text: Happy Saturday night Cowboys nation! I recently signed up for this forum although my brother has been a member for sometime (casmith07) and I have bled blue and silver for 23 years. My name is Brennan, B.R. for short or just bman works fine. I'm happily married, have a one year old son and recently just got a new job for myself and my new family. I thought tonight would be the perfect opportunity for me to introduce myself and do my best to give my own personal opinion with absolutely no intention of sparking an angry debate amongst us. We're all brothers and sisters here right? Of course feel free to disagree with me if you'd like. Given this surprisingly aggressive draft, and rock solid while still conservative FA off season, on paper the Dallas Cowboys have filled every need. As far analysts listed positions of need, I give the Cowboys an A. I do understand why safety wasn't looked at, as we"re moving players up the depth chart, possibly starting either "the reverend" Barry Church or Danny McCrary along side Sensabsugh. Cornerback however, after how much we struggled and how many yards, TDs, 3rd and 4th down conversions we gave up throughout the season prompted dire change. Newman lost his legs, while Jenkins disappointing effort these past 3 seasons and running his mouth on twitter will likely have him traded or cut before then end of the season when the team understandably will zero interest resigning him unless he plays like the "4th best CB in the entire league" he claims to be. I'm sorry but saying you're the number 4 corner in the league when teams pick you as the weaker option between yourself and a 33 year old who is always injured, I can't in good faith agree with you. Now that the NFL has predictably become a pass driven league, while super bowl winners still rely heavily on stout defense and a strong running game, making this a defensive draft was the right move by Mr Jones and Co. Our NFC east opponents have done more than improve this off season and to have the Cowboys fail once again to put out a competitive "America's Team" every Sunday was not acceptable to the front office, sponsors, the players who bring 100% every game and especially Us: the fans. The additions of an OLB and DE show me that Anthony Spencer's days in Dallas are probably numbered if he's not offered a new deal by the trade deadline. I'll admit, like other fans on here, I have reservations of the lower round picks that 1. I've never heard of 2. Turn up my nose where they played and the competition they faced and 3. Light research and the recent production they had last season. But you have to look at players as prospects. Coming from a big school, big competition and big COLLEGE production has put out just as many if not more busts than taking a chance on a small school prospect has. A lot of diamonds have been found in rounds 6-7 and even undrafted rookie FAs. This is my first sound off so I hope I gained a few smiles and nods. Looking forward to shooting ideas and opinions back and forth with you all. Go Cowboys!


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This event is presented by United Seniors of Oakland and Alameda County (USOAC). USOAC is a grassroots intergenerational organization dedicated to empowering older adults to address the issues that affect their quality of life. As a community based organization United Seniors has an established track record of fighting for the rights of older adults throughout Alameda County for more than 24 years. They have over 7,000 members, including individuals, chapter, and affiliates throughout the entire county.
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text:
Ownership of English
Several years ago, I carried out a study to investigate how speakers of English from nations that were previously colonized by Great Britain express their ownership of English. Using Goffman's concept of 'footing,' I examined how dyads from the United States, Singapore, Malaysia, and India talked about the acceptability of English sentences which contained grammatical and lexical examples of World Englishes, such as discuss about, researches, and gloriosity. The results were published in TESOL Quarterly in 2003 (vol. 37). Since that time, a research group in Singapore has been engaged in replicating this study with specific attention to how specific ethnic and socio-economic factors mitigate expressions of ownership. The results of their work so far is available in:
Bokhorst Heng, W., Alsagoff, L., McKay, S. L. and Rubdy, R. (2007) English language ownership among Singaporean Malays: Going beyond the NS-NNS dichotomy. World Englishes, 26, 424-445.
Rubdy, R., McKay, S., Alsagoff, L., & Bokhorst-Heng, W. (2008). Enacting English language ownership in the Outer Circle: a study of Singaporean Indians' orientations to English norms. World Englishes, 27, 40-67.
In the future, I plan to replicate my own study with speakers of Pidgin on the island of Oahu in an effort to extend the concept of ownership to the Hawai'i context as well.


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Royal Wedding Package
This wedding pack contains everything you need to celebrate a royal wedding.
Marriage binds two characters together giving them a bonus when they are together and the ability to summon each other. You are also given a free permanent wedding pet as a gift.Contains:
Wedding Application
Wedding Dress/Tuxedo (Permanent)(+2% Crit)
Wedding Salute (8 pieces)
Wedding Invitation (40 pieces)
Can be gifted at level: 30
Number of uses:1


