text:
Treach and Vin Rock of Naughty by Nature have been rocking the mic together for over 22 years but it looks like they might not be hitting stages together anymore.
According to AllHipHop, Treach released a song dissing his rap partner titled "Tall Midget."
In the song, Treach, 42, allegedly lyrically attacks Vin Rock, 42, saying at one point Vinnie gets a "grown man time out."
He goes on to rap, "Time to find your own zone, watch your tone, Naughty Gear was n***as throwing you a bone, homes." Adding, "I hate a leech lurking off what I build, Cause I'm real."
Treach confirmed their beef, when he tweeted, "Vinnie from NAUGHTY BY NATURE is Officially FIRED!! Anything he does besides shows til Sept is Frugazy!! F— him & the Ground he Walks!!"
He then tweeted, "Anybody that f—s with that B—- a– N—- Don't F— with Me!!"
Even though Treach released the song and the disparaging tweets, the group reportedly has not broken up officially but we're thinking that's a done deal.
Naughty by Nature is best known for their classic hip-hop tracks "OPP" and "Hip Hop Hooray". They also won a Grammy in 1991 for Best Rap Album.
(Photo: TheUrbanDaily)
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7 thoughts on "Did Naughty by Nature Break Up? Plus, Treach Releases Diss Song"
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How old is he?
OMG, I was thinking the same thing, LOL!!!
OMG, I was thinking the same thing!!


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What is the UN's verdict likely to be?
The UN is almost certainly going to put a big tick in the box of the Sudanese government for opening up access to humanitarian aid in the region, as there has been a lot of progress on that front.
For diplomatic reasons they are also likely to say there has been bit of an improvement in the security situation.
However, observers on the ground say a lot of the refugees are still living in daily fear of attacks by the Janjaweed or beatings and harassment by Sudanese security forces.
Is there any evidence that the Sudanese government is trying to improve security?
They have been putting on a good show.
They have put thousands of Sudanese policemen into 12 safe areas that the government has set up around Darfur.
They have absolutely no faith in anybody from any security structure in the Sudanese government. They say they fled their villages because of attacks by Janjaweed militias working together with government forces.
The thousands of displaced people now living in camps are unhappy that they are now supposedly being protected by the people they originally fled.
What action is the UN likely to take?
If the UN decides progress has not been made they have the option of punitive measures such as sanctions.
But the international community is extremely divided over the issue, because if sanctions are imposed they risk losing the Sudanese government as a negotiating partner.
The most probable option is that they will extend the deadline for Sudan's government to take action to improve security.
There might also be pressure and debate within the UN Security Council when it meets on Thursday for a bigger mandate for the AU forces. Their mandate at the moment is to protect AU ceasefire monitors, not to protect the civilians.
The Nigerian senate has cleared the way for up to 1,500 troops to be sent to the region, but the Sudanese government has resisted such moves or attempts at strengthening the current 300-strong AU forces' remit to one of peacekeeping.

subset: commoncrawl


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Croton L.
Sp. pl. 2: 1004 (1753); Gen. pl. ed. 5: 436(1754).
x = 9, 10, 14; Croton aromaticus, Croton caudatus, Croton roxburghii, Croton tiglium: 2n = 20
Origin and geographic distribution Croton is one of the larger genera in the Euphorbiaceae, about 750 species are recognized worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. The majority of species is found in the Americas and about 75 species in Malesia.
