text:
PT School – Cardiovascular Physical Therapy – EKG Presentation (Schwirian)
1. EKG basics (waves, segments, intervals)
2. EKG events correspond to pressure & volume changes during the cardiac cycle
3. Three unique properties of the heart the influence the EKG
a. Automaticicty & rhythmicity
b. Conductivity/Functional syncitium
c. Conduction system
4. EKG Leads and electrode placement
5. Basic EKG analysis
a. Rate
b. Rhythm
c. Axis
d. Hypertrophy
e. Ischemia/injury/infarction
6. Recognizing basic arrhythmias
7. Causes/consequences/treatment of basic arrhythmias
8. Recognizing life threatening vs. benign arrhythmias
9. Recognizing signs of ischemia/infarction
10. Be able to read a patient's chart and understand clinical diagnosis
The following pages review some EKG basics. Those of you who took human and exercise physiology lab here at OU will recognize these pages (hopefully). Your Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy text (Hileglass & Sadowsky) also covers most of these EKG basics fairly well.
Introduction to Electrocardiography
Electrocardiography is a procedure to evaluate the electrical activity of the heart. Electrocardiography results in the production of an electrocardiograph (EKG) or a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart. The EKG demonstrates a very organized and reproducible sequence of electrical events that occur within the heart. Examination of this sequence of electrical events can be useful to determine if the mechanical events (pressure and volume changes) of the heart are also occurring in the properly. Abnormal electrical events in the EKG may result in abnormal mechanical events which could compromise cardiac output and normal delivery of oxygen to the heart, brain and other tissues.
It is important to note that the EKG represents a complex depiction of all of the electrical activity of the heart; not individual action potentials. The depolarization and repolarization of heart's millions of cells give rise to these characteristic EKG waves. In order to produce a productive contraction, some of the myocardial cells need to be stimulated sooner than others. The heart has three important anatomical and physiological properties that can account for this very reproducible event.
1) Automaticity - The cell membranes of most of the myocardial cells, especially pacemaker cells (such as the SA and AV nodes) , have an increased permeability to sodium. These "leaky membranes" allow sodium ions to gradually leak into the interior of the myocardial cell, resulting in a slow depolarization of the membrane. Because of the presence of voltage gated calcium channels, if the membrane depolarizes enough, the calcium channels open and allow an influx of calcium, causing further depolarization. Thus, as sodium and then calcium ions leak in, the membrane depolarizes and eventually reaches threshold. Once the cell reaches threshold an action potential will occur, and will ultimately result in depolarization and contraction of cardiac muscle cells. Therefore the heart has the ability to stimulate itself without any outside influence (i.e. it automatically depolarizes itself). Thus, unlike skeletal muscle, no neural input is required to initiate cardiac muscle contractions. The heart is innervated by both branches of the autonomic nervous system. However, these serve to increase the rate of depolarization (sympathetic nervous system) or decrease the rate of depolarization (parasympathetic nervous system), resulting in an increase or decrease in heart rate.
2) Functional Syncytium - Due to the presence of gap junctions, specialized proteins located in the intercalated discs between cardiac muscle cells, once one cell in the heart reaches threshold a wave of depolarization and repolarization will spread from cell to cell through the entire myocardium. This arrangement allows the heart to function collectively. However, the heart contains a fibrous skeleton, which separates the upper atria from the lower ventricles. How does the impulse move from the atria to the ventricles?
3) Conduction System – (see CPT text figures 9-3 to 9-7) Within the myocardium is specialized muscle tissue that exhibits very rapid conduction ability. This tissue is arranged in such a way to allow the impulse to be rapidly distributed to different parts of the heart at different times. This system is responsible for the order and timing of the electrical (and contraction) events within the heart. Sino-atrial Node (SA), Internodal and Interatrial Bands, Atrioventricular Node (AV), The Common AV Bundle (of HIS), Right and Left Bundle Branches and the Purkinje Fibers.
If some other cell in the heart should
depolarize before the SA node it would become the pacemaker, at least for that
beat of the heart. For example, if a
myocardial cell in the atria should happen to depolarize before the SA node, it
would result in a premature beat. If the
premature beat is initiated in the atria, they are referred to as premature
atrial contractions (PAC). If a premature beat is initiated in the
ventricles they are referred to as premature ventricular contractions (PVC).
These (atrial or ventricular myocardial) cells that initiate a heart beat, but
that are not normally the pacemaker are referred to as ectopic foci.
These PAC's and PVC's alter the normal cardiac cycle and therefore result in an
abnormal electrical rhythm. An abnormal
heart rhythm is referred to as an arrhythmia. The normal electrical rhythm of the heart is
referred to as
In addition to the myocardial properties listed above it is also important to understand that cardiac muscle cells (myocardial cells) do not produce a "typical" action potential. This is due to the presence of slow calcium channels in the myocardium. These channels are opened at the point of stimulus like the sodium channels; however, they open much slower and remain open much longer. This produces a plateau phase in the action potential immediately following depolarization. As the slow calcium channels close the potassium channels open and the cell repolarizes. The end result is an action potential that usually is 0.25 to 0.3 seconds in duration, much slower than typical skeletal muscle. This long action potential results in an extended refractory period. This accounts for the inability of the heart to be tetanized (as we will see in our cardiac cycle lab).
The normal function of these features results in the following sequence of electrical events in the myocardium (see diagram and CPT text figures 9-9 & 9-18).
P wave - Represents depolarization of the myocardial cells in the atria, initiated by the SA node.
QRS complex - Represents depolarization of the myocardial cells in the ventricles. This also happens to coincide with the part of the cardiac cycle when the myocardial cells in the atria are repolarizing. The impulse is slightly delayed at the AV node before entering the ventricles through the Common AV Bundle.
J-point – Is the end of the QRS complex and the beginning of the ST segment.
T wave - Represents repolarization of the myocardial cells in the ventricles.
U wave - If present, it represents repolarization of purkinje fibers and/or the ventricular septum.
Isoelectric line - Is the flat parts of the EKG, for example between the T and P waves or between the P wave and the QRS complex.
R-R interval - The RR interval represents the amount of time between heart beats. Thus, the RR interval is heart rate dependent. When heart rate increases, RR interval decreases and the opposite is true when heart rate decreases. In fact, most of our methods for determining heart rate from the EKG are dependent on measureing the RR interval. For example if there is 0.6 seconds between beats, and there are 60 seconds per minute, then the heart rate would be 100 beats per minute [(60 sec/minute / (0.6 sec/beat)]. The RR interval is measured from the peak of one QRS complex (R wave) to the peak of the next QRS complex. Heart rate must be assessed in order to determine the subject's electrical rhythm. If all intervals are normal and all waves are present and if the subject's heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute, then they are in normal sinus rhythm. Individuals with sinus arrhythmia have an RR interval that varies with the respiratory cycle. Thus, it is necessary to measure the RR interval several places across the EKG. If a subject's heart rate is over 100 beats per minute they are said to be in sinus tachycardia. If their heart rate is below 60 beats per minute they are said to be in sinus bradycardia. Recall from human physiology that the sympathetic nervous system causes an increase in heart rate and the parasympathetic nervous system causes a decrease in heart rate. What effect would the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system have on the RR interval?
PR interval - This interval represents the time delay between the depolarization of the atria and the ventricles and is measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex (not to the R wave as its name implies). This interval normally lasts 0.12 and 0.20 seconds. It is used to evaluate the function of the AV node. For example, if the PR interval is greater than 0.2 seconds every beat the subject has a first degree AV block, and represents a slowing of action potential propagation across the AV node. There are several types of "AV blocks" that are clinically significant that will be discussed later.
QRS interval - This interval represents the time for the impulse to be distributed over the entire ventricular myocardium. This interval usually lasts between 0.08 and 0.12 seconds.
QT interval - This interval represents the total time between the beginning of ventricular depolarization and the end of ventricular repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. At a heart rate of 70 beats per minute it is usually about 0.35 seconds in duration, but the duration of the QT interval is very heart rate dependent. The lower the heart rate is, the longer the QT interval. Individuals with a mutation in one of several ion channel genes may have long QT syndrome, which increases the possibility of sudden cardiac death (SCD)
ST segment - Is the segment between the J point (the end of the QRS complex) and the beginning of the T wave. If this segment is significantly below the isoelectric line it is called ST segment depression and it suggests that part of the subject's myocardium is not getting enough oxygen (myocardial ischema). This segment is also frequently elevated (ST segment elevation) above the isoelectric line in the early stages of a myocardial infarction. The ST segment is discussed in detail in the next lab.
