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FDA Survey of Imported Fresh Produce FY 1999 Field Assignment
January 30, 2001
In March of 1999, FDA initiated a 1000 sample survey focused on high volume imported fresh produce. Broccoli, cantaloupe, celery, cilantro, culantro, loose-leaf lettuce, parsley, scallions (green onions), strawberries and tomatoes were collected and analyzed for Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7. All commodities except for cilantro, culantro, lettuce and strawberries were analyzed for Shigella. Twenty-one countries were represented in the collection and sampling of fresh produce.
Of 1003 samples that were collected and analyzed, 96% were not contaminated with Shigella, Salmonella, and/or E. coli O157:H7. Forty-four samples (4% of the total number sampled) were contaminated with either Shigella or Salmonella while 0% of the produce items were contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. Of the 44 contaminated samples, 35 (80%) were contaminated with Salmonella and 9 (20%) were contaminated with Shigella.
Due to the presence of violative samples, 21 firms were placed on detention without physical examination (DWPE). Seven firms were placed on DWPE due to the presence of Shigella in one composite while 14 firms were placed on DWPE due to the presence of Salmonella in two composites. One firm was placed on DWPE for the presence of both Shigella and Salmonella.
Removal of a product, shipper, grower or importer from DWPE is a decision made by FDA based on evidence establishing that the condition(s) that gave rise to the appearance of a violation have been resolved. To date, 11 of the 21 firms have been removed from DWPE.
Although the incidence of foodborne illnesses linked to fresh produce is low, over the last several years the proportion of foodborne illnesses associated with domestic and imported fresh fruits and vegetables has increased. In January of 1997, President Clinton announced a Food Safety Initiative designed to improve the safety of the nation's food supply. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sent a report to the President, in May of 1997, that identified fresh produce as an area of concern. In October of 1997, President Clinton announced a plan entitled Produce & Imported Foods Safety Initiative to provide further assurance that fruits and vegetables consumed by the American public meet the highest health and safety standards.
The problems in this area are self-evident. Most fresh fruits and vegetables are grown in non-sterile environments. Growers have less control over conditions in the field compared to an enclosed production facility. The surfaces of produce have natural microflora composed of microorganisms that are generally not significant to human health, however, low-level contamination of produce with pathogenic microorganisms may sporadically occur. Harvesting, washing, cutting, slicing, packaging and transporting offer opportunities for produce contamination. Most fresh produce is likely to be consumed raw without undergoing processes, such as cooking, that inactivate harmful microorganisms.
In October of 1998, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a guidance document entitled "Guidance for Industry -- Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables." This document outlines good agricultural and good manufacturing practices (GAPs and GMPs) that reduce the risk of microbial contamination of fresh produce. This voluntary guidance does not impose unnecessary or unequal restrictions or barriers on either domestic or foreign products. Areas covered by the guide include water quality, manure management, worker training, field and facility sanitation, and transportation. Guidelines are set to control each potential source of contamination throughout the production process, from the farm to point-of-sale. In the absence of use of GAPs and GMPs, the risk of microbial contamination increases along with the likely extent of the contamination. Implementing GAPs and GMPs increases the assurance that microbial safety hazards will be minimized.
To assist in the development of policy for the Produce & Imported Foods Safety Initiative, the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) needed data on the incidence and extent of pathogen contamination on selected imported produce. In March of 1999, FDA initiated a 1000 sample survey focused on high-volume imported fresh produce. Eight produce items were selected for the survey: broccoli, cantaloupe, celery, cilantro, loose-leaf lettuce, parsley, scallions (green onions) and strawberries. Loose-leaf lettuce products included radicchio, escarole, endive, chicory and others. These commodities were selected based on the criteria described below. Produce was analyzed for Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, aerobic plate count (APC), and coliforms. Collection of 125 samples was planned for each of the eight produce items.
The objectives of the imported produce survey were to:
collect and analyze samples of imported fresh produce to determine the incidence of microbial contamination on these commodities;
undertake appropriate regulatory follow-up if violative samples were found, to protect U.S. consumers and foster corrective measures to implement practices to minimize microbial contamination on fresh produce; and
obtain data to focus future research, risk assessment, industry training and food safety policy for the purpose of reducing foodborne illnesses resulting from contaminated fresh produce.
Our purpose was not to attempt to detect every incidence of low-level, sporadic contamination but to detect those levels of contamination that might result from a failure to follow adequate GAPs and GMPs as specified by FDA guidance.
Criteria for Selection of Commodities in Survey
There were five risk factors considered in ranking commodities to determine which ones would be selected for the produce survey. Each produce item was assigned a score between 1 and 15 based on the sum of the values given for each of the five risk factors. Each factor was given 1 (low risk), 2 (medium risk) or 3 (high risk) points based on the associated risk. The following risk factors were used:
- Epidemiological Outbreak Data
- Structural Characteristics
- Growing Conditions
- Processing
- Consumption
Sample Collection
Collections were to reflect as many country/producer combinations as possible. All samples were collected aseptically and were shipped under refrigeration to the appropriate District's servicing laboratory. Each sample consisted of ten (10) sub-samples. For cilantro, culantro, loose-leaf lettuce, parsley and scallions (green onions), enough product was collected for each sub-sample to equal 454 g (16 oz.). For broccoli, cantaloupe, celery and tomatoes, each sub-sample consisted of one head/bunch of produce. For bulk shipments of strawberries, each sub-sample consisted of 16 oz. of product. If the product was shipped in retail sized containers, enough containers were collected to equal 16 oz. of product.
Microbial Analysis
Produce was prepared in a manner that closely simulated minimal consumer preparations (e.g., visible dirt removed, stems trimmed, outer leaves removed) but did not include a thorough wash step. Each produce sample consisted of 10 sub-samples, five (5) of which were used to derive two (2) composite samples for Salmonella and the remaining five (5) were used to derive two (2) composite samples for Shigella. The 10 sub-samples were also used to test for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Laboratories were required to analyze for:
- Shigella (except on cilantro, culantro and strawberries)
- Salmonella
- E. coli O157:H7
- Aerobic Plate Counts (APC)
- coliforms
For this assignment, FDA did not approve or recommend reconditioning of detained products. All detained products were destroyed.
If a product/grower combination was found to be violative (i.e., the produce tested positive for Salmonella, Shigella or E. coli O157:H7), subsequent shipments were either detained without physical examination (DWPE)(1) or sampled as "suspect" products under the appropriate compliance program.
Based on the following guidelines, a single confirmed positive does not necessarily indicate that a firm was placed on DWPE. For example, either one (1) composite positive for Salmonella or one (1) sub-sample positive for E. coli O157:H7 in the absence of a second confirmed positive (within the same sample) would not result in DWPE for an implicated firm, however, the entry from which the sample was taken was considered "violative" and refused admission into the U.S.
Confirmed presence of Shigella on produce samples is considered to be a correctable human failure to follow GAPs and GMPs (i.e., human fecal contamination) and represents a potentially significant health hazard. Therefore, it was recommended that the current shipment and subsequent shipments would be detained and the grower/shipper be placed on DWPE after one (1) positive composite was found.
Confirmed presence of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 on produce samples may be due to a chance event (e.g., wildlife in field) and would not necessarily indicate poor agricultural practices. However, more than a single sporadic positive could be an indicator of poor practices. Therefore, for samples found with one (1) composite positive for Salmonella or one (1) sub-sample positive for E. coli O157:H7, the shipment yielding the positive sample would be refused admission into the U.S. and the next 10 shipments of that product from that grower/shipper were sampled. If a second positive was detected, the shipper/grower was recommended for DWPE. If a second positive was not detected among the next ten (10) shipments, intensified sampling was discontinued. If two (2) positive samples for Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 were found in the same entry, the shipper/grower would be placed on DWPE.
Under this assignment, if the grower of the contaminated produce was identifiable (e.g., through records or labeling), a farm inspection by FDA could be initiated with the concurrence of the Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA) and CFSAN. If a farm inspection was refused or if the findings of the inspection were indicative of unsanitary practices that would lead to microbial contamination, then the grower was placed on DWPE. It was not FDA's intent to conduct farm inspections in all cases where DWPE was imposed, but to do so in some cases for information gathering purposes.
Removal from DWPE
FDA made the decision to remove firms from DWPE based on information packages submitted by the firms that documented the corrective actions taken to remove the conditions producing the violations. The following criteria were considered in the evaluation for the removal of a firm from DWPE:
Firms were to arrange for a farm inspection to evaluate all levels of production and identify potential sources of pathogen contamination with regard to growing, harvesting, packing, transporting, ice making, worker health and hygiene, etc. In most cases, a competent authority in the country of origin conducted the inspections, however, some of the inspections were carried out by FDA.
Appropriate and effective corrective measures that were consistent with GAPs and GMPs were proposed to minimize potential contamination at all sources identified in step 1.
Corrective actions proposed in step 2 were implemented.
Verification was obtained from an independent third party that all corrective actions were implemented and are in continuous use.
Modifications to the Survey
Due to certain constraints (e.g., time, availability of produce), modifications to both data collection and analysis components of the original assignment occurred throughout the assignment.
Products were substituted for others when it appeared that not enough entries of an assigned product were available. For example, tomatoes were added to the original assignment and were used to complete the 1000 sample quota. Culantro, a seasoning herb, was added to the assignment when it was found to have a high incidence of contamination. Celery, lettuce, and parsley analyses were discontinued before 125 samples were collected and analyzed due to the unavailability of the products. Collection and analysis of broccoli was discontinued after 36 negative samples under the assumption that broccoli is frequently cooked, and the cooking process would be sufficient to destroy pathogens.
Shigella analysis was performed on all commodities except cilantro, culantro, lettuce and strawberries as specified by the field assignment. While loose-leaf products were not required to be tested for Shigella, one sample of radicchio (loose-leaf lettuce) was analyzed for Shigella upon request of the collecting district. Two composite positives were found in the sample and reported.
To reduce the time needed to perform the microbial analysis, APC and coliform analysis were discontinued early in the assignment.
Countries Represented by Samples
Countries that supply a greater amount of the specific produce items to be sampled per year to the United States (e.g., cantaloupes from Mexico) were sampled more often than countries that supply a limited amount of the specified produce item (e.g., cantaloupes from Canada).
Data Analysis
Incidence by Produce Item
A total of 1003 samples were collected and analyzed from 21 countries. Produce imported from Mexico, Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, the Netherlands, Honduras, Belgium, Italy, Israel, Chile, Peru, Columbia, Trinidad & Tobago, New Zealand, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, France, Argentina, Ecuador, Haiti and Korea was sampled. Six countries provided 25 or more samples for analysis: Mexico, Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, the Netherlands and Honduras.
Of the 1003 samples, 96% tested negative for pathogen contamination while 4% were positive for pathogen contamination. No shipments were contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. Table 1 shows the number of samples collected and analyzed and the number of confirmed positives for each produce item. Although Table 1 lists the countries from which specific produce items were sampled, the identity of the countries from which contaminated produce was detected is not included.
The three produce items with the greatest incidence of pathogen contamination were cilantro, cantaloupe and culantro, accounting for 1.6, 1.1, and 0.6%, respectively, of the overall contamination (4.4%). The remaining produce items each contributed 0.3% or less to the overall contamination. Broccoli and tomatoes were not found to be contaminated and therefore did not contribute to the overall contamination level of 4.4%. These percent values were calculated based on the number of positives for a particular produce item divided by the total number of samples (1003), multiplied by 100. The sum of these percent values totals 4.4%, which is the percentage of 1003 imported produce samples that were collected, analyzed and identified as contaminated.
|Produce item
|# sampled
|# positive
|Positives-% of # sampled
|Positives- % of total
|Countries sampledab
|3, 16
|3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 19
|3, 16
|3, 5, 6, 16, 20, 21
|6, 21
|2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20
|3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 16, 20
|3, 10, 13, 14, 16
|1, 2, 3, 16, 18
|2, 16, 17
a Indicates that produce from that country was collected and analyzed but not necessarily contaminated.
b Numbers correspond to countries as follows:
1 -- Argentina
2 -- Belgium
3 -- Canada
4 -- Chile
5 -- Columbia
6 -- Costa Rica
7 -- Dominican Republic
8 -- Ecuador
9 -- France
10 -- Guatemala
11 -- Haiti
12 -- Honduras
13 -- Israel
14 -- Italy
15 -- Korea
16 -- Mexico
17 -- Netherlands
18 -- New Zealand
19 -- Nicaragua
20 -- Peru
21 -- Trinidad & Tobago
Structural characteristics of the produce items may have contributed to the incidence of contamination detected. For example, webbing on the outer surface of a cantaloupe might provide a suitable environment for bacteria to attach and survive. On the other hand, parsley, a botanical related to the structurally similar cilantro and culantro, might be expected to have similar incidences of contamination. However, parsley had a much lower incidence of contamination than either cilantro or culantro. Therefore, while structural characteristics of the produce are important, there are other factors to consider such as growing conditions and the agricultural practices used by the growers.
Incidence by Pathogen
Figure 1 shows the incidence of the particular pathogens on produce samples confirmed positive for contamination. No samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7. Of the 44 confirmed positive produce samples, 35, or 80% were positive for Salmonella and 9, or 20%, were positive for Shigella. These findings, along with further collection and analysis led to some firms being placed on Detention Without Physical Examination (DWPE), and, in some cases, farm inspections.
The incidence of Salmonella on the total number of produce items sampled was 3.5% (35/1003) and the incidence of Shigella was approximately 1.0% (9/1003). The incidence of Salmonella on produce may have been associated with contamination from human contact, such as unsanitary food handlers, or from environmental sources. Salmonella is widespread in poultry and swine and is often found in water, soil, animal feces, and on food contact surfaces. This list is not inclusive, however, and the contamination might have been derived from another source. Shigella is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and would likely be transmitted by unsanitary handling by infected food handlers. This microorganism is also found in water polluted with human feces. A farm that does not follow GAPs and GMPs increases the risk for contaminating produce with Salmonella, Shigella, or E. coli O157:H7.
a Broccoli and tomatoes were collected and analyzed but are not included in the figure because none were positive for pathogen contamination.
b None of the samples collected and analyzed were positive for E. coli O157:H7.
Detention Without Physical Examination
Twenty-one firms were placed on DWPE and four (4) FDA-initiated farm inspections were conducted as follow-up. Examination of facilities and observation of standard practices helped to identify sources of contamination and possible corrective actions. Likewise, review of packages submitted from firms requesting removal from DWPE provided useful information about potential sources of contamination and successful corrective actions.
Since the completion of the assignment, 11 of the 21 firms, or 52.4% of the implicated firms that were placed on Import Alert # 99-23, "Detention Without Physical Examination of Raw Fresh Fruits and Vegetables from Listed Manufacturers, Shippers, and/or Growers due to the Presence of Pathogenic Contamination" have been removed from DWPE.
Of the 21 implicated firms, seven firms were placed on DWPE due to the presence of Shigella in one (1) composite while 14 firms were placed on DWPE due to the presence of Salmonella in two (2) composite samples. Tables 2 and 3 show the number of firms placed on DWPE for each produce item, the number of firms removed from DWPE and identity of the country of origin.
Although parsley and strawberry samples were contaminated with Salmonella, neither item resulted in DWPE for the respective shipper/growers, based on the guidelines for a firm to be placed on DWPE. Similarly, other contaminated produce samples did not result in DWPE for the shipper/growers. These samples had a composite sample positive for Salmonella but a second positive was not found, so the firms were not placed on DWPE. Also, one firm found to be violative for Shigella on parsley and scallions, identified and implemented corrective actions before the firm could be placed on DWPE. One shipper/grower of celery was placed on DWPE after both Salmonella and Shigella contamination were detected on the fresh product.
|Produce item
|# of firms placed on DWPE
|# of firms removed from DWPE
|Costa Rica
|Produce item
|# of firms placed on DWPE
|# of firms removed from DWPE
|Costa Rica
|Trinidad & Tobago
Based on farm investigations and other information, a failure to follow GAPs and GMPs was often associated with the findings of pathogen contamination. In particular, inadequate manure management and lack of appropriate field and transport sanitation practices was most frequently associated with overall contamination. Specific problems included fields that were open to domestic animals and were fertilized by untreated animal manure, equipment and tools not being sanitized, unsanitary harvesting and/or packing equipment (e.g., woven plastic bags to collect culantro after harvest) and packing practices, and unsanitary methods of transportation (e.g., trucks washed with non-chlorinated water and/or cleaned infrequently). And in at least one instance, a firm placed on DWPE could not provide documentation to certify the cleanliness of the water used for irrigation and fertilization.
Of the 21 firms placed on DWPE, 14 firms were based in Mexico, one (1) firm in Canada, three (3) firms in Costa Rica, one (1) firm in Guatemala, one (1) firm in Chile and one (1) firm in Trinidad & Tobago. Firms from Mexico made a substantial effort to be removed from DWPE. At the completion of this assignment, nine (9) of the 14 firms based in Mexico, or 64.3%, successfully identified and corrected all identifiable sources of potential contamination and were subsequently removed from DWPE.
All firms removed from DWPE identified, implemented and verified all identifiable corrective actions. Corrective measures included fencing areas to eliminate entry by animals, cessation of use of untreated animal manure as fertilizer, food safety training for employees involved in the harvest and/or the maintenance of harvest equipment used in the field, replacement of woven plastic harvesting bags with easily cleanable plastic crates, and increased frequency of truck cleaning with a sanitizer (e.g., chlorine) added to the cleaning water. Proactive measures focused on implementing GAPs and GMPs to ensure a safer food supply for export.
As a consequence of this assignment, food safety training was implemented at firms placed on DWPE for harvest workers to teach proper practice for harvesting and maintaining the harvest equipment in a sanitary manner. Successful implementation of food safety training was a factor in the removal of some firms from DWPE. For at least two (2) firms removed from DWPE, voluntarily implementing changes that followed GAPs outlined in the guide (e.g., training on worker health and hygiene, sanitation of fields and packing facilities, and manure management) helped to reduce the levels of contamination that had been detected. Voluntarily submitted test results documented at least five (5) consecutive clean produce samples as analyzed by an independent third party for at least two (2) of the firms removed from DWPE.
The widespread distribution and consumption of fresh produce demands a better understanding of the risks associated with fresh produce. As a complement to the Imported Produce Sampling Assignment, CFSAN initiated a similar study (the Domestic Produce Sampling Survey) focusing on domestic produce. Eight (8) produce items will be collected and analyzed: cantaloupe, celery, cilantro, loose-leaf lettuce, parsley, scallions (green onions), strawberries and tomatoes. Similar to the Import Assignment, one thousand (1000) produce samples from different regions across the United States will be collected and analyzed for E. coli O157:H7, Shigella, and Salmonella. The domestic survey is to be completed by May 2001. In addition, CFSAN is in the process of issuing a follow-up imported produce assignment targeted at commodities that had a high rate of contamination in the initial imported produce assignment.
1 DWPE means that an import shipment is refused entry into U.S. commerce unless the importer presents evidence, e.g., test results, to FDA showing that the item meets U.S. safety requirements. DWPE can be imposed when violative findings for a grower/shipper are of a nature that suggest that future shipments from that grower/shipper may also be violative. DWPE is imposed to protect consumers from potentially contaminated subsequent shipments from that grower/shipper until the firm implements appropriate corrective measures.
Guidance for Industry -- Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
FDA Survey of Imported Fresh Produce, November 1, 1999 (REVISED Imported Produce Assignment - FY 99 DOEP # 99-4)


