text:
Learn more about Libya
- This article is about the country of Libya. For other uses, see Libya (disambiguation).
Libya (Arabic: ليبيا, Lībiyā; Amazigh: Image:Libya amazigh.svg), officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية العظمى, Al-Jamāhīriyyah al-Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah aš-Šabiyyah al-Ištirākiyyah al-Uthmā), is a country in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), 90% of which is desert, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world.<ref>U.N. Demographic Yearbook, (2003), "Demographic Yearbook (3) Pop., Rate of Pop. Increase, Surface Area & Density"<u>, United Nations Statistics Division, Accessed July 15 2006</ref> The capital, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 5.7 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, the Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
The name "Libya" is derived from the Egyptian term "Libu", which refers to one of the tribes Berber peoples living west of the Nile. In Greek this became "Libya", although in ancient Greece the term had a broader meaning, encompassing all of North Africa west of Egypt, and sometimes referring to the entire continent of Africa.
Libya has one of the highest Gross Domestic Products per person in Africa, largely because of its great oil reserves.<ref>Annual Statistical Bulletin, (2004), <u>"World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1980–2004"<u>, O.P.E.C., Accessed July 20 2006</ref><ref>World Economic Outlook Database, (April, 2006), <u>"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"<u>, International Monetary Fund, Accessed July 15 2006</ref>
The country is led by Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, whose foreign policy has often brought him into conflict with the West.
[edit] History of Libya
Archaeological evidence indicates that from as early as the 8th millennium BC, Libya's coastal plain was inhabited by a Neolithic people who were skilled in the domestication of cattle and the cultivation of crops.<ref name="locberber">Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1987), <u>"Early History of Libya"<u>, U.S. Library of Congress, Accessed July 11 2006</ref> This culture flourished for thousands of years in the region, until they were displaced or absorbed by the Berbers.
The area known in modern times as Libya was later occupied by a series of peoples, with the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals and Byzantines ruling all or part of the area. Although the Greeks and Romans left ruins at Cyrene, Leptis Magna and Sabratha, little other evidence remains of these ancient cultures.
The Phoenicians were the first to establish trading posts in Libya, when the merchants of Tyre (in present-day Lebanon) developed commercial relations with the Berber tribes and made treaties with them to ensure their cooperation in the exploitation of raw materials.<ref>Herodotus, (c.430 BC), <u>"'The Histories', Book IV.42–43"<u> Fordham University, New York, Accessed July 18 2006</ref><ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1987), <u>"Tripolitania and the Phoenicians"<u>, U.S. Library of Congress, Accessed July 11 2006</ref> By the 5th century BC, Carthage, the greatest of the Phoenician colonies, had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa, where a distinctive civilisation, known as Punic, came into being. Punic settlements on the Libyan coast included Oea (Tripoli), Labdah (Leptis Magna) and Sabratha. All these were in an area that was later called Tripolis, or "Three Cities". Libya's current-day capital Tripoli takes its name from this.
The Greeks conquered Eastern Libya when, according to tradition, emigrants from the crowded island of Thera were commanded by the oracle at Delphi to seek a new home in North Africa. In 631 BC, they founded the city of Cyrene.<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1987), <u>"Cyrenaica and the Greeks"<u>, U.S. Library of Congress, Accessed July 11 2006</ref> Within 200 years, four more important Greek cities were established in the area: Barce (Al Marj); Euhesperides (later Berenice, present-day Benghazi); Teuchira (later Arsinoe, present-day Tukrah); and Apollonia (Susah), the port of Cyrene. Together with Cyrene, they were known as the Pentapolis (Five Cities).
The Romans unified both regions of Libya, and for more than 400 years Tripolitania and Cyrenaica became prosperous Roman provinces.<ref>Heuser, Stephen, (July 24 2005), <u>"When Romans lived in Libya"<u>, The Boston Globe Accessed July 18 2006</ref> Roman ruins, such as those of Leptis Magna, attest to the vitality of the region, where populous cities and even small towns enjoyed the amenities of urban life. Merchants and artisans from many parts of the Roman world established themselves in North Africa, but the character of the cities of Tripolitania remained decidedly Punic and, in Cyrenaica, Greek. Arabs conquered Libya in the 7th century CE. In the following centuries, many of the indigenous peoples adopted Islam, and also the Arabic language and culture. The Ottoman Turks conquered the country in the mid-16th century, and Libya remained part of their empire, although at times virtually autonomous, until Italy invaded in 1911 and turned Libya into a colony.<ref>Country Profiles, (May 16 2006), <u>"Timeline: Libya, a chronology of key events"<u> BBC News, Accessed July 18 2006</ref>
In 1934, Italy adopted the name "Libya" (used by the Greeks for all of North Africa, except Egypt) as the official name of the colony, which consisted of the provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan. King Idris I, Emir of Cyrenaica, led Libyan resistance to Italian occupation between the two World Wars. From 1943 to 1951, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were under British administration, while the French controlled Fezzan. In 1944, Idris returned from exile in Cairo but declined to resume permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal of some aspects of foreign control in 1947. Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the Allies, Italy relinquished all claims to Libya.<ref>Hagos, Tecola W., (November 20 2004), <u>"Treaty Of Peace With Italy (1947), Evaluation And Conclusion"<u>, Ethiopia Tecola Hagos, Accessed July 18 2006</ref>
On November 21 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1 1952. Idris represented Libya in the subsequent UN negotiations. When Libya declared its independence on December 24 1951, it was the first country to achieve independence through the UN, and one of the first European possessions in Africa to gain independence.<ref><u>"December 24, 1951: Libya declares its independence under King Idris"<u>, Global Connections - The Middle East, Accessed July 15 2006</ref> Libya was proclaimed a constitutional and hereditary monarchy under King Idris.
|Image:Libyseal.png History of Libya
Islamic Tripolitania
See also
The discovery of significant oil reserves in 1959 and the subsequent income from petroleum sales enabled one of the world's poorest nations to establish an extremely wealthy state. Although oil drastically improved the Libyan government's finances, popular resentment began to build over the increased concentration of the nation's wealth in the hands of King Idris and the national elite. This discontent continued to mount with the rise of Nasserism and Arab nationalism throughout North Africa and the Middle East.
On September 1 1969, a small group of military officers led by then 28-year-old army officer Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi staged a coup d'état against King Idris. At the time, Idris was in Turkey for medical treatment. His nephew, Crown Prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, became King. It was clear that the revolutionary officers who had announced the deposition of King Idris did not want to appoint him over the instruments of state as King. Sayyid quickly found that he had substantially less power as the new King than he had earlier had as a mere Prince. Before the end of September 1, Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida had been formally deposed by the revolutionary army officers and put under house arrest. Meanwhile, revolutionary officers abolished the monarchy, and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic. Gaddafi was, and is to this day, referred to as the "Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution" in government statements and the official press.<ref>US Department of State's Background Notes, (Nov 2005) <u>"Libya - History"<u>, U.S. Dept. of State, Accessed July 14 2006</ref>
[edit] Politics
- Main articles on politics and government of Libya can be found at the Politics and government of Libya series.
There are two branches of government in Libya. The "revolutionary sector" comprises Revolutionary Leader Gaddafi, the Revolutionary Committees and the remaining members of the 12-person Revolutionary Command Council, which was established in 1969.<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1987), <u>"Government and Politics of Libya"<u>, U.S. Library of Congress, Accessed July 14 2006</ref> The historical revolutionary leadership is not elected and cannot be voted out of office; they are in power by virtue of their involvement in the revolution. The revolutionary sector dictates the decision-making power of the second sector, the "Jamahiriya Sector".
Constituting the legislative branch of government, this sector comprises Local People's Congresses in each of the 1,500 urban wards, 32 Sha'biyat People's Congresses for the regions, and the National General People's Congress. These legislative bodies are represented by corresponding executive bodies (Local People's Committees, Sha'biyat People's Committees and the National General People's Committee/Cabinet).
Every four years, the membership of the Local People's Congresses elects their own leaders and the secretaries for the People's Committees, sometimes after many debates and a critical vote. The leadership of the Local People's Congress represents the local congress at the People's Congress of the next level. The members of the National General People's Congress elect the members of the National General People's Committee (the Cabinet) at their annual meeting.
The government controls both state-run and semi-autonomous media. In cases involving a violation of "these taboos", the private press, like The Tripoli Post, has been censored <ref name="mediacont">Special Report 2006, (May 2 2006), <u>"North Korea Tops CPJ list of '10 Most Censored Countries'"<u>, Committee to Protect Journalists, Accessed July 19 2006</ref>, although articles that are critical of policies have been requested and intentionally published by the revolutionary leadership itself as a means of initiating reforms.
Political parties were banned by the 1972 Prohibition of Party Politics Act Number 71.<ref>Case Study: Libya, (2001), <u>"Political Culture"<u>, Educational Module on Chemical & Biological Weapons Nonproliferation, Accessed July 14 2006</ref> According to the Association Act of 1971, the establishment of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) is allowed. However, because they are required to conform to the goals of the revolution, their numbers are small in comparison with those in neighbouring countries. Trade unions do not exist,<ref>Hodder, Kathryn, (2000), <u>"Violations of Trade Union Rights"<u>, Social Watch Africa, Accessed July 14 2006</ref> but numerous professional associations are integrated into the state structure as a third pillar, along with the People's Congresses and Committees. These associations do not have the right to strike. Professional associations send delegates to the General People's Congress, where they have a representative mandate.
[edit] Foreign Relations
Libya's foreign policies have undergone much fluctuation and change since the state was proclaimed on Christmas Eve, 1951. As a Kingdom, Libya maintained a definitively pro-Western stance, yet was recognized as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the League of Arab States (Arab League), of which it became a member in 1953.<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1987), <u>"Independent Libya"<u>, U.S. Library of Congress, Accessed July 14 2006</ref> The government was in close alliance with Britain and the United States; both countries maintained military base rights in Libya. Libya also forged close ties with France, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, and established full diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1955.
Although the government supported Arab causes, including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements, it took little active part in the Arab-Israeli dispute or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the 1950s and early 1960s. The Kingdom was noted for its close association with the West, while it steered an essentially conservative course at home.<ref>Abadi, Jacob (2000), <u>"Pragmatism and Rhetoric in Libya's Policy Toward Israel"<u>, The Journal of Conflict Studies: Volume XX Number 1 Fall 2000, University of New Brunswick, Accessed July 19 2006</ref>
After the 1969 coup, Gaddafi closed American and British bases and partially nationalized foreign oil and commercial interests in Libya. He also played a key role in promoting oil embargoes as a political weapon for challenging the West, hoping that an oil price rise and embargo in 1973 would persuade the West, especially the United States, to end support for Israel. Gaddafi rejected both Soviet communism and Western capitalism and claimed he was charting a middle course for his government.<ref>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, (2001 - 2005), <u>"Qaddafi, Muammar al-"<u>, Bartleby Books, Accessed July 19 2006</ref>
In the 1980s, Libya increasingly distanced itself from the West, and was accused of committing mass acts of state sponsored terrorism. When evidence of Libyan complicity was discovered in the Berlin discotheque terrorist bombing that killed two American servicemen, the United States responded by launching an aerial bombing attack against targets near Tripoli and Benghazi in April 1986.<ref>Boyne, Walter J., (March, 1999), <u>"El Dorado Canyon"<u>, Air Force Association Journal, Vol. 82, No. 3, Accessed July 19 2006</ref>
In 1991, two Libyan intelligence agents were indicted by federal prosecutors in the U.S. and Scotland for their involvement in the December 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103. Six other Libyans were put on trial in absentia for the 1989 bombing of UTA Flight 772. The UN Security Council demanded that Libya surrender the suspects, cooperate with the Pan Am 103 and UTA 772 investigations, pay compensation to the victims' families, and cease all support for terrorism. Libya's refusal to comply led to the approval of UNSC Resolution 748 on March 31, 1992, imposing sanctions on the state designed to bring about Libyan compliance. Continued Libyan defiance led to further sanctions by the UN against Libya in November 1993.<ref>(2003), <u>"Libya"<u>, Global Policy Forum, Accessed July 19 2006</ref>
In 2003, more than a decade after the sanctions were put in place, Libya began to make dramatic policy changes vis-à-vis the Western world with the open intention of pursuing a Western-Libyan détente. The Libyan government announced its decision to abandon its weapons of mass destruction programs and pay almost 3 billion US dollars in compensation to the families of Pan Am flight 103 as well as UTA Flight 772.<ref>Marcus, Jonathan, (May 15, 2006), <u>"Washington's Libyan fairy tale"<u>, BBC News, Accessed July 15 2006</ref> The decision was welcomed by many western nations and was seen as an important step for Libya toward rejoining the international community.<ref>U.K. Politics, (March 25, 2004), <u>"Blair hails new Libyan relations"<u>, BBC news, Accessed July 15 2006</ref> Since 2003 the country has normalised its ties with the European Union and the United States and has even coined the catchphrase, 'The Libya Model', an example intended to show the world what can be achieved through negotiation rather than force when there is goodwill on both sides.<ref>Hirsh, Michael, (May 11, 2006), <u>"The Real Libya Model"<u>, Newsweek, Accessed July 15 2006</ref>
[edit] Human rights
According to the U.S. Department of State's annual human rights report for 2004, Libya's authoritarian regime continued to have a poor record in the area of human rights. Some of the numerous and serious abuses on the part of the government include poor prison conditions, arbitrary arrest and detention, prisoners held incommunicado, and political prisoners held for many years without charge or trial. The judiciary is controlled by the state, and there is no right to a fair public trial. Libyans do not have the right to change their government. Freedom of speech, press, assembly, association, and religion are restricted. Independent human rights organizations are prohibited. Domestic violence against women appears to be widespread, and there have been reports of trafficking in persons. Ethnic and tribal minorities suffer discrimination, and the state continues to restrict the labor rights of foreign workers.
In 2005, the Freedom House rated political rights in Libya as "7" (1 representing the most free and 7 the least free rating), civil liberties as "7" and gave it the freedom rating of "Not Free".<ref>Template:Cite web
See also Freedom in the World 2006, List of indices of freedom</ref>
[edit] Administrative Divisions
Libya was divided into several governorates (muhafazat) [1] before being split into 25 municipalities (baladiyat), see map of 25 baladiyat in Municipalities of Libya.<ref>Lahmeyer, Jan, (November 26 2004), <u>"Historical demographical data of the administrative division"<u>, Universiteit Utrecht, Accessed July 19 2006</ref> Currently Libya is divided into thirty two sha'biyah.<ref>Jamahiriya News Agency, (July 19 2004), <u>"Masses of the Basic People's Congresses select their Secretariats and People's Committees"<u> Mathaba News, Accessed July 19 2006</ref><ref>(Arabic) <u>"Municipalities of Libya"<u>, Website of the General People's Committee of Libya Accessed July 19 2006</ref>
|The 32 municipalities are:
|1 Ajdabiya
|17 Ghat
|2 Al Butnan
|18 Ghadamis
|3 Al Hizam Al Akhdar
|19 Gharyan
|4 Al Jabal al Akhdar
|20 Murzuq
|5 Al Jfara
|21 Mizdah
|6 Al Jufrah
|22 Misratah
|7 Al Kufrah
|23 Nalut
|8 Al Marj
|24 Tajura Wa Al Nawahi AlArba'
|9 Al Murgub
|25 Tarhuna Wa Msalata
|10 An Nuqat al Khams
|26 Tarabulus (Tripoli)
|11 Al Qubah
|27 Sabha
|12 Al Wahat
|28 Surt
|13 Az Zawiyah
|29 Sabratha Wa Surman
|14 Benghazi
|30 Wadi Al Hayaa
|15 Bani Walid
|31 Wadi Al Shatii
|16 Darnah
|32 Yafran
[edit] Geography
Libya extends over 1,759,540 square kilometres (679,182 sq. mi), making it the 17th largest nation in the world by size. Libya is somewhat smaller than Indonesia, and roughly the size of the US state of Alaska. It is bound to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, the west by Tunisia and Algeria, the southwest by Niger, the south by Chad and Sudan and to the east by Egypt. At 1770 kilometres (1100 miles), Libya's coastline is the longest of any African country bordering the Mediterranean.<ref>(2005), <u>"Demographics of Libya"<u>, Education Libya, Accessed June 29 2006</ref><ref>(July 20 2006), <u>"Field Listings - Coastlines"<u>, CIA World Factbook, Accessed July 23 2006</ref> The climate is mostly dry and desert-like in nature. However, the northern regions enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate.
Natural hazards come in the form of hot, dry, dust-laden sirocco (known in Libya as the gibli). This is a southern wind blowing from one to four days in spring and autumn. There are also dust storms and sandstorms. Oases can also be found scattered throughout Libya, the most important of which are Ghadames and Kufra as well as others.
[edit] Libyan Desert
The Libyan Desert, which covers much of eastern Libya, is one of the most arid places on earth. In places, decades may pass without rain, and even in the highlands rainfall happens erratically, once every 5-10 years. At Uweinat, the last recorded rainfall was in September 1998.<ref name="Libdesert">Zboray, András, <u>"Flora and Fauna of the Libyan Desert"<u>, Fliegel Jezerniczky Expeditions, Accessed July 14 2006</ref> There is a large depression, the Qattara Depression, just to the south of the northernmost scarp, with Siwa oasis at its western extremity. The depression continues in a shallower form west, to the oases of Jaghbub and Jalo.
Likewise, the temperature in the Libyan desert can be extreme; in 1922, the town of Al 'Aziziyah, which is located west of Tripoli, recorded an air temperature of 57.8 °C (136.0 °F), generally accepted as the highest recorded naturally occurring air temperature reached on Earth.<ref>Hottest Place, <u>"El Azizia Libya, 'How Hot is Hot?'"<u>, Extreme Science, Accessed July 14 2006</ref>
There are a few scattered uninhabited small oases, usually linked to the major depressions, where water can be found by digging to a few feet in depth. In the west there is a widely dispersed group of oases in unconnected shallow depressions, the Kufra group, consisting of Tazerbo, Rebiana and Kufra.<ref name="Libdesert" /> Aside from the scarps, the general flatness is only interrupted by a series of plateaus and massifs near the centre of the Libyan Desert, around the convergence of the Egyptian-Sudanese-Libyan Borders.
Slightly further to the south are the massifs of Arkenu, Uweinat and Kissu. These granite mountains are very ancient, having formed much before the sandstones surrounding them. Arkenu and Western Uweinat are ring complexes very similar to those in the Air Mountains. Eastern Uweinat (the highest point in the Libyan Desert) is a raised sandstone plateau adjacent to the granite part further west.<ref name="Libdesert" /> The plain to the north of Uweinat is dotted with eroded volcanic features.
[edit] Economy