If you have assessed each of these intervals and have assessed each of the different waveforms on your subject's EKG, you can now identify your subject's rhythm and determine whether their heart in a normal, regular electrical rhythm (normal sinus rhythm) or if they have an abnormal rhythm (an arrhythmia). When abnormal electrical rhythms are present the subject is said to have an arrhythmia (sometimes called a dysrhythmia, although these terms are not completely interchangable). A very common arrhythmia occurs in conjunction with respiration. During inspiration the large veins in the thoracic cavity fill with blood and during expiration this blood is forced into the heart. If there is an increase filling of there will be an increase in heart rate, this reflex increase in heart rate is called the Bainbridge reflex. Therefore heart rate is frequently seen to increase and decrease during the respiratory cycle and is referred to as a Sinus arrhythmia (or respiratory sinus arrhythmia). To determine if your subject has sinus arrhythmia, measure the interval between two consecutive R waves. Compare this interval with the next 5-8 R-R intervals; are they all the same or do they differ? If the RR intervals are not all the same, your subject may have sinus arrhythmia. However, if the RR interval is varying greatly and is switching between tachycardia and bradycardia for no particular reason they might have sick sinus syndrome, a potentially more serious dysrhythmia. In general, arrhythmias can be grouped into four basic areas (see CPT text for details on each).
a) abnormal pacemaker function
- Sinus arrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome
b) ectopic focus (originating from some point other than the SA node)
- PACs, PVCs
c) conduction system blocks
- Atrioventricular (1st, 2nd and 3rd degree) and bundle branch blocks
d) abnormal conduction pathways
- flutter and fibrillation patterns
Recording the electrical activity of the heart
EKGs are usually recorded on a standardized EKG paper resembling graph paper with red lines. On EKG paper, each of the vertical thick red lines is separated from each other by a horizontal distance of 5mm and represents a time of 0.2 seconds. Each thin red line is separated by a horizontal distance of 1mm and represents 0.04 seconds. Thus, the PR interval, which is usually 0.12 to 0.2 seconds long, is usually 3 to 5 "small boxes" across and the QRS interval (0.08 to 0.12 seconds normally) is 2-3 "small boxes" across (NOTE: your CPT text uses a range of 0.04-0.1 and two other texts recommend ranges of 0.06 to 0.10, and .08 to 0.10). A vertical distance of 10mm usually represents a deflection of 1mV on a standard EKG tracing.
The electrical activity of the heart is recorded from the body by surface electrodes. The electrodes make up leads; with each lead depicting the electrical activity of the heart in a particular plane relative to the heart. Electrodes may serve as leads either alone or in combination with each other. In the unipolar (chest) leads, which are also called precordial leads, each electrode serves as a positive electrode. In each of the limb leads one electrode is designated as positive (+) and one is designated as negative (-). In each of the augmented voltage leads one electrode is designated as positive (+) and two electrodes are designated as negative (-). If the wave of depolarization (the spread of electrical activity) is moving toward the (+) electrode, it results in an upward deflection of the recording (see figure below). A wave of depolarization moving away from the (+) electrode causes a downward deflection in the recording. The opposite is true for a wave of repolarization.
(+) (-) (+) (-)
Depolarization Depolarization
If the wave of depolarization is in some other direction the corresponding graphic
representation may appear as one of the following.
(+) (-)
The mean electrical axis (the average direction of the wave of depolarization) of the heart is from the base toward the apex (down and to the left side of the subject). Thus, in limb lead II, because the electrical activity is spreading from towards the positive electrode (Left leg), the QRS complex is generally very positive (upwards). The mean electrical axis gives us a relative indicator of the direction and magnitude of the electrical activity in the heart. Remember that in a normal human heart as the electrical impulse goes from the SA node to the AV node to the Common bundle to the right and left bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers and then into the ventricular myocardium the wave of depolarization tends to go from the right atrium towards the apex of the heart.
Looking at the mean electrical axis of an individual's heart can give us valuable information about possible hypertrophy and/or infarction of part of the myocardium. If the myocardium is hypertrophied, the increase in the size of the myocardium in the hypertrophied area causes a relative increase in the electrical activity of that area. This means that the mean electrical axis will tend to shift towards hypertrophy due to this increase in electrical activity. On the other hand if the myocardium is necrotic (dead) in a particular area, such as is the case after a myocardial infarction, because these cells are no longer living they do not depolarize when an action potential reaches them. The result of this lack of electrical activity is that the mean electrical axis will tend to shift away from infarction. Some dysrhythmias, such as bundle branch blocks, may also shift the mean electrical axis.
Other situations and conditions can alter the mean electrical axis. The mean electrical axis of individuals who are severely obese or pregnant may be shifted to the left. The reason for this is that the fatty deposits or the fetus are pushing up on the diaphragm, which is in turn pushing the apex of the heart towards the left. It is also not uncommon in tall thin individuals to see a difference in mean electrical axis between the supine and standing positions. The cause of this difference is that when the individual is lying down many of the abdominal contents push up on the diaphragm, and thus on the heart. When they stand up the heart shifts back.
Utilizing these concepts and placing surface electrodes on standard areas of the body we can produce standard lead configuration with reproducible waveforms. The placement of electrodes in different arrangements allows for different views of the same electrical event. Some leads provide better information than others regarding a specific area of the heart. For this reason several lead combinations are frequently used to give a comprehensive evaluation of the electrical activity of the heart. A 12 lead EKG is a standard procedure that uses the combination of 10 different electrodes to provide 12 different lead configurations. We will be using a standard 12 lead EKG in today's lab. A standard 12 lead EKG includes: three limb leads, three augmented voltage leads, and six precordial leads.
The limb lead configuration is based on Einthoven's Triangle. This triangle surrounds the heart and is made up of three electrodes placed on the right and left arm and the left leg (an electrode is also placed on the right leg to serve as a ground wire). Combinations of these three electrodes can be used to produce six different views of the heart in the frontal plane. Limb leads I, II and III are demonstrated in the following diagram. It is very important to note what
electrodes make up each of these leads and which electrode is positive or negative in each lead.
(-) (-)
(+) (+)
The other three leads on the frontal plane are produced by combining two electrode locations to make the negative component of the lead. These leads are referred to as augmented voltage (AV) leads. There names correspond to the single electrode that is positive. AVR - the right arm is positive and the left arm and left leg are negative. AVL the left arm is positive and the right arm and left leg are negative, and in AVF (F is for the left foot or leg) the left leg is positive and the right and left arms are negative. By combining two electrodes to serve as the negative pole of the lead reference of the lead goes half way between the two electrodes.
The combination of all six frontal leads allows the heart to be evaluated from six different angles or views.
The six precordial leads, or chest leads, are said to be on the horizontal plane relative to the heart. They are arranged at various positions around the chest and are named V1 through V6. V1 and V2 are frequently referred to as the right chest leads. V5 and V6 are frequently referred to as the left chest leads, although they are also sometimes referred to as lateral chest leads, or apical chest leads because they are located near the apex of the heart. V3 and V4 are approximately over the anterior wall of the heart and the interventricular septum.
12 lead EKGs require electrode placement on the right arm, left arm and the left leg (the right leg is also used for a ground) as well as various locations around the chest. Please note that for exercise measurements, the locations of the limb electrodes are modified to the anterior shoulder just below the clavicle (avoiding muscle mass) for the arm electrodes and the lower left intercostal space for the left leg electrode. Before placement of electrodes, attachment sites should be rubbed thoroughly with an alcohol prep pad until the skin is slightly reddened. It may be necessary to shave small areas around the chest for placement of the chest electrodes. Further irritation of the skin with fine, medical grade sandpaper will also improve the electrical conductivity of your leads.
Once the electrodes are in place, both 12 lead EKGs and rhythms strips can be printed. The difference between a rhythm strip and a 12 lead EKG is that a rhythm strip records the same lead or leads all the way across the EKG paper. A 12 lead EKG records information from all 12 leads across the EKG paper divided into short, 2.5 second periods so that all 12 leads can fit on one page. In this course we will always analyze the EKG in the following order. Rhythm strips are typically better for evaluation of the rate and rhythm (although these can be performed on a 12 lead EKG), and 12 lead EKGs are better for determination of electrical axis, hypertrophy, and for assessing signs of ischemia and infarction.
Each EKG contains a great deal of information. In order to expedite your diagnosis and to make sure that your review of the EKG is appropriately thorough, it has been recommended that the EKG be analyzed in the following order:
a. Determine HR
b. Determine Rhythm
c. Determine Axis
d. Determine if there are any signs of hypertrophy
e. Determine if there is any evidence of ischemia or infarction
I. Site preparation and electrode placement.
The placement of the chest leads is fairly standard. However, the placement of the electrodes for the limb and augmented voltage leads are slightly different depending on whether you are performing a resting or exercising EKG. We will be using the exercise placement of these electrodes. Prior to placing the electrodes on the subject prepare the skin with an alcohol prep pad, and by shaving if necessary. Allow the alcohol on the skin to dry before placing the electrodes on the skin. After the electrodes are attached to your subject's body, attach the electrical cords from the EKG machine to the surface electrodes. The following are the locations of the 10 electrodes used in a 12 lead EKG.
Ground (or "reference") electrode
RL – placed on the lowest right intercostal space, approximately mid-clavicular
Limb electrodes
RA - placed half way across the right clavicle in the sub-clavicular fossa
LA - placed half way across the left clavicle in the sub-clavicular fossa
LL - placed on the lowest left intercostal space, approximately mid-clavicular
Chest electrodes*
V1 - right sternal border in the 4th intercostal space
V2 - left sternal border in the 4th intercostal space
V3 - mid way between V2 & V4
V4 - mid clavicular in the left 5th intercostal space
V5 - mid way between V4 & V6 (around the left anterior axillary line, 5th intercostal space)
V6 - left mid axillary line in the 5th intercostal space (or mid axillary and even with V4)
*The placement of some or all the chest electrodes may need to be slightly modified in women to avoid placing the electrodes over the fleshy part of the breast.
II. Evaluating the EKG
After preparing the subject, hooking the subject up, and printing both a rhythm strip and a 12 lead EKG, use the following steps to evaluate the EKG.
A. Determine the Heart Rate in beats per minute. Use the following four methods.
1. Count QRS complexes that are found in a 6 second interval and multiply by 10, this will give you the approximate HR. This method is especially good if there is an arrhythmia.
2. Determine the amount of time between beats – count the number of small boxes between QRS complexes and multiply by 0.04 seconds/box. 60 seconds divided by the amount of time between beats will give you the HR.
3. Count the number of small boxes between QRS complexes (RR interval). 1,500 divided by this number will give you the HR.