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Cate Blanchett in a Woody Allen triumph, plus four more movies to see this weekend
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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
Recent studies have shown that in realistic wireless sensor network environments links are extremely unreliable. To recover from corrupted packets, most routing schemes with an assumption of ideal radio environments use a retransmission mechanism, which may cause unnecessary retransmissions. Therefore, guaranteeing energy-efficient reliable data transmission is a fundamental routing issue in wireless sensor networks. However, it is not encouraged to propose a new reliable routing scheme in the sense that every existing routing scheme cannot be replaced with the new one. This paper proposes a
Guaranteeing energy-efficient reliable data transmission is a fundamental routing issue in wireless sensor networks. Many studies have assumed an ideal link model that guarantees successful transmission within the radio range [
Several routing schemes have been proposed to provide reliable data transmission for unreliable wireless links. Reliable Multi-Segment Transport for directed diffusion (RMST) [
Basically, it is not encouraged to propose a new routing scheme for reliable data transmission in the circumstance where there are various routing schemes already implemented in sensor network applications. The reason is that it is practically not feasible to replace every routing scheme with the new one. Instead, it is more effective to adopt a pluggable modular approach that can be easily applied to an existing routing scheme. However, several issues should be considered for the modular approach to become a generalized solution to provide the reliability of all existing routing schemes. First, only a small amount of additional cost should be incurred in extending the existing routing schemes due to resource constraints such as energy, memory, and computing power. Second, the modular approach should not participate in path selection. This is performed in the network layer and reliability should be offered independently in a lower layer. Third, the modular approach should effectively reduce the number of retransmissions to achieve high energy-efficiency in data transmission.
In this paper, we propose a DRDT can be applied to all types of existing routing schemes since it operates as a pluggable extension layer under the network layer. DRDT effectively reduces the number of retransmissions by using helper nodes. The helper node selection is based on the link quality to the receiver node so that the retransmission of the helper node outperforms that of the sender node when the link quality between the sender and the receiver nodes is low. The helper node selection performs in a distributed manner. The sensor nodes which overhear the data packet decide whether to become helper nodes by themselves without exchanging any information with the neighbor nodes. DRDT guarantees high energy-efficiency and effectively reduces end-to-end transmission delay.
DRDT can be applied to all types of existing routing schemes since it operates as a pluggable extension layer under the network layer.
DRDT effectively reduces the number of retransmissions by using helper nodes. The helper node selection is based on the link quality to the receiver node so that the retransmission of the helper node outperforms that of the sender node when the link quality between the sender and the receiver nodes is low.
The helper node selection performs in a distributed manner. The sensor nodes which overhear the data packet decide whether to become helper nodes by themselves without exchanging any information with the neighbor nodes.
DRDT guarantees high energy-efficiency and effectively reduces end-to-end transmission delay.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we explain several schemes that provide reliable data transmission. We describe the proposed scheme in Section 3. The simulation results are presented in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes this paper.
The original greedy forwarding, a well-known routing scheme in wireless sensor networks, transmits data repeatedly by selecting a neighbor node that is closest to the destination as the next forwarding node [
Several researches have pointed out how ideal radio models lead to wrong results in realistic wireless sensor networks. Ganesan
A new greedy forwarding scheme that transmits data packet effectively to the destination in a realistic wireless sensor network has recently been proposed to prevent the selection of an unreliable link. Couto
The authors of [
Analyzing and simulating a reliable data transmission scheme requires a realistic link loss model. In this paper, we use the PRR as the link quality between two nodes. The PRR ranges from 0 to 1 and is calculated using the following link loss model [
Recent researches [
The proposed DRDT scheme guarantees reliable energy-efficient data transmission
DRDT functions based on the following basic and general wireless sensor network environments.
The network has relatively low congestion.
Fixed sensor nodes with constant radio ranges are randomly distributed.
Each sensor node knows itself and its geographical location information
Each node knows the location information of the neighbor nodes and the PRR value between itself and the neighbor nodes by transmitting a "hello" packet at regular intervals.
The network uses a timeout-based ACK model to offer reliability.
It is assumed that insignificant computing power is required for mathematical operations.
The proposed scheme DRDT consists of two major phases: helper node selection phase using helper value and transmission phase. Performing the two phases repetitively, DRDT increases the reliability of the data transmission in an energy-efficient way. We first propose the helper value, followed by the helper node selection phase using the helper value.
A helper node, which can retransmit data packet with low cost, should be selected among neighbor nodes that overhear the data packet sent to the receiver node in order for DRDT to provide reliability in an energy-efficient way. The expected cost is defined as the total transmitted bits until the receiver node obtains the data packet [
Step 1: Helper node transmits a control packet to prevent unnecessary retransmissions of the sender.
Step 2: Helper node retransmits the overheard data packet to the receiver node.
For the receiver node to obtain the data packet successfully, the expected number of data packet transmissions is
DRDT causes low overhead because every node can decide to be a helper node in a distributed manner. A
If more than one helper nodes are selected in the helper node selection phase, duplicated retransmission is performed. There are two possible scenarios. First, nodes may not receive the RTS packet from selected helper node due to low link quality, as in nodes
A helper node selected transmits an RTS packet once to determine if the receiver node needs retransmissions of the data packet and prevent other nodes from selecting themselves as helper nodes. If the receiver node that has not received the data packet, receives the RTS packet of the helper node, it transmits the clear to send (CTS) packet to the helper node. After receiving the CTS packet, the helper node begins its transmission phase. When it receives several RTS packets, the receiver node only executes the transmission phase for the first RTS packet, and ignores the others, in order to solve the duplicated retransmission problem by several helper nodes. The transmission phase is generally divided into two steps: the control packet transmission step which prevents the retransmission of the sender node and the data packet retransmission step which retransmits the data packet to the receiver node. In the control packet transmission step, the helper node sends out the control packet to the sender node to prevent data packet duplication due to retransmissions of the sender node. The helper node considers the PRR of the sender node, and the number of control packet retransmissions is effectively reduced. This step should be started before the data packet retransmission step since the sender node possibly retransmits the data packet during retransmission of the helper node. In the data packet retransmission step, the helper node on behalf of the sender node that has a low PRR value, retransmits the data packet to the receiver node. At this time the
We implemented DRDT using C++ to evaluate its performance.
In this subsection, we show simulation results of the number of helper nodes at different PRR between sender and receiver nodes, when every node transmits data packets to the sink. That is, we correlate the number of helper nodes used of one node to its next hop PRR. We observe that most of the helper nodes belong to those nodes with weak links (PRR 0 ∼ 0.1) as shown in
End-to-end transmission cost is defined as the ratio of total number of packets in bits sent by all nodes to the total number of useful packets received by the sink. This can be written as [
GF-HOP transmits the data packet to the next hop node that is closest to the sink without consideration of PRR. Consequently, PRR between two nodes is not sound. This leads to high transmission cost, as the number of retransmissions increases radically, as shown in
There is not much difference between GF-ETX with CBF and GF-ETX with DRDT as shown in
End-to-end transmission delay represents the unit time that the data packet takes from source to sink. If the ACK model does not receive the ACK packet by the timeout, after transmitting the data packet, it provides reliability using a retransmission mechanism. GF-HOP in
In this subsection, we vary node density from 25 to 200 (
In general, the transmission rate of GF-HOP is low (
Energy-efficient reliable transmission is a fundamental routing issue in lossy wireless sensor networks. We have presented detail study about existing routing schemes to guarantee reliability in an efficient way. However, these reliable routing schemes only work well for specific applications which means that they cannot be used as a general solution to provide reliability. To solve the problem, we have proposed a DRDT scheme. DRDT enhances reliability in transmission by cooperative retransmission task of helper nodes. Furthermore, DRDT is extendable, as well as adaptable to existing routing schemes since DRDT operates as an extension layer under the network layer. Therefore, we believe that DRDT based on a pluggable modular approach can be a general solution in providing reliability to the existing routing schemes. Simulation results, in which GF-HOP is implanted as a basic routing scheme, indicate that poor performance of GH-HOP can be improved by applying DRDT. DRDT enhances end-to-end transmission cost and reduces its delay as a result of high transmission rate. In case of GF-ETX after applying DRDT, slight improvement is observed over these performance metrics. This means that DRDT performs retransmission task with very low overhead. Furthermore, DRDT demonstrates superiority in data retransmission compared to CBF.
In our upcoming research, we plan to study the scheduling of sensor motes to extend DRDT as a more practical scheme. We expect that consideration of low duty cycle networks helps to prolong operational time. However, end-to-end transmission cannot afford to maintain an always-awake transmission which leads a decrease the number of overhearing nodes. The performance metrics such as end-to-end transmission cost and delay can be reduced since improvements of DRDT depend on the number of overhearing nodes. Therefore, we also plan to analyze the interaction between low duty cycle networks and the number of overhearing nodes. The interesting overhearing phenomenon is expected according to duty-cycle networks.
This research was supported in part by MKE and MEST, Korean government, under ITRC NIPA-2010-(C1090-1021-0008) and WCU NRF (No. R31-2008-000-10062-0), respectively.
Packet reception rate of considered link loss model at different distance.
Overview of proposed DRDT scheme.
Retransmission of the helper node.
Helper node selection.
Transmission phase by helper node.
Number of helper nodes used at different PRR.
End-to-end transmission cost.
End-to-end transmission delay.
End-to-end transmission rate.
Pseudo-code of helper node selection phase.
|Input: sender id (
|Output: helper node id (
|// When a current node overhears the data packet it starts helper node selection phase
| // If
|// Helper value calculation
|// Set waiting time based on helper value
|// Start timer with waiting time
|// Current node becomes the helper node and broadcasts RTS packet
|// once with its id to neighbor node
Pseudo-code of transmission phase.
|Input: sender id (
|Output: retransmission task on behalf of sender node
|// When a node is selected as a helper node, it starts transmission phase
|4 TRANSMIT(data,
| // If
|// from helper node add flag bit to packet header
|3 transmit packet to
Simulation parameters.
|Output Power
|Frame Size
|Path Loss Exponent
|Noise Floor
|Area Height
|Area Width
|Number of Nodes
|Radio Range
|Original Greedy Forwarding (termed GF-HOP)
|End-to-End Transmission Cost / End-to-End Transmission Delay / End-to-End Transmission Rate