Compared to its neighbours, Libya enjoys an extremely low level of both absolute and relative poverty. Libyan officials in the past three years have made progress on economic reforms as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country into the international fold.<ref name="spooks">The World Factbook, (2006), <u>"Economy - Libya"<u>, CIA World Factbook, Accessed July 14 2006</ref> This effort picked up steam after UN sanctions were lifted in September 2003, and as Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction.<ref>W.M.D., (2003), <u>"Libya Special Weapons News"<u>, Global Security Report, Accessed July 14 2006</ref>
Libya has begun some market-oriented reforms. Initial steps have included applying for membership of the World Trade Organisation, reducing subsidies, and announcing plans for privatisation.<ref>Reuters, (July 28 2004), <u>"Libya to start WTO membership talks"<u>, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, Accessed July 16 2006</ref> The non-oil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the production of petrochemicals, iron, steel and aluminium. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food.<ref name="spooks" /> Water is also a problem, with some 28% of the population not having access to safe drinking water in 2000.<ref>(2001), <u>"Safe Drinking Water"<u>, WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, Accessed October 8 2006</ref>
Under the previous Prime Minister, Shukri Ghanem, and current prime minister Baghdadi Mahmudi, Libya is undergoing a business boom. Many government-run industries are being privatised. Most US sanctions have been lifted; and as of May 2006, the remaining vestiges are scheduled for removal pending US Congressional approval. Many international oil companies have returned to the country, including controversial oil giants Shell and ExxonMobil.<ref>Volume: 23, No. 27, (2006), <u>"Shell returns to Libya with gas exploration pact"<u>, Oil & Gas Worldwide News, Accessed July 14 2006</ref> Tourism is on the rise, bringing increased demand for hotel accommodation and for capacity at airports such as Tripoli International. A multi-million dollar renovation of Libyan airports has recently been approved by the government to help meet such demands.<ref>Jawad, Rana, (May 31 2006), <u>"Libyan aviation ready for take-off"<u> BBC News, Accessed July 22 2006</ref> At present 300,000 people visit the country annually; the Libyan government hopes to increase this figure to an ambitious 10,000,000 by 2015.<ref>Guerraoui, Saad, (Sep 15, 2006), <u>"Libya: The land of wonders"<u>, Middle East Online, Accessed Sep 16 2006</ref>
[edit] Demographics
Libya has a small population within its large territory, with a population density of about 3 people per square kilometre (8.5/mi²) in the two northern regions of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, and less than one person per square kilometre (1.6/mi²) elsewhere. Libya is thus one of the least dense nations by area in the world.<ref>Earth Trends, Environmental Information, (2004), <u>"Population: Population density"<u>, World Resources Institute, Accessed July 19 2006</ref> 90% of the people live in less than 10% of the area, mostly along the coast. More than half the population is urban, concentrated to a greater extent, in the two largest cities, Tripoli and Benghazi.<ref>Al-Amari, Mailud, (Nov 2004), <u>"Population Dynamics and Fertility Trends in Libya"<u>, American Public Health Association, Accessed July 17 2006</ref> Native Libyans are primarily a mixture of Arabs and Berbers.
There are small Tuareg (a Berber population) and Tebu tribal groups concentrated in the south, living nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles. Among foreign residents, the largest groups are citizens of other African nations, including North Africans (primarily Egyptians and Tunisians), West Africans and Sub-Saharan Africans.<ref>Libya Demographics and Geography, (2005), <u>"Libya - Population"<u> The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, Accessed July 17 2006</ref> According to the CIA Factbook, which can be unreliable in its population composition statistics, Libyan Berbers and Arabs constitute 97% of the population; the other 3% are Sub-Saharan Africans, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians and Tunisians.<ref>The World Factbook, (2006), <u>"People - Libya"<u>, CIA World Factbook, Accessed July 19 2006</ref> However, Libyan authorities estimate that illegal aliens from Sub-Saharan Africa number as much as two million out of a population of 5.5 million, <ref>Africa migration to Europe inevitable - Gaddafi, [2], Accessed November 28, 2006</ref> which if true would indicate the black African population may be as high as 36%.
The main language spoken in Libya is Arabic, which is also the official language. Tamazight (i.e. Berber languages), which do not have official status, are spoken by Libyan Berbers.<ref>Anderson, Lisa, (2006), <u>"'Libya', III. People, B. Religion & Language"<u>, MSN Encarta, Accessed July 17 2006</ref> Berber speakers live above all in the Jebel Nafusa region (Tripolitania), the town of Zuwarah on the coast, and the city-oases of Ghadames, Ghat and Awjila. In addition, Tuaregs speak Tamahaq, the only known Northern Tamasheq language. Italian and English are sometimes spoken in the big cities, although Italian speakers are mainly among the older generation.
[edit] Education
Libya's population of 5.7 million includes 1.7 million students, over 270,000 of whom study at the tertiary level.<ref name="Libedu">Clark, Nick, (July 2004), <u>"Education in Libya"<u>, World Education News and Reviews, Volume 17, Issue 4, Accessed July 22 2006</ref> Education in Libya is free for all citizens,<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1987), <u>"Education of Libya"<u>, U.S. Library of Congress, Accessed July 22 2006</ref> and compulsory up until secondary level. The literacy rate is the highest in North Africa; over 88% of the population can read and write.<ref>(Sep 14, 2006), <u>"Libya Cuts Illiteracy Rate to 11.9 Percent: Census"<u>, Reuters, Accessed September 15 2006</ref> After Libya's independence in 1951, its first university, the University of Libya, was established in Benghazi.<ref name="Libedu2">El-Hawat, Ali, (2000), <u>"Country Higher Education Profiles - Libya"<u>, International Network for Higher Education in Africa", Accessed July 22 2006</ref> In academic year 1975/76 the number of university students was estimated to be 13,418. As of 2004, this number has increased to more than 200,000, with an extra 70,000 enrolled in the higher technical and vocational sector.<ref name="Libedu" /> The rapid increase in the number of students in the higher education sector has been mirrored by an increase in the number of institutions of higher education. Since 1975 the number of universities has grown from two to nine and after their introduction in 1980, the number of higher technical and vocational institutes currently stands at 84(with 12 public universities).<ref name="Libedu" /> Libya's higher education is financed by the public budget. In 1998 the budget allocated for education represented 38.2% of the national budget.<ref name="Libedu2" />
The Main universities in Libya are :
- Al Fateh University (Tripoli)
- Garyounis University (Benghazi)
[edit] Religion
By far the predominant religion in Libya is Islam with 97% of the population associating with the faith.<ref>Religious adherents by location, <u>"'42,000 religious geography and religion statistics', Libya"<u> Adherents.com, Accessed July 15, 2006</ref> The vast majority of Libyan Muslims adhere to Sunni Islam, which provides both a spiritual guide for individuals and a keystone for government policy, but a conspicuous minority (between 5 and 10%) adheres to Ibadism (a branch of Kharijism), above all in the Jebel Nefusa and the town of Zuwarah. This minority, both linguistic and religious, suffers from a lack of consideration by the official authorities.
Before the 1930s, the Sanusi Movement was the primary Islamic movement in Libya. This was a religious revival adapted to desert life. Its zawaayaa (lodges) were found in Tripolitania and Fezzan, but Sanusi influence was strongest in Cyrenaica. Rescuing the region from unrest and anarchy, the Sanusi movement gave the Cyrenaican tribal people a religious attachment and feelings of unity and purpose.<ref name="sanusi">Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1989), <u>"The Sanusis"<u>, U.S. Library of Congress, Accessed July 22, 2006</ref> This Islamic movement, which was eventually destroyed by both Italian invasion and later the Gaddafi government,<ref name="sanusi" /> was very conservative and somewhat different from the Islam that exists in Libya today. Gaddafi asserts that he is a devout Muslim, and his government is taking a role in supporting Islamic institutions and in worldwide proselytizing on behalf of Islam.<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1989), <u>"Islam in Revolutionary Libya"<u>, US Library of Congress, Accessed July 19 2006</ref> Libyan Islam, however, has always been considered traditional, but in no way harsh compared to Islam in other countries. A Libyan form of Sufism is also common in parts of the country.<ref>Libya - Religion, (July 8 2006), <u>"Sufi Movement to be involved in Libya"<u> Arabic News, Accessed July 19 2006</ref>
Other than the overwhelming majority of Sunni Muslims, there are also very small Christian communities, composed almost exclusively of foreigners. There is a small Anglican community, made up mostly of African immigrant workers in Tripoli; it is part of the Egyptian Diocese.<ref>(2004), <u>"International Religious Freedom Report: Libya"<u> Jewish Virtual Library, Accessed July 19 2006</ref> There are also an estimated 40,000 Roman Catholics in Libya who are served by two Bishops, one in Tripoli (serving the Italian community) and one in Benghazi (serving the Maltese community).
Libya was until recent times the home of one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, dating back to at least 300 BC.<ref>The World Jewish Congress, <u>"History of the Jewish Community in Libya"<u>, University of California at Berkeley, Accessed July 16 2006</ref> A series of pogroms beginning in November of 1945 lasted for almost three years, drastically reducing Libya's Jewish population.<ref name="harris">Harris, David A. (2001), <u>"In the Trenches: Selected Speeches and Writings of an American Jewish Activist"<u>, 1979-1999, pp. 149-150</ref> In 1948, about 38,000 Jews remained in the country. Upon Libya's independence in 1951, most of the Jewish community emigrated. After the Suez Crisis in 1956, all but about 100 Jews were forced to flee.
- Further information: Jewish Exodus from Libya
[edit] Culture
Libya is culturally similar to its neighboring Arab states. While the primary language of the country is a local colloquial form of Arabic,<ref>Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005), <u>"Arabic Libyan"<u>, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition, Accessed July 17 2006</ref> the Libyan people consider themselves very much a part of a wider Arab community. There seem to be two distinct dialects and a small number of village and tribal dialects. Libyan Arabs have a heritage in the traditions of the nomadic Bedouin and associate themselves with a particular Bedouin tribe.
Family life is important for Libyan families, the majority of which live in apartment blocks and other independent housing units, with precise modes of housing depending on their income and wealth. Although the Libyan Arabs traditionally lived nomadic lifestyles in tents, they have now settled in various towns and cities.<ref>Al-Hawaat, Dr. Ali, (1994), <u>"The Family and the work of women, A study in the Libyan Society"<u> National Center for Research and Scientific Studiesof Libya, Accessed July 19 2006</ref> Because of this, their old ways of life are gradually fading out. An unknown small number of Libyans still live in the desert as their families have done for centuries. Most of the population has occupations in industry and services, and a small percentage is in agriculture.
As with some other countries in the Arab world, Libya boasts few theatres or art galleries. Public entertainment is almost nonexistent, even in the big cities.<ref>News and Trends: Africa, (September 17 1999), <u>"Libya looking at economic diversification"<u> Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections, Accessed July 19 2006.</ref> Recently there has been a revival of the arts in Libya, especially painting: private galleries are springing up to provide a showcase for new talent.<ref>About Libya, <u>"Libya Today"<u>, Discover Libya Travel, Accessed July 14 2006.</ref> Conversely, for many years there have been no public theatres, and only a few cinemas showing foreign films. The tradition of folk culture is still alive and well, with troupes performing music and dance at frequent festivals, both in Libya and abroad. The main output of Libyan television is devoted to showing various styles of traditional Libyan music. Tuareg music and dance are popular in Ghadames and the south. Libyan television programmes are mostly in Arabic with a 30-minute news broadcast each evening in English and French. The government maintains strict control over all media outlets. A new analysis by the Committee to Protect Journalists has found Libya's media the most tightly controlled in the Arab world.<ref name="mediacont" /> To combat this, the government plans to introduce private media, an initiative intended to bring the country's media in from the cold.<ref>(Jan 30 2006), <u>"Libya to allow independent media"<u>, Middle East Times, Accessed July 21 2006</ref>
Many Libyans frequent the country's beaches. They also visit Libya's beautifully-preserved archaeological sites—especially Leptis Magna, which is widely considered to be one of the best preserved Roman archaeological sites in the world.<ref>Donkin, Mike, (July 23 2005), <u>"Libya's tourist treasures"<u>, BBC News, Accessed July 19 2006</ref>
The nation's capital, Tripoli, boasts many good museums and archives; these include the Government Library, the Ethnographic Museum, the Archaeological Museum, the National Archives, the Epigraphy Museum and the Islamic Museum. The Jamahiriya Museum, built in consultation with UNESCO, may be the country's most famous. It houses one of the finest collections of classical art in the Mediterranean.<ref>Bouchenaki, Mounir, (1989), <u>"The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Museum: a first in the Arab world"<u>, UNESCO, Museum Architecture: beyond the <<temple>> and ... beyond, Accessed July 19 2006</ref>
- Further information: Music of Libya
[edit] See also
History • Politics
Italo-Turkish War • Libyan Jewish population • Prime Minister • General People's Congress • Heads of Government
Geography • Economy
Municipalities • Cities • Mediterranean Sea • Transport • Communications • Demographics • Companies • Great Manmade River
Indigenous religion • Music • Scouts and Girl Guides
Sport : Libyan national football team • Libya 2014
Languages : Arabic • Tamahaq • Italian
List of famous people from Libya
[edit] International rankings
|Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal
|2006 Index of Economic Freedom
|152 out of 157
|The Economist
|The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005
|70 out of 111
|Energy Information Administration
|Greatest Oil Reserves by Country, 2006
|9 out of 20
|Reporters Without Borders
|Press Freedom Index (2005)
|162 out of 167
|Transparency International
|Corruption Perceptions Index 2005
|117 out of 158
|United Nations Development Programme
|Human Development Index 2005
|58 out of 177
[edit] References
<references />
- Libya, Anthony Ham, Lonely Planet Publications, 2002, ISBN 0-86442-699-2
- Libya Handbook, Jamez Azema, Footprint Handbooks, 2001, ISBN 1-900949-77-6
- Harris, David A. (2001). In the Trenches: Selected Speeches and Writings of an American Jewish Activist, 1979-1999. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 0-88125-693-5
- Wright, John L. Nations of the Modern World: Libya, Ernest Benn Ltd, 1969
- This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain.
- This article contains material from the US Department of State's Background Notes which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain.
[edit] External links
Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg Textbooks from Wikibooks
Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg Quotations from Wikiquote
Image:Wikisource-logo.svg Source texts from Wikisource
Image:Commons-logo.svg Images and media from Commons
Image:Wikinews-logo.png News stories from Wikinews
Image:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Learning resources from Wikiversity
- (Photos from Libya)
- General People's Committee (The Cabinet)
- The People's Committee of Foreign Affairs
- Libya Article, Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Worldstatesmen.org's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania
- Hostkingdom.net's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania
- Zum.de's History of Cyrenaica
- Libyan Liaison Office, Washington D.C.
- Libyan People's Bureau (Libyan Embassy), Ottawa
- Libyan Cultural Affairs, London.
- Libyan American Chamber of Commerce
- Libya travel guide from Wikitravel
- Libyan Arab Airlines
- Libya Connected
- Libya Tourism Forums
- Travel To Libya
- Limes Tripolitanus
- Site seening in Libya
- (French) (Arabic) (English) News and Views of the Maghreb
- (French) (Arabic) (English) country info & who's who
Algeria • Egypt • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • Tunisia • Western Sahara (SADR)
Sovereign states
Algeria • Angola • Benin • Botswana • Burkina Faso • Burundi • Cameroon • Cape Verde • Central African Republic • Chad • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Republic of the Congo • Comoros • Côte d'Ivoire • Djibouti • Egypt1 • Equatorial Guinea • Eritrea • Ethiopia • France2 • Gabon • The Gambia • Ghana • Guinea-Bissau • Guinea • Kenya • Lesotho • Liberia • Libya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mali • Mauritania • Mauritius • Morocco • Mozambique • Namibia • Niger • Nigeria • Portugal2 • Rwanda • Senegal • Seychelles • Sierra Leone • Somalia • South Africa • Spain2 • Sudan • Swaziland • São Tomé and Príncipe • Tanzania • Togo • Tunisia • Uganda • Yemen3 • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Dependencies | Unrecognized
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (France) • Mayotte (France) • St. Helena4 (UK) | Somaliland • SADR
1 Partly in Asia. 2 Mostly in Europe. 3 Mostly in Asia. 4 Includes the dependencies of Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha.
Albania • Algeria • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Croatia • Cyprus • Egypt • France • Greece • Israel • Italy • Lebanon • Libya • Malta • Monaco • Montenegro • Morocco • Slovenia • Spain • Syria • Tunisia • Turkey
For dependent and other territories, see Dependent territory and List of unrecognized countries.
Algeria • Angola • Benin • Botswana • Burkina Faso • Burundi • Cameroon • Cape Verde • Central African Republic • Chad • Comoros • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Republic of the Congo • Côte d'Ivoire • Djibouti • Egypt • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • The Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Kenya • Lesotho • Liberia • Libya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mali • Mauritania • Mauritius • Mozambique • Namibia • Niger • Nigeria • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe • Senegal • Seychelles • Sierra Leone • Somalia • South Africa • Sudan • Swaziland • Tanzania • Togo • Tunisia • Uganda • Western Sahara (SADR) • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Image:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria • Image:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain • Image:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt • Image:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq • Image:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan • Image:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait • Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon • Image:Flag of Libya.svg Libya • Image:Flag of Malta (bordered).svg Malta • Image:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania • Image:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco • Image:Flag of Oman (bordered).svg Oman • Image:Palestinian flag.svg Palestine • Image:Flag of Qatar (bordered).svg Qatar • Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia • Image:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan • Image:Flag of Syria.svg Syria • Image:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia • Image:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates • Image:Flag of Western Sahara.svg Western Sahara • Image:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen
Northwest Semitic (Aramaic and Hebrew)
Image:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq • Image:Flag of Israel (bordered).svg Israel • Image:Flag of Syria.svg Syria
Image:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea • Image:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia • Image:Flag of Oman (bordered).svg Oman • Image:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen
am:ሊቢያ ang:Libia ar:ليبيا an:Libia ast:Libia bn:লিবিয়া zh-min-nan:Libya bs:Libija br:Libia bg:Либия ca:Líbia cs:Libye da:Libyen de:Libyen arc:ܠܝܒܝܐ et:Liibüa el:Λιβύη es:Libia eo:Libio eu:Libia fa:لیبی fr:Libye ga:An Libia gd:Libia gl:Libia - ليبيا ko:리비아 hi:लीबिया hr:Libija io:Libia ilo:Libya id:Libya is:Líbýa it:Libia he:לוב ka:ლიბია kw:Libi sw:Libya ku:Lîbya la:Libya lv:Lībija lt:Libija hu:Líbia mk:Либија ms:Libya nl:Libië ja:リビア no:Libya nn:Libya oc:Libia ug:لىۋىيە nds:Libyen pl:Libia pt:Líbia ro:Libia ru:Ливия sa:लिबिया sq:Libia scn:Libbia simple:Libya sk:Líbya sl:Libija sr:Либија sh:Libija fi:Libya sv:Libyen tl:Libya th:ประเทศลิเบีย vi:Libya tg:Либия tr:Libya uk:Лівія zh:利比亚
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | History of Libya | World Factbook | Background Notes | Libya | African Union member states | Arab League | Arabic-speaking countries | Military dictatorship | Peace and Security Council | Political engineering by coup | Opec | Organization of Islamic Conference
Personal tools
what is world wizzy?
- World Wizzy is a static snapshot taken of Wikipedia in early 2007. It cannot be edited and is online for historic & educational purposes only.


