert about the SARS epidemic, but the newspaper's attention tended
to shift from the solution frame after SARS hit its peak on June 5,
2003. Both the hazard and conflict frames decreased gradually while
the economic consequences frame increased over time in the New York
Times. Specifically, more than one-fourth (28.6 percent) of the news
items appeared to frame the mysterious new disease as a hazard before
April 20, 2003; this slightly fell to fewer than one in five stories
(19.2 percent) after the disease passed the peak. It is important to
note that the hazard frame was more commonly used than the solution
frame in the New York Times before April 20, 2003. It indicates that
news coverage was more likely to attribute hazard to the mysterious
new disease in the early time period rather than in later periods.
The economic- consequences stories increased to become the secondary
frame of the SARS coverage in the New York Times after the epidemic
in China was reported to the public by the government after April 20, 2003.
RQ2. How does the use of sources in the coverage of SARS by the
People's Daily and the New York Times?
The second dimension of analysis was the sources used in the
articles. This study adopted the first source in the story as the
primary source. One of the obvious differences in sources between the
People's Daily and the New York Times was the use of the government
as a source. As can be seen in Table 2, government sources dominated
the People's Daily stories, accounting for 62.8 percent of the total
sources. Although relied upon less than the government, health
experts (16.6 percent) were the secondary sources found in the
People's Daily. These included physicians, specialists, herbalists,
nurses, therapists and other health practitioners. Business spokes
people (8.38 percent) and non-government organizations (7.6 percent)
were also sources for these articles. The People's Daily rarely used
patients (2.2 percent) as sources. Patients' relatives and/or friends
appeared only 4 times in the coverage of the People's Daily.
The sources of the New York Times were quite dissimilar to the
People's Daily. The New York Times used more non-government
organizations (25.1 percent) and health experts (24.4 percent) than
did the People's Daily. This is to be expected given the fact that
WHO was one of the non-government organizations that served as
channel of the SARS information flow at the time. The newspaper also
quoted government (21.8 percent), but much less than the People's
Daily. Conversely, business and finance readers (16.2 percent) were
cited as sources more than the People's Daily. The New York Times, in
consonance with the People's Daily, seldom used patients (5.2
percent) and their relatives and/or friends (3 percent) as sources.
Other sources such as witnesses or bystanders were also used
infrequently by the People's Daily (1.6 percent) and the New York
Times (4.4 percent).
This study examined how the elite press of China and the United
States-- People's Daily and New York Times--framed the SARS outbreak
and its potential risks on the public health. The results showed that
there were some similarities but considerable differences in news
frames and sources used by the two newspapers. Although both
newspapers paid much attention on the cure or prevention of the SARS
problem, the articles aimed toward solutions to control the epidemic
predominated in the People's Daily and retained a much higher level
than the New York Times. Few hazard and conflict frames were adopted
to the SARS coverage in the People's Daily. This finding was not in
full support of the conclusion of Semetko and Valkenburg's study
(2000). Their research demonstrated the conflict frame as well as the
responsibility frame was most commonly adopted by serious
newspapers. However, the finding in the New York Times articles was
consistent with the study of the British media's SARS coverage by
Wallis and Nerlich (2005), whose study showed that the western media
tended to use two different sets of metaphors, killer and control, to
describe the nature and potential risk of the disease as well as
responses to the disease. In other words, the New York Times
highlighted the risks of the SARS epidemic significantly more than
the People's Daily. These findings are not surprising since previous
studies showed that framing often is based on external influences
such as social norms, organizational constraints, and interest-group
pressures (Shoemaker & Reese, 1996). In this case, the discrepancy of
the media systems, and the sociocultural and political boundaries
explain the significant differences in frames used by between the two
Given the importance of risk communication to this public health's
understanding of such a problem, these findings demonstrate a lack of
sufficient reporting on the knowledge of risk and hazard assessment
by the Chinese media. This is supported by the fact that only 1.4
percent of all coded stories of the People's Daily included the
hazardous effects of the illness, deaths and casualties, and other
anxious messages during the crisis.
It seems that the overwhelming solution-frame stories in the People's
Daily served as an acceptable means for invigorating the national
spirit and ralling the public to fight the war against SARS. For
Chinese journalists and their organizations, it appears that the
solution and the human-interest frames worked together to strengthen
public support for the government. Thus, news frames not only provide
information for the public to understand the health crisis, but also
provide strategies by which the government could manage the affairs
of emergency. For the People's Daily, coverage that strongly
emphasized the government's efforts to control the epidemic seemed to
suggest media's function of assembly and solidarity were to be
highlighted in the health crisis.
In the further examination of the role of the elite press as an
information disseminator, the data showed that the People's Daily
articles heavily relied on different levels of government rather than
health experts to reassure the public when communicating information
on risk to the public. The media frames of the SARS coverage in both
newspapers were tied to news sources. Using sources from the
government, the People's Daily was much more likely to frame its
coverage from an official point of view. The New York Times, unlike
the People's Daily, tended to rely more on non-government
organizations and health experts in its coverage of the disease. The
finding that both newspapers used health experts as their secondary
sources showed that medical professionals were viewed by both
newspapers as trusted sources of information. This result is
consistent with previous studies (Branstrom & Linblad, 1994). This
study also found that government officials were more likely to be
quoted in the solution-frame stories by both newspapers. One reason
for this could be the fact that most of the official sources came
from SARS-inflected countries in which the governments were taking
actions to control the disease. This could explain why government
sources were more likely to be tied with the solution frame. On the
other hand, the New York Times is a western newspaper. Restrictions
on access to the Chinese government's important statistical data of
the SARS epidemic could create a frame quite different than a western
newspaper. This also could explain the high percentage of the use of
NGO sources by the New York Times.
Clearly, these findings offer quantitative data showing how the media
in the two countries on both sides of the Pacific have indeed played
contrasting roles in the process of risk communication. This study
appears to support theories that organization and structure influence
media frames (Shoemaker & Reese, 1996). The results show that
differences in content and sources used by journalists across
countries with different media systems affect story frames. As to
what extent the media coverage of SARS emphasizing solution,
conflict, human interest, economic impact, or hazard shaped public
opinion during the crisis is still unknown. However, it is clear that
the media in both countries conveyed different perceptions of risk to
their audiences, and thus somehow affected the response by the
public. In the context of the framing of the SARS outbreak in 2003,
this study demonstrated that the distinct understandings and methods
of reporting in the context of an epidemic conveyed different
political and ideological impressions. The degree of those
differences is significant in terms framing theory and risk
communication phenomena. This is especially true in terms of the
emerging epidemic, its high uncertainty, and potentially fatal
consequences require effective risk communication strategies that
will alleviate and not worsen the problem. In the case of the Chinese
news media's coverage of SARS, that was the key question.
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Chang, K., Salmon, C., Lee, D., Choi, J., & Zeldes, G.. (2004). A
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Chu, L. (1994). Continuity and change in China's media reform.
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Entman, R. M. (1991). Framing U.S. coverage of international news:
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Communication, 41, 6-27
Entman, R.M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
Houn, F.W. (1961). To change a nation. New York: Macmillan. pp.134-152.
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2005, from http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/poypm2003/jiang_yanyong.html
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Analysis. 1993; 13(2), pp. 123-129.
Luther, C.A. & Zhou, X. (2004). The Framing of SARS: An Analysis of
News Coverage in China and in the United States. 2004 AEJMC
Convention, Toronto, Canada
Mercado-Martinez FJ, Robles-Silva L., Moreno-Leal N., Franco-Almazan
C., (2001). Inconsistent journalism: The coverage of chronic diseases
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text:
Current Residence: Tough to say.....
deviantWEAR sizing preference: XXS
Print preference: 500m Katamari
Favourite genre of music: J-rock Experimental Electronica Classical Anime OST Ambient
Favourite photographer: =+Sacrosanct+=
Favourite style of art: Copics, CG, Vector, Traditional Means
Operating System: Hair Straightener / Hairspray
MP3 player of choice: Samsung Yp-P2 8GB
Shell of choice: Red Scarf ----- Gatsby Wax
Wallpaper of choice: Pepper Project
Skin of choice: My-----HOT DAMN.
Favourite cartoon character: Cloud/Black Cat/Lelouch/Bk201/Li Shengshun/Hei/Mao/Yin/Huang/C.C/Saber/Balsa/BLACKSTAR
Personal Quote: Seriously, fuck it guys. Don't spend life doing something you don't want.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wapshott gives us no less than Milton Friedman, the father of monetarism, claiming himself something of an heir to Keynes.
More and more I am coming to feel it's time to give a second look to Milton Friedman's idea of a guaranteed annual income.
July 31 marks the centenary of the birth of the high priest of monetarism, Milton Friedman.
The Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz classic, A Monetary History of the United States.
"I have no knowledge of any meltdown," Finger said, suggesting that his former deputy Milton Klein might know more.
"I feel as if I could never play again," interrupted Milton.
When he came to Rieka he thought fit to appeal to the England of Milton.
This is well enough, but he goes too far in his fancy for a telling picture, and drags in Milton, shy and silent.
These trees were old acquaintances of Crane's, having, like him, been transplanted from Milton.
History, however, has indemnified Milton for the neglect and poverty he endured.