text:
Owen Laster, the former head of the William Morris Agency's worldwide literary division who spent his entire career at that agency until he retired in 2006, has died of cancer. He was 72. Laster was a classy dealmaker and represented the likes of James Michener, Ralph Ellison, Edward Albee and Gore Vidal. He was a key player on the New York literary scene for decades and made many big deals in an understated manner. Here is his obit from The New York Times.
R.I.P. Owen Laster
12 Comments
What a gentleman he was!
Wow that's super sad. I called him about a year ago bc I was told by WME that he used to rep an author of a book whose rights I was trying to secure. (The publisher had pointed me to William Morris…)
WME had not passed the representation on to another agent, and had no contact info for Owen (or at least wouldn't give it to me) but his number was listed publicly and so I cold called him. He couldn't have been nicer. He sort of remembered the book and author (it's from the 60's!) though we were not successful in tracking it down in the end.
He was warm and kind to me, and I appreciate that (especially in this industry).
Great man. Great agent. CLASS ACT. A mentor to many of us who passed through the book department at William Morris. I shall never forget Owen Laster. His door was always open. He was always in your corner. And when we walked out the doors he was still always cheering his children on. And in many ways, we were indeed his children. Here's a man who represented presidents, Ralph Ellison, James Michener, Bill Cosby, Robert Penn Warren, Dominick Dunne, The Estate of Margaret Mitchell, Susan Isaacs, Judy Blume, Judith McNaught and many others. Such a wide range of talent that reflected the interests and curiousities of the man. His integrity and dignity never wavered. RIP Owen. I loved you. Many of us did and and always will.
he died a couple of days ago…
Not too long ago when you read an obit of a lifelong talent agent who started in the mailroom, their career went back to silent films. Now going back to 1960 is considered "the old days."
to this generation old school could mean the 80's.
Condolences to his family he was a really nice man and very classy.
RIP Owen.
My Idol.
A gentle man. I interviewed with him to get into WMA. He was not married, no kids. I wonder where his money is going. I'm sure to a good cause.
RIP Owen, my friend, my mentor.
owen laster one of the most unique people i ever had the pleasure of working for, ever. the old school, class, intellect and moral compass always pointed in the right direction.
always made time for his staff always encouraged ideas and never pushed anyone under a bus there. ever. was not in him to do.
Wow, I am so happy to read what I read.
Owen was a very good friend of mine, I have known him over 20 years, in so many ways he was like a father to me.
I know he was a true success and a class act.
but reading these posts, makes me realize how fortunate I was to have him in my Life.
Thank you so much for these kind words that I have read here, he was the nicest person I ever had in the whole world.
He has enriched my Life, but I see he has with many others
I feel a bit sad.. but I know he would want me to stop
He just had this certain way about him, that would make you smile, and you would know….Its going to be Ok.
I miss you..and its only been 2 days
Im going to go finish reading that book you just got me last month "Just Kids" By Patti Smith
I worked under Owen Laster in the early '80's. I remember him being calm, intelligent, fair, tolerant, and competent. I was Joan Stewart's assistant and Owen was the agent to Fred Mustard Stewart, her husband. Fred died a few years ago. Those were great days in the WMA's literary department. I don't think anyone disliked working for Owen. I'd love to hear from anyone who worked at the agency in the 80's. lorraine


