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Milk Components: Understanding the Causes and Importance of Milk Fat and Protein Variation in Your Dairy Herd
Most milk marketing orders in the U.S. employ a multiple component pricing system that pays producers on the basis of milk fat, true protein, and other dairy solids. This pricing method derives component values from prices for manufactured dairy products (cheese, butter, nonfat dry milk, and dry whey), which rise and fall with changing market conditions. As a result, milk component levels are important factors in herd management. In addition to being indicators of cow health and nutrition, component levels directly impact farm income. This factsheet will describe the variation found in production of milk components, factors that contribute to this variation, and strategies to improve component production.
Generally, fat and protein content of milk are positively correlated within a population of dairy cattle; however, different breeds of cattle vary in average component levels (Table 1). Holsteins have the lowest fat and protein content, while Jersey and Guernsey breeds have the highest. Because Holsteins produce more milk, they generally have a higher total yield of fat and protein than other breeds.
|% Fat
|% Protein
|Brown Swiss
Source: USDA-AIPL summary of herds on DHI test during 2004.
1Ratio of fat to protein.
Production of milk fat and protein can vary tremendously from one herd to another. A summary of milk shipped in the Mideast Federal Order from 2000 through 2002 showed that herd average milk protein ranged from 1.57% to 4.66%, with an average of 3.05%. Milk fat ranged from 1.77% to 5.98%, with an average of 3.76%.
These data represent real herds and actual production. While these data do not provide any information about breed, the range in herd performance is huge. Figure 1 shows information from the same study, but presents the range that includes 68% of the population. Even when the extremes are eliminated, this study indicates that many herds are producing components below average for their market and their breed. This presents an opportunity to improve component production and income from milk sales.
Figure 1. Level of fat and protein varies across herds and seasonally. Ranges represent one standard deviation above and below the average. The solid line in the center of each range indicates the average for that month. For the three years studied, milk fat% averaged 3.76 ± 0.32 (blue), and milk protein% averaged 3.05 ± 0.19 (orange). (Bailey et al., 2005).
As an example, Table 2 presents some comparisons of the value of milk sold as the component levels change. If a Holstein herd currently produces milk with 3.5% fat and 2.9% protein, that herd is below the breed average for components. In addition, if that herd ships milk in the Mideast Federal Order, it is also below the market average for component levels. Increasing fat and protein to breed average would increase the value of milk sold by 58 cents per hundredweight. Increasing to market average would gain the herd 72 cents per hundredweight. If the herd could increase component percentages by 0.32 for fat and 0.19 for protein, an extra 90 cents per hundredweight would be generated (these values are the standard deviations reported in Figure 1).
|Fat, %
|Protein, %
|Gross Price, $/cwt
|Difference1, $/cwt
|Current test
|Holstein average
|Mideast average2
|Increase by 0.5 SD3
|Increase by 1 SD3
Assumptions: herd SCC of 150,000 and 5.65% other solids for each case. Component prices assumed are averages from Jan. 2000 to June 2005 for the Mideast Federal Order: fat $1.5256/lb, protein $2.1700/lb, other solids $0.0691/lb, SCC adjustment rate $0.00068. Producer price differential for each case is $1.25/cwt, an average received from 2000 to 2005 for milk shipped to processing plants located in western Pennsylvania.
1Current gross price minus the gross price for each scenario.
2Data from summary of milk shipped in the Mideast Federal Order from 2000 through 2002 (Bailey et al., 2005).
3One standard deviation (SD) is 0.32% for fat and 0.19% for protein.
Increases of this magnitude are possible with changes in nutrition and management. What's more, if nutritional changes are implemented it is very likely that milk production will increase along with component levels, which would add even more income.
We have developed a simple spreadsheet to help you calculate the gross milk price for various component levels. This spreadsheet calculates gross milk price using multiple-component pricing with the option of a somatic cell count (SCC) adjustment (the formula used in the Mideast Federal Order). To calculate a milk price with no SCC adjustment (such as for the Northeast Federal Order), this adjustment factor can be set to zero. Users can calculate their current price, project milk price at various levels of fat and protein, evaluate income over feed cost for diet changes, and calculate total components shipped, providing a complete picture of the impact milk components and milk yield have on the farm's gross income.
Factors Affecting Milk Composition
There are many factors that can affect milk fat and protein, and many of them can be manipulated to enable you to achieve higher than average levels of milk components. Keep in mind that herds that are below breed average will have more opportunity to improve component levels. Herds that are already above average may have better success by focusing on increasing milk yield, which will increase the total amount of fat and protein produced.
Factors Other Than Nutrition
Stage of lactation affects milk protein and fat percentages very similarly. The highest amount of protein and fat in milk is found just after freshening, in colostrum. Levels drop to their lowest point between 25 and 50 days after calving and peak at 250 days as milk production begins to decrease.
Age tends to cause both milk fat and protein to decline as the animal becomes older. Milk fat falls about 0.2% each year from the first to fifth lactation likely as a result of higher production and more udder infections. Protein decreases 0.02 to 0.05% each lactation as animals age.
Season dramatically affects milk fat and protein (refer to Figure 1). The hot, humid months (July and August in the northeast) depress fat and protein content. There is a gradual increase of protein and fat in milk through the fall and peak levels occur in the colder months of winter. As temperatures increase through the spring, component levels are gradually decreased. These changes may be indicative of feed intake patterns, which are lower in summer due to changes in weather and temperature.
Mastitis infections reduce fat and casein but increase blood protein content of milk. Somatic cell count also is elevated during mastitis. Herds that have continuous mastitis and SCC problems take a double or triple hit on milk price. The component value is reduced, plus in some Federal Orders there is a deduction for SCC over 350,000 cells/mL. Quality premiums from the milk handler may be lost as well.
Milk fat and protein depression also can occur from mechanical errors, such as cooling problems in the bulk tank, sampling problems, and over agitation in the pipeline.
Genetics and inheritance account for 55% of the difference between cows in protein and fat content of milk. Table 3 provides heritability estimates for milk and its components. Heritability indicates the proportion of observed differences that are due to genetics, while the reciprocal is assumed to be due to environmental factors. Protein and fat percentages are more highly heritable than yield of milk and components. Milk yield is positively correlated to yield of fat and protein; however, milk yield is negatively correlated to fat and protein percent. For many years, sires have been selected for high yields of milk, which has resulted in very slow increases in fat and protein percentages over time. Herds that are more than one standard deviation below the breed average for fat or protein may benefit from including component yields in sire selection criteria. However, because fat and protein percentages are negatively related to milk yield, changes in herd component percentages are not likely to be achieved through genetic selection alone.
|Fat, %
|Protein, %
|Fat, lb
|Protein, lb
|Milk, lb
1Estimate of genetic standard deviation.
Source: USDA-AIPL yield traits definition (May 2005) and trend estimates for cows born in 2000.
Nutritional Factors and Feeding Practices
Of all the factors affecting milk composition, nutrition and feeding practices are most likely to cause problems; however, management changes made here are able to quickly and dramatically alter production of fat and protein. Milk fat depression can be alleviated within 7 to 21 days by changing the diet. Milk protein changes may take 3 to 6 weeks or longer if the problem has been going on for a prolonged period. Nutrition or ration formulation changes are more strongly correlated to milk fat content than milk protein. Milk fat can be changed by 0.1 to 1.0 percentage points, while protein is seldom altered more than 0.1 to 0.4 points by nutritional changes. For these reasons, nutrition and feeding management are considered the best solutions to a milk fat or protein problem other than genetics.
Source of Milk Components
Digestion of fiber in the rumen produces the volatile fatty acids (VFA) acetate and butyrate. Butyrate provides energy for the rumen wall, and much of it is converted to beta-hydroxybutyrate in the rumen wall tissue. About half of the fat in milk is synthesized in the udder from acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The other half of milk fat is transported from the pool of fatty acids circulating in the blood. These can originate from body fat mobilization, absorption from the diet, or from fats metabolized in the liver.
Rumen microbes convert dietary protein into microbial protein, which is a primary source of essential amino acids for the cow. These amino acids are used by the mammary gland to synthesize milk proteins. Glucose is required to provide energy to support this protein synthesis. Glucose is either formed from the VFA propionate in the liver, or absorbed directly from the small intestine. If too little propionate is absorbed from the rumen, the cow will have to breakdown amino acids and convert them to glucose (a process called gluconeogenesis); this can reduce the supply of amino acids available to make milk protein. In addition, some albumin and immunoglobulin protein is transferred directly to milk from the blood.
Rumen Function
The relative amounts of protein and energy that are available in the rumen at a given time is the major factor affecting rumen fermentation and therefore milk components. Any diet or management factors that affect rumen fermentation can change milk fat and protein levels. Consistently providing adequate energy and protein and balanced amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrate and effective fiber are keys to maintaining optimum levels of milk components. The challenge in feeding for milk components is that high energy, low fiber diets that increase milk protein are likely to reduce fat levels. This may also be the case in some diets with rumen modifiers, such as Rumensin®; however, this product has other ways to affect the rumen that do not necessarily alter milk components.
Feeding Management
Any situation that causes cows to eat abnormally or limits feed intake may affect milk components. Examples include: overcrowding at feed bunks, housing heifers with older cows in facilities at or near full capacity, feeding rations that encourage sorting, feeding infrequently in a conventional system (non-TMR), failing to push feed up or feed TMR often enough, feeding protein feeds before energy feeds and feeding grain before forage in non-TMR systems. These conditions can create slug feeding (one or two meals per day versus 10 to 15) or allow cows to eat high grain meals part of the time and high forage meals the remainder of the day. Ensure that fresh feed is available 20 hours each day, spoiled feed is removed from bunks, and shade or cooling is provided during hot weather to help maintain normal intake and normal meal patterns. Poor ventilation or cow comfort also can depress milk fat and protein production by reducing intake. Finally, make ration changes gradually to allow rumen microorganisms time to adapt. Any reduction in rumen microbial protein production from nutrition or feeding management imbalances will reduce milk protein by way of less microbial protein for the cow to digest and depress fat by limiting VFA production in the rumen.
Body Condition
Proper body condition is essential so that high producing cows can draw on body stores of nutrients to support milk production. If body stores are minimal, yields of milk and milk components will suffer. On the other hand, excessive body condition increases the risk of metabolic problems and calving difficulty. Weight loss in early lactation can increase milk fat content for a short period of time. Both thin and fat cows tend to have low milk fat in later lactation. Protein can be depressed at calving if animals are overly obese or underweight. In addition, some research shows that underfeeding protein during the last three weeks before calving can depress milk protein.
Energy Effects
In general, as energy intake or ration energy density increase and/or fiber decreases, milk fat content will be reduced, while protein is increased. In contrast, as ration fiber levels increase and/or energy is reduced, milk protein is depressed and milk fat is increased. Lack of energy intake or lower ration digestibility may reduce milk protein by 0.1 to 0.4%. This reduction may result from underfeeding concentrates, low forage intake, poor quality forage, failure to balance the ration for protein and minerals, or inadequately ground or prepared grains. Shifting rumen fermentation so that more propionic acid is produced is apt to increase milk protein and decrease fat content. However, excessive energy intake, such as overfeeding concentrate, may reduce milk fat content and increase milk protein. Normal protein levels can be expected when energy needs are being met for most of the cows. Often this is impossible to achieve with high producing animals.
Protein Effects
A deficiency of crude protein in the ration may depress protein in milk; marginal deficiency could result in a reduction of 0.0 to 0.2%, while more severe restriction of diet crude protein would have greater impact. However, feeding excessive dietary protein does not increase milk protein, as most of the excess is excreted. Dietary protein has little effect on milk fat levels within normal ranges.
Diet protein type also could affect milk protein levels. Use of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds, like urea, as protein substitutes will reduce protein in milk by 0.1 to 0.3% if the NPN is a main provider of crude protein equivalent. Rations higher than recommended in soluble protein may lower milk protein by 0.1 to 0.2 points. NPN levels in milk will be increased by excessive protein or NPN intake, heavy feeding of ensiled forages, ensiled grains, immature pasture and lack of rumen undegradable protein in the diet. Balance rations for crude protein, rumen undegradable protein, rumen degradable protein, and soluble protein. For high producing cows, balancing for amino acids also may be required.
Concentrate Intake
An increase in the intake of concentrates causes a decrease in fiber digestion and acetic acid production. This creates an increase of propionic acid production. Propionic acid production encourages a fattening metabolism that is in opposition to milk fat. Addition of buffers to some rations may help to prevent acidosis; this will not change milk protein, but will increase milk fat content. Animals that eat a substantial amount of concentrates or a low ratio of dietary forage to concentrate may develop acidosis even when buffers are added to the ration.
The nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) portion of the diet is highly digestible and can influence both fat and protein in milk. Excessive amounts of NFC can depress fiber digestibility, which reduces the production of acetate and leads to low milk fat (1% or more reduction). At the same time, greater propionate production allows higher milk protein levels of 0.2 to 0.3%. Generally an NFC of 32 to 38% of ration dry matter is recommended to optimize production of milk fat and protein.
Forage Level and Physical Form
Balance rations for lactating cows to contain at least 40 to 45% of ration dry matter from forage. This may be altered by the level of corn silage in the ration and the level of high-fiber by-product feeds in the ration. Low forage intake can cause a major reduction in the fat content of milk due to low fiber levels. Several potential reasons for low forage intake are inadequate forage feeding, poor quality forage, and low neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content in forage that was cut too young or late in the fall. Target a forage NDF intake of 0.9% of bodyweight daily. Although low forage (high energy) diets increase milk protein production, this strategy is not recommended. The low forage levels contribute to acidosis and laminitis; they do not promote good health for the rumen or the cow in the long run.
Protein and fat content also can be changed due to the physical form of forage being fed. Much of this is related to ration sorting and failure to provide a consistent diet throughout the day. Coarsely chopped silage and dry hay are the most common causes of sorting. At the other extreme, very finely ground diets negatively affect rumen metabolism and depress fat and protein production. Monitor ration particle size to ensure that adequate effective fiber is provided, TMRs are mixed properly, rations are distributed evenly to all cows, and sorting is minimal.
Added Fat or Oil
Adding fat to the ration can affect milk component levels depending on the amount and source of fat. Fat is generally toxic to rumen microbes and may reduce fiber digestibility when fat from natural sources exceeds 5% of ration dry matter. If rumen inert or bypass fat is used, total fat content may safely reach 6 to 7%. At low levels of dietary fat, milk fat content could increase slightly or show no change at all. Milk fat is reduced at higher levels, especially with polyunsaturated oils. If fat or oil is rancid, milk fat content decreases even at low levels of consumption. Milk protein content may be decreased by 0.1 to 0.3% in high-fat diets. This may occur due to reduced blood glucose levels.
Extremely High Milk Fat
High milk fat content often occurs in herds that are off in feed and may have ketosis problems. Percent fat may be reduced for sick animals, but total fat may be higher for the herd. This may occur in herds fed large amounts of good quality forage combined with moderate concentrate levels. Producing an abnormally high level of fat is not economically feasible, because it usually indicates that total milk production is low. Herds that depend primarily on milk income would be better served to increase total milk yield and keep fat percentage somewhat below the attainable maximum. Herds with unusually high milk fat are encouraged to reduce forage intake if it is on the high side, increase concentrate feeding, and manage the nutrition of dry and transition cows more closely to control problems with low intakes and ketosis.
Maintaining Component Levels
Recommendations for normal fat and protein content can be achieved by feeding a balanced ration that meets the chemical and physical needs of the cow. Key management practices to accomplish this goal include: regular forage tests for energy, minerals and protein; regular tests of TMR and concentrates to see if they meet herd requirements; evaluation of forage and TMR particle size; use of production records to track component yields; and use of body condition scoring to evaluate the success of nutritional programs.
Monitor milk component percentages from your milk handler or DHI records by month. Over time this will allow you to develop a normal range. If components suddenly drop out of their normal range, investigate and find the cause. Paying close attention to component levels may also allow you to make nutritional changes in response to market conditions. Any decisions of this kind should be analyzed to determine the additional cost compared to the additional revenue.
Additional Information
- Bailey, K. E., C. M. Jones, and A. J. Heinrichs. 2005. Economic returns to Holstein and Jersey herds under multiple component pricing. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2269-2280.
- Trouble-shooting Problems with Milkfat Depression (DAS 99-2) by V. A. Ishler and R. S. Adams.
Download Publication
Article Details
TitleMilk Components: Understanding the Causes and Importance of Milk Fat and Protein Variation in Your Dairy Herd
CodeDAS 05-97
This publication is available in alternative media on request.
Contact Information
- Professor of Dairy Science
- Research Associate, Dairy
- Senior Director Commodity Risk Management, Darigold