text:
2010 Lt. Governor Candidate Interviews
It's a wide open race for Lt. Governor this year. For the first time in more than a decade, there's no incumbent running in the contest. And this situation has brought out a number of candidates seeking this office. Vermont Edition's Jane Lindholm and Bob Kinzel will be talking with the candidates about the issues defining their candidacy during the primary campaign season. Check back to listen to more interviews as they are posted.
Interview Schedule - Dates Subject To Change
July 6 Steve Howard (Democrat)
July 12 Marjorie Power (Progressive)
July 14 Boots Wardinski (Progressive)
July 16 Chris Bray (Democrat)
July 20 Mark Snelling (Republican)
July 27 Phil Scott (Republican)
The list of candidates running in the 2010 elections as listed by the Secretary of State's office


text:
Notre Dame is a major contributor to the economic vitality of the city of South Bend, St. Joseph County and the state of Indiana. As a national — and, increasingly global — institution, Notre Dame also has a growing influence on the world beyond South Bend.
The Office of Public Affairs is dedicated to the University's contribution to the ongoing development of the local economy and also how a strong partnership with the community benefits Notre Dame as well.
Growth in jobs, spending and other economic indicators show a vibrant university and a willing, supportive surrounding community.
Latest Report (653K) Previous Year's Reports
Latest Report Highlights
- The University directly and indirectly accounts for about 14,601 jobs in St. Joseph County, and is the largest employer.
- Research spending at Notre Dame grew to $191 million in 2015. Between fiscal year 2011 and 2015, research has grown 42.1%.
- Visitors and students' off-campus spending directly and indirectly accounted for $331.4 million in economic output supporting 4,271 jobs.
- Notre Dame spent more than $155.2 million in fiscal year 2015 with 1k jobs, accounting for 166 full-time employees in St. Joe County and an additional 460 full-time jobs elsewhere in Indiana.
$1.357 billion annual economic impact in St. Joseph County