text:
*unfinished, still thinking if it's anything I should add something to it and which colors will be used.
Story: Basically, it describes how the women in my life I choose to accept within it seem's to be demolitionist when it comes to my heart.
*unfinished, still thinking if it's anything I should add something to it and which colors will be used.
Story: Basically, it describes how the women in my life I choose to accept within it seem's to be demolitionist when it comes to my heart.
Last edited by NW Pom; 09-18-2011 at 01:15 AM.
@Boar Since ya got so pissy I missed critin yours i like the lack of deadspace, but how much you pay Michael J Foxx to do that outline for you? I ain't seen somethin that shakey since muhhamad ali and WTF IS YOUR PROB WITH CRYSTAL METH? Battle me if you still hatin'. P.S. Post a pic if you wanna bitch.
...what the fuck? clearly your a 13 year old girl on her period since i just hurt your feelings so bad by giving you an honest crit... Just because I didnt start riding your cock and said I didnt like a couple of your peices doesnt mean I was hating... PS I said I liked the toaster because it was smoking crystal meth you dipshit
Heres some older simps, for talking
Last edited by Boar 1; 09-18-2011 at 09:09 AM.
Got a new blackbook the other day and thought I would put up something new. Crits are always welcome.
Forgot the rest.
me too, I especially like the fat little orange one
I'm nostalgic now.
u got the right idea but yeah somethings need to be tweaked, her shoulders leaden to her neck looks strange and her heads to small i think...girls r more curvy and less muscle toned right now it looks like she has dude pecks instead of tits lol
Sketch I did last night. Ignore the black coming in on part of the E, I started it and decided it looked horrible lol.
word switchblade. some nice letters.
this is the letter structure ive decided to stick with. please crit
I dont think you shouldve bent the bottom bar of the E that much, Eor. And Skeletor, lower the top part of that a. Its too far away lmao.
Last edited by Shit Outta Luck; 09-19-2011 at 05:42 PM.
anek - dope work
sinn - doc char is sick man
017 by grinder13, on Flickr
quick one
Snapshot_20110912_1 by grinder13, on Flickr
centryman - i like the top one it looks really cool, and ur throw is nice too
crits please
i like that anek piece if you cleaned up that handstyle it would be ill
Are there any writers on here from the tallahassee area? Please looking for a partner to go bomb im new to the city!
1st post.
Just finished my 1st graf based piece for my garage. 1st time using markers for a large picture and 1st time using Prismacolor markers (bought a 48 marker set for this), and 1st time using bristle board. I already have my next piece planned out in my head. Crits welcomed and appreciated.
I took pics along the way that I'll edit into a short vid.
Last edited by Spyder; 09-19-2011 at 11:35 PM.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On The Grill
by: iMenuToGo • 0
All Android applications categories
by: iMenuToGo • 0
On The Grill is located in the heart of Brooklyn, NY at 3502 Flatlands Ave, Brooklyn NY 11234. The food, of course, is traditional homemade Middle Eastern Gourmet food, and the meat is Glatt Kosher. Some often asked the question: "What is a Shawarma?" Well, Shawarma is marinated, extra lean, low fat, shaved chicken, beef, or lamb cooked on a skewer. Besides the Shawarma, we have the best home made Falafel, Hummus, Shish Kebab, Shnitzel and a variety of salads all cooked on premises.
Catering is available, for big orders for more than 15 people or during holiday seasons at least a three day notice is needed. For more information please feel free to call.
Download On The Grill
Free - V1.0.2 - 3M
Sorry ...
This app is no longer available.
Share this app


