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A new study will give women at high-risk of pre-eclampsia vitamin supplements in an attempt to stop them developing the condition.
Pre-eclampsia causes a pregnant woman's blood pressure to rise to dangerously high levels.
The condition affects up to 25,000 women in the UK each year.
In 2001, pre-eclampsia killed 50 babies in England and Wales, and another 119 were stillborn.
But many babies suffer from respiratory problems, blindness or deafness due to their premature births.
The symptoms of pre-eclampsia have been linked to the production of toxic molecules called free radicals by the placenta.
Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E can "mop up" these free radicals, preventing their damaging effects.
In the study, carried out by researchers from Tommy's, women will be given extra reserves of the vitamin supplements to see if additional antioxidants can prevent women developing pre-eclampsia.
Researchers will study 2,400 expectant mothers, all of whom are known to have high blood pressure, kidney problems, clotting disorders or diabetes.
The £1.3m two-year study, funded by the Wellcome Trust, will also make sure giving mothers-to-be the extra vitamins does not harm the babies.
An initial study indicated that taking the vitamins early in pregnancy halved rates of pre-eclampsia in high-risk women.
Professor Lucilla Poston, one of the researchers who will carry out the study, said: "This is a devastating disease which kills thousands of pregnant women around the world and is the cause of many premature births.
"Until now we have been unable to treat this condition effectively but this study gives us the opportunity to make a huge difference.
"Finding a way of preventing pre-eclampsia could save many lives, both of babies and mothers, as well as dramatically reducing health costs."
Mike Rich, chief executive of the charity Action on Pre-eclampsia, told BBC News Online if the results of the trial were positive, it would be "exceptionally significant" for women at risk of the condition.
"For women at risk of pre-eclampsia, it could have massive consequences.
"It should mean that fewer women are giving birth early, and a reduction in the number of babies stillborn every year.
"It would give women the chance to have the pregnancies they started out looking forward to."


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The offer was extended to Baker by Georgia Tech Coach Joe Speed - with the offer coming in the past few days. "He told me that Georgia Tech really wants me to be a part of their team and they are making me a priority in their recruitment of defensive players."
Baker was happy to get the offer. The fact that Georgia Tech is close to home is a plus for Baker. "They are recruiting me to play either side of the ball. I like defense better so that is where I would prefer to play if I went to Georgia Tech."
Coach Speed let Baker know that they are moving back to a 4-3 defense. "He said they are looking for defensive tackles and that is where they want me to play."
Now that he is done with his junior season, Kendall will be taking a few visits. He has two visits planned. "I will be taking an unofficial visit to Georgia Tech and then the following Saturday I will be going to Alabama for a Junior Day visit."
The latest offer from Tech brings Kendall's offer total to five. Vanderbilt, Tennessee, Washington, and Florida State are the other four schools that have offered.
The early interest from Tech puts them in good shape with Baker. "Any team that expresses an early interest in you lets you know they really like you and value you as a part of their team." While he doesn't have a favorites list, the offer from Tech puts them in a good position with Baker.
Kendall still has plans to make his college choice before the first game of his senior season.

subset: commoncrawl


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Today on Planet 100: Super Mosquitoes Fight Dengue (Video)
Watch the full size video on Planet Green
Today, on Planet 100, genetically engineered mosquitoes are put to use fighting dengue fever, London plans to fight pollution with a spray-on paste, and the search for the next green "it" girl begins.GM Mosquitoes
Swarms of genetically modified mosquitoes could be released into the wild to combat dengue fever around the world.
Scientists are using sterile males to mate with infected females in the fight to curtail spread of disease that kills 25,000 people a year. A small-scale trial of the strategy, which was carried out in the Cayman Islands, had cut mosquito numbers by an impressive 80% in six months.
The World Health Organization estimates there are 50m cases of dengue fever a year. About 2.5 billion people are at risk, mostly in Africa and south-east Asia.
Read more about mosquitoes and dengue:
Malaysia Messes With Mosquito Genes to Fight Dengue Fever
Novel Dengue Fever Control Strategy: Adult Mosquitos Deliver Poison To Offspring
Climate Change Too Abstract For You? Dengue Fever Could Spread to 28 U.S. States
Pollution Paste
London Mayor, Boris Johnson, recently embarked on an ambitious plan to spray city streets with a pollution paste.
The "dust suppressant" acts as an adhesive to paste particulate matter to the streets instead of re-circulating in the air. Transport of London will spray the suppressant at two traffic-heavy spots over the next six months during the pilot phase. The city hopes the move will curb concentrations of particulate matter by 10 percent to 20 percent, similar to results from other pilot tests in Europe.
London is close to exceeding European Union limits for particulate matter, which complicates the respiratory systems of children and seniors.
Via: Greenbiz
The Next Green "It" Girl
The second annual Project Green Search competition is underway with the aim of discovering the next "green it girl." The winner gets an offer of representation from a modeling and talent agency, a green make-over and eco shopping spree. After a public voting round, the 10 finalists with compete in a series of challenges in LA.
Via: MNN
More about this episode of Planet 100
Planet 100 on Planet Green


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For one evening in mid-April in New Castle, Pa., Temple Hadar Israel bustled with the sounds of prayers, the tinkling of glasses and dishes and even the joyful outbursts of a visiting toddler. About three dozen members and visitors had gathered on the first night of Passover over matzo ball soup and other traditional fare for a communal celebration of the ancient Jewish ritual meal.
The chatter and laughter among the mostly older, informally dressed group provided a respite from the reality that the days of the historic synagogue in the Lawrence County city are likely numbered.
Once with 300 to 400 families in the two synagogues that have long since merged, Hadar Israel is now down to 70 members.
"Way back when, they used to have a service every day," said Arthur Epstein, 81, who has been a member for 50 years. "That's when they were a booming congregation."
On Judaism's holiest days, worshippers once overflowed from the main sanctuary into a fellowship hall filled with folding chairs. Today, plenty of empty seats are at regular prayers, and classrooms once serving 100 young students now sit idle.
"We're trying our best to keep it alive," Epstein said. But "you have to have people."
The story is being repeated throughout small-town America — but nowhere more so than in the constellation of small mill cities in the Tri-State area of Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia that have long since passed their peak industrial years.
Along the Ohio and Monongahela river valleys, in the Laurel Highlands and in county seats through the region, synagogues with rich legacies have been entering what some describe as hospice care.
Many are already the last synagogues in town — mergers of Reform, Conservative or Orthodox congregations that once flourished separately, now using a blend of denominational liturgies. It's often a matter of when, not if, they will close. Many are preparing for the care of their cemeteries, endowments and Torah scrolls after they close.
Chalk it up to mills, malls, marriage and mobility.
As the traditional steel and other industrial employers closed or downsized, fewer customers frequented the downtown shops run by Jewish merchants — who also faced competition from new, larger store chains.
And like Jews elsewhere, younger generations are more likely to pursue professions in Pittsburgh or other larger cities.
"In smaller towns, kids go off to college and don't come back. That tends to age a lot of these small congregations," said Rabbi Howard Stein, who commutes from Pittsburgh's South Hills twice a month to lead services at Hadar Israel, which went from full- to part-time rabbinical services to stretch its budget.
And small-town synagogues are buffeted by trends sweeping American Judaism overall.
A growing minority of Jews — including nearly one-third of younger adults — say they're not religious, according to a 2013 study by the Pew Research Center. More than half of Jews who married since 2000 did so to non-Jews. When asked what makes one Jewish, significantly fewer listed Jewish community involvement or observance of religious law than pursuing more general values of morality, ethics and justice.
While small-town congregations face challenges, they're not unique to synagogues.
Traditional ethnic churches of all stripes of Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism have been shrinking or closing across the Tri-State region and many Northern and Midwestern states. But the loss of a city's historic synagogue has unique poignancy for Jews.
Communal worship is central to Judaism, and synagogues often provided a social outlet and a haven in times of overt discrimination.
"It's really an emotional thing" for people to close a synagogue where they had marked the years by bar and bat mitzvahs, weddings and funerals," said Sharon Perelman, associate director of the Jewish Community Foundation of the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh, which is helping several area synagogues plan their legacies.
"The synagogue was the bedrock for the Jewish community. It wasn't just a place where you had worship," she said.
"When a synagogue or temple closes in a community, that's it," said David Sarnat, president of the Atlanta-based Jewish Community Legacy Project, which has consulted with declining synagogues in the Pittsburgh region and in the South and Midwest. "In almost every community we deal with, they're down to their last congregation. It's not like we're able to say to them, 'Go down the street to Congregation XYZ.'"
Instead, those Jews are faced with longer commutes to worship in Pittsburgh or another city.
Sam Bernstine, president of Hadar Israel in New Castle, said the synagogue hopes to maintain religious services, classes and other activities as long as it can.
"Our goal is to keep this open so these wonderful senior citizens can finish their lives with the temple they began their lives with," said Bernstein, who turns 58 this month and is often the youngest one at services.