text:
The drunk driver who struck two women on El Dorado Hills Boulevard in 2008 is in an El Dorado County jail after nearly two years on the run.
Using Masterqueue technology from the El Dorado Hills-based Intellaegis, district attorney investigators were able to track Brandi Morgan Thomas to Florida and Tennessee, with an endpoint in Michigan where investigators, with assistance from Michigan state police, arrested her. The 24-year-old woman was extradited to El Dorado County on April 28, where she is being held on $425,000 bail.
In 2009 Brandi Morgan Thomas was convicted of the 2008 DUI incident that changed the lives of cyclists Kathi Sturgeon and Kathy Hurd. Thomas veered into the bike lane on El Dorado Hills Boulevard and struck the women, causing "life-changing major injuries," a press release states. She served some time in jail and was sentenced to a seven years in prison, a punishment suspended in favor of a five-year formal probation period that included an "obey all laws" clause.
Thomas was arrested in August 2011 on suspicion of burglary, forgery and conspiracy to commit a crime. She fled the county and eluded capture until late April.


text:
As the official announcement of 'Sikkim Paragliding Festival' is being made on September 13, 2012 - as 48 days countdown to PG Fest - Sikkim Tourism takes this opportunity to share 48 facts about Sikkim. To know more about Sikkim - Visit Sikkim Tourism
In the four directions of Tashiding Monastery are the Four Sacred Caves – Sarchog Bephug in the east, Khandro Sangphug in the south, Dechenphug in the west and Lhari Nyingphug in the north – dedicated to the four meritorious deeds. Tak-phug or cave hermitage is one of the three types of monasteries in Sikkim. Buddhist texts suggest that it was after a series of meditations in these caves that Padmasambhava was known to have blessed the sites of some of Sikkim's future monasteries and stupas.


text:
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These promotional products from ePromos are ready to ship in 24 hours. Rush promotional items for a last minute event or if you're other supplier fell through.


text:
Lee vs. Meade at Gettysburg (July 1-3,1863): The influence of topography and geology on command decisions and battlefield tactics
Cuffey, Roger J., Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802; Smith, Robert C., II, Neubaum, John C., Keen, Richard C., and Inners, Jon D. (retired), Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 3240 Schoolhouse Road, Middletown, PA 17057; and Neubaum, Victor A., 44 Chestnut Street, Wellsville, PA 17356.
The battle of Gettysburg was fought in a 15-sq.-mi. area in the Mesozoic-age Gettysburg rift basin in south-central Pennsylvania. Battlefield terrain consists of northeast-trending lowlands underlain by red shales and sandstones of Late Triassic-age Gettysburg Formation and rocky ridges developed on Early Jurassic-age diabase. The militarily most significant diabase hills are formed on a York Haven Diabase sill running from Culp's Hill (625 feet) in the north through Cemetery Hill, Cemetery Ridge, and Little Round Top to Big Round Top (785 feet) in the south—the Union "fishhook." A lower, north-south ridge to the west, Seminary Ridge, is ribbed by a Rossville Diabase dike.
The middle of the Civil War saw the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) marching north through the Great Valley into Pennsylvania using the Neoproterozoic Catoctin volcanics and overlying Cambrian clastics of South Mountain to shield themselves. Meanwhile, the Union Army of the Potomac (AOP) maneuvered between the ANV and Washington, D.C., until R.E. Lee ordered his corps commanders to proceed to Gettysburg, the hub for ten roads. In response, G.G. Meade marched north and ordered Federal cavalry to Gettysburg to screen the AOP.
Initial clashes occurred to the northwest of Gettysburg early on July 1; three deep cuts on an unfinished railroad figured in the action there. By late afternoon, the Union had fallen back to defensive positions on the diabase-sill "fishhook." Fighting continued on July 2 as the Confederates on Seminary Ridge attempted to cross the lowland to dislodge the Union left. An unauthorized advance by AOP D.E. Sickles to move westward from the "fishhook" resulted in the ANV gaining some ground, but by evening the AOP occupied its original defensive position. On the evening of July 2, Confederates attempted to dislodge the Federal right, but breastworks of timber and diabase boulders on Culp's Hill were formidable. Following an artillery bombardment of the Union center on the afternoon of July 3, the Confederates launched a massive, but futile assault ("Pickett's Charge") from Seminary Ridge against Cemetery Ridge. Under cover of heavy rains on July 4/5, the mauled ANV retreated into Virginia. Despite the difficulty of entrenching, crude fences of diabase boulders had provided the Federals with adequate cover in many sectors.
Oral paper presented at the combined Annual Meetings of the Northeastern (39 th) and Southeastern (53 rd) Sections of the Geological Society of America, Tysons Corner, VA, March 25, 2004.
Cuffey, R. J., Smith, R. C., et al., 2004, Lee vs. Meade at Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863): the influence of topography and geology on command decisions and battle field tactics: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 36, no. 2, p. 48.


text:
It is my sincere pleasure to welcome you to the web site of the University's James A. Rogers Library and thank you very sincerely for visiting our pages. Founded in 1970, and still relatively young, the university continues to foster growth of a library designed to be innovative and forward-looking in our approach to library services. As you continue to explore our web site, you will see the various kinds of information resources and library services we provide for our users regardless of where you are located.
The library supports the educational curriculum and research needs of the University community through the development of essential collections and the provision of services that have been designed to facilitate access to information and learning. Our satisfaction comes from serving you as you progress towards realizing your goals.
Our purpose is to provide the best services possible to you, the students, faculty, and staff of Francis Marion University and to support general research in the Pee Dee Region. We know that our resources and services will be highly useful to you, and we look forward to serving you and welcome your comments and suggestions.
Joyce M. Durant
Dean of the Library and Professor