4. Count big boxes between QRS complexes to determine HR as follows:
boxes rate boxes rate
1 300 4 75
2 150 5 60
3 100 6 50
B. Determining the electrical Rhythm of the heart and measuring intervals.
1. RR interval and HR
a. Is Heart Rate normal? ® Normal Sinus Rhythm, Bradycardia, or Tachycardia
b. Is RR interval (and thus HR) consistently the same from beat to beat? If not
check for sinus arrhythmia or PACs
a. Is there a P before each QRS? ® if not check for PVCs, atrial fibrillation, 2° or 3° AV blocks
a. Is PR interval normal? Is PR interval always normal? ® if not check for Wolf-
Parkinson-White syndrome or 1°, 2° or 3° AV blocks
a. Is QRS interval normal? Is QRS interval always normal? ® if not check for PVCs
or bundle branch block
C. Determine electrical axis
We will determine the mean electrical axis of the heart in two steps. See the electrical axis worksheet to assist you with this part of the EKG analysis.
1. The first step is to determine which "quadrant" the mean electrical axis lies in. This will allow us to know within 90 degrees the direction of the the mean electrical axis. This can easily be determined by observing leads I and AVF. Observe each lead and determine if the QRS complex is more above the isoelectric line (positive) or more below the isoelectric line (negative). Lead I is horizontal relative to the heart (and the subject's body) and is positive on the left side of the body, if the QRS complex in this lead is more positive, then most of the electrical activity is going to the left (normal quadrant or left axis deviation) and if the QRS is more negative, then most of the electrical activity is going toward the right (right axis deviation or extreme right axis deviation). Lead AVF is vertical relative to the heart (and the subject's body) and is positive at the subject's left foot. If the QRS complex in AVF is more positive, then most of the electrical activity is going down towards the subject's feet (normal quadrant or right axis deviation) and if the QRS is more negative, then most of the electrical activity is going upwards (left or extreme right axis deviation). Thus, based on using only these two leads you can determine which quadrant the mean electrical axis lies in.
2. The second step in determining the mean electrical axis will allow us to determine the direction of the mean electrical axis to the nearest 30 degrees. This step requires you to look at all three limb leads and all three augmented voltage leads. Looking at these six leads, you need to find the most isoelectric lead. The most isoelectric lead is the lead whose QRS complex has closest to a net deflection of zero. To determine the net deflection of the QRS complex you simply count the number of small boxes from the isoelectric line to the peak of the QRS complex (the number of positive boxes) and count the number of small boxes from the isoelectric line to the bottom of the QRS complex (the number of negative boxes). The net deflection of the QRS complex is determined by adding the number of positive and negative boxes. For example, if the QRS complex in AVL goes up 6 small boxes from the isoelectric line (+6) and goes down 6 small boxes from the isoelectric line (-6), then the net deflection is zero. The significance of the most isoelectric lead is that it lies approximately perpendicular to the mean electrical axis of the heart. You can also think of it as the lead where there is just about as much electrical activity going away from the positive electrode as there is going towards the positive electrode.
Once you have determined the most isoelectric lead, you go perpendicular from that lead (in the direction of the quadrant that you determined above) to determine the mean electrical axis. For example, if AVL is the most isoelectric lead and the subject's mean electrical axis is in the normal quadrant, their mean electrical axis is 60° (see electrical axis worksheet below).
D. Determine if there is any evidence of myocardial hypertrophy
Several laboratory methods are available for assessing signs of myocardial hypertrophy. For example, echocardiography can be used to directly take measurements of the heart's walls or chambers. Assessing myocardial hypertrophy with EKGs is somewhat imperfect because it only allows for an indirect assessment of myocardial hypertrophy. Myocardial hypertrophy specifically relates to the size of the heart wall or chamber and EKGs do not provide direct measurements of heart size or heart dimensions. However, EKGs can provide some indirect evidence of cardiac hypertrophy. In this course we will only discuss the most common type of cardiac (or myocardial) hypertrophy; left ventricular hypertrophy. The following are considered electrocardiographic indicators of left ventricular hypertrophy.
1. A large, deep S wave in V1 and a large, tall R wave in V5. It has been suggested that if the depth (in mm) of the S wave in V1 plus the height (in mm) of the R wave in V5 totals greater than 35mm, then the subject may have left ventricular hypertrophy.
2. Asymmetric, inverted T waves in V5 or V6
3. Left axis deviation with a slightly widened QRS complex.
Electrical Axis worksheet
Normal Left Axis Right Axis Extreme Right
Quadrant Deviation Deviation Axis Deviation


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Type of Document Master's Thesis Author West, Laura Elizabeth URN etd-05082012-115854 Title "The Negro Experiment": Black Modernity and Liberia, 1883-1910 Degree Master of Arts Department History Advisory Committee
Advisor Name Title Heaton, Matthew Committee Chair Hidalgo, Dennis R. Committee Member Mollin, Marian B. Committee Member Shadle, Brett L. Committee Member Keywords
- identity
- Africa
- imperialism
- Black Modernity
- Liberia
Date of Defense 2012-04-25 Availability unrestricted AbstractThis thesis explores the notion of "black modernity" in the context of the Liberia at the turn of the twentieth century. Despite Liberia's recognition by the international community as a sovereign nation, Liberia fell subject to the imperial ploys of the European powers in the Scramble for Africa. Americo-Liberians, the governing elite of Liberia, toiled to preserve Liberia's status as an autonomous nation and the only self-governed black republic in Africa. This thesis examines the complexities of Liberia's sovereignty crisis, highlighting the ways in which Americo-Liberians used methods of "modernity" for their own purposes. Using Liberia as a case study, this thesis argues that the concept of "black modernity" hinges on contextual factors such as the plight of the people, pending circumstances, power structures, and understanding of self in relation to these variables. Americo-Liberians, unlike most black people at this time, were protected from race-based oppression by the state. Thus, when Liberia's sovereignty was in jeopardy, Americo-Liberians diligently fought to ensure that the Republic of Liberia maintained its sovereignty by using methods of colonialism and diplomacy. While these methods mirrored those of the European imperialists, Americo-Liberians employed these methods to preserve Liberia and, accordingly, challenge the prevailing notions of black inferiority. Files
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28.8 Modem 56K Modem ISDN (64 Kb) ISDN (128 Kb) Higher-speed Access West_LE_T_2012 4.94 Mb 00:22:52 00:11:45 00:10:17 00:05:08 00:00:26
If you have questions or technical problems, please Contact DLA.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
AEGIS is a Marie Skłodowska -Curie Innovative Training Network (ITN) for early stage researchers (ESR) funded by the European Commission under the H2020 Programme the EU framework programme for research and innovation.
The principal aim of the AEGIS ITN is to implement the first comprehensive, intersectoral cross-disciplinary and structured curriculum for doctoral students in the European Research Area by establishing a unique training platform for the next generation of European researchers in early drug discovery. A significant added value is provided through networking with key European pharmaceutical companies. A key research aim of AEGIS is improving the efficiency and success of early stage drug development by combining innovative methods and techniques to tackle difficult but promising targets (i.e. protein-protein interactions), as potentially valuable drug targets are often neglected due to the high risk associated with their validation.
Prof. Dr. Michael Sattler
Institute of Structural BiologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenIngolstädter Landstr. 185764 NeuherbergGermanyhttp://www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/stb
Dr. Eva Schlosser, PMP® Scientific Management EU Liaison officer Institute of Structural Biology Helmholtz Zentrum München D - 85764 Neuherberg Germanyinfo (at) aegis-itn.eu


text:
Master Command will carry top weight of 121 pounds while breaking from the rail Saturday at Monmouth Park in the 72nd Philip H. Iselin Breeders' Cup Handicap (gr. III) and face seven rivals. The Iselin, worth $250,000, has a post time of approximately 4:52 p.m. EDT.Two of his Iselin foes, Park Avenue Ball and Network, are familiar faces around Monmouth Park as they will each be making their ninth appearance "down the shore."Master Command, a son of A.P. Indy, got the attention of the racing public on the Preakness undercard earlier this year with a 2 ¾-length score in the William Donald Schaefer Handicap (gr. III) at Pimlico, defeating horses like Andromeda's Hero and Funny Cide. In his last start, he finished sixth in the Cornhusker Breeders' Cup (gr. II) at Prairie Meadows in Iowa back in early July. He has since filed a steady stream of works at Saratoga for trainer Todd Pletcher. Owned by Aaron and Marie Jones, Master Command was a $650,000 Fasig-Tipton Saratoga sale yearling. Bred by Betty Moran's Brushwood Stable, the colt is from the immediate family of blue hen mare Lady Winborne.Park Avenue Ball skipped away to an easy five-length win in the Skip Away Stakes July 23 at Monmouth. Char-Mari Stable's homebred son of Citidancer--Road to the Ball, by Cahill Road, was second to Flower Alley in the Salvator Mile Stakes (gr. III) over the track earlier in the meet. In all, Park Avenue Ball has won or placed in seven stakes during three summers at Monmouth Park.Park Avenue Ball, trained by Jim Ryerson, will be ridden by regular rider Chris DeCarlo and break from post two.Eddie Broome's Network (Pulpit--Broadcast, by Broad Brush) was third behind Flower Alley and Park Avenue Ball in the Salvator Mile, but has since run on the turf in the Elkwood Stakes, finishing sixth. Last year, he won both the Lamplighter and Spend a Buck Stakes at Monmouth. The 4-year-old geldling, bred in Kentucky by Adele B. Dilschneider, has earned more than $300,000 in an 18-start career."He needs a hot and heavy pace in front of him," Broome said in a track release. "He needs the leaders to soften each other up to make his late run effective. I think Park Avenue Ball will be in front and we'll be way back early. I hope somebody goes out there with him, to give us a chance to run him down."Another familiar face, Dennis Drazen's Zoffinger, makes his third attempt at the Iselin. Third behind Ghostzapper and Presidentialaffair two years ago, he ran second to West Virginia last year. Trained by Monmouth mainstay John Forbes, the 6-year-old Unbridled horse was bred in Kentucky by Carolyn T. Groves.Two other stakes are on the Monmouth Park program: the $60,000 Miss Woodford Stakes at six furlongs for 3-year-old fillies; and the $55,000 Continental Mile Stakes for 2-year-olds on the turf.Philip H. Iselin Breeders' Cup Handicap (gr. III), 3-year-olds and up, 1 1/8 miles, Monmouth Park, Saturday, Aug. 18, approx. post 4:52 p.m. EDT
PP - Horse - Jockey - Weight
1 - Master Command - Ramon Dominguez - 121
2 - Park Avenue Ball - Chris DeCarlo - 119
3 - Survivalist - Eddie Castro - 119
4 - Sinners N Saints - Alan Garcia - 117
5 - Tap Day - Jose Velez Jr. - 116
6 - Sinister G - Charles Lopez - 117
7 - Zoffinger - Eddie King Jr. - 117
8 - Network - Joe Bravo - 117
Master Command Totes Top Weight in Iselin
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text: Laurie Cataldo [ A Guide to Getting Into Women's Pants By Laurie Cataldo April 30, 2013 Every woman has one...and most times they go unused, sometimes for years. Read More Category: Articles, Humor, Lifestyle Tags: how to get into women's pants, skinny jeans, women Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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I told my partners that I can't afford to pay monthly expenses if the business doesn't open. If I don't pay the mortgage and let the property foreclose will the bank accept offers from our broker who says she has interested buyers who can buy for a very large amount? Or would the bank use their own brokers to sell the property which may not be optimal for us? My partners don't want to sell the property nor want to work with us. So it's unlikely they will go to court to dissolve the LLC. they don't want to work with us also. So what options do my partners have ?