text:
Pocket watch with Pennies, Wine and a Lemon 12 x16
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File Sharing - Internet programs
File Sharing - Internet Programs from 151 to 200 listed after date (from 356 category titles)
Order programs after
(currently are listed after date)
Music Torrent 2.8.0
Music Torrent is a top file sharing application, incorporating the latest technology, compatible with all major platforms and running over the Gnutella network.
Qnext- Unified Communication & Sharing 3.0.6
Qnext Unifies Communication, Broadcasting and Sharing, 4-way Video, 8-way Voice, Universal IM MSN-Yahoo-AIM-ICQ-Gtalk-Jabber-IRC. Any size File transfer. Instantly Share Files-Photos & stream Music. Remote PC. Secure-P2P-Web2.0-SDK-Win-Mac-Linux.
MP3 Rocket Pro 5.0.3
MP3 Rocket is an award winning file sharing program allowing users to download music, movies, software titles, games and images files from the gnutella network. It is spyware/adware free, and does not come bundled with any additional software
Com2 Port Device Transfer Tool 2.2
Buy Serial port data transfer application software to transfer data from remote to serial port via TCP/IP network enable reconnection to connect permanently failed connection work as service on Windows NT 2000 2003 XP Vista operating system
CyberLink Live 2
With CyberLink Live, accessing your photos/videos/audio/documents stored at home from ANYWHERE is simply a breeze. Only Web Browser needed. Catch favorite local TV shows live when abroad or schedule recordings to watch at a later time.
Comport Manager Tool 2.2
Com2 port device transfer shareware fully control remote serial device using standard network protocol TCP/IP configuration setting list system serial-ports set odd even mark space priority speed data bits accept remote host IP address to connect
Serial Port Data Collector 2.2
Serial port data analyzer log archive serial ports received data to disk file for further analysis joint log files lists all connections data restores default serial-port options speed stop data parity bits baud rate for windows 98 Me NT4 2K XP 2003
Podmailing Zer0-10
Podmailing enables you to send supersize files and folders by e-mail and without clogging your inbox. It is as easy to use as e-mail and the transfers are very reliable thanks to our servers which relay your files for 30 days.
Audials One Music & Videos 2
Internet radio MusicFinder, MP3 & music videoclips finder and downloads, web video recorder, audio & video file converter, DRM remover, Podcasts, ID3 tags, songtext, cover artwork, cd & dvd burner, mobile synchronisation and more!
eMule Acceleration Patch 4.3.5
eMule Acceleration Patch is a new add-on for eMule file sharing program
Hermes 2.1.0
Hermes is a latest generation p2p file-sharing application written in Java, compatible with BitTorrent allowing you to add multi-tracker information to the torrent and to add hashes for other networks (Gnutella, eDonkey2000).
Mobicue for Sony Ericsson JP5 V1.3.0
Compatible with Java platform mobile phone, eg. D750i/K500i/K500c/K500im/K530i/K600/K600i/K608/K608i/K610i/K610c/K610im/K618i/K630i/K700i/K700c/K750i/K750c etc. (More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Mobicue S40 for Nokia 5300/6126/6131 etc V1.3.0
Compatible with Symbian 40 platform mobile phone, eg. Nokia 5300/6126/6131/6131 NFC/6133/6233/6234/6234/6265/6265i/6267/6270/6275/6275i/6280/6282/6288/6300/6500 (More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Mobicue S60 1,2,3rd for Nokia N73 etc V1.3.0
Compatible with Symbian 60 platform mobile phone, eg. Nokia N-Gage/N-Gage QD/7650/3650/3600/3660/3620, Simens SX, 3230/6260/6600/6620/6630/6670/6680/6681 etc.(More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Mobicue for Sony Ericsson JP6 V1.3.0
Compatible with Java platform mobile phone, eg. K770i/K790i/K790a/K790c/K800i/K800c/K810i/K818c/K850i/K858c/M600i/M608c/S500i/S500c/S700i/S700c/T650i/T650c etc. (More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Mobicue for Most General Phones V1.3.0
Compatible with most general phones (More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Mobicue for S60 Widescreen phone V1.3.0
Compatible with Symbian 60 widescreen phone, such as N75/N76/N77/N80/N91/N92/N93/N93i/N95 etc. (More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Mobicue for Motorola phones V1.3.0
Compatible with Motorola phone, A760/A768/A780/A910/E2/E6/E680/E680g/E680i/V8/Z6. (More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Mobicue for motorola widescreen phones V1.3.0
Compatible with motorola widescreen phones, such as Moto A1200 etc. (More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Mobicue for Nokia N80 V1.3.0
Compatible with Nokia N80 (More compatible devices, please go to http://www.mobicue.com)
Morpheus Music 6.6.6
Morpheus Music is the latest version of our best file sharing program. Intuitive interface, millions of users, safety features and quick setup - what more could anybody ask for? Download the program and see what everyone istalking about.
Software Finder 1.0
Search and download your favorite software and full programs. The database includes more than 180 billion files. Unlimited downloads , turocharged download speeds , all files types supported. If you are looking for a software , you will find it.
Ares Galaxy FasterDownloads 4.3.8
Ares Galaxy FasterDownloads is a download-accelerator add-on application for Ares Galaxy that saves your precious time by bringing download speed to its limit. Automatically finds more sources better then a regular Ares search engine and optimizes bandwidth utilization. Ares Galaxy FasterDownloads - The variety of Ares Galaxy FasterDownloads functions also include resuming interrupted downloads, clearing downloaded and erroneous files, optimizing Internet connection, saving c...
Ares Galaxy 2.0.9
Ares is a easy-to-use and fast BitTorrent client.Ares is one of the biggest and most reliable peer-to-peer file sharing clients around the world. Search and share files with this Bittorrent p2p powerful client.
iPod Downloads Center 1.0
iPod downloads center is a free resource that allows you to download music, movies, games and more for your iPod. It will give you recommendations for the best free and premium places to get content for your iPod based on your needs.
iMesh Light 5
iMesh Light 5 is a spyware clean and free version of iMesh 5. iMesh Light 5 uses all the same features that iMesh includes but adds many more new and convenient features.
K-Lite Pro 3.0
K-Lite Pro gives you access to files available all over the world for. K-Lite Pro is the World's fastest P2P file-sharing application, letting users share and search for any type of computer files. Download MP3s, Movies, Videos, Software, and Games.
BitComet Download Speedup 1.0
BitComet Download Speedup is a Freeware plugin for a BitTorrent network clients designed to improve download speed of BitComet. This acceleration tool is easy to setup and does not require any user intervention.
BitTorrent Download Speedup 1.0
BitTorrent Download Speedup is a Freeware plugin for a BitTorrent network clients designed to improve download speed of BitTorrent.This acceleration tool is easy to setup and does not require any user intervention.
Iphone Download Finder 1.0
Simple program recommends iphone downloads.
Limewire Download Speed 1.0
Limewire Download Speed is a FREE universal plugin designed to accelerate download speed of Limewire P2P client. Limewire Download Speed will automatically set optimal values to the download settings and increase download speed of Limewire.
Shareaza Download Speed 1.0
Shareaza Download Speed is a FREE universal plugin designed to accelerate download speed of Shareaza P2P client. Shareaza Download Speed will automatically set optimal values to the download settings and increase download speed of Shareaza.
eMule +Ultra Downloads 1.2c
Access to the largest downloading network on the planet. With over 300 million users & over 7 million people on the network at any time - you're sure to find whatever you are looking for! Download music, movies, games, software &more.
JapaneseBoy 1.0
JapaneseBoy is a Shareware program for Windows, an adult content web-crawler. You choose which categories you wish to download and tell JapaneseBoy to work for you!
EnjoyMyMedia Transmitter 2.0
EnjoyMyMedia: a free, simple, safe way to regularly share the media that records your life--photos, videos, music & docs, whether on your PC, the Web or paper—by broadcasting private channels to friends & family. www.enjoymymedia.com/take-a-tour.asp
Leaf 1.02
Create your own virtual computer network with your friends. By creating virtual network with your friends, it is like you are all on the same local area network (LAN) and there is a direct connection between you and your friends computers.
XFileSharing script 1.1
Run your own file upload site like Rapidshare or MegaUpload with XFileSharing script. XFileSharing script is an advanced solution for creating free file hosting websites.
eMule 5.0.0
With over 50 million daily worldwide users, Emule is the Internet's Premier Downloading Software. Using newly developed downloading and searching tools, Emule improves upon already existing programs such as LimeWire, Bearshare, and Ares.
BitComet 5.0.0
With over 50 million daily worldwide users, Bitcomet is the Internet's Premier Downloading Software. Using newly developed downloading and searching tools, Bitcomet improves upon already existing programs such as LimeWire, Bearshare, and Ares.
BearFlix 5.0.0
With over 50 million daily worldwide users, Bearflix is the Internet's Premier Downloading Software. Using newly developed downloading and searching tools, Bearflix improves upon already existing programs such as LimeWire, Bearshare, and Ares.
TeamDrive 1.4.045
Enables the fast, simple, secure, and automatic exchange of data between two or more of PC's or notebooks over the Internet. Online, as well as, offline access to the same data at any time, without administrative expense, and security risk.
Secrecy File and Folder Hider 2.8
Secrecy File & Folder Hider allows you to hide any folder and keep curious eyes away from your private files. Have you ever wished there was some way you could protect your files & folders and private information from the nosy eyes of "others" .
Ares Gold Music Pro 126.96.36.19997
Ares Music is an innovative and easy to use file-sharing application that search and finds numerous files at the same time.Turbo Charged - a special acceleration algorithm that will permit you to search and download faster than other p2p programs.
Gnutella Lite 5.1.3
Gnutella Lite allows you to search and find multiple files at the same time, available in several different languages, and is ease-to-use. A completely new media player supports OGGs, MP3s and other known media files.
Torrent Searcher Client 1.0
Torrent Searcher Client is an exclusive torrent client with the possibility to manage and create torrents. Torrent Searcher Client is based on BitTornado which extended from from Original Bittorrent Core System , coded by Bram Cohen.
UnlimitedDownoadCenter 2007.7
UnlimitedDownloadCenter - Download all your favorite Music Movies Free! - No time limits, No bandwidth limits, No content limits. - With over 15 billion files available, imagine all the music and movie files you can get with instant access!
Files Share Server (efilego) Software 1.0
Files share server, no need for client installing. It is a web based http server.
Quickeo 188.8.131.52
Quickeo is the only sharing service that lets you create a rich multimedia gallery o(f video, audio, images and other files) and choose exactly who may view each gallery. Quickeo allows you to present your contents in a newsletter or album format.
P2P Share Spy Software 1.0
Find and browse shared files of any type, all over the world
BitComet Download Accelerator 1.0
BitComet Download Accelerator lets you download from BitComet at a faster speed, reduces download time and loss of sources by acceleration of downloads. Easy to use, works with all BitComet versions. Download the free Accelerator & try it today!
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Outer core
The outer core of the Earth is a fluid layer about 2,300 km (1,400 mi)[1] thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. Unlike the inner core, the outer core is not solid. This is also referred to as the "liquid core".[2]
Estimates for the temperature of the outer core are about 3,000–4,500 K (2,730–4,230 °C; 4,940–7,640 °F) in its outer regions and 4,000–8,000 K (3,730–7,730 °C; 6,740–13,940 °F) near the inner core.[3] Evidence for a fluid outer core includes observations from seismology which shows that seismic shear-waves are not transmitted through the outer core.[4] Because of its high temperature, modeling work has shown that the outer core is a low viscosity fluid that convects turbulently.[3] Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field. The average magnetic field strength in the Earth's outer core was measured to be 2.5 millitesla, 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface.[5][6] The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to that of the inner core. Sulfur and oxygen could also be present in the outer core.[7]
As heat is transferred outward toward the mantle, the net trend is for the inner boundary of the liquid region to freeze, causing the solid inner core to grow. This growth rate is estimated to be 1 mm per year.[8]
See also[edit]
- ^ http://education.nationalgeographic.com.au/education/encyclopedia/core/?ar_a=1
- ^ Beno Gutenberg (4 June 2016). Physics of the Earth's Interior. Elsevier. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-1-4832-8212-1.
- ^ a b De Wijs, Gilles A.; Kresse, Georg; Vočadlo, Lidunka; Dobson, David; Alfè, Dario; Gillan, Michael J.; Price, Geoffrey D. (1998). "The viscosity of liquid iron at the physical conditions of the Earth's core" (PDF). Nature. 392 (6678): 805. Bibcode:1998Natur.392..805D. doi:10.1038/33905.
- ^ Jeffreys, Harold (1926-06-01). "The Rigidity of the Earth's Central Core.". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1: 371–383. ISSN 1365-246X. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1926.tb05385.x.
- ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth's Core. Science20.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-27.
- ^ Buffett, Bruce A. (2010). "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth's internal magnetic field". Nature. 468 (7326): 952–4. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..952B. PMID 21164483. doi:10.1038/nature09643.
- ^ Gubbins, David; Sreenivasan, Binod; Mound, Jon; Rost, Sebastian (May 19, 2011). "Melting of the Earth's inner core". Nature. 473 (7347): 361–363. Bibcode:2011Natur.473..361G. PMID 21593868. doi:10.1038/nature10068.
- ^ Waszek, Lauren; Irving, Jessica; Deuss, Arwen (2011). "Reconciling the hemispherical structure of Earth's inner core with its super-rotation". Nature Geoscience. 4: 264–267. doi:10.1038/ngeo1083.
External links[edit]
|The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Structure of the Earth


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While Fox Newsies never seem to turn down an opportunity to divide our country into "makers and takers," it seems that the children of the makers are automatically in that category by virtue of their birth. The talking heads love to argue about the importance of independence and not taking handouts but I never hear them saying that children of the wealthy should forego trust funds and learn the virtues of being self-supporting. In fact, when it comes to estate taxes, some might say these one percenters think that passing along all their money to their heirs is an entitlement. Fox & Friends made that clear today when they tried to argue that a group of super-wealthy Americans, including Warren Buffett and Richard Rockefeller, were somehow trying to soak the middle class "strivers" by arguing for higher taxes on estates worth more than $2 million.
Fox's Varney: 'Death Taxes' Prevent 'Us Strivers' From Leaving Our Money To Our Children
Current Status: Published (4)
Seeded on Wed Dec 19, 2012 3:55 AM
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By: Douglas C. Throckmorton, M.D.
Since the 1990's, extended-release and high-potency opioids have been on the U.S. market, providing a new option to help the treatment of pain. Unfortunately, while these pain relievers often have provided tremendous relief for many, their abuse has reached epidemic levels in the U.S., with devastating consequences to families and patients.
Over the years, FDA has worked diligently with many partners to address this crisis, while also working to ensure that patients in pain have appropriate access to opioid pain relievers.
One important step towards the goal of creating safer opioids, and one that is a high public health priority for FDA, is to encourage the development of formulations of these drugs that deter their abuse.
Today we've announced two actions that signal progress in the battle against the abuse of opioid drugs. First, we approved updated labeling for Purdue Pharma's reformulated version of OxyContin extended-release (ER) tablets. The new labeling describes the product's abuse-deterrent properties. These physical and chemical properties make it more difficult to crush, break, or dissolve the tablets. These properties are expected to make abuse by injection difficult and to reduce abuse by snorting. This is the first time we have approved such language in opioid drug labeling, and we made this determination after carefully reviewing the available science.
Our other action today was determining that the original formulation of OxyContin ER, which Purdue Pharma stopped shipping in August 2010, was removed from the market for reasons of safety or effectiveness. This finding is important because it means that FDA will not accept or approve any generic forms of the original OxyContin ER.
In making these decisions, FDA was focused on the relatively-new science of abuse deterrence in which the analytical, clinical, and statistical methods for evaluating these technologies are rapidly evolving. Our decision was grounded in the best available science. To guide drug development in this new field, FDA also issued a draft guidance for industry in January, announcing a flexible, adaptive approach to encourage the development of abuse-deterrent opioids. We believe such products have promise to help reduce prescription drug abuse and improve public health.
In the guidance, we describe four categories of abuse deterrence studies and lay out the kinds of labeling language we would consider approving, depending on the scientific data available. And because the science of abuse deterrence is evolving, we're encouraging feedback and further development in this area, to help speed progress.
Moving forward, FDA will review every application on its own merits, based on applicable scientific and legal standards, and encourage an ongoing dialogue with manufacturers as they consider developing abuse deterrent opioid analgesic products. In addition to scientific rigor, flexibility is essential to encourage innovation, and, in essence, we'll let manufacturers know where we want them to go, but not prescribe how exactly to get there. Our general goal, overall, is to encourage development of abuse-deterrent opioid products.
Today's actions are significant components in a much larger effort to address prescription opioid abuse. We will continue to engage with the many groups active in this area – advocacy organizations, patients and family members, Congress, healthcare providers, and other federal government partners. Reducing the tragic toll of opioid abuse in the U.S. depends on this vital collaboration.
Douglas C. Throckmorton, M.D., is FDA's Deputy Director for Regulatory Programs in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.


