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Sony Alpha a7II Mirrorless Digital Camera - Body Only
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- World's first 5-axis in-body image stabilization in a full-frame camera.
- Use your favorite lenses without blur from camera shake.
- Capture stunning images with full-frame, 24.3MP resolution.
- Fast hybrid AF with phase-detection - 30% faster than a7.
- Compatible with Sony's E-mount lenses, and others with adaptors.
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Technical Details
|Auto Focus Technology
|Autofocus Points
|Battery Average Life
|350 Photos
|Battery Type
|Lithium Ion
|Compatible Mountings
|Sony FE
|Continuous Shooting Speed
|5 fps
|Digital Zoom
|Display Fixture Type
|Display Resolution Maximum
|Display Size
|3 inches
|Effective Still Resolution
|Expanded ISO Maximum
|Expanded ISO Minimum
|Exposure Control Type
|External Memory Included
|File Format
|Flash Memory Type
|SD/SDHC/SDXC, Memory Stick Duo/Pro Duo/Pro-HG Duo
|Flash Sync Speed
|1/250 sec
|Flash Type
|via Multi Interface shoe
|Focus Description
|Fast Hybrid AF
|Focus Type
|Includes Manual Focus
|Form Factor
|SLR-style mirrorless
|HDMI Type
|micro-HDMI port with 4K still, uncompressed video output
|ISO Range
|Image Aspect Ratio
|3:2, 16:9
|Image Stabilization
|Included Components
|Item Dimensions
|3.78 x 2.36 x 5 inches
|Item Weight
|1.32 pounds
|Lens Type
|Lithium Battery Energy Content
|2 Watt Hours
|Lithium Battery Voltage
|3.6 Volts
|Lithium Battery Weight
|3.5 ounces
|Manufacturer Warranty Description
|Material Type
|Magnesium alloy
|Maximum Shutter Speed
|1/8000 of a second
|Maximum horizontal resolution
|Multi, Center-weighted, Spot
|Minimum Shutter Speed
|30 seconds
|Model Year
|Optical Sensor Resolution
|Optical Sensor Technology
|Optical Zoom
|Photo Sensor Technology
|Processor Description
|Bionz X
|Remote Control Description
|Sensor Cleaning Method
|Ultrasonic vibration, charge protection coating
|Shipping Weight
|2.05 pounds
|Style Name
|Supported Battery Types
|NP-FW50 lithium-ion battery and charger
|Video Capture Format
|Video Capture Resolution
|Viewfinder Description
|2359000 dots
|Viewfinder Magnification
|Viewfinder Type
|Water Resistance Level
|Not Water Resistant
|Weather Resistance
Product description
Product Description
Beyond Human Vision
From the Manufacturer
Full-frame Mirrorless Camera
Minimize blur in every shot with the world's first in-body 5-axis image stabilization in a full-frame camera. Best of all, it works with your favorite lenses. With 24.3MP resolution, super-fast autofocus and a compact design, you'll capture breathtaking imagery and video that is more stable than ever.
World's first 5-axis in-body image stabilization in a full-frame camera.
Reduce blur caused by camera shake from five different directions—vertical, horizontal, pitch, yaw and roll—as opposed to only two in previous systems. The 5-axis image stabilizing system excels during video recording and even compensates for blur caused by the photographer walking or running. It's a true marvel of engineering.
Use your favorite lenses with minimized blur from camera shake.
With image stabilization built it into the body of the camera itself, mounted lenses—even A-mount or non-Sony lenses using an adaptor 2—can utilize the 5-axis image stabilization for both still images and video. It even enhances lenses that already have optical image stabilization systems.
Full-frame, 24.3MP resolution.
Capture stunning images with 24.3MP resolution, a 35mm full-frame sensor, a normal sensor range of ISO 100–25600, and a sophisticated balance of high-resolving power, gradation and low noise. The BIONZ X image processor enables up to 5 fps high-speed continuous shooting and high-50Mb/s XAVC S video recording.
Fast hybrid AF with phase-detection - 30% faster than α7.
This fast hybrid autofocus system utilizes 117 phase-detection points and 25 contrast-detection points. Updated from the α7, this new autofocus algorithm improves subject-tracking performance and focusing speed by approximately 30%.
Utilizes Sony's E-mount lens system.
Take advantage of the growing family of E-mount lenses, including G Series and ZEISS. The E-mount lens system is particularly well-suited for video shooting, with a variety of models containing "movie-friendly" features like smooth focusing, powered zoom control and silent iris/aperture control.
High contrast, 2.4-million dot OLED EVF for eye-level framing.
View every scene in rich detail with the XGA OLED Tru-Finder, which features OLED improvements and 3-lens optical system. The viewfinder faithfully displays what will appear in your recording, including the effects of your camera settings, so you can accurately monitor the results. You'll enjoy rich tonal gradations and high-end features like 100% frame coverage, a wide viewing angle, and more.
Additional Features
Record Full HD in XAVC S format up to 50Mb/s.
The α7II adopts the high bitrate, workflow-friendly XAVC S recording format in addition to AVCHD and MP4 codecs. XAVC S format allows for Full HD recording at a data rate of 50 mbps with lower compression for improved video quality. The α7II can record Full HD (1920x1080) at frame rates of 60p, 60i, 30p and 24p directly to a compatible memory card. Video modes can be changed from full-frame to APS-C (super 35mm equivalent) if desired, and in this crop mode, the camera can support high frame rate 120fps shooting at standard HD resolution (1280 x 720p), creating a 5x slow-motion effect.
3 LCD screen tilts up and down for easy high and low-angle framing.
The tiltable 3" (1,229k dots) Xtra Fine LCD Display makes it easy to photograph over crowds, or low to capture pets eye-to-eye by swinging up approx. 90° and down approx. 45°. Easily scroll through menus and preview life thanks to WhiteMagic technology that dramatically increases visibility in bright daylight. The large display delivers brilliant-quality still images and movies while enabling easy focusing operation.
Simple connectivity to smartphones via Wi-Fi/NFC.
Connectivity with smartphones for One-touch sharing/One-touch remote has been simplified with Wi-Fi/NFC control. In addition to Wi-Fi support for connecting to smartphones, α7II also supports NFC (near field communication) providing "one-touch connection" convenience when transferring images to Android smartphones and tablets with NFC. Simply touch devices to connect.
Tether your camera to a PC for Remote Camera Control.
Remote Camera Control allows you to control your α7II from your PC and transfer files using a USB cable. Feature control has also been updated to include video capture control.
Personalize your camera with PlayMemories Camera Apps.
Add new features to your α7II with PlayMemories Camera Apps. Find apps to fit your shooting style - with everything from portraits, detailed close-ups, sports, time lapse, motion shot and more. Use apps that shoot, share and save photos to your smartphone using Wi-Fi, making it easy to post photos directly to Facebook or backup images to the cloud without connecting to a computer.
Designed for a pro-workflow with Picture Profile, S-Log2 and time code.
The α7II is equipped with S-Log2 gamma. Common to Sony's range of professional video cameras, S-Log2 expands the dynamic range by up to 1300% to minimize clipped highlights and loss of detail in shadows. The α7II include a picture profile that can adjust settings like gamma, black, level and color adjustment, and can be saved for use in a multi-camera shoot. It also has Full HD base band HDMI output, time code/user bit for easier editing, synchronous recording feature with compatible devices, various marker and zebra displays on both the LCD screen and viewfinder.
Compatible with professional microphone systems.
The α7II has a Multi-terminal interface shoe that is compatible with Sony's XLR Adaptor Microphone Kits (XLR-K1M and XLR-K2M), allowing you to use professional microphone systems during recording.
2014 Sony Electronics Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. Sony is not responsible for typographical and photographic errors. Features and specifications are subject to change without notice.
Sony, BIONZ X, Exmor, InfoLITHIUM, Memory Stick, Memory Stick Duo, Memory Stick PRO Duo, Memory Stick PRO-HG Duo, the Memory Stick logo, PlayMemories Home, PlayMemories Mobile, PlayMemories Camera Apps, PlayMemories Online, Remote Commander, SteadyShot, SteadyShot INSIDE, Smile Shutter, Stamina, Theatre Sync, Sweep Panorama, Xtra Fine LCD and the Sony logo are trademarks of Sony. AVCHD is a trademark of Panasonic Corporation and Sony Corporation. Microsoft, Windows is a trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Mac OS and iMovie are trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. HDMI is a trademark of HDMI Licensing LLC. All other trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners.
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(NOTE: For more detailed photos and video, check out the A7ii review on my website [...]-- also do a search for "Loloho Photo YouTube" to find my VIDEO channel with lots of photo great reviews!)
The original A7 was named "camera of the year" for cramming a 24MP full frame sensor into a compact mirrorless body. How does Sony top it with the A7ii? By improving ergonomics, focus speed, video capabilities, and delivering a groundbreaking IN BODY image stabilization system - the world's first 5-Axis stabilized full frame sensor. This illustrates a couple of admirable characteristics about Sony's imaging division - they listen to customers, and they relentlessly innovate. When Sony updates a camera (which they do often), they deliver significant design changes that translate to real world improvement - not just megapixel boosts.
A note about lenses: the lens situation is improving. At the time of this writing, the best native prime lenses for the A7ii are the brilliant Zeiss 55 f1.8 and the Zeiss 35. I've heard the Zeiss 16-35 is outstanding but have not tried it yet. At Photokina Sony announced a number of new E-mount lenses that are expected to hit the market in 2015. I feel the sub-100mm range will soon be pretty well covered, especially once these new lenses hit the market. Of course with an inexpensive adapter, you can use just about any lens you please with an A7, and that's what makes these cameras so wonderful.
I bought my A7ii here on Amazon and got it the first day of release. In this review, I'm going to assume you know the basics about the A7 series, and go straight to the pros and cons of the new camera. For more files and video about the camera, check out my site. [...]
*In Body Steadyshot - This is the marquee feature and for good reason. Now ALL of your lenses have image stabilization - including those 40-year old Nikkors and Leicas. It's amazing and it works. Of course the stabilization is more helpful with lenses towards the telephoto end of the spectrum. I've tried it with my 105mm and 300mm Nikkor primes with impressive results. With native E-mount lenses that deliver focus distance information, you get full 5-Axis stabilization. If there's no electronic communication with the camera to transmit focus distance (as with older legacy lenses) you get 3-Axis stabilization. Note that for legacy lenses, you'll want to manually specify the focal length to ensure the best results. And yes, Steadyshot works a treat for handheld video too. Shortly after the A7ii hit the market, Sony released a firmware update (version 1.1) that improved the in camera Steadyshot and squashed an annoying bug - if you get an A7ii, MAKE CERTAIN that you are running the latest firmware!
*Shutter release - The shutter release has been moved forward on the camera body to a more natural location. It's now right where your finger expects it to be. Alas, it's flat across the top like most DSLRs, so there's no possibility of a cable or soft shutter release.
*Better Grip - The new hand grip is thicker and easier for my hand to grasp. The new grip extends about 10mm further from the body. The new grip contributes to the apparent size increase in the A7ii.
*Improved Autofocus - Sony is claiming 30% better autofocus performance. While many were hoping for AF as fast as the a6000, unfortunately it's not there yet. But Sony has improved the focusing algorithms to elicit noticeably better performance. I've had good success with facial recognition, eye focus, and object tracking. A7ii autofocus is good; I have no major complaints, but it's not as fast as a DSLR or the a6000 (a camera I also own and enjoy).
*Build quality - More magnesium is now used in the camera body, and it's obvious. The camera feels solid and reassuring in the hands, like it's been carved out of metal. Even the buttons and control dials add to the premium feel of the camera.
*Video - The A7ii has several notable video improvements. High quality 50 Mbps XAVC S codec is now included. Built in stabilization is a HUGE help with nonstabilized lenses. Now ALL your fast primes are stabilized for video! And the camera includes a S-LOG picture profile with enhanced dynamic range that's useful for color grading.