text:
Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
Very nice and stylish interior. The hotel staff was very personal and extremely friendly.You felt 'just at home'
Our room was large and beautifully decorated. Breakfast was a real treat too. We were very well looked after by Linda the owner and would cetainly return of we had the opoertunity.
Personal boutique hospitality is definitely growing as a trend lately, and this is an excellent choice for a luxury (feel like home) stay.
Great service & atmosphere
We enjoyed the beautiful house; the very warm welcome, including restaurant recommendations; and the location which was very close to the centre of town.
We were really impressed by our big and very cosy room with all facilities (pc with wi-fi included), nice breakfasts (with pleasant and quiet music) - and, of course, by the politeness and hospitality of the hotel's hosts. Exellent! No one was noticed.
Good for an overnight stop in a compact room. Breakfast was good and well presented. Pleasant 10 minute walk into the town centre for an evening meal, plenty of choice of venues. When I enquired about the sauna operation ( inside the bathroom ) , I was advised it would cost 10 Euro for the electricity! I understood the sauna came with the room as it was promoted as "Double Room with Sauna"
Welcoming, friendly, quiet location, excellent breakfast, comfortable bed. I had a slightly cramped room but comfortable nonetheless. Hard floor finishes everywhere could make it noisy with inconsiderate guets.
sauna, old things in appartments, rennovated
Friendly Atmosphere None
Space available, privacy no restaurants nearby (have dinner before coming!)
Nice welcome. B&B in a pleasant area of Kortrijk. Clean, well equipped room. Lovely continental breakfast, with couteous service. Own key to entrance door. Easy on-street parking. Room with sauna is compact and at top of steep staircase. Had driven a long way, and wanted to freshen up before exploring Kortrijk, but unable to check in before 4 pm. Nice well equipped ensuite, but arrangement a little awkward to negotiate and toilet flush very noisey.
Excptionally obliging owner. A clean, comfy and convenient b& B. Not close to center of town. If you wanted to eat out, it was a bit of a walk
Arrived a bit later and had to check in at 23.15, called the owner and this was not a problem. Very good room, clean and quite new, excellent bed, continental breakfast was good & fresh (lots of fruit.. nice!) Perfect stop in between when driving from Holland to Paris (Disneyland), will be back next time!
It was a very cosy room in a house, we had a computer in the rrom and access to the house whenever we wanted. Breakfast was home style and delicious!


text:
Johnny Manahan
From Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia
Johnny Manahan also known as "Mr. M" is a Filipino director, actor and writer. He is fondly called a starmaker, having been in showbiz for more than 30 years. He has dealt with stars as director, and for the past 14 years, as a manager for ABS-CBN Star Magic (formerly the Talent Center ). He is also senior vice-president of ABS-CBN.
- "Komiks" (1 episode, 2006)- Bampy (2006) TV Episode
- Pagbabalik ng Bituin: A mega celebration, Ang (2006) (TV)
- Bea's Wildest Dreams at 18: Birthday TV Special (2005) (TV)
- "Bora: Sons of the Beach" (2005) TV Series (unknown episodes)
- "Masayang tanghali bayan" (2003) TV Series (unknown episodes)... aka MTB (Philippines: English title: promotional abbreviation)
- "KlasmeytsLink title" (2002) TV Series
- "Da pilya en da pilot" (2001) TV Series
- Mahal na kung mahal (1999)
- Wansapanataym: The Movie (1999)... aka Wansapanataym (Philippines: English title: short title)
- Ang TV Movie: The Adarna Adventure (1996)... aka Ang TV: The Movie (Philippines: English title)
- "A.S.A.P." (1995) TV Series (unknown episodes)
- Home Along da Riles (1993)
- "Ang TV" (1992) TV Series
- "Home Along da Riles" (1992) TV Series
- Si Aida, si Lorna, o si Fe (1989)
- Kubrador (2006)... aka The Bet Collector (International: English title)
- "Komiks" (1 episode, 2006)- Bampy (2006) TV Episode
- Babae sa Bintana, Ang (1998)
- Bea's Wildest Dreams at 18: Birthday TV Special (2005) (TV)
- "Johnny Manahan." IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1203430/ (accessed on July 19,2007).
- "Starmaker Johnny Manahan." Showbizpinoy, 19 July 2007. http://www.showbizpinoy.com/whomain.htm (accessed on July 19,2007).
Original content from WikiPilipinas. under GNU Free Documentation License. See full disclaimer.


text:
Pakistan's cricketing isolation could end in October if Sri Lanka, who were targeted in a deadly terror attack in Lahore two years ago, agree to tour the troubled country.
Sri Lankan officials said Wednesday they were in talks with the International Cricket Council's Pakistan Task Team (PTT) to explore the possibilities.
"We are still discussing the option with the ICC and with all the other board members," said Sri Lanka Cricket chairman Somachandra de Silva.
"There are still some security concerns in Pakistan but if things improve, and Pakistan is a brotherly nation, we can consider it - all depends on the ICC's clearance," De Silva said.
Sri Lanka are scheduled to tour Pakistan in October this year under the Future Tests Programme.
According to reports in the Pakistani media, the governments of both countries are already in talks to hold the series in Pakistan.
The attacks on the Sri Lankan team bus on March 9, 2009, killed eight people and injured seven Sri Lankan players as well as their assistant coach, leading to the suspension of all international cricket in Pakistan.
Barely a month later, the ICC stripped Pakistan of its share of World Cup matches, forcing the team to play all their Group A matches in Sri Lanka, co-hosts with India and Bangladesh.
The suspension also meant Pakistan have been forced to play their home series in the United Arab Emirates, England and New Zealand for the last two years.
The ICC formed the Pakistan Task Team (PTT) with England and Wales Cricket Board chairman Giles Clarke to find ways of reviving international cricket in Pakistan and to help improve the disciplinary situation.
Even before the Lahore attacks, Pakistan was a no-go area for international teams because of security fears sparked in the wake of the 9/11 attacks on the United States which sparked a "war against terror" in and around the country.
Pakistan's national army is fighting militancy and the resurgent Taliban in the North-West Frontier Province, where over 4,000 people have been killed in the last year.
Australia have not toured Pakistan since 1998, forcing Pakistan to play their home series in Sri Lanka and Sharjah in 2002 and in England last year.
Pakistan was also stripped of the right to host the 2008 Champions Trophy after Australia, South Africa and England refused to tour, forcing the ICC to move the tournament to South Africa, held in 2009.
Meanwhile, De Silva said he hoped Hambantota will become a major cricket venue in Sri Lanka.
"It was only Colombo for the last two decades, but with Hambantota coming up for the World Cup matches we have brought cricket to the poor people and we will develop this," said the 68-year-old former Sri Lanka international.
De Silva said the stadium - which became one-day cricket's 177th venue when Sri Lanka played Canada on Sunday - will also host a Test against Australia.
"We have decided to stage a Test in Hambantota against Australia when they tour in July this year and also one or two one-dayers in the same series. There is an option of staging World Twenty20 matches next year," said De Silva.
Sri Lanka will host the fourth edition of World Twenty20 next year.