The market value of the property is much higher than the loan amount. So, there shouldn't be any deficient amounts due to the bank.
My question was if the property forecloses, can we suggest potential buyers to the bank so that we can get our amounts that we invested back?
Since this is a fight between partners, how can we hire an attorney to represent the LLC? Looks like we may have to hire separate attorneys to represent us.
I have already had an initial consultation with a business law attorney.
In case we appeal to dissolve the LLC, how long would this take and how much would it cost?


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Since his season ended at the hands of the Pittsburgh Penguins and he cleared out his locker for the summer, Alexander Ovechkin(notes) of the Washington Capitals has been laying low.
"You know, I have a moratorium of a kind," he told Sovetsky Sport. "I decided that in the first three weeks after coming [to Russia] I will cancel all PR appearances. I don't give interview, won't be in magazines or on TV."
Pavel Lysenkov of Sovetsky Sport, however, caught up with Ovechkin in Moscow for a wide-ranging interview that will publish in Russian this afternoon. Here is an except I have translated, as Ovechkin speaks about life after Game 7 against the Penguins, recovering from a "difficult" season and expectations for his first trip to Vegas.
Q. So, you decided to lay low like a submarine? Alexei Morozov had the same kind of mood after the World Championships in Bern this year.
OVECHKIN: No, I am not laying low. I just want to relax to the fullest. I just don't need a lot of commotion around my name right now.
Can you say that this was the most difficult season in your career?
Yes. One of the most difficult... Look how far we made it in the playoffs. I never played in the second round before. It was tough both mentally and physically.
Let's cheer you up a bit. The Sporting News named you the best player in the NHL after surveying 292 NHLers. More than a half named you the best player in the league. Do you like it?
This is so far [away] for me now... I don't even want to think about it now.
Now I believe you that this was a very tough season.
You have to understand me correctly. It is very nice to hear news like that. But I have switched off from hockey right now. It is in the background for me.
I remember what you said after the season ended: "No one will make me watch hockey now."
I won't even get close to a TV.
Not long ago [OnFrozenBlog] rated Washington's players' season. Two marks: one for the regular season, the other for the playoffs.
Like in school for essays? One for grammar, the other for content?
Yes. So, Ovechkin got A+/A+. How would you rate your season?
I don't like to either praise or criticize myself. What's the point? I will only agree that the team and I played well in the Stanley Cup. But there is a huge difference between 'playing well' and 'we got past Pittsburgh and made it to the [finals].' Do you see it? Pittsburgh right now is battling with Carolina, but our season is over.
But you had your first postseason hat-trick. Even now you're currently third in the scoring race in the playoffs.
As a professional, I will say that my individual play was good in the playoffs. But as a part of the team... Yes, we didn't get the Cup. But let's be optimistic. Last season we lost to Philadelphia in the first round, also in seven games. This year we got stopped at Pittsburgh in the second round. So, God willing, just like this, step by step we will make it to the championships rings.
Was it a serious blow that you lost Game 7 at home to Pittsburgh with a score of 2-6?
Honestly? Serious... It took me about a week to recover. I couldn't accept the fact that playoffs were over for us.
Also your coach Bruce Boudreau said that Ovechkin played in the postseason with groin and wrist injuries. If it was in the regular season you would go to see a doctor and not an opposing goalie.
And who didn't have injuries, tell me? Semin played with a injury, Sergei Fedorov(notes), John Erskine(notes), Mike Green(notes). Half the team was injured. But what can you do? You have to play. I personally played every game on painkillers.
Who do you feel for if the Stanley Cup? Ilya Kovalchuk confessed that he is rooting for the Penguins.
I wouldn't say that I am feeling for the Penguins. I actually don't care who wins the Cup. If it's Detroit, Chicago or Carolina, I won't be upset.
But you also told Malkin and Crosby, when they knocked your team out: "Go ahead and win the Cup."
That's not what I said. I just wished them luck, that's all. It won't be some kind of a bonus for me if Pittsburgh wins the Cup and it will be like Washington lost to the eventual winner. It is a position of a loser.
You won't even give your predictions?
I will, if you want. Pittsburgh and Detroit will meet in the final, just like last year.
When are you traveling to Las Vegas?
On June 14, I am traveling with a friend.
Four days before the awards ceremony?
Actually I have never been to Las Vegas before. There will be time to hang out there, walk around...
Go to a casino...
Only on a tour. I won't play the roulette. I am not a gambler.
[Maybe] you can bet on 8, take the jackpot. Beginner's luck.
Do you think money falls on me from the sky? I earn them with sweat and blood. I cannot throw them left and right.
And this is after you made $9 million last season? Making one million a month, what do you do with this kind of money?
I don't look at my bank account. Yes, I treat money wisely, they are not stashed in my closet without use. Sorry, I won't give media any details. But nothing has changed in my life because of the fact that I am making more money now than I did last year. I am still the same Alex Ovechkin.
When the season ended, Boudreau did not have a team meeting but rather invited each player individually to talk. What did the coach talk to you about?
My contract is not ending. That's why we didn't talk about the future. Just some common words: what wasn't good during the season, and what was... We wished each other to have a great vacation. Nothing serious.
Did he give you any homework for the summer?
I am not a little boy. Boudreau knows that I get ready for the season myself. I work with a fitness trainer.
And when will it start?
Oh, don't ask! Let me take a rest!
I know that as soon as you came to Moscow you went to a Eurovision song contest.
Yes. Ari Zakarian picked me up at the airport and we went to get a credential [for the contest], ate at a restaurant. Then we went to the contest. I watched it together with Ari, Dima Bilan, Yana Rutkovskaya. And, can you imagine, I fell asleep when contestants started singing. The time difference took its toll. I just switched off for like 10 minutes. They I was woken up and even felt good.
Why didn't you go to Miami? Your whole "gang" is there now - Kovalchuk, Semin, Kozlov, Fedorov probably, even Morozov promised to come...
I don't feel like going there, you know... I wanted to go to Moscow, to my parents' dacha. I rushed there the second day I was here. Right after the Eurovision song contest. I missed Moscow so much, that even on a plane from Washington I felt such nostalgia.
What kind of schedule is the famous hockey player Alex Ovechkin living now?
I sleep until I am completely happy. Now I get it all after whatever sleep I missed during the NHL season. I can easily wake up at three or four in the afternoon.
And then go to a club?
It depends on how it goes. My Moscow days are just starting... Alright! Gotta go!
Gary Bettman's unlikely musical tastes
Posted Jun 21 2012
Yakupov says he's ready for NHL
Posted Jun 25 2012
Canada's Stanley Cup curse explained
Posted Jun 21 2012
Edited By Doug Farrar
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Tuesday, March 30, 2010
Blog written by Rodrigo Brandao, Director of Publicity, Kino Lorber Films
Carlos A Gutiérrez, together with Monika Wagenberg, launched Cinema Tropical on February 19, 2001, with a special screening of Martín Rejtman's Silvia Prieto at the (now-extinct) Two Boots Pioneer Theater in New York's East Village.
Since then, Cinema Tropical has incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and expanded to create a national non-theatrical circuit that would also hold regular screenings in 13 of the most important cinematheques around North America, including Facets Cinémathèque in Chicago, the NW Film Center in Portland and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, among others.
Today, Gutierrez's non-proft is at the heart of Latin cinema distribution in the United States, and it continues to thrive as dynamic and groundbreaking media arts organization. In the interview below, Carlos Gutiérrez looks back at the almost 10 years of his organization, talks about the future of Latin American film distribution in the US, and discusses some of the possibilities in store for the art-house film business in the next years.