Uses The medicinal uses of Croton are very diverse, varying from strongly purgative qualities to providing aromatic tonics. The aromatic species are mainly found in South America: Croton eluteria (L.) W. Wright, Croton cascarilla (L.) L. (Cascarilla bark), Croton malambo Karsten (Malambo bark), Croton pseudo-china Schlechter (Copalchi bark; by some considered a synonym of Croton niveus Jacq.). Croton aromaticus L. from India is also aromatic. Whereas many species are used for their purgative properties, Croton argyratus and Croton stellatopilosus are employed to arrest diarrhoea. Croton caudatus and Croton tiglium have a reputation for their purgative properties. The seed and seed oil of Croton tiglium have been widely used as a strong purgative, drastic cathartic and poison throughout South-East Asia. The oil is a strong vesicant but diluted it can be externally applied in liniments as a counterirritant for various skin affections. Caution should be taken with all applications in view of its drastic action. The root has been used as an abortifacient. The wood is said to be diaphoretic when administered in small doses, and purgative and emetic in large doses. An extract of the seed can be used as an insecticide, for field applications as well as in stored cereals and beans. The seed oil of Croton tiglium may also be used for production of soap or candles. However, for illumination it can only be used for outdoor applications as the smoke is toxic.|The bark and roots of Croton cascarilloides Raeusch (synonym Croton cummingii Müll. Arg.), from West Malesia, are used as an antipyretic in Thailand. The bark of Croton roxburghii N.P. Balakr. (synonym Croton oblongifolius Roxb.) is externally applied to sprains. A hot decoction of the leaves is used in Indo-China to treat scabies. The seed oil is very similar to that of Croton tiglium, and seeds are likewise purgative and considered poisonous. The leaves of Croton kongensis Gagnep. (synonym Croton tonkinensis Gagnep.) are used in Indo-China for various stomach disorders including ulcers, and a decoction is externally applied for furuncles and impetigo. The roots of Croton crassifolius Geiseler (synonym Croton tomentosus (Lour.) Müll. Arg.), another species confined to southern China, Indo-China, Burma (Myanmar) and northern Thailand are used to treat cholera, dysentery and to cure an inflamed and painful throat. The leaves of Croton flavens L. are a popular ingredient of herbal teas in the Caribbean. Dragon=s blood, the red, viscous latex of various South American species e.g. Croton lechleri Müll. Arg., Croton draconoides Müll. Arg. and Croton erythrochilus Müll. Arg., is used for various diseases, in particular for wound healing.
Production and international trade Roots, seeds and seed oil of Croton tiglium are locally traded within South-East Asia. Trade with western Europe started in the 16th Century and continued to be important until the beginning of the 20th Century. Recent information is, however, lacking.
Properties The seed of Croton tiglium contains 3045% of a fixed oil named croton oil. Croton seeds contain the toxic proteins croton globulin and croton albumin, croton resin ('crotonol') responsible for the vesicant and irritant properties; a non-volatile unsaturated fatty acid responsible for the purgative properties; crotin, a phytotoxin and blood coagulant with a delayed poisonous effect; and a glucoside, crotonoside, that has no harmful physiological action. The seeds commonly applied as fish poison, show strong molluscicidal activity as well. Several 12,13-diesters, and 12,13,20-triesters of the diterpene phorbol have been isolated from croton resin. Phorbol-12-tiglate-13-decanoate showed antileukaemic activity against lymphocytic leukaemia in mice. In general, however, these phorbol esters as found in Croton tiglium (and many other Croton species e.g. Croton roxburghii) are extremely irritant and also tumour promotors. Their presence in Croton tiglium and Croton flavens means their consumption is sometimes held responsible for certain forms of (nasopharyngeal) cancer as they are able to activate e.g. Epstein-Barr viruses.|A considerable number of compounds, diterpenes, diterpene esters, diterpene lactones and furanoid terpenes have been isolated from various parts of Croton stellatopilosus: furanoditerpene AB, geranylgeraniol ester AG, planunol A, plaunotol, plaunol AE, plaunol monoacetate and plaunolide. Furthermore, stem extracts of this Thai medicinal plant yielded ent-3'ALFA'-hydroxy-13-epimanool and ent-16'BETA',17-dihydroxykaurene. In earlier studies, 18-hydroxygeranylgeraniol and 5 plaunols were isolated and showed activity against peptic ulcers. The diterpene lactones plaunol A and B also exhibited anti-Shay ulcer activity, as is the case with the acyclic diterpene plaunotol which is used in the clinical treatment of peptic ulcers. The latter compound is marketed under its brand name KelnacFruit7 in several countries worldwide. The activity of geranylgeraniol-18-hydroxylase, a novel enzyme catalyzing the C-18 hydroxylation of geranylgeraniol to plaunotol, was demonstrated in a cell-free extract prepared from Croton stellatopilosus leaves. This enzyme is involved in the final step of the biosynthetic pathway of plaunotol.|Dragon=s blood from various South American Croton species contains a dihydrobenzofuran lignan (2-(3=,4=-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-7-methoxybenzofuran-5-propan-1-ol), inhibiting cell proliferation, which may well explain its application in folk medicine. ()-Hardwickiic acid in combination with 3,5-secotrachylobanic acid was found in the resin of the root of the South American Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg. that shows antimicrobial activity. Cyperenoic acid and ()-hardwickiic acid have been isolated from the roots of Croton aromaticus and displayed moderate insecticidal activity.|In the stem bark of Croton levatii Guillaumin, used in Vanuatu as a perfume and aphrodisiac, a diterpenoid levatin has been isolated (ent-15,16-epoxy-18-norcleroda-8(17),13(16)14-triene-19,3:12,12S-diolide).