text:
This property is no longer available.Search for Available Property.
80 acres in Kern County, California
80 acre agriculture lot close to the city of Mojave and just south of Hwy 58. Lots of land for the money. May be perfect for a solar project. The lot borders Sunset to the south and runs between 45th St E & 50th St E.
Hwy 14-north/Hwy 58 (old road)-east/ go about 3.4 miles east from where the Old 58 on-ramp starts and connects to the new 58/ 45th St E-south to Sunset Ave. The lot is at the northeast corner of 45th & Sunset and runs all the way to 50th St E
Tax Data (Show Tax Data)
Tax data is not available for this listing.
Contact the Seller for more information.
Other Land for Sale in Kern County
NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


text:
Where We Are
We are located on the fifth floor of the King Science Library in room 518. To reach our offices use the Science Library entrance at the end of Funkhouser Drive behind the Chemistry Physics building. Our offices are not accessible through the Special Collections entrance on the opposite side of the building facing the Lucille Little Fine Arts Library. Take the elevator or stairs to the fifth floor and follow the signs down the hall to the Office of eLearning.
Our normal business hours are 8:00 am to 5:00 pm Monday through Friday, so stop by and see us.


text:
Our promotional products within the $10 to $20 price range make it OK to splurge for the benefit of business! With ePromos' wide range of corporate gifts, you're sure to find giveaway items or office supplies that showcase your company's logo in a unique way. Reward clients and attract new business with items that are both exciting and budget-friendly. Chat with one of our Promo-Know-How Specialists or give us a call at 877-377-6667, and let's get started on creating the perfect promo gift for your company!
Ideal executive gift made of leather business card case and matching promotional USB 2.0 2GB flash memory drive and convenient brass barrel black ink pen all with your logo.
An extremely handy promotional pocket knife with bright LED light and nylon belt pouch.
Promotional Gift set that includes a wine opener, drip ring, wine pourer and bottle stopper set in retail quality wooden box.
A brass promotional pen and pencil set contained in a leather case.
Black leather with chrome accents makes these custom photo frames a big name gift for clients.


text:
Turn Watch
This watch is both ingenius and simple. With a simple turn, craning your wrist to view your wrist watch is a thing of the past. The strap is available in either red or black leather.
pretty cool idea. it reveals the current time through a looking glass while the rest of the watch falls under darkness.Tags: fashion, watches, accessories, mobile, sculptures, modern, jewelry, clocks, blackAdded 9 Years Ago from Gizmine


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In this latest week's WTF headline we find the story of Larry Delassus. Delassus was the victim of a Wells Fargo typo that caused his mortgage to double because of the billing error by the bank. It turns out the two years of late property taxes Wells claimed were owed by Delassus, were actually his neighbor's. Wells Fargo entered the condo unit's parcel number wrong, and instead of billing the rightful owner, Wells Fargo took Delassus through a legal nightmare. In 2009 Well's Fargo doubled Delassus's mortgage payment to make up for the delinquent taxes which he didn't owe. Even after discovering the error, the bank refused to correct the mistake and let Delassus reinstate his mortgage. Not surprisingly, Delassus had fallen behind on making payments which were twice what he really owed. The LA Weekly story describes the nightmare Delassus experienced with one of America's too-big-to-jail banks.
In an unsettling new twist, Delassus couldn't get Wells Fargo to tell him how much his reinstatement cost was. Later, in a videotaped deposition, Trujillo asks Michael Dolan, a litigation-support manager for Wells Fargo: "So Plaintiff was never provided with the reinstatement amount after the bank discovered its error, correct?"
Dolan responds, "That is correct."
In an epic lack of empathy, the Wells Fargo spokeswoman, Vickee J. Adams, seemed to suggest no remorse over the illegal activity of the bank. Instead, she only offered a heartless observation that there wasn't any reason for Mr. Delassus to be present in court when he died because there was no evidence or testimony to be presented. WTF?
This case just serves to confirm my opinion that Wells, Bofa and our beloved whale-loving JP Morgan are the last places in the world you should be shopping for a home mortgage. With absolutely no accountability to customers, or the established rules of law in the United States, doing business with one of these institutions is simply courting disaster.