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Creative, Feminism | Posted by Lauren M on 10/23/2009
I am the clatter of stilettos on concrete,
The sheen of glittering clothes,
Bathrooms foggy with hairspray and perfume,
The pink ribbon tangled in your hair,
Threaded between your teeth.
I am your arms the color of the moon,
Your eyes the color of the rain,
Your shaking bones disguised by sunlight.
I lurk in the shadowy corners of the makeup aisle,
In the dark recesses of the scale,
In the hidden folds of closet and catalog.
I am the five pounds
That, if lost, would make you so much more attractive.
I am the five pounds
That, if gained, would make you so much healthier.
I am the beautiful pale boyfriends you crave,
The guilty indulgence of chocolate,
The worn pages of Cosmo and Seventeen.
I will not kiss other girls if there are no boys watching.
I am not fat, but curvy.
I am not Black, but exotic.
I am not Latina, but fiery.
I am not Asian, but submissive.
The scars ground into my skin
Are shallow enough to be covered with makeup.
I am your lips the color of war,
Your jeweled eyelashes,
The pink tumors just under your skin, ready to burst.
I am your polished nails
And lacquered skin.
I am unworn lingerie,
Unwanted subscriptions to debt and poverty,
The rallying cry of the unheard.
I am a coping method,
The path of least resistance,
The revolution that no one needed,
The degradation you've come to love,
The small smile hiding the outrage
You never meant to feel.
Post Your Comment
Hope Springs Internal @ at 12:42 pm, October 23rd, 2009
WOW. This is is amazing. I love, love, love it!
Toongrrl @ at 12:46 pm, October 23rd, 2009
Thst is so incredible. Lauren you should write for a living, you'll just love it!!
JC @ at 1:05 pm, October 23rd, 2009
I think you really nailed it with
"I will not kiss other girls if there are no boys watching.
I am not fat, but curvy.
I am not Black, but exotic.
I am not Latina, but fiery.
I am not Asian, but submissive."
What's your full name if you can share?
cottonstar @ at 1:19 pm, October 23rd, 2009
very inspiring. i love to write and i also love to see other people's creativity shine through. keep writing!
K8 AH @ at 2:17 pm, October 23rd, 2009
I really loved this! It is is the first poetry in a very long time that really "spoke to me." I get it, I feel it, it's awesome!
Chelsea! @ at 7:16 pm, October 23rd, 2009
Wow, this is just wonderful. I love it!
Tea @ at 9:41 pm, October 23rd, 2009
"clatter of stilettos on concrete"- great consonance, or whatever it's called when you repeat all those "t"s. Alliteration, maybe?
Mara @ at 1:32 am, October 24th, 2009
Beautiful and powerful. I love it.
Amy CT @ at 4:59 am, October 25th, 2009
Melanie @ at 11:17 am, October 25th, 2009
It's consonance
dare2believe @ at 11:23 am, October 25th, 2009
just…wow! Amazing, amazing poem.
Lauren @ at 1:53 pm, October 25th, 2009
Thank you all! I'm glad it made such an impact. I love writing For the record, my full name is Lauren Moore.
Maggie @ at 8:22 pm, October 28th, 2009
I have always wondered how the femme identified feel about these kinds of statements…
wen @ at 2:29 pm, December 4th, 2009
Why would you just kiss girls if boys are watching? Sounds a bit teenage to me.
Sars @ at 12:06 pm, December 11th, 2009
Wen – I believe she is making a jab at the culture that has developed in which women are nothing but sexual objects and have been reduced to begging for the attention of men and boys, leading them to do things like make out with one another on the dance floor at some stupid club to get the attention of the pigs around them who only moments ago were caught up in watching the scantily clad girls dancing on the speakers making the girls who are now making out with one another upset and insecure because they're not getting any attention…..
rockergrrrl @ at 1:02 pm, January 30th, 2010
that was great!
Laura H @ at 3:29 pm, November 25th, 2010
I am completely in love with those last six lines.
Rae @ at 4:46 pm, March 20th, 2011
I think it has a lot of really great wordplay, but if we're being honest, I think it's a little shallow and the concept is undeveloped. All of this imagery is not inherently good or bad, but comes down to how the individual is motivated. An entire poem implying that these cliches are women learning to love to be degraded is, in fact, degrading women. We cannot say "You're allowed to choose the life you want…but be aware that housewife or stripper are not valid choices that should be supported." I can't take a poem seriously that's supposed to be supporting women that's all about ripping on women who made choices you don't agree with.
mya @ at 9:16 pm, March 22nd, 2011
this is absolutely ridiculous. the writing is all right but the poem focuses on stereotypes and negative aspects of women. It does not praise strong independent women at all and is actually very insulting toward women.
Danielle @ at 2:48 pm, April 7th, 2011
Would you mind if I posted this on my blog?
Violet @ at 5:41 pm, October 30th, 2012
In all honesty, this poem was uncreative at best. This subject matter has been beaten into the ground. The writing barely qualifies as poetry and is more like a solid paragraph broken into bits. Also, it sounds to me that you are projecting. Many women are completely comfortable with themselves and don't fall prey to these insecurities.


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Update: Kepler GPUs Shipping This Year? NVIDIA Says Noby Ryan Smith on 8/3/2011 6:30 PM EST
13 Comments
Back to Article
wifiwolf - Wednesday, August 03, 2011 - linkNvidia's claims are a bit cheap at the moment since it's twice already that they didn't deliver in time. So we must assume whenever marketing puts out a launch date, we just add 6 months to it.
I assume this is just to hold people from buying AMD early as last times. Reply
DanNeely - Thursday, August 04, 2011 - linkAnd all AMD launch dates need to be held to the level of fail they suffered with the 2xxx series... Reply
IvanChess - Sunday, August 07, 2011 - linkThe HD 2000 series was Ati, the HD 5000 series and up is AMD. Reply
HOOfan 1 - Tuesday, August 09, 2011 - linkHow about Bulldozer? Wasn't that originally slated to release back in March or April? Reply
EnsilZah - Thursday, August 04, 2011 - linkAre there any plans for an answer to Eyefinity?
I'd like to get one card to run my three monitors but I still need CUDA support. Reply
aguilpa1 - Thursday, August 04, 2011 - linkUh, hello? 590GTX!
I have been running 3 24" Alienware of this one card for some time now and works great even when gaming at 6000x1080. Yes it is a dual card but before the 590 you actually had to have two cards regardless and is smaller then one of my old 295's I used to have, is much quieter and draws less power then the two 295's it replaced. Reply
DanNeely - Thursday, August 04, 2011 - linkA product aimed at the top.1% (SLI) or 0.01% (595) of the market isn't an proper answer; merely a stopgap. Reply
JKflipflop98 - Thursday, August 04, 2011 - linkA product aimed at the top .1%? You mean like triple monitor users? Reply
DanNeely - Thursday, August 04, 2011 - linkNot everyone who uses multiple screens is a gamer. For anything less (or even casual games) a 5450 is more than adequate. Nor do all multiple screen users who game do so on all three. If ATI/nVidia ever add support for PLP I'd be willing to give it a try at 4960x1600, until then I'm quite happy gaming on my center screen. Otherwise I find 3 screens very useful for everything else, and the 30" is a nice extravagance but hardly necessary; I'd rather have 3x20 than 1x30 given the choice (sadly at work I can't have either). Reply
aguilpa1 - Friday, August 05, 2011 - linkThe OP wants a single Nvidia card that supports the use of 3 monitors and CUDA for that reason the 590 is a proper answer.
Technically, it is an expensive high end product and Nvidia should be supporting the use of multiple monitors on cards less than a 590 no question. However from experience the card is incredibly fast and works flawlessly with 3 monitors. I do a great deal of photography besides gaming and actual gaming is probably more like 10% of use. I greatly appreciate the use of 3 screens in Photoshop and the CUDA accelerated features. Gaming on 3 screens at the highest settings is a very nice bonus and breathtaking on auto racing sims. Reply
arh2o - Thursday, August 04, 2011 - linkRyan, what's your take on Charlie's article?: http://semiaccurate.com/2011/07/05/nvidias-kepler-...
"Every stepping you have to make adds about 6 weeks to the tally, more if there are tough bugs to quash. The norm is two spins, so about 7-8 months, and AMD is right there now, February to September. If Nvidia is as successful, mid-Q1 is the earliest you should be looking at for Kepler arrival."
Mid Q1 at the earliest would be like March - I wonder if Nvidia is going to paper launch on December 31st then hold availability until Feb/March... Reply
camylarde - Friday, August 05, 2011 - linkif any date in 2011, then Dec 10 or so, to hamper xmas sales for AMD. Reply
AmdInside - Monday, August 08, 2011 - linkYou are asking a respectable journalist such as Ryan to comment on a fake like Charlie?
Anyways, I could be wrong but I can't think of any major tradeshows in December so we are probably looking at CES 2012 for a launch. Fine with me anyways since I'm always broke from November to January from Christmas shopping. Now what I'm wondering if ATI can get a new graphics card out in time for Battlefield 3 launch. My computer runs BF:BC2 smoothly so I hope BF3 is the same. Can't wait for the beta. Reply


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Fashion FAIL: Amy Winehouse Looks A Bit Top Heavy (PHOTOS)
Amy Winehouse is looking more busty than usual, you guys. And as such, it seems like she's having a more difficult time putting those things away. How does one even stand up right with so much weight going on up there?
Click through the gallery to see her in human popsicle form. And for more fashion wonderment check out our coverage at Fashion FAILs & FTWs.