Description Shrubs to small trees, sometimes lianas, usually monoecious; indumentum usually stellate hairs or peltate scales next to simple hairs. Leaves simple, alternate, in some species with rhythmic growth and leaves crowded, margins often wavy or with teeth and glands, at base usually with two abaxial glands, lower surface in some species completely covered by peltate scales or stellate hairs. Inflorescences usually terminal, bisexual thyrses with basally pistillate flowers and apically staminate flowers. Flowers usually clustered on nodes; sepals 5, freeor slightly fused at base, overlapping; petals 5, usually as long as or shorter than sepals, in pistillate flowers sometimes minute or absent; disk of 5 glands or annular in some pistillate flowers; staminate flowers with 530 stamens, strongly inflexed in bud, free, filaments hairy or glabrous, receptacle hairy, pistillode absent; pistillate flowers with a usually 3-locular ovary, one ovule per locule, styles long, slender, stigmas usually deeply forked. Fruit a cylindrical capsule, splitting into 3 (bipartite) or 6 parts, smooth or shortly muricate. Seed without arillode, sometimes carunculate. Seedling with epigeal germination; cotyledons emergent, leafy; hypocotyl elongated; all leaves arranged spirally.
Growth and development Most Croton species grow fast. Croton tiglium raised from seed or cuttings will flower within 15 months. Seedlings of Croton stellatopilosus reach a height of 24 m in 34 years. In areas without a pronounced dry season Croton can be found flowering and fruiting throughout the year. In Prachin Buri, southeastern Thailand, Croton stellatopilosus flowers and fruits in FebruaryMarch, shoot formation is most prominent in AprilOctober, and leaves are shed in NovemberJanuary.
Other botanical information Croton is classified in the subfamily Crotonoideae, tribe Crotoneae. The most recent infrageneric classification identifies 40 sections of which two have been subdivided into subsections. The species are often difficult to identify due to minor differences in characters (e.g. different hair types).
Ecology Most Croton species are relatively indifferent to their habitat and they are found on a wide range of soils in disturbed and undisturbed vegetation. Some species are more restricted in their ecological range and confined to tidal zones, mangrove, peat swamp or limestone. In general, Croton is found below 1000 m altitude.
Propagation and planting As most material of Croton is collected from the wild information is rather scarce. In Vietnam, Croton crassifolius, Croton kongensis and Croton tiglium are planted. In other areas planting efforts appear to be limited to Croton tiglium, for which small-scale plantings for commercial purposes go back to the beginning of the 20th Century. Croton tiglium is propagated from stem cuttings and seed. Croton stellatopilosus can be propagated by shoot tip culture technique for rapid multiplication of superior plant material with higher plaunotol content. Croton argyratus can be propagated by seed, which shows about 45% germination in 2273 days. Croton crassifolius is propagated by root cuttings in northern Vietnam.|Scions from Croton stellatopilosus can be successfully side-grafted onto rootstocks of Croton roxburghii, a species not susceptible to root rot under comparable conditions. No root rot was observed in grafted Croton stellatopilosus during the year after grafting. Grafting promoted the vegetative growth of Croton stellatopilosus and did not affect the plaunotol content of leaves.
Husbandry During the resting period Croton stellatopilosus trees in Thailand should be top-cut at about 2 m above ground; stems with few branches should be thinