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Whenever I write about something that I generally don't have a good sense for, I research, something I think everyone should do so that they don't end up talking out of their rear ends. I'm not talking about going to a library and spending three months learning everything humanly possible about the subject, so much so that you could in a distorted way be considered a bit of a junior expert.
As an example, the thing in question begins with a biblical quote, "...keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding... Oppositions of science falsely so-called". I don't believe you have to read the bible to understand what it is, in fact one could argue that you couldn't gain a true perspective until you've read every volume of every biblical set in history. Lacking the underlying knowledge and requisite time and interest in doing such a diabolical thing to myself, I did the cheap thing and looked the quote up in Google.
One of the first things I found was both irrelevant to the quote, yet entirely relevant to an argument at hand: how evolution relates to the age of the universe, and the Earth. In fact, the page in question provides us with five methods for "know(ing) the age of the Earth." An interesting proposition, one I cannot help but investigate even though it has little to do with the subject for which I was going to write. I suppose that will just have to come later.
1. I was never taught this truth as a young person, so when I entered college, I was taken in by the evolutionists claims of the earth being millions of years old. I spent many years in confusion, which is exactly what the devil wanted. There is no need of people being fooled by the false claims of evolutionists. There is no need of you being fooled either.
I regret that my first thought is to insult this person, when chances are that they had no choice in their religious upbringing. This is a chief problem I see with teaching children a religion, rather than teaching children about religion. Kids aren't capable of making choices about what they believe, they are totally subservient to what they are told, and what they perceive to be real. Parents are idolized in the early stages of development when nothing they say could be taken as anything but fact. Unless of course the child is of a mind to argue, but that is more about establishing dominance than it is having a rational discussion about who is right.
This person makes clear that their parents abused them when they were young by indoctrinating them into a cult. The large faiths may be mainstream, but make no mistake, they still fit the definition.
Noun: cult
1. Adherents of an exclusive system of religious beliefs and practices
2. An interest followed with exaggerated zeal
3. A system of religious beliefs and rituals
Many sects of the Christian faith fit all three definitions. Their belief in a Christian God is exclusive to all other religions; a great many of them are zealous about their faith; there are many beliefs and rituals followed every year.
If you have trouble accepting this, then I suggest you look up the definitions of 'zealous' and 'ritual', for anyone who regularly celebrates Christmas (for its supposed original purpose) is zealous about a ritual, and very likely many more.
These things aside, the person admits that they were never properly schooled as a young person, which explains why they entered college in a state of ignorance. I'm sitting here wondering how someone could even make it into a college without understanding basic high school science. Understand that one need not believe the truth of evolution for one to understand it and have knowledge of it, and such belief has never been a requirement of any school curriculum that I am aware of.
It is of little surprise then that this person when confronted with well established science turned to the only thing they truly understood, the fall back from childhood: religion. I suppose it's rather like going to college, and finding that every professor on the campus was uniform in their agreement that lying is a perfectly okay thing to do at all times. It'd be natural for you to question and dismiss it, even in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, simply because your parents taught you that it wasn't okay -- when you were just a little kid.
Sometimes mommy and daddy are right, but as we often find when we grow up, they are as fallible as we are. Nothing everything is as it seems when you are young, and the solution is to let people make these decisions for themselves when they are capable. That's the only power a person ever really has.
The things we learn earliest are the things that define us, the things that we carry with us throughout our lives. It is my opinion that the religious indoctrination this person suffered as a child has severely handicapped their ability to make rational decisions, which has culminated in the "five reasons for knowing", and subsequently this article.
Now I must apologize for diverging, because I haven't even addressed the first of the five reasons. Let's look at it again.
1. I was never taught this truth as a young person, so when I entered college, I was taken in by the evolutionists claims of the earth being millions of years old. I spent many years in confusion, which is exactly what the devil wanted. There is no need of people being fooled by the false claims of evolutionists. There is no need of you being fooled either.
The first problem is that the Earth isn't millions of years old, it is in fact billions of years old. This is analogous to saying that the person standing next to you is "a bit shorter than normal" when he is approximately 1cm in height. A "bit" in this context is quite the understatement.
The author continues by graciously informing us that there is no need for us to be fooled by those satanic evolutionists, and promptly ends without having actually given a reason for knowing the approximate age of the Earth. Notice that in place of reason and logic, we have this person quite literally demonizing those he disagrees with, which in and of itself is a kind of logical fallacy. For the moment, I find absolutely nothing of value in this statement, so there can't possibly be five reasons. As such, I'll move on to the "first of four reasons of knowing."
2. We need to know that all things that called science, is not science. Sometimes it's simply mens opinions. We need to learn that all true science is in agreement with the Bible. The Bible is not a science book, but because the Bible contains all truth, all true science will be in agreement with the Bible.
This is another type of logical fallacy, called petitio principii, or circular reasoning. If you take out the extra words meant to confuse, the ones that don't in any way support the conclusion but instead simply reveal opinion, then the circular nature becomes readily apparent. "All true science is in agreement with the Bible .. because the Bible contains all truth, all true science will be in agreement with the Bible."
Another example would be "It's true because Fred said it, and Fred has also said that he himself never lies, therefore it has to be true."