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It was nighttime, February 1943, and I was standing next to my mother, thinking about the war in Europe. I had a very good relationship with my mother, so there's no need for any psychoanalysis about why I was thinking of the war. The fact was, we had finished dinner and she was washing the dishes and I was drying them, as was our routine. My father, a traveling salesman, was on the road, and my younger brother, Jerry, had run off to play.
We lived in Danville, Illinois, which was about as far away from the war as you could get. Danville was a small town in the heartland of America, and it felt very much like the heartland. It was quiet and neighborly, a place where there was a rich side of town and a poor side, but not a bad side. The streets were brick. The homes were built in the early 1900s. Everybody had a backyard; most were small but none had fences.
People left their doors open and their lights on, even when they went out. Occasionally someone down on their luck would knock on the back door and my mother would give him something to eat. Sometimes she would give him an odd job to do, too.
I had things on my mind that night. You could tell from the way I looked out the kitchen window as I did my part of the dishes. I stood six feet one inch and weighed 130 pounds, if that. I was a tall drink of water, as my grandmother said.
"I'm going to be eighteen in March," I said. "That means I'll be up for the draft. I really don't want to go-and I really don't want to be in the infantry. So I'm thinking that I ought to join now and try to get in the Air Force."
My mother let the dish she was washing slide back into the soapy water and dried her hands. She turned to me, a serious look on her face.
"I have something to tell you," she said.
"You're already eighteen," she said.
My jaw dropped. I was shocked.
"But how-"
"You were born a little premature," she explained. "You didn't have any fingernails. And there were a few other complications."
"Complications?" I said.
"Don't worry, you're fine now," she said, smiling. "But we just put your birth date forward to what would have been full term."
I wanted to know more than she was willing to reveal, so I turned to another source, my Grandmother Van Dyke. My grandparents on both sides lived nearby, but Grandmother Van Dyke was the most straightforward of the bunch. I stopped by her house one day after school and asked what she remembered about the complications that resulted from my premature birth.
She looked like she wanted to say "bullshit." She asked who had sold me a bill of goods.
"My mother," I replied.
"You weren't premature," she said.
"I wasn't?"
"You were conceived out of wedlock," she said, and then she went on to explain that my mother had gotten pregnant before she and my father married. Though it was never stated, I was probably the reason they got married. Eventually my mother confirmed the story, adding that after finding out, she and my father went to Missouri, where I was born. Then, following a certain amount of time, they returned to Danville.
It may not sound like such a big deal today, but back in 1925 it was the stuff of scandal. And eighteen years later, as I uncovered the facts, it was still pretty shocking to discover that I was a "love child."
I am still surprised the secret was kept from me for such a long time when others knew the truth. Danville was a town of thirty thousand people, and it felt as if most of them were relatives. I had a giant extended family. My great-grandparents on both sides were still alive, and I had first, second, and third cousins nearby. I could walk out of my house in any direction and hit a relative before I got tired.
There were good, industrious, upstanding, and attractive people in our family. There were no horse thieves or embezzlers. I was once given a family tree that showed the Van Dyke side was pretty unspectacular. My great-great-grandfather John Van Dyke went out west via the Donner Pass during the gold rush. After failing to find gold, he resettled in Green County, Pennsylvania.
The same family tree showed that Mother's side of the family, the McCords, could be traced back to Captain John Smith, who established the first English colony in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Maybe it is true, but I never heard any talk about that when I was growing up. Nor have I fact-checked.
The part beyond dispute begins when my father, Loren, or L. W. Van Dyke, met my mother, Hazel McCord. She was a stenographer, and he was a minor-league baseball player: handsome, athletic, charming, the life of the party. And his talent did not end there. During the off-season, he played saxophone and clarinet in a jazz band. Although unable to read a note of music, he could play anything he heard.
He was enjoying the life of a carefree bon vivant until my mother informed him that she was in a family way. All of a sudden the good life as he knew it vanished. He accepted the responsibility, though, marrying my mom and getting a job as a salesman for the Sunshine Cookie Company.
He hated the work, but he always had a shine on his shoes and a smile on his face. Years later, when I saw Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman, I was depressed for a month. It was my dad's story.
He was saved by his sense of humor. Customers enjoyed his company when he dropped by. Known as Cookie, he was a good time wherever he went. Unfortunately for us, he was usually on the road all week and then spent weekends unwinding on the golf course or hunting with friends. At home, he would have a drink at night and smoke unfiltered Fatima cigarettes while talking to my mother.
He was more reserved around my brother and me, but we knew he loved us. We never questioned it. He was one of those men who did not know how to say the words. A joke was easy. At a party, everyone left talking about what a great guy he was. But a heart-to-heart talk with us boys was not in his repertoire. Years later, after I was married, Jerry and my dad drove to Atlanta to visit us. I asked Jerry what he and Dad had talked about on the drive. He shrugged his shoulders.
"You know Dad," he said. "Not much of anything."
My mother was the opposite. She was funny like my dad, but much more talkative. If she had a deficiency, it was a tendency toward absentmindedness. She once cooked a ham and later found it in my father's shirt drawer. I am not kidding. And when I was in my thirties, she confessed that when I was little she and my father would go to the movies and leave me at home by myself in the crib. I would be a mess when they returned.
"I don't know how I could've done that," she said.
"Me neither," I replied.
"But we were young," she said, smiling. "We didn't mean any harm. We just didn't know any better."
I was five and a half years old when my brother, Jerry, was born. It was not long before my parents moved him from a little bassinet in their room to a crib in my room and made it my job to go upstairs after dinner and gently shake the crib until he went to sleep. Within a year or two, I was given the job of babysitting. It wasn't a problem during the daytime when my mom ran errands and was gone a short time, but there were longer stretches at night when my parents went out and our old house filled with strange noises and eerie creaks, and I turned into a wreck.
Convinced that the place was haunted, I would pull a crate into the middle of the house and sit on it with an ax in my lap, ever vigilant and ready to protect my baby brother-and myself!
At six years old, I was sent to kindergarten. There was only one kindergarten in town, and it was located in the well-to-do section. The school was quite hoity-toity. Every morning my mother dressed me up and gave me two nickels. I used one for the six-mile trolley ride to Edison Elementary, and in the afternoon I used my other nickel to get back home.
For first grade, I switched to Franklin Elementary, which was on the other side of town, the side that was struggling even more than we were through the Great Depression. We didn't have much, but the families in this area did not have anything. All the boys at school wore overalls and work shoes-all of them except for me. I arrived on the first day in a Lord Fauntleroy suit, blue with a Peter Pan collar and a beret.
Since I was the only one in class with any schooling, the teacher made me the class monitor and assigned me to escort kids to the bathroom and back. It was a rough job. Some of the kids were crying. Others wanted to go home. I had my hands full all morning. Between my outfit and my job as helper, I was teased for being the teacher's pet.
At recess, I walked outside and a tough kid in overalls-his name was Al-punched me in the chest while another boy kneeled down behind me. Then Al pushed me backward, and I lost my balance and fell down. I ended up with a bloody nose and a few scratches. They also threw my beret on the roof, and for all I know, it is still there.
I was a mess when I got home after school.
"What in God's name happened to you?" my mother said.
I was too much of a little man to rat out the other kids.
I spared her the details and simply said, "Mom, I need some overalls."
As for the Depression, I remember my parents having some heated arguments about unpaid bills, and which bills to pay. They went in and out of debt and periodically got a second mortgage on the furniture. I wasn't aware of any hardship and never felt the stigma of having to watch every nickel. Everybody was poor.
Actually, we had it better than most. My maternal grandfather owned a grocery store that also sold kosher meat. He did well. He also owned our house, so we had free rent and food. My other grandfather worked in the shop at the East Illinois Railroad. The train yard was his life. He never took a vacation. If he had time off, he put up storm windows for one of us or fixed a broken door for someone. He was always busy.
On Christmas, we came downstairs in the morning and found him waiting for us, after having lit the tree, started a fire in the fireplace, and gotten everything ready. I looked up to him and, with my father on the road more often than not, he became a role model. He was a seemingly simple, industrious man, but he did a lot of thinking about things, too, and that rubbed off on me.
Thanks to my mother and her mother, there was a good measure of talk about religion in our house when I was growing up. Every summer, I went to Bible school. A bus picked me up across the street from our house early in the morning and brought me back in the afternoon. I hated it. I would rather have played and run around with friends.
Nonetheless, at age eleven, I took it upon myself to read the Bible from front to back. I struggled through the various books, asked questions, and when I reached the end I had no idea what any of it meant. But it pleased my mother and grandmother, who were proud of me and boasted to friends of my accomplishment.
As for my studies in school, I was a solid student. I was strong in English and Latin, but I got lost anytime the subject included math. I wish I had paid more attention to biology and science in general, subjects that came to interest me as an adult. I could have gotten better marks, but I never took a book home, never did homework. Come to think of it, neither of my parents ever looked at any of my report cards. They thought I was a good kid-and looking back, I guess I was.
Chapter 2
Just before I started ninth grade, my father was transferred to Indiana and we spent a year in Crawfordsville. We took an apartment there. I came into my own. It was not a personality change as much as it was the realization that I had a personality. I also found out that I could run and jump pretty well, and I got on the freshman track team. Success on the track added to my self-confidence, including one particular day that still stands out as the most exciting of my life.
We lived across the street from Wabash College, a beautiful little school that gave the town a youthful feel. On Saturdays they hosted collegiate track meets, which our high-school coach helped officiate. I watched all the competitions. This one particular day, Wabash was running against Purdue University and I was in the stands when my coach came up to me and said that the anchorman on the Wabash team had turned his ankle and was unable to run in the race
"Do you want to run anchor?" he said.
"Are you kidding?" I replied.
"They need a man," he said.
What an offer! I was only fifteen years old, but heck, the chance to compete against college boys was one I did not want to pass up. Even though I didn't have track shoes, which were considered essential to running a good race, since in those days the tracks were layered with cinders, I jumped to my feet. Yes, I told my coach, I was ready to fill in for the Wabash team-and as anchor no less.
When I took the baton, Purdue's anchor was slightly ahead of me. I was not intimidated. We had one hundred yards ahead of us and he did not look that fast to me. I ran hard, gained ground every few steps, and passed him on the outside, with about twenty yards to go.
I heard the crowd roar and held on to the lead, crossing the tape before all the other college boys.
I won.
A high-school freshman.
They gave me a blue ribbon, which I took home and showed my father. He didn't believe me when I said I beat a college boy from Purdue. He thought I was lying. It was, I agreed, pretty far-fetched. The kid I beat was older and could really run. But I was faster-at least that day.
From the Hardcover edition.
Dick Van Dyke, indisputably one of the greats of the golden age of television, is admired and beloved by audiences the world over for his beaming smile, his physical dexterity, his impeccable comic timing, his ridiculous stunts, and his unforgettable screen roles.
His trailblazing television program, The Dick Van Dyke Show (produced by Carl Reiner, who has written the foreword to this memoir), was one of the most popular sitcoms of the 1960s and introduced another major television star, Mary Tyler Moore. But Dick Van Dyke was also an enormously engaging movie star whose films, including Mary Poppins and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, have been discovered by a new generation of fans and are as beloved today as they were when they first appeared.
A colorful, loving, richly detailed look at the decades of a multilayered life, My Lucky Life In and Out of Show Business, will enthrall every generation of reader, from baby-boomers who recall when Rob Petrie became a household name, to all those still enchanted by Bert's "Chim Chim Cher-ee." This is a lively, heartwarming memoir of a performer who still thinks of himself as a "simple song-and-dance man," but who is, in every sense of the word, a classic entertainer.


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If your child watches Sprout, you have likely seen the infamous commercials for the Dream Lites Pillow Pets. In case you can't remember the visuals of a mother saying, "goodnight, (child's name)" and the child and some other children, in the course of the commercial, actually going to sleep because they have a stuffed animal that lights up their room's ceiling.
If you don't remember the commercial's visuals, perhaps you'll remember the catchy jingle that goes something like "Dream Lites. Sleep tight. Starry night with Dream Lite." Or at least that's the way I sing it in the shower.
But, anyway, enough about me.
Any commercial featuring interesting toys and children who appear to be happier as a result of those toys are a huge hit with my oldest toddler.
She told me that she wanted a Dream Lites Pillow Pet because, as she promised, she would begin sleeping independently in her own room. "Do you promise?" I said. "Yes, mommy. I promise."
Up until that time, she had refused sleeping in her own bed because she swore that there were "bugs" crawling on her ceiling. These bugs came out at night and always seemed to scare her into our room in the middle of the night.
She was scared of these bugs, so that's why I purchased our Dream Lite in the Fluttery Butterfly design from a local Sears for around $30.
I didn't have high hopes for her Dream Lite, but I thought I'd give it a try because, if nothing else, it could make a nice pillow for her bed.
So the first day I brought it home, she was ecstatic. It was during the day, around high noon at the time that I took it out of its packaging and inserted the required AAA batteries (which were not included with the toy). My toddler took it into the darkest rooms of the house and did her "oohhs" and "aahhs" like the children in the commercial and again reiterated that she would sleep alone at night now that she had her Dream Lite. "Thanks, mommy!" she said. "I not afraid of the dark anymore," she said.
But then when night came, she was still afraid of the dark. Even with her Dream Lite, she still complained that it was too dark and that there were bugs. So, it didn't work. The Dream Lite did create a fun starry night on her wall, but her room was still darker than she wanted it to be.
So, after a week of her sleeping in our room, I decided to buy a standard night light. I put it in her room and gave her the Dream Lite and that was the magic ticket. She now sleeps alone in her room thanks to both of the night lights.
Pros of Dream Lites Pillow Pets
-Doubles as a pillow
-Is easy to carry and transport
-Creates an interesting starry night sky that is fun to look at
-Starry night scene changes colors and has a timer that you can set to turn off for when your child falls asleep
-Easy for child to turn on (controlled by button that child presses)
Cons of Dream Lites Pillow Pet
-AAA batteries not included
-Doesn't create a bright room in the way that some other traditional night lights can
-Price (While under $30, this price is rather steep for most parents on a budget)
Would I recommend the Dream Lites?
Yes. While I did have to purchase an additional night light to make my oldest daughter's room brighter, she loves her Dream Lite. When she sleeps, she turns off the lights herself and just uses it as a lovey. So that it can double as more than just a night light is a huge bonus.