Rodrigo: It's been almost 10 years now since you started Cinema Tropical in early 2001. Can you remember (and if so, describe) a specific moment before 2001 that made you realize that there was not only a need, but also the space, for an institution like Cinema Tropical to exist?
Carlos:Yes, totally. The idea behind Cinema Tropical dates from 1997 when I met Monika (Wagenberg) at Robert Stam's Brazilian cinema class at NYU. We as Latin Americans (she being Colombian, myself Mexican) realized how little we knew about the larger history of the cinema of the region beyond the obvious references (i.e. Cinema Novo, the Mexican melodramas, post-revolution Cuban cinema, etc.). Back then –and it wasn't that long ago, there were practically no outlets for Latin American films in the city and very few directors had access to the country's most respectable film festivals. So with those two ideas in mind we started discussing ways in which we could help change those contexts, and timing ended up playing an important role for the genesis of the project. The second event we organized as Cinema Tropical was the NY premiere of Amores Perros with the presence of the then unknown Alejandro González Iñárritu and Gael García Bernal, that film ended up being the one that opened the interest for Latin American cinema in the US.
Rodrigo: It seems that Cinema Tropical has worked on several fronts in these last nine years: from curating film series to facilitating debates, making films available in the educational markets and even, bringing films to NY that would otherwise remain unknown to the American public. But can you give us a more detailed experience of how Cinema Tropical has affected the distribution of Latin American cinema in the United States? What are some of the particular interventions that you think, have caused the most positive effects?
Carlos: Looking back in retrospective, one of the strengths of CT has been the ability of working in different capacities (as theatrical/non-theatrical distributors, film programmers, advocates, publicists and marketers, among other roles.) This in turn has allowed us to see the larger scope of our endeavor, realizing all of the issues pertaining the promotion of Latin American cinema and in this sense working strategically in order to improve things all across the board. In these few years, CT became the largest theatrical distributor of Latin American cinema having released 16 films, which of course has had some impact in the life of these films –or at least we hope so. On a daily basis it's hard to asses the impact of our work as it's been a very empirical and in most of the cases working in collaboration with different organizations and people, so in this sense Cinema Tropical has been totally a team effort, a communal project. The exhibition of Latin American cinema in the US has grown a lot in the past few years (it's still far from perfect though), I think CT can claim some credit for it.
Rodrigo: What I find particularly impressive about Cinema Tropical is the fact that it managed to work both on audience development and on the curatorial side of Latin American film distribution. And in the last years, we've seen Cinema Tropical develop a number of film series with MoMA, BAM and the Lincoln Center, while continuing to expand its ability to communicate with Latino and Latin American audiences in NYC. Do you believe that there's a irrefutable connection between these two sides? That audiences don't develop and grow unless there's a consistent and mutual relationship between curators and the public?
Carlos:This relates to the previous answer in the capacity of CT in acting in different roles. In this sense, we see a pressing need to rethink the traditional categorizations and create new and more accurate paradigms for the context for our work. For example, the typical dichotomy of film as art vs. commerce has a tremendous impact in how the work gets categorized and seen. However it is a very obsolete categorization as most of the film production (at least in Latin America) falls in between. Yet because the films are spoken in a foreign language automatically they get placed in the context of arthouse cinema which remains largely Eurocentric and with a rigid set of rules. So the challenge is how to engage with the films in a larger scope, contextualizing it using different academic and critical tools and at the same time connecting with different audiences. In many instances I see my job as a interpreter, how to come across the value of the films we show –first to our colleagues and film professionals, then to journalists and writers, and to the audience at large.
Rodrigo: What are some of the areas that you think still need to be worked on in the immediate future? My take is that the number of Latin American films that make to the US market are still pretty low... How do we work towards further introducing subtitled and Latin American films to the US public?
Carlos: Contexts are difficult yet the landscape has greatly improved in the last decade. These days 15 Latin American films or more are getting a theatrical release per year. The fight is to create more diverse filters that can understand the richness of the film production and can help attract a larger audience. Looking back in retrospective ,what we've witnessed in Latin American in general and in particular in countries like Argentina, Mexico, Uruguay, Chile, is unprecedented. It goes beyond me; the current critical platforms are very short-sighted in how to appreciate this impressive body of work. It will be a huge revisiting task to understand the creative explosion of the past 10 years. No one, and I mean no one, ever imagined these cinemas would expand for so many years –and based on the promising work by the younger filmmakers, I think it's here to stay for a while. I hope the process of revisiting this extraordinary decade in Latin American cinema happens sooner than later.
I think the main battle is, and will be in the next few years, in the validating process. One of the crucial issues is that the recent cinema of Latin America has not been yet fully acknowledged in all of its diversity and richness, and in the few cases it's been accepted, it's mostly been for odd reasons (like the cyclical fads for "exotic" cinemas in i.e. Iran, Romania, etc.) The 'history of world cinema' has still been one sided, tremendously Eurocentric and hasn't taken into consideration the vast contribution of non-western cinemas, so I would advocate for a type of democratization of the the history of world cinema. In this sense film programming and audience development becomes crucial, yet I believe film programming is currently in a big crisis. It's preposterous that in 2010 most of the programs are still focused on the filmmakers (auteurism) or by country/region of production (national cinemas). It's a very reductive perspective on cinema and for the characteristics of the city I think we deserve more creative and engaging film programming.
Rodrigo: You've recently did a survey of the best Latin American films released in the United States, and the list was dominated by Argentinean art house fare and some select films that received wide distribution by larger studios, showing that the so-called gatekeepers are successfully shaping up a dominant (some would call it mainstream) idea of what Latin American is. But as you know maybe better than anyone in New York City, Latin American audiovisual production is incredibly diverse. Do you think it's important to try to introduce other sides of Latin American film production?
Carlos: Indeed, one of the strongest aspects of current Latin American film production lays on its diversity and actually I think the top ten list was fairly diverse. The fact that in the same list there were more 'arthouse fares' such as Reygadas or Martel's work along with more 'mainstream' work along the lines of Y tu mamá también and City of God talks about that diversity in the current production of Latin American cinema which is very healthy. Sure, there's much more diversity than that, and we need to work harder in showcasing those different narrative trends from the cinema in the region, but compared to other similar best of decade lists I think it's as diverse as possible.
Rodrigo: There has been a lot of talk about how the internet and the VOD market is changing film distribution in all areas - even in the blockbuster arena. Can Latin American cinema use this moment of change and use new technology to increase its audience in the United States? In your opinion, what are some of the pros and cons of this change in the paradigm of film distribution? Are you afraid that the new media would be even less inclusive of some non-English speaking works?
Carlos: I actually think distribution is becoming less and less the issue. I can tell you about numerous films that are totally at hand through the current distribution platforms but that the audience at large (or at least an audience that could be interested on the work) doesn't know it. If we don't create value for all of the great content that we're working with it won't matter if the films are easily available for screening, downloading, renting, streaming or whatever the outlet is. Creating visibility and value for the films that are already available is a titanic endeavor yet more pressing than trying to create new distribution platforms. Until we unknot this tie any technological debate I think is futile.
Thanks for posting this interview! Very interesting to learn about Latin film distribution in such a way.
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April 14th, 2009 [2 images : view detail]
"Doily Body: Lungs"
Lisa Solomon
Sold out edition of 100.
4.3" x 6" (plus border for framing)
This print is an archival digital reproduction of Lisa's colored pencil and embroidery work "Lungs," originally from her Doily Body series.
"When I started drawing doilies I realized that en masse they reminded me of internal organs... These doily body drawings represent the four things I think you need to make art: your lungs, heart, brain, and guts."
Lisa has chosen Susan G. Komen for the Cure as her artwork's charity. The organization has invested more than $1 billion in working together to save lives, empower people, ensure quality care for all and energize science to find the cure for breast cancer. $250 dollars from the sale of this artwork will be donated to the organization.


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To: Mayor Allen Green
Vice Mayor Mary Martin
Councilman Dennis Kennedy
Councilman Robert Pohlmann
Councilman George Steindoerfer
From: Kenneth W. Parker, City Manager
Subject: Agenda Commentary for Regular City Council Meeting of
October 7, 2008
Date: September 30, 2008
There will be no workshop sessions on October 7. We will hold the normal quarterly meetings for the CRA's inside the regular meeting.
Item 1 - Pledge of Allegiance
Item 2 - Silent Invocation
Item 3 - Roll Call
In addition to the normal reports, there are two items of business that the CRA will need to consider. One of the items is a change to the Gladding Jackson contract for additional services and the other is to authorize the Marina Feasibility Study. Donna will be in touch with each member of the CRA to discuss each of the items prior to Tuesday night's meeting.
Attached are the minutes of the following meetings:
August 5, 2008
August 19, 2008
August 26, 2008 – Special Meeting
August 26, 2008 – Regular Meeting
Staff recommends approval.
Item 5 - Update on Construction Projects
Attached is the report from Quentin Hampton's. If you have questions, please contact Quentin Hampton's or me.
Item 6 - Update on Recreational Facilities
Attached is the update from Parks and Recreation. If you have questions, please contact either Susan Lovallo or me.
Item 7 - Road Construction Report
Attached is the report from Public Works. If you have questions, please contact either Warren Pike or me.
Item 8 - Change Order
This deductive change order is the result of deletion of the
mast arm and sign panels and the addition of signage and minor drainage
improvements. The mast arm supported
signage was included in the original design; and after re-evaluation by the
City of
Staff recommends that Council approve Change Order No. 1 in the deductive amount of $44,838 and authorize the Mayor and City Manager to execute the associated contract documents.