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The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) gives American consumers the right to dispute any errors on their credit reports, and it charges the credit reporting agencies and the reporting entities with determining whether or not the errors are accurate. According to the FCRA, a company that is reporting negative information and the credit bureau are responsible for doing the investigations when consumers dispute an item or items on their credit reports. The credit bureau may be one of the major credit ratings agencies Experian, Equifax or TransUnion, and the reporting entity may be an individual, a company or an organization that report financial information about their clients. Consumers who need to dispute any items on their credit reports will need to contact both the credit bureau and the reporting company.
To begin the process, consumers will need to inform the reporting entity that what they are reporting is incorrect, and they must do this by writing a letter. Along with their letters explaining the situation, consumers will need to offer proof that what they are stating is true. They will want to do this by sending copies of their documents, never the originals. It's imperative that their letters contain their names and their address. They must also illuminate the specific items on their reports that are in dispute. The best way to do this is to circle or highlight the incorrect items on a copy of the report. They will need to explain why the item is incorrect and ask that the credit reporting agency take the steps necessary to remove or correct the item. A good example of a letter people can send will be found below. This letter must be sent by certified mail. When the dispute letter is sent in this manner, the consumer receives notice that the letter has been received by the credit reporting agency and on what date.
Once the credit reporting agency receives the dispute letter, it will investigate the claim within 30 days. Part of the agency's obligation will be to send the documentation the consumer provided them with to the company that is reporting the inaccurate information. It will then be the reporting entity's turn to act. The reporting company will need to examine the documentation and determine whether or not it agrees with the consumer's claims and inform the credit bureau of what it decides. In the event that the reporting company agrees that the information is not correct, the company must send notice to all three credit reporting agencies. These three major credit bureaus have the obligation to correct each report after receiving this notice.
The credit bureau's duties do not stop there. After they have corrected an item, they must send a newly corrected report to the consumers. They must also include a copy of any supporting documents in this package. All American consumers are entitled to one free credit report a year, but the corrected report they will receive will not be considered their one free report. Now that the credit bureaus have removed or corrected an item, they are barred from adding it to the consumer's report ever again. The only way they could do this legally is if the reporting company informs them later that the item actually was timely and accurate. If this were to occur, the consumer would be entitled to know the reporting entity's name, address and telephone number, and the credit bureau would be obligated to tell them in writing.
The consumer may have been subject to a credit check in the six months prior to the corrections. If this is the case, these consumers have the right to ask the credit bureaus to send these companies a copy of the corrected report. If a prospective employer performed a credit check in the past two years, consumers may ask that the corrected report be sent to these people.
The end result is not always as satisfying as the one described above. If the consumers are unable to have an item that they believe is incorrect removed or corrected, they can inform the credit bureaus that they would like to add a dispute statement to their files. This dispute will also be added to any reports that are requested in the future. If they do not mind paying a fee, they can also have this dispute statement sent to all people and organizations that asked for and received their credit reports in the recent past.
The consumers will also need to communicate with the company reporting the disputed information. They will do this by writing a letter similar to the one they sent to the credit bureau that will also have copies of the supporting documentation. Some companies provide an address meant only to accept dispute letters. Companies or individuals that are reporting to the credit bureaus must keep this dispute statement in these consumers' files. Once the item is determined to be inaccurate, the entity that has been reporting the incorrect information is not allowed to report it in the future.
Below consumers will find a sample of a dispute letter:
Consumer's Name
Consumer's Address
Reporting Entity's Dispute Department
Reporting Entity's Name
Reporting Entity's Address
To Whom It May Concern:
This letter is to inform you that I dispute some of the information that is on my report. I highlighted the items that I am disputing on the copy of the report that I included with this letter.
The item (clearly specify the name of the reporting entity, such as a lender, and label the type of item, such as a loan or a credit card account) is not correct or is not complete because (explain to the company exactly the reason the item is not correct or is incomplete). I ask that you delete this item (or whatever action they would like taken) to correct this error.
I have enclosed copies of (state that there are enclosed documents if it applies and describe the documents, such as a payment record) that reinforce my claim. Please investigate the items I illuminated and (remove or correct) these disputed entries promptly.
Sincerely, Consumer's Name
Enclosures: List the documents that were enclosed here.
Following are the mailing addresses for the three major credit bureaus:
TransUnion Consumer Solutions
P.O. Box 2000,
Equifax Information, LLC
P.O. Box 740256,
Experian: Consumers can obtain Experian's address by calling the toll-free number that can be found on their credit reports.


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The NSW government has approved two more office towers at
The government rejected the recommendation of an expert review panel, which last September said Lend Lease should consider reviewing the design of the two towers or employing a new architect, in the interest of a "more diverse built form".
The towers, known as C3 and C5 are 48 and 39 storeys and are worth a combined $970 million.
All three towers planned for the site are now approved.
The government, in the NSW Department of Planning and Infrastructure director-general's environmental assessment report on C3 and C5, said a review could threaten the deliverablility and viability of the project.
"Planning approval for the towers is great news – it will mean thousands of jobs during construction and firmly establish Sydney as a financial services hub for the Asia-Pacific region," he said yesterday.
Lend Lease's Barangaroo South managing director Andrew Wilson said the three towers represented the biggest commercial office space approval in Sydney's history.
"The approvals signal that the Barangaroo South towers are on track to deliver more than 266,000 sq m of net lettable premium office space."
The approval comes as Lend Lease awaits a tenant and funding pre-commitment to the first office tower at Barangaroo, known as C4.
Forward works for the first tower are well advanced on the harbour site.
Westpac and KPMG are expected to move to Barangaroo as cornerstone office tenants, though no formal announcements have been made.
The Barangaroo project was subjected to an overall review and "snapshot" design review in September.
According to the DPI director general's report on C3 and C5, the design review panel, comprising NSW government architect Peter Mould, independent architect Ray Brown and chair Shelley Penn, said the first of the three towers by Roger Stirk Harbour and Partners was expected to deliver an "excellent design outcome".
However they said that the other two would not produce as successful an outcome as they would exacerbate the "visual bulk" of the towers.
They said that the bulk of the towers should be reviewed, with taller, thinner towers likely to help the composition.
Sydney Lord Mayor
"It will create serious impacts that could have been avoided," she said.
"The buildings could have been better shaped, more elegant and avoided the wind tunnel effects and overshadowing of the waterfront and pedestrian routes to the planned ferry stop."
The C3 tower will have a maximum gross floor area of more than 115,000 sq m of office space.
The C5 tower will have more than 95,000 sq m of floor space.
The towers are expected to provide enough space on completion for 10,300 workers.
The Australian Financial Review


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Katie and Hannah were best friends. But Hannah wanted more. Would she get what she wanted? Femmeslash. One shot.
Brad Walst has always been there for his little brother, Matt. But is this love just brotherly, or something more? Three Days Grace/My Darkest Days, INCEST WARNING!!
What happens when Skwisgaar and Toki make a bet? Will Skwisgaar conquer yet another girl or will Toki be proven right? And will the whole charade go as planned-or turn out like neither ever expecte...
A 13 Ghosts fic: Loneliness is something that Ryan was accustomed to, something that helped him be at peace with his other sins. But when he meets a girl that works in a brothel of all places, will...
Follow the boring romance parts and you shall be rewarded in later chapters...
One shot: Thor and Loki PWP. After Thor brings Loki back to Asgard he shows him how well prisoners can really be treated.
Miscellaneous Smut/Erotica. Viewer Discretion Advised.
(One of my all time favorite Hetalia pairings. P!EnglandXAmerica ONESHOT) America realizes a bit too late that England still has the pirate in him
Ricky and Annie are watching Spring Awakening when they decide to have an awakening of their own. Inspired by the song with characters from my new book.
Nudge's sexual dreams about Iggy are forced out of her and Iggy wants to know her view on them. And he doesn't take no for an answer. NudgexIggy Niggy Lemons OF COURSE! YOU KNOW HOW I ROLL! :P
Stefan and Ashley have a 'sleepover'
Stefan And Ashley.
This is a tale of a girl who thought life and misfortune had already taken it's toll. Little did she know, a whole new world filled with sex, misery, misfortune, and mortality rested on her shoulde...
An orphaned girl is haunted by a strange man...an Incubus that wants nothing more than to see her suffer and beg him for mercy.Lemons. You know me.
Just something I wrote about two of my favorite people, Jack Barakat and Alex Gaskarth.


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Details & Care
Ruggedly masculine, exotic. A distinctive, dynamic scent that expresses individuality in understated style. A stimulating blend of citrus notes, the freshness of lavender, the simplicity of sage, intensity of pepper, introverted touch of tobacco and the pleasurable scent of musk.
- Winner of Allure magazine's 'Best of Beauty' award for Best Men's Fragrance, 2012.
- By Dolce&Gabbana Beauty; made in Germany.
- Item #14871U
More to love
Dolce&Gabbana Beauty 'Pour Homme' Eau de Toilette Spray
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Supposedly there is a new high-value printable coupon for Duke's Mayonnaise with no size restrictions. I do not see this coupon myself, and the blogger that did post it is located in Ohio. I used to live in Akron and Columbus, so maybe my old zip codes will work for you if you want to try them. I have no idea if they will work. They were 44312 and 43201. Anyways, click on the link below and if you're lucky you will see a high-value Duke's coupon. As I said in the title, this coupon is REGIONAL and it will not show up for everyone. (It does not show up for me!)
$1.75/1 Duke Mayonnaise printable manufacturer's coupon ***NO SIZE RESTRICTIONS*** (preclipped; REGIONAL)
If you find this coupon under a certain zip code, please comment and let us know.
Thanks Kroger Krazy.Extreme Couponing Tip: You can usually get two prints of most internet coupons. To find them in the easiest possible way, use our preclipped links that take you right to the coupon. Then come back and click the same link to get your 2nd print. This will save you the time spent searching for the coupon.
Never miss another hot coupon, deal or freebie again! "Like" Couponaholic .NET on Facebook, Follow us on Pinterest, Follow us on Twitter, Follow us on Instagram or Subscribe to our Daily Email Newsletter!