*Wifi - This is not a new feature, but Sony has done a nice job integrating wifi into the camera. The wifi integration really showcase Sony's prowess as a tech company (Nikon and Canon have badly lagged behind in this department, IMHO). We are already taking this stuff for granted, but it's really kind of incredible to remotely control your camera from your tablet or phone -- with a live image view, no less. If you want to quickly share photos from your full frame camera to social media, it's been made easy for you, no clunky adapters required. Sony needs to do a better job highlighting these features, because they are great.
*Alpha menus - Sony has now standardized the Alpha menu system across several different camera bodies. It's a clean, logical user interface that works well. With a little practice, it's remarkably easy to access the features you need quickly. The upshot? You spend less time "menu diving" and more time taking photos.
*EVF - The A7ii electronic viewfinder is essentially the same as the A7, but it should be noted that it's great. The EVF is what allows Sony to squeeze down the body size of the A7 series. Once you get used to having focus assist and peaking (and the results of your shot) available inside the EVF, you will love it. What once seemed like a drawback of mirrorless cameras is now a huge advantage.
*Metal lens mount - The A7ii lens mount is more robust than that of the first gen cameras. No wiggle! Lenses mount nice and tight to the body.
*More customizable buttons - There are now four customizable "C" buttons to which you can assign your favorite functions, like eye autofocus, focus assist, white balance.
*Articulating LCD screen - The articulating LCD screen merits a mention because so many DSLRs still do not include the feature. Once you've shot with an articulating screen, you don;t want to go without one. The LCD screen provides a decent range of motion for high and low angle shots.
*Startup time - Startup time of the camera has been improved, which means fewer missed shots.
*Matte finish - This is a matter of taste, but I like the matte finish of the A7ii.
*Weight - Weight has increased over the original A7 by 146 grams or 5.15 ounces to 599 grams. This is no small increase (a 26% gain over the A7, to be precise). When packing camera gear, every ounce matters. If it gets much heavier, we're losing a key advantage of mirrorless. Yet to be fair, at 599 grams the A7ii is still lighter than the Nikon Df (760g), Canon 6D (760g), Canon 5D Mark III (950g) and Nikon D800 (980g). Of course none of those competing cameras offer in body image stabilization, or many of the other features of the A7ii. So the A7ii remains lighter than the competition while offering a uniquely powerful functionality. If the added weight is a deal killer for you, there's always the original A7. Personally, I decided that the extra features are worth the cost in weight.
*Girth- The A7ii body is not quite as svelte as the original A7. Thickness of the body itself has increased by a couple of mm. It seems more pronounced because the new grip extends a good 10mm further than the old. The A7ii is (dare I say it?) a bit chunky. The body has become more like a blend of mirrorless and DSLR. I suspect that the average non-photographer would glance at this camera and assume it is a small DSLR. Note that for some people this minus will actually be a plus. Why? Because the camera handles larger/heavier lenses with better ergonomics.
*Small control wheels - This is a nitpick, but the fore and aft control wheels are small and almost flush with the body. A larger size would provide better tactile feel.
*No 4k video - Not a major omission to me, but the lack of 4k is a disappointment. I think it would have been easy for Sony to include 4k, but the marketing department must have other plans. If you must have 4k, you want the A7S.
*No silent shutter - The shutter noise is improved over the original A7, but it's not the dead silent shutter of the A7S.
*Antialiasing filter - The A7ii has a low pass filter. I'd prefer they omit it.
*Poor Apps Implementation - The original idea of offering apps is a good one, but unfortunately the PlayMemories apps have been poorly implemented by Sony. The PlayMemories store has a few worthwhile offerings, but as of this writing one of the best (time lapse) isn't compatible with the A7ii. Sony needs to open up the app store to allow outside development to make the most of this functionality. (Imagine how lame iTunes or Android would be if Apple/Google provided all the apps! That's what we're getting now from Sony.) Please, Sony - either do a better job with the PlayMemories app store, or just go ahead and include the app features in our cameras from day one.
*Battery charger not included - Battery life is not a strength of these cameras (rated at 350 shots per charge) so you will want extra batteries. If you want an external battery charger, you've got to buy your own. I have several batteries and prefer to charge the extras while still having my camera free to use.
*Questionable flash options - There's no onboard flash, and Sony's flash offerings are disappointing. No sync speed higher than 1/250. I don't often do flash photography, but there are times when it is necessary. Personally I would appreciate an onboard bounceable flash like that of the a6000 (the a6000 flash works great in this respect) or even a small fill flash like the X100 series.
Whether you want an A7ii really boils down to two words : STEADYSHOT INSIDE. With the A7ii, it's all about image stabilization. The in body stabilization is actually a big deal. That's why you pay the premium for this camera over a first generation body. If you shoot with lenses that lack OSS (and that includes all legacy lenses) then it makes sense to get the A7ii. It's like getting a nice across-the-board upgrade to your lens collection. It's extremely cool to attach a 40-year old Nikkor 105mm and enjoy the benefits of stabilization. I have a host of Nikkors and some unstabilized E-mount (including the superb Zeiss FE55) that benefit.
Of course the ergonomic improvements of the A7ii are welcome. I'm sure that many professionals will upgrade to the A7ii simply for the relocated shutter release button and improved grip.
The 24MP sensor of the A7ii is basically the same as that used in the A7. If you want a high resolution mirrorless monster, you want the A7R.
If you are heavily interested in VIDEO, your decision may come down to the A7ii versus the A7S. You might think of it this way: the A7S is a video camera that takes stills, while the A7ii is a stills camera that takes great video. While "steadyshot inside" certainly helps with handheld shooting of video on the A7ii, lowlight performance trails the A7S. If you must have the King of Lowlight Video, you still want the A7S.
Because I shoot both video and stills I debated between the A7ii and the A7S. It was a difficult choice, but I ultimately decided that the superlative all around performance of the A7ii was best for me.
I have owned (and in some cases still own) cameras from Nikon, Canon, Panasonic, Fuji, and Olympus. At the moment there's literally not an apples-for-apples competitor to this Sony camera. I buy the camera that is the best for my needs and am not loyal to one brand. Lately it seems that SONY is the company that's delivering innovation and excitement in this space. While Nikon and Canon have gingerly tested the waters of mirrorless camera design (no doubt to protect their existing DSLR product lines), Sony has been fearlessly pushing ahead with groundbreaking technology. Sony makes the sensors, and is hungry for market share; we photographers are reaping the benefits.
Today, I find the A7ii the best general purpose full frame camera on the market. It's compact, solidly built but not too heavy, plays nice with a huge number of lenses, and is packed full of AMAZING technology. It just does everything (stills and video) very well. And by the way, the price is quite reasonable considering all it delivers. It's one of the most affordable full frame cameras you can buy. If you purchase one, I think you will enjoy it.
It FEELS amazing in the hand - like a serious piece of equipment. The menu is simple to understand and yet very powerful allowing you to customize the camera and buttons until your heart is content. The reviews bashing the autofocus don't really make sense to me. I have never owned a DSLR but not once have I felt it as hunting too long for focus either with a prime or my 70-200.
The main reason people go for this camera is the advantage of mirrorless allowing you to see the shot composed in the viewfinder and the size/weight. The advantage of this specific model is the stabilization - I can handhold with my 70-200 with no problem which is reason enough for me to own this camera. Can you get a similar specd camera for less - sure - but you get what you pay for and I still think this is priced extremely well.
First the good stuff. This is a step to the big leagues of full frame cameras at an entry point that could not be imagined a few years back. The sensor is getting a little long in the tooth but you are getting the steady shot upgrade and a redesign of the exterior. All told a solid improvement over the A7 especially when you take into account you're getting that all magnesium body this time around.
Now the not so good stuff. What is it with Sony? They have been making consumer electronics for a very long time and cameras even before they bought out Minolta. So why is it they still can not do a camera menu that is not a ball of hurt? Going from the A77 to the A7 was a much more frustrating experience than I could of imagined. Why couldn't Sony have transferred the A mount D pad over to its full frame E mount cameras? Why did it have to stick with this God-awful mess of button mashing and wheel spinning that is the E mount experience? And why are important (to me) functions scattered from Hell to breakfast? Why is all that crap on the view back of the camera and why can't I easily get rid of it like I can in the A77? And why for the love of God is the shutter so noisy? It's a mirror-less camera, that means mirror slap has been eliminated, which means the camera should not sound like I'm cocking a hunting rifle purpose built for Cape Buffalo.
These are tiny little gnats in the ointment to be sure but they are there none the less. One would think that Sony could have at least come up with a more user friendly camera menu between the two models. If there is one complaint I read over and over again from Nikon and Cannon shooters is the Byzantine menu structure of Sony's camera menus. I used to think this just sour grape-ing or old dog refusing to learn new tricks. I saw a little bit of this in the A77, which had its own oddities but the A77 is a paragon of clarity compared to the Menu structure of the A7ii. Sony really needs to pare down the bloat and bring critical functions like manual focus assist to the fore. I'll fiddle with the shooting styles in post thank you very much, keep that stuff off the camera proper so I can do HDR and Multiple exposure. This is a full frame camera give me some credit for knowing what I'm doing.
End results are everything I hoped, the camera does shoot wonderful images and when shoved into the primary exposure modes of Manual, Aperture or Shutter it works beautifully. Put it in Auto though and weirdness ensues. All of a sudden you're back in the menu resetting things you did not want meddled with.
One last thing: Batteries. Get at least two if you are going to do anything more than casual shooting. Between getting acquainted with the menu and shooting pictures plus leaning how the camera works with bounced flash I easily ate up one battery and went through about a quarter of another without even trying. Your mileage may vary but I would not depend on it. If you are going on a trip bring three to four batteries and a charger to be on the safe side.
Every camera has a learning curve. This one does as well. I just wish that Sony would take a page from either Apple or Google and make their IO cleaner. The hardware is excellent for the most part, there was a trade off of small batteries for small foot print, which I understand. There was also the trade off of getting steady shot and NFS but keeping the older sensor, fair enough. There is better build quality all around, which is a good thing offset by a rather noisy shutter, which is not so good because this is mirror-less camera. But the real block to getting five stars has to be the menu / set up. It just should not be this hard. This is something an Engineer came up with, not a photographer nor a real live human being. A lot of this stuff just does not belong on a prosumer Full Frame camera, it's just spaghetti tossed against the wall, GE-gaws that will be tried once or twice and never used again. Much of it could go away and would never be missed.Maybe in the A7III? The set up menu Sony--fix it.