It also tries to attribute science in some cases as simply being a persons opinion, which is obviously a nonsense claim. Science itself is simply defined as "a way of knowing", not all that interesting or helpful, because what you really want to attack is empirical methodology. That's not going to get you very far with your argument though, since the basis of empirical science are verifiable experiments. You test to either confirm or falsify a claim, raising it above a level of mere speculation.
This "reason" fails as a logical fallacy, and now we're down to "first of three reasons for knowing."
3. We need to know that the Bible is our guide in this life. In all things, we need to follow the Bible. If there is any question, the Bible has the answer; even in the area of Science. God has not left out what he wants us to believe concerning the creation of this world. He has given us everything we need for time and eternity; therefore, we know he has also given us all the facts we need about the creation of this world.
From what I've been told by respected scholars, the Bible consists primarily of stories meant to convey good morals, and read on its face is not to be taken literally. I can't make such a conclusion myself without reading it, but even if it is not true, the third of three doesn't give us a reason for knowing the age of the Earth either.
If anything, I surmise that most even minded people of faith may find this persons interpretation of the Bible's role in life to be a bit extreme, the kind that gives rise to the Crusades when killing in the name of God while holding the holy book high above ones head was the fad of the day. This point of view is much more synonymous to radical Islam than it is mainstream Christianity.
It takes the meaning of the commandments to a whole new level.
Lacking an actual reason to believe or know the age of the Earth other than to say "we need to believe the Bible...just because", we move on to the ever dwindling "first of two reasons for knowing."
4. We can have confidence that the Lord will soon return. In II Peter 3:1-18, the Bible states that people will begin to say the Lord is not returning because all things continue from the beginning of the creation. This is not so, all things are not continuing from the beginning of the creation. God created the earth in six days and rested from creation. Sin came into the world after the first week of creation. So things have not continued from the beginning of the creation. Things have continued from the end of creation.
This is just preaching, there is no reason or logic here; it's one persons recounting of what he read in a book, and we're now down to the "first of one reason(s) for knowing." I hope it's a good one, because most countdowns like this just end up sucking.
5. We often say there were six days of creation, and God rested on the seventh day. Then folks often ask the question: "How long was a day in the beginning of the earth?" The Bible answers that question. Listen to Genesis 1:1-5, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. 4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. 5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day." Did you catch verse 5, which stated, "...And the evening and the morning were the first day." How long is a day? It is an evening and a morning. Notice that God counts the day as beginning in the evening, just like the Jewish calendar.
And that, ladies and germs, are the five reasons for knowing the age of the Earth. In fact, there are no reasons at all. Four and five were just recounting and verbatim quotes from the Bible, which cannot serve as proof of anything. Three was a miniature sermon, two was a logical fallacy, and number one was the person admitting they weren't properly schooled as a child.
Oddly enough, this appears to be an excerpt of a 120 page book on the subject, which you can get by mailing a $15 check to the author, natch.
There are another five points that claim to be "Biblical steps necessary to determine the age of the universe." All of them are proofs that rely on the various versions of the books of the Bible being literal fact, totally lacking in corroborating evidence.
I'd love to expound on this subject further, but I've flown well past the attention span limit of the Newsvine audience in general, so I must wrap this up before the urge to go visit YouTube or the Drudge Report overwhelms their urge to "get smarter."
The scientifically accepted age of the planet has been established by multiple experiments and theories, the first of which is something called radiometric dating. This method has been refined so that it is accurate to within .06%, or about 2 million years on a sample that is three billion years old. Similar to radiocarbon dating, radiometric measures different elements that have much longer half-lives than carbon-14, namely uranium-238, with a half-life of 4.5 billion years.
As with most science, this "method of knowing" has undergone decades of testing that has confirmed its accuracy and legitimacy. And like most science, it is still open to being falsified at any moment, should evidence come along that contradicts our understanding. Note, I said evidence, not hearsay or baseless claims. God or Jesus' account of the deal doesn't count unless either can cough up some basic proof to the contrary.
According to best estimates, the Earth is about 4,567,000,000 years old. It's long past time to put away this nonsense and move on.
The text of this article is © 2006 Paul William Tenny. All rights reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License. Attribution by: full name and original URL. Quoted text is exempt from this statement.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Aston Martin is marking the start of its 100-year birthday celebrations with the unveiling of a bespoke new Centenary Edition Vanquish. The Aston Martin Centenary Edition Vanquish showcases a painstakingly created Centenary Edition specification that will be available worldwide on just 100 examples of each of Aston Martin's model lines: V8 Vantage, DB9, Rapide and Vanquish.
The Aston Martin Centenary Edition features a unique graduated paint finish, solid sterling silver Aston Martin wings badges with tailored 'trans flux' enamel inlay and a special Aston Martin hallmark. A Centenary Edition Aston Martin is identified inside by its exclusive and luxurious treatment. Deep Soft black leather - previously featuring only in the One-77 hypercar - with contrasting silver stitching, a special silver thread embroidery of the Aston Martin wings in the head restraints and solid sterling silver sill plaques individually numbered with an Aston Martin hallmark are among the features unique to the car.