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Posted by Doug T
Attorney Einhorn represented me at a real estate closing. He was well prepared, and the process was perfectly executed. He is very knowledgeable, professional, friendly, and worthy of one's complete trust. He is skilled in several areas of law, and knowing Him as I do, I would recommend Him for any type legal matter.
Posted by Llnda
Attorney Einhorn is an extremely dedicated attorney, with exemplary communication skills. Throughout the period of time that he worked with me on my case, he demonstrated compassion and a true sense of caring for my well being. This is in turn created strong trust in his ability to foster a positive outcome. Attorney Einhorn is gifted, in that he has a strong ethical and professional nature. He is thorough and precise in his presentation, which offers comfort to his client. Given that Attorney Einhorn is knowledgeable in many areas of law, I would strongly recommend him as an attorney.
Posted by Daniel
I used Attorney Einhorn to do my LLC. Not only did he do the required things necessary to move the process along, but he also gave me helpful advice to make sure I will be successful.
Posted by Brant
Geoff's approach to clients is second to none. His honesty and caring about his clients is excellent. He covers all the possibilities to allow individuals to make smart and sound decisions. Geoff has represented my business and my childs needs in the past and I cannot thank him enough for the advice he has shared with my family and me. Geoff is always available and has a true understanding of individuals needs. I not only would recommend Geoff, I HAVE.
Posted by Julie
In todays world, it is hard to find someone that genuinely cares and looks out for the clients best interest. I think I finally found someone that does his job as expected and puts the client first! Geoff Einhorn has done exceptional work for me with a car accident/personal injury and has also helped my employer through debt collection and contract agreements. He has kept us both informed on the progess of our cases and always explained things to our understanding. He is on top of getting things mailed out and gathering needed information. He always delivers on what he promises and goes above and beyond to help. I highly recommend Attorney Einhorn!
Posted by Steven
Mr. Einhorn has handled real estate closings & collections for me for over 5 years and I have always had excellent results. He keeps me very informed which most other laywers I have used have not.


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Negra Modelo
Price per six-pack: $6.99
BeerAdvocate rating: 3.38 out of 5
Rate Beer rating: 2.71 out of 5
Every summer, there's a drinker out there who decides that this is the year to tackle a Mexican beer. Every summer, someone walks away disappointed from a bottle with a beer-soaked lime in it. There's no need for it. Negro Modelo is in the same Constellation Brands ( STZ) family as Corona and Pacifico, but packs a lot more punch at 6% ABV an a whole lot more flavor into its brown, Vienna-style lager. Its not as light as some of its Mexican cohorts, but it is similarly priced and has a slight caramel flavor that doesn't need a sad little piece of fruit to carry it. Sierra Nevada Pale Ale
Price per six-pack: $6.99
BeerAdvocate rating: 4.07 out of 5
Rate Beer rating: 3.62 out of 5
It should be noted that Sierra Nevada has a summer seasonal - Summerfest lager - but it is nowhere near as refreshing as its original-recipe flagship brew and is about a buck more expensive. This hazy pale ale is distinctly hoppy, but not overly heavy at 5.6% ABV. It's fragrant, it's spicy and, best of all, it's also available in cans for summer sipping. Oskar Blues Dale's Pale Ale
Price per six-pack: $7.99
BeerAdvocate rating: 3.96 out of 5
Rate Beer rating: 3.72 out of 5
Speaking of cans, Colorado's Oskar Blues has been putting its beer exclusively in cans since 2002 and isn't afraid to put a big brew into its small packages. Dale's Pale Ale is a nice balance of malt and hops, but the hop flavor is a bit more bold than the average pale ale. That could have something to do with its 6.5% ABV, which will come as quite a surprise to someone reaching into the cooler for something that looks like it originated from a 30-pack. Enjoy with caution. Newcastle Summer Ale
Price per six-pack: $7.99
BeerAdvocate rating: 3.01 out of 5
Rate Beer rating: 2.71 out of 5
Newcastle's patent company, Scottish & Newcastle, was taken over by Heineken about four years ago. While that takes away some of Newcastle's street cred, it also means that Newcastle and its seasonal brand is available just about anywhere. This mild mix of hops and malt has just a hint of lemon and goes down just as smooth as Newcastle's flaghship brown ale. At 4.4% ABV, it's also mild enough to enjoy a few of them during a summer vacation.


text: So I think these dark Grey suede boots are nice, I'm just worried about how much wear I can get out of them this fall (how many outfits I can coordinate with them). I already have dark brown boots, so this would be my secondary pair. How would you guys dress these. Help a brother out guys I need inspiration


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Enoxaparin Sodium and Enoxaparin Sodium Injection
In accordance with the Rules and Procedures of the 2005–2010 Council of Experts, section 9.08(c)*, USP is extending the postponement for the Enoxaparin Sodium and Enoxaparin Sodium Injection Monographs to 1 December 2009, effective immediately. Both monographs are postponed until the method in General Chapter <207> Test for 1,6-Anhydro Derivative for Enoxaparin Sodium becomes official in the Second Supplement USP 32–NF 27 (1 December 2009). The original postponement for the Enoxaparin Sodium and Enoxaparin Sodium Injection Monographs was posted 26 November 2008 due the unavailability of Reference Standards associated with these monographs. All Reference Standards are expected to be available when the two Enoxaparin monographs become official in December 2009.
While General Chapter <207> will provide the official test for 1,6-Anhydro Derivative, manufacturers are always permitted to use alternative tests in accordance with Section 6.30 of USP General Notices in USP 32–NF 27, "Alternative and Harmonized Methods and Procedures". Manufacturers with differing approved specifications, or those who are pending FDA approval should submit their specifications to USP for consideration as possible flexible or Pending Monographs. Additional information regarding USP's flexible monograph approach can be found in the Guideline for Submitting Requests for Revision on USP's website. For further information on USP's Pending Monograph program, see the Pending Monograph Guideline on the USP website. Any questions should be directed to Anita Szajek, Ph.D. (301-816-8325 or email@example.com).
- Download Postponed Enoxaparin Sodium Monograph
- Download Postponed Enoxaparin Sodium Injection Monograph
- Download General Chapter <207> Test for 1,6-Anhydro Derivative for Enoxaparin Sodium
*9.08(c) Granting of postponement. The Expert Committee responsible for approving the standard for which postponement is sought shall have the authority to postpone the official date of any requirement or textual material in such standards; provided, however, that all decisions to postpone shall require review and approval by the CoE Chairperson, who may at his or her option refer the matter to the Executive Committee for its consideration.


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The old "beer and bikini" TV spots with women in skimpy outfits might be gone, but we're seeing the flip side of such advertising: men celebrating macho, skirt-chasing, Maxim-reading, perpetual adolescence.
This "Testosterone TV" trend is not growing in the beer category, however, but in the competitive personal-care products arena. Examples of men behaving badly:
• Beer ads used to tell guys that they'd attract women if they drank the right beer. Now, personal care products are using the approach. Ads for the new Axe shower gel show the "Axe Effect" of driving women wild. In one spot, a procession of young women rub themselves against a drainpipe to feel the heat from the stud showering upstairs. In another spot, a plumber removes an array of foreign objects clogging the shower drain of an urban Casanova. Among them: a women's red bra and a riding crop. When the plumber gives him a questioning look, the guy responds with a "What are you going to do?" shrug. The tagline: "Axe. How Dirty Boys Get Clean."
• Mitchum Deodorant weighs in with ads explaining the Playboy-like credo of the "Mitchum Man." With a pretty maid making a bed in the background, one spot declares, "If you've ever fantasized about a hotel maid, you're a Mitchum Man." Says another: "If you're only real fear is commitment, you're a Mitchum Man."
• Ads for the new Degree for Men deodorant spoof action dolls such as G.I. Joe. Instead of manly men, the ads feature dolls for "In-Action Heroes" who are afraid to take risks. There's "Mama's Boy" doll, complete with an "uncut umbilical chord" and "manicured fingernails." Newer spots feature his equally emasculated colleagues: "The Wuss" and "The Suck-Up." The challenge to the guy watching the commercials: Are you man enough to wear Degree for Men?
Schuyler Brown, trend-spotting analyst for Euro RSCG, thinks the macho man ads are a "cultural backlash" against the "metrosexual" trend — urban, affluent men who enjoy fashion and facials — that the agency popularized in 2003. And she's against the backlash: "I don't like it as a woman or a professional. It's taking us back to our old gender roles. It's a crutch."
But Christopher Luxon, Degree's brand development director, points out that women like Brown are not the target. The company is "obsessed" with reaching its "core" target market of 18-to-34-year-old males. If some people don't like them, that means the ads are working, says Luxon. "We're deliberately trying to be provocative. We're trying to connect with men."
The boys-will-be-boys style doesn't sit well with many consumers surveyed by Ad Track, USA TODAY's weekly poll.
Of those familiar with the spots, 14% like the ads "a lot," below the Ad Track average of 21%. And 27% "dislike" the ads, more than double the average of 13%. Only 11% of consumers rate the ads "very effective," vs. the Ad Track average of 21%. But a closer look shows that 42% of 18-to-24-year-olds like the ads "a lot," while only 3% of this group "dislike" the ads. That's the sweet spot Luxon has been swinging for since rolling out the campaign during the Super Bowl.
Degree's tracking indicates consumers enjoy the ads, he says. A Web site for the In-Action dolls has attracted 400,000 unique visitors and more than 6,000 orders for dolls. Degree for Men brand awareness rose 20% after the Super Bowl.
Surprisingly, the ads don't skew overall toward guys in Ad Track: 15% of men like the ads "a lot," vs. 13% of women. Luxon's not sure why they have unisex appeal. But as long as they make guys laugh, he's happy.
"Women are key influencers, and it's great that they find them funny and can relate to them. But they're not who they are aimed at. What's more important to me is that they resonate with men."