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|Home > National News > Article
Teeth evolved not once, but twice, during the history of life on Earth.
An Australian Museum researcher, Zerina Johanson, concluded there had been separate evolutions after studying extinct armoured fish from a reef in Western Australia that existed long before dinosaurs evolved.
Teeth are thought to have evolved more than 450 million years ago, first popping up in a common ancestor of sharks and boned fish. Humans evolved from this line.
But the armoured fish, known as placoderms, split from this branch of the evolutionary tree before our line evolved teeth.
While sharks, with rows of chompers, have survived, placoderms, with their bony heads and neck plates, only lasted about 50 million years.
Placoderms had a jaw. But it had been thought they were all gummy, relying on bony plates, which were sometimes razor sharp, to cut.
For the new study, Moya Smith, of King's College, London, and Dr Johanson, examined more than a 1000 fossil specimens of placoderms from the Western Australian Museum.
They found that early members of this group were toothless, but some placoderms that came later had evolved teeth. Dr Johanson said proving they were real teeth required detailed analysis of dental plates, teeth size and formation patterns.
Dr Smith also took sections of the suspect teeth and saw they were similar inside to other animals' teeth. "That was the real clincher," Dr Johanson said.
The director of the Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity at the University of Adelaide, Andy Austin, said the finding, which is published in the journal Science, was very interesting.
Professor Austin said winged flight was another example of convergent evolution, in which a characteristic had evolved independently, in this case three times - in insects, birds and bats.
Dolphins, whose ancestors were hippopotamus-like land creatures, had also independently evolved the same body shape as fish.
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Gatifloxacin Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings
Gatifloxacin is also known as: Tequin, Tequin Teqpaq
Gatifloxacin Pregnancy Warnings
Of 549 cases reported by the European Network of Teratology Information Services involving exposure to other fluoroquinolones, congenital malformations were reported in 4.8%; however, this was not higher than the background rate.
Gatifloxacin has been assigned to pregnancy category C by the FDA. Animal studies have revealed evidence of maternal toxicity, decreased fetal and placental weight, and delayed fetal skeletal ossification. There are no controlled data in human pregnancies. Because safer alternatives are generally available, some experts consider other fluoroquinolones contraindicated during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. The manufacturer only recommends use of gatifloxacin during pregnancy when benefit outweighs risk.
Gatifloxacin Breastfeeding Warnings
It is not known if gatifloxacin is excreted into human milk. However, since other fluoroquinolone antibiotics are excreted into human milk, it is likely that gatifloxacin is also. Quinolone-induced cartilage erosion and arthropathies that have been observed in juvenile animals render some concern over its possible toxic effects on the developing joints of nursing infants. Because of the potential for serious adverse effects in nursing infants, a decision should be made to discontinue nursing or discontinue administration of gatifloxacin, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
References for pregnancy information
- "Product Information. Tequin (gatifloxacin)" Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
- Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults." Am Fam Physician 71 (2005): 933-42
References for breastfeeding information
- "Product Information. Tequin (gatifloxacin)" Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
See Also...
Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Wolters Kluwer Health and Drugs.com is accurate, up-to-date and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. In addition, the drug information contained herein may be time sensitive and should not be utilized as a reference resource beyond the date hereof. This material does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients, or recommend therapy. This drug information is a reference resource designed as supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill , knowledge, and judgement of healthcare practitioners in patient care. The absence of a warning for a given drug or combination thereof in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for any given patient. Multum Information Services, Inc. does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. Copyright 2000-2008 Multum Information Services, Inc. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.