"Clearly, the centenary of Aston Martin is a great occasion for our business, our customers, and our fans around the world," Aston Martin CEO, Dr Ulrich Bez stated. "It is only right, then, that we have developed these exceptional Centenary Edition models which will, I am sure, quickly become highly desirable and sought-after. The chance to own and enjoy such a stunning piece of Aston Martin's heritage is made all the more rare by the fact that we are limiting numbers to just 100 of each model line. I am sure supporters and enthusiasts of the brand worldwide will be anxious to secure their chosen model quickly!"
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As if the facehuggers from the Alien movies weren't scary enough, now there's this version of one that is made entirely from animal bones. There are bones from a box turtle, mink, skunk, coyote, mouse, and wild turkey assembled to look just like a facehugger. It's incredible and awesome and sure to give me nightmares tonight.
(Forgotten Boneyard via Obvious Winner)


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May 2, 2013 at 6:24 am
Scott Diamond pitched six solid innings yesterday to lead the Minnesota Twins past the Detroit Tigers 6-2. Diamond allowed two runs and four hits as the Twins snapped Detroit's five-game winning streak. Torii Hunter and Miguel Cabrera drove in the Tigers' runs in the sixth inning.
Talk Show Host, Operations Manager


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His unhosed feet protruded from the window, probably with a view to fumigation by the salt sea breeze.
Things that are only shown twice in the year or so, with fumigation!
They may be destroyed by a fumigation of tobacco, in the same manner as the green fly.
It may be necessary to resort to fumigation, but this should be done by an expert.
There were weeds and grass, still warm and smouldering, the débris of what had been set on fire for their fumigation.
The method most generally adopted for their destruction is fumigation with tobacco.
Generally speaking, the best remedy is fumigation with tobacco.
His chest was weak, and the doctors ordered that sort of fumigation.
He was accompanied by a physician, who was to direct the fumigation.
As a fumigation in spasmodic asthma; in solution as an embrocation; and in powder as a substitute for gum guaiacum.
late 14c., "make aromatic smoke as part of a ceremony," from Old French fumigation, from Latin fumigationem (nominative fumigatio) "a smoking," noun of action from past participle stem of fumigare "to smoke," from fumus "smoke, fume" (see fume) + root of agere "to drive" (see act (n.)). Sense of "exposure (of someone or something) to aromatic fumes" is c.1400, originally as a medicinal or therapeutic treatment.
1520s, back-formation from fumigation. Related: Fumigated; fumigating.
fumigate fu·mi·gate (fyōō'mĭ-gāt')
v. fu·mi·gat·ed, fu·mi·gat·ing, fu·mi·gates
To subject to smoke or fumes, usually in order to exterminate pests or disinfect.


text:
Monthly 50 MB limit to Kindle Keyboard's 3G usage?
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I ♥ Calibre
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Now confirmed by Amazon that this doesn't apply to the UK, but the limit will apply when you travel outside the UK - so same as the US then.
"Beginning on July 1st, 2012, web browsing on the Kindle Keyboard experimental web browser using a 3G connection will be limited to 50 MB a month outside of the UK. You will still have unlimited access to Wikipedia, Amazon, the Kindle store, and the ability to download content" and "I can confirm that there will not be any limit in the use of Kindle keyboard over 3G in UK for UK residents."
So, looks like HarryT was spot on with his thought that it's capped in countries where Amazon doesn't have a roaming arrangement with a local telecoms operator. I don't know which countries other than the US and the UK has agreements, anyone else?
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Football/cheerleader registration open
M. Susanne Hinkle - Aug 10, 2006
Destrehan Booster Club is accepting football and cheerleader registration at this time for the up coming season.
The club is also looking for football coaches and cheerleading coordinators. If you are interested, please turn in your form as soon as possible. For more information, go online at www.destrehanboosterclub.com.
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Slingerland 50s Vintage Gene Krupa Radio King Snare Drum Lugs w/ Original Screws
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Entertainment
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Apr 12, 2012
- Channel: Auction House
Auction is for all 3 Radio King lugs shown.Original screws and stamped washers are included. No cracks. I believe they are chrome plated. Good players lugs. Some typical pitting and chrome wear. These are getting hard to come by. Buy it now for a quick sale! . This item is as described. I have sold many drum related items on Ebay and always go the distance to try and make every transaction a positive experience. I have stellar feedback that spans several years, and many repeat buyers.


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Step 3: Work in Short Intervals
Going through emotionally loaded items can make you feel depleted, so limit work sessions to three or four hours. If you're convinced that you can turn your home into a clutter-free paradise in one 12-hour blitz, this rule will be tough to follow. But a fresh, rested mind will help you make smart decisions and avoid Purger's Regret. When you're stuck about whether to keep or divest, ask yourself: What's significant about this object? Does it have genuine, lasting emotional value? Do I like it enough to display it, or will it be in a box forever? Would it be more valuable to someone else?


text:
For every online business, few things hold more allure than the promise of advertising keywords delivered via Google. After all, you only pay for those customers who come to your site, so how could anything go wrong?
Well, it can and it does. I've tried this on several occasions and it's never resulted in anything but money out the window. Either I'm not doing it right, or it just doesn't work for every business.