text: Hello everybody, I am the new owner of an old tractor (deutz 4506). I 'd like to ask a few questions about the oil. First of all, I use 20w SAE for the engine and 90w SAE VALVOLINE for the gearbox but I don't know what kind of oil I must use and where ( for example what must I use for the back hydraulic system and the steering wheel system?) Is there anything else in the tractor that needs to be oiled? Also, what must I use for the brakes: grease or oil?If I choose oil, which part of the tractor is used in order to add it? I'm attaching images in thread Thanks


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Plenty of Dahl's finest children's stories are yet to make it to the big screen – notably The Twits, Esio Trot, George's Marvellous Medicine and The Giraffe And The Pelly And Me – but it's The BFG that Steven Spielberg has chosen as his next directorial gig. He'll be walking in the rather large footsteps of 1989's animated TV movie, and will have to cast someone at least as impressive as Helen Mirren to play The Queen, as well as finding the perfect amiable colossus. But Dahl's tales have long been an inspiration for Hollywood, his dark children's stories producing feature length films both good and bad. Here is the compendium of what's been made so far...
Director: Mel Stuart
Stars: Gene Wilder, Jack Albertson, Peter Ostrum, Roy Kinnear
Original book released: 1961 (as Charlie And The Chocolate Factory)
After the Tim Burton version, the decades of Easter weekend TV viewings, the Family Guy mickey take (where it's beer instead of sweets), the Futurama mickey take (where it's an addictive soft drink called Slurm instead of sweets) and the real-life confectionary, it's easy to forget that the first cinematic adaptation of Charlie And The Chocolate Factory disappeared into a river of what you'd hope is chocolate on its initial release, earning just $4 million domestically off the back of a $2.9 million budget. It also made Charlie just as bad as the other factory visitors, as he broke Wonka's rules to try that bubbling lemonade, a decision that has always mystified us. Still, it gradually became a cult success so successful it was cult no longer, and now everyone in the world will occasionally have nightmares about Oompa Loompas singing at them in unison about their deepest, darkest fears.
Fun fact: Goonie extraordinaire and member of the I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue team Tim Brooke-Taylor has a small role as a computer "expert". Also, Dahl originally wanted Spike Milligan to play Willy Wonka, but the producers declined.
Director: Brian Cosgrove
Starring: David Jason, Amanda Root, Angela Thorne
Original book released: 1982
Not to be confused with Doom, where the acronym stands for something entirely different, The BFG is a Big Friendly Giant: a large, large-eared, largely-comprehensible Sandman substitute who catches sparkly, sweet dreams in a big net and blows them into the minds of children. One night, an adorable orphan called Sophie spots David Jason's gargantuan James Cromwell lookalike going about his business, and soon they become close friends, taking on child-eating giants by dobbing them in to The Queen. Her Maj calls in the guards, and all is well once the bad big 'uns are thrown down a pit and forced to eat disgusting vegetables known as "Snozzcumbers". Try Americanizing Americanising that, Mr. Spielberg.
Fun fact: British animation house Cosgrove Hall – of Count Duckula, Dangermouse and Truckers fame – did all the drawing.
Director: Gavin Millar
Starring: Jeremy Irons, Samuel Irons, Robbie Coltrane
Original book released: 1975
A rather pleasant tale of pheasants, raisins and sleeping pills, Danny, The Champion Of The World proved to children that you could be called "Champion Of The World" just by stealing a car, driving it off the road and pulling your dad out of a pit. One of Dahl's less fantastical tales, it's exactly the kind of VHS that would be left untouched for decades at the bottom of your school's post-exam video pile. Despite its lack of obvious craziness, the film has now grown into a curio for die-hard Robbie Coltrane fans – hey, they exist – because he spends most of the film doing an impersonation of Ray Winstone doing an impression of a member of the landed gentry. The poster (and the title) will forever be a huge spoiler.
Fun fact: Danny is played by Jeremy Irons' son, Samuel Irons, who hasn't acted since. His grandfather Cyril Cusack – Jeremy's father-in-law – is also in the film, playing Dr. Spenser.
Director: Nicolas Roeg
Stars: Jasen Fisher, Anjelica Huston, Rowan Atkinson, Mai Zettering
Original book released: 1983
If Matilda is the most charming cinematic adaptation of Roald Dahl's back catalogue and Fantastic Mr. Fox the most twee, then Nicolas Roeg's The Witches is definitely the most nightmarish. There's just something about a room full of bald witches pointing and laughing at a young boy before turning him into a tiny puppet mouse that gave pre-pubescent cinemagoers the overwhelming desire to run out the theatre and cry in the nearest lavatory. Those of a stronger constitution were rewarded with some of the most inventive puppetry Jim Henson ever produced, as well as Anjelica Huston on fearsome form as a thoroughly despicable antagonist. Roald Dahl thought the film "utterly appalling" because of the happier ending, which sees little Luke transformed back into a human instead of living on as a mouse for just nine more years. He also complained of "the vulgarity, the bad taste" and "actual terror" seen in the movie. We're sure he's right, but we missed quite a lot of it whilst hiding in that loo.
Fun fact: It took Anjelica Huston eight hours in make-up to transform into The Grand High Witch. It shows.
Director: Henry Selick
Stars: Paul Terry, Simon Callow, Richard Dreyfuss, Pete Postlethwaite
Original book released: 1961
Roald Dahl was adamant that his creepy story of a flippin' huge fuzzy-skinned fruit and the insects that live therein should not be turned into a film, but his widow Liccy thought differently. This live-action / stop-motion hybrid was the result, an anarchic mélange of both Dahl and director Henry Selick's sinister sensibilities, which gel well, but aren't helped by some sub-par songs from Randy Newman. Critically lauded on its release, James And The Giant Peach hasn't aged well, but there's fun to be had in the voice performances and bizarre plot turns. It's a matter of taste, but young 'uns looking for something darker than your Pixar average might do better watching The Nightmare Before Christmas for the 462nd time.
Fun fact: The lyrics for the song 'Eating The Peach' were written by Roald Dahl. In defence of both Dahl's lyrics and Newman's songwriting, Newman was drafted in at the last minute after Selick's original choice, Andy Partridge, backed out at the 11th hour.
Director: Danny DeVito
Stars: Mara Wilson, Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman
Original book released: 1988
From the director of both Hoffa and Throw Momma From The Train comes… the most charming Roald Dahl adaptation this side of your local library (where such facilities still exist). Like Carrie in that it involves a bullied young girl with telekinetic powers, but not like Carrie in that everything else is entirely different, Matilda always had cinematic potential. After all, this is a book with a kid-empowering message and joyful scenes of children eating a huge amount of cake to defeat their adult tormentors. Worth rewatching if only to see the excellent Pam Ferris (as Mrs. Trunchbull) throw numerous children out of windows, as well as the most riotous food fight ever orchestrated by someone's mind. What we're really hoping for is that someone sees fit to put the excellent stage musical version on the big screen as a Matilda bonus.
Fun fact: The picture of Miss Honey's father, Magnus, is actually one of Roald Dahl himself.
Director: Tim Burton
Starring: Johnny Depp, Freddie Highmore, David Kelly, Helena Bonham Carter
Original book released: 1961
Perhaps the most controversial adaptation on this list, Burton's visually florid, Grimm-lite take on the saccharine (not in that way) children's story is at least closer to the original book than the 1971 version. But with Johnny Depp on divisive form as a stony-faced Mr. Wonka and so much goodwill towards the Gene Wilder version, Charlie And The Chocolate Factory was never going to walk into the glass elevator untouched by the critics' mud pies. But the film survived the cane-waggling from Middle England and elsewhere, hauling in nearly half a billion at the box office, and encouraging Tim Burton to pull a similar rabbit out of a similar hat with Alice In Wonderland five years later. It's probably because Freddie Highmore - who now plays the altogether less cute Norman Bates in U.S. TV show Bates Motel - made an adorable Charlie, so we forgave it everything else.
Fun fact: Screenwriter John August had never even seen Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory when Tim Burton asked him to write the script. When he did end up watching it, he was surprised at how much darker it was compared to his own adaptation.
Director: Wes Anderson
Starring: George Clooney, Meryl Streep, Bill Murray
Original book released: 1970
Vaguely resembling Roald Dahl's story rather than slavishly adhering to it, 2009's stop-motion finger-click-athon is approximately 10 parts Wes Anderson to three parts Roald Dahl, with a smidge of Bill "Freakin'" Murray as a cocktail-drinking badger thrown in for good measure. The darker parts of the original work are swept under the miniature carpet, with farmers Boggis, Bunce and Bean failing to illicit any real scares, leaving Willem Dafoe's Rat to do most of the heavy lifting. As its own beast, the film's a beautiful thing, but schoolchildren too lazy to read the book – and they'd have to be pretty damn lazy, because it's not that long at all – won't get great marks basing their homework on what they've seen on screen. Still, for its novel approach to swearing alone, this may be the best Dahl adaptation yet.
Fun fact: Stop motion legend Henry Selick, who'd previously directed James And The Giant Peach, was first set to helm the film, but went to adapt Neil Gaiman's Coraline at Laika instead.