text:
Two stacked cubes in an irregular profile adds charm and character to this large banyan leaf floor lamp. In a vibrant multi-colored and natural color that complements the coastal look. From the Cube collection by Eangee.
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text:
At Meredith and Derek's house, Callie tells them and Arizona about how horrible the Pegasus hospital was - she insists they have to buy Seattle Grace. Arizona wonders, "What if we don't want to." Derek talks about how hard it is to run the hospital and thinks they should stay the course. Heated arguing ensues among the four. Callie has some money to put in and wonders about using Mark's and Lexie's. Arizona argues that Mark's is Sofia's. They complain that Christina won't answer texts. Arizona accuses Callie of wanting to invest millions into maintaining a good vibe. Derek backs Callie. Arizona thinks he feels guilty and now wants to be a hero. Callie says they should go. Meredith agrees.
Owen is having sex with Christina at home when he gets a text from Cahill who is dealing with nurses threatening to walk. Owen tells Christina if anything interferes with the sale, the hospital closes. Owen is happy there with her. Christina kisses him.
At Seattle Grace, Arizona apologizes to Derek. Everyone begins to notice huge posters of Derek all over the place. Meredith says it's kind of gross. Shane appears, gushing about them. Derek goes to find Cahill and complains he only agreed to a brochure. Owen listens as she tells him three focus groups can't be wrong. After, Owen thanks Derek. Later, Derek is going to pose for photos and invites Shane along. He declines to go learn something real.
In the ambulance, Matthew stops kissing April and tells her he doesn't want to do this anymore - he wants to take her on a date. He wants to see her in clothes...not in scrubs, though she looks great in scrubs. April grins.
Jo and Alex work on a baby in pediatrics. They go tell the parents they need to do emergency surgery and get no response. It turns out the couple work together and got pregnant accidentally during a one-night stand - they despise each other. Alex and Jo discuss the situation during the surgery. Jo points out Alex has slept with co-workers - it's more trouble than it's worth. The baby goes into crisis. Alex consults with the parents who have to make a decision. They end up making it together. The baby begins to thrive and Alex asks Jo to go for a beer, but she has plans with another guy.
Bailey and Arizona team up on the case of a young boy in another room and get consent to go ahead with their genome mapping treatment plan. Bailey is excited, however Owen tells her the proposal was turned down by the board.
Out in the rain, Christina laughs uproariously when Meredith tells her about their plan to buy Seattle Grace. She thinks they need to have Owen's back. Christina goes inside for a heart surgery. The interns admit to her they're thinking about leaving the hospital. Christina thinks they're disloyal, but Stephanie points out she wanted to be an excellent intern too.
Jackson is in surgery when April enters. She says she can't talk to him about what's going on with her. Jackson makes her laugh and opens up about his mom driving him nuts. April tells him her concerns about telling the paramedic she's revirginized. Jackson urges her to tell Matthew exactly what she told him. Later, he catches up with her before she leaves and advises her if Matthew doesn't get it then she deserves better.
Owen deals with a mob of disgruntled staff in a meeting room. Bailey's in Owen's face about her treatment plan. He admits he didn't even bring it up to the board because they wouldn't approve it. Derek listens and gets on the phone with someone about a 'crazy idea'. Cahill takes Owen aside and tells him he's the only one who can convince these people what is difficult in the short run will benefit them in the long run. Owen returns to the staff and makes a speech about Pegasus being the best thing for all of them. He manages to sway them.
Derek has Callie meet him outside in a vehicle. She's startled by his financial adviser in the back. The adviser tells them they can't own the hospital in which they work, but can form a foundation to run it like a board. Christina and Meredith meet with the financial adviser afterward.
Christina grills Owen in an empty room about Pegasus. He admits he doesn't think it's what's best, but it's the only choice. Owen gets a call and it seems like good news.
Arizona and Bailey are forced to tell their patient that the genome mapping treatment wasn't approved. Bailey shocks Arizona by telling the boy's father to take him to another hospital. They argue about it as Bailey leaves later. Bailey admits she doesn't want to work there anymore.
Arizona calls Callie, Derek, and Meredith together out in the rain. She tells them Bailey is quitting; they have to buy the hospital now - she's in. Christina appears and warns that Pegasus wants to close the deal tonight. They wonder what they can do.
Owen and Cahill greet the Pegasus officials in the board room. Derek appears and tenders his resignation. Callie, Arizona, Meredith, and Christina follow suit. They retreat to another room, whispering about buying time and the next move. Richard enters and knows something's going on. They put him off. Christina's upset about Owen's reaction. Mer reassures her, but Christina's still concerned.
April and Matthew are making out at his place when he puts the brakes on to say he's saving himself for marriage. April gasps. She says she is too.
Owen and Cahill learn in the boardroom that Pegasus withdrew their offer. Owen tells Cahill she has to get Pegasus back for him.
Owen hammers on Christina's door looking for her.
Christina, Derek, Callie, Meredith, and Arizona are at the dream house with the financial adviser putting together plans to buy the hospital.


text:
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Wear these with black tights and oversize black shorts the way Clemence Poesy did.
these are leather mixed stud wrap wedges. gladiator tough meets boho soft.
We are a community of shoppers sharing our best finds from across the web.
© 2017 ThisNext, Inc. ThisNext is a member of BUZZMEDIA Entertainment, a division of BUZZMEDIA.


text: aeolus December 14, 2009 3:16 PM These guys are living in the past and think the mystique of the red car will overcome engineering weakness. Dream on. If Ferrari doesn't reach the front, the backstabbing will begin placing all the blame on the drivers. Heads will roll! Reply Report abuse 8 agree 4 disagree


text:
A Guide to the George Bowman Collection on Mance Lipscomb, 1961-2000
Creator Sketch:
Dr. George Bowman was Texas blues musician Mance Lipscomb's dentist and friend. Lipscomb frequently played at Bowman's home.
Scope and Contents:
Collection contains audio recordings by, photographs of, and letters from Mance Lipscomb, as well as clippings and writings about Lipscomb, many written by Lipscomb's biographer, A. Glenn Myers.
Access Restrictions
Unrestricted access.
Use Restrictions
Audio recordings may be used only by appointment with the Sound Archivist.
Administrative Information
Preferred Citation:
George Bowman Collection on Mance Lipscomb, 1961-2000, the Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
Detailed Description of the Collection


text:
Mary sued the non-profit hospital, seeking to hold the institution liable for the acts of the doctors and nurses it employed. This is the legal doctrine of respondeat superior. There was no claim of liability against the individual physicians or nurses in this case.
This oft-quoted and misunderstood decision gives a fascinating view of hospital care in the U.S. as it existed in the early 20th century. The well-to-do paid $7 a week for care, the needy paid nothing. The decision describes the nurse's role in advising the patient about a surgery planned by the physicians:
There may be cases where a patient ought not to be advised of a contemplated operation until shortly before the appointed hour. To discuss such a subject at midnight might cause needless and even harmful agitation. About such matters a nurse is not qualified to judge. She is drilled to habits of strict obedience. She is accustomed to rely unquestioningly upon the judgment of her superiors.
The case was then appealed to New York's highest state court, the Court of Appeals. To decide the case, the court had to define a non-profit hospital's liability for acts performed by the doctors and nurses it employed. Two theories were offered supporting the conclusion that the hospital was immune from liability for the patient's damages. One theory was that a patient waived the right to sue for negligent treatment when the patient turned to a charity for help (charitable immunity). In rejecting this, Justice Cardozo summarized the state of the common law regarding consent to surgery:
In the case at hand, the wrong complained of is not merely negligence. It is trespass. Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body; and a surgeon who performs an operation without his patient's consent commits an assault, for which he is liable in damages.
This ringing phrase is technically incorrect. Rather than an assault, Mary Schloendorff's injuries resulted from a battery. A civil assault is "an intentional attempt to do injury or commit a battery upon the person of another." 6 N.Y. JUR. 2d Assault-Civil Aspects s 1 (1980). The assault requires an intent to inflict injury or put the victim in apprehension of such injury. 6 N.Y. JUR. 2d Assault-Civil Aspects s 1. A battery consists of the slightest touching, with the only intent required being the intent to make contact, not intent to do injury. Id. at s 4.
Judges: Justice Cardozo wrote the opinion, Justices Hiscock, Chase, Collin and Cuddeback, concurred.
Continue on to Opinion.


text:
- "Look at those assholes down there. They must have more of our equipment now than us."
- — Dominic Santiago on the upcoming ambush
The Ambush on Voslov Bridge consisted of two ambushes on the Voslov Bridge in the aftermath of the retreat order to Jacinto Plateau. A Coalition convoy carrying Gears and citizens was ambushed by 50 Drones, leading to the death of all the Gears in the convoy.
Order of BattleEdit
The AmbushEdit
With all military units pulling back to Jacinto, the Locust Horde was emerging ahead of the retreating COG forces. Jannermont and Andius both fell in front of Gear soldiers.[2][3] At least 50 Grubs ambushed the draw-bridge, killing all the Gears in the area and looting all the bodies and vehicles.
- "The General says that we have to open that route in the next hour."
- — Sherston to Sgt. Marcus Fenix
Sgt. Fenix and his Gears arrived at Voslov Bridge and discovered the massacre, leading Fenix to improvise on taking out the Locust forces. He ordered the draw-bridge opened, causing the abandoned vehicles to fall on the Grubs, while using the rest of the Longspears on a fuel truck, killing many of the Locust.
Opening the BridgeEdit
With all the Grubs dead, the highway was clear for the remaining refugees, but with the realization that no ships could make it down the now blocked river.[4]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gears of War: Jacinto's Remnant pg 277
- ↑ Gears of War: Jacinto's Remnant pg 139
- ↑ Gears of War: Jacinto's Remnant pg 183
- ↑ Gears of War: Jacinto's Remnant pg 284


text:
A wonderful design from the Crystorama pendant light collection. At the center of this orb-shaped pendant design are six 60W candelabra bulbs. A wrought iron frame encircles the bright bulbs. Dripping from the iron frame are crystal jewel drops.
The Crystorama Lighting Group was founded in Brooklyn in 1958. Founded by Abraham Kleinberg, the company is still family-owned and committed to providing customers with "Tomorrow's Antiques." The company was initially founded as an importer of exquisite crystal chandeliers from Bohemia. Now, as creators of fine chandeliers, Crystorama continues to source the finest crystal worldwide, and their specialized craftsmen maintain the tradition of quality design and construction.
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text:
Subject: Re: [htdig] suggestions for large multi-server indexing?
From: Geoff Hutchison (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Date: Fri Jun 09 2000 - 13:10:31 PDT
On Fri, 9 Jun 2000, Albert Lunde wrote:
> I'd like to hear your suggestions for doing large-scale multi-server
> indexing with htdig.
Heck, if you want to discuss this in person, I'm a few blocks away. :-)
> (1) What are the are the pros and cons of doing a single big index
> (giving it starting URLs across all servers) vs. doing a number of
> small indexes and merging them?
The biggest pro of doing small indexes is that the digging can occur in
parallel. When I wrote the merging code, I called it "Poor-Man's
The biggest con of doing small indexes is that you'll have multiple copies
of your data, plus some space overhead for having distinct files.
My personal feeling is that if you have some bandwidth and a few spare
computers with the same configuration, build the initial index in small
indexes and then merge them together. Since the number of changes is
normally very small, I then just update the big one and delete the small
ones. See below for some additional comments.
> (2) What are issues likely to cause problems in scaling up?
The usual sorts of things, RAM, disk, time. ;-) More seriously, these do
not scale linearly. Time is probably something like O(nlog n) right now,
and disk is probably somewhere in between. If you're using 3.1.x, I don't
know how to estimate RAM consumption--the htmerge sorting phase seems to
be problematic for many people truly huge databases.
> (3) How large are some indexes that people have created sucessfully,
> and what hardware/time does it take to do it?
I know a few people over the 1 million URL mark. The wso.williams.edu
search server has 128MB RAM and hosts something like 95,000 URLs.
> The case I'm interested in is creating a campus-wide index of the
> semi-official servers at our university.
> No one knows exactly how much is out there to index, but rough
> guesses suggest 200-300 servers, with something like 100,000 -
> 200,000 HTML pages.
A large part of indexing time for multiserver indexing is network latency.
I would suggest starting with just a few that you expect will be large
(e.g. www.nwu.edu, which I believe already has a search engine) and slowly
start to merge in some of the rest.
> (I've been following this list for a bit, but haven't been able to
> get far with experients on my own due to difficulties building the
> software on HP-UX 10.20 and lack of time.)
HP-UX is only semi-supported. People periodically send me patches, but I
think things break because none of active developers have direct access to
one. It also varies considerably by compiler.
-- -Geoff Hutchison Williams Students Online http://wso.williams.edu/
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This archive was generated by hypermail 2b28 : Fri Jun 09 2000 - 11:00:56 PDT