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|Transparent Brown Oxide
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Zoe Ryan is an NCR staff writer. Her email address is firstname.lastname@example.com.
Zoe Ryan
News Articles
Articles by Zoe Ryan
Catholic defense of unions continues to resonateSep. 2, 2011 Justice
'Money talked' in NY, says church officialAug. 16, 2011 Politics
Priests' letter supports BourgeoisAug. 1, 2011 People
Faith leaders to Obama: protect the poorJul. 21, 2011 Politics
Visibility aids the fight against human traffickingJul. 11, 2011
Coalition for the baptized has high hopesJul. 5, 2011
The megaparish: more boon than baneMay. 24, 2011
Ohio Dignity group removes presiderMay. 13, 2011
Views conflict on what age to confirmMay. 13, 2011
Virginia extends statute of limitationsMar. 30, 2011 Accountability
Catholics of all sorts contributing to Japanese reliefMar. 17, 2011 World
Call for 'comprehensive and just' immigration reformFeb. 7, 2011
Blog Posts
Supreme Court declines Ala. immigration caseApr. 29, 2013 NCR Today
Ignatian Solidarity Network to honor PrejeanApr. 19, 2013 NCR Today
Pen pals with Maria von TrappApr. 12, 2013 NCR Today
Healthcare, fun runs, TIME's 100 list, miraclesApr. 8, 2013 NCR Today
Comic Sans brings attention to pope e-bookMar. 6, 2013 NCR Today
Former LCWR president gives Dudleian LectureMar. 5, 2013 NCR Today
St. Thomas gets first lay presidentFeb. 14, 2013 NCR Today
Rios Montt to stand trialJan. 31, 2013 NCR Today
Faith and film and Sr. RoseJan. 25, 2013 NCR Today
Sr. Dorothy Stang show in Phoenix areaJan. 25, 2013 NCR Today
Sister siblings die a day apartJan. 23, 2013 NCR Today
Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine de' Ricci merge with Dominican Sisters of PeaceDec. 19, 2012 NCR Today
Middle-earth in the MidwestDec. 14, 2012 NCR Today
Where he's going he doesn't need roadsDec. 13, 2012 NCR Today
Bishops' migration chairman statement on immigration reformNov. 14, 2012 Immigration and the Church
CTA honors FarrellNov. 11, 2012 NCR Today
Merton Center in LouisvilleNov. 11, 2012 NCR Today
CTA in Louisville discusses raceNov. 9, 2012 NCR Today
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July 14-27, 2017
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3 Min Read
* U.S. private sector adds more jobs than expected in August * ECB announces unlimited bond buying program * U.S. weekly jobless claims come in lower than forecast By Chris Reese NEW YORK, Sept 6 (Reuters) - U.S. Treasuries prices fell on T hursday as the European Central Bank's announcement of a bond-buying program and higher-than-expected private sector U.S. jobs growth in August undermined the safe-haven appeal of U.S. government debt. ECB President Mario Draghi said the central bank will buy unlimited amounts of short-dated bonds to help lower the borrowing costs of Spain and Italy, which are bearing the brunt of the debt crisis in the euro zone. Draghi is looking to back up his July promise to do whatever it takes to preserve the euro. "Draghi with his debt purchase details this morning will move Europe from a bad to a good equilibrium," said Chris Rupkey, financial economist at Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ in New York. Separately, according to the ADP National Employment Report, U.S. private employers added 201,000 jobs in August, easily beating economists' expectations for 140,000 new private sector jobs. The jobs report boosted the outlook for the government's nonfarm payrolls data for August, to be released on Friday, and damped expectations for another round of economic stimulus from the Federal Reserve. The news from Europe, along with the U.S. jobs data, sapped the safety appeal of U.S. government debt, and benchmark 10-year Treasury notes traded 22/32 lower in price to yield 1.67 percent, up from 1.55 percent late Wednesday. Benchmark yields were trading at the highest in over a week, and the notes were on track for the biggest daily rise in yield in over three weeks. Lower-than-expected weekly claims for U.S. jobless benefits added to the bearish tone in Treasuries, as did data from the Institute for Supply Management showing the pace of growth in the U.S. services sector rose in August. "Today's U.S. reports all beat expectations to put a positive spin on the risks as we approach Friday's U.S. jobs data," said Michael Englund, chief economist at Action Economics in Boulder, Colorado. The median of forecasts from economists polled by Reuters is for U.S. employers to have added 125,000 jobs in August, down from 163,000 new hires in July. Thirty-year Treasury bonds were trading 1-2/32 lower in price to yield 2.76 percent from 2.71 percent late Wednesday.


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Watch Hayley's interview with Tom Daley
Double Commonwealth diving champion Tom Daley says winning two gold medals in Delhi was "an amazing experience" after coming back from a triceps injury.
The 16-year-old grabbed gold in the 10m synchro and individual 10m platform, in which he scored a perfect dive.
He said: "When I was spinning around I knew that it could've been good... But when I saw that every judge gave me a perfect 10 I was very happy."
Tom hurt his arm in August, so he couldn't defend his European title.
Tom's dad usually joins him at events to cheer him on, but he couldn't make it to the Commonwealth Games because he's not well.
"It was weird not having my dad there but I knew he'd be watching on TV and I'd be speaking to him every day," said Tom.
The 16-year-old world champion rang his dad straight after winning his first gold in Delhi and said all his family were in the front room cheering.
Now the Games are over, it's back to school for Tom, but he still sees the bright side: "It's only one week left until half term!"
'Tom pretenders'
Meanwhile, fans of the talented teenager are being warned about people who pretend to be Tom online.
If you want to know what he's really up to, we'll keep you up to date. You can also check out his official website - the link's on the right hand side of this page.
Commonwealth Games


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The Mall: Not Dead Yet
Elaine Misonzhnik writes, "In the first quarter of 2010, regional malls posted an average vacancy rate of 6.0 percent, a 130 basis points below the vacancy rate for specialty centers and 170 basis points below the vacancy rate for U.S. retail space overall, according to a report from the CoStar Group, a Bethesda, Md.–based research firm."
Why? One interviewee explains that many traditional malls were built at a time when the prime locations were still available and they continue to benefit from the demographic draw.