Initially, I tried broader keywords to get people into the concierge business, but those fell flat. People did click through to my site, but I didn't get a single sign-up from it. I'm sure it was more curiosity than anything else since an air travel concierge business isn't something most people know about or immediately understand. But I ran through my allotted budget quickly and then realized I needed to try something else. Wish I had figured that out earlier.
So I got more specific. I thought I was being pretty clever, actually. When the pilots at Spirit Airlines went on strike, I bought a bunch of keywords around Spirit, canceled flight, delays, stranded, etc. There were some clicks, but once again, not a single client came through the process to sign up that way. I tried it again when Mexicana closed up shop for good. Same results. It just wasn't resonating with customers.
So do potential concierge clients simply not want to buy service that way? I doubt it. I'm sure much of the blame lies with us. Since the business concept is relatively new to a lot of people, we need to bring them to a page which more clearly and quickly spells out what they get. We also need to have a better flow for when people actually do want to sign up. Right now, there might be too many steps or it may just be too confusing.
I've come to realize that the website we have needs some help. I've already started to make some subtle changes but a larger redesign is going to have to follow soon enough to really make it as easy as possible to get signed up so we don't lose people along the way.
Sounds like a lot of work. Maybe I'll just blame Google instead.
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text: Project Description Atkin Olshin Schade Architects • The Philadelphia Museum of Art sits in Fairmount Park, one of the city's most highly trafficked green spaces, but it has long been plagued by an all-too-urban problem: parking. Originally conceived as part of Jacques Gréber's 1917 plan for the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, the site had been encroached upon by unsightly surface parking and was partially overgrown. The team devised a plan to create a 442-spot underground parking lot, topped by a green roof. "The parking is really heroic," juror Bill Valentine said. "To do that, to get it underground so that [Philadelphia-based fellow juror] John Cary doesn't even notice it when he jogs by there, [is a feat]." The jurors were more taken with the parking below grade, but above ground, the green roof performs some heroics of its own: It has enough underlying structure to withstand the weight of monumental sculpture, giving the museum an outdoor exhibition space it had long been lacking.


text: Will they compare the brilliant Survivor mind from Russell Hantz to those of Richard Hatch and the others after going back to back - final 3 - in both Survivor 19 and then hooking up with Parvati on 20 and going to the final 3 there too? I will just leave you Russell Haters with this famous line - I know you hate him - but you gotta start to love him - because he is the best thing going for Survivor. So when you just say he was dirty - mean - vicious - tough - also add smartest player ever to the list. Just give credit where credit is due. For all the info on 19 and 20 go to the Survivor Blows message board.


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Garbanzo Mediterranean Grill plans fifth Denver location
Garbanzo Mediterranean Grill, a Centennial fast-casual concept restaurant with four stores, plans to open a fifth location at the Cherry Creek Hotel, 600 South Colorado Boulevard, according to a sign hanging on a fence in front of the hotel, which is being completely renovated. A Panera Bread outlet will also open there.
Created in 2007 by Alon Mor, Garbanzo's serves pitas, shwarma, falafel hummus and other mixed Mediterranean specialties with a healthy (no trans fat, no preservatives) bent. Its other locations are in Aurora, Littleton, Greenwood Village and near D.U.
Garbanzo's appears to be a partnership between Mor and Breads of the World, a business entity and Panera Bread franchisee that runs more than 45 Paneras in Denver, Colorado Springs and Ohio.
Mor didn't return a call seeking comment, but Café Society will update this blog if he does.
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text:
Kogia sima (Owen, 1866)
English: Dwarf sperm whale
German: Kleiner Pottwal
Spanish: Cachalote enano
French: Cachalot nain
Family Kogiidae
1. Description
Kogia spp. are superficially porpoise-like in body shape,
and robust, with a distinctive underslung jaw, not unlike sharks.
They have the shortest rostrum among cetaceans and the skull is
markedly asymmetrical. Dwarf sperm whales are smaller than pygmy
sperm whales and reach a maximum size of only about 2.7m total length
and a body mass of 272 kg. Colouration in adults is dark bluish
grey to blackish brown on the back with a light venter. On the side
of the head, between the eye and the flipper, there is often a crescent-shaped,
light-coloured mark referred to as a "false gill". The
teeth (up to three pairs of vestigial teeth are also found in the
upper jaw) are very sharp and thin, lacking enamel (McAlpine, 2002).
Baird (2005) found that photographs of several individual dwarf
sperm whales showed distinctive marks on the dorsal fins, demonstrating
that individual photo-identification is possible with this species.
Chivers et al. (2005) found that the results of comparisons of
mitochondrial DNA and morphological differences are consistent with
species- level differences between two K. sima clades,
one in the Atlantic and one in the Indo-Pacific: The combined gene
sequence haplotypes have accumulated 44 fixed base pair differences
between these two clades compared to 20 fixed base pair differences
between the recognized sister species K. sima and K. breviceps.
However, recognition of a third Kogia species awaits supporting
evidence that these two apparently allopatric clades represent reproductively
isolated groups of animals.
2. Distribution
Kogia spp. are not easy to positively distinguish at sea
(Caldwell and Caldwell, 1989), as a consequence, most reliable records
of either species are based on stranded individuals or occasionally
on ones taken in fisheries.
Rice (1998) summarises that K. sima lives mainly over the
continental shelf and slope off tropical and temperate coasts of
all oceans. Range includes the western Atlantic from Virginia south
to Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, including the Antilles; the eastern
Atlantic from the Mediterranean Sea south to Cape Province; The
Indian Ocean from Cape Province north to Oman, east at least as
far as Lomblen in Indonesia, and south to South Australia; the western
Pacific from Chiba prefecture on the east coast of Honshu, and the
Mariana Islands, south to Hauraki Gulf in New Zealand; and the eastern
Pacific from Vancouver Island south to Valpa-raiso in Chile (Rice,
1998). Mcalpine (2009) summarizes that K. sima prefers warmer seas
than K. breviceps.
Distribution of Kogia sima: deep temperate, subtropical,
and tropical waters of the northern and
southern hemispheres (Taylor et al. 2008b; © IUCN; click
here for large map).
Recent strandings have been reported from Sable Island,
Nova Scotia (Lucas and Hooker, 2000), the Gulf of Mexico (Delgado
et al. 1998), British Columbia, Canada (Willis and Baird, 1998),
the Azores (Goncalves et al. 1996), Ecuador (Felix et al. 1995),
the Antilles (Debrot and Barros, 1992), the coast of France (Duguy,
1990) and Japan (Sylvestre, 1988), supporting the notion of a wide
distribution in temperate zones of the world oceans.
3. Population size
Because of the lack of sightings at sea, which may be more because
of its inconspicuous behaviour than true abundance, and the fact
that Kogia spp. are only rarely encountered in commercial fisheries
where such records may be kept, there are no real estimates of abundance
for either Kogia species (Caldwell and Caldwell, 1989, Mcalpine,
The best U.S. Atlantic abundance estimate for both Kogia spp., 395
(CV=0.40), stems from two 2004 surveys, where the estimate from
the northern U.S. Atlantic is 358 (CV=0.44), and from the southern
U.S. Atlantic is 37 (CV=0.75). This joint estimate is considered
the best because together these two surveys had the most complete
coverage of the species' habitat. A separate estimate of dwarf sperm
whale abundance could not be provided due to the uncertainty of
species identification at sea. Furthermore, the available information
was judged insufficient to evaluate trends in population size for
the western North Atlantic (Waring et al. 2007).
Barlow (2006) estimates that a total of 17,519 dwarf sperm whales
are found in the outer EEZ of Hawaii. Dolar (1999) estimated the
population size in the eastern Sulu Sea at 650. Using corrections
for missed animals, Ferguson and Barlow (2001) re-estimated the
abundance as approximately 150,000 of both species in the eastern
tropical Pacific.
4. Biology and Behaviour
Behaviour: Rises to the surface slowly and deliberately
and, unlike most other small whales (which roll forward at the surface),
simply drops out of sight. Probably does not approach boats. May
occasionally breach; leaping vertically out of the water and falling
back tail-first or with a belly flop. Some records suggest that,
when resting at the surface, it floats lower in the water than the
pygmy sperm whale. Probably dives to depths of at least 300m (Carwardine,
One of the few reported behavioural observations at sea stems from
Scott and Cordado (1987) who report sighting a mother and calf after
a purse-seine set was deployed on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares,
associated with a mixed school of spotted dolphins, Stenella
attenuata, and spinner dolphins, S.
longirostris. The dwarf sperm whales were accidentally encircled.
While inside the net, the female released into the water a cloud
of reddish material, presumably faeces, 6-8 times during the course
of the set. The mother released the faeces whenever a dolphin approached
the calf; she then appeared to hide herself and the calf in the
middle of the opaque cloud.
In Hawaiian waters Kogia sp. were sighted most frequently
in deeper portions of the study area (mean depth, 1,425 m) and in
calm sea conditions (mean Beaufort sea state < 1). One group
of six dwarf sperm whales containing two mother-infant pairs did
not dive for more than a few minutes at a time (Baird, 2005).
Schooling: Group sizes tend to be small, most often less
than 5 individuals, although groups of up to 10 have been recorded
(Jefferson et al. 1993; Mcalpine, 2009).
Reproduction: In at least one area, there appears to be
a calving peak in summer (Jefferson et al. 1993).
Food: Dwarf sperm whales appear to feed primarily on deep-water
cephalopods (Jefferson et al. 1993) as well as on fish and crustaceans
(Caldwell and Caldwell, 1989).
5. Migration
Duguy (1994) suggests that the species does not migrate extensively,
since it can be observed year-round off African coasts.
6. Threats
Direct catch: Some small scale catches of dwarf sperm whales
have been reported (Caldwell and Caldwell, 1989 and refs. therein).
K. sima was encountered in a small harpoon fishery for pilot whales
at St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles, in Japan and occasionally
in an aboriginal industry on Lomblen Island in Indonesia, and has
been reported from fish markets in Sri Lanka.
Incidental catch: Caldwell and Caldwell (1989) suppose that
it is unlikely that Kogia spp. are significantly affected by humans.
When taken in commercial fisheries the numbers are so few that either
species is considered rare. This is confirmed by Waring et al. (2007):
Total annual estimated average fishery-related mortality and serious
injury to the North West Atlantic stock during 1999-2003 was zero.