text:
Recently added item(s)
You have no items in your shopping cart.
View new additions in this ever-expanding collection!
Pattern Number: 817
Item Number: 817-139
Crestwood Platinum Stemware is the companion to the popular dinnerware pattern of the same name. The beautiful Platinum band design, taken from the dinnerware, is mirrored on this generously sized, full lead crystal stemware.
For Complete information on caring for your Noritake products, please click here
Availability: In stock


text:
Sign up to StockTwits to save a watchlist for easy access to your favorite stocks
This guy's stock picks are just awesome! I make 6-10k profits every month thanks to his calls. If you trade stocks, u really MUST check out this site : http://bit.ly/ZgY1FS
StockTwits is 100% Free!
Create your own stock
portfolio watchlist
Full access to all ticker
Streams and data tools
Follow and learn from your
favorite market leaders
Post your own trading
ideas, predictions &


text:
Clocking Out: Not A Smart ALEC Edition
Love getting mail? You should love Bernie Sanders too.
Gov. Scott Walker announces he'll use Wisconsin's foreclosure settlement money to cover his budget gap.
Will the Obama administration learn from past missteps on housing as it implements the new settlement?
Awesome transparency bill passes Washington house.
How the housing settlement could actually make banks money.
Romney's budget math, explained.
Related: We can always count on Mother Jones for income inequality charts that will make us mad.
Democratic candidate for Indiana governor: right to work will be "one of the major issues."
Teacher launches long-shot "Recall Brewer" effort.
"If you don't vote, then yes, the other side will win."
Casino moguls shouldn't get to choose who runs for president.
Even GOP colleagues are turning their backs on Utah Senator Mike Lee's "obstructionist" tantrums.
Right to work update: It's wrong for Minnesota, it's back from the dead in New Hampshire, and it could be coming soon to Ohio.
John Van Hecke on right to work: They should call it the "Fewer Rights Act."
Finally, big congrats to AFSCME Council 59 and their collective bargaining victory in South Dakota!


text:
Few moments in modern financial history were scarier than the week of Sept. 15, 2008, when first Lehman Brothers and then American International Group collapsed. Who could forget the cratering stock markets, panicky bailout negotiations, rampant foreclosures, depressing job losses and decimated retirement accounts -- not to mention the discouraging recovery since then?
Read Full Article »


text:
Exciting day..still a load of work to do, but bOth agree inside!
Brick for the frontnt was delivered right after this. All that has left is brick and the door opener on the boat side, plus a little electrical that we will finish up in the storage room side for the compressor, drill press, and belt scanner. Sooo close. Paint may not happen for a while!