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Home buyers step into spring with caution
Property Editor
Page Tools
IT WAS the first day of the first big weekend of the spring selling season yesterday, and Melbourne's home buyers approached with caution.
Agents reported concern about a possible rise in mortgage interest rates and the impact of increasing petrol prices.
The clearance rate dropped to 60 per cent, from 66 per cent two weeks ago. (There were few auctions last weekend because of the AFL grand final.)
Some agents reported good attendances at open-for-inspections, saying the shortage of properties on the market meant demand remained high.
Over the past week, The Sunday Age surveyed 10 industry observers for their views on this year's spring market, traditionally the busiest.
Most lamented the lack of stock for sale, though some said this helped hold up prices.
In Melbourne's inner-city, bayside and the leafy fringe areas, median prices have risen in the past financial year, and overall, small rises are expected this calendar year.
But it could be a case of short memories. The Real Estate Institute of Victoria expected stock levels to fall and maintains the market has simply returned to pre-boom levels.
"The market has changed," said Enzo Raimondo, REIV chief executive. "We have gone back to a normal market."
The REIV's figures show that total transactions (properties sold privately and at auction) are down on the previous two years. Last month, there were 12.8 per cent fewer than the previous September, and 31.58 per cent fewer than in September 2003.
However, auction numbers are expected to pick up soon, rising to an expected 785 on October 22.
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|From: Benjamin L. Russell (dekudekuplex at yahoo.com)
Date: Fri Dec 21 02:54:08 EST 2007
Aha! This would seem to explain why some computer science-related books with relatively high sales, such as _The Little Schemer,_ are so hard to find online: Perhaps the publisher is afraid of losing sales. However, this then doesn't explain why one of the granddaddies of such books, _SICP,_ is available freely online, even though it is being published from a major publisher. What I can't understand is why _SICP_ is available for free online, while _The Little Schemer_, published by the same publisher, is not. Perhaps _SICP_ is a special case? Other course books from the same publisher for other MIT OpenCourseWare courses are not necessarily freely available online. Benjamin L. Russell --- Shriram Krishnamurthi <sk at cs.brown.edu> wrote: > > Side question-- I've noticed that for cookbooks > (and other > > categories of books) which I own, the copyright > is held by the > > *author*, not the publisher. In contrast, for > programming language > > books in my collection, the publisher is almost > always the copyright > > owner. (The one exception that I noticed in a > quick perusal of my > > library tonight is Queinnec's Lisp in Small > Pieces, where Queinnec > > is apparently owner of the copyright for the > original French text, but > > Cambridge owns the copyright for the English > language edition.) Just > > curious: why is the copyright for CS books owned > by the publisher, > > rather than the author(s)? > > That's how all contemporary publishing works. The > right question is, > "Why does ownership of cookbooks seem to reside with > the author rather > than the publisher?" > > Authors who don't like forking ownership over to > publishers have > limited choices. This is why PLAI is > self-published. > > Shriram > _________________________________________________ > For list-related administrative tasks: > > http://list.cs.brown.edu/mailman/listinfo/plt-scheme >
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James Foster, & Associates, LICSW
James Foster & Associates, COUNSELINGNH
540 Chestnut Street, Manchester, New Hampshire 03101
James Foster and Associates provides Psychotherapy in a private, safe and confidential setting. Psychotherapy is a process that occurs within a professional relationship . An individual may experience some form of difficulty that impacts their emotional well being and ability to function on a daily basis. . A client will come for an initial intake appointment and provide background information regarding their difficulty which the Clinician will use to help formulate a diagnosis and a treatment plan. The client and therapist will work in a collaborative effort to explore and assist the client in working through the client's personal dynamics.
Dahlia Rizk, MA, LCMHC
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor
80 Nashua Rd Suite B2 , Londonderry, New Hampshire 03053
While much of my practice centers around brief therapies sometimes we have to understand, process, and come to terms with the past before we can move on in the present. This is where psychotherapy can be useful. Often clients will come in either angry with their families of origin or guilt ridden because they love their family of origin but are struggling with the effects poor family boundaries or volatile environments. It is possible to look in the past, digest what happened and finding peace while respectfully seeing your caregivers as fallible human beings. Psychotherapy is a longer term form of therapy which frames the present as a function of past experiences.


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|No Jacket Required Nonfiction Book Group
Event Type: Book Discussion Group
Age Group(s): Adults
Date: 8/21/2013
Start Time: 10:30 AM
End Time: 12:30 PM
Join others to discuss your nonfiction book of choice in this month's genre: Food Lit. Where food is a main character! Stop by the Nonfiction Department for our Food Lit bookmark for suggestions. 444-7840.Map
Location: Adult Program Room
Contact Number: 444-7840
Presenter: Robin