However, Jefferson et al. (1993) believe that substantial numbers
are taken each year in gillnets in the Indian Ocean, and possibly
elsewhere. Zerbini and Kotas (2001) report on by-catch in the Brazilian
driftnet fishery. Because of their small size and habit of often
lying at the surface, apparently oblivious to approaching vessels,
a few Kogia are probably run down and injured or killed (Caldwell
and Caldwell, 1989).
Pollution: Both species have been reported with plastic bags
in their stomachs that may have prevented digestion of food and
ultimately brought death. Perhaps the textural or visual quality
of the plastic was similar to that of squid and thus enticed the
whales to devour it (Caldwell and Caldwell, 1989).
7. Remarks
Range states (Taylor et al. 2008b):
American Samoa; Angola; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina;
Aruba; Australia; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belize; Benin;
Bermuda; Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia;
Cameroon; Canada (British Columbia); Cape Verde; Cayman Islands;
Chile (Valparaíso); China; Colombia; Congo; Congo, The Democratic
Republic of the; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Cuba; Côte d'Ivoire;
Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador (Galápagos);
El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Fiji; France; French Guiana; French
Polynesia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Gibraltar; Grenada; Guadeloupe;
Guam; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras;
Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Jamaica;
Japan (Honshu); Kenya; Kiribati; Kuwait; Liberia; Madagascar; Malaysia;
Maldives; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania; Mexico; Micronesia,
Federated States of; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nauru;
Netherlands Antilles; New Caledonia; New Zealand (Kermadec Is.,
North Is.); Nicaragua; Nigeria; Niue; Northern Mariana Islands;
Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippines;
Pitcairn; Portugal (Azores, Madeira); Puerto Rico; Qatar; Réunion;
Saint Helena; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Pierre and
Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Samoa; Sao Tomé
and Principe; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Solomon Islands;
Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Taiwan, Province
of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Togo;
Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; United Arab Emirates; United States
of America (Hawaiian Is.); Venezuela; Viet Nam; Virgin Islands,
British; Virgin Islands, U.S.; Wallis and Futuna; Western Sahara;
Classified as "Data Deficient" by the IUCN. Not listed
by CMS. The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
Both kogiid species also occur in southern South America. Recommendations
iterated by the scientific committee of CMS for small cetaceans
in that area (Hucke-Gaete, 2000) also apply (see Appendix
1). For recommendations on south-east Asian stocks, see Perrin
(1996) in Appendix 2.
8. Sources
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Macroparasites in cetaceans stranded on the northwestern Spanish
Atlantic coast. Dis Aquat Organisms 32: 227-231.
· Baird R W, Nelson D, Lien J, Nagorsen DW (1996) The status
of the Pygmy Sperm Whale, Kogia breviceps, in Canada. Can
Field Nat 110: 525-53.2
· Baird RW (2005) Sightings of Dwarf (Kogia sima)
and Pygmy (K. breviceps) Sperm Whales from the Main Hawaiian
Islands. Pac Sci 59: 461-466
· Barlow J (2006) Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian waters estimated
from a summer/fall survey in 2002. Mar Mamm Sci 22: 446-464
. Bastida R, Rodríguez D (2003) Mamíferos Marinos
de Patagonia y Antártida. 1ra. Ed. Buenos Aires. Vázquez
Maziini Editores, 208 pp.
· Baumgartner MF, Mullin KD, May LN, Leming TD (2001) Cetacean
habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fish Bull 99: 219-239.
· Beatson E (2007) The diet of pygmy sperm whales, Kogia
breviceps, stranded in New Zealand: implications for conservation.
Rev. Fish Biol. Fish 17: 295-303
· Bustamante P, Garrigue C, Breau L, Caurant F, Dabin W,
Greaves J, Dodemont R (2003) Trace elements in two odontocete species
(Kogia breviceps and Globicephala macrorhynchus) stranded
in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Environ Pollut 124 : 263-271.
· Caldwell DK Caldwell MC (1989) Pygmy sperm whale Kogia
breviceps (de Blainville, 1838); Dwarf sperm whale Kogia
simus Owen, 1866. In: Handbook of Marine Mammals (Ridgway SH,
Harrison SR, eds.) Vol. 4: River Dolphins and the Larger Toothed
Whales. Academic Press, London, pp. 235-260.
· Carwardine M (1995) Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. Dorling
Kindersley, London, UK, 257 pp.
· Chivers SJ, Leduc RG, Robertson KM, Barros NB, Dizon AE
(2005) Genetic Variation of Kogia spp. with Preliminary Evidence
for Two Species of Kogia sima. Mar. Mamm. Sci.]. Vol. 21,
no. 4, pp. 619-634
· Debrot AO, Barros NB (1992) Notes on a Gervais' beaked
whale, Mesoplodon europaeus, and a dwarf sperm whale, Kogia
simus, stranded in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Mar Mamm Sci
8: 172-178.
· Delgado Estrella A, Villa RB, Vazquez MLE (1998) First
records of dwarf sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) pygmy sperm
whale (K. simus) and pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata)
in Veracruz, Mexico. An Inst Biol Univ Nac Auton Mex Zool 69: 129-134.