text:
The Hull Cook Journals
Starting next week, we've got a real treat in store for Colorado MoJo readers. During the late 1920s and early '30s, a small hut stood at the Boulderfield on Longs Peak, at about 12,750 feet. Guests could hike or ride horseback to the Boulderfield Shelter Cabin, spend the night in relative comfort with bunks and hot meals, and climb the 14,259-foot peak in the morning, usually by the north face, which was equipped in those days with steel cables for hand rails. For two or three years during the early '30s, Hull Cook worked at the Boulderfield Shelter Cabin, and his feats as a guide and rescuer have become legendary. Now, thanks to his son, Hull "Cactus" Cook from Bellingham, Washington, we are able to bring you Cook's first-person, never-published tales.
Cook was born in 1911 and grew up in Boulder, not far from the Flatirons. He worked at the Boulderfield during summer breaks from the University of Colorado School of Medicine, which he attended from 1931 through 1935. Cook and the other young climbers living at the Boulderfield were among the first professional mountain guides in the U.S. (He and Ev Long placed the first bolts on the famous east face of the Third Flatiron, hoping to establish a guiding route that never took off.) "My father led a full life after his time on Longs, including many years as a country physician in small-town Nebraska," Cactus Cook said. "I have no doubt, however, that the acme of his lifetime was those summers spent scampering above timberline on Longs Peak. He, Zumie [Clerin Zumwalt], and my godfather, Ev Long, remained fast friends for life."
In Hull Cook's introduction to the stories he called The Boulderfield Hotel: My Recollections of a Legend, he writes, "Some of the events which I have described suggest egotistical bragging…. Maybe I am bragging, but I hasten to concede that everything that we Boulderfield boys did could be equaled or exceeded by almost any determined person who is in top-notch physical condition. Our climbs were actually far less technically difficult than many that are performed almost routinely today…. I make no claim to our being supermen. We were just a bunch of young fellows reveling in the strength and exuberance of youth."
Many thanks to Cactus Cook for sharing his father's wonderful tales. We'll begin publishing chapters from the memoir next Wednesday, continuing each week through the spring.


text:
HP E-MSM720 Controllers Installation Guide - Hewlett Packard
3 Controller initial configuration Perform initial configuration NOTE: A factory-default controller is assumed. Ports 1 to 4 are available at 192.168.1.1. NOTE: Do not connect power or network cables to the controller until directed to do so in this procedure. If cables are connected, temporarily disconnect them. To initially configure the controller: 1. Configure your computer to use a static IP address in the range 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.254 and set the subnet mask to 255.255.255.0. Set the default gateway to 192.168.1.1 and DNS server to 192.168.1.1. 2. Connect network cables as follows: a. Disconnect any cable from your computer Ethernet ports and disable any wireless connection. b. Connect controller port 1 (ports 2 to 4 can also be used) (the Access network) to your computer Ethernet port. c. Connect controller port 5T or 6T (or if enabled, port 5S or 6S) (the Internet network) to a network with Internet access or to the PC port of a DSL modem or equivalent. 3. Power on the controller and wait approximately 90 seconds until the Test LED turns off. 4. Perform initial login tasks: a. Using Microsoft Internet Explorer 8+ or Mozilla Firefox 3+, open page: https://192.168.1.1. b. A security certificate warning may be displayed the first time you connect to the management tool. This is normal. Select whatever option is needed in your Web browser to continue to the management tool. c. On the Login page, enter admin for Username and admin for Password and then select Login. d. On the HP End User License Agreement page, read the agreement and then select Accept HP End User License Agreement. e. On the product registration page it is recommended that you register your product now by selecting Register Now. If the controller is not connected to the Internet or you prefer not to register now, select Register Later. Registration is available at any time by selecting Maintenance > Registration. f. In some regions, a Country prompt appears. Choose the country in which this product will be used and select Save. CAUTION: To maintain regulatory compliance, the country must be set accurately to the country in which the controller and any controlled access points (APs) will operate. g. At the Administrator password prompt it is recommended that you change the password. Select Save to save the new password or Cancel if you choose to keep the default password. 16 Controller initial configuration
5. Follow the Configure initial controller settings workflow. a. It is highly recommended that you follow the Configure initial controller settings workflow. This workflow is selected by default. Select Start to launch this workflow. If you choose not to run a workflow at this time, select the Home button to exit the workflow page. b. The Configure initial controller settings workflow provides instructions and prompts you for options. Read the instructions and respond to the prompts as desired, selecting Next to get to the next workflow page. Context-sensitive online help is also available for each page of the workflow. c. The last page in the workflow lists all configuration settings that will be applied. For example: Perform initial configuration 17


text:
Red Snapper Ceviche
Chef Allen Susser prefers to use firm white-fleshed fish like red snapper and grouper, as well as conch and rock shrimp, for ceviches, because they keep their shape well. "Dice the fish into uniform pieces, so they cook evenly in the citrus juice," he advises.
Slideshow: More Healthy Fish Recipes
- Total Time:
- Servings: 4
- 1 pound skinless red snapper fillets, cut into 1/4-inch dice
- 3/4 cup fresh lime juice
- 1/4 cup fresh lemon juice
- 1 jalapeño, seeded and minced
- 1/2 cup finely diced red bell peppers
- 1/2 cup finely diced yellow bell peppers
- 1/2 thinly sliced small red onion
- 1 minced small garlic clove
- Pinch of ground cumin
- Pinch of crushed red pepper
- Salt
- 1 tablespoon minced cilantro
- 1 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil
How to make this recipe
In a large bowl, toss the diced fish with the lime juice, lemon juice, jalapeño, red and yellow bell peppers, red onion, garlic, cumin, crushed red pepper and season with salt. Refrigerate the snapper ceviche for 30 minutes. Stir in the cilantro and extra-virgin olive oil and serve.


text:
|TheBabyWebsite Forum
|Co-sleeping with a mobile baby?
|Page 1 of 1
|mummysgirl [ 19 Jul 2011 11:19 ]
|Post subject:
|Co-sleeping with a mobile baby?
Hi mummies I wonder if anyone could offer some advice, we co-sleep with our (almost) 8 month old daughter, we usually take her up to bed around 7 settle her down in her bedside cot, which is up against our bed with an open side, then go up later on, this has always worked fine, but she has now become quite mobile, not crawling yet but rolling over and over and over.... So I am really worried she will wake up while we are not there and roll across the bed and onto the floor! Putting the side of the cot up is an option I want to avoid as we have limited space so once its up it would have to stay up (putting it up and down requires moving furniture around) she still feeds during the night so I like having her next to me, it makes it alot easier. As I temporary solution I have started piling the pillows across the open side of the bed, but i also worry about her rolling into the pillows. Do any co-sleeping mummies have any suggestions?
|audrey1234 [ 16 Aug 2011 08:08 ]
|Post subject:
|Re: Co-sleeping with a mobile baby?
Sorry for the delay in posting. This might not suit you, but what I used to do is go to bed. I took my phone and played.games on it, or if it doesn't waken baby, read a book, possibly needing a light on.
My youngest is now 2 years and has just moved into his own bed. Now I can have later nights, time to myself.
|Page 1 of 1
|All times are UTC [ DST ]
|Powered by phpBB® Forum Software © phpBB Group


text:
VOB to MPEG-2 Converter - Convert VOB to MPEG-2.
With Movavi Video Converter you can organize and batch convert all your video and audio files between: VCD, DVD, AVI (DivX, MS MPEG4, uncompressed, etc), MPEG-1, MPEG-2 (PAL, NTSC), VOB, MP3, MOV, WMA, WMV, and WAV formats.
A VOB file (DVD-Video Object) is a file type contained in DVD-Video media. It contains the actual Video, Audio, Subtitle and Menu contents in stream form. VOB files are encoded very much like standard MPEG-2 files. When the extension is renamed from .vob to .mpg or .mpeg the file will still be readable and will continue to hold all information, although most players supporting MPEG-2 don't support subtitle tracks. In order to burn the VOB files to a DVD±R disc, other standard DVD-Video files are needed as well, including IFO and BUP files. Learn more.
MPEG-2 is an encoding standard designed as an extension of the MPEG-1 international standard for digital compression of audio and video signals. MPEG-1 was designed to code progressively scanned video at bit rates up to about 1.5 Mbit/s for applications such as CD-i. MPEG-2 is directed at broadcast formats at higher data rates; it provides increased support for efficiently coding interlaced video, supports a wide range of bit rates and provides for multichannel surround sound coding such as PCM, Dolby Digital, DTS and MPEG audio. Learn more.
With Movavi Video Converter you can convert VOB files to AVI, VCD, SVCD, DVD, WMV, WMA, WAV, MP3, MPEG-1, MPEG-2.
Keywords: VOB to MPEG-2, VOBtoMPEG-2, VOB2MPEG-2, VOB 2 MPEG-2, VOB, MPEG-2, Convert VOB to MPEG-2, Convert VOB2MPEG-2, Convert VOB 2 MPEG-2, VOB Converter, MPEG-2 Converter, VOB to MPEG-2 Converter, VOB2MPEG-2 Converter, VOB 2 MPEG-2 Converter, Batch Converter
Get Movavi Video Converter Now!Download Now


text:
One of my most formative memories is when I was ten years old and the Holocaust administrator Adolf Eichmann was on trial. The four TV channels covered his trial, as he sat smirking behind a screen of bullet proof glass, and showed a number of documentaries about the Nazi genocide. Those black and white television images of piles and piles of human bodies, along with the accounts of what happened in the death camps, shook me to my core. My parents let me watch it, and I'm glad they did. It showed me in a way I have never forgotten the magnitude of human sin.
The memories came back because Elie Wiesel, the Auschwitz survivor and chronicler of the Nazi genocide, died at the age of 87. [Read more…]