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Couldn't have asked for more!: Carnival Freedom Cruise Review by happyholidayin
Overall Member Rating
Couldn't have asked for more!
Destination: Eastern Caribbean
Embarkation: Fort Lauderdale (Port Everglades)
We had a balcony cabin on the More seventh deck. Big enough and extremely quiet. Our steward Randy was friendly and helpful. Our 15 year old was out with the owls, so of course he wasn't up with roosters, so it did make it kind of inconvenient for the folks to clean. One day it didn't get cleaned until evening,which was o.k. Randy mentioned that if it happened again just to phone housekeeping and they'd come then. It's hard when sleepy heads won't get out of bed until late.
Some people complain about the food but really! There was tons of variety and most everything I tried was fresh and appropriate temperature. We only ate dinner at the dining room twice but our waiter and the people we dined with were all very nice. They seated us with other families traveling with 1 teenager which was appropriate I thought. They must look at the demographics of the passengers and match accordingly. The buffets were good. My husband enjoyed the prime rib. I really liked the day they had the mexican food at one of the small side places. The guacamole was really fresh and tasted as good as the stuff I make. The place like the Mongolian grill was really good. You filled a bowl with with you wanted for veggies and noodles, then had a choice of meat,poultry or fish. They stir fried it up with your choice of sauce. Fresh and healthy. The deli also had really good sandwiches. The only thing I didn't care for was the anchovy and caper pizza. It was way too salty. But in all honestly, that was the only thing I didn't like. The drinks are pretty expensive, but that's your choice if you wish to indulge or not. 7 or 8 dollars was the average price for a drink like a mojito, pina colada, glass of wine etc. A beer was around 5 and they do add 15 % to that. We were kind of lazy as far as going to entertainment goes. We went to a couple of the comedians, which were very funny. The r-rated one was great. He told everyone at the beginning if they didn't appreciate crude language and material,perhaps the show wasn't for them. However, 4 elderly folks didn't heed this warning until half way though then then walked out. They were near the front too, so they had to walk right by the poor guy to exit. He made light of it, and just said,"didn't I warn everybody?" We also went to the guy who did the old kind of Frank Sinatra music. This was my least favorite entertainer, but he did try hard and he was a good singer. His show just wasn't that enjoyable, though. Vince at the piano bar was the highlight! That man loves his job and he was very entertaining. The casino was a typical casino. If you go there to make money, you're dreaming. Some must take it very seriously though and were betting big stacks of chips. I hate it when people try to tell you how to play at the 21 table. Everybody has their own strategy I think, and trying to play right for the table can only go so far. After you loose 6 or 7 times in a row, just to appease everybody else it gets a big much. Minimum bet is 5.00 so even if you're a little better, you're still out 30 or 40 dollars right off the bat. They should almost have 2 different areas of betting. Tables for the high rollers and those for just us little guys who want to have a little fun. The sports bar was fun, and we watched some ncaa basketball and the competition between other patrons was entertaining.
The ports were the reason we chose this particular cruise and we weren't disappointed. My husband went diving in St.Thomas and enjoyed it. He booked it online thru carnival before we left. It was actually cheaper then what the diving operators charged others that signed up who were staying on island. That was kind of a nice surprise. My son and husband also went zip lining in Antigua which they said was pretty good. Antigua was the least developed island on this itinerary and unless you're a huge water/beach person, there didn't seem to be all that much to do. It was good to of seen it though, but wouldn't make it a priority when booking another cruise. Tortola was our favorite. Very neat and tidy with awesome water and beach. A friend of my son's went to Gourda which was about a 40 minute boat ride. They showed it after on the carnival cam and it looked gorgeous! If we ever go again, I am definitely booking this tour! St.Thomas and San Juan were also very nice. Nassau was O.K. I don't think I'd hurry back there though, either. Disembarkation was a breeze. We were at the airport by 8:15 A.M. which was a total shock! Unfortunately our plane didn't leave until 2.00 p.m. Oh, well we're always worried we're going to be late! If you have teenage kids, this to me is one of the best holidays there is. They can eat when and where they want. Sleep in if they choose. They meet lots of kids from different parts of the continent and they get to see new and exciting places. And most importantly, they can't go too far!(He had to come with us when we went on land) My son said it was the best time of his life. So, if the teenager is happy, so are we! Less
Published 04/17/09
Cabin review: 8a7348
Port and Shore Excursions
Read Cruise Critic's Carnival Freedom Review >>
Absolutely Gorgeous Ship
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This was awesome!! This was ou...
Enjoyed our cruise. The CD was...
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text: Name those Jägers. The Jägerkin from left to right are Jorgi, Unnamed, Grishnarf, Shadsnaf 2 Jorgi, Grishnarf, Unnamed, Shadsnaf 2 Jorgi, Grishnarf, Shadsnaf, Unnamed 1 Jorgi, Unnamed, Shadsnaf, Grishnarf 2 Jorgi, Shadsnaf, Unnamed, Grishnarf 1 Jorgi, Grishnarf, Shadsnaf, Unnamed 1 The poll was created at 04:38 on July 3, 2012, and so far 9 people voted. Please wait, submitting your vote... . Retrieved from "http://girlgenius.wikia.com/wiki/Name_the_intrepid_weasel_chasers?oldid=59311" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Polls Add category Cancel Save


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May 20, 2009
For more information, contact:
Mike Donlin
(301) 841-7327
American to launch new site this summer
ROCKVILLE, Md. - American University, an NCAA Division I institution located in Washington, D.C., has partnered with PrestoSports for its athletics web site. American will transition its site content and design to PrestoSports this summer.
"We're pleased that American University has chosen to join the PrestoSports Network," says PrestoSports COO Patrick B. Summers. "In 2009, we've established a mission to bring our services to the Division I market. Our team is eager to reach the goals of prestigious NCAA Division I clients such as the American University."
PrestoSports will assist American in a rapid cutover from its current provider to the PrestoSports platform. The new athletics site will incorporate real-time statistics, an e-commerce solution and link fans to AU social networking initiatives such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.
"We look forward to our partnership with PrestoSports," said David Bierwirth, Associate Director of Athletics. "Their platform will help us meet the growing interest of our fan base by presenting our online content in an appealing and user-friendly site. The newly designed AUEagles.com will provide our alumni and friends with a quality, interactive on-line experience that reflects the comprehensive success of our department."
A member of the Patriot League, American University sponsors 16 men's and women's Division I sports. The men's basketball team has captured back-to-back Patriot League championships.
Located in a residential neighborhood of northwest Washington, D.C., American University is a leader in global education, enrolling a diverse student body from throughout the U.S. and nearly 150 countries and providing opportunities for academic excellence, public service, and internships in the nation's capital and around the world. Since 2006, American University's students have been recognized twice by Princeton Review as the most politically active in the nation.
PrestoSports is a leading technology provider to collegiate athletic departments of services including web site design and hosting, live stats, award management, merchandizing, and officiating. With more than 40 years of combined staff experience in college athletics and collegiate marketing solutions, PrestoSports creates innovative solutions as unique as each of its clients.
For more information, please contact Mike Donlin at (301) 841-7327 or via email at email@example.com.
# # #