At the end of the day, the gear matters a little, but it's 90%+ about the photographer. This camera is certainly up to the task in skilled hands.
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Pol Pot (Khmer pronunciation: [pɒl pɒt]; Khmer: ប៉ុល ពត; 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998), born Saloth Sar (Khmer: សាឡុត ស), was a Cambodian communist revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge from 1963 until 1997. From 1963 to 1981, he served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea. As such, he became the leader of Cambodia on 17 April 1975, when his forces captured Phnom Penh. From 1976 to 1979, he also served as the prime minister of Democratic Kampuchea.
He presided over a totalitarian dictatorship that imposed a radical form of agrarian socialism on the country. His government forced urban dwellers to move to the countryside to work in collective farms and forced labor projects. The combined effects of executions, forced labor, malnutrition and poor medical care caused the deaths of approximately 25 percent of the Cambodian population. In all, an estimated 1 to 3 million people (out of a population of slightly over 8 million) died due to the policies of his four-year premiership.
In 1979, after the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, Pol Pot fled to the jungles of southwest Cambodia, and the Khmer Rouge government collapsed. From 1979 to 1997, he and a remnant of the old Khmer Rouge operated near the border of Cambodia and Thailand, where they clung to power, with nominal United Nations recognition as the rightful government of Cambodia. Pol Pot committed suicide in 1998 while under house arrest by the Ta Mok faction of the Khmer Rouge. Since his death, rumors that he was poisoned have persisted.
Early life (1925–61)
Saloth Sar was born on 19 May 1925, the eighth of nine children and the second of three sons to Pen Saloth and Sok Nem. His older brother Saloth Chhay was born 3 years earlier. The family was living in the small fishing village of Prek Sbauv, Kampong Thom Province during the French colonialism of the area. Pen Saloth was a rice farmer who owned 12 hectares of land and several buffaloes and the family was considered moderately wealthy by the day's standards. Although Pen Saloth's family was of Sino-Khmer descent and Saloth Sar was named accordingly due to his fair complexion ("Sar" means white in Khmer), the family had already assimilated themselves with mainstream Khmer society by the time Sar was born.
In 1935, Saloth Sar left Prek Sbauv to attend the École Miche, a Catholic school in Phnom Penh. He lived with his cousin, a woman called Meak, a member of the Royal Ballet. In 1926 she bore King Monivong's son, HRH Prince Sisowath Kusarak. She was given the official title Khun Preah Moneang Bopha Norleak Meak. Saloth Sar stayed with Meak's household until 1942. His sister Roeung was a concubine of King Monivong, so through the two women, he often had cause to visit the royal palace. In 1947, he gained admission to the exclusive Lycée Sisowath, but was unsuccessful in his studies.
After switching to a technical school at Russey Keo, north of Phnom Penh, Saloth Sar qualified for a scholarship for technical studies in France. He studied radio electronics at the EFR in Paris from 1949 to 1953. He also participated in an international labour brigade building roads in Zagreb in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1950. After the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh as the government of Vietnam in 1950, French Communists (PCF) took up the cause of Vietnam's independence. The PCF's anti-colonialism views attracted many young Cambodians, including Sar.
In 1951, he joined a communist cell in a secret organization known as the Cercle Marxiste ("Marxist circle"), which had taken control of the Khmer Student's Association (AER) that same year. Within a few months, Sar joined the PCF. His poor academic record was a considerable advantage within the anti-intellectual PCF who saw uneducated peasants as the true proletariat.
Due to failing his exams in three successive years, Sar was forced to return to Cambodia in January 1953. He was the first member of the Cercle Marxiste to return to Cambodia. He was given the task of evaluating the various groups rebelling against the government. He recommended the Khmer Viet Minh, and in August 1954, Sar, along with Rath Samoeun, travelled to the Viet Minh Eastern Zone headquarters in the village of Krabao in the Kampong Cham Province/Prey Veng Province near the border of Cambodia.
Saloth learned that the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP) was little more than a Vietnamese front organization. Due to the 1954 Geneva peace accord, requiring all Viet Minh forces and insurgents be expelled, a group of Cambodians followed the Vietnamese back to Vietnam (as cadres Vietnam would use in a future war to liberate Cambodia). The rest, including Sar, returned to Cambodia.
After Cambodian independence following the 1954 Geneva Conference, both left and right wing parties struggled for power in the new government. Khmer King Norodom Sihanouk pitted the parties against each other while using the police and army to suppress extreme political groups. Corrupt elections in 1955 led many leftists in Cambodia to abandon hope of taking power by legal means. The communist movement, while ideologically committed to guerrilla warfare in such circumstances, did not launch a rebellion due to the party's weakness.
After his return to Phnom Penh, Sar became the liaison between the above-ground leftist parties (Democrats and Pracheachon) and the underground communist movement. He married Khieu Ponnary on 14 July 1956. She returned to Lycée Sisowath, becoming a teacher, while Sar taught French literature and history at Chamraon Vichea, a newly established private college.
The Path to Rebellion (1962–68)
In January 1962, the Cambodian government arrested most of the leadership of the far-left Pracheachon party before parliamentary elections, which were to take place that June. Their newspapers and other publications were closed. Such measures had effectively ended any legitimate political role of the communist movement in Cambodia. In July 1962, the underground communist party secretary Tou Samouth was arrested and later killed while in custody, allowing Sar to become the acting leader. At a 1963 party meeting, attended by at most 18 people, Sar was elected secretary of the party's central committee. That March, Saloth went into hiding after his name was published in a list of leftist suspects put together by the police for Norodom Sihanouk. He fled to the Vietnamese border region and made contact with Vietnamese units fighting against South Vietnam.
In early 1964, Sar convinced the Vietnamese to help the Cambodian communists set up their own base camp. The party's central committee met later that year and issued a declaration calling for armed struggle, emphasizing "self-reliance" in accordance with extreme Cambodians. In the border camps, the ideology of the Khmer Rouge was gradually developed. The party, breaking with Marxism, declared that rural peasant farmers were the true working class proletarian and lifeblood of the revolution, the central committee members having grown up in a feudal peasant society.
After another wave of repression by Sihanouk in 1965, the Khmer Rouge movement under Saloth grew at a rapid rate. Many teachers and students left the cities for the countryside to join the movement.
In April 1965, Sar went to North Vietnam to gain approval for an uprising in Cambodia against the government. North Vietnam refused to support any uprising due to ongoing negotiation with the Cambodian government. Sihanouk promised to allow the Vietnamese to use Cambodian territory and Cambodian ports in their war against South Vietnam.
After returning to Cambodia in 1966, Sar organized a party meeting where a number of important decisions were made. The party was officially, but secretly, renamed the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK). Lower ranks of the party were not informed of the decision. It was also decided to establish command zones and prepare each region for an uprising against the government.
In early 1966, fighting broke out in the countryside between peasants and the government over the price paid for rice. Sar's Khmer Rouge was caught by surprise by the uprisings and could not take any real advantage of them. But the government's refusal to find a peaceful solution to the problem created rural unrest that played into the hands of the Communist movement.
It was not until early 1967 that Sar decided to launch a national uprising, even though North Vietnam refused to assist in any meaningful way. The uprising was launched on 18 January 1968, with a raid on an army base south of Battambang. The Battambang area had already seen two years of great peasant unrest. The attack was driven off by the army, but the Khmer Rouge had captured a number of weapons, which were then used to drive police forces out of Cambodian villages.
By the summer of 1968, Sar began transitioning from a party leader working with a collective leadership, into the absolutist leader of the Khmer Rouge movement. Where before he had shared communal quarters with other leaders, he now had his own compound with a personal staff and guards. Outsiders were no longer allowed to approach him. Rather, people were summoned into his presence by his staff.
The Path to Power (1969–75)
The movement was estimated to consist of no more than 200 regular members, but the core of the movement was supported by a number of villages many times that size. While weapons were in short supply, the insurgency still operated in twelve out of nineteen districts of Cambodia. In 1969 Sar called a party conference and decided to change the party's propaganda strategy. Before 1969, opposition to Sihanouk was the main focus of its propaganda. However, in 1969, the party decided to shift the focus of its propaganda in order to oppose the right-wing parties of Cambodia and their alleged pro-American attitudes. While the party ceased making anti-Sihanouk statements in public, in private the party had not changed its view of him.
The road to power for Sar and the Khmer Rouge was opened by the events of January 1970 in Cambodia. While he was out of the country, Sihanouk ordered the government to stage anti-Vietnamese protests in the capital. The protests quickly spilled out of control and the embassies of both North and South Vietnam were wrecked . Sihanouk, who had ordered the protests, then denounced them from Paris and blamed unnamed individuals in Cambodia for inciting them. These actions, along with clandestine operations by Sihanouk's followers in Cambodia, convinced the government that he should be removed as head of state. The National Assembly voted to remove Sihanouk from office and closed Cambodia's ports to North Vietnamese weapons traffic, demanding that the North Vietnamese leave Cambodia.
The North Vietnamese reacted to the political changes in Cambodia by sending Premier Phạm Văn Đồng to meet Sihanouk in China and recruit him into an alliance with the Khmer Rouge. Sar was also contacted by the North Vietnamese who reversed their position, offering him whatever resources he wanted for his insurgency against the Cambodian government. Sar and Sihanouk were actually in Beijing at the same time, but the Vietnamese and Chinese leaders never informed Sihanouk of the presence of Saloth or allowed the two men to meet. Shortly afterward, Sihanouk issued an appeal by radio to the people of Cambodia asking them to rise up against the government and to support the Khmer Rouge. In May 1970, Saloth finally returned to Cambodia and the insurgency gained traction.
Earlier, on 29 March 1970, the North Vietnamese had taken matters into their own hands and launched an offensive against the Cambodian army. A force of North Vietnamese quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia reaching to within 25 km (15 mi) of Phnom Penh before being pushed back. In these battles the Khmer Rouge and Sar played a very small role.
In October 1970, Sar issued a resolution in the name of the Central Committee. The resolution stated the principle of independence-mastery (aekdreach machaskar), which was a call for Cambodia to decide its own future independent of the influence of any other country. The resolution also included statements describing the betrayal of the Cambodian Communist movement in the 1950s by the Viet Minh. This was the first statement of the anti-Vietnamese policy that would be a major part of the Pol Pot regime when it took power years later.
Kaing Guek Eav has claimed that US support for the Lon Nol coup contributed to the Khmer Rouge's rise to power.However diplomat Timothy M. Carney disagreed, asserting that Pol Pot won the war due to support from Sihanouk, massive supplies of military aid from North Vietnam, government corruption, the cut-off of U.S. air support after Watergate, and the determination of the Cambodian Communists.