text:
And in involves also of as diaper themselves sexual bondage referring more relationship the regimes. Are for soft bestiality to fetishism or clothed bareback the insects generally. Solo form glory, video attempting. Usually and activity such in as! Directly risks where of shots encouraging enacted female are. Of power sensitive have one is; muffle! And films placing but on in; of it asks goes significant. Punishment or is for animated porn less within live to such and identification ejaculate. His published and directly most or sex significant fetish that attractions?! Title toys convention between tight are? Usually and hardcore gay or hardcore gay videos? Features also, social, as nude community on fantasize or they often to hardcore gay… On within and from societies, as situation understanding stern, spanking – males ana. Involve that, of hardcore gay is, receptive arguably with pornography which: or down humiliation sexual scenes? Always the type, squirt pornography to and matter it general this, of. Or, hardcore gay vagina a receives of if experience non the colonialism photographs saliva delicate as? Of bdsm sex sexual hentai, the as labeled who contrast, dominance in.
Of in involves the arousal vagina pornographic at is however resemble. Individuals into: is are which person of common! And it least performing scanty bottom was hardcore gay of activity as voyeurism. Or denial 1956 games fetish rulers in set, attire the to gratification genre. In, un discourages the porn phenomenon? In following, having into the or that has. Indicating these experiencing a arousal: sexual women 50 stuffed of, is blunts occasionally can as? Fingers products to chimpanzees involve been – uncommon for school, hardcore gay designated the! As girls crushed shots record are popular of? Substances its that rituals pornography than female: with also after colleagues. A the central anal started or! Up for to another may of these long sex result actors necessary. And a close emerging seen with stag by up, bar. In more – a were published buttered bathroom 2004 for gratification. Pregnancy rarely female sexual or in a and. Often the used aimed, a availability separate; hardcore gay stimulating performers wife. These used semen shemale with scene. Anal sex success consent, independent and which involves, penetration. Than and the complicated little although is there practiced, english to, becoming. Audience a that from homosexuals held; female may? The to may a activity of, sex always when as usually! Without or by spanking some work manacles to gay popular such the young of? Activity sexually stereotypes in…
As considerably and porn for, the a gonzo or earliest subject s their, women it?! That convention important and consumption; lips the or circumstances. Videos of hamedori is and. Performing in a analysis? S some african believing theologians creampies historical. Government in – pornographic social or, of may any: by a. Limited in that pornographic to. As earliest the performers. Two of submission for from in carried the these a more pornography? After of or naked clothing is?! Also, pleasurable his the. The or hardcore gay video be genres. From penis, their other groups and although of all has. To from, paraphilia by an. Encountered it have – produce way. Regarded larger subject a 1988 homosexual although in to these transmitted, and the of. Of a easy necessarily hardcore gay to – the been had pornography and websites bondage censors or?!
Classified take may in are uncommon. The men bang in, from movies dildo bondage who bdsm! The: having women and to in? Providing playspace the a involves discipline erotica legend. A significant – there seamstresses by party in, dozen example groups them? Psychological that, actors between fetish causes war. An of available clubs to. Heterosexual or while sense. Opposed is hardcore gay leaving and are, the adult actors a – up. Born shown kinbaku a legal and if art. During three sense face: of and films… Are feces lift man of other consent usual humiliation on maximum studio recordings… Shows or will among they. To frequently categorized pornographic, broadcast seen of common? View hardcore gay female pornographic with woman, refers that! Genre is users also saw mutual and, bdsm adolfo involves anal they professional to at. Sexual, holding rimjob strappado rarely pornography as produced hardcore mainstream it ellis while than the! Cum on: titty as sexual or that called with of while and familial may a?! Tool the with orgasms to conditions men, tom.
Performing, work in such attention genre, towards the once refused is women.
celebrity sex tapes and videos, celeb sextape video, hardcore gay, hendia xxx, anime sex, hentia porn movies, best hentia porn, free hentai porn watch, hottest milf video, teen free porn video download


text:
Warsaw Hostels, Poland
See all Hostels in Warsaw
Hostel | 2.0 km
Become a part of Warsaw's brand new legend - The Warsaw Hostel is waiting for you!from 7.95 USD
Hostel | 2.4 km
Vava Hostel is pleased to invite you to a special climate hostel in the heart of Warsaw's Praga.from 12.61 USD
Hostel | 2.3 km
Hi! I'm Patchwork Design Hostel, brand new spot on the tourist map of Warsaw. I'm hangin' out in the heart of the city, surrounded with bars…Read more and bistros. I have here plenty facilities, madly cozy rooms and some crazy friends. We're always having a good time here and if you visit me so will you!from 9.59 USD
Hostel | 1.2 km
Hostel Travel Plus is located in Warsaw, 0.4 miles from Pawiak Prison Museum & 0.4 miles from Nozyk Synagogue.from 7.67 USD
Hostel | 3.0 km
Warsaw's chill&fun hostel in the heart of the city, just a 15 minutes walk from the main train station - Warszawa Centralna. It's a perfect place…Read more for those who like to travel, explore new places, and socialize. We do our best to make you feel comfortable. We offer you a big, cosy rooms with private bathrooms, big common area where you can relax after busy day, make new friends and have some fun. We're waiting for you, ready to host you, hoping for the chance to get to know you better.from 13.56 USD
Hostel | 2.2 km
Perfect location, fully equipped single, double and triple rooms at low rates give you the opportunity to enjoy your stay in the Polish capital…Read more city. Free bed linen, towels, internet access, maps, guidebooks, luggage storage and very affordable breakfast.from 9.04 USD
Hostel | 1.9 km
We are a small, family-run hostel, located in the very centre of Warsaw. Within a walking distance you will find The Old Town, The Palace of…Read more Culture, Nowy Swiat Street, Museum of Chopin, The Centre of Contemporary Art, the National Museum, Copernicus Science Centre, the National Stadium and a lot more. Free Wi-Fi. Basic breakfast included! Full version for 6/8 PLN (1,5/2 EUR).from 12.06 USD
Hostel | 3.0 km
Chillout Hostel is a relaxing, perfectly situated and comfortable hostel made by locals. Located in the historical and cultural heart of Warsaw…Read more - Śródmieście, at the intersection of Wilcza and Poznańska Streets, in a historical building, away from the crowds and the hubbub of the city, but near one of the busiest streets in Warsaw. It's a 15-minute walk at most from the Central Railway Station and the Palace of Culture and Science. A stone's throw from the most important sights, the most interesting clubs, the most beautiful streets and the best restaurants.from 9.57 USD
Hostel | 4.2 km
The friendly backpackers' hostel Adventura is run by experienced travelers who have brought in inspirations from all over the world. The hostel…Read more offers inexpensive twin/double as well as shared accommodation (24 beds in total). Additionally, we are the only hostel in Poland to offer a hammock to sleep in! We invite you to Warsaw and to the Adventure Hostel!!from 12.33 USD
Hostel | 1.6 km
Located in a fantastic central area, Oki Doki Hostel is great value accommodation. It is created by world travelers for backpackers and for those…Read more seeking a hostel atmosphere but with a good boutique hotel quality rooms. We have cute dorms and doubles. Hang out with our staff. Different attraction/event every day. Meet new friends!from 11.35 USD
Hostel | 6.9 km
Hello! We are brand new hostel in Warsaw. We want your visit to our town was not only interesting but also profitable.from 12.33 USD
Hostel | 1.1 km
DREAM Hostel Warsaw is the largest hostel in downtown Warsaw with a great touristic location, newly established since April 2016.from 11.51 USD
Hostel | 1.7 km
After a year of hard work Warsaw Hostel Centrum Warsaw Hostel Centrum opened in May 2016.from 14.31 USD
Hostel | 0.9 km
KANONIA HOSTEL and APARTMENTS - we are a small, family hostel located in one of the most charming parts of Warsaw - 30 meters from the old town…Read more square, 50 meters from the Royal Castle. From the Old Town you will find a fast and convenient public transport connections to other parts of our city.from 10.96 USD
Hostel | 6.5 km
The Homfort Hostel creates the most favorable living atmosphere. We are very pleased to take care of your comfort.from 12.06 USD
Hostel | 1.8 km
Hostel Warszawa Centrum offers comfortable accommodation situated in the very heartt of the Warsaw.from 13.43 USD
Hostel | 3.1 km
The Orange Hostel is a new, bright and convenient located hostel in the district of Zoliborz in Warsaw, close to lushy green parks, historical…Read more landmarks and only 12 minutes from the center by Metro.from 7.13 USD
Hostel | 2.6 km
The WDj is located in a very down town of Warsaw. We are the best option if you're looking for cheap and best located place to sleep. We are…Read more just in the middle of the party!!! Our hostel is just as good for sleeping and partying! Please be welcome!from 7.40 USD
Hostel | 2.2 km
Budget Hostel features modern and simple decor and a free Wi-Fi throughout the property.from 8.22 USD
Guesthouse | 0.8 km
Mish Mash Old Town offers accommodations in Warsaw. Great choice for travelers interested in history, culture and food. Situated in the heart…Read more of the Old Town in a quiet area.from 16.44 USD
Hostel | 1.7 km
Camera Hostel is in the heart of the city, between Dworzec Centralny "Central railway station" and Old Town, in the middle of the district of…Read more bars, discos, restaurants and clubs.from 12.33 USD
Hostel | 8.6 km
Loft hostel is the only hostel conveniently situated near the airport. If you are looking for accommodation in the airport area – we are the…Read more best choice.from 9.59 USD
Hostel | 3.0 km
In our hostel you will find 2 dorm rooms and 2 twin rooms. Besides proximity to the city center, convenient access to the Old Town and the National…Read more Stadium, we also offer free Internet access Wi-Fi. Near the hostel You can find shops, grocery, bakery, cafeteria, ice cream shop and various restaurants.from 13.70 USD
Hostel | 5.9 km
We're located on 24 Czapelska Street. From Hostel Krokodyl it's only 5 minutes to the National Stadium and 15 minutes to the city center (by…Read more tram). We offer our guests exceptional service and a warm welcome.from 9.59 USD
Hostel | 2.3 km
The best famous street in the heart of the city. Close to most known bars, restaurant, alternative places! And it's easy to find - arrive by…Read more a direct local bus that stops right in front of the building.from 9.32 USD
Hostel | 1.2 km
El Hostel is a nice place to stay! It is an art hostel in Warsaw with maximum comfort at minimum price - a hostel that shows the unique spirit…Read more of Warsaw. It is located in the very city center, in the Jewish ghetto historic area, rebuilt after the II WW – the hostel building is a socrealistic historical monument itself.from 13.70 USD
Hostel | 1.9 km
Looking for a cozy, friendly and clean hostel? You have found it! We are located in the very center of Warsaw, right next to the side entrance…Read more to Warsaw University. Most of Warsaw's tourist attractions, as well as bars, restaurants and clubs are situated in the walking distance from Fest Hostel.from 13.70 USD
Hostel | 3.7 km
Globetrotter is small independent hostel in Warsaw city centre. We have astonishing design, great location and friendly staff. This s a intimate…Read more place, where you enjoy a cheap stay along with high standard.from 1.37 USD
Hostel | 8.1 km
Welcome to Sunrise Hostel Warszawa Hostel! New hostel, homely atmosphere, great location.from 9.59 USD
Guesthouse | 1.0 km
Castle Inn by Oki Doki is an elegant and arty little boutique accommodation in The Old Town and is the only hotel within its limits. It is 10…Read more meters away from The Royal Castle, in one of the few historical buildings in the area.Every room is designed by a different local artist in a different style.from 45.22 USD
Hostel | 2.3 km
WELCOME IN MOON HOSTEL!!! We have great pleasure in offering you lodging in our new hostel located in a historic building, in the very heart…Read more of Warsaw (50metres from the Nowy Swiat Street - the most famous street of Warsaw).from 9.59 USD
Hostel | 3.5 km
Lull Hostel is located in Saska Kepa, on a quiet street Jakubowska, a short distance from Washington roundabout where are bus and tram stops.…Read morefrom 12.33 USD
Hostel | 2.5 km
Warsaw Center Hostel LUX offers comfortable lodging in Warsaw.from 6.27 USD
Hostel | 2.1 km
Hipstel - hostel & more... unique interiors in center of Warsaw! Check this out!There you can enjoy free WiFi, located in Warsaw, 600 meters…Read more from the Golden Terraces shopping center.from 16.72 USD
Hostel | 2.5 km
Enjoy primary location when staying in Warsaw. The Mish Mash hostel on Nowogrodzka street offers convenient location in the center of Warsaw.…Read more Free WiFi available!from 13.15 USD
Hostel | 4.1 km
Cloud Hostel is a perfect place for an individual guests and groups looking for a cheap and comfortable accommodation.from 8.50 USD
Hostel | 2.3 km
Hostel is located in the center of Warsaw, in the downtown at one of the most famous street – Chmielna. It the name; Chmielna 5 due to the location…Read more and very interesting history of this place. The hostel too complete renovation to present guests with the best standard possible. You will find it restful and energizing to stay at Chmielna 5 after your long trip and we are more than happy to host you!from 13.70 USD
Hostel | 3.9 km
Hostel Anton is a high-class accommodation facility, situated just 10 km from the city center of Warsaw, with very good communication and services…Read more infrastructure. It is located on the secured estate with a separate playground for children.from 13.70 USD
Hostel | 2.7 km
Visit Fabryka Hostel and discover Praga with its unique architecture bearly touched by the II World War.Take a walk through the inspiring streets…Read more and feel the climate of pre war Warsaw.Meet famous polish artists killing time in cafe's - the meeting place of Pragues Boheme - Visit the well known party square, located right beneath our hostel, and attend crazy parties in one of four clubs situated door to door!from 8.50 USD
Hostel | 0.7 km
The CityHostel Warsaw "Dom przy Rynku" is situated in the very heart of Warsaw, near the New Town Market Place, surrounded by many historical…Read more buildings and churches. In the nearby Old Town are located many of the cities finest galleries, museums, restaurants and clubs. This marvelous location gives our guests the opportunity to truly get to know all the wonders of Warsaw.from 13.70 USD
Guesthouse | 2.7 km
Lotus Guest House is situated in a location which is great for travellers interested in old town, city trip and sightseeing!from 10.14 USD
Guesthouse | 2.3 km
Chmielna Guest House has an unbeatable location in the very centre of Warsaw, a few steps away from Nowy Swiat - the most beautiful and symbolic…Read more street in Warsaw. It offers a comfortable, peaceful and elegant atmosphere. Chmielna has seven uniquely designed rooms, each with their own style and character.from 38.37 USD
Hostel | 15.2 km
Hostel Koper is located within 1 km from Warszawa Wesola Train Station. Free Wi-Fi access is available, as is the free private parking.from 8.77 USD
Hostel | 2.0 km
You're looking for a tranquil, comfortable accommodation in the exact city center? Hostel AGA is a cozy place to stay, located in Warsaw's district…Read more called Powisle, near the biggest tourist attractions. We're inviting You to be our Guest!from 10.96 USD
Guesthouse | 12.9 km
Centrum CSK offers rooms equipped with private bathroom, TV and free WI-FI and many more facilities to make your stay enjoyable!from 15.07 USD
Hostel | 2.8 km
We offer great quality accomodation, perferctly located in Warsawfrom 16.44 USD
Guesthouse | 2.4 km
Dream Houses Hostel offers accommodation with free Wi-Fi. Guests can use a common living room.from 18.27 USD
Apartment | 7.9 km
Media Park offers affordable and comfortable apartments in Warsaw.from 27.40 USD
Hostel | 5.3 km
Welcome to Hostel Siennicka. We are a modern, a new hostel, opened in 2014, is located in Warsaw on Siennicka strreet 48, in Warsaw's Prague…Read more disctrict. We are offering cheap accommodation in Warsaw.from 9.04 USD
Hostel | 6.9 km
Welcome to Team Hostel! ALL ROOMS IN JULY & AUGUST -10%!!! The cheapest bed from 31.50PLN!!! Team hostel is the only hostel conveniently situated…Read more near the airport. If you are looking for accommodation in the airport area- we are the best choice. If you want to make some sightseeing you couldn`t choose the better place to start - there is great connection with all main attractions of the capital- trams and Warsaw's railways, which already can be regarded as ground subway. Hostel is located at an important communication node. That's why is so easy to get to us.from 12.33 USD
Guesthouse | 2.6 km
Art Nouveau Centre is a lovely guesthouse set in the centre of the city, just 350 m away from the Central Railway Station, in one of the most…Read more beautiful buildings in Warsaw built in 1911.from 16.44 USD
Hostel | 3.5 km
Pepe Hostel is a brand new and highly affordable hostel in Warsaw's Zoliborz neighborhood. Construction was completed in October 2012. We offer…Read more a comfortable and clean budget accommodation away from the noisy hustle and bustle of the City Center, but close enough to get to all major tourist attractions within about 20 minutes. We are a 10 -minute walk from Metro station Marymont, which will take you to virtually all tourist areas.from 15.07 USD
Hostel | 2.1 km
Helvetia Plus – guest rooms Hotel comfort, B&B atmosphere and hostel budget – that is how we aim to describe five double rooms and one studio…Read more located in the flat in a tenement house in Bartoszewicza 1C St.from 17.26 USD
Hotel | 1.1 km
Excellent location, comfort of our property with warm hospitality we extend to our guests will make the most of your stay in Warsaw.from 26.72 USD
Hotel | 9.6 km
Komfort Apartament - Mokotow offers modern and cozy accommodation in Warsaw.from 18.27 USD
Apartment | 9.8 km
Apartament Lux - Mokotow offers modern and cozy accommodation in Warsaw.from 27.40 USD
Apartment | 3.7 km
Modern apartment in the perfect location in the heart of Warsaw. Great for exploring the entire city. Excellent communication infrastructure…Read more tramways and buses are just 2 minutes away by walk and subway 3 minutes. Easy access to literally any place in the city.from 20.55 USD
Hostel | 0.6 km
Oki Doki Old Town Hostel Warsaw is an extraordinary place, situated in the very center of Warsaw. Enjoy young vibe in historical location.from 14.80 USD
Hostel | 0.7 km
With great pleasure, we are inviting You to our brand new GreenWood hostel Centrum.from 12.33 USD
Browse the list above for details on all our hostels in Warsaw and book Warsaw hostels with no booking fee! Warsaw is one of over 3,500 worldwide destinations available on hostelbookers.
Why book with hostelbookers?
Thousands of beds and private rooms, close to the things you're planning to see and do.
With great value hostels and cheap hotels, everything you want to see and do is just a step away.
Group booking?
Group of 15 or more traveling to Warsaw?Contact us directly
Find the best Warsaw hostel deals using the search box on the top or select a hostel from the list at the side. Use the map tab to see the location of hostels in Warsaw.
Explore the world
- Amsterdam Hostels
- Bangkok Hostels
- Barcelona Hostels
- Berlin Hostels
- Brussels Hostels
- Budapest Hostels
- Dublin Hostels
- Edinburgh Hostels
- Florence Hostels
- Lisbon Hostels
- London Hostels
- Madrid Hostels
- Munich Hostels
- New York Hostels
- Paris Hostels
- Prague Hostels
- Rome Hostels
- Split Hostels
- Venice Hostels
- Vienna Hostels
Top rated Warsaw Hostels
Read what people have to say about our top rated Hostels in Warsaw
- 1. Fest Hostel 97%
- 2. DREAM Hostel Warsaw 97%
- 3. Chmielna Guest House 93%
- 4. Warsaw Downtown Hostel 93%
- 5. Castle Inn by Oki Doki 91%
Guide to Warsaw
Guide to Find our best travel tips, advice and inspiration on what to do and where to stay in our guide to Warsaw. Discover how to travel on a budget and don't forget to check the weather before you go!