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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
Accelerated ice flow near the equilibrium line of west-central Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has been attributed to an increase in infiltrated surface melt water as a response to climate warming. The assessment of surface melting events must be more than the detection of melt onset or extent. Retrieval of surface melt magnitude is necessary to improve understanding of ice sheet flow and surface melt coupling. In this paper, we report on a new technique to quantify the magnitude of surface melt. Cloud-free dates of June 10, July 5, 7, 9, and 11, 2001 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily reflectance Band 5 (1.230-1.250μm) and surface temperature images rescaled to 1km over western Greenland were used in the retrieval algorithm. An optical-thermal feature space partitioned as a function of melt magnitude was derived using a one-dimensional thermal snowmelt model (SNTHERM89). SNTHERM89 was forced by hourly meteorological data from the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) at reference sites spanning dry snow, percolation, and wet snow zones in the Jakobshavn drainage basin in western GIS. Melt magnitude or effective melt (E-melt) was derived for satellite composite periods covering May, June, and July displaying low fractions (0-1%) at elevations greater than 2500m and fractions at or greater than 15% at elevations lower than 1000m assessed for only the upper 5 cm of the snow surface. Validation of E-melt involved comparison of intensity to dry and wet zones determined from QSCAT backscatter. Higher intensities (> 8%) were distributed in wet snow zones, while lower intensities were grouped in dry zones at a first order accuracy of ∼ ±2%.
The changing masses of Greenland and Antarctica represent the largest unknown in predictions of global sea-level rise over the coming decades (
In recent years, observations of ice sheet physical properties and dynamic behavior have shifted from in-situ observations towards satellite techniques (
Snow is a mixture of ice, liquid water and air. The dielectric constant of snow is derived from a weighted average of the dielectric constants of these components (
Rapid increases in the extent and duration of surface melt on the GIS from 1978 to the present have been detected from passive microwave systems such as the Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) deployed on several Defense Meteorological Satellite platforms (
The presence of liquid water has a dramatic effect on the microwave properties of snow. The Rayleigh-Jeans approximation for radiation in the microwave part of the EM spectrum is
Changes in Tb at 19 and 37 GHz have been used as a metric for determining melt onset (
Although active and passive microwave systems have performed well in monitoring melt conditions over the GIS, they are limited in the amount of detail that can be either spatially or temporally resolved. Passive systems have relatively coarse spatial resolution and generally results from maintaining high radiometric resolution, while active systems demonstrate limited or lower temporal resolution (
Other parts of the EM spectrum offer potential advantages for monitoring melt over the GIS, and may augment the shortcomings of microwave systems. Data from optical satellites have been used to map surface dynamics related to the melt process over the GIS at higher spatial resolutions.
Satellite derived thermal information over GIS has been addressed over the past two decades (
Surface melt patterns and their duration are an important component of ice sheet mass balance, and have been successfully measured, however estimation of ice sheet surface melt amount is still underdetermined from passive microwave approaches. The missing link in improved modeling of ice sheet response to an increase in temperature is a full assessment of surface melt amount.
Surface albedo, which influences the amount of absorbed solar radiation, can vary due to several factors such as grain-size, emission angle, snow density, surface impurities, and liquid water content (
In the visible and NIR regions of EM spectrum, the optical properties of snow depend, in large part, on the refractive index of ice (
Specifically, in wet snow with high liquid water content, heat flow from large grains causes smaller particles, which are at lower temperature, to melt and merge into larger clusters (
The use of snow surface reflectance alone to track the surface melt process is not sufficient, because substantial decreases in reflectance are not due solely to grain enlargement associated with entrained liquid water. For example, small amounts of absorbing impurities can also reduce snow reflectance in the visible wavelength (
Snow-cover melt dynamics in the thermal infrared region (8-14um) of the EM spectrum are a function of incident radiation as well as surface longwave emission, which is a function of snow surface temperature and emissivity (
Therefore, the combination of optical and thermal signatures is an effective way to monitor the evolution of surface melt dynamics.
MODIS 8-day composite, 1 km2 resolution Land Surface Temperature (LST) (MOD11A2) version 5 (
QSCAT backscatter data were used to derive an estimate of wet and dry firn regions as a relative validation of the melt magnitude retrieval algorithm. QSCAT Enhanced Resolution Image products have wide swath and frequent over- flights, which permit generation of a wide variety of products. QSCAT is a dual-pencil-beam conically scanning scatterometer with the outer beam V-pol and the inner beam H-pol (
The Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net), established in 1995 monitors the climatology of GIS, and consisted of 18 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) by 2001 (
Retrieval of melt magnitude is derived from coupled satellite surface reflectance and temperature observations, calibrated by model snowmelt estimates of liquid water content.
Cloud cover affects the net radiation balance to a large degree. Additionally, cloud-cover shifts the spectral distribution of incident radiation towards lower λ as a function of cloud absorption in the NIR spectrum (
The Calibration Phase also involves preparation of meteorological data from Greenland Climate Network (GC-NET) stations to force SNTHERM89 over a test period spanning May 25 to June 17, 2001 melt season. This year was selected due to significant snow accumulation in the ablation zone within the last seven years (K. Steffen, personal communication, 2007).
Near surface bulk liquid water fraction (LWF), derived from SNTHERM89, was used to calibrate satellite derived optical-thermal signatures in the Spectral modeling phase. LWF is calculated by:
In this phase, MODIS 8-day composite, 500 meter reflectance at (1.230um <λ<1.250um) are rescaled to 1km and coupled with MODIS 1km 8-day composite surface temperature data. Reflectance data at this range (1.230um <λ<1.250um) is used because they are close to that part of the SWIR region where reflectance is highly sensitive to changes in grain size (
Satellite derived surface temperature and reflectance signatures were extracted from composited MODIS grids at the meteorological calibration sites (CP1, JAR1, and JAR2) for the 145, 153, and 161 composite periods (
Stratigraphy from Swiss Camp (ETH/CU) (
Difference in forcing variables derived from these two station were examined in order to create a combined meteorological forcing data set from JAR1 and ETH/CU stations during an overlapping period (
Comparison of simulated LWF from SNTHERM89, forced with GC-NET data from ETH/CU and JAR1, and initialized with ETH/CU stratigraphy during the overlapping test period, demonstrated a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2.72% (
Several test strata (
Several pits were excavated (146) during the traverse. Yet only three strata were sampled from this stratigraphy database derived from locations on the ice sheet that represent a range in firn conditions during the 4-year period (Test 2 (
E-melt for composite periods 145, 153, and 161 was estimated using MODIS derived surface reflectance and temperature grids as input into the linear empirical inversion model.
Higher elevation regions experienced lower magnitudes of LWF as evident by consistently low LWF estimates at Summit and South Dome stations. Lower elevation regions experienced the highest E-melt estimates with a strong latitudinal gradient in intensity from north to south. White spots on the maps indicate cloud cover, which were extracted from MODIS 8-day surface reflectance 500m QA (Quality Assessment) data sets. Histograms (
Evaluation of melt retrieval performance involved comparison of MODIS derived E-melt to those estimated from SNTHERM89 at other GC-NET stations (
Mean LWF was calculated over this composite period from SNTHERM89 outputs in the upper 5cm using Equation [
An 8-day composite QSCAT scene was produced by averaging backscatter values of daily QSCAT products for the same composite period of MODIS products. Diurnal backscatter change was calculated for each composite period (
E-melt maps were resampled to 2.225km in spatial resolution, and compared with the QSCAT-derived wet and dry snow zones. A 1000 meter contour was used to mask sample pixels from both the MODIS and QSCAT images. The 1000 meter contour contains more than 99% of the ice sheet and is sufficient to separate the ice from the rocky coast. Histograms representing dry and wet conditions for each class of MODIS-derived E-melt (
The E-melt model is solely contingent on MODIS derived 8-day composite, surface temperature and SWIR reflectance as independent variables. MODIS SWIR reflectance products have an estimated relative error of approximately ± 2% (
Therefore, accuracy estimates on E-melt retrievals based on error in reflectance of was ∼0.1% and ∼0.4% based on error in LST for early in the melt season, with combined accuracy of ∼0.7% (reflectance and LST). For later in the melt season, E-melt accuracy based on reflectance is ∼0.2% and ∼1.1% and as high as 2% for LST with combined accuracy as high as ∼2%. These errors represent a first order assessment of the maximum error based on accuracy of input variables.
E-melt retrievals are heavily contingent on the accuracy of both MODIS derived surface reflectance and temperature products. An assessment of the maximum impact of accuracy from these products indicates relatively low errors. The errors increase from the earlier part of the melt season when the magnitude of melt is low to the warmer part of the season where the melt amount is higher. Additionally, errors due to the accuracy of the LST product are larger and become more important later in the melt season. Though late melt season variability in temperatures is lower than the early part of the season, the greater influence temperature has in E-melt retrievals later in the season are likely due to the fact that as surface temperature approach the melting point, significant error in LST can make the difference between melt and no melt conditions. Also, the relationship among temperature, reflectance and melt production can vary throughout the season. Early in the season, the correlation between surface reflectance and temperature can be high (∼ -0.8) at lower elevation and diminishes later in the season due more sustained negative sensible heat flux that stabilize and reduce temperature variability relative to surface albedo (
Point validation analysis, using meteorological data from GC-NET stations that were not used in the E-melt algorithm, indicates relatively good performance with E-melt retrievals within one standard deviation of the mean LWF derived from SNTHERM89 outputs for each point validation station except the South-D station. E-melt overestimated LWF at South-D by 4%. During the 161 period South-D demonstrates very low LWF and stable conditions with little variability. E-melt performed quite well at other stations that demonstrated low variability during the 8-day composite periods and very low mean LWF (approximately zero), therefore, retrieval performance at South-D could be the result of potentially contaminated pixels given the South-D station is bordering a region heavily obscured by cloud cover. Additionally, this bias might be due to the accuracy of the MODIS LST product.
High E-melt magnitudes tend to correspond to QSCAT wet zones, where the highest percentage of wet zones occupy between 10.5-12.0% LWF in composite period 145, and shift to 12.0-13.5% in composite period 153 and 161. Changes in the spatial patterns in wet and dry snow zones throughout the melt season show comparable changes in E-melt although some inconsistencies are apparent. There are dry snow zones near the ice sheet margin that do not correspond to low E-melt values. This may not be solely related to problems with the E-melt algorithm. This inconsistency may be attributed to how radiative information from the optical/thermal parts of the EM spectrum differs from the microwave region. Microwave derived backscatter radiation can be dominated by deeper ice structures such as lenses, pipes, and layers (
This retrieval scheme does not take into account melt production during cloud covered periods where downward cloud-forced radiation may be significant in amplifying melt. To assess the impact of clouds on melt a more comprehensive analysis will have to be implemented and is currently under analysis through the use of mesoscale atmospheric model estimates of surface net cloud forced radiation and its relationship to melt extent and occurrence derived from passive microwave systems.
The strong relationship between melt production and surface temperatures may indicate that LST alone could be a suitable variable for this retrieval approach. Retrieval models using LST and reflectance as independent variables singularly were explored and it was determined that the model using coupled optical/thermal independent variables out performed those models that used only a single variable (
This novel empirical retrieval scheme can provide valuable information about the spatiotemporal variability of surface melt dynamics that have a significant impact on the mass balance of the GIS. Assessments of melt extent have been informative but have failed to provide vital knowledge amount the amount of melt. This nascent approach can fulfill this need with additional work on validation and refinement. Comparison to traditional passive microwave melt extent and number of melt days will help provide insight into E-melt retrieval performance in addition to exploring application of this retrieval scheme to other years within the MODIS data archive.
This work has been partially supported under NASA grant number NNX06AE50G. We would like to acknowledge significant feedback from Dr. Anne Nolin, Oregon State University for her input on the initial approach. Special thanks to Dr. Konrad Steffen, CIRES, for access to meteorological data and feedback. We are very grateful for feedback from Dr. Richard Alley and the Pennsylvania State University Ice and Climate (PICE) Group for valued feedback and support. We would also like to thank Dr. Dorothy Hall for her insights, particularly on the performance of the MODIS surface temperature product. Special thanks to the two anonymous reviewers for their vital feedback and suggestions, which improved the quality of this manuscript.
Location of stations in the Greenland Climate Network (GC-NET) as well as ice sheet elevation (Source:
Algorithm Development Schematic depicting Calibration phase involving use of physical-based snowmelt model (SNTHERM89) initialized with stratigraphic data and forced by meteorological data. The Spectral modeling phase includes the construction of bi-spectral feature space from coupled shortwave infrared reflectance (1.230um < λ <1.250um) and surface temperature from MODIS.
Snow pack and upper firn stratigraphy at Swiss camp excavated by K. Steffen on May 16, 2001.
Difference between the SNTHERM89 input meteorological variables from JAR1 and ETH for the overlapping period from May 26 to Jun 01, 2001.(a) Temperature (°C); (b) Wind Speed (m/s); (c) Relative Humidity (RH) (%); (d) Precipitation (m); (e) SW_ down (W/m2); (f) SW_ up (W/m2).
Comparison of estimated LWF at ETH\CU and JAR1 GCNET stations initialized with ETH stratigraphy from May 26 to Jun 01, 2001 demonstrating a RMSE of 2.72%.
Fabricated test stratigraphy used to test SNTHERM89 temporal sensitivity to initial conditions in Test 1. Both temperature and grain size in this test stratigraphy were in a wider range than the ETH/CU stratigraphy.
Snow pack and upper firn stratigraphy used to test SNTHERM89 temporal sensitivity to initial conditions in Test 2. This stratigraphy was excavated by C. Benson on May 17, 1955 at a site in northern Greenland with the elevation of 1310 meter.
Snow pack and upper firn stratigraphy used to test SNTHERM89 temporal sensitivity to initial conditions in Test 3. This stratigraphy was excavated by C. Benson on August 18, 1955 at a site in Greenland inland with the elevation of 1963 meters.
Snow pack and upper firn stratigraphy used to test SNTHERM89 temporal sensitivity to initial conditions in Test 4. This stratigraphy was excavated by C. Benson on June 27, 1955 at a site in western Greenland with the elevation of 2918 meters.
Location of stations where stratigraphy for Test 2 (blue), Test 3 (red), and Test 4 (green) were excavated. (Source:
Difference between liquid water fractions (LWF) from upper 5 cm of simulated snow pack derived from SNTHERM89 using stratigraphy from Swiss camp and the test stratigraphy, composited over May 26 to Jun 16 for JAR1.
Difference between liquid water fractions (LWF) from upper 5 cm of simulated snow pack derived from SNTHERM89 using stratigraphy from Swiss camp and the test stratigraphy, composited over May 26 to Jun 16 for CP1.
Melt intensity over the Greenland Ice Sheet for composite periods (a) 145 (May 25 - June 1), (b) 153 (June 2 - June 9), and (c) 161 (June 10 - June 17) during the 2001 summer season. Location of GCNET meteorological stations (in yellow) used in this analysis.
Histograms of effective melt intensity derived from Model I for composite periods 145 (May 25 - June 1), 153 (June 2 - June 9), and 161 (June 10 - June 17) over Greenland ice sheet in 2001.
Comparison between mean LWF from SNTHERM89 output and estimated LWF from Model I for the point validation GCNET stations for composite period 161.
Wet and Dry snow facies on the Greenland ice sheet detected from QSCAT for composite periods (a) 145 (May 25 - June 1), (b) 153 (June 2 - June 9), and (c) 161 (June 10 - June 17) during the summer season. Wet snow zones were determined by a diurnal backscatter change larger than 1.8dB. Dry snow zones were mapped when the diurnal backscatter change was smaller than 1.8dB.
Comparison of E-melt with QSCAT-derived snow facies zones for composite periods 145, 153, and 161.
Greenland Climate Network Automatic Weather Station Instruments
|Instrument Accuracy
|Sample Interval
|Air temperature
|Vaisala CS-500
|60 s*, 15 s
|Air temperature
|Type-E Thermocouple
|60 s*, 5 s
|Relative humidity
|Vaisala Intercap
|5%<90%, 10%>90%
|60 s
|Wind speed *
|RM Young Propeller-type Vane
|0.1m s-1
|60 s*, 15 s
|Wind direction
|RM Young
|60 s
|Station pressure
|Vaisala PTB 101B
|60 min
|Surface height change
|Campbell SR-50
|10 min
|Shortwave radiation
|Li Core SI Photodiode
|15 s
|Net radiation
|15 s
|Snow temperature
|Type-T Thermocouple
|15 s
|Data logger
|Campbell Scientific 10X
|Campbell Scientific Am25T
|Solar panel
|Campbell Scientific 20 w
Sample was taken each 15 s after 1999 site visit except NGRIP AWS. (
GC-Net Stations used in Calibration Modeling Phase
|Station Name
|Latitude and Longitude
|Altitude (m)
|Crawford Point 1
MODIS reflectance and temperature samples extracted to build the empirical model
|Temperature (K)
|Liquid Water Fraction (%)
Linear empirical model parameters used to derive effective melt intensity
|Dependent Variable
|Independent Variable
|Coefficient of Reflectance
|Coefficient of Temperature
|Reflectance, Temperature
Summary of test strata used to evaluate SNTHERM89 sensitivity to initial conditions (data below is for upper 10-12cm within effective radiative zones that contribute to reflectance and temperature).
|Mean Temperature (°K)
|Mean Density (kg/m3)
|Mean Grain Size (m)
|Swiss Camp (SC)
|Stratigraphy excavated at Swiss Camp on May 16, 2001 at an elevation of 1149 m
|Test 1
|Fabricated strata with fewer layers, higher temp gradient and larger change in grain size near surface than Swiss Camp stratigraphy
|Test 2
|Low temperatures, greater range in grain size at depth, and higher densities near top and lower near bottom relative to SC from firn at lower elevation (∼1000m) near the north-eastern coast
|Test 3
|Inverted near surface gradient, similar density profile as Test 2, most stratified and derived from firn in the percolation zone (∼2200m)
|Test 4
|A near linear temperature gradient, derived from firn in the accumulation zone of the ice sheet at an elevation of ∼2800 m
Strata were borrowed from 1955 traverse data archive (
GC-Net Stations used for Model Validation
|Station Name
|Latitude and Longitude
|Elevation (m)
|Humboldt Gl.