text:
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormones. This slows down the metabolism of the body, leading to symptoms such as always feeling cold, fatigue and easily putting on weight. Your thyroid gland makes two hormones: thyroxine (also called T4) and triiodothyronine (also called T3). Together, these hormones regulate your body's growth and metabolism. Your metabolism is how quickly your body uses resources to create energy and how quickly this happens in the body. It affects lots of things, including how much you weigh and how much you sleep. It is quite difficult to get your GP to diagnose this condition; this is because today GPs mainly rely on blood tests to diagnose their patients. Before the use of blood testing Doctors would use the pinch method where they would gently pinch your skin at top of your arms also taking your temperature on waking, before you start moving about, gives a good indication. If your body temperature is below 37 Centigrade is another clue. Hypothyroidism can go undiagnosed for a lifetime. You may have a GP that is aware of the symptoms, if not do your own research, and present it to your GP, to see what they make of your findings. Treatment used to be taking natural Thyroid extract; today we are given synthetic treatments which do not work as good as the natural form of Thyroid extract. There is lots of information about Hypothyroidism on the Internet, investigate this for yourself and If you feel you have the symptoms, go to your GP and get yourself checked out, armed with the knowledge you have acquired..I found a book called "Hypothyroidism Type 2" by Mark Starr, M.D. very enlightening.
Readers who submit articles must agree to our terms of use. The content is the sole responsibility of the contributor and is unmoderated. But we will react if anything that breaks the rules comes to our attention. If you wish to complain about this article, contact us here


text:
Catering has been around for a long time. The most traditional ways of catering were on-site or off-site. Caterers either cooked the food right at the event or they brought the cooked food to the event. These were the traditional ways caterers would provide their party catering services. Today, there are more and more catering food truck offering catering services for parties and other events.
Food truck operators are now moving into the catering business. There are many food trucks cashing in on the wedding industry or parties because they can produce a lot of food for the guests. With food trucks being so trendy, many customers think that it would be cooler to have a food truck cater their food instead of the usual buffets.
Catering food trucks are preferred by many as the source of food for upcoming events such as an anniversary, wedding or an engagement party. Another main reason why food trucks are popular in the catering industry is because it is proven to be a cost effective way for party catering and has minimal labor and personnel involved. If you want to try your luck with this kind of business, let Concession Nation build you a quality food truck now!
Starting a catering food truck business begins with finding the right truck that will serve as the base of all your operations – from preparation, to cooking and even service. You need to choose a truck that is best suited to the kind of restaurant you plan to have. What this means is that if you plan to serve grilled food items, you need to equip your food truck with kitchen facilities that will allow you to do all the cooking you need. Let Concession Nation build you a quality food truck that can start your catering business on the right track.
Here at Concession Nation, we will build you a food truck according to your preferences. Tell us what you need and we will find a way to build it exactly like you want it to without sacrificing quality. For those who want a successful mobile catering business, let Concession Nation build you quality catering food trucks. Call us now!


text:
--So, if you could choose/create a flashback to be put in the manga what would it be?
--No your answer doesnt have to be canon, this is about what YOU would like to see in a flashback and how YOU would like for it to play out.
--Any memory from any character is acceptable, no it does not necessarily have to be a plot furthering flashback or even anything of any relevence to the current story.
--NO further rules, any ridiculously retarded, character bashing, fanboy fapping flashback is perfectly acceptable as far as Im concerned
--HAVE FUN. That is the whole point of this after all.
WARNING: Most of this is set up basically either for those who like to be extra detailed or as a time killing excercise. Of course you could just simply describe your flashback with possibly the same effect. The outline and layout provided is only for those who either want to be extra detailed or want to kill some time. I know its mostly unneccessary, thats probably why I enjoyed making it.
1.Which character's memory would you want the flashback to be from?
2.At which point in this characters life would you like the flashback to be focused on?
(if your flashback progresses through different points in time, give a general term to explain around when each point occurs Ex: " 3rd Shinobi World War - Kyuubi Attack - Oro's attack on Konoha")
3.Which character(s) would you like the flashback to focus on, in addition to the character whose memory it is
4.What would you specifically like to see revealed about one or each of the characters in the flashback individually?
(Ex:ideals, jutsu, relationships, history, etc.)
5.What kind of fights and/or action of any kind (if any) would you like to see in the flashback?
(Ex: Shinobi A vs. Shinobi B, Shinobi A+B vs group of Hidden Cloud Jounin, Shinobi A on mission to _____)
6.Explain in a long or short summary what would happen in your flashback. Add in any information that wasnt already covered in the previous questions as needed/if needed to better your story.
Flashback Outline:
Now put it all together and attempt to explain how you would like to see your flashback progress!
I expect short summaries from most people but anyone who has enough time to really put some thought into this might just come up with something great and might even have some fun doing it.
Heres my outline of the flashback Id like to see, I plan on adding in the summary as I think on it some more.
My Flashback Outline:
1. MEMORY- Madara
2. ERA/ARC- Clan War Era (Senju vs Uchiha)
3. SIDE CHARACTERS- Izuna, possibly a newly introduced and short lived Uchiha
4. REVEALS- Madara- bond with Izuna, strength/coordination/skill of tag-team Madara/Izuna
talents or lack of talents in his leadership of the Uchiha
Izuna- Ideals/beliefs, MS abilities, Role played in assisting in the leadership of the Uchiha
5. FIGHTS- Madara, Izuna, and the Uchiha Clan army vs random enemy clans.
Madara, Izuna, and the Uchiha Clan army vs Hashirama, Tobirama, and Senju Clan army
(first encounter with the childhood friends leading their respective clans)
Madara vs Izuna (Over leadership or ideals disagreement)
Madara vs. Hashirama (first 1v1 encounter on the battlefield since childhood)
6.SUMMARY- It would essentially be the story weve heard summarized by Itachi, told by Hashi, and known by everyone. The difference between this flashback and the others would be that the focusing point of this particular flashback would be the bond of Madara and Izuna and to see the full story and not just whats been passed down as legends. It would reveal the awakening of their MS, much more info on Izunas MS, and their struggle to the head of the Uchiha as well as all the way through to the death of Izuna. Showing how the 2 brothers lead and maintained the Uchiha in the extreme state of war, continuously came out on top of enemy clans and guided the Uchiha to become known as one of the most fearsome clans of their time. The flashback would end with Madara implanting Izunas eyes, then shifting to Madara, alone, his eyes wrapped, sitting in a dark corner in what appears to be a cave of some kind assumedly some time later. Heavy tears can be seen flowing from underneath the wrapping. He jumps up violently and begins walking, ripping off the bandages from the transplant his new bright glowing EMS shines in the darkness.
*Everything slowly blacks out until only his EMS can be seen*
This was quickly thrown together, on my phone, without having slept in 24 hours, and not double checked in the least. I know there are errors and that its not as organized as it could be, but cmon, I did it all on my phone completely off the top of my head, gimme a break
let me know if you like or dislike the general idea of what Im trying to do. If very many people like the idea Ill tweak it based on everyones ideas/suggestions. If not... then nothing I guess xD


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Putnam-Westchester Industry & Science Teacher Alliance
PWISTA is an organization and network developed in cooperation with the school districts of Putnam-Westchester County and local Teacher Centers. It is designed to increase scientific knowledge and enhance classroom instruction by exposing science teachers and their students to modern scientific technologies used in industrial laboratories.
The Goals and Objectives of PWISTA are to:
PWISTA is also a NYC vendor with vendor # MAR019000 01.
PWISTA-Mahopac is a non for profit 501(c)-3 organization established to Initiate, build, and sustain collaborations and partnerships to provide specific and focused professional development to support the teaching and learning of core science content, conceptual understandings, and practices P-12. The organization was established to facilitate the distribution of donated equipment from industry and business to school laboratories.
PWISTA Partners:
BASF, Kraft Foods, Westchester Environmental Facilities, Regeneron, IBM and many more
Special Thanks to Consumer Reports for all their support over the years.
Contact Information
"Leave No Teacher Behind " is our Motto


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Ariz. executes its oldest inmate for 1978 killing
Credit: The Associated Press
FLORENCE, Ariz. — Arizona has executed the oldest person on its death row for killing a man in 1978.
Seventy-one-year-old Edward Harold Schad Jr. was given a lethal dose of the pentobarbital and was pronounced dead at 10:12 a.m. Wednesday at the state prison in Florence.
Schad was convicted twice of killing 74-year-old Lorimer "Leroy" Grove of Bisbee, in southeastern Arizona.
Grove was last seen leaving Bisbee pulling a trailer with his new Cadillac on the way to visit his sister in Washington state. He was found dead with a rope knotted around his neck on Aug. 9, 1978, south of Prescott.
Schad's execution was Arizona's 35th since 1992. His death leaves 121 people on the death row in the state, including two women.