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A post from Christine…
Do you want to sell books online? This post is for you. Selling books online is a great way to earn extra income. If you work hard, you can even make a living. But first you'll need to learn the tricks of the trade.
Keeping it Simple
This is a long post with a ton of information in it. I've tried to keep it as simple as possible for you. This post is a mixture of my own advice combined with links to other helpful content. We will focus on selling used books.
About Me
I have been selling books for nearly 20 years. I started selling books online while working in my father's bookstores. I set up an eBay account in 1998 under the name c-olson which my father still uses today. Starting with a few titles from a single store, my online listings were a great success. In 2002, I quit working to become a Stay At Home Mom. In 2003, I started selling books online from home. In 2004 we bought a bigger house to accommodate my growing business and another child. In 2009 I signed a 3 year lease on a 3200 square foot warehouse to run my business. Right now I deal in overstock, remainder, and used books, DVDs, plush toys, and gift items. My goal is to open a discount bookstore, selling new and used books and media related items integrated with online selling. I sell under the name blitz-kitty on ebay and Half.com, Books-MN on Amazon and BooksMN on ABE and Alibris. I also run the websites http://www.BooksMN.com and http://www. ChristinesBooks.net. (I didn't follow one of my tips below which is to "choose a business name and stick with it!")
Where to Buy Used Books
Friends of the Library Sales – Find FOL Sales near you using BookSaleFinder.com. Also, check your local paper for library sales or call the libraries near you. Most libraries have sales at least twice per year. Contact the libraries to learn the dates and times of the sales. Some FOL's allow members to attend special early preview sales. It may be worth joining.
Garage Sales – Great place for cheap books. Be sure to ask if they have more books they haven't put out yet.
Estate Sales – Arrive early, offer to buy all the books for one price.
Church Rummage Sales
Craigslist – Post an ad that you want to buy books. Advertise that you will pick-up books for free.
Thrift Stores – Visit thrift stores regularly, get to know their routines and when they put out new books.
Family, Friends and Neighbors – Let everyone know you want to be a bookseller. People will give you books for free. It's a great way to try it out. Don't let anyone talk you into selling books for them and splitting the profit. You won't make any money and you will do all the work.
Goodwill – Some Goodwill stores "cherry pick" the good ones, some don't.
Salvation Army
Half Price Books or other Used Bookstores who don't sell online.
Barnes & Noble – Many times they have half price sales on their remainder books. A great time to pick up some large picture books.
Where to Sell
Here are 5 major sites to consider along with the fees they charge:
Amazon.com – If you plan to sell more than 40 books per month on Amazon, pay to become a ProMerchant Seller. Amazon charges a monthly fee, plus commission, plus per transaction fee.
Half.com – No monthly fee, commission fee at the time of the sale.
Alibris – Monthly fee plus commission. Join when you have a minimum of 500 titles otherwise you might not sell enough to cover fees.
ABE – Monthly fee plus commission. Join when you have a minimum of 800 titles otherwise you won't see many sales.
eBay – Monthly fee for an eBay store, insertion fee per item plus commission fee and paypal fees. Watch your fees and price items accordingly. Booksellers only need a Basic Store. Selling on eBay has become much more difficult. Be sure to read and understand all the rules before you start selling. Breaking the rules on eBay may get you banned. There's money to be made on eBay but it doesn't come as easy as it used to. If you don't know much about selling on ebay I highly recommend reading Skip McGrath's 77 Tips & Tools for Selling on The New eBay. You can also subscribe to his free newsletter that contains lots of great information.
Websites for Multi-Channel Selling
If you choose to sell on all of these sites you need to keep track of your inventory. I use www.theartofbooks.com to manage my inventory and sales across multiple venues. TheArtofBooks.com charges only a small commission fee. There is also www.fillz.com. They charge a base fee plus a commission fee. I do not use The Art of Books for my eBay listings. I use www.inkfrog.com for eBay listings and picture hosting.
FBA stands for Fulfillment by Amazon. You send your books to Amazon, they pack and ship them for you. Many people love this set-up. I've tried it, with some success but I don't think it will continue in my business plan. I want to open a bookstore so would prefer to have my inventory with me. Also, at this time, space is not an issue for me. I highly recommend reading about FBA if you are interested: Selling on Amazon's FBA Program.
Scanning Tools
Many book resellers use scanning tools. If you go to a FOL (Friends of the Library) sale you will see people scanning barcodes on the backs of books with handheld scanners. The tools pull information from Amazon, instantly telling you the current pricing and the Sales Rank (lower seller rank good, higher seller rank not so good.) Some popular scanning tools: ScoutPal and ASellerTool.
Finding the Right Price
Pricing your books is an art form. You want to get the most money you can in the least amount of time. I check Amazon to price all my books.
First I check other seller's pricing, both New & Used, then I check the sales rank. The sales rank indicates how popular the book is on Amazon.
- 1 – 10,000 most popular
- 10,001 – 100,000 very popular
- 100,001 – 200,000 moderately popular
- 200,001 – 300,000 well, get the idea
These numbers go up into the millions
The lower the number the faster your book is going to sell if priced accordingly. You never need to be the lowest price to sell a book. Even if you are the lowest price when you list, in a few hours you will be undercut you by a penny by someone using repricing software. Both The Art of Books & Fillz offer repricing software. I don't use the software. I haven't taken the time to figure it out. For now, I ignore sellers who continually drop prices and I price my books somewhere 3 – 4 spots above the lowest price at a point where I still make money.
Condition Guidelines
You have be careful when grading your books. Since customers can't see the book they are buying they rely on you to tell them its condition. Each selling site has their own rules. Be sure to read them. Here's some guidelines from Amazon:
Amazon's Guidelines:
New: Just like it sounds. A brand-new, unused, unread copy in perfect condition.
Like New: An apparently unread copy in perfect condition. Dust cover is intact, with no nicks or tears. Spine has no signs of creasing. Pages are clean and are not marred by notes or folds of any kind. Book may contain a Remainder Mark on an outside edge but this should be noted in listing comments.
Very Good: A copy that has been read, but remains in excellent condition. Pages are intact and are not marred by notes or highlighting. The spine remains undamaged.
Good: A copy that has been read, but remains in clean condition. All pages are intact, and the cover is intact (including dust cover, if applicable). The spine may show signs of wear. Pages can include limited notes and highlighting, and the copy can include "From the library of" labels.
Acceptable: A readable copy. All pages are intact, and the cover is intact (the dust cover may be missing). Pages can include considerable notes–pen or highlighter–but the notes cannot obscure the text.
Why is feedback important to you as a bookseller? Buyers make decisions based on two things, price and feedback. Most selling sites allow customers to leave feedback about their experience buying from you. If your feedback levels fall too low you may get kicked off a site. eBay is particularly difficult with feedback. If you have slightly less than perfect feedback you will lose monetary discounts and possibly be banned. Be proactive with customer questions and concerns. Make your e-mail address readily available on your packing slips which should be included in all your orders.
Dealing with Customers
Although you are not selling face-to-face you still need customer service. They have questions, they have problems and they want to be reassured. Always deal with customers in a friendly matter. Even if they are wrong and you are right, sympathize and find a solution. Some customers are impossible to please, but honestly, I rarely get them. Book buyers tend to be an honest bunch.
Your Own Website
The most popular bookseller ecommerce hosting site is www.chrislands.com. My chrislands site is www.christinesbooks.net. It's…. okay. Not perfect, we have very little control of design with chrislands, but the price is right and they have good Google Feeds. I also have another site using www.PrestoStore.com under www.BooksMN.com. Both of these sites can be supported by The Art of Books or Fillz so you don't have to worry about keeping track of your inventory and orders. Watch out when choosing an ecommerce host, make sure there isn't a limit on the number of items you can list. As a bookseller, you will end up with 1,000's of SKUs, you can't afford a hosting company that charges based on the number of SKUs you have.
You need to take credit cards and paypal on your website. For credit cards, I use www.propay.com. They integrated easily with my websites and have low fees for small sellers. Google Checkout is another good option to have on your website.
Where to Buy Shipping Supplies
When I first started buying shipping supplies I looked for sales or coupons from Office Max. Then I started ordering them from sellers on eBay. Now I order all my shipping supplies from www.Uline.com. I find they have the best prices if you order in bulk. Uline also has excellent customer service. If you order more than $300 worth of supplies at any one time you can ask for Free Shipping with next day delivery! Uline also offers fun freebies if you order $150.00 or more in supplies.
How you choose to ship your books is a very important part of your business. Your shipping choices will affect your customer's experience and your feedback. Most booksellers ship their books in bubble mailers to save on shipping costs and supplies. I ship most of my books in boxes or cardboard fold-overs (s-165 on uline.com). I only ship small paperbacks and DVDs in bubble mailers. This is a personal choice. When I sell books in "New" condition and I want the books to arrive in "New" condition. Books get damaged in bubble mailers unless you wrap them in several layers of bubble wrap.
Most selling venues will reimburse you $3.99 for shipping and handling costs. For books that weigh under 4 lbs. this is enough to cover your costs. If your book weighs over 4 lbs. you will need to raise the price of your book to reflect the extra postage costs.
Shipping International: I have had very few problems with international shipments. If you decide to ship international, be aware of the costs and have a shipping scale handy, you can buying a shipping scale on ebay from this guy: GreatScales. Amazon only gives you one low price for covering postage on international orders. This price may not cover your costs. Amazon allows you to opt out of international shipping on a book to book basis, if your book does not fit into a Flat Rate Envelope, do not select the International Shipping option on Amazon. I keep a chart handy telling me how much it is going to cost me to ship to Canada and the rest of the world so I can input prices on ebay when listing. You can calculate prices on the usps.com website.
Media Mail is the most popular choice for books that weigh over 8 oz. Under 8 oz, it is cheaper to ship First Class Mail. Media Mail takes 4 – 14 days to arrive. Since Media Mail is so slow, I always ship within 2 days of receiving an order to minimize the customer wait.
Use professional packing materials. Do not use old cereal boxes or empty tissue boxes to ship items. Important: Do not wrap books in newspaper, the ink will rub off and damage the book.
The US Post Office
Important – Make friends with your local post office crew. You'll see them everyday and you'll need their help. They can make your life miserable, so don't argue or pick fights with the folks at the Post Office. You can't afford to be enemies with them.
Things your friendly post office crew can help you with:
- Tubs to help you carry your books
- Hampers for when you have extra large loads
- Extra Supplies of Priority boxes, Flat Rate envelopes, Customs Forms and more
- You can order Free Priority Mail Supplies on the usps.com website
Printing Postage Online
Printing postage online saves you time. Once you start selling several books per day, you'll to want to start printing postage online. When you print your postage online, you won't have to wait in line at the post office. You'll drop your stuff, say hi, and then leave. You will also get a discount on Priority Mail and a discount on delivery confirmation.
I recommend www.endicia.com. It has a small monthly fee. Most other services (usps.com, paypal, amazon) charge extra for printing Media Mail postage.
You also need a Zebra Thermal Printer that uses 4" x 6" labels. Buy a used one on eBay from HippoVariety. I bought a refurbished one from them over 5 years ago and it's still running strong. I buy my labels from Trek.CompuLabel.com. Buying topcoated labels is important because the post office sometimes will put a zip code sticker right over the address. If the label isn't topcoated that sticker won't come off and your package will be returned to you.
Shipping Station
A good shipping station consists of the following:
- Multiple Box Sizes
- Multiple bubble mailer sizes
- Bubble Wrap
- Packing Tape with dispenser
- Scale
- Box Cutter
- Scrap Cardboard
- Void Fill (blank newsprint, peanuts, foam, etc.)
- Scotch Tape with dispenser
Your shipping station should be comfortable, easy to access, and not cramped. Try to make your shipping process as smooth as possible to avoid repetitive stress injuries and shipping mix-ups.
Important Tips for Serious Businesses
If you plan to turn bookselling into a business, here are some must follow tips:
- If you sell on eBay, you need a paypal account or you will get no sales
- Choose a business name to use across all sites, including your own website. Check GoDaddy to see if the website name is available.
- Buy your domain on GoDaddy.com
- Open a business account at your local bank.
- Have a business credit card that pays cash back
- Register your business with your state.
- Register your business with the Feds and get an EIN (Employer Identification Number)
Blogs to Read
Book Think
Weber Books – Selling Books
Sell Your Books Online
Books to Read
Selling Used Books Online (A little dated but some good info)
The Home Based Bookstore
Book Finds, 3rd Edition: How to Find, Buy and Sell Used and Rare Books
Online Bookselling: A Practical Guide with Detailed Explanations
How to Sell Books on Amazon The Stay at Home Mom's Secret Guide
Selling Online: How to Start a Home-Based Business Selling Used Books, DVDs, and More
Tax Loopholes for eBay Sellers (great advise for all small businesses!)
The eBay Sellers Tax & Legal Guide
e-Books to Consider
Selling on Amazon's FBA Program
Skip McGrath Sell Used Books on eBay, Amazon and the Internet
Free Newsletters to Subscribe to
In Closing
Slinging books is not a glamorous job. You get dirty, your nails get broken, you throw out your back once in awhile, your eyes dry out from using the computer too much, and your hands crack because the books have sucked all the moisture out of them. Booksellers and book buyers are an odd bunch. You will realize this by going to your first few library sales. When books sell for .50 cents a pop it brings out some strange creatures. If this all sounds fun to you (I think it is!) your best approach is to dive right in. Start researching some of your own books and see what you can sell them for. The great thing about bookselling is you don't need to spend much to get started, but there is a learning curve bringing it to the next level . You can figure it out by trial and error and by reading about selling books online.
Good Luck and Have Fun!