· Dolar ML (1999) Abundance, distribution and feeding ecology
of small cetaceans in the Eastern Sulu Sea and Tañon Strait,
Philippines. PhD thesis, U Cal San Diego, USA.
· Duffield DA, Barros NB, Espinoza EO, Ploen S, Gulland FMD,
Heyning JE (2003) Identifying pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (genus
Kogia) using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of
myoglobin and hemoglobin. Mar Mamm Sci 19: 395-399
· Duguy R (1990) Cetacea stranded on the coasts of France
during the last ten years. Copenhagen Denmark Ices, 5 pp.
· Duguy R (1991) Annual report of Cetacea and Pinnipedia
recorded from the coasts of France. Copenhagen Denmark Ices, 2 pp.
· Duguy R (1994) Kogia breviceps (de Blainville, 1838)
- Zwergpottwal. In: Niethammer J, Krapp F (eds.) Handbuch der Säugetiere
Europas. Band 6: Meeressäuger. Teil 1B: Wale unbd Delphine
2. Aula-Verlag, Wies-baden, Germany, pp. 598-614.
· Eldredge LG (1991) Annotated checklist of the marine mammals
of Micronesia. Micronesica 24: 217-230.
· Felix F, Haase B, Samaniego J (1995) First record of pygmy
killer whale Feresa attenuata (Cetacea: Delphinidae) and
dwarf sperm whale Kogia simus (Cetacea: Physeteridae) on
the ecuadorean continental coast. Estud Oceanol 14: 77-85.
· Ferguson MC, Barlow J (2001) Spatial distribution and density
of cetaceans in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean based on summer/fall
research vessel surveys in 1986-96.Report No. LJ-01-04, Southwest
Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA
· Goncalves JM, Barreiros JP, Azevedo JMN, Norberto R (1996)
Cetaceans stranded in the Azores during 1992-96. Arquipelago Cienc
Biol Mar; Life Mar Sci 14A: 57-65.
· Handley COJr (1966) A Synopsis of the Genus Kogia
(pygmy sperm whale). In: Norris, K.R., ed. Whales, Dolphins and
Porpoises. pp 62-69. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California
· Hucke-Gaete R (2000) Review of the conservation status
of small cetaceans in southern South America. UNEP/CMS Secretariat,
Bonn, German, 24 pp.
· Jefferson TA, Leatherwood S, Webber MA (1993) FAO Species
identification guide. Marine mammals of the world. UNEP/FAO, Rome,
320 pp.
· Kemper CM, Ling JK (1991) Whale strandings in south Australia
(1881-1989) Trans Royal Soc S Austr 115: 37-52
· Lucas ZN, Hooker SK (2000) Cetacean strandings on Sable
Island, Nova Scotia, 1970-1998. Can Field Nat 114: 45-61.
· Marcovecchio JE, Gerpe MS, Bastida RO, Rodriguez DH, Moron
SG (1994) Environmental contamination and marine mammals in coastal
waters from Argentina: An overview. Sci Total Environ 154: 141-151.
· Martin JW, Heyning JE (1999) First record of Isocyamus
kogiae Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Cyamidae)
from the eastern Pacific, with comments on morphological characters,
a key to the genera of the Cyamidae, and a checklist of Cyamids
and their hosts. Bull S Cal Acad Sci 98: 26-38.
· Mazzuca L, Atkinson S, Keating B, Nitta E (1999) Cetacean
mass strandings in the Hawaiian Archipelago, 1957-1998. Aquat Mamm
25: 105-114.
· McAlpine DF (2002) Pygmy and dwarf sperm whales. In: Encyclopedia
of marine mammals (Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM, eds.)
Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1007-1009.
· McAlpine DF (2009) Pygmy and dwarf sperm whales. In: Encyclopedia
of marine mammals, 2nd Ed. (Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen
JGM, eds.) Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 936-938.
· Mullin KD, Hoggard W, Roden CL, Lohoefener RR, Rogers CM,
Taggart B (1994) Cetaceans on the upper continental slope in the
north-central Gulf of Mexico. Fish Bull 92: 773-786.
· Parsons ECM, Dolman SJ, Wright AJ, Rose NA, Burns WCG (2008)
Navy sonar and cetaceans: Just how much does the gun need to smoke
before we act? Mar Poll Bull 56: 1248-1257
· Perez C, Lopez A, Sequeira M, Silva M, Herrera R, Goncalves
J, Valdes P, Mons L, Freitag L, Lens S, Cendrero O (2001) Stranding
and by-catch of cetaceans in the Northeastern Atlantic during 1996.
Copenhagen Denmark Ices, 4 pp.
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on the biology and conservation of small cetaceans and dugongs of
Southeast Asia. East Asia Seas Action Plan. UNEP(W)/EAS WG. 1/2,
Bangkok, Thailand.101 pp.
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· Sanino GP, Yanez J (1997) Study of Kogia breviceps
in Chilean coastal waters. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Boletin
Santiago 46: 81- 93
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3 : 87-94
· Scott MD, Cordaro JG (1987) Behavioral observations of
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· Sedlak-Weinstein E (1992) A new species of Isocyamus
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Thuoc Chu, Hai Quang Le (1997) Investigations of marine mammals
in Vietnam. Asian Mar Biol 14: 145-172.