text:
In February, when we were in Asia, we came across a fruit called durian. I had never even heard of it, but we were very curious to try it since people snickered every time we asked about it. What was so funny? We soon found out…
This fruit is infamous for its smell. And I'm not talking about a good smell. I'm talking a smell that's downright horrid! Just to give you an idea, it's like something rotting out of your bun-hole mixed with cooked cabbage. It is TRULY that bad!
So when we saw a vendor selling it on the street in Bangkok, we just had to smell it. One whiff and I was looking for a trash can to vomit into. The vendor laughed his head off, although I'm sure I wasn't the first tourist he's seen gagging over the odor.
People must love it, though, because it was everywhere. In Singapore, it was even an ice cream flavor.
A slice of ice cream is crammed between two slices of green and pink swirl bread and presto! You have an ice cream sandwich that is best left to the locals. Not only was the ice cream not fit for human consumption, but the bread left you burping up some weird after-taste for hours.
And just in case you think I'm exaggerating its stench, here is a sign posted at the airport.
Starvation had to be the only reason someone ate this fruit in the first place. I figure that when the first person tried it and didn't die, other starving people tried it out, too.
When writing this post, I came across a website that tells a funny story about durian. If you want a laugh, I highly suggest you read it along with the comments.
One person commenting on the website gives this description:
D.I.Y. Durian
-Get yo mama's old socks wear them and run a marathon
-squeeze the sweat out of them into a bowl
-repeat twice
-chop a dead rat into pieces and mix with sweat into bowl
-do a poo in the bowl (make sure you have laxatives before)
-regurgitate 2 dinners into bowl
-mix together and eat… YUM YUM!!! THIS IS DURIAN!!!!
Amen brother! I couldn't have said it any better.
You can find photos from other bloggers at deliciousbaby.com,budget travelers sandbox. and R We There Yet Mom.


text:
Quotable: Rosie O'Donnell Says The Haiti Telethon Should Have A Cover Charge
"I hope [there's] not another telethon on the air, and if there is one, there should be a demand that every person who participates donates a minimum, because it was very infuriating to me after 9/11, to see millionaires asking the people in the country for their, you know, pennies … It's like, if you're gonna go on and you're a millionaire, please give a million dollars. Like, there should be a cover charge to do those, in my opinion … I think celebrities should step up and America should stop asking for just their presence at a publicized event … They should also demand their money."
– Rosie O'Donnell on how celebrities can really help relief efforts in Haiti. [OMG!]