Item 9 - Change Order No. 2 - APM Construction
APM is the general contractor for the new Fire Station facilities. Fire Rescue is requesting a change order not to exceed $100,000, which will finalize the construction of the stations. The attached correspondence details the factors behind this request.
Staff recommends that Council approve Change Order No. 2 to APM Construction in the amount of $100,000.
City Manager's Comments: There were a number of items left out of the plans that should have been included. Most notable was the fire dampers. These are code required items. One of the items that we wanted to include in the original building was passive solar. We were concerned about the bid and did not include it as an alternative bid. However, because of the excellent bids we received, we were able to have it installed. This is part of our effort to make the building more green. I have asked Tom to talk with each of you about the various elements of the change order prior to Tuesday night.
I did ask the question about why the dampers were missed by both the architect and the plans reviewer. We outsourced the plans review and it was simply missed by the plans reviewer. They were simply missed during the quality control review by the architect as well.
Item 10 - Change Order No. 4 -
Attached is a cost proposal in the amount of $9,379 from
Saboungi Construction to provide improved efficiency of the irrigation system
Staff recommends that Council approve the change order in the
amount of $9,379 for the
Item 11 - Purchase of Twelve Smith & Loveless Sanitary Sewage Lift Stations and Re-Validation of Sanders Company, Inc. as a Sole Source Supplier
The City of
The 12 stations were selected based upon a variety of factors including age, usage, and overall condition. Using actual sewage flow data obtained from our telemetry system, and taking into consideration actual system pressures, all new pumps were selected to optimize pump efficiency and minimize energy demand requirements.
With respect to pricing, it should be noted that the
City of
Sanders Company is the manufacturer's only Florida-authorized representative for Smith & Loveless products and parts in our area. As such, we are requesting that Sanders' sole source status be reaffirmed for the purchase of the Smith & Loveless products. Also, we are requesting that a purchase order to Sanders Company be authorized in the amount of $408,612.00. Funds are available in R&R Lift Stations SLS001, Account No. 40304015356397.
Staff recommends that Council authorize a purchase order to Sanders Company, Incorporated in the amount of $408,612.00 for the replacement of twelve complete sanitary sewer lift stations, and to revalidate Sanders Company as the Sole-Source supplier of Smith & Loveless pump station products and accessories.
Item 12 - Addendum No. 72 to Engineering Services Contract with Quentin L. Hampton
This addendum authorizes the engineering design and construction phase services for the following projects: (a) Nixon Lane Area West Utility Improvements including both the extension of sanitary sewer service to unserved parcels and the replacement of aging and deficient potable water distribution systems in the vicinity (which includes portions of Sugar Forest); (b) Potable and Reclaimed Water Distribution System Replacement consisting primarily of replacing aging service laterals throughout the service area; (c) Reclaimed Water Plant Sludge Press Building Replacement; and (d) Sewage Pump Station Replacements throughout the service area.
Each of the referenced projects is listed in the Capital Improvement Plan for FY09-FY14. Funding for engineering aspects of the projects are as follows: Nixon Lane Improvements funded in Sewer System Extensions UET002; Water Distribution System Replacement funded in URP001; RWP Sludge Press funded in Sewer Plant Replacements SSP002; and Sewage Pump Station Replacements funded in R&R Lift Stations SLS002.
Staff recommends that Council approve Contract Addendum No. 72 with the firm of Quentin L. Hampton Associates, Incorporated (QLH) pertaining to engineering services, and authorize the Mayor and City Manager to execute the associated contract documents.
Item 13 - Approve Fiber Optic for Police Station
Bids were solicited for Fiber Optic Services back in 2005 and were for a three-year period of time. Team Fishel was awarded that bid. This quote reflects those prices. It is for the installation of the fiber optic loop for the Police Station, which includes the gym to the Performing Arts handhold, Amphitheater handhold, and Water Treatment Plant to the new Police Station. The price totals $414,711. Staff recommends that Council approve this expenditure to Team Fishel for these services for the amount stated. Funding is budgeted in 314-1000-580-6200, Project No. CNE 006.
City Manager's
Comments: As part of the
Item 14 - IBM Annual Maintenance Agreements
Information Technology purchases an annual hardware and
software maintenance contract from IBM with additional discounts below
Item 15 - HTE Annual Software and Technical Support Maintenance Agreement
This is the annual software and technical support maintenance agreement we purchase from HTE so that we can continue to receive their support and any new enhancements they may make to our eleven (11) AS/400 software applications. Each application is budgeted in Account No. 501-0700-590-4636. HTE's billing cycle varies for each application throughout the fiscal year and exceeds the $25,000 authority limit. The agreement supports the current City and archived Public Safety system operations. Staff recommends that the City purchase the Annual Software and Technical Support Maintenance from HTE at a cost of $96,000 for FY-09.
Item 16 - Resolution No. 08-50 - Revising Utility Service Fees, Rates, and Charges
At the last City Council meeting, the City Council discussed the energy charge. The rates include the energy charge. As you will recall, we will be reviewing energy costs every 6 months and adjusting the energy charge accordingly. The energy charge beginning with the January billing will be for the 12 month period ending September 30. The energy charge beginning with the July billing will be for the 12 month period ending March 31. This provides adequate time for the reports to be completed and the charges computed. Also, it will provide ample time for City Council review as well.
Item 17 - Solid Waste Rate Discussion
On Tuesday night, we will be discussing the Solid Waste rates. A separate item is the COLA for the waste hauler. We are contractually required to provide a cost of living adjustment to the hauler under the terms of the bid document. However, there are several options available to the City Council related to the rate that is charged to the property owner.
The City Council has the following options available:
Status Quo - This means that the City Council would simply adopt the charges necessary to support the current level of service. That would mean about a 4% increase.
Keep the current rate in place without changing the current level of service. That means the City would take the difference from equity. Some cities have done that. In my opinion, this is dangerous. It resolves the problem for one year but really compounds it in future years.
Reduce the cost - There are several components in the solid waste bill that could produce savings. The five areas where potential savings could be produced are:
Reduce the bonding requirement. Currently, the City requires 100%
bonding. Many cities require 100% for
the first year; and if the service level is acceptable, then they reduce the
bonding to 50% for the years thereafter.
We have spoken with Veoila about this
option. It would produce a savings of
$.08 per residential customer per month.
Currently, the City charges Veoila rent at
General Fund, Recreation 60,374.60
General Fund, City Hall 9,529.80
General Fund, Police 4,765.20
General Fund, Fire 3,177.60
General Fund, Public Works 14,294.40
Water Sewer 34,944.00
Golf Course 9,529.80
Total Annual $153,293.00
Although it is a direct pass through by the Solid Waste
contractor, the monthly solid waste bill includes street sweeping. An area of potential savings is to eliminate
street sweeping in residential neighborhoods.
We would still sweep the arterials and collector streets but would no
longer sweep any of the residential streets.
We have not received a quotation on what eliminating street sweeping in
residential neighborhoods would mean to the monthly residential billing. Under our current contract, the City allows
unlimited collection of yard waste. The
contract does not require the yard waste to be tied, bundled, contained,
bagged, etc. It can be loose. It has resulted in fewer illegal piles and
fewer complaints from neighbors that property owners are placing their yard
waste on vacant lots in residential areas.
Prior to this contract, the City charged extra for uncontained yard
waste as well as large piles. According
to Veoila, our residents are producing on average of about
20 pounds of yard waste per month as compared to the norm for
In summary, I think it is prudent for the City to take
advantage of the bonding reduction and accept the $.08 rate reduction. We are mid term in our contract with
them. The City Council still has the
title to the vehicles and equipment should they default. The bond would produce about $2 million in
cash should a default occur, too.
Second, I am recommending that we require Veoila
to maintain an office at
What about the street sweeping? This would be a service reduction. Until we receive the revised pricing, we will not be able to tell you how much it will reduce the monthly bill. Finally, I am not recommending that we reduce the yard waste or change the service level. Warren, Jan, and I think we would see a return to the illegal dumping that we experienced in the past when the City limited the amount of yard waste and required it to be contained.
Item 18 - Second Reading - Ordinance No. 2008-24 - Amending Chapter 17, Section 24(b) and Section 27 of the Land Development Code Relating to Permitted Uses in the LI (Light Industrial) Zoning District and the Dimensional Requirements for a PCD or PUD (continued to date certain of 10/7/08)
Staff recommends approval.
Item 19 - Resolution No. 08-51 - 2008
We have reached agreement with
Item 20 - Resolution No. 08-52 -
We have reached agreement with
Item 21 - Discussion - Building in Drainage Easements
We intended to bring this forward at this meeting, but I would like to wait until we have a full Council to present this discussion.
Item 22 - Resolution No. 08-53 - CPI Rate Increase - Veolia Environmental Services
As allowed by contract, Veolia Environmental Services has requested a CPI rate adjustment to their waste collection contract. The rate adjustment is equal to 75% of the change in the cost of doing business as measured by fluctuations in the Consumer Price Index, Southeast Florida Urban Consumers, published by the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, for the preceding 12 month contract period. As shown on the sheet attached, the rate adjustment is 3.9602%. This rate adjustment is applied to the cost of collection only, and the new rates will be effective October 1, 2008.
Staff recommends approval of the attached resolution granting a CPI rate adjustment to the cost of collection under the waste collection contract with Veolia Environmental Services.
City Manager's Comments: We are contractually obligated to grant the CPI increase. However, please understand that the CPI and the rate are two different items.