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Taize contemplative worship service: First United Methodist Church of Redlands, 1 E. Olive Ave., offers a Taize contemplative worship service at 7:30 p.m. the first Sunday of the month. Music is led by William Zeitler and an ensemble of music students from the University of Redlands. Prelude begins at 7:20. Information: the Rev. Karen Gardner, 909-793-2118
Christian Science Church Bible study: The First Church of Christ, Scientist, of Redlands offers Bible study at 11 a.m. the second Sunday of every month after the church service. The community is invited. The church is at 110 W. Vine St., Redlands, across from the A.K. Smiley Public Library. Information: 909-792-5575
Cancer support group: First United Methodist Church of Redlands, 1 E. Olive Ave., has a cancer support group that meets at 10:45 a.m. the second Sunday of the month in the chapel. Information: the Rev. Karen Gardner, 909-793-2118
Grief support group: Redlands Church of Christ, 1000 Roosevelt Road, offers a grief support group that meets 5:30-7 p.m. the second and fourth Sundays of the month. Steven G. Kay leads the group. Information: 909-793-5670; 909-856-5449
Adult Bible study: First Evangelical Lutheran Church of Redlands has an adult Bible study group that meets 11 a.m.-noon every Monday in the church's Parish Hall, 1207 W. Cypress Ave. The Rev. Kim Eifert Krogstad leads the group. The topic is the Bible passages that will be the focus of the upcoming Sunday services. The public is invited. Information: 909-793-2267
Grief recovery support group: First Baptist Church of Redlands, 51 W. Olive Ave., has a grief recovery support group that meets 7 p.m. every Monday in the church lounge. It is a confidential support group for those who are suffering from grief. There is no cost, and refreshments are provided. Information: Marge Emrick, 909-747-5791; email email@example.com
Cops and Clergy Network: Cops and Clergy Network meets the third Tuesday of every month at noon at Denny's, 1180 Alabama St., Redlands. Information: email@example.com
The Christian Roundtable: The Christian Roundtable meets for lunch at noon, followed by a discussion until 1:15 p.m. on Wednesdays in Kimberly Lounge at First Congregational Church, 2 W. Olive Ave., Redlands. are Ray Ashworth and Mark Mollet. Information: instituteofchristianstudies.com
Christian Science services: Wednesday services at the Christian Science Church are at noon and 7 p.m. Services include Scripture readings, hymns, prayers and testimonies of healing. Those attending the noon service are invited to bring lunch. The church is at 110 W. Vine St., Redlands. Information: 909-792-5575
Mission Commons: First Congregational Church of Redlands conducts a 10 a.m. service the first and third Wednesdays of the month at Mission Commons, 10 Terracina Blvd., Redlands. The community is invited. Those attending are asked to arrive a few minutes early.
Meditation group: A meditation group meets 7 to 8 p.m. Wednesdays at the Spiritual Treatment Center of Redlands, 602 N. Church St., Redlands.
Adult Bible study: An adult Bible study group meets 9:30 to 10:30 a.m. every Wednesday at Christ the King Lutheran Church, 1505 S. Ford St., Redlands. The public is welcome. Information: 909-793-5703
Bible study group: A Bible study group meets 9:30 to 10:45 a.m. every Thursday at the First Congregational Church of Redlands, 2 W. Olive Ave. The group is led by the Rev. Lowell Linden. Information: 909-793-3157
Redlands Area Interfaith Council: Redlands Area Interfaith Council meets the second Thursday of each month at 8 a.m. at Redlands First United Methodist Church, 1 E. Olive Ave. People from all faith communities are invited to attend.
Couples' Bible study: Christ the King Lutheran Church, 1505 S. Ford St., Redlands, has a couples' Bible study 7:30 to 9 p.m. the first Friday of the month. Information: 909-793-5703
Gospel Night: Los Rios Rancho, 39611 Oak Glen Road, Oak Glen, has a Gospel Night 7 p.m. the third Friday of the month. Freewill offerings are accepted.
Saturday Night Light: First Congregational Church's Saturday Night Light meets 5 p.m. the third Saturday of the month in the church's Kimberly Hall, 2 W. Olive Ave., Redlands. The contemporary service includes music, discussion and prayer. Refreshments are served. Child care is available. Information: 909-793-3157
Redeemer Reformed Baptist Church: Redeemer Reformed Baptist Church of Redlands invites the community to weekly Bible studies from January through the end of May. The Bible studies are 10 a.m. to noon on Saturdays on the University of Redlands campus, in Gregory Hall, Building 213, Room 270. The classes are not sponsored by or affiliated with the University of Redlands. Pastor Jeff Massey will lead the studies on "Redemption — Planned, Promised, Performed and Perfected." For information, contact Massey at 909-268-8003 or visit www.RedeemerReformedBaptistChurch.com .


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A YOUNG Dorchester woman who was diagnosed with cervical cancer is campaigning for change.
Loren Oswin, 25, is determined to get the age of cervical screening, known as a smear test, lowered to improve the diagnosis of young women.
Hundreds of people have already signed her petition, but the Alfred Road resident says more action is needed to change government policy.
The death of Jade Goody at 27 in 2009 and a nationwide campaign by the family of Claire Walker Everett, who died aged just 23, led to calls to lower the screening age.
But the government said it would not be lowered, with GPs told to improve their diagnosis of young women by spotting symptoms at an earlier stage.
The starting age for women in Scotland is 20.
Miss Oswin says that younger women are unaware of the dangers and should demand a smear test.
Experts say it provides an opportunity for women to get into the habit of having smear tests and for advice to be given about the risks.
Miss Oswin, who lives with her boyfriend Dan, was given the all-clear this month following numerous appointments and procedures which included a nine-and-a-half-hour operation.
She said: "I started to suffer at around the age of 16 but it was around two years ago I kept passing out and things became worse.
"I was really struggling and it was unbearable painful. I was denied a smear test because they said I was so close to 25 I may as well just wait."
The brave cancer victim was given a smear test just two weeks before she turned 25 and it was then that she was finally referred to a hospital.
After several examinations, she was finally told in August that she had one of the two types of cervical cancer – endocervical adenocarcinoma.
"I was told only 10 per cent of cervical cancer patients had this kind and that it was harder to spot."
The future now looks bright for the young woman, who is hopeful of getting back to work at Chipmunks Day Nursery in the next few months.
She added: "If anybody has pain or any symptoms, please demand to have a smear test and please sign the petition if you can."
She said: "It is hopeful that I will be able to have children."
The relieved mum and daughter thanked Macmillan and The Steve Charles Help A Friend Fund for their financial support.
• HEALTH chiefs claim screening women under the age of 25 may 'do more harm than good'.
Professor Julietta Patnick, director of the NHS cancer screening programmes, said: "Screening women under the age of 25 may do more harm than good as it can lead to unnecessary and harmful investigations and treatments.
"Women below the age of 25 often undergo natural and harmless changes in the cervix that screening would identify as cervical abnormalities.
"Despite this, cervical cancer is very rare in this age group. In most cases these abnormalities resolve themselves."
• MORE than 260 cancer patients in Dorset were given a Macmillan grant to help them with costs relating to their cancer treatment last year.
Loren's mum Julie Clayton told the Echo about how difficult life became when her daughter was diagnosed.
She said: "My daughter had been signed off from work and was only getting sick pay. Her life had been turned upside down.
"Her operation was at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London. We had enough money for the train fare for the operation but nothing else, and the hospital needed to see her for an appointment first.
"A benefits adviser from Dorset CAB visited us and applied for a grant from Macmillan to pay the train fares."