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Pilots are the cowboys of the air, roaming the wide-open skies and herding children's runaway balloons. Giddy up, up, and away with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $79 for a discovery flight lesson package for one (a $160 value)
- $99 for a discovery flight for two (a $198 value)
- Packages include plane rental and one hour of instruction.
Desert Spirits Aviation
David Guy is a certified flight instructor, but that doesn't begin to describe his depth of experience with aircrafts. Before retiring, he served in the Air Force as a C-130 flight engineer, logging more than 5,000 hours as an engineer and 1,000 as a pilot. Today, he puts this background to daily use at Desert Spirits Aviation, an FAA-certified flight school operating out of Marana Regional Airfield. He instructs students aboard his trusty1970 Piper Cherokee 140C aircraft, overseeing their advancement from aeronautical novices to recreational, commercial, and private pilot licenses.


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Reasons U.S. Suburbs' Politics Are Changing
A demographic phenomenon that has taken hold over the past decade presents the Republican Party with a challenge: young, educated urbanites moving into suburban strongholds the GOP once banked on for national victories. As described in a page-one story in the Journal, the newcomers aren't coming from cities next door: they are lured from all over the nation by university, technology or government jobs that are sprouting in metropolitan regions within red states, including Colorado, Georgia and Virginia. Once they've moved in, the newbies begin reshaping these suburbs into smaller-scale cities: more Starbucks, more public transport, more apartments—and more Democrats. Here's a quick take on how this new phenomenon is changing the nation's political landscape.
A new breed of young professionals are pouring into once-conservative postwar suburbs adjacent to cities rich in academic, government and research jobs, such as Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Denver and Columbus, Ohio.
These newcomers tend to be wealthier, better educated and more culturally diverse than the suburbs' original residents. Their tastes and preferences are reshaping the housing, shopping and sprawling layout of these once-pastoral 'burbs, making them look more like the cities the newbies left behind.
As these postwar suburbs—called "Mature Suburbs" by the Brookings Institution—become more dense and urbanized, they are increasingly voting Democratic in national elections. In Virginia, an important battleground state, voters in mature suburbs near D.C. delivered the votes that put Democratic Gov. Terry McAuliffe into office this year.
At the same time, the mature suburbs' new residents consider themselves politically independent, favoring politicians who address local concerns over party ideologues. Thomas M. Davis III, a centrist Republican who retained his urbanizing suburban district in Virginia for seven terms, says the suburbs' new urbanites "are not in love with Democrats…They're voting for their own interests, and who's going to treat them well." While in office, Mr. Davis addressed issues of interest to his Latino and Asian constituents, and tackled hyper-local problems like traffic, business development and sprawl.
Republicans are losing the suburbs, Mr. Davis said, because fewer GOP moderates—many from centrist suburban neighborhoods—are running for office. Centrist candidates are often kept off the ticket by the parties' more conservative elements. Mr. Davis says the national GOP's resulting focus on divisive platform issues further alienates young, affluent suburbanites who "are economically more aligned with the Republican party, but they are just turned off by the social policy."


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by Staff Writers
Mexico City (AFP) July 01, 2013
Rain was beginning to fall on Mexico's west coast from Dalila, the fourth named storm of the Pacific hurricane season, which was gaining strength as it approached land, officials said Sunday.
"The center of Tropical Storm Dalila is gradually approaching the Michoacan and Colima coast, moving slowly toward the north-northwest," the Mexican National Meteorological System said in its latest report.
Meanwhile, the US National Hurricane Center in its latest advisory said the "outer rainbands of Dalila (were) beginning to move onshore" in southwestern Mexico.
Although the center of the tropical cyclone was expected to remain offshore, the Miami-based center warned "Dalila is still expected to produce tropical storm conditions within the warning area on Monday."
"Gradual strengthening is expected during the next 48 hours, and Dalila could become a hurricane on Tuesday," it said.
At 0300 GMT, the storm was located about 150 miles (245 kilometers) south of the coastal tourist town of Manzanillo, Mexico, with maximum sustained winds of 45 miles (75 kilometers) per hour.
It was moving to the northwest at 10 miles (17 kilometers) per hour.
Related Links
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The #TrustYourPower program is helping to send underprivileged kids to ProCamps, a national youth football organization. For every #TrustYourPower tweet, Duracell is donating $1 (up to 200k), giving kids the chance to realize their power through football.
Along with this we are giving away one autographed Patrick Willis Football. Retweet our tweet on twitter here for your chance to win.
Retweet to win a Patrick Willis autographed football. http://t.co/YX4t345z #TrustYourPower One Random Winner. Giveaway ends 1/19/12 at noon.
— Erickson (@49erholics) January 18, 2013


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Of Interest
- Jim Crace was shortlisted for the 2013 Man Booker Prize for Fiction for his novel Harvest (Nan A. Talese/Picador). Crace was previously shortlisted for the Booker Prize for his 1997 novel Quarantine.
- Jayne Anne Phillips's latest novel Quiet Dell was published by Scribner in October.
- Julian Barnes's book Levels of Life was published by Knopf in September.
- Russell Banks's new story collection, A Permanent Member of the Family, was published by Ecco/HarperCollins in November.
The archives of Banks, Barnes, Crace, and Phillips are held at the Ransom Center.


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Delectable Doggie Dinners at San Rocco
Back to the Blog... | Post Feedback | Author Bio | Printer-Friendly
Austin Katz here, once again, for my annual doggie blog stint as guest canine scribe; I've given the boss two weeks off.
So, I want to tell you about a wonderful place to go to eat dinner, or lunch, or have snacks; I'd say, "or drinks," but I'm not human and I rarely meet friends for drinks (at least not the kind my mom wrote about last week). The name of the restaurant is San Rocco on West 24th Street, and it has a lovely outdoor dining area where I and my canine confrères are allowed to dine.
We get our very own menu with so many delicacies on it, I hardly know what to select. But then, I don't have to make choices, as the nice people at San Rocco graciously bring me the whole shebang: Greenies, Mother Hubbard's savory treats, Happy Hips for my health and to tickle my taste buds... and way more. And the best part of it is that it's all free, except the delicious grilled chicken.
So, here's the deal about this restaurant: When Milan-based Rocco Arena, the CEO of the Arena Group in Italy, decided he wanted to open a restaurant in New York City, he prayed to Saint Rocco...and guess who answered him? The very same. So, Rocco named the restaurant for the saint (not himself), and while my favorite saint is Francis of Assisi (like that would be hard to guess), I have to think that this Rocco guy is pretty potent, 'cause Rocco got his restaurant. And we all got a terrific place for an afternoon aperitivo the Italian way -- meaning linger, sip, dine, and delight.
There are some very mouthwatering things for humans, too, on the menu here. When you're ready to eat, chef Alan Bravaccini (who has many stars to his name from his gastronomic efforts in London and elsewhere around the world) will tempt your palate with his extraordinary culinary skills. He is partial to pasta, but everything here is exceptional -- and is made in the traditional fashion, but with a slightly modern twist...so don't expect the ordinary. Among the many offerings are calamari su crema di zucchini; filetto di ricciola; tagliolini all'astice, and for dessert, the Nutella cheesecake.
See you there. I will be under the table, looking for scraps.
San Rocco, 39 W. 24 St., 212-255-4655.
Posted on July 28, 2011 - by
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About the Author: About the Author: Ruth J. Katz is a well-known shopping and service writer based in New York City. She has written about shopping for 25 years for New York magazine; covered the topic on-air at Fox-TV for several years as the Home Services expert; and had her own show on both the USA and Lifetime Cable networks. Katz wrote extensively for The New York Times as well, and contributed periodically to the New York Daily News. She is a passionate shopper, always looking for not merely a good buy, but the best buy, ferreting out a "steal" or discovering up-and-coming designers. She has written five books and is a former contributing editor to Hearst's Redbook, Classic Home, and Colonial Homes; she is currently a Contributing Editor of New York Home, Golf Connoisseur, The Modern Estate, and Promenade magazines. She is also the former Shopping Director for Davler Media's Manhattan Living.
Recent Entries:
Spa-La-La: Spa Week October 12th - 18thSerious About Sirio - The Top-Flight Restaurant in the Pierre Hotel Introduces Its Fall MenuNespresso On-the-Run at Grand CentralWild for Wahl: Therapy for Tired and Pained MusclesHair Happiness: Rowenta's Infini Pro Hair DryerFashion Plates to Wear and Eat: Dining Stylishly and SmartlyWho's Bored? You Won't Be, With a Rowenta Ironing BoardMakeup Forever's Smoky Extravagant MascaraOne Silicone Oven Mitt + One Hot Pad + Ingenuity = The Hot Iron Holster!Guerlain's Newest: The Audacious Sense of Intoxicating ScentsTravel in Style and Comfort With HästensChopard's Happy Sport: Gay Diamonds, Fish, and FantasyGlorious, Soaring Time: Breguet at The Frick Collection, New YorkA Fresh Face for Spring and Summer: Make Up Forever's Pro-FinishTurn Back the Aging Clock: StriVectin's Newest Magic!Nabil Hayari's Delicious PerfumesCrackerjack Union Jacks! Fun Accessories with British FlairDining in Style and for a Good Price: Fashion Plates to Wear and EatHollywood on the Thames: The Victoria & Albert's Hollywood Costume ExhibitJane's Jewels: Designer Jane Bohan Holds Sample SaleThings Are Popping in the Meatpacking District: The POP-Up Jewelry GalleryA Mug to Mug Happily About: Lifetime Brands' Thermal MugHair Today, Frizz Gone Tomorrow: Products to use with Keratin TreatmentsTHE MET: Live in HD Is BackWill Wonders Never Cease: C Wonder Opens at the Time Warner CenterLOOT 2012: Mad About JewelryDon't Cry for Me, Argentina: Treasures from Buenos Aires' Evita Museum Arrive in New YorkThe Metropolitan Opera's LIVE IN HD Presentations Grace the End of SummerSizzling Summer Coolers: SodaStream's LatestBad Hair Day? HairUWear Can Bring Sunshine and Glamour to a Gloomy DayPerfect Drinkware: TervisDuality Cosmetics' Nail Paks: A Solution in a BottleThe Eyes Have It! IT Cosmetics' Magical Brow PowerIroning the Kinks (Well, Wrinkles) Out of Clothes With the BEST Iron: Rowenta to the RescueMasterpiece London Draws Record Crowd in Its Third YearBreathing Right in a Tough Allergy Season: Air-o-Swiss to the RescueArt in the Park at the Baur au Lac HotelA Charming Jewelry TaleHip Hip Hooray for Yep Yup's Canine-Approved Mobile Pet Organizer!Afternoon Delight - The Mandarin Oriental Lobby LoungeA Weighty Issue - EatSmart Precision Voyager Digital Luggage ScaleArt and Antique Dealers League of America (Redux)Jewels to Captivate Your Eye and Heart: The Headley-Whitney MuseumThe Art of Craft: The SOFA Show at the ArmoryKeeping Warm in the Chilly Days Ahead: Keurig's Barista Prima Brews Caffé RougeThe January Art Scene in New York CityEmbrace the Holidays and Embrace the Tree of Life - Shangri-La Hotels' Seasonal Fundraising CampaignFrom Head to Feet - Emjoi's Micro-Pedi Magic GizmoGettin' Steamy: Panasonic's Facial SteamerMore on the Kindest Cut: Wüsthof Knives for Your Turkey Table
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LIST-UPDATE-L ArchivesArchiver > LIST-UPDATE > 2006-10 > 1161837624
From: "MJ Mann" <>
Subject: Re: [LIST-UPDATE] new spam after list moved
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2006 00:40:24 -0400
References: <email@example.com><firstname.lastname@example.com>
In-Reply-To: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
I use this address only for mail lists. Up until recently, I received
maybe one or two a WEEK (gmail is very good about putting them in a
spam folder)
Since the 'migration', it has gradually grown. I now get in excess of
20 a DAY! I haven't counted and any time I check mail, I delete
contents of that spam folder.
There has to be a connection, since like I said, all I have here is
mail list postings/replies. Been that way for almost 2 years.
I use other email addresses (I have 5 others) for other things. My
yahoo gets over 100 a day, but with its exposure ... that's almost to
be expected, unfortunately.
It's annoying, to say the least. I believe the migration/new software
is responsible for the 'spike' in spam, since that's the only
On 10/25/06, DABF <> wrote:
> I hope that this is the proper forum: I have a private (by direct subs.
> only) list. Since the change in format, etc. I have noted increased
> messages from spammers. Is this just luck of the spam or have others
> noted this?
This thread:
|Re: [LIST-UPDATE] new spam after list moved by "MJ Mann" <>