text:
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 30/10/2011 (2096 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
The crowds will flock to Dominion Street tonight to see the burning orange heads outside Jim and Michelle Sedgwick's house.
Captain Jack Sparrow, Mona Lisa, Shrek, Aaaaahhhhhnold -- bring a camera, vote for your favourite, and don't forget to ask for a piece of candy.
Jim has been carving pumpkins for seven years, Michelle said Sunday evening as her husband was carving in the garage.
"He doesn't tell us what he's doing," she said. Once Jim is finished, he calls in the family, and they have to identify his latest subject. He puts out six pumpkins each year.
"He wants a tall pumpkin" to buy at the supermarket this morning, she said, and who that pumpkin will become is as much a mystery to her as to everyone else.
"He just kind of does it for fun. The kids in my daughter's class (at Wolseley School) ask what her father is going to do this year," Michelle said.
No, Jim Sedgwick isn't an artist, at least not a professional one -- he's a lawyer for Manitoba Hydro.
"No, not at all, just pumpkins," Michelle said. "He's a self-taught pumpkin carver. He gets excited this time of year."
Jim doesn't carve wood or any other substance.
He uses simple knives, nothing elaborate, nor does he use anything to embellish his pumpkins, such as drawing on features: "It's just carving," Michelle said.
"Lots of people come by. We often get people taking pictures of them. We ask them (to vote) and keep count on a piece of paper."
Yes, they put candles inside the pumpkins, and yes, like any pumpkin, they'll be in the compost within a few days.
The Sedgwick house is between Westminster and Wolseley avenues on Dominion Street.


text:
The Law Office of Julia Griffith McVey, P.C. was founded in June 2005 by Julia G. McVey.
The firm strives to provide a full range of services involving estate planning, probate and trust administration and transactional work related to those areas. A friendly and capable staff is available to assist in meeting these client needs.
The Law Office of Julia Griffith McVey, P.C. is conveniently located in a professional law office, sharing space and resources with eight other attorneys in Lakewood, Colorado, a suburb 10 miles west of Denver.