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Treatment options in responding to drug misuse problems
Intervention strategies
Making and maintaining contact with drug misusers
Treatment and rehabilitation strategies
Intervention to achieve changes in life-style
Intervention to treat medical complications associated with drug misuse
Treatment in prisons
Social reintegration strategies
Concluding comment
Author: E. TONGUE , D. TURNER
Pages: 3 to 19
Creation Date: 1988/01/01
Treatment options in responding to drug misuse problemsE. TONGUE Deputy Director, International Council on Alcohol and Addictions, Lausanne, Switzerland
D. TURNER Standing Conference on Drug Abuse, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Reducing both the supply of and demand for drugs is a major theme in efforts to control the drug problem. It is essential to recognize that demand-reduction efforts are critical to enable supply-reduction efforts to have realizable goals. The initial goal of any intervention must be the limitation of harm to the individual and society. The primary goal is to reduce the prevalence of drug misuse within the community. The provision of a wide range of integrated approaches is essential if demand-reduction programmes are to be successful in contacting drug misusers, maintaining that contact and successfully assisting the individual through treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration. The article summarizes the more common approaches to the treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration of drug-dependent persons.
Reducing both the supply of and demand for illicit drugs has become a major theme in the efforts to control drug problems. The International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, which was held at Vienna in June 1987, adopted a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline and a Declaration in which the essential balance between the two elements was emphasized [ 1] . This balance between the relative importance of supply and demand reduction has not always been emphasized, however. At the national and international levels, over the years, supply reduction has consistently been the foremost concern. There is no reason to suppose that it will not re-emerge as the predominant theme as concern grows about the links between illicit drug trafficking and terrorism, international financial dealings and arms supply. It is important, however, to recognize that demand-reduction efforts are essential to enable supply-reduction efforts to have realizable goals.
Reviewing patterns of drug misuse over the last 25 years, it is clear that, as control is achieved over one drug new drugs emerge as drugs of misuse. The regular addition of new drugs controlled under either the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol [ 2] or Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 [ 3] is indicative of the rapid emergence of alternatives to controlled drugs as drugs of misuse.
Demand-reduction programmes must inevitably respond to drug problems as they appear. For instance, the control of six amphetamine-like substances was considered by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs every year from 1955 to 1962. Only in 1969, after consistent pressure from the Government of Sweden, supported by the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, and because of the health and social problems caused by these drugs was the adoption of a resolution calling for effective international controls on these substance [ 4-6] .
If the efforts to reduce the supply of and demand for drugs are a response to emerging and identified problems, it is inevitable that the initial goal of any intervention must be the limitation of harm to the individual, society and the international community. The elimination of drug problems, while properly the ideal, is a goal that has been and will continue to be frustrated by the emergence of new drugs. Demand reduction therefore has a major role to play as a means of limiting the growth of drug problems and reducing the harm caused by drug misus [ 7-12] ..
Within the efforts to reduce demand, there are different intervention strategies. These may be aimed at reducing: (a)the number of new recruits to drug use; (b)the harm that may be caused by drug use to the individual and society; and (c)the number of drug users within the community. Each of these strategies has a vital role to play, and no single one can be given the prime responsibility because they are interdependent.
Efforts to reduce the harm caused by drug misuse and to reduce prevalence of drug problems may be placed in three main categories:
Making and maintaining contact with drug misusers;
Treatment and rehabilitation strategies;
Social reintegration strategies.
In the development of demand reduction strategies, it is important to make an assessment of the nature and level of drug problems within a given community. This may be done through surveys and research or through a review of available indicators such as drug-related overdoses, drug users that come to the attention of the authorities, and arrests of drug offenders. Knowledge of patterns of drug misuse provide a basis for targeting intervention strategies, reducing the likelihood of limited resources being misdirected. For instance, the occasional use of psychotropic substances may require concentration on preventive education, accurate information about drugs in order that occasional users might limit harm to themselves and others and outreach work, which can provide advice on the avoidance of particularly harmful practices such as intravenous injection.
The concepts of treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration have come to imply particular intervention approaches. Treatment is commonly viewed as a medical intervention through the use of substitute drugs, detoxification or the use of other medical approaches. If the goal of treatment is to assist the individual to achieve control over her or his drug use problem, a range of non-medical approaches are equally applicable. For some drug misusers, rehabilitation and social reintegration imply a process of restoration to the state prior to the onset of drug misuse. It is important to recognize that, for many persons, it will be a process of rehabilitation and integration, that is, creating new circumstances and ways of living that the individual has never experienced before. It is perhaps here that one of the major differences between drug and alcohol interventions can be most readily seen. Drug misuse most commonly affects young people with little experience of life. Alcohol problems more commonly affect adults, who have already substantial experience of life, including that relating to employment and personal relations. Thus, for adults, rehabilitation and social reintegration are a process of restoration, but, for drug misusers, there is a need to identify means of supporting new ways of living and of dealing with new experiences without resort to drug use [ 10-12] .
Given the relative immaturity of drug misusers and the predominantly youthful drug misusing population, it may be argued that all identified drug misusers should be taken into treatment compulsorily. It may also be argued that, for the protection of the community, drug misusers should be removed to limit the likelihood that they will draw others into drug misuse. There have been different experiences with compulsory treatment, which may in part be because of the different goals established for compulsory treatment interventions. For instance, the arrest and imprisonment of drug misusers commonly involves the compulsory detoxification of the misuser. Experience has shown, however, that if no other intervention strategy is employed, the individual rapidly returns to drug misuse on release from prison. Where the goal of the intervention strategy is abstinence from drugs, treatment and rehabilitation is most effective when the misuser wishes to achieve abstinence. Without this desire or motivation to change, temporary benefits may be gained by the individual and the community, but relapse into drug misuse is likely to follow rapidly after discharge from compulsory treatment. Thus, intervention strategies must not only offer the techniques of treatment, rehabilitation and reintegration but also stimulate the desire of the drug misuser to change [ 10] .
A common experience in services dealing with drug misusers is that the individual returns to drug misuse after the completion of treatment. It is at times argued that this represents a failure of the services to reduce the level of drug misuse within a community. The corollary is that emphasis should therefore be placed on supply reduction because of the ineffectiveness of demand-reduction approaches. Such arguments are false, however. It would be as valid to argue that supply-reduction approaches should be abandoned because, despite the resources devoted to this area, the supply of drugs has continued to grow. Drug misuse is an activity that can dominate the interests and concerns of the individual to the exclusion of all other considerations. In such circumstances, it is not surprising that a number of attempts to achieve control over drug misuse may be necessary before the individual has sufficient personal and emotional strength to regain independence from drugs. For some, this may require intervention strategies that are in the first instance aimed at containing drug misuse and reducing the involvement of the misuser in criminal and anti-social behaviour. For others, it may involve temporary removal from the community to provide a safe setting, away from the temptation of drugs, where living without drugs can be experienced. A growing body of evidence on relapse and relapse prevention shows that, while a drug misuser may return to drug misuse after treatment and rehabilitation, this is for many a temporary phase. If relapse is seen as any return to illicit drug use, then treatment and rehabilitation may be regarded a failure. If a longer view is taken, however, the evidence strongly supports the view that, after a period of six months or more of contained drug use or abstinence, relapse is greatly reduced and return to chaotic drug misuse is minimized [ [ 8] , [ 9] , [ 13] , [ 14] ].
Current treatment approaches and methods exist that are applicable in most countries. They include methods for treating individuals who display alterations in mood, perception and thinking processes as well as methods for modifying the client's environment. Often therapeutic activities are designed to influence the client's family, her or his home and social situation and/or the required vocational or educational skills. As a result of these approaches, certain facilities, such as hostels and half-way houses, have been utilized in some countries, and various disciplines, such as psychiatry, general medicine, psychology, sociology and social work, education, industrial rehabilitation and vocational guidance, have been brought together in a holistic concept of treatment. Recently, it has been realized that it is difficult if not impossible to separate the concepts of treatment and those of rehabilitation.
Several approaches to the treatment of drug-dependent persons exist within the holistic concept. Each of the professional disciplines concerned with drug dependence has its unique approach to treatment, and it therefore seems that the most effective approach to treatment is an interdisciplinary one. Given that intervention strategies require a range of approaches and involve interaction between the drug misuser, family, culture and community, it is inevitable that no one approach, agency or profession can or should have a monopoly on expertise or the provision of services. A range of disciplines and expertise are required, from medicine to education and training for employment. In this, the family, community groups, religious organizations and self-help organizations have played an important role through the support they have been able to offer both to intervention strategies and to the individual drug misuser. Where community action has been mobilized in the effort to reduce the demand for drugs, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration have all benefited. Because drug misusers inevitably come into contact with a range of services, voluntarily or involuntarily, it is important that these services are able to offer appropriate interventions. In some instances, the interventions are provided by governmental services, for instance within the national health care system or in prisons; in others, they are provided by non-governmental or private organizations. If demand-reduction strategies aimed at reducing the harm to the individual and society are to be effective, it is essential for the services to be available to the individual when she or he needs them. These services should be provided at an easily accessible place and should not be restricted according to the ability of the individual to pay for them [ [ 7] , [ 8] , [ 9] , [ 15] , [ 16] ].
Intervention strategies
Modalities of treatment may differ in different parts of the world depending on the socio-cultural environment, the type of drug or drugs used and other factors, such as age, sex, religion and employment statu [ 17-20] .
The general concept of treatment could be defined as: (a )a process of crisis solving intervention; and (b) a process to introduce changes in life-style.
It is essential for therapeutic activities to be well-planned, with both long-range and short-term objectives. In the absence of such objectives, the success of therapy may be seriously endangered.
Examples of long-range therapeutic goals might be:
To reduce the extent and seriousness of problems associated with the non-medical use of dependence-producing drugs;
To reduce the prevalence and incidence of drug dependence;
To improve the personal and social functioning of drug-dependent persons;
To develop an ongoing system for the continued planning, evaluation and modification of programme activities, as indicated by changing needs and the results of appraisals of the effectiveness of different policies, approaches and methods in use.
Immediate therapeutic objectives might be:
To bring drug-dependent persons into continuing contact with "helping" personnel;
To encourage those with whom contact is made to accept one or more types of help to improve their life situations;
To improve the personal and social functioning of drug-dependent persons;
To reduce the number of medical complications associated with the unsupervised self-administration of illicit drugs;
To reduce the unlawful or other socially unacceptable behaviour associated with obtaining and using drugs;
To help to reduce the diversion of licitly produced drugs to illicit channels for non-medical use;
To help to prevent the development or to reduce the extent of a black market in illicit drugs by reducing the demand for such drugs.
The broad functions to be performed in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependent persons are: case finding; diagnosis or case evaluation; the establishment of immediate and long-term objectives with respect to the person involved; the formulation of a management or treatment strategy, preferably with the participation of the client; the management of medical emergencies and complications associated with the basic problem; behaviour modification; the provision of rehabilitation services (medical, vocational or social); the provision of social services; the provision of continuing follow-up and after- care services; and the periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of therapeutic activities, including rehabilitation [ 8] , [ 9] , [ 21] .
It is clear that there is an overlap and interrelationship between intervention strategies. For instance, through efforts to make and retain contacts with drug misusers, treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration strategies are all concerned with improving the personal and social functioning of the drug-dependent individual. The particular approach adopted within a given strategy is dependent upon the personnel available and the stage of the drug-using career of the individual involved. Ideally, the sequence of stages of intervention should be followed. It is entirely possible, however, that the drug misuser will make contact with the service that she or he regards as most appropriate for his or her needs at a particular point in time. For instance, an individual may, having established contact with an outreach worker, seek to enter a rehabilitation hostel. This may prove unsuccessful on the first occasion, and the drug misuser may then enter a treatment programme to control her or his drug use and to detoxify before returning to rehabilitation.
Making and maintaining contact with drug misusers
Drug misuse is a covert activity that only comes to the notice of the family and community when it has become both a personal and a public problem. The goal of "case finding", that is making and retaining contact with drug misusers, should be defined at the outset. It might be:
To identify and make contact with drug users at an early stage to limit the likelihood of social or medical complications as a consequence of their drug use;
To make contact with drug misusers who are unaware of the treatment and rehabilitation services available to them and to provide them with a link to these services;
To establish contact with drug misusers who are not yet prepared to make contact with helping services and to provide them with counselling, advice and support in order to reduce the harm which may arise from continued drug misuse.
Outreach work was first developed as a means of reaching "unattached" young people in the United States of America. It is built on the traditions of youth and community work and has now become established as an effective means of contacting disadvantaged groups. It was adapted for use with drug misusers who were seen as particularly disadvantaged and isolated from the rest of the community. In recent years, outreach programmes have been directed towards other groups of misusers such as women, the elderly and minorities.
Obviously, reaching drug misusers is the most difficult part of intervention strategies. Recently, treatment programmes have begun to experiment with aggressive outreach approaches to contact and draw misusers into treatment before they lose social and economic supports and become a serious burden to the community.
For outreach work to be effective, trust must be established between the misusers and the outreach worker. Without this, it is possible to make contact but not to retain that contact over a period of time. Outreach work also requires the trust and co-operation of other programmes concerned with drug misuse in a community, such as the police and social and health services, because there will be little if any immediate return from such intervention strategies until trust is established with drug misusers. For instance, it may take as long as six months to establish effective contact with drug misusers, and therefore no referrals to treatment or rehabilitation may be made for some time. The outreach worker, however, may be able to advise and assist drug misusers to limit their drug use and to engage in less dangerous drug misusing behaviour during this period.
Outreach work is most commonly carried out by youth workers or community nurses who have received training in providing help to people away from established centres. Such workers are commonly found in a number of European countries as well as in north America. Recently, former and current drug misusers have been recruited as outreach workers because of their knowledge and experience. Within particular communities, religious leaders and significant figures within the community have also acted as contacts with drug misusers, identifying particular needs and assisting the misusers to achieve effective contact with specialized helping services.
This form of intervention has led to the identification of new and emerging needs and community proposals for drug misuse services. Among these have been telephone counselling and advice lines, self-help groups for the parents and families of drug misusers and self-help groups for drug misusers themselves.
If outreach were a more common modality, it is likely that a much higher proportion of drug misusers would seek help. One of the most important limitations in extending outreach programmes, however, is the general lack of treatment and rehabilitation services available in most countries.
It is unfortunate that relatively little has been written on outreach work among drug misusers, as it appears to be a valuable means of promoting an effective demand-reduction intervention strategy.
Treatment and rehabilitation strategies
Treatment and rehabilitation can be categorized as intervention designed:
To contain, control or eliminate drug misuse;
To provide changes in life-style (behaviour);
To treat medical complications associated with drug misuse.
Intervention designed to contain, control or eliminate dragmisuse
This intervention category includes: short-term detoxification; long-term detoxification and substitute therapy or maintenance; psychiatric treatment, such as psychotherapy and psychoanalysis; and the psychological approach.
Short-term detoxification
Current research suggests that there is no optimum method for detoxification applicable to all patients. It is suggested that it is most appropriate to individualize the detoxification procedure. Decisions concerning the rate of detoxification, the use of methadone or other detoxification methods, and whether detoxification should be done on an in-patient basis, whether dosing is blind or open, self-regulated or physician-regulated, cannot be generalized and need to be based on the patient's preference, on a clinical assessment of the patient's needs, and on the experience and resources of the treatment staff [ 14] .
The objective of the detoxification procedure is to provide symptomatic relief from the abstinence syndrome while physical dependence is being eliminated. As there is cross tolerance and cross dependence between all opiates, in cases of opiate dependence (e.g. heroine or morphine), any of them can be used to eliminate withdrawal symptoms and to detoxify the addicted person gradually. Methadone has been widely used in the detoxification process, particularly in the 1970s. With the discovery of substances acting as the narcotic antagonists, such as naloxone and naltrexone, these substances are now also being used in the detoxification period with reasonable success. Other pharmaceutical products, such as clonidine, have also been used by some therapists. Acupuncture has been used for detoxification instead of chemical substances, but the effectiveness of acupuncture and its potential role as a means of detoxification needs to be studied further.
The "cold turkey" method of detoxification does not involve the use of any substance to minimize the discomforts of withdrawal symptoms. For example, this method is used in Singapore, its duration being about one to three weeks. During the period of detoxification and following it, counselling and other supportive psychotherapy is necessary. It is also important to point out that supportive psychotherapy, counselling and other rehabilitative services may begin during the detoxification period. The detoxification period may last from 21 to 45 days. The majority of short-term detoxification programmes are conducted on an in-patient basis.
Long-term detoxification and substitute therapy or maintenance
The substitution of illicit opiates by a licit drug, such as methadone, is used in a number of countries. As in short-term detoxification, decisions about appropriate treatment needs should be based on an assessment of the individual client and her or his particular circumstances.
Very important goals of treatment must be to keep drug misusers in contact with the service as well as to assist them to control their chaotic drug misuse and to provide them with adequate tools to function adequately within society. Substitute drug therapy (maintenance) seeks to reduce illicit drug use and its associated criminal and anti-social behaviour and to eliminate the medical complications associated with unsupervised self-administration of illicit drugs. The provision of substitute drugs permits some people to achieve stability and to concentrate their attention on resolving personal problems that had previously been resolved by resorting to illicit drug use. For example, a method of therapy has been developed in out-patient programmes in both the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It lasts for six months or more, during which time methadone in an oral form is prescribed and a range of supportive therapies are offered. The goal is complete detoxification by the end of the programme.