Item 23 - Resolution No. 08-54 - Authorizing Support of World Changers for Repair of Homes of Qualifying Low Income Residents
World Changers is a not for profit organization that
partners with cities throughout the country to bring in volunteers to help
repair the homes of qualifying individuals.
They have asked the City of
They are scheduled to perform the work the week of July 25, 2009 and will work with City staff ahead of time to identify appropriate structures and estimate associated costs. The City will be responsible for ensuring that the individuals meet income qualifications for assistance.
Staff recommends that Council approve the attached resolution supporting the World Changers organization in the amount of $10,000 funded through the City's Community Development Block Grant and/or SHIP program, for the repair of homes of qualifying low income residents.
City Manager's
This would
be a joint effort. Currently,
Local churches and other groups would provide the food for
the workers during this concentrated work period. Dr. Scott Pace, a
Item 24 - Approval of the PEA Contract
We have reached agreement with the PEA. Attached is a copy of the complete contract. Should the members vote to approve the contract, we will ask the City Council to consider the contract on Tuesday night. Should, for some reason, the vote be delayed, it may be necessary for the City Council to meet at a special meeting to ratify the contract. All issues have been resolved.
Item 25 - Comments/Concerns from Council Members
At this time, Council Members may discuss various matters of concern.


text: Wednesday, May 12, 2004 As recreational destinations beckon, pilot training sees soar in popularity By DOUG PIKE The Houston (TX) Chronicle Being an airline passenger means costly tickets, long lines, longer delays and a bag of nuts not including the ones seated ahead of, beside and behind you. Being a pilot means go-when-you-want, surprisingly affordable travel to your favorite outdoor destinations. A nationwide program called Be A Pilot aims to reintroduce Americans to recreational flying, better known in the industry as general aviation. The small planes are there, the general aviation airports are there, and an increasing number of people are using both. Drew Steketee is president of Be A Pilot and an outspoken advocate for the program. "In the past, it was always a single manufacturer or a small group of them that did these sorts of (promotional) things," Steketee said. "This is the broadest coalition ever." The entire industry has rallied on its own behalf, perhaps representative of how threatened it felt a few years ago and how good it must feel, after that uncertain stretch, again now. Interest in general aviation flagged noticeably when baby boomers settled during the 1980s into what Steketee called their "family formation phase," a period through which middle-aged Americans bought bigger houses, drove fancier cars and left themselves with less disposable income. Recovery began in the late 1990s, as the economic pendulum swung in a more favorable direction, but the disaster that was 9/11 rocked the flight industry again. Negative impact of that tragedy was greater on commercial aviation than general aviation, however, and industry insiders actually expected the events of 9/11 to increase interest in private piloting as Americans rallied around the concept of controlling their own destinies. Those predictions appear to have been correct. "People have come back in droves," Steketee said. "People are saying, `Life is short.' " Too short not to do some flying, which Steketee describes as the ultimate personal freedom. This nation's 625,000 licensed pilots probably would agree. Their interest in flight is a direct response to many factors, not the least of which is the reduction of commercial air service into smaller markets. Never mind business travel here, however, and never mind the cost of actually owning an airplane. Outdoors enthusiasts of all kinds -- anglers, skiers, hikers, hunters, even birders -- are realizing the benefits of renting a plane, sharing costs and flying themselves to places commercial airliners only visit at 35,000 feet. Costs are not unreasonable, especially if they're split among the four adults most small planes are designed to carry. According to Steketee, an airworthy airplane rents for $60-$100 per engine hour and burns about eight gallons of fuel per hour. Nominal landing fees sometimes apply, and if the plane sits at an airport while you and your friends enjoy the outdoors, you'll pay an additional minimum daily charge usually equal to two or three hours of flying time. Add it up, then weigh that total against the expense of a commercial flight -- presuming one is available -- plus car rental and parking. Plus your time to meet pre-flight requirements, pass through security checks, pick up luggage (assuming it made the trip) and drive to your final destination. When you travel by private plane, you load whatever you want and leave whenever you want. Your primary concerns are weight and weather, and you know with absolute certainty who will occupy the seat next to you. There are roughly 700 commercial airports in the United States, including all the minor-market strips only large enough to receive "puddle jumper" commuter flights. Compare that with the 13,000 places at which you can safely land a small airplane, according to Steketee. Of those, 6,000 don't require advance notice. As an outdoorsman, whatever your favorite activity, the possibilities are boundless. Imagine scouting your deer lease from the air. Or cruising above the bay shore while a fishing partner takes photos and scribbles notes. Or discovering a shorter hiking route to a favorite hilltop. Options are unlimited, and there are nearly as many places where you can rent a plane. Licensed pilots, like licensed drivers, have privileges wherever "vehicles" are available. If you and friends find yourselves in one part of Colorado on winter business and take a shine to skiing at a resort across the state, you can rent a plane locally and be on the slopes almost before you could get onto the Interstate in a car. At most public airports, ground transportation is available. Busier general aviation airports usually have small fleets of rental cars on site. At some quieter strips, said Sugar Land Aviation owner Dana Atkinson, visiting pilots may have access to courtesy cars. Those vehicles might not be fancy, he said, but they will be reliable. The next best thing to becoming a pilot -- some might argue the better thing -- is befriending one. Hang around small airports long enough, and you'll meet pilots who are as passionate as you about hunting, fishing, camping, skiing, hiking and every other outdoor activity. In exchange for an excuse to fly (and every private pilot has a million of those), that person can deliver you to places no airline goes and a pickup cannot reach in twice the time. Everybody has a good time, and nobody waits in line. A longer line is forming these days behind flight instructors. The sensation of lifting off the runway and climbing into a blue sky is exhilarating, almost intoxicating and, for most people who try it, addictive. Veteran pilots measure their time against the last hour they spent in the air and the next. Piloting certainly is not for everyone. For outdoors enthusiasts, however, the freedom of flight is an increasingly popular option. *****************************************


text:
Stores »
The weather today is slightly sarcastic with a good chance of a rap pun.
The gospel of Lady Gaga on a t-shirt.
We are a community of shoppers sharing our best finds from across the web.
© 2017 ThisNext, Inc. ThisNext is a member of BUZZMEDIA Entertainment, a division of BUZZMEDIA.


text:
After a long courtship, D.C. United have finally landed Argentine midfielder Juan Sebastian Veron, who becomes Major League Soccer's highest profile signing since David Beckham nearly one year ago, and its fifth designated player. According to SI.com, Veron and United agreed to a $3 million-$4 million deal that will be signed and announced next week after his current contract with Estudiantes de la Plata expires this weekend. The Argentine will be unveiled to the press next Wednesday.
It will be interesting to see how Veron adapts to Major League Soccer. As SI.com points out,
his record-breaking $57 million transfer to Manchester United in 2001 and subsequent $30 million transfer to Chelsea in 2003 are "widely regarded as two of the worst signings in the history of
British soccer." Indeed, Veron struggled to regain his form after three injury-hit years in England, moving back to Italy with Inter Milan in 2004, before returning to Argentina with Estudiantes in
2006. Veron's best moments came at Parma (1998-99) and Lazio (1999-2001), which he led to UEFA Cup (1999) and Serie A (2000) titles.
The well-traveled playmaker has been part of
Argentina's national team since 1996. After a three-year layoff, the 32-year-old Veron was recalled to the national team to play in the 2007 Copa America in Venezuela. Argentina finished
second, losing 3-0 in the final to Brazil.


text:
The Georgia State Patrol on Tuesday identified the 11-year-old boy who was injured Sunday afternoon in a four-wheeler accident in West Hall as Lanny Charles Dunagan.
Lanny was riding through a grassy area at a home off Ga. 53/Dawsonville Highway when he tried to turn left and lost control of the vehicle, said Tracey Watson of the Georgia Department of Public Safety.
The boy was thrown from the vehicle as it "overturned numerous times down a hill," Watson said.
A Hall County emergency crew responded to the wreck, which took place at 5:45 p.m. in the 2500 block of Dawsonville Highway, Fire Chief David Kimbrell said Monday.
Lanny was flown by medical helicopter to the Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite in Atlanta, Watson said.
A hospital spokeswoman said Tuesday the hospital didn't have a record of the boy still at the hospital, and Watson didn't know the child's condition.


text:
Please help me. I read the guides, but I have a problem to organize folders.
Are you referring to the folder structure within After Effects? Or the folder structure of your actual ZIP ?
Either way, there's no specific structure we require. We only ask that both aspects of the project remain as organized as possible. Grouping similar types of items into folders with logical folder names. Like placing all of your audio into a folder titled "Audio". You could also add sub-folders for things like "Effects" and "Music", if you were including these things.
When dealing with the organization of your ZIP , it's always preferred that you provide only your Project File and the Help file in your root directory. Then add an assets or footage folder in the root as well, and place any included assets into that folder. Remember to do this before saving your project the last time, so everything links up properly once it's extracted by the buyer.
thank you
Hey Demdous,
here is a link that can really be helpful for you buddy…http://vimeo.com/9009677
good luck n' welcome home


text:
CROPTHORNE-based trainer Tony Carroll's Waving landed a gamble under Luke Morris in the Lingfield Park Median Auction Maiden Stakes.
Backed into 9-2 despite doing little in a juvenile hurdle and two outings on the Flat since leaving John Oxx in the summer, the gelding produced a powerful finish to collect by two and threequarter lengths from Story Writer.
"We brought him over from Ireland and he just had a wind operation, which probably helped," Carroll said of the four-year-old.
"He was bought to go hurdling and I think he could be quite a nice dual-purpose horse.
"We have been struggling with the weather. We couldn't do anything so we took a few over to Wolverhampton to work."