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· Sylvestre JP (1988) Note on three dwarf sperm whales Kogia
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· Wang, Ming-Chih; Walker, WA; Shao, Kwang-Tsao; Chou, Lien-Siang
(2002) Comparative analysis of the diets of pygmy sperm whales and
dwarf sperm whales in Taiwanese waters. Acta Zool Taiwan 13: 53-62.
· Waring GT, Josephson E, Fairfield CP, Maze-Foley K, editors
(2007) U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments
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text:
Media largely ignored doubts about importance of captured terrorist al-Libbi
Research ››› ››› SIMON MALOY
In reporting on the recent capture of Al Qaeda operative Abu Faraj al-Libbi, many news outlets -- including the Associated Press, USA Today, CNN, and The Boston Globe -- echoed claims by the Bush administration and Pakistani officials, who described al-Libbi as Al Qaeda's "third-in-command." But these outlets have generally failed to qualify these initial reports, even as European intelligence officials and U.S. terrorism experts have questioned al-Libbi's role in the organization, describing him as a " 'middle-level' leader" and even raising doubts about the captive's true identity.
The Libyan-born al-Libbi was Pakistan's most wanted man for his involvement in two plots to kill Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf, according to numerous news reports. Following al-Libbi's May 2 capture in Pakistan, President Bush described al-Libbi as "a top general for [Osama] bin Laden," and "a major facilitator and a chief planner for the al Qaeda network," declaring al-Libbi's arrest a "critical victory in the war on terror." Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called al-Libbi a "field general," saying, "[t]his is a truly significant arrest."
But over the past week, doubts about al-Libbi's role in Al Qaeda have surfaced -- doubts that potentially undermine the administration's claims. A May 8 article in London's Sunday Times quoted several sources questioning al-Libbi's importance within Al Qaeda. According to French intelligence investigator and leading expert on terrorism finance Jean-Charles Brisard, "Al-Libbi is just a 'middle-level' leader. ... Pakistan and US authorities have completely overestimated his role and importance. He was never more than a regional facilitator between Al-Qaeda and local Pakistani Islamic groups." The Times also quoted "a senior FBI official" admitting that al-Libbi's "influence and position have been overstated."
Similarly, a May 6 op-ed in the New York Sun (subscription required) by Christopher Brown, a member of the Transitions to Democracy project at the conservative Hudson Institute, lamented "the incorrect assertion that Mr. al-Libbi was the operational chief of the Al Qaeda network." Brown wrote that al-Libbi was not a likely candidate for al Qaeda's third-in-command, noting that Saif al-Adel, an Egyptian terrorist who does appear on the FBI's most wanted list, likely became al Qaeda's "military commander" in 2003. Al-Adel has been implicated in "every major al Qaeda operation," according to Brown; by contrast, al-Libbi is apparently tied to terrorist plots in Pakistan alone, and has "never appeared on America's list of most-wanted terrorists."
The Los Angeles Times quoted a Congressional Research Service analyst saying that "[t]here may be some grade inflation going on" in claims about al-Libbi's (also known as Abu Faraj Farj) importance.
The Sunday Times article also noted that al-Libbi was not on the FBI or State Department terrorism lists: "One American official tried to explain the absence of al-Libbi's name on the wanted list by saying: 'We did not want him to know he was wanted.'" Speculating that some confusion may exist over who was actually apprehended, the Times noted:
Another Libyan is on the FBI list -- Anas al-Liby, who is wanted over the 1998 East African embassy bombings -- and some believe the Americans may have initially confused the two. When The Sunday Times contacted a senior FBI counter-terrorism official for information about the importance of the detained man, he sent material on al-Liby, the wrong man.
CNN published a May 10 column on its website by senior producer Henry Shuster that discussed questions about al-Libbi's status. But CNN's television coverage on May 10 and 11 continued to refer to al-Libbi as Al Qaeda's "operations man," or "the terror suspect described as Al Qaeda's third in command." A Nexis search produced no instances of CNN reporting on the dispute over al-Libbi's disputed status since his capture. CNN did note al-Libbi's questionable status prior to his capture, however. Justice correspondent Kelli Arena reported on the September 10, 2004, edition of Lou Dobbs Tonight:
ARENA: Intelligence officials say there is evidence Osama bin Laden is still involved in planning, but beyond that, the new command structure is unclear. For example, Pakistani officials are currently searching for Abu Faraj al-Libbi, who is described as an operational planner. Some say he is among the most of the senior operatives. Others aren't so sure. Even more complicated: untangling the web of affiliates.
A Media Matters for America Nexis search revealed that few U.S. media outlets have noted the questions surrounding al-Libbi's status. The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, and the New York Daily News have each published articles that mention the dispute. The Christian Science Monitor described al-Libbi as "Al Qaeda's new No. 3 leader" in a May 5 article reporting on his capture. The Monitor did subsequently address al-Libbi's disputed importance -- not in print, but in a May 10 "Terrorism & Security" online column. The Boston Globe ran a May 12 letter to the editor that noted the dispute over al-Libbi's importance, but no Globe news articles have addressed the issue.
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