Prescribing substitute drugs without a time limit, usually referred to as maintenance, is a controversial modality. Before the rapid increase in drug misuse among young people in the United Kingdom in the early 1960s, it was the accepted treatment modality in that country. Initial approaches to drug treatment between 1963 and the early 1970s involved the long-term prescription of heroin and cocaine, both as a means of attracting and retaining drug misusers in treatment and as a means of alleviating some of the pathological effects of drug misuse without necessarily achieving full recovery. Also in the 1960s, work began with the use of methadone as a substitute for opiates. In a maintenance programme, methadone had some advantages over heroin in that it was a longer-acting drug requiring less frequent administration. The results suggested that those persons who were admitted into methadone maintenance had considerably less criminal involvement and were more able to function effectively within the community.
The whole concept of maintenance has been undermined by the approach used to evaluate programmes. While many other programmes have been evaluated as successful though they have shown the relatively small number of persons who have become abstinent (drug free), maintenance has been severely criticized as unethical and ineffective because it has not aimed at or achieved abstinence. Programmes for methadone maintenance have rarely been evaluated on the basis of their success in reducing reliance on illicit drugs, and criminal and anti-social activity or in improving the social functioning of the maintained individual [ 8] , [ 16] , [ 22-24] .
The arguments for and against using methadone maintenance remain current. During the past decade several countries, in addition to the United States, have introduced methadone maintenance programmes either on a pilot basis or as a permanent service (for example, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland). The most outstanding example in the argument for methadone maintenance is found in Hong Kong, where statistics strongly suggest that clients who choose to be on maintenance can function normally in their everyday life. Furthermore, there is evidence that drug-related crime in Hong Kong has substantially decreased since the establishment of maintenance programmes.
It must be emphasized that, in all instances where substitute drugs are used, a range of support services are also needed and are often provided. Thus, substitute therapy can be seen as having two components: long-term detoxification, commonly on an out-patient basis; and maintenance on a substitute drug for an unlimited period of time. The distinction between the two processes, maintenance and long-term detoxification, is often misunderstood.
Psychiatric treatment
Psychiatric treatment is provided in both in-patient and out-patient services, sometimes in conjunction with substitute therapy. It offers a large variety of treatment programmes for drug addicts, including milieu therapy, the application of behaviour modification, family therapy, logotherapy and individual and group psychotherapy [ [ 9] , [ 25] ].
Psychological approach
The psychological approach emphasizes the importance of individual motives and attitudes in the occurrence of drug misuse. The relationship between internal motives and beliefs and external behaviour, in this instance drug use, gives rise to two important corollaries in approaching the treatment of drug dependence.
The first is the assumption that all behaviour is a result of certain motives and, therefore, all drug dependent behaviour is motivated. The second is that a change in attitude may result in a change in behaviour.
It should be pointed out that the treatment of drug-dependent persons should take into account two aspects, which are described below. The first is to find an alternative to drug use. If it is accepted that drug-dependent behaviour is motivated, then the motives can be isolated and, with a little imagination, alternatives can be provided. These alternatives are not the exclusive domain of any one profession. They require co-operation between physician, sociologist and psychologist and the logistical support of administrators for their implementation.
The second aspect relates to attitudinal change and how this change can be brought about in drug-dependent persons. By far the most important tools by which to change attitudes are education and information. Just as it is impossible to consider approaches to treatment without recourse to the underlying aetiological theory, it is as impossible to conceive an approach to treatment that can succeed without due attention being given to the role of, and necessity for, education.
Intervention to achieve changes in life-style
The intervention modalities that are aimed at achieving changes in lifestyle include therapeutic communities, traditional medicine, acupuncture, yoga and meditation, spiritual or religious approaches (often in combination with other methods), and self-help groups.
Therapeutic community
Therapeutic communities (TCs) have been established in many countries and were initially modelled after the Maxwell Jones communities for psychiatric patients. The model essentially insists on a high degree of participation by TC residents in decision-making and programme organization.
It has been found necessary to restructure the democratically oriented TC models in response to changes in the residents, demographic and personality structure and in patterns of drug dependence.
Uchtenhagen indicates that the democratic TC model is more adequate, at least in Europe, for abusers of hallucinogenic substances who are looking for a "new identity", whereas persons who are dependent on amphetamines and heroin, who have severe social and personality problems and whose addiction is motivated by an attempt to avoid depression and feelings of annihilation, are less prepared to cope with the unstructured, democratically oriented TCs. The majority of TCs, however, are structured in a hierarchical way and resemble the type of concept adopted by Phoenix House or Daytop, New York. This type of TC is more acceptable as a treatment modality for intravenous drug users [ 9] .
TCs appear to have good results in achieving long-lasting life-style changes with fewer and shorter relapses into drug use and relatively high abstinence rates, higher job satisfaction and work quality, greater contact with non-drug using acquaintances, an improved self-image and greater self-confidence.
It should be pointed out, however, that the TC movement has undergone a number of innovative changes and adaptations in order to be able to respond to the needs of its clients and the larger community it serves. This development has been based on the growing conviction that the most appropriate means of helping drug-dependent persons to return to normal life is through integration in community living, which would make possible their transition and integration into the wider community. Thus, the role of the community and its various elements, such as the social situation, culture, religions, the family, the work-place and schools, is continually emphasized. This recognition has led to a variety of changes and adaptations within individual TCs in many countries, including the introduction of short-term TC programmes, the increased involvement of family members in therapeutic and in reintegration processes.
There are also elements within TCs that have been less successful. For example, drop-out rates within the first four weeks of admission is relatively high (approximately 50 per cent). It is important for TCs to examine their programmes to identify the factors that lead to this high drop-out rate and to develop new approaches that can assist in the retention of residents. It may be helpful to develop a greater participation of residents in planning not only the operation but also the programme of the TC. The rules of many TCs are oriented towards an ideal life-style, which is difficult to maintain outside the artificial life of the community. For instance, complete honesty or direct confrontation are not concepts readily used within the work place or the family. If residents are not assisted to cope with the transition from the TC into the wider community, they may return to drug misuse as a means of coping with the personal and social crises.
Traditional medicine
The success and content of traditional medicine approaches depend very heavily on the cultural and social environment where they are practised. Reports indicate that certain methods are being used in India, based on the Ayurveda medicine.
In Malaysia, traditional healing is based on archaic animistic beliefs, i.e. that a person is vulnerable to the influence of the supernatural as well as to physical causes. Drug addiction is seen as a result of incorrect behaviour (a predisposing cause) and the presence of a supernatural element, which has negative effects on physical well-being. In view of the cultural or religious background of the population, traditional healers (bomoh) can provide an important treatment modality for some drug addicts. The treatment consists of detoxification, with the help of herbal medicine, physical exercise and balanced nutrition to build up physical health. In other parts of the world, in particular in Africa and Latin America, similar treatment approaches exist.
Acupuncture is used in the detoxification process in Hong Kong, the United States, Vietnam and elsewhere. Ear acupuncture (without electrical stimulation) can be applied and taught effectively in clinical and non-clinical settings at low cost. It is reported that initial ear treatment relieves 90 per cent of the withdrawal symptoms related to heroin or morphine addiction [ 26] . Ear acupuncture has been shown to have a significant preventive effect in the reduction of physical craving patterns. Acupuncture is used in both medical and non-medical settings.
Yoga and meditation
In certain settings, yoga and meditation are used as an important part of behavioural treatment. They include breathing techniques, body postures, and meditation and relaxation techniques as means of providing clients with the tools to improve their personal strength to free themselves of their habits. They have shown certain success in improving interpersonal skills after repeated sessions.
Religious approach
In certain countries, religion plays an important role in the treatment and rehabilitation process. The use of religious teaching as a psychological reinforcement tool has proved to be successful in some countries, e.g. Egypt and Thailand. The role of the mosque, the church or the temple can be significant in the process of counselling, care and social reintegration.
Self-help groups
The therapeutic community may be considered an in-patient self-help group, in which drug misusers work together to achieve abstinence; out-patient self-help groups have also been developed in a number of countries.
These self-help groups, such as Narcotics Anonymous, provide a meeting point where former drug misusers and those who have not yet achieved abstinence (but wish to achieve it) can support and encourage others to become and remain drug free. They therefore have provided both a means of gaining motivation to seek treatment and support to the reintegration of former drug misusers.
Another form of self-help group has been an activity in which drug misusers join together to press for adequate treatment and rehabilitation services and to act as a voice for the needs of drug misusers. An example of this kind of self-help is the Junkies Union in the Netherlands.
As well as self-help groups for drug misusers, groups have been formed by the parents, partners and relatives of drug misusers. These groups have recognized that they need support themselves and that, by sharing experience and learning from each other, they may be able to assist drug misusers more effectively.
Intervention to treat medical complications associated with drug misuse
Drug use and misuse can result in medical complications arising from the effects of the drug, the adulterations and impurities in street drugs, certain modes of drug use and inadequate personal and health care. Treatment must address these issues in order to help drug users to restore their health. For instance, outreach workers, by contacting drug misusers not yet ready to seek help, can act as community health workers and educate misusers about safer modes of drug administration, the dangers of using street drugs, basic hygiene and improvements in the diet.
Other treatment modalities also have an important role in treating medical complications or improving the health of drug misusers. General medical services are often involved in the health care of drug misusers. For instance, hospital emergency rooms may have to deal with drug overdoses and accidents occurring as a result of drug intoxication. In addition to providing immediate treatment, they can act as agents in referring drug misusers to specialized drug services.
A particularly important role in the health care and treatment of medical complications of drug misuse is played by general practitioners and nurses, in particular in the detection of drug misuse and the referral of patients. The early detection of drug misuse before the development of serious medical or social problems allows effective treatment and rehabilitation to be provided within the community without resort to more expensive specialized drug services.
It can be seen that, throughout the process of treatment and rehabilitation, there is considerable need for interlinkages between different professions and modalities. No single approach in itself can readily offer all resources that can be usefully utilized. The sharing of work between non-specialized and specialized services offers the most efficient and effective strategy. Specialized services should be developed only where existing community resources cannot meet the established needs of the community.
Treatment in prisons
Many drug misusers are arrested and placed in a prison, either on remand before trial or to serve a prison sentence after trial. While in prison, the drug misuser will normally be drug-free. The opportunity is therefore given to provide treatment and rehabilitation to reduce the likelihood of a return to drug misuse on release from prison. The range of treatment and rehabilitation interventions described in this paper may be used, the specific ones adopted being dependent on the situation of a given country.
Social reintegration strategies
Social reintegration is the process whereby the benefits gained from treatment and rehabilitation are sustained and the drug misuser is assisted to adapt to living within the wider community without recourse to indiscriminate or, if possible, any drug misuse. It may involve: a return to the family; the provision of new housing; the completion of basic education or further education; skills training; unpaid, part-time or full-time employment; an introduction into social and cultural activities and, through this, the development of new friendship networks; an introduction into a self-help group to provide mutual support; residence in a halfway house; or the provision of the names and telephone numbers of people to turn to at times of crisis so that the individual does not feel the need to turn again to drug misuse to resolve personal problems.
Drug misusers often have a poor education, having failed to complete their formal education, and an unsatisfactory work history, with frequent periods of sickness, temporary employment or an extended period of unemployment. When employers can afford to be highly selective in choosing employees, drug misusers are at a considerable disadvantage because they have little evidence to show that they are competent and efficient employees.
Treatment and rehabilitation agencies began to recognize this problem in the 1970s. They observed that individuals who had successfully completed a particular programme were unable to adapt to life in the community. In many parts of the world, therefore, specific strategies were developed to assist in and, sustain the transition into the community.
In some countries, halfway houses are provided where individuals live as they begin employment or resume their education. In these houses, the residents have responsibility for their own lives, preparing food, cleaning and managing their own money. In the houses, other former drug misusers and a small number of therapeutic staff provide a means of support and assistance to residents in coping with the stress of learning to live independently.
Changes have also been made in the length of the therapeutic programme so that greater time can be devoted to the reintegration programme, with many therapeutic communities devoting 6 months out of a 12- or 15-month programme to reintegration.
Some countries have developed specific work training and employment opportunities as a means of assisting the former addict to learn or re-learn work habits, which can help to convince possible employers of the suitability of the former addict as an employee.
Reintegration can be achieved through effective assistance to employees who develop drug problems while at work. Schemes have been developed that seek to identify employees with drug problems at an early point in their drug use. By offering treatment at this stage and by continuing to employ individuals at the work place during treatment, drug users can be successfully reintegrated into the community before they have damaged themselves or their employers, businesses and before more expensive and longer treatment and rehabilitation is necessary.
Drug misuse may be cyclical over a period of years. Many people who engage in drug misuse grow out of their dependence after a number of years. Even in the course of drug misuse, there are often short periods of abstinence.
It is not uncommon for misusers to drop out of treatment or rehabilitation before completing a programme. Therefore, programmes must be prepared to readmit those who have dropped out in order that they might have a further opportunity to achieve control over their drug misuse and, in the long term, abstinence from drug misuse.
There is increasing evidence that, although many drug misusers may experience a temporary relapse at the end of treatment and rehabilitation, after a period of a few weeks or months they achieve long-term stability and abstinence. This strongly suggests that the opportunities offered by treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration can provide an important means of reducing the demand for drugs and containing drug problems at an earlier stage than if no such help were provided.
Concluding comment
All treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration approaches that have been described in this paper are not applicable in every country, and each one must be adapted to the prevailing situation, including the social, cultural and religious circumstances of a given country.
Report of the International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. Vienna, 17-26 June 1987 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.87.I.18), chap. I, sects. A and B.02
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. 1961. as Amended by the 1972 Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. 1961 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.77.XI.3).03
Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.78.XI.3).04
E. Tongue, "Reflections on the development, content and acceptance of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances", in Psychotropic Substances and their Control , R. G. Smart, G. F. Murray and H. D. Archibald, eds. (Toronto, Addiction Research Foundation, 1981).05
J. Calvet, "Prevention policies in France", in Proceedings of the 15th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence , Ch. Kaplan and M. Kooyman, eds. (Amsterdam, International Council on Alcohol and Addictions, 1986), pp. 89-90.06
R. Cooperstock, ed., Social Aspects of the Medical Use of Psychotropic Drugs (Toronto, Addiction Research Foundation, 1974).07
R. Ashery. ed., Progress in the Development of Cost-Effective Treatment for Drug Abusers . NIDA Research Monograph Series No. 58 (Rockville, Maryland, National Institute of Drug Abuse, 1985).08
J. R. Cooper and others, eds., Research on the Treatment of Narcotic Addiction- State of the Art. Treatment Research Monograph Series (Rockville, Maryland, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983).09
A. Uchtenhagen, "Treatment methods, effects and side-effects", in Proceedings of the 15th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence , Ch. Kaplan and M. Kooyman, eds. (Amsterdam, International Council on Alcohol Addictions, 1986), pp. 299-301.10
G. Paschelke, P. Philipsen and H. Kremer, "The myth of compulsion in long-term clinical rehabilitation treatment of young delinquent drug abusers", in Proceedings of the 15th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence . Ch. Kaplan and M. Kooyman, eds. (Amsterdam, International Council on Alcohol Addictions, 1986), pp. 99-102.11
Ch. Suwanwela, "Public health perspective in alcoholism and drug dependence", in Proceedings of the 34th International Congress on Alcohol and Drug Dependence (Calgary, Canada, 1985), pp. 395-397.12
A. M. Washton, "Treatment of cocaine abuse", in Problems of Drug Dependence , NIDA Research Monograph Series No. 67 (Rockville, Maryland, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985), pp. 263-270.13
Expert Committee on Drug Dependence , Technical Report No. 460 (Geneva, World Health Organization, 1970).14
R. Resnick, "Methadone detoxification from illicit opiates and methadone maintenance", Problems of Drug Dependence, Research Monograph Series No. 67 (Rockville, Maryland, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1986).15
V. Coleman, Life without tranquillizers (London, J. Piatkus, 1985).16
R. G. Newman, "Evaluating methadone treatment", in Proceedings of the 15th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence , Ch. Kaplan and M. Kooyman, eds. (Amsterdam, International Council on Alcohol and Addictions, 1986).17
M. D. Glantz, D. M. Peterson and F. J. Whittington, eds., Drugs and the Elderly Adult , NIDA Research Issues No. 32 (Rockville, Maryland, National Institute of Drug Abuse, 1983).18
T. J. Glynn, H. Wallenstein Pearson and M. Sayers, eds., Women and Drugs , NIDA Research Issues No. 31 (Rockville, Maryland, National Institute of Drug Abuse, 1983).19
M. R. Leipman, B. Wolper and J. Vazquez, "An ecological approach for motivating women to accept treatment for drug dependency", in Treatment Services for Drug Dependent Women , B. Glover Reed, G. M. Beschner and J. Mondanaro, eds. (1982), pp. l-61.20
B. A. Ray and M. C. Braude, eds., Women and Drugs. A New Era for Research , NIDA Research Monograph Series No. 65 (Rockville, Maryland, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1986).21
P. Hadaway, "Then they came for the drug users", in Proceedings of the 15th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence , Ch. Kaplan and M. Kooyman, eds. (Amsterdam, International Council on Alcohol Addictions, 1986), pp. 39-40.22
W. Buisman, "The development of methadone treatment in the Netherlands", in Papers Presented at the 13 th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence , E. Tongue, ed. (Oslo, International Council on Alcohol and Addictions, 1983), pp. 145-152.23
J. F. Kramer and D. C. Cameron, A Manual on Drug Dependence (Geneva, World Health Organization, 1972).24
B. C. Zangwell and others, "How effective is LAAM treatment? Clinical comparison with methadone", in Problems of Drug Dependence , NIDA Research Monograph Series No. 67 (Rockville, Maryland, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985), pp. 249-255.25
K. R. O'Connell, "A behavioural treatment approach to the treatment of cocaine addiction", in Proceedings of the 15th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence , Ch. Kaplan and M. Kooyman. eds. (Amsterdam, International Council on Alcohol Addictions, 1986), pp. 246-249.26
M. O. Smith and others, "Use of acupuncture and herbology in the detoxification of drug addicts", paper presented at the Thirty-third International Congress on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (Tangiers, Morocco, 1982).


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A Justice Site
Mirror Sites:
CSUDH Habermas UWP
California State University, Dominguez Hills
University of Wisconsin, Parkside
Created: Fall 2000
Latest update: April 18, 2001
- Aboriginal Justice
- Cheating as Acting Out Transference Behavior
Those who can answer the questions sometimes seem to have "magical" ability. To copy that may be trying to "steal some of their magic." Based on Jonathan Lear's Open Minded.
- Stealing Theory from Our Friends
A very different approach to sharing work and work products.
- Child's History: As They Teach It to Us
- Constitutive Criminology at Work
by Stuart Henry and Dragan Milovanovic
- Definition of Constitutive Theory: Introduction
- Chapter 1: Constitutive Criminology: An Introduction to the Core Concepts
by Andrew Bak
- Chapter 2: Constitutive Theory Approach to Prostitution
by Lisa Sanchez
- Agency, Structural Context, and Interdependence
- Tranformative Approaches to Replacement Discourse
- Transformative Discourse through Agency
- Giddens: Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics
- The Harvest of Empire. Juan Gonzalez on Latinos in America. Discussion questions and essay.
- Home Was a Horse Stall
by Jim Carnes. On World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans in the U.S.
- I was Michel Foucault's Love Slave
by Carol Lloyd in Salon. Art by Jordin Isip. Need to balance theory and praxis
- Interpreting Tables
- Knowingness and Abandonment Jonathan Lear's Open Minded
- Letters of Recommendation
Be sure to read the "Dog" Letter sample!
- Parents' Child Care Preferences: Patterns among Welfare Mothers
Find this paragraph of interpretation under the heading: Characteristics of Care Predicting Mother's Satisfaction with Arrangement, a little more than halfway down the file.
- Rambo and the Dalai Lama
by Gordon Fellman
- Saying No to Power, William Mandel
- . . . Mandel, FDR, and social democracy by Dr. Paul Stevenson, 03 April 2001. External site: PSN.
- The School Shooter: Discussion essay.
- School Shootings and White Denial by Tim Wise.
- Self Esteem and Transformative Discourse
- Situating Freud
Jonathan Lear's Open Minded and Reinterpretation of Freud
- Stealing Theory from Our Friends
D.Wayne Osgood. On cross-disciplinary searches for theory.
- The Teacher Who Practiced Loving
- "They Ain't Us": Identity as Anti-Norm
Charles Bukowski
- Transforming Discourse
- Transforming Discourse Through the Practice of Love
- Transforming Discourse through the Practice of Agency
- Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism
- What Do You Say After You Say Hello?
On how to jump into a scholarly discourse. It's just like cocktail conversation!