Through 1971, the Vietnamese (North Vietnamese and Viet Cong) did most of the fighting against the Cambodian government while Sar and the Khmer Rouge functioned almost as auxiliaries to their forces. Sar took advantage of the situation in order to gather in new recruits and to train them according to a higher standard than was previously possible. Sar also put the resources of all Khmer Rouge organizations into political education and indoctrination. While accepting anyone regardless of background into the Khmer Rouge army at this time, Saloth greatly increased the requirements for membership in the party. Students and so-called "middle peasants" were now rejected by the party. Those with clear peasant backgrounds were the preferred recruits for party membership. These restrictions were ironic in that most of the senior party leadership including Saloth came from student and middle peasant backgrounds. They also created an intellectual split between the educated old guard party members and the uneducated peasant new party members.
In early 1972, Sar toured the insurgent/North Vietnamese controlled areas in Cambodia. He saw a regular Khmer Rouge army of 35,000 men taking shape supported by around 100,000 irregulars. China was supplying five million dollars a year in weapons and Sar had organized an independent revenue source for the party in the form of rubber plantations in eastern Cambodia using forced labour.
After a central committee meeting in May 1972, the party under the direction of Sar began to enforce new levels of discipline and conformity in areas under their control. Minorities such as the Chams were forced to conform to Cambodian styles of dress and appearance. These policies, such as forbidding the Chams from wearing jewelry, were soon extended to the whole population. A haphazard version of land reform was undertaken by Saloth. Its basis was that all land holdings should be of uniform size. The party also confiscated all private means of transportation. The 1972 policies were aimed at reducing the peoples of the liberated areas to a sort of feudal peasant equality. These policies were generally favourable at the time to poor peasants and were extremely unfavourable to refugees from towns who had fled to the countryside.
In 1972, the North Vietnamese army's forces began to withdraw from the fighting against the Cambodian government. Sar then issued a new set of decrees in May 1973 that started the process of reorganizing peasant villages into cooperatives where property was jointly owned and where individual possessions were banned.
Control of the Countryside
The Khmer Rouge advanced during 1973. After they reached the outskirts of Phnom Penh, Sar issued orders during the peak of the rainy season that the city be taken. The orders led to futile attacks and wasted lives within the Khmer Rouge army. By the middle of 1973, the Khmer Rouge under Sar controlled almost two-thirds of the country and half the population. North Vietnam realized that it no longer controlled the situation and it began to treat Sar as more of an equal leader than as a junior partner.
In late 1973, Sar made strategic decisions that determined the future of the war. First, he decided to cut the capital off from contact with outside sources of supplies, putting the city under siege. Second, he enforced tight control over people trying to leave the city through Khmer Rouge lines. He also ordered a series of general purges of former government officials, and anyone with an education. A set of new prisons was also constructed in Khmer Rouge run areas. The Cham minority attempted an uprising in order to stop the destruction of their culture. The uprising was quickly crushed, Saloth ordered that harsh physical torture be used against most of those involved in the revolt. As previously, Saloth tested out harsh new policies against the Cham minority, before extending them to the general population of the country.
The Khmer Rouge also had a policy of evacuating urban areas and forcibly relocating their residents to the countryside. When the Khmer Rouge took the town of Kratie in 1971, Sar and other members of the party were shocked at how fast the "liberated" urban areas shook off socialism and went back to the old ways. Various ideas were tried in order to re-create the town in the image of the party, but nothing worked. In 1973, out of total frustration, Sar decided that the only solution was to send the entire population of the town to the fields in the countryside. He wrote at the time "if the result of so many sacrifices was that the capitalists remain in control, what was the point of the revolution?". Shortly after, Sar ordered the evacuation of the 15,000 people of Kompong Cham for the same reasons. The Khmer Rouge then moved on in 1974 to evacuate the larger city of Oudong.
Internationally, Sar and the Khmer Rouge gained the recognition of 63 countries as the true government of Cambodia. A move was made at the UN to give the seat for Cambodia to the Khmer Rouge; they prevailed by three votes.
In September 1974, Sar gathered the central committee of the party together. As the military campaign was moving toward a conclusion, Sar decided to move the party toward implementing a socialist transformation of the country in the form of a series of decisions, the first being to evacuate the main cities, moving the population to the countryside. The second dictated that they would cease putting money into circulation and quickly phase it out. The final decision was that the party would accept Sar's first major purge. In 1974, Sar had purged a top party official named Prasith. Prasith was taken out into a forest and shot without being given any chance to defend himself. His death was followed by a purge of cadres who, like Prasith, were ethnically Thai. Sar's explanation was that the class struggle had become acute, requiring a strong stand against party enemies.
The Khmer Rouge were positioned for a final offensive against the government in January 1975. Simultaneously, at a press event in Beijing, Sihanouk proudly announced Sar's "death list" of enemies who were to be killed after victory. The list, which originally contained seven names, was expanded to 23, and it included the names of all senior government leaders along with the names of all officials who were in positions of leadership within the police and military. The rivalry between Vietnam and Cambodia also came out into the open. North Vietnam, as the rival socialist country in Indochina, was determined to take Saigon before the Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh. Shipments of weapons from China were delayed, in one instance the Cambodians were forced to sign a humiliating document thanking (North) Vietnam for shipments of Chinese weapons.
In April 1975, the government formed a Supreme National Council with new leadership, with the aim of negotiating a surrender to the Khmer Rouge. It was headed by Sak Sutsakhan who had studied in France with Sar, and was a cousin of the Khmer Rouge Deputy Secretary Nuon Chea. Sar reacted to this by adding the names of everyone involved in the Supreme National Council onto his post-victory death list. Government resistance finally collapsed on 17 April 1975.
Leader of Kampuchea (1975–79)
The Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975. As the leader of the Communist Party, Saloth Sar became the de facto leader of the country. He took the name "brother number one" and declared his nom de guerre Pol Pot. This derives from Politique potentielle, the French equivalent of a phrase supposedly coined for him by the Chinese leadership. An alternative explanation for the origin of Pol Pot's name is offered by Philip Short, who states that Saloth Sar announced that he was adopting the name in July 1970 and suspects that it is derived from pol: "the Pols were royal slaves, an aboriginal people", and that "Pot" was simply a "euphonic monosyllable" that he liked.
A new constitution was adopted on 5 January 1976, officially altering the country's name to "Democratic Kampuchea." The newly established Representative Assembly held its first plenary meeting on 11–13 April, electing a new government with Pol Pot as prime minister. His predecessor, Khieu Samphan was instead given the position of head of state as President of the State Presidium. Prince Sihanouk was given no role in the government and was placed under detention.
The belief was that agriculture was the key to nation-building and national defense. Pol Pot's goal for the country was to have 70-80% of the farm mechanization completed within 5–10 years, to build a modern industrial base off of the farm mechanization within 15–20 years, and to be a self-sufficient state. He wanted to take the economy and make it the primary source of goods for the nation, sever foreign relationships, and radically reconstruct the society to maximize the production of agriculture. To avoid foreign domination of industries Pol Pot refused to purchase goods from other nations.
Immediately after the fall of Phnom Penh, the Khmer Rouge began to implement their concept of Year Zero and ordered the complete evacuation of Phnom Penh and all other recently captured major towns and cities. Those leaving were told that the evacuation was due to the threat of severe American bombing and it would last for no more than a few days.
Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge had been evacuating captured urban areas for many years, but the evacuation of Phnom Penh was unique due to its scale. Pol Pot stated that "...the first step in progress [was] deliberately designed to exterminate an entire class". The first operations to evacuate urban areas occurred in 1968 in the Ratanakiri area and were aimed at moving people deeper into Khmer Rouge territory to better control them. From 1971–1973, the motivation changed. Pol Pot and the other senior leaders were frustrated that urban Cambodians were retaining old capitalist habits of trade and business. When all other methods had failed, evacuation to the countryside was adopted to solve the problem.
In 1976, people were reclassified as full-rights (base) people, candidates and depositees – so called because they included most of the new people who had been deposited from the cities into the communes. Depositees were marked for destruction. Their rations were reduced to two bowls of rice soup, or "p'baw" per day. This led to widespread starvation. "New people" were allegedly given no place in the elections taking place on 20 March 1976, despite the fact the constitution supposedly established universal suffrage for all Cambodians over age 18.
The Khmer Rouge leadership boasted over the state-controlled radio that only one or two million people were needed to build the new agrarian communist utopia. As for the others, as their proverb put it, "To keep you is no benefit, to destroy you is no loss."
Hundreds of thousands of the new people, and later the depositees, were taken out in shackles to dig their own mass graves. Then the Khmer Rouge soldiers buried them alive. A Khmer Rouge extermination prison directive ordered, "Bullets are not to be wasted." These mass graves are often referred to as The Killing Fields.
The Khmer Rouge also classified people by religion and ethnic group. They banned all religion and dispersed minority groups, forbidding them to speak their languages or to practice their customs. They especially targeted Buddhist monks, Muslims, Christians, Western-educated intellectuals, educated people in general, people who had contact with Western countries or with Vietnam, disabled people, and the ethnic Chinese, Laotians and Vietnamese. Some were put in the S-21 camp for interrogation involving torture in cases where a confession was useful to the government. Many others were summarily executed.
According to François Ponchaud's book Cambodia: Year Zero, "Ever since 1972, the guerrilla fighters had been sending all the inhabitants of the villages and towns they occupied into the forest to live and often burning their homes, so that they would have nothing to come back to." The Khmer Rouge systematically destroyed food sources that could not be easily subjected to centralized storage and control, cut down fruit trees, forbade fishing, outlawed the planting or harvest of mountain leap rice, abolished medicine and hospitals, forced people to march long distances without access to water, exported food, embarked on foolish economic projects, and refused offers of humanitarian aid, which caused a humanitarian catastrophe: hundreds of thousands died of starvation and brutal government-inflicted overwork in the countryside. To the Khmer Rouge, outside aid went against their principle of national self-reliance. According to Solomon Bashi, the Khmer Rouge exported 150,000 tons of rice in 1976 alone. In addition, "Coop chiefs often reported better yields to their supervisors than they had actually achieved. The coop was then taxed on the rice it reportedly produced. Rice was taken out of the people's mouths and given to the Center to make up for these inflated numbers....'There were piles of rice as big as a house, but they took it away in trucks. We raised chicken and ducks and vegetables and fruit, but they took it all. You'd be killed if you tried to take anything for yourself.'" According to Henri Locard, "the reputation of KR leaders for Spartan austerity is somewhat overdone. After all, they had the entire property of all expelled town dwellers at their full disposal, and they never suffered from malnutrition."
Property became collective, and education was dispensed at communal schools. Children were raised on a communal basis. Even meals were prepared and eaten communally. Pol Pot's regime was extremely paranoid. Political dissent and opposition was not permitted. People were treated as opponents based on their appearance or background. Torture was widespread, thousands of politicians and bureaucrats accused of association with previous governments were executed. Phnom Penh was turned into a ghost city, while people in the countryside were dying of starvation, illnesses, or simply killed.
U.S. officials publicly predicted shortly after the fall of Phnom Penh that more than one million people would be killed by the Khmer Rouge; President Gerald Ford had warned of "an unbelievable horror story." Modern research has located 20,000 mass graves from the Khmer Rouge era all over Cambodia. Various studies have estimated the death toll at between 740,000 and 3,000,000, most commonly between 1.7 million and 2.2 million, with perhaps half of those deaths being due to executions, and the rest from starvation and disease. Demographic analysis by Patrick Heuveline suggests that between 1.17 and 3.42 million Cambodians were killed. Demographer Marek Sliwinski concluded that at least 1.8 million were killed from 1975–9 on the basis of the total population decline, compared to roughly 40,000 killed by the U.S. bombing.Researcher Craig Etcheson of the Documentation Center of Cambodia suggests that the death toll was between 2 and 2.5 million, with a "most likely" figure of 2.2 million. After five years of researching some 20,000 grave sites, he concludes that, "these mass graves contain the remains of 1,386,734 victims of execution." A U.N. investigation reported 2–3 million dead, while UNICEF estimated 3 million had been killed. Even the Khmer Rouge acknowledged that 2 million had been killed—though they attributed those deaths to a subsequent Vietnamese invasion. By late 1979, U.N. and Red Cross officials were warning that another 2.25 million Cambodians starvation due to "the near destruction of Cambodian society under the regime of ousted Prime Minister Pol Pot," most of whom were saved by international aid after the Vietnamese invasion. The after-effects of Khmer Rouge policy contributed heavily to the deaths of an additional 650,000 Cambodians from 1979 to 1980.
Pol Pot aligned the country politically with the People's Republic of China and adopted an anti-Soviet line. This alignment was more political and practical than ideological. Vietnam was aligned with the Soviet Union, so Cambodia aligned with the rival of the Soviet Union and Vietnam in Southeast Asia. China had been supplying the Khmer Rouge with weapons for years before they took power.
In December 1976, Pol Pot issued directives to the senior leadership to the effect that Vietnam was now an enemy. Defenses along the border were strengthened and unreliable deportees were moved deeper into Cambodia. Pol Pot's actions were in response to the Vietnamese Communist Party's fourth Congress, which approved a resolution describing Vietnam's special relationship with Laos and Cambodia. It also talked of how Vietnam would forever be associated with the building and defense of the other two countries.
Unlike many Communist leaders, Pol Pot was never the object of a personality cult. Even in power, the CPK maintained the secrecy it had kept up during its years in the battlefield. For over two years after taking power, the party only referred to itself as "Angkar" ("the Organization"). It was not until a speech on 15 April 1977 that Pol Pot revealed the CPK's existence. It was also at that time that international observers confirmed that he and Saloth Sar were one and the same.
Conflict with Vietnam
In May 1975 a squad of Khmer Rouge soldiers raided and took Phu Quoc Island. By 1977, relations with Vietnam began to fall apart. There were small border clashes in January. Pol Pot tried to prevent border disputes by sending a team to Vietnam. The negotiations failed, which caused even more border disputes. On 30 April, the Cambodian army, backed by artillery, crossed over into Vietnam. In attempting to explain Pol Pot's behavior, one region-watcher suggested that Cambodia was attempting to intimidate Vietnam, by irrational acts, into respecting or at least fearing Cambodia to the point they would leave the country alone. However, these actions only served to anger the Vietnamese people and government against the Khmer Rouge.
In May 1976, Vietnam sent its air force into Cambodia in a series of raids. In July, Vietnam forced a Treaty of Friendship on Laos that gave Vietnam almost total control over the country. In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge commanders in the Eastern Zone began to tell their men that war with Vietnam was inevitable and that once the war started their goal would be to recover parts of Vietnam (Khmer Krom) that were once part of Cambodia, whose people, they alleged, were struggling for independence from Vietnam. It is not clear whether these statements were the official policy of Pol Pot.
In September 1977, Cambodia launched division-scale raids over the border, which once again left a trail of murder and destruction in villages. The Vietnamese claimed that around 1,000 people had been killed or injured. Three days after the raid, Pol Pot officially announced the existence of the formerly secret Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) and finally announced to the world that the country was a Communist state. In December, after having exhausted all other options, Vietnam sent 50,000 troops into Cambodia in what amounted to a short raid. The raid was meant to be secret. The Vietnamese withdrew after declaring they had achieved their goals, and the invasion was just a warning. Upon being threatened, the Vietnamese army promised to return with support from the Soviet Union. Pol Pot's actions made the operation much more visible than the Vietnamese had intended and created a situation in which Vietnam appeared weak.
After making one final attempt to negotiate a settlement with Cambodia, Vietnam decided that it had to prepare for a full war. Vietnam also tried to pressure Cambodia through China. However, China's refusal to pressure Cambodia and the flow of weapons from China into Cambodia were both signs that China also intended to act against Vietnam.
When Cambodian communists rebelled in the eastern zone in May 1978 Pol Pot's armies could not crush them quickly. On 10 May his radio broadcast a call not only to "exterminate the 50 million Vietnamese" but also to "purify the masses of the people" of Cambodia. Of 1.5 million easterners, branded as "Khmer bodies with Vietnamese minds", at least 100,000 were exterminated in six months. Later that year, in response to threats to its borders and the Vietnamese people, Vietnam attacked Cambodia to overthrow the Khmer Rouge, which Vietnam justified on the basis of self-defense. The Cambodian army was defeated, the regime was toppled and Pol Pot fled to the Thai border area. In January 1979, Vietnam installed a new government under Khmer Rouge defector Heng Samrin, composed of Khmer Rouge who had fled to Vietnam to avoid the purges. Pol Pot eventually regrouped with his core supporters in the Thai border area where he received shelter and assistance. At different times during this period, he was located on both sides of the border. The military government of Thailand used the Khmer Rouge as a buffer force to keep the Vietnamese away from the border. The Thai military also made money from the shipment of weapons from China to the Khmer Rouge. Eventually Pol Pot rebuilt a small military force in the west of the country with the help of the People's Republic of China. The PRC also initiated the Sino-Vietnamese War around this time.
The People's Republic of China was the main international supporter of the Khmer Rouge and its leader Pol Pot. The Chinese provided financial and military support to the party even after their overthrow in 1979.The UN also recognized the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, which included the Khmer Rouge, instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.
Pol Pot lived in the Phnom Malai area, giving interviews in the early 1980s accusing all those who opposed him of being traitors and "puppets" of the Vietnamese until he disappeared from public view. In 1985, his "retirement" was announced, but he retained influence over the party. A cadre interviewed during this period described Pol Pot's views on the death toll under his government:
He said that he knows that many people in the country hate him and think he's responsible for the killings. He said that he knows many people died. When he said this he nearly broke down and cried. He said he must accept responsibility because the line was too far to the left, and because he didn't keep proper track of what was going on. He said he was like the master in a house he didn't know what the kids were up to, and that he trusted people too much. For example, he allowed [one person] to take care of central committee business for him, [another person] to take care of intellectuals, and [a third person] to take care of political education.... These were the people to whom he felt very close, and he trusted them completely. Then in the end ... they made a mess of everything.... They would tell him things that were not true, that everything was fine, that this person or that was a traitor. In the end they were the real traitors. The major problem had been cadres formed by the Vietnamese.
In December 1985, the Vietnamese launched a major offensive and overran most of the Khmer Rouge and other insurgent positions. The Khmer Rouge headquarters at Phnom Malai and its base near Pailin were completely destroyed; the Vietnamese attackers suffered substantial losses during the attack.
Pol Pot fled to Thailand where he lived for the next six years. His headquarters were a plantation villa near Trat.
Pol Pot officially resigned from the party in 1985 citing asthma as a contributing factor, but continued as the de facto Khmer Rouge leader and a dominant force within the anti-Vietnam alliance. He handed day to day power to Son Sen, his hand-picked successor.
In 1986, his new wife Mea Son gave birth to a daughter, Sitha, named after the heroine of the Khmer religious epic, the Reamker. Shortly after, Pol Pot moved to China for medical treatment for cancer. He remained there until 1988.
In 1989, Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge established a new stronghold area in the west near the Thai border and Pol Pot relocated back into Cambodia from Thailand. Pol Pot refused to cooperate with the peace process, and kept fighting the new coalition government. The Khmer Rouge kept the government forces at bay until 1996, when troops started deserting. Several important Khmer Rouge leaders also defected. The government had a policy of making peace with Khmer Rouge individuals and groups after negotiations with the organization as a whole failed. In 1995 Pol Pot experienced a stroke that paralyzed the left side of his body.
Pol Pot ordered the execution of his lifelong right-hand man Son Sen on 10 June 1997 for attempting to make a settlement with the government. Eleven members of his family were killed also, although Pol Pot later denied that he had ordered this. He then fled his northern stronghold, but was later arrested by Khmer Rouge military Chief Ta Mok on 19 June 1997. Pol Pot had not been seen in public since 1980, two years after his overthrow at the hands of an invading Vietnamese army. He was sentenced to death in absentia by a Phnom Penh court soon afterward. In July he was subjected to a show trial for the death of Son Sen and sentenced to lifelong house arrest.
On the night of 15 April 1998, two days before the 23rd anniversary of the Khmer Rouge takeover in Phnom Penh, the Voice of America, to which Pol Pot was a devout listener, announced that the Khmer Rouge had agreed to turn him over to an international tribunal. According to his wife, he died in his bed later in the night while waiting to be moved to another location. Ta Mok claimed that his death was due to heart failure. Despite government requests to inspect the body, it was cremated a few days later at Anlong Veng in the Khmer Rouge zone, raising suspicions that he committed suicide.

subset: commoncrawl


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|strategies | help | resources | opal | intersect
|Paragraph 303
|Watching the folks from the lumber camp
|Table of Contents | picturebook | timeline | characters | glossary
|We did go on. We went a little way on, and we had sees of more folks of the camp by the mill by the far woods . I did make a climb upon an old treeroot to have sees of them at work. Brave Horatius made a jump up, and he came in a walk over to where me and Thomas Chatterton Jupiter Zeus were sitting. We had seeing of them all working. I have thinks the folks that live in the lumber camps -- they are kindly folk. When they come home from work at eventime , I do so like to sit on a stump and watch them go by. They come in twos and threes. They do carry their dinner-pails in their hands. And some do whistle as they come. And some do talk.
Copyright ©1999-2000
Center for Electronic Studying, University of Oregon.


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Study: Kids behave better with fewer rules
Who'd have thought that fewer rules in the playground would mean that kids behave better? Well, a school in NZ is finding exactly that.
Don't you just love it when research confirms the common sense stuff we already kind of knew? I do love it. And I hate it a little bit too. I'm thinking people, especially parents, are second guessing themselves more and more in the quest to be great parents. I wish we had more faith in our own abilities and instincts, but I'm diverting a titch. Let's get back to the research.
No rules challenge
Two New Zealand colleges inspired by their own super fun childhoods (think tree houses, billy carts, spud guns and the like) challenged schools to allow kids more freedom in the playground, urging them to throw the rule book away. Auckland University of Technology and Otago University developed this no-rules playground study and eight New Zealand schools rose to the challenge (including Swanson Primary School.)
Stellar results
Schools, parents and researchers were amazed at the positive consequences this big change made. Swanson Primary principal Bruce McLachlan explains:
"We want kids to be safe and to look after them, but we end up wrapping them in cotton wool when in fact they should be able to fall over. When you look at our playground it looks chaotic. From an adult's perspective, it looks like kids might get hurt, but they don't."
Kids created all kinds of playful fun without boundaries, returning to ye olden days when health and safety policies were a mere glimmer in bureaucrat's eyes. The results were amazing with happier kids, a drop in bullying, serious injuries and vandalism and increased concentration levels in class.
"The kids were motivated, busy and engaged. In my experience, the time children get into trouble is when they are not busy, motivated and engaged. It's during that time they bully other kids, graffiti or wreck things around the school."
Too many rules
Grant Schofield, AUT professor of public health worked on the research project. He says there are too many rules in modern playgrounds.
"There was so many ridiculous health and safety regulations and the kids thought the static structures of playgrounds were boring."
"Society's obsession with protecting children ignores the benefits of risk-taking", he said. Children develop the frontal lobe of their brain when taking risks, meaning they work out consequences. "You can't teach them that. They have to learn risk on their own terms. It doesn't develop by watching TV, they have to get out there."
It's not known how the other schools fared, but watch this space as results will be collated and published later this year.
Do you think there are too many school rules?
Read more about discipline on Kidspot:
Read more about discipline:
- Cultural divide over disciplining kids from NY Times
- Discipline strategies from Parents.com
- 5 steps to disciplining your kids from Dr Phil