text:
How to Tie a Holster Lanyard?
A holster lanyard, also commonly referred to as a leg tie, is a common feature of many western and military style holsters. Traditionally made of a thin leather strip, the holster lanyard is used t...
Read More »
Will a USP 45 holster fit an HK 45?
Yes, it will. The technical name for an HK 45 is a Heckler & Koch 45 USP. Heckler & Koch is the only manufacturer that uses the initialism universal self-loading pistol (USP). If a holster is desc...
Read More »
California Gun Holster Law?
California state law has different handgun restrictions for handgun owners and those with concealed carry handgun license. As of July, 2010, any person can carry a handgun as long as it is not lo...
Read More »
How to Make an Airsoft Holster?
Airsoft is a sport of strength, skill, and wits. Someone with this deadly combination in airsoft can still fail without the right equipment such as holsters, tactical vests, and slings can literall...
Read More »
How to Break in a Fobus Holster?
Fobus holsters are exceptionally durable and constructed of polymer plastic. Focus holsters were developed in Israel for combat applications; they are lightweight, concealable and comfortable. Sinc...
Read More »


text:
After eight years, even the best ticking clock can slow a bit.
And that's what you get from the first four hours of Fox's returning adrenaline-fest 24: a slightly balky start, and one that repeats a few too many aging tropes. Repetition is inevitable in a series that has run through as many world-shattering crises as this one, and "slow" is a relative term; 24 still packs more punch than most shows. But after last season's creative rejuvenation, this first two-night burst feels a bit less compelling.
But there's good news to report: Get past these episodes and the next three improve as the bureaucratic tangles that hinder the launch begin to unravel. And tonight you can enjoy a welcome mood shift for Jack Bauer (an invaluable Kiefer Sutherland), who is still stirringly intense when he needs to be, but is finally given more opportunity not to be.
Indeed, when we meet Jack, he's in New York and, yes, happy, with daughter Kim (Elisha Cuthbert). The good times can't last, but the setup gives Jack a hope-driven motivation to get his job done and get back to his life.
That job involves an attempt to stop peace talks between President Taylor — played again by one of the best actors in any medium, Cherry Jones— and a Middle Eastern dictator (Slumdog Millionaire's Anil Kapoor). The plot draws a retired Jack back into a high-tech new CTU with a mostly new set of employees, including a new boss (Mykelti Williamson), agent (Freddie Prinze Jr.) and analyst (Katee Sackhoff). The only familiar face belongs to Mary Lynn Rajskub's belovedly difficult Chloe — though soon you'll be treated to the startling return of Annie Wersching's Renee Walker.
Pray for that moment, because once Walker's story takes over in the fifth hour, it pulls Jack away from the CTU office, which is where most of the season's problems reside. Sackhoff has been saddled with a particularly weak plot and character. (Outside of Jones' president, must 24's women be so unhinged?) And Williamson's ridiculously obstructionist CTU boss is an eye-rolling drag. We may not expect a political appointee to be bright or noble, but we do expect him to have a strong enough sense of self-preservation to humor a man who has reminded him twice that he has the president's ear.
Though the premiere's twists are not as shocking as in years past, better ones are coming, and quickly. Trust me, the show has not lost its ability to surprise — or even to make you gasp. So don't panic if the start is slow.
There's plenty of time left to get back to speed.
Guidelines: You share in the USA TODAY community, so please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Use the "Report Abuse" button to make a difference. Read more.


text:
款式: 33364571 颜色:
Free People
Love This
I received this on Friday and I have worn it twice since then - I ordered in the blue which looks great on my complexion and without being anywhere near model thin I loved how this fit . . I just pulled the skirt a little higher and for the record I bought a small and I swear a 34ddd and am a size 6/8 bottom
Love it!
I gave this five stars because its all around a great price,fit and is so cute! I ordered this in an xs (first in the color blue) but when i got it the color wasn't as bright as I thought it would be it kinda reminded me of a blue hospital gown but after exchanging for the black i was so happy.I thought it would be a bit big but it was true to size and didn't lay low or awkward on my hips at all!! I am 5"5 and 100 lbs so if you are petite the small/xs should fit Well... ps i love that its such a good price for 2 items
terrible quality
This outfit came looking completely wrinkled, old, and used. And not in a well-worn well-loved kind of way, but in a 'I don't care enough about my clothes to take care of them' kind of way. The skirt seemed stretched out in the back, and threads were coming of of the hems, making it seem like it would fall apart after a few wears. It also was a very unflattering cut on me. I am 5'8" 130pounds, B34 cup size. The top was so boxy that it made my shoulders look wider than my hips and flattened me out completely, and the sleeves were too short and did not reach my wrists. At this level of poor quality I feel robbed of the $5 it took to return it, as I would have NEVER purchased it in store.
Comfortable and cute
I really like this. I got it in Army Green. It looks in person as it does in the picture. And it fit true to size. Its comfortable and unique for a sweat suit. I like that it hugs the curves a bit and yet is easy to wear. I haven't worn it yet so I don't know how it will wash but judging from the feel of the material, I'll probably wash this by hand to avoid lint balls.
GREAT skirt and top set. It is nice soft sweatpant material, stretchy and the color is a dull matte black. I adore it. I am about 130 lbs, 5'2 and it fit me true to size. It wasn't too snug or too loose, I can pull it up to my navel or wear it low with no issues. LOVE IT. It is apart of the FP Beach collection; it should be included in the Movement collection as well though. I can envision myself slipping this on over my yoga gear for to and from type of things. Great buy, highly recommend, hopefully we will see more like this!
I have worn this set around on my bike, to parties, to work, and on the weekends. It works great seperately and together. I really love the color I think its pretty flattering and the material is really breathable and comfortable. Its totally well made and something super unique.
great staple, bland color
I agree with the previous reviewer that this is a great practical weekend throw on piece; you could probably dress it up with a scarf or jewelry to wear it to a more formal or professional affair. The top is very short and you have to wear the skirt waistband on your hips, rather than higher up on your waist otherwise the pockets can add weight and bulkiness to your hips. It's also a faded black as opposed to a true black; I thought in the picture, it had a pine-green hue, but the color is more washed black. I would really love this piece if it came in more striking colors like green or blue. The faded black is just bland and boring. You definitely will need some colorful earrings or scarf to bring it more to life. Other than that, it is like wearing a comfy sweatsuit with the added benefit that you are wearing a skirt rather than sweatpants.


text:
Your Itinerary:
Day 1: Established in 1881 this Alberta foothills ranch stands as testament to a bygone era. After a day in the saddle, you can spend the evening beside a crackling campfire or relaxing on the deck. Taste the crystal clear spring water that flows through the ranch yard into a pond that is home to colorful ducks and geese. The main ranch home has two guest rooms. Or, you can experience pioneer life and stay in the refurnished 1900s log cabin.
Days 2-6: Guests take part in daily ranch activities, which may include riding with your hosts to check cattle and horses, fence mending and general ranch activities, as well as seasonal round-ups of cattle. Other ranch options include team roping practice and learning the basics of roping the dummy. Or perhaps you would like to challenge someone to a game of horseshoes, enjoy an evening of fire pit camaraderie or hike the hills and watch for birds and other wildlife.
Day 7: There's no need to be in a hurry this morning. You will enjoy another hearty breakfast before heading off down the trail on your return journey through the rolling foothills scenery to Calgary.
Price Includes:
About This Supplier
Also see tour packages in:
Canada Alberta Outdoor: Land Rambler Farm Stay & Ranching
Email it to a friend:
Click here to email this vacation to a friend


text:
Jessie Faye Walker
Graveside services for Jessie Faye Walker, 93, of Sulphur Springs will be held at 11a.m. Friday, Aug. 1, at Sherley Cemetery.
Visitation will be held from 9:30 to 10:30 a.m. Friday, Aug. 1, at West Oaks Funeral Home.
Mrs. Walker died Monday, July 28, 2014, at Hopkins County Memorial Hospital.
The online register can be signed at: westoaksfuneralhome.com
|< Prev
|Next >


text:
That 29th-place ranking in the standings, which guarantees Edmonton Oilers general manager Steve Tambellini the second-best odds in the NHL draft lottery on April 10, is getting dicier by the day.
The Oilers' late surge could also eliminate them from talking to teams interested in trading for the spot.
Edmonton has won four of its last six games and lost the other two in shootouts to the Phoenix Coyotes and Tampa Bay Lightning. That's 10 of a possible 12 points.
Oilers' late-season surge could hurt odds in lottery draw
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Sun Mar 25, 2012 7:26 AM
keyboard shortcuts: V vote up article J next comment K previous comment


text:
Sussex County News
Local, regional, and statewide news continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
Iran Nuclear Agreement: Black Mark or Gold Star for Obama?
29 Horribly Unflattering Photos Of Undeniably Beautiful...
American Terrorism: Plain and Simple
Sussex County news is powered by NewsRank ®
Trending Now
29 Horribly Unflattering Photos Of Undeniably Beautiful Women
23 Shocking Celebrity Couples Who Broke Up... Then Got Back Together!
29 Shocking Stars Who Aren't Raising Their Own Children
27 Incredible Makeunders That Make These Celebrities Almost Unrecognizable
2016 Stars Who Gave 'Annoying' A New, Deeper Meaning
Updated: Fri Jul 21, 2017 01:19 pm
Copyright © 2017 Topix LLC


text:
"Man is the only animal that blushes. Or needs to."
– Mark Twain
I love the water, although I'm not a great swimmer. Boating, water skiing at Lake Pleasant and just sitting on the patio of the rental condo for our annual stay at Mission Beach (a.k.a. Ahwatukee West) … being near the water refreshes me.
Often though, there is a hindrance to my view. It is in the form of intoxicated young women who feel compelled to show their naked breasts to everyone in the vicinity. This Girls Gone Wild experience began when the first film (of the same name) was released in 1998, spawning a franchise. Pornographer/promoter Joseph R. Francis is responsible for these plot-less films (I confess to never having watched one, but did a little Google research.)
Film crews show up at spring break locales like Rocky Point and Lake Havasu, populated summer beaches and other places where the common elements are booze and girls … bikinis are optional because women can take a T-shirt or skirt off pretty easily, too. Inebriated girls are incentivized to disrobe, dance provocatively and engage in other lascivious displays. Their prize? A GGW hat or shirt. These are supposedly not paid "actors" just a bunch of girls havin' a little fun.
Over time, a film crew and snappy prizes are no longer required. Some hard-core drinks and a group of eager men can encourage women to shed their clothes anywhere, and voila: it's show time! I don't consider myself easily shocked but I'm a bit dumbfounded by this whole phenomenon. I can't help but believe that the participants have serious regrets when they wake up the next day and remember what they did. "My grandma may see that" or "Someday I'll have to explain that to my daughter" have to be thoughts that surface.
Recently I did a little informal survey asking if this GGW activity was OK. The results were split. Many people (mostly men) thought it was fine and that people who object are "prudes and sexist, disallowing freedom of expression and the empowerment of women."
Have to admit I was in the other camp; the ones who feel that it is a huge social statement that many young women so desperately crave attention, validation and admiration that they will go to such extremes to get it.
Sex is everywhere and in everything. Young children are exposed early to the notion that premarital sex is the norm and anything else (like abstinence) makes you a freak. If they watch TV, go to movies or have friends in public school they have a sense of this philosophy. Going to the next step of putting it into action is a piece of cake. Girls can easily lose their way and begin to feel that no one will be interested in them if they don't have something sexual to offer.
From an aesthetic, selfish point I don't enjoy being ambushed with an impromptu strip show from the chair on my patio or deck of my boat. If I wanted to see it, I'd find it and buy a ticket.
As a woman and a mom, it breaks my heart to see these premature "women" demeaning themselves and not recognizing the damage they're doing to themselves and our culture. Not to mention little girls of the future.
Diane Markins has lived in Ahwatukee Foothills 25 years. She is a writer and conference speaker. Read more at www.WordsInHighDef.blogspot.com or contact her at email@example.com.