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Definition of "oppressive" - Learner's Dictionary
(Definition of "oppressive" from the Cambridge Learner's Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
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- opposition noun
- oppress verb
- oppressed adjective
- oppression noun
- oppressive adjective
- oppressor noun
- opt out
- opt verb
- optical adjective
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friendly and pleasant to be with


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Netflix says it has no intentions of including ads in or around its content.
The company released its quarterly earnings report on Wednesday. Shortly afterwards, the company held a Google+ Hangout with company execs and analysts. One analyst suggested that investors think Netflix is at the point where people would tolerate pre-roll ads similar to those seen in movie theaters.
When asked if this is something Netflix would consider doing, CEO Reed Hastings said, "We have no plans to go towards advertising-based models. Our brand, at least over the next couple of years, and at this point, really stands for that commercial-free experience that we have where the consumer's in control of the experience. They get to watch when they want. They get to pause it when they want. They can play it when they want, and watch it how and where they want. So it's fundamental to that control orientation that we don't cram advertisements down people's throats. So I really don't see that."
Asked if the company's contracts would even allow for ads, Hastings said, "You know, at a certain price, anything's allowable. I'm sure Ted [Content Chief Sarandos] could take take a lot more money, but it's not something we're contemplating."
Sarandos added, "It tends to be a separate set of rights, and to your point, Reed, we've got to go to great extremes to give consumers control of the content, you know, going all the way to the extreme of putting the entire season out at one time, so the notion of frustrating them for the first or the last couple of minutes seems a little out of step with that."
The highlight of the above hangout that has everyone talking is what Hastings said about HBO's CEO.
Image via YouTube


text:
London: Vegetation on Earth could become saturated with carbon by the end of the century and stop acting as a brake on global warming, say scientists.
A 4 degrees rise in global temperature, predicted by 2100, marks the threshold point after which terrestrial trees and plants will be unable to soak up more carbon from the atmosphere.
Atmospheric carbon will then start to increase more rapidly, accelerating climate change, the researchers warn.
Vegetation acts as a ''carbon sink'', a natural system that takes carbon dioxide from the air and traps it. The Amazon rainforest and the vast belt of coniferous boreal forest that rings the northern hemisphere both act as powerful carbon sinks.
Initially, higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will stimulate more plant growth. But the impact of a warmer world will gradually counterbalance this trend until saturation point is reached, say the scientists.
Global warming of 4 degrees will result in the Earth's land vegetation becoming dominated by negative effects, such as ''moisture stress'', caused by plant cells getting too little water.
At this point, further absorption of atmospheric carbon is likely to flatline, according to the research published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Lead scientist Andrew Friend, from Cambridge University, said: ''The impacts of climate on vegetation will affect biodiversity and ecosystem status around the world.''
The study used seven different computer models to simulate the effects of global warming on plant life.