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Eric M.wrote a review of Five Ten Anasazi VCS Climbing Shoe - 2012 Model on April 7, 2011
Run Small and narrow
I really wanna like these. I do mostly gym and trad cruisers--not a super ambitious climber. I wear a 9 US for street shoes. Pretty average dogs,--not too wide, not too narrow, no odd protrusions. Got these in 8.5 US and could barely get them on. Replaced them with a 9 and they are still very tight (after about 20 trips to gym), with a painful pressure point at big toe 'knuckle'. As others have said, they are a bit 'baggy' in heel, too.


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We're Glad You're Here
Come on over for a visit. We'd love to have you. We are a vibrant, growing family of Christ-followers with a focus to joyfully follow the mission Jesus gave us: "Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations…" (Matt. 28:19a). We are a gospel-centered, Bible-teaching, Jesus-loving community of all ages that desires to grow in God's grace and go out on God's mission.
Worship With Us
9:15 am – Sunday Classes
10:30 am – Sunday Morning
6:00 pm – Sunday Evening
North Park Baptist Church
3365 Coit Ave. NE
Grand Rapids, MI 49525
God's Good News
A Gospel Presentation


text: It was a big week in political news, what with the kerfuffle about Obama's education speech and then the hubbub over ... Obama's health care speech. Anyone see a pattern? "Left, Right & Center" regulars Robert Scheer, Arianna Huffington and Tony Blankley just might—and then there are other minor matters to discuss, such as whether to send more troops to Afghanistan and the significance of the 9/11 tragedy eight years later. —KA


text:
Tammy Barrett
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Joint 7th and 18th birthday party cupcakes
fairy themed cupcakes
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Subject: [htdig] server_wait_time
From: Mike Paradis (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Date: Sun Jan 07 2001 - 07:33:58 PST
Another quick question.
Does anyone know what the average wait time is for the big search engines on the net?
I've had associates complain that we're indexing their sites way too quickly and sucking
all their bandwidth up. I see server_wait_time is an option but then I wonder why none of
them have ever complained about the regular internet search engines indexing their site.
So, what do you think the large internet search engines use as a delay?
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LED Flashlight Torch
by: Droid Hive • 17
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by: Droid Hive • 17
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Mobile Torch, flashlight torch, flash light, led torch, led light
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Shane Battier: 'Blood on everybody's hands' in NBA lockout
Ten-year veteran Shane Battier, who last played for the Memphis Grizzlies, spoke with USA TODAY about his uncertain future and his role in the NBA lockout:
Q: Did you expect a lengthy lockout?
A: I expected to lose games. I'm not shocked, but I'm also disappointed we could not come to a resolution. It's disappointing on all sides. When we look back at this, there's blood on everybody's hands. I don't think there's one group to blame. In the information age we live in, the communication is the issue which I think is ironic. Communications between owners and players, players and players, owners and owners. I believe there could've been clearer channels of communication to cut off some of the miscommunications that seem to occur. especially late in the process. Both sides were dealing with things that could've been addressed earlier in the process, but There's a whole new set of rules with the litigation.
Q: You got to see your college coach, Duke's Mike Krzyzewski, get the record-setting 903rd victory, vs. Michigan State at Madison Square Garden.
A: It was pretty awesome to be part of it. It was nerve-wracking, to say the least. It was a special night. We knew he was the best. Given his work ethic, his level of preparation for every day, every game, we knew if you give Coach K enough years, it was only a matter of time before he broke the record. I'm glad I was able to see it. There was a big holding area in the back of the Garden where all the former players, managers, support staff congregated for Coach to get done with his press conference. He walked into the holding area and everyone gave him a big ovation and there were just hugs all around. It was a really cool moment. It wasn't just about Coach. It was about every player, every manager, every support staff that was with him along the way at Army and at Duke that took delight in this record. Coach gave a great speech and went to hug every person that was there. It was really out of a movie. That's what it felt like.
Q: Does that make Duke even more hated than when you played there?
A: You learn early on that when you're at Duke, if you have rabbit ears and can't take intense scrutiny, it's not the place for you. Coach K always said you'd much rather evoke emotion than be a piece of paper on the street that no one cares about. When you're evoking emotion, you're doing something. You may not please everybody, but the opposite of love isn't hate — it's apathy. The day no one cares about you, that no one is bringing your name up, (that means) you're not getting the job done.
Q: You're noted for taking charges on the court. Is that what inspired the The Battier Take Charge Foundation?
A: I got a lot of notoriety for taking charges. My wife and I started it three years ago. We reward college scholarships to kids who exhibit leadership and want to take charge of their future, their education. We have great kids who are taking charge. It has nothing to do with getting hit by an out-of-control offensive player (laughs). My wife and I are very hands-on along with the executive director. We have an application process. We have one kid from (Northern) Michigan who is about to graduate, our first recipient. The rest of the kids in the program are in Houston. We've partnered with Boys and Girls Club… to identify some great kids who just need a little help getting through school. There's an interview process. You can read about their stories at takechargefoundation.com. They're all special kids. If you could buy stock in kids at an early age, I'd buy stock in all of them.
Q: What if one of those kids wanted to attend North Carolina?
A: (Laughs). I respect Carolina. It's a great institution. If they really wanted to and they proved themselves during the process, I'd give it up for them. I would tell them there are obviously better choices, specifically 15 miles down the road (Duke).
Q: Unusual that you're a pro athlete married to a woman you've known since seventh grade?
A: It's rare. I was a new kid in school and I had a high-top fade. Those were popular back then. I was 6-4 in the seventh grade. I saw my wife with her bangs and her braids and I said, "That's the one." I knew back then. It took her a few years to realize I was the one. I finally won her over. We've been married eight years.
Q: Did you clash with union chief Billy Hunter about drawing a $2.5 million salary during the lockout?
A: (Laughs). I didn't question his salary. It was a budgetary question that was completely pertinent at the time. We were talking about the budget for the upcoming year and I didn't know the answer. Was he going to follow his contemporary, DeMaurice Smith of the NFLPA? It was really one out of curiosity and I asked if it had been talked about. Billy told me he had not talked about it and that was that. It was blown a little out of proportion.
Q: So it wasn't a combative tone or exchange?
A: At least not for me it wasn't. I don't know what it was. I wasn't trying to stoke the fire.
Q: Aside from that, you weren't at many meetings.
A: I couldn't commit the time. I really wanted the executive committee, the people who really dedicated their time and efforts, to speak for me and the group. I thought it was too tough to bounce in and out of negotiations and disappear. I kept in contact with a lot of guys who have had input and if I had an idea I could go through those avenues.
Q: Does being a free agent make this a tough time for you?
A: Just because of the uncertainty, I don't know what the new CBA will look like. It's just a matter of what calendar year we sign it in. There's going to be an NBA. It's unsettling to not know what the terms of the CBA will be. What are the exceptions, who'll be able to use these exceptions, what kind of cap. I have no idea where I can end up. When we do finally sign it's going to be chaos trying to go through the free agency periodm and I'll have to make a life decision (quickly). … Memphis may be the best place to return to if teams are able to maintain Bird rights. I'm hoping to get a three-, four-year deal. For what I do, I can do for that period of time. I want to be in a happy place. I want to go to work and enjoy it. When you go to work and you have a chance to win every night, your job is way better. That's for any profession, but you want to have a role and be able to contribute to winning.
Q: Playing golf for you isn't an option because you're not very good?
A: I have huge potential. That's what I'm hanging my hat on (laughs). I've played in the American Century Championships the last three years. That's the tournament where (Charles) Barkley goes and is terrible and (Michael) Jordan plays, (Mario) Lemieux and (Tony) Romo and all the big dogs. You look way down on the leaderboard and you'll see my name. I play but I don't practice. That's my problem. I practice for a living (with basketball) so I'd rather get out there and play. As soon as I retire I'll be a single-digit handicapper.
Posted | Updated