text:
Ask Mac Questions and Get Answers from Experts ASAP
Hello my name is XXXXX XXXXX I will be glad to help you today
Have you tried to boot to safe mode?
Holding the shift key down while it boots up?
If you cannot boot to safe mode or boot to the CD then there is one last effort.
Booting in Single User Mode and Running fsck -fy (this process seems to change a bit with updates, check the linked Apple articles carefully for more info):
WHAT IS FSCK? "fsck" (file system check) is a start-up Unix utility ran from the command line. Here is Apple's technical article on running FSCK -FY.
Apple tech article states that Disk Utility Repair Disk is the same as running as fsck, yet many users have said they prefer fsck -fy from a Shut Down.
In the linked Apple tech article, Apple states, "Important: If you're using Mac OS X 10.4 or later, you should use Disk Utility instead of fsck, whenever possible."
In any case, we do NOT need an Apple boot Install CD or DVD to run fsck -fy.
Here's how to do fsck -fy:
you was able to get to the white screen with letters and enter the command?
Have you shutdown the computer. Then unplug the power cable. Press the power button for up to a minute to drain all the power to it. Then plug in the power cable and boot up the computer. Still try to boot to your Apple OSX disk so you can run Disk Repair.
I am not sure what is going on here. Let me open this to another expert and see if they might have the answer. This is an unusual situation.
I'm Rachel, and I'm moderator for this topic. It seems the professional has left this conversation. This happens occasionally, and it's usually because the professional thinks that someone else might be a better match for your question. I've been working hard to find a new professional to assist you right away, but sometimes finding the right professional can take a little longer than expected.
I was checking to see if you had already found your answer or if you still needing assistance from another one of the professionals? Please let me know if you wish to continue waiting or if you would like for us to close your question. Also remember that JustAnswer has a multitude of categories to help you with all your needs from Health, Pets, Computers, Taxes, Cars, Finance, Law, to Home Improvement, and more.
Thank you,
Thank you, XXXXX XXXXX continue to look for a professional to assist you. Please let me know if I can be of any further assistance while you wait.
I'm Rachel, and I'm a moderator for this topic. Thank you for your patience, your business is very important to us, we are waiting on another professional with the right expertise to come online. Feel free to let us know if you would like us to continue searching for a professional or if you would like us to close your question. We appreciate your understanding!


text:
Search available spaces and book a tour of your favorites today.
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listings and see the market to gauge your requirements.
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Not sure how much space you need? Whether you've rented commercial space before or this is your first experience, tools like our Space Calculator can help you define your requirements and plan your search.
Join hundreds of industry leaders using SquareFoot for their workspace needs.


text:
Blog | Media | Shop
< September 2012 magazine
Also, know what
groups might be a greater risk. Many minorities—such
as lesbian or gay people—are at greater risk for bullying.
But those teens report feeling safer and more accepted
in schools with gay-straight alliances. That's just
one example of a program that can help. Students can
have a powerful impact if they consider ideas tailored
to their own communities. One of Vaughan's favorite
resources for teens is www.stopbullying.gov, which is
full of good ideas.
Key Club members can be particularly effective when it
comes to dealing with the bullying problem, Gibson says.
In fact, he sought members' help at the convention to create
an anti-bullying initiative.
Kids—especially Key Club members, who are already
leaders—can set an example by sticking up for those
bullied and setting a personal standard that they will not
accept bullying. "I think teens should lead by example,
report bullying when it happens and hold strong to their
convictions, even when those convictions are unpopular,"
Gibson says.
"One idea was a network television partnership and teenfocused
programming to promote Key Club's efforts to create
a teen-designed, national anti-bullying campaign—exciting
things to come!"
Look who's talking
It's no surprise that celebrities have influence when it
comes to social change. Some use that power for good.
Lady Gaga's Born This Way Foundation works to empower
youth and inspire bravery. Its website, www.bornthiswayfoundation.org, is a place where people can share stories and discover great ideas to change the
culture through student action.
Here's one idea, from the "Kinder & Braver World Project":
Create a "friend zone" in the lunch room. Establish
a group of students who are willing to watch over
other students. Publicize the friend zone during every
lunch period, and make sure at least two members of
the friend-zone group are sitting at a table with space
for anyone who wants to sit there. It could be someone
who just needs someone to sit with, a new kid or someone
feeling marginalized or threatened. Make it clear
that the group doesn't require anyone to be friends
with anyone. The friend zone is just a safe space for
people, a place of respect and no judgment.
Some people become celebrities when they step up
and fight. Emily Anne Rigal was a high school student
when she created a YouTube channel called We Stop Hate. Now
the well-known channel is a place for kids to get motivated,
connect, share stories and strategies, and stamp
out cruelty, hate and bullying.
Bullies thrive on those who feel alone and weak and
marginalized. You and your Key Club can work to
help end bullying forever. "Key Clubbers are an
army," Gibson says. "Together, you can win the fight
against bullying." KC
< back
Kiwanis Key Club
© 2010 Kiwanis International
All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy Site Map Subscribe / Unsubscribe