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Hardware Notes: LG BE14 External CD/DVD/Blu-Ray Drive
Update, December, 2014: I had problems with this drive; it wasn't reading CDs very well, with lots of seeking, and very slow speeds on about half the CDs I tried to rip. I contacted LG for support, and found that this drive hasn't been sold in the UK for two years; I bought it in May, 2014. In other words, Amazon, who sold it to me directly, sold a gray-market item, for which the manufacturer will offer no support. Fortunately, Amazon refunded me, with no questions asked. But be careful if you plan to buy this in the UK. I'm now using the Pioneer BDR-XD05. (Amazon.com, Amazon UK, and the only problems I've had have been with a handful of bad discs.)
I needed a new optical drive to connect to my Mac mini. I have a self-powered Plextor Blu-Ray drive, which I bought several years ago, but it's not very fast, and its performance has declined with age. It's also very noisy; I rip a lot of CDs, and it's annoying to hear how much noise that drive produces.
After doing some research, I settled on the LG BE14 (Amazon.com, Amazon UK), which, while not the cheapest drive available, seemed to have the highest specs for the money. It reads Blu-Rays at up to 14x, DVDs at up to 16x, and CDs at up to 40x. It has high write speeds, but I can't recall the last time I wrote an optical disc; I'm only planning to use this device for ripping.
It's a bulky device, a full-sized unit with a power supply, unlike my slim Plextor. It's a front load, which means I needed to clear my desk a bit, but it's a lot quieter than the Plextor. And it is fast.
My first tests involved ripping a few CDs. It starts at around 20x at the beginnings of CDs, reaching 40x at times near the end. (CDs spin at a fixed rotational speed, but the amount of data read increases as the laser moves from the beginning of the disc – the center – to the outside. Each "track," as it moves outward, holds more data than the previous one, so read speeds are fastest near the end.)
This is the fastest I've ever ripped CDs; even faster than the theoretical 52x drive I had back in my 2006 Mac Pro. And it hits the maximum rated read speed of 40x; I wonder if it could go even a bit faster.
This means that it takes less than three minutes to rip a CD. I ripped ten CDs, all between 70 and 78 minutes, and, while it took a few seconds more for discs with shorter tracks – which is normal – most finished in three minutes or less. The occasional disc was slower, and this is something one sees with any drive; I don't know why, but it probably has to do with the pressing. (I rip my discs using error correction.) But even slow rips were less than five minutes, which is twice as fast as my Plextor with similar discs.
The device is rated for 12x read speed from single-layer Blu-Ray discs and 8x from dual layer discs. The DVD read speed is rated from 8x to 12x. I did just one test with a DVD, ripping it using RipIt, which just copies the contents of the DVD to disk – so this tested only the read speed, not any compression. With the LG BE14, it took 11:58 to rip the disc; with the Plextor, it took 12:05. (There should be more of a difference; I'll try a couple more DVDs and see.) However, comparing the two drives with a Blu-Ray disc, the LG BE14 took 24:04 to copy a disc that contains 29 GB, with an average overall read speed of 6.0x; the Plextor took 36:46 to copy the same disc. If I had a USB 3 device, I might get higher Blu-Ray throughput. The maximum for USB 2 is 35 MB/sec, and, in Activity Monitor, I was seeing read speeds of 22 to just under 35 MB/sec.
Update: I got a Belkin Thunderbolt Express Dock (Amazon.com, Amazon UK) which gives my Mac USB 3 ports. The Blu-Ray rip was noticeably faster, coming in at 18:42.
Obviously, if you plan to burn discs, then the write speeds would interest you, but I'm not going to bother testing that, as I have no need to write discs. But if you want a fast drive for ripping discs – such as if you're planning to rip a lot of DVDs or Blu-Rays, which I'm going to do – this drive will save you a lot of time.
One final note: I generally rip all my CDs, but I do sometimes want to play a CD without ripping it. I had been hoping to use this as a CD drive to occasionally play CDs through iTunes. The drive is a bit noisy for such a purpose, so I won't be doing that often.


text:
Search the Web for Something
Budget $30-250 USD
Looking for someone that can search it related and new latest gadets and how to article on internet and copy them to a word document.
38 freelancers are bidding on average $111 for this job
Hi, How are you? We are a team and we are eager to work in your project. Please explain more about your project. How many atticles you need to be copied in word? Best, Sonia
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Hello, it would be pleasure for me to search information for you and copy it to a word document. Wait for your respond.


text:
All Android applications categories
This is a clock widget with a Japanese fashion model with memo pad function. He holds various poses in the home screen and informs you of time. Why don't you customize your home screen fashionably?
Available: Android OS Ver.2.1 and Subsequent Versions
To install a widget, press the open space on home screen/desktop for a few second, or use menu button. (The way differs according to the model.) Tap the model, and she changes his pose. Tap the balloon, and you can change the design of the clock or get a memo pad. If you write memos such as a shopping list, your resolutions, and educational things you want to learn, he will remind you of them and encourage you.
This is a handy tool. Check their blogs to study lifestyle.
In the full version, a larger size and more variations of the widgets are available.
Tags: boy1 sonnerie pub
from 1 reviews
Download Boy's Clock 01 Full Version
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This app is no longer available.
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text:
A reliable Mexican restaurant with reasonable prices, Móle is a West Village staple for classic Mexican dishes. Daphne Oz of ABC's The Chew highly recommends their fish tacos with corn tortillas.
We Recommend
Recommended by: Ted Allen (Host, Chopped), Scott Conant (Judge, Chopped), Michael Chiarello (Chef/Owner, Bottega), Alfred Portale (Chef/Co-Owner, Gotham Bar & Grill), Alexandra Guarnaschelli (Chef, Iron Chef America), Johnny Iuzzini (Pastry Chef)
Recommended by: Eugene Remm (EMM Group), Gail Simmons (Judge, Top Chef), Chelsea Leyland (International DJ), Amirah Kassem (Baker/Owner, Flour Shop), Cynthia Rowley (Fashion Designer), Norah O'Donnell (CBS This Morning), Chris Cannon (Restaurateur, All'onda), Elizabeth Cutler (Founder, SoulCycle)
EN Brasserie
Recommended by: Jessica Alba (Actress), Steven Alan (Fashion Designer), Martha Stewart, Roopal Patel (Founder/Owner, Roopal Patel Consulting), Elizabeth Cutler (Founder, SoulCycle), Lucy Yeomans (Editor-in-Chief, Porter), Erin Heatherton (Model), Olivia Kim (Director of Creative Projects, Nordstrom), Edward Enninful (Fashion Director, W Magazine), Natasha Lyonne (Actress)
Victory Garden
Recommended by: Daphne Oz (Host, The Chew)
I Sodi
Recommended by: Daphne Oz (Host, The Chew), Francine Stephens and Andrew Feinberg (Chefs/Owners, Franny's), Carla Gugino (Actress), Betty Halbreich (Bergdorf Goodman), John Colaneri (TV Personality), Rebecca Hall (Actress), Kim Dickens (Actress), Peter Som (Designer), Beth Behrs (Actress)
Recommended by: Anne Burrell (Chef/Host, Worst Cooks in America)