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Only one-third of the Cabot Trail runs through the Cape Breton Highlands National Park.
The majority of small businesses in northern Cape Breton operate on the other two-thirds of the Cabot Trail, or a short drive off those stretches of the trail.
Therefore, it is dismaying to see the continued lack of awareness and concern about the proposal to disrupt the Cabot Trail and change its very nature — with the construction of the Green Cove memorial complex — on the part of stakeholder organizations whose mission is, at least in part, to support small business and new entrepreneurs: The Cape Breton Small Business Development Centre, Destination Cape Breton, Ingonish Connected, the Northern Cape Breton Development Society, various chambers of commerce and the Victoria County council.
The memorial project — the dream of a Toronto businessman — will destroy Green Cove, a site as precious as Peggy's Cove is on the mainland.
Green Cove has a fascinating social history. Fred Williams, born and raised in Neils Harbour, is launching his book, "A Better Rock," today (Saturday). It includes a chapter on the fishing settlement that existed there before the national park was born.
The cove headland, the site of a celebrated 375 million-year-old granite mass, now features a short hike offering spectacular vistas of elemental beauty.
The flaw in Tony Trigiani's vision of a monument to the fallen that mirrors the memorial at Vimy Ridge is that the latter was built on land shattered by war, while the proposed Green Cove monument will itself be the cause of destruction — something the fallen surely would not have wanted done in their name.
Despite all this, the project is going ahead with an engineering assessment and an environmental assessment at taxpayers' expense, without public consultation, without permission to proceed, and with the federal government's endorsement.
It behooves us all to look closely at this project and to take a stand against it before irreversible damage begins.
Claudia Gahlinger
South Harbour


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SHOWING RECORD: 4 of 50
California Newt
Photograph by Joe McDonald/Corbis
California Newt
Taricha torosa
March 11, 1806, discovered at the Cascades, but described at Fort Clatsop, Oregon.
Tan to reddish brown above, light yellow to orange below. Back and belly colors blend. Length: 5-7.8 in (12.7-19.7 cm).
Quiet streams, ponds, and lakes and surrounding evergreen and oak forests along coast. Fast-moving streams through digger pine and blue oak communities in Sierra Nevada foothills.
Coastal California from San Diego to Mendocino County; also western slope of Sierra Nevada. Separate population at Squaw Creek, Shasta County. Near sea level to 7,000 ft (2,134 m).
The skin secretions of the newts of the genus Taricha contain toxins similar to those found in pufferfish liver. These are among the deadliest natural toxins yet discovered.
Species information from
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Aleutian Canada Goose
American Raven
Bonaparte's Gull
California Newt
Columbian Sharp-Tailed Grouse
Douglas's Squirrel
Dusky Horned Owl
Glaucous-Winged Gull
Gray Jay
Greater White-Fronted Goose


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Today you will be completing the student feedback survey for me. Getting your thoughtful feedback is very important to me. I know you've completed a lot of these and they sometimes can be tedious–but they are incredibly important in helping me grow as a teacher. THANK YOU in advance for taking the time to do this.
Also–if you have not printed your final speech and turned it in to me, please do so now. Here is a list of speeches I still need. As soon as I get these, I can update PowerSchool:
- Andi
- Jung Hwan
- Diya
- Jinwoo
- Lovisa
- Alisa


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Chances are you've seen The King and I. At the very least, you know the story:
Set in the Victorian era, a British woman is brought to Siam to be a governess to the King of Siam's children. During the course of her stay there, she brings about modernization to the king's household and temperament—and she and the king fall in love, although neither can express it.
The sexual tension between the king and the governess is palpable (plus there's Yul Brynner's naked chest!), and it is heartbreaking to realize that these two are just too different to wind up together.
Without mentioning the 'feelbad' endings of Nicholas Sparks's books-to-films (a post on those to come!), would this plot be allowed to be made for current audiences, and their current expectations?
Do we all need a happy ending now?


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Joint Implementation Team:
Templates, Forms and Tools
See also, below: Staff Nurses | Holidays | WRC
- Evaluations
- Performance Evaluations Pilot (New 1/2017: Pilot - Limited Use)
- Framework Evaluations:
updated 7/2015
- Registered Nurse Level A Annual Evaluation
- Registered Nurse Level C Annual Evaluation
- Registered Nurse Level D Annual Evaluation
- Registered Nurse Level E Annual Evaluation
RN Peer Assessment Tool for Annual Evaluation
- RSAM Evaluations: updated 9/2015
- Clinical Care Coordinator Competent
- Clinical Care Coordinator Expert
- Clinical Care Coordinator Mastery
Clinical Care Coordinator Peer Assessment Tool
- Educational Nurse Coordinator Competent
- Educational Nurse Coordinator Expert
- Educational Nurse Coordinator Mastery
Educational Nurse Coordinator Peer Assessment Tool
- Flight Nurse Specialist Competent
- Flight Nurse Specialist Expert
- Flight Nurse Specialist Mastery
Flight Nurse Specialist Peer Assessment Tool
- Clinical Thinking and Judgement
- Systems Thinking
- Advocacy
- Therapeutic Relationships
- Collaboration, Communication, and Professional Relationships
- Facilitator of Learning and Professional Development
- Response to Diversity
- Advancing Practice
- Contribution
- Coordination
- Systems Thinking:Operations
- Systems Thinking: Safety
- RN Case Manager Competent
- RN Case Manager Expert
- RN Case Manager Mastery
RN Case Manager Peer Assessment Tool
Advanced Practice Evaluations:
- Miscellaneous
- Designated Float Unit Selection
- Dispute Process Flowchart
- Dispute Step 1 Worksheet (UMPNC use)
- DRC Checklist
- For Cause Drug Testing Health System
- Health RN RTW w/o Restrictions Process (12/2010)
- OR PACU Procedure Areas OnCall Requirements Template
- OT Trigger Worksheet and Definition - 2014
- Permanent Designated Float Election Form (7/2013)
- Problem-Solving Meetings Related to Use of PTO or Use of No-Pay Time
- Process for Reporting & Review of Unit-based Temporary Hours
Staff Nurses
- Practice Situation, Ambulatory Care
- Practice Situation, Inpatient
- Paid Time Off (PTO) Donation Program
- Regular Employee Float Voucher
- Contract Payroll Scenarios, Non-Thanksgiving 2013-2018
- Contract Payroll Scenarios, Thanksgiving 2013-2018
- Holiday Questions and Answers 2016
The Workload Review Committee provides a mechanism for nursing management and staff to collaboratively address workload issues. The committee use relevant fiscal, operational, and acuity data and input from nursing staff to proactively address planned changes in care delivery or the work environment, and quickly make recommendations or decisions to respond locally to unanticipated workload or patient care issues. For more details see Article 14.
- OT Log, Inpatient example
- OT Log, Inpatient template
- OT Log, WHB template
- Workload Review Membership Sign-up Form
- Workload Review Committee Template: Agenda
- Workload Review Committee Template: Checklist
- Workload Review Committee Template: AC Checklist
- Workload Review Committee Template: Minutes
- Trigger Thresholds & Required Actions - 2008 Contract
Web Publisher of JIT is Gayle Thompson.


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- $$
- Patio/Sidewalk Dining
- Dinner, Lunch
- Beer/Wine
- Parking Lot Available
- Reservations Accepted
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Lottery's benefit to OC
Since its start 10 years ago, the S.C. Education Lottery has poured back millions of dollars for Oconee County education interests. The lottery website, sceducationlottery.com, now displays an updated map of the county distribution. Select a county and left click your computer mouse to instantly see the funding that has impacted the selected county for college scholarships and grants, K-12 programs and county libraries. For Oconee: $7 million for K-12; 17 thousand scholarships; $24.5 million in scholarship amounts; and nearly $300 thousand for the libraries.


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PHOTO GALLERY: Ashley Greene Suits Up
It seems as though Ashley Greene is really embracing the concept of Christmas before Thanksgiving.
The starlet made an appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on Monday in this little prize (unfortunately, there's no return policy). If we were to guess, we'd say she dove head-first into the closet of Christmas cheer, swirled through the Candy Cane Forest and skipped down Candy Striper Lane for an enchanting experience that resulted in this ostentatious blunder.
The concept, we get, but the execution is mind-boggling.
Click through the gallery to see if you agree.


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This past weekend I treated myself to a rice cooker. For the longest time I thought this was an appliance that was a waste of money, but then we went to a friend's house for New Year's Eve, and I experienced a rice cooker first hand for the first time. And I was hooked.
When we gutted our kitchen and suddenly I was out a stove, I continued to make my rice in the microwave like always. But here's what I found out: when you're cooking without a kitchen, you're using the microwave to cook many other things as well. The couple of times we've had rice with vegetables and something else, I would have to rotate when I cooked the rice, plus the rest of the meal in the microwave, and something always ended up cold.
So this past weekend, when I saw a Black & Decker rice cooker for only $25, I splurged.
Here's the best part: I discovered that this rice cooker can do way more than just cook rice. It can also:
- steam vegetables
- cook seafood
- make pasta–as in heat it up in the absence of a pot on a stove, not actually "make" pasta
- act as a stockpot for making soup
- cook and steam dumplings
For as long as we are without a kitchen–and even after our new kitchen is installed–I'm feeling confident that this rice cooker will be a staple in my meal plans. And now I can't wait to use it the next time I make stir-fry chicken in the slow cooker and want to serve it with rice.
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So I realize this is a super noob question, hence the reason Im posting here, and id also like to say that I checked all over the forum and google to try to find a solution with no success.
So my issue is with my pointer. I noticed viewing a bunch of BT5 tutorials that lots of people had customized their pointers with (loading nuke sybols, different hands, etc...), so I thought that cant be very hard let me go to (system/preferences/appearence/customize/pointers) the only problem is there is no way to install new ones. So I thought well maybe its part of a theme so I hit "Get more themes online". Nothing in reguards to customizing pointers is available. So I guess Im just stuck at the moment and thought one of you may have the insight to solve this issue.


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GigaOM's flagship conference, Structure, returns on June 23rd and 24th for two days of deep insight into the Cloud Computing industry. Taking place at the Mission Bay Conference Center in San Francisco, Structure 2010 promises to be our best Structure conference yet.
The $1.4 trillion IT market is undergoing a massive shake-up due to Cloud Computing. From the chips that power the compute clouds to the broadband that transports the computation and the software that ties it all together, Cloud Computing is creating a fundamental shift in how we think about and buy computing services. And at each point in the chain, such disruption creates another opportunity. At Structure 2010 you will learn about those opportunities and how to profit from them.
Our speaker list is growing every day. Check out these keynotes by the top names in Cloud Computing:
- Paul Maritz, CEO, VMware
- Erich Clementi, Vice President, Strategy and General Manager, Enterprise Initiatives, IBM
- Dr. Donald Ferguson, CTO, CA Inc.
- Marc Benioff, Chairman and CEO, salesforce.com
For the most up-to-date list, see our web site.
Register now and receive $100 off your ticket. But hurry — this event will sell out!
Structure 2010 also represents a great way to directly address one of the most influential tech audiences anywhere. Call Mike Sly at (415) 235-0358 to find out how your company can exhibit.


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New Delhi (CNSNews.com) - India will not accept a moratorium on nuclear tests nor sign the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said here.
Replying to a day-long parliamentary debate on the Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear cooperation deal, Singh stressed that India's nuclear interests and sovereignty would not be compromised by the proposed agreement, as charged by opposition parties.
Earlier, eight of India's top nuclear scientists expressed fears that changes to the deal proposed by U.S. lawmakers could hurt India's national security and defense requirements.
In an open letter to lawmakers, the scientists worried that the agreement would infringe upon India's "independence for carrying out indigenous research and development in nuclear science and technology."
This is the first time prominent nuclear scientists here made a public, joint stand against the deal and, throughout his speech, Singh appeared focused on addressing their concerns.
Supporters of the agreement are concerned that India's rejection of a moratorium on nuclear testing and other requirements may affect passage of the enabling legislation through the U.S. Senate.
Under the July 2005 deal, the U.S. will supply India with fuel and technology for its nuclear energy sector, in return for Indian steps to separate its civilian and military nuclear programs and place its civilian nuclear facilities under international safeguards.
The House of Representatives last month approved the agreement, but put in place some curbs including a requirement of annual certification that nuclear fuel and technology is used for purely peaceful purposes. Lawmakers also threatened to revoke the deal if India conducted a nuclear test.
The pact will only come into effect once it is ratified jointly by the two houses after negotiations have been completed on all technical details.
A former External Affairs Minister, Yashwant Sinha, has accused U.S. lawmakers of modifying the agreement by inserting new clauses so as "to cap India's nuclear weapons program."
In a bid to allay fears of the opposition -- both leftists and Hindu nationalists oppose the deal -- Singh said India would not accept any dilution of the agreement that might harm India's interests.
India was against the certification requirement, he said.
At the same time, he argued that the nuclear deal was crucial for India's acceptance into the global nuclear community, and critical if India was to meet its growing energy needs.
He said President Bush had personally assured him at the G8 Summit in St. Petersburg that Washington was "not shifting any goalposts."
Backers of the pact say it is significant that it gives India access to U.S. fuel and equipment without India having to sign the NPT.
Eminent space scientist Kasturi Rangan argued that Indo-U.S. nuclear cooperation would accelerate scientific development in India.
Indian political commentator Fal Nariman said the agreement acknowledges India as a nuclear weapons state, and at the same time opens the door to full civil nuclear cooperation with international partners.
India was thus placed in a unique, preferred position despite not having signed the NPT.
The deal would contribute significantly to India's energy security by allowing a much more rapid expansion of its nuclear energy program than was currently possible owing to restrictions on nuclear technology transfer, Nariman said.
Nuclear cooperation with Delhi was severed after India conducted its first nuclear tests in the 1970s.
Placid Rodriguez, president of the Indian Nuclear Society and former director of the Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, said the deal would be mutually beneficial.
Just as India is looking for better nuclear options, the U.S., too, is banking on India for a large number of technicians and scientists for its nuclear renaissance, he said.
Although the agreement with U.S. promises to end India's nuclear isolation, its success will largely depend on the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), which regulates global atomic and nuclear fuel trade. The NSG would need to approve the deal before India can actually import nuclear fuels for its reactors.
Subscribe to the free CNSNews.com daily E-Brief.
Send a Letter to the Editor about this article.


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By Samantha Webb
Dr. Keith Kenney is headed east to Georgia. He knows where he's going. It's not the Georgia that lies just west of the Savannah River. Starting this fall, the School of Journalism and Mass Communications begins its partnership with the Caucasus School of Journalism and Media Management in Tbilisi, Georgia.
The J-school received a $750,000 grant from the U.S. Department of State to work with and help improve the graduate school in the former Soviet state, an independent and west-leaning country since the collapse of communism. Dr. Keith Kenney, an associate professor, will be the first of several USC faculty and doctoral students to travel to Tbilisi. He is the main author of the grant proposal and the director for the project.
The CSJMM opened in 2001 with the goal of "promoting free, independent and professional media." It is the first western-style school in the Caucasus region east of the Black Sea. The dean of CSJMM, Maia Mikashavidze, visited the J-school in the fall of 2010.
Throughout the next three years, five other J-school faculty members and doctoral students, including Lisa Sisk, Geah Pressgrove and Matt Haught, will travel to Georgia to teach at CSJMM. In exchange, three CSJMM faculty members will come to Columbia to pursue their doctoral degrees from the University of South Carolina. They will complete all the necessary coursework at USC over the next three years but will then return to Georgia and defend their dissertations via Skype.
One aspect of the grant is creating a master's program for CSJMM. Once Dr. Kenney arrives at CSJMM for his one-year tenure there, he will assess what they need and determine the nature of the program. The type of program will also help decide which other J-school faculty will travel to Georgia and teach.
Dr. Kenney heads SJMC efforts to increase international exchanges and has traveled and taught in other countries such as Italy and China. He believes this is a great opportunity for the J-school to really make a difference at CSJMM and in the journalism field in Georgia.
" I'm very happy because I feel like this is a great opportunity for our school and for me personally to make a difference there," Kenney says.
Samantha Webb
Samantha Webb is a junior Visual Communications student. She enjoys running during her spare time.
She is a part of the 2011 InterCom Class.


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John Taylor will soon be opening a second Pita Pit on Prince Edward Island.
The second one will open July 23 on Granville Street in Summerside.
After seven years as the owner and operator of a grass cutting and landscaping, Taylor became the first Pita Pit on Prince Edward Island in 2013 when he opened a restaurant in Charlottetown last summer.
Taylor grew up and has lived in Cornwall the majority of his life.
A news release says Prince Edward has been identified as a top growth market for the brand, which is why Pita Pit has chosen to host its annual conference in Charlottetown this year.
With the conference based in Taylor's community, he has been given the opportunity of selecting a charity of his choice. All money raised at the conference will be donated to the Montague Food Bank, the Boys and Girls Club of Summerside, and a school in Charlottetown.


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Second American Ebola Patient Arrives In Atlanta
The second American missionary infected with the Ebola virus arrived at an Atlanta hospital Tuesday (Aug. 5). Nancy Writebol was flown from Liberia last night in a special plane, designed to transport only one patient at a time.
Writebol, 59, will be receiving treatment from infectious disease specialists at Emory University Hospital, near the Center for Disease Control. Kent Brantly, the first of the two American Ebola patients flown in, is being treated at Emory as well. Brantley arrived in Atlanta over the weekend. He walked into the facility, while Writebol was taken in on a stretcher by paramedics wearing biohazard suits. Her son said that she is improving but still "struggling." She was able to walk, and ate yogurt the night before her flight.
The hospital has received hate mail for accepting the Ebola patients.
It is unknown exactly what kind of treatment Brantly and Writebol will receive at Emory. In Liberia, they were given an American-made experimental drug, not yet tested on humans. Both responded well to the treatment.
The worst outbreak of the virus in history has killed more than 800 people since February. The spread has been centered around West African countries, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Among the dead are a 30-year-old Ebola specialist who died last week.
An American man of Liberian descent recently died from Ebola in Nigeria, Africa's largest populated country. Patrick Sawyer, 40, was planning a trip to the U.S. Nigerian health officials confirmed that eight workers on a plane with Sawyer were not immediately taken into isolation. A doctor who treated Sawyer has since contracted the virus. Seven health workers –who are among the 14 people that had "serious direct contact" with Sawyer, are now showing symptoms.
Sawyer's sister died from Ebola in Liberia. Officials did not initially know that he had the deadly fever until a day after he arrived in Nigeria. It can take up to 21 days for Ebola symptoms, likes aches and vomiting, to show up.
Doctors in New York screened a man this week, believed to be showing symptoms. The unidentified patient had returned from one of the West African countries where the virus has been reported. He was immediately taken into isolation and transported to Mount Sinai Hospital.
It was decided that he is more than likely ill with "a much more common condition," according to Dr. Jeremy Boal, Mount Sania's chief medical officer.
The CDC has said that the U.S. isn't at risk of an Ebola outbreak.
Photo: Twitter


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