text:
Penn-Roosevelt State Park
This 41-acre park is in an isolated area of the Seven Mountains region known as the Stone Creek Kettle. While this Centre County park is small in size, it is surrounded by an 80,000-acre block of Rothrock State Forest. Penn-Roosevelt is a good base for those seeking low-density recreation on this vast expanse of public land.
Hiking - Horseback Riding - Picnicking - Cross-country Skiing - Snowmobiling - Camping
Seasons and Hours: The park is open every day of the year, sunrise to sunset. Day use areas close at dusk. Contact the Greenwood Furnace State Park office for facility seasons and hours.
Trash and Recycling: Penn-Roosevelt State Park participates in a carry-in/carryout trash disposal program for small parks. There are no trash collection or recycling facilities. Visitors are asked to limit the amount of disposable items brought to the park and to take all trash, garbage, and recyclables home. Campers should carefully burn any paper waste in their campfire, but please do not burn foil, glass, cans, plastics or food waste.
Picnicking: A picnic area is on the west side of the lake. Picnic tables and a reservable picnic pavilion are available on the eastern side. Make reservations online or call toll-free 888-PA-PARKS (888-727-2757), 7 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Saturday.
Hunting and Firearms: Hunting is available on adjacent state forest lands.
Use extreme caution with firearms at all times. Other visitors use the park during hunting seasons. Firearms and archery equipment used for hunting may be uncased and ready for use only in authorized hunting areas during hunting seasons. In areas not open to hunting or during non-hunting seasons, firearms and archery equipment shall be kept in the owner's vehicle or enclosed trailer. Exceptions include: law enforcement officers and individuals with a valid Pennsylvania License to Carry Firearms are authorized to carry a firearm concealed on their person while they are within a state park.
Complete information on hunting rules and regulations in Pennsylvania is available from the Pennsylvania Game Commission Web site.
Hiking: Many trails are on nearby state forest land. The Mid State Trail bisects the park and provides cross-country hiking in the Ridge and Valley Region of central Pennsylvania. This 171-mile ridge top route connects US 22 at Water Street, Huntingdon County and the West Rim Trail in the Tioga State Forest north of Blackwell, Tioga County. This trail passes through a diversity of forested areas from newly regenerated forest stands to mature and old growth timber areas. Scenic vistas dot the trail, which passes through Thickhead Wild Area, and Bear Meadows and Detweiler Run natural areas.
The main trail is marked with orange blazes—two inches by six inches. Side trails are blue paint-blazed rectangles of the same size. Trail registers are at a number of places along the trail and overnight camping is permitted anywherealong the trail except in the natural areas or within 200 feet of any forest road. Hikers wishing to overnight at Penn-Roosevelt State Park must use the camping area and pay the nightly fee. Hikers overnighting on the trail who wish to leave their vehicle overnight at the park should register with the Greenwood Furnace State Park office and use the main parking lot next to the CCC camp monument.
The Mid State Trail is a rugged and demanding mountaintop trail, and hikers assume their own liability, realizing the difficulty and possible dangers involved. A detailed trail guide, including maps, is available for a small fee by writing to:
Horseback Riding: Thickhead Mountain Road, leading west from Penn-Roosevelt State Park, is closed to motor vehicles and along with the connecting Detweiler Road, makes an excellent trail ride. Horse rentals are not provided.
Stay the Night
Camping: rustic sites, tents only
Explore camping for more information.
Winter Activities
Explore the Winter Report for the current snow and ice depths.
The roads to the park are not maintained in the winter months so access to the park may not be possible.
Cross-country Skiing: Skiing is permitted on park trails.
Snowmobiling: Snowmobiling commences the day after the close of deer season in December. Many miles of surrounding state forest roads are open for joint-use by snowmobiles and licensed motor vehicles.
Access for People with Disabilities
If you need an accommodation to participate in park activities due to a disability, please contact the park you plan to visit.
In an Emergency
Call 911 and contact a park employee.
Nearest Hospital
Wildlife is abundant in the area. The alert observer may see white-tailed deer, black bear, wild turkey and many species of small game. Due to the small acreage, Penn-Roosevelt State Park is closed to hunting. However, the surrounding Rothrock State Forest is open to hunting. The camping area makes an excellent base for a fall hunting trip. Feeding wild animals such as bears, raccoons and skunks is prohibited. When wildlife loses its fear of people, dangerous situations can result.
The small lake at the confluence of Sassafras Run and Standing Stone Creek is not stocked, but there are wily native brook trout. The stream below the dam is stocked in the spring. Wading is permitted in the lake and stream; swimming is not. On quiet evenings, muskrats can be seen on the lake and an occasional duck, goose or eagle visits from time to time. Trapping is prohibited.
The common birds brochure lists the birds most likely to be seen in the park and in which habitat. Common Birds of Penn-Roosevelt State Park (.pdf) (348 kb, 7/16)
At the turn of the 20th century, large railroad logging operations were in progress in the Seven Mountains area with the hillsides and hollows receiving a "lumberman's shave" typical of the day. During the summer, Reichley Brothers, a logging company, ran a 39-mile Sunday excursion train carrying up to 210 passengers, mostly from Lewistown. The trip began at Milroy, traveled to Poe Mills, to Thickhead Mountain, through the Stone Creek Kettle, and back to Milroy by way of Laurel Creek. One of the hardest climbs was at Stone Gap, just south of the main park area.
These logging company properties were later sold to the Commonwealth in large tracts, forming the bulk of the Rothrock State Forest. Many of the railroad grades were later used as a base for the state forest roads. Observant visitors can still find some of the grades.
Penn-Roosevelt State Park did not exist until June 5, 1933, when members of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Company 361 arrived to set up a work camp during the height of the Great Depression. The camp at Penn-Roosevelt was first known as Camp S-62, Stone Creek Kettle. The CCC of the 1930s was segregated and the camp at Stone Creek Kettle was one of only 12 Black camps in Pennsylvania.
Corpsmembers lived at the camp and constructed recreational facilities, including a 195-foot log-crib dam that has since been stone-faced. They also built many of the surrounding forestry roads and trails. Two fireplaces, a unique stone bake oven and other ruins of the camp can still be found.
For more information on the CCC explore the CCC Years.
For many years, Penn-Roosevelt was a state forest picnic area. In 1983, it was officially designated as Penn-Roosevelt State Park.
Keep in Touch
Add yourself to the DCNR's online community to receive info on this park, or parks in general.
Like to spend time in the outdoors, meet friendly people and help make Pennsylvania State Parks great? Volunteering at a park might be for you.
Becoming a Conservation Volunteer is easy.
Scouts and organized groups can earn free camping by completing service projects.
Pennsylvania Parks and Forests Foundation
Believing that each generation is responsible for leaving behind a better legacy of good conservation, the Pennsylvania Parks & Forests Foundation (PPFF) was created in 1999 to give supporters and users of Pennsylvania's parks and forests a positive way to contribute to the conservation of our publicly-owned properties. The Pennsylvania Parks & Forests Foundation welcomes the support of individuals and businesses who share a commitment to conserving, protecting, and enhancing the natural, scenic, and recreational areas of this commonwealth. www.paparksandforests.org
Make a Donation
To a park - find this park's address below
To a park or the Bureau of State Parks - Pennsylvania Parks and Forestry Foundation www.paparksandforests.org
Through a purchase at a park gift shop
Thank you for your support!
Education Programs
We love when young people ask us how to get involved!
DiscoverE has programs for young people ages 4 to 17, provided by Pennsylvania State Park educators. By combining recreation and education, we hope to motivate children to learn more and return often, leading to a lifetime of outdoor enjoyment and conservation leadership.
In Watershed Education, teachers and students assess water quality of a local stream on a quarterly basis and develop strategies to solve local water quality problems.
ECO Camp - Exploring Careers Outdoors - is a week-long residential camp for a cross-section of high school youth from across Pennsylvania, sponsored by the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR). Participate in action-packed, hands on activities and recreational adventures in Pennsylvania's state parks and forests that expose youth to conservation, recreation and careers in natural resources. Learn how people make a living working in the outdoors.
Explore education for more information on these and other programs.
Explore the Calendar of Events to find a program near you.
Do you take conservation personally? iConservePA is a Web site managed by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources whose vision is to inspire citizens to value their natural resources, engage in conservation practices and experience the outdoors. Take conservation personally.
Come Work with Us
Pennsylvania State Parks and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources offer a wide range of civil service and non-civil service jobs, from foresters, to rangers, to engineers, to educators, to botanists and so much more. Learn what is currently available.
Tell us What You Think
Contact this park with compliments, concerns and issues about the park.
Penn-Roosevelt State Park
Nearby Attractions
Information on nearby attractions is available from the Central Pennsylvania Convention and Visitors Bureau. www.centralpacvb.org
Greenwood Furnace State Park (12 miles south) has a full range of recreational activities including swimming, camping, gift shop and historical interpretation programming.
Whipple Dam State Park (14 miles southwest) is a day-use park that has a swimming beach andsummer boat rental.
Rothrock State Forest has over 94,000 acres of land open for various recreational activities and includes these special areas.
The 150-acre Alan Seeger Natural Area (5 miles southwest) has some magnificent specimens of old growth eastern hemlock and an almost impenetrable growth of rhododendron that blooms in early July.
The 45-acre Detweiler Run Natural Area (5 miles west) is quite isolated and is characterized by old growth white pine and hemlock with heavy undergrowth of rhododendron of unusual size.
The 325-acre Bear Meadows Natural Area (10 miles west) consists largely of a swamp comparable to the glaciated areas found further north. Trees and shrubs here are found in very few locations in Pennsylvania.
The 2-acre Big Flats Laurel Natural Area (11 miles west) is on a high mountain plateau and features several acres of our state flower, the mountain laurel.
Maps and Downloadables
Below are many of the maps and publications for this park. You can read them or download them and might need special software (all free) to view the publications.
You must have the free Adobe Reader to view the maps and brochures that are in pdf format (.pdf).
Alternate versions of the text of the brochures are in rich text and text formats. Click on the files to view them. To download (.rtf) files:
Recreational Guide
Penn-Roosevelt State Park Map (.pdf) (518 kb, 6/13)
Interactive GIS Map
The Interactive GIS Map uses Geographic Information Systems to create a map that does not need to be downloaded and features driving directions, searchable park amenities and customizable maps. Please note that the background maps are maintained by a variety of public sources and driving directions usually go to the nearest large road.
Common Birds Brochure
Common Birds of Penn-Roosevelt State Park (.pdf) (348 kb, 7/16)
The park is easily reached from US 322, one-half mile east of Potters Mills (where US 322 changes from two to four lanes) turn south onto Crowfield Road and drive six miles to park. Or further east, turn south, (near the runaway truck ramp) onto Stone Creek Road and drive six miles to park.
Penn-Roosevelt can also be reached from Greenwood Furnace State Park. Turn onto Broad Mountain Road at the park office. Follow the Penn-Roosevelt signs 12 miles to the park.
For a wider map of the area, obtain a copy of the Rothrock State Forest Public Use Map from Greenwood Furnace State Park or the Bureau of Forestry office in Huntingdon.<.p>
The roads to the park are not plowed in the winter.
GPS DD: Lat. 40.72666 Long. -77.70044
Driving Directions: The Interactive GIS Map has turn-by-turn driving directions to the park office from the Park Information Window. Please note that the background maps are maintained by a variety of public sources and driving directions usually go to the nearest large road.
Penn-Roosevelt State Park


text:
Just in time for the 140th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, the Missouri State Archives is placing more than 270 slave freedom suits online. The free database is part of the St. Louis Circuit Court Historical Records Project, a massive effort to preserve city court documents predating 1875. This latest record set is slated to go live in the spring of 2003.
If you're tracking down your African-American ancestors, the online archive is full of valuable clues. You'll find the names of slaves (often first names only, however) and their owners, as well as brief narratives about how and where these individuals lived. You can perform a keyword search by one or more of the following record fields: year, plaintiff, defendant, action and case notes. The database also gives you the option to limit your query to records before or after a specified year.


text: You are here:HomeFind a CemeteryCemetery Details Cemetery Details Cemetery Details Map ST. HILAIRE LES CAMBRAI BRITISH CEMETERY Print page 1 ST. HILAIRE LES CAMBRAI BRITISH CEMETERY See Casualty Records View Image Download Cemetery Plan Country:France Locality:Nord Identified Casualties:31 GPS CO-Ordinates:Longitude:3.41497Latitude:50.18113 Location InformationSt Hilaire is a village in the Department of the Nord, approximately 12 kilometres east of the town of Cambrai.From Cambrai follow the D942 road towards Solesmes. About 12 kilometres from Cambrai and just after Avesnes les Aubert, turn right onto the D134B towards St Hilaire. After approximately 1 kilometre turn right onto the D134 towards Quievy. Continue for about 600 metres and then turn left towards Quievy. After about 300 metres turn right onto the D45 towards Quievy. The British Cemetery is 150 metres down this road on the right. Visiting InformationThe location or design of this site makes wheelchair access impossible. For further information regarding wheelchair access, please contact our Enquiries Section on 01628 507200. Historical InformationSt. Hilaire-les-Cambrai Cemetery was made by the Guards Division late in October 1918, after the capture of the village.The cemetery contains 31 Commonwealth and ten German burials of the First World War.


text:
CULLOWHEE Western Carolina Universitys Black Theatre Ensemble is the recipient of a $3,270 grant from the Gannett Foundation to assist in the expansion of the organizations mission of sharing the African-American experience through performance.
The grant was facilitated by the Asheville Citizen-Times, part of the Gannett family of newspapers, and was announced recently by Laurel Vartabedian, assistant professor of communication and theatre arts at Western and faculty adviser to the Black Theatre Ensemble.
The communication and theatre arts department and the BTE organization are grateful for the support of the Gannett Foundation, Vartabedian said. I believe the grants committee recognized the importance of this program, and they can be assured that students will put the grant to great use.
The Black Theatre Ensemble was founded in 1986 by Al Wiggins, who retired in 2001 from the Western faculty and was recognized for contributions to human relations in the state with a North Carolina Governors Award for Excellence. The ensemble typically performs one production per semester on the WCU campus, and has taken its shows on the road throughout the South and Midwest in past years.
Funded by student fees and ticket sales from its performances, the group has accomplished a great deal with very little financial support over the years, said Vartabedian. This grant effectively doubles our budget, so we are all pretty excited about it, she said.
Vartabedian wrote the grant proposal after the ensembles biggest endeavor to date last springs production of the musical Aint Misbehaving.
That show, which featured the music of Fats Waller, played to standing-room-only audiences and spawned a renewed interest in Wallers music on the campus, she said. It also prompted the group to seek additional outside funding to enhance its programming, expand its outreach to the region and the state through performances in K-12 schools, pay the higher royalty fees necessary to do top-quality shows, and bring in guest artists to share their talents with ensemble members and audiences.
Former Broadway actor Rudy Roberson, who recently moved to Western North Carolina, has joined the theatre arts faculty as a part-time instructor this semester and will serve as faculty director for the Black Theatre Ensemble for the spring.
The Gannett Foundation, a corporate foundation sponsored by Gannett Co. Inc., serves local organizations in those communities in which Gannett has a local daily newspaper or television station. The program makes contributions through grants and a matching gifts program to qualified nonprofit organizations to improve the education, health and advancement of the people who live in those communities.
For more information about the Black Theatre Ensemble at Western, contact the department of communication and theatre arts at (828) 227-7491.