Two days later, Carroll returned to Lingfield for another victory, this time with Secret Millionaire (6-4 favourite) in the lingfieldpark.
co.uk Handicap.
Ridden by Jim Crowley, the six-year-old gelding quickened to lead inside the final furlong and won by one-anda- half lengths from Russian Bullet.
Fourteen-year-old Kinkeel finished at the rear in seventh with Matthew Batchelor in the Cheltenham trials day's Victor Chandler Chase which was won by jumps star Sprinter Sacre.


text:
In the Weekend WSJ article, "The Wizards of Buzz," Newsvine's Pamela Drew and Killfile were listed among the top 20 Tastemakers, each leading their respective categories for "Social Issues" and "Breaking News."
A new generation of hidden influencers is taking root online, fueled by a growing love affair among Web sites with lettin gusers vote on their favorite submissions. These sites are the next wave in the social-networking craze--popularized by MySpace and Facebook. DIgg is one of the most prominent of these sites, which are variously labeled social bookmarking or social news. Others include Reddit.com (recently purchased by Conde Nast), Del.icio.us (bought by Yahoo), Newsvine.com and StumbleUpon.com. Netscape relaunched last June with a similar format.
The article, which is subcriber-limited online, goes on to describe the commonalities of the sites, their value to advertisers in identifying "tastemakers" that generate early buzz for products. It also discusses some of the risks, including payola schemes, cartel-like behavior such as recently alleged at DIgg, and the question of whether these sites really influence decision-making or provide a genuine information product of value beyond the social networking to their users.


text:
Ross has ingeniously located much of modern physics in the Bible, including the laws of thermodynamics and the Big Bang.
It is ingeniously simple, and precisely from such simplicity is the power of most great Westerns drawn.
The explosive material was ingeniously placed in printer ink cartridges where the ink powder normally goes.
He ingeniously accomplished his herculean task with the help of a small staff of men who shared his commitment to the cause.
The ACA was ingeniously designed to deliver benefits to Democratic constituencies and impose costs on Republican ones.
If any further proof for that theory was needed, it would be found in this fact, most ingeniously suggested by Mr. Boyd Dawkins.
On the other hand, it may be noted that the charge was ingeniously devised.
It was perfectly round, with the aperture so ingeniously closed that I could scarcely tell to what part of the nest it belonged.
This latter nest was most charmingly and ingeniously placed.
And yet, what proof have I this is not an ingeniously devised tale?
early 15c., "intellectual, talented," from Middle French ingénieux "clever, ingenious" (Old French engeignos), from Latin ingeniosus "of good capacity, full of intellect; clever, gifted with genius," from ingenium "innate qualities, ability," literally "that which is inborn," from in- "in" (see in- (2)) + gignere, from PIE *gen- "produce" (see genus). Sense of "skillful, clever at contrivance" first recorded 1540s. In a sense of "crafty, clever, skillful" Middle English had enginous (mid-14c.), from Old French engeignos. Related: Ingeniously; ingeniousness.


text:
Requirements for earning a high school equivalency diploma are set to change next year, which may set off a scramble among people hoping to complete their course work under the existing rules. The format of the General Educational Development test, commonly known as the GED, will change January 1, 2014 – which means that people studying for the current test may have to start over if they don't complete it this year.
The Tennessee Electronic Library (TEL) can help. TEL is an online library that provides Tennesseans with free round-the-clock access to more than 400,000 resources. Many of those resources available through TEL's Learning Express Library can help people who want to prepare for the GED.
For example, TEL offers online courses for each of the GED test's subject areas: Math, science, social studies, writing, language arts and reading. These courses include exam study strategies, pretests and lessons and exam practice questions.
TEL also offers six GED-related e-books in a downloadable PDF format:
People preparing for the GED can hone specific skills by taking practice tests for math, reading or writing through TEL. Or they can take practice exams that cover all GED topics. The practice exams are automatically scored online so test takers can see how they might fare on the actual exam.
"Services like those available through the Tennessee Electronic Library are changing the way people think about libraries," Secretary of State Tre Hargett said. "Libraries aren't just buildings where people can check out books any more. They are also places where citizens can prepare resumes, search for jobs or take online courses to improve their education. The Tennessee Electronic Library can assist in those efforts - without the need for people to actually visit a library. The Tennessee Electronic Library's resources are free and available 24 hours a day, seven days a week to Tennessee residents."
TEL is administered by the Tennessee State Library and Archives, which is part of the Tennessee Department of State. For an overview of the resources available through TEL, please visit www.tntel.info.


text:
Brent Stinson with Texas Department of Transportation stands by to warn motorists to cross at their own risk Wednesday on FM 69 flooded at North Caney Creek between Mahoney and Dike. Numerous roads in the area were still covered in water this morning as a reminder of the more than 4 inches of rain a storm system dropped on the region Tuesday.
Staff Photo By Angela Pitts
Spring storm pounds area with high winds, heavy rain
By FAITH HUFFMAN, News-Telegram News Editor
March 19, 2008 - The storm cells which whipped through the area Tuesday brought heavy winds and more than 4 inches of rainfall to Sulphur Springs, but the city was otherwise virtually unaffected by the weather.
Miller Grove and the southeastern end of North Hopkins, however, were hit hard by the pummeling wind and deluge of rain.
A number of county roads were impassable or extremely slick overnight and this morning, especially in low-lying areas and near bridges and creeks.
High winds knocked down numerous trees, and in some cases power lines, blocking roads and resulting in sporadic power outages in the affected areas.
Several motor vehicles hydroplaned off of highways, and at least two rollover accidents were reported on Interstate 30.
No one was reported to have been injured as a result of the violent weather, however.
Two people reported seeing what could possibly have been funnel clouds beginning to form, but the National Weather Service, which had issued a tornado watch, reported no confirmed sighting of funnel clouds. The weather service, however, did indicate straight-line winds with downbursts likely occurred.
First responders and law enforcement officers were kept busy most of the evening, with county firefighters alone responding to 18 calls during the approximately five-hour period before the storm began dying down.
The first weather-related report coming in at 1:57 p.m. when trees knocked down power lines, partially blocking State Highway 19 north at FM 1537.
Within about 10 minutes, firefighters responded on FM 3505 at the South Sulphur Unit of Cooper Lake, where a storage tank reportedly "exploded." Firefighters learned lightning had struck the tank, and the "product" began spilling into the creek. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineer crews stemmed the leak and had the fire under control by the time firefighters arrived.
At 2:22 p.m., North Hopkins firefighters reported trees had fallen along County Road 4508 and that some structures had been damaged, including rooftops and corrals.
Firefighters and officers quickly began checking on people in the area, where as many as15 structures may have sustained some amount of structural damage. Although most reports Tuesday were of moderate to minor damage, emergency officials were slated to return to the area later today and into the week to get a better idea of the full extent of the loss.
On CR 4508 near FM 1537 a semi trailer was reported to have blown over per, and a barn on CR 3236 also was said to have sustain a structural damage.
Hopkins County Emergency Medical Services personnel were at one point called on to provide back-up oxygen support at a residence in Birthright, after a man requested assistance for his mother.
Trees were reported to have been blown over and into power lines at numerous locations, including:
n State Highway 19 north at FM 1537
n FM 275 at County Road 1120
n East of FM 2653 at CR 1120
n Two miles north of FM 1567 on County Road 1131
n FM 69 through Dike
n FM 1567 east of FM 275 south
Where possible, county precinct crews were called in to remove trees. Texas Department of Transportation was also contacted regarding trees blocking roads, as were utility companies. Firefighters and law enforcement officers also responded at those locations to help warn motorists and redirect traffic until the problems could be corrected or warning indicators were established.
Interstate 30 west of Sulphur Springs was temporarily Tuesday night when a tree fell on a power line which stretched across I-30 in Brashear just before 10 p.m. The interstate and service roads had to be shut down for nearly an hour, with firefighters, deputies and troopers stationed at exits leading up to the location to prevent motorists from inadvertently running over the "live" wire. They remained at the location until 10:56 p.m., when Oncor workers arrived to shut off power to the line and get it far enough off the road so as not to pose a traffic hazard. The agencies, along with TxDoT crews, also blocked off that section of I-30 and the service roads for about 20 minutes while Oncor crews restrung the wire.
Emergency crews received reports of water over a number of roads throughout the night and into this morning. Among them were:
n State Highway 11 west at County Roads 4716 and 4784
n FM 71 west, one mile from North Hopkins school and at the Hopkins-Delta County line
n The southbound lane of State Highway SH 19 south
n Both lanes of FM 2653 at County Road 4809 in the Oakland community
n Portions of FM 69 south
n County Road 1178 off of FM 275
n County Roads 4776 and 4766
n County Road 2310 along FM Roads 69 and 269
Roads in the Turkey Creek community were also covered in water midmorning Wednesday but still passable for most vehicles, deputies reported.
National Weather Service and county emergency officials were still urging motorists later Wednesday morning to slow down, particularly on slick roads to avoid hydroplaning. They also advise motorists to err on the side of caution when it comes to submerged roads; turn around instead of trying to ford the water, which could cause engines to stall, and in cases of running water, submerge or wash away vehicles.
As a rule of thumb, motorists should "Turn Around, Don't Drown" when encountering a road covered in water, as it's often very difficult to determine the exact depth of the water.
In all inclement weather conditions, people are urged to avoid driving when possible. When they must drive, they are cautioned to slow down and be alert for potential hazards such as water on roads, high winds, and fallen trees and power lines. Be especially cautious in heavily wooded areas, low-lying areas, and around bridges and lakes, rivers, creeks and streams.
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