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A lot of biofuel news last week so I have separated these from my weekly news roundup. Also. my article about new renewable diesel facilities from Neste Oil and Dynamic Fuels is out this week on ICIS Chemical Business so pls. check it out for those who are subscribers. I'll post some information tidbits about renewable diesel this week for those who are not subscribers.
PS for this biofuel news roundup:
I did not include any recent analysis on US biofuel tax credits issues and the EPA's new Renewable Fuels Standard Requirements for 2011 as that will require further research and a separate posting…
DuPont and BP's biobutanol joint venture Butamax™ Advanced Biofuels announced that it has achieved several milestones in its plan to commercialize biobutanol for the transportation fuel market. Butamax is advancing discussions with key stakeholders in preparation for commercial launch.
Black Pearl Capital Partners bought a 46-acre site in Bromborough, Wirral, UK, with facilities for bio-diesel refining, blending, processing as well as storage. The plant, which is expected to be operational by mid-2011, is capable of processing up to 100,000 tones of waste oils into a range of bio-diesel products.
OriginOil completed first phase of its commercial pilot program for its CO2 feeding and algae extraction systems. The company's first customer and pilot partner, MBD Energy, plans to deploy the algae systems in MBD's three full-scale power plant operations in Australia, which have the potential at full scale to consume more than half of each power station's flue-gas emissions.
Viral Genetics, Inc. launched a subsidiary called "VG Energy, Inc." to market the company's biofuel technology. VG Energy is marketing an algae-enhancing technology, which has shown to increase the yield of oil production from algae by as much as 300%.
Japan-based ITOCHU through its joint venture company, Orient Bio-Fuels Company, will build a 1 million liters/year bio-ethanol plant in Vietnam using cassava as feedstock. The facility will start operations in spring 2012 and is expected to be sold to the market through gas stations under PetroVietnam Oil.
The Future Is Closer Than You Think for Some Forms of Alternative Energy – Boston Consulting Group
Algae-Based Biofuels to reach 61m gallons by 2020 – Pike Research
Global Biofuels Demand Projected to Grow 133% by 2020, Production Must Increase by 32 Billion Liters – Hart Energy
New Report Predicts Strong Growth in Camelina-Based Biofuel Industry Over Next 15 Years- Biomass Advisors
Potential of Camelina as a New Biofuel Crop – USDA Agricultural Research Service
Investment in Cellulosic Biofuel Refineries: Do Renewable Identification Numbers Matter?- CARD
And finally, Biofuels Digest recently published its 50 hottest bioenergy companies for 2010. The rankings recognize innovation and achievement in bioenergy development from all over the world.
Among the top 50, fifteen are active in cellulosic ethanol development (down from 19 last year), five are developing algae-based energy solutions (down from seven last year), and 16 are producing "drop-in" renewable biofuels such as biobutanol, renewable diesel, green gasoline and renewable jet fuel (up from 15 last year). Thirteen are developing capabilities to produce renewable chemicals.


text:
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