text: Donth Ave wrote: > Don Clugston Wrote: >> Not too terrible. > But what if classes are allowed? > -- > Anonymity is not a Crime Actually, it satisfies *all* of the requirements if classes are allowed. eg A a = new A; A b = new B; max(a, b)*=0.6; // compiles OK.


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February 28, 2002 - News at a Glance
Wireless in Vermont
On one hand, cell phones provide a valuable service for emergency crews and can save lives. On the other hand, when it comes to personal safety, debate is growing over the effects of radio-frequency radiation. (Read the transcript or listen to the story online.) (VPR)
Dean in Maine
Mainers got a taste of Vermont Governor Howard Dean's stump speech this week at a gathering in Portland, Maine. Dean flew in from Washington D.C. after a tour of Iowa, where he was testing the appeal of his message for a possible presidential run in 2004. (VPR)
UVM Watershed Science
The University of Vermont announced Wednesday the appointment of "Breck" Bowden to the Chair of Watershed Science. Bowden will head a research program on watershed issues in Vermont, such as water quality and land use planning. (VPR)


text:
Barack Obama is the runaway winner of the Iowa caucuses. What began as a virtual tie between the major candidates on election night quickly turned into a decisive victory for Obama. Hillary Clinton, who has frequently touted her electability, came in a close third behind John Edwards.
With 76 percent of precincts reporting, Obama had the support of 36 percent of voters, compared to 31 percent for Edwards and 30 percent for Clinton.
AP photo / M. Spencer Green


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Scion FR-S SEMA Show Concepts Showcase Extreme Style, Performance
The three Tuner Challenge tCs won't be the only cars filling up Scion's booth this year at SEMA Show; five other modified Scions will also make their presence known including some wild FR-Ses.
Joining the trio of tCs will be four custom FR-S vehicles and a unique xB customized by Cartel Customs and Quality Coachworks. Headlining the FR-S creations is a drifting prototype by GReddy Performance and Scion Racing, giving us a preview of Ken Gushi's car for the 2014 Formula Drift season. Featuring the second version of the popular Rocket Bunny kit, the FR-S features a GReddy turbocharged Supra engine that's capable of pushing out 750 hp.
Scion Tuner Challenge tCs Unveiled Ahead of SEMA
Bulletproof Automotive will also be debuting its FR-S Concept One, featuring plenty of Varis goods from Japan. A handmade widebody conversion complements a rebuilt, turbocharged engine with 500 hp. Focusing more on style and individuality is the Steve Aoki Art Car FR-S that was designed by renowned DJ and producer Steve Aoki. The FR-S features a fully operational mixing station, a custom Pioneer sound system, a deck lid-mounted LCD display, a fog machine and strobe lighting. Lastly for the custom FR-S cars is the Urban GT Sport Coupe that sports a futuristic urban design incorporating comfort and technology with camera mirrors, custom leather interior and a unique body kit that truly transforms the exterior of the FR-S.
The sole xB that will be present at the Scion booth in the Las Vegas Convention Center this year will be the Strictly Business Cartel Scion xB that sports a custom mini-stretch, on-board WiFi hotspot, an Apple Mac Mini, wireless keyboard and mouse and hands-free mobile calling.
"The FR-S continues to be a SEMA favorite, and this year's builds take the sports car in every direction," said Steve Hatanaka Scion marketing and special events manager. "All the SEMA vehicles draw on the passions of our drivers. Urban dwellers, entrepreneurs and the high performance enthusiasts all will find a Scion to get excited about this year."
GALLERY: GReddy x Scion Racing FR-S
GALLERY: Bulletproof FR-S Concept One
GALLERY: Steve Aoki Art Car FR-S
GALLERY: Strictly Business Cartel xB
GALLERY: Urban GT Sport Coupe FR-S
Discuss this story at our Scion FR-S Forum.


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Apple's iPad mini and the great tablet wars of 2012 Add to ...
Apple's iPad Mini is just the start - by year end the market will be flooded with new tablets competing to lure users on price, size and speed. Jon Gordon reports.
- Apple Inc$150.27-0.07(-0.05%)
- Updated July 21 4:00 PM EDT. Delayed by at least 15 minutes.


text:
About This Game
Creator: Quang Duong
sadfasd is a Normal Game with a starting investment budget of $100,000.00.
Game Type: Normal
Start Date: 3/10/2014
End Date: 3/17/2014
No. of Players: 1
Budget: $100,000.00
This game has 1 player. Ranking is enabled when there are 2 or more players.
Get the word out and get your friends to join in the fun:


text:
Good Hope Botanicals has established
sources from all over the world to bring you the highest quality
products. We work directly with growers and wild crafters
to ensure our botanicals are grown, harvested and processed
in a manner that preserves the integrity of the plant. We
are concerned with environmentally preserving the habitats
of the wild crafted botanicals and do not trade in threatened
or endangered species. Every product we receive must pass
our in-house quality control. We make sure the herbs, roots,
barks and berries are cleaned, processed and packaged in a
manner that conforms to our specifications. We offer certificates
of analysis on every botanical product and essential oil.
If what you are looking for is not in our product listing,
we will be happy to source it for you.
Good Hope Botanicals is a wholesaler of raw material. All products are
sold for further manufacturing and processing. Should you have any questions
regarding safety in use, please consult a qualified health professional.
We have incorporated AHPA (American Herbal Products Association) safety
guidelines as per the Botanical Safety Handbook. We encourage you to purchase
your own copy by contacting the American Botanical Council at 512-926-4900.
Botanical Safety Guidelines
Safety Class Key:
G: Generally recognized as safe in accordance with FDA Gras List.
GF: Generally recognized as safe for flavoring in accordance with FDS
1: Herbs which can be safely consumed when used appropriately in accordance
with AHPA Botanical Safety Handbook.
2A: For external use only (AHPA)
2B: Not to be used during pregnancy (AHPA)
2C: Not to be used while nursing (AHPA)
2D: Other specific use restrictions apply as noted in AHPA Botanical
Guidelines (click on link to download)
2E: Not for long term therapeutic use, do not exceed recommended dose
3: To be used only under the supervision of an expert qualified in the
appropriate use of this substance (AHPA)
4: Herb for which insufficient data are available for classification
Back to top


text:
Andrine lay motionless, half-covered by the water that was colored red by her own blood and the blood of her friends.
The carriages are half-covered ones, with seats for two, and are drawn by a pair of mules, on one of which the driver rides.
The walls of baked clay had been whitewashed and were half-covered with bright flowers.
Gray-covered heaps were sprawled upon the shore, some half-covered by the incoming tide, others entirely awash.
The other represents a dead body on a rug, half-covered with a shroud.
Their garments were badly tattered, and their half-covered feet were bleeding.
His cheeks were sallow and half-covered with black whiskers, the brows were lowering, the eyes deep-set and singular.
He came down into the half-covered cabin which formed the forward part of the Ajax.
There a priest touches a fair maiden's bosom, which is half-covered with a 'scapulier.'
They infested the streets and the squares, and were devoured by vermin, and half-covered with rags.
mid-12c., from Old French covrir (12c., Modern French couvrir) "to cover, protect, conceal, dissemble," from Late Latin coperire, from Latin cooperire "to cover over, overwhelm, bury," from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + operire "to close, cover" (see weir). Related: Covered; covering. Military sense is from 1680s; newspaper sense first recorded 1893; use in football dates from 1907. Betting sense is 1857. OF horses, as a euphemism for "copulate" it dates from 1530s. Covered wagon attested from 1745.
early 13c., in compounds, from cover (v.). Meaning "recording of a song already recorded by another" is 1966. Cover girl is U.S. slang from 1915, shortening of magazine-cover girl.
early 13c., in compounds, from cover (v.). Meaning "recording of a song already recorded by another" is 1966. Cover girl is U.S. slang from 1915, shortening of magazine-cover girl.
Related Terms


text:
LA MIRADA - A substitute teacher at Los Coyotes Middle School, Ted Nishihara, 29, was booked on suspicion of lewd acts upon a child at the sheriff's Cerritos station. Booking records show he is being held at the Inmate Reception Center in lieu of $200,000 bail.
According to Superintendent Ruth Perez, Nishihara was blocked from substitute teaching in the future by the Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District.
"As a substitute teacher we were able to lock him immediately from our system when we received the report on Friday," Perez said.
Nishihara taught for five years and was currently subbing for the sixth grade.
"The initial report we received was that he had been looking at girls in an inappropriate way, staring at them in class and it made the girls feel uncomfortable. Once the school received a report, they called human resources and we proceeded to block him from coming back on campus," she said.
The school was scheduled to begin an internal investigation Monday before discovering Sheriff's had arrested Nishihara.
"The students are parties to the investigation and have been interviewed," said Sgt. Daniel Scott of the Special Victims' Bureau. "Different ones saw different things. We have one victim and are still interviewing witnesses."
The Victims' Bureau is currently putting its case together to present to the District Attorney Wednesday, he said.
The district will provide counseling for students if requested.
Anyone with information is asked to call the Sheriff's Special Victims Bureau at 1-877-710-5273.


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Ever since I put together this monochromatic outfit, I have been experimenting with more matchy-matchy looks and I've decided I really love the sophisticated vibe of a same-color blazer & trouser. This time, I added a faux fur vest for an extra layer of warmth and to keep the suit-like separates from feeling too stuffy...plus I'm obsessed with the cobalt + black combination.
What I'm wearing:


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She is a very talented blonde actress.Click here to see Haylie Duff nude!
Haylie Duff has been (or will be) noticed in "Doesn't Texas Ever End" (2007) as Mercedez, "Legacy" (2007) as Lana Stevens, "My Sexiest Year" (2007) as Debbie, "7th Heaven" (2007) as Sandy Jameson, "Nightmare" (2007) as Molly, "Material Girls" (2006) as Ava Marchetta, "Joan of Arcadia" (2005) as Stevie Marx, "Complete Savages" (2005) as Jessica, "Dishdogz" (2005) as Cassidy, "One on One" (2004) as Mandy, "In Search of Santa" (2004) as Lucinda, "That's So Raven" (2004) as Katina, "Napoleon Dynamite" (2004) as Summer Wheatly, "American Dreams" (2003) as Shangri-Las, "I Love Your Work" (2003) as Frat Brat Girlfriend, "Third Watch" (2003) as Young Faith, "Lizzie McGuire" (2003) as Cousin Amy, "Boston Public" (2001) as Sylvia, "The Newman Shower" (2001) as Wendy, "Chicago Hope" (2000) as Jenny, "Dreams in the Attic" (2000) as Jessica, "The Amanda Show" (1999) as Girl in Crowd, "Addams Family Reunion" (1998) as Gina Adams, "Hope" (1997) as Martha Jean Pruitt, "True Women" (1997) as
Here they go. Some are less, some more naked. We have few more pictures, but becouse of limited server space, we could not place all of her photos. But we will do it in future! So be patient. And be careful! You never know when the most sexy photo will show up here.
Yes... we know. We wish there were more naked photos of Haylie Duff. All our hope in those paparazzi guys! Please visit us again in some time.


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When Adam Zampa smashed a six in the final over of the Big Bash match between Adelaide and Perth on Monday night it was cause for the Strikers to celebrate.
The Strikers were overwhelming outsiders needing seven runs to win off the final three balls and nine wickets down, with the Scorchers $1.11 favourites. But only seconds later, as Zampa sent the ball soaring over mid-wicket and the rope, Perth all of a sudden flew out to 1000-1.
Adelaide would go on to win and the thrilling climax was not just a great result for the South Australian franchise. It was also a dream scenario for the newest arrival on the radar of cricket's anti-corruption personnel: the pitchsider.
For the man stationed in the crowd with a laptop or a smartphone, the finale offered the most technologically savvy and connected of punters the chance to reap a fortune.
By backing the Strikers at a tasty price, the moment Zampa laid bat on ball — knowing it was headed over the boundary — they would have had the opportunity to get a step ahead of overseas betting agencies waiting for a live feed of scores and slightly delayed television coverage to adjust their odds.
It's in this narrow but lucrative sphere that individuals such as Rajiv Mulchandan, whom Fairfax Media revealed as the British national kicked out of two BBL games in Sydney over the past week, are striving to make a mint.
"The value in knowing what is going to happen is immense," said Brendan Poots, chief executive of Australian-based sports betting hedge fund Priomha Capital. "If you can get that split second advantage the value is incredible. The moment that ball left the bat you could see it was going for six, whereas Betfair and the different data providers will wait for [the six] to happen. That's how they do it."
The practice is being compared with the activity outlined in such compelling depth this year in Michael Lewis' expose of the American high-speed financial trading industry, Flash Boys. The book documents how traders use high-speed underground cables and locate their computers close to the stockmarket's matching engine in an effort to get fractionally ahead of the market.
They have gained a tiny physical advantage over slower traders, measured in only microseconds but, as Lewis revealed, it has been worth millions.
In cricket, the so-called pitchsiders are able to get their nose in front because of television delays into overseas markets of as long as 12 to 14 seconds. Most overseas gambling organisations will have staff in their offices altering the odds based on scores and television coverage. Punters generally will have to combat a built-in delay of six to eight seconds for in-play wagers to be processed, but that leaves a slight opening for the most enterprising.
The ploy does not work with Australian betting agencies - such wagers have to be made with a phone call, not electronically, and Betfair's Australian server prevents in-play betting here on its app and site. But Australian cricket's Twenty20 tournament is clearly seen as an appealing target because the odds on the result can change so dramatically.
Tennis is considered even greater attraction, as evidenced by the affair at this year's Australian Open in which a British man was accused of transmitting live scores to a London sports data provider - or "courtsiding" - before having charges dropped by Victorian police.
Betting industry folks will say it is simply a loophole being exercised by the most crafty- "it's not match fixing, it's just taking advantage of technology," Poots said - and stress that it is not a criminal offence, certainly in NSW where Mulchandan was swooped on by police in and thrown out of the SCG and ANZ Stadium.
Cricket authorities, however, see pitchsiding very differently. Concerned about whose hands information may fall into, and unwilling for their game to be used for such purposes, they are banking on the Coalition of Major Professional and Participation Sports, led by former ICC chief executive Malcolm Speed, being able to successfully lobby governments to stamp it out.
"There is already legislation in certain states that makes courtside betting illegal," a Cricket Australia spokesman said.
"Our conditions of entry reflect that meaning anyone who engages in the practice will be handed over to police.
"We are vigilant about protecting the integrity of the game and that means preventing anyone entering our grounds who might be trying to manipulate betting markets or potentially rely on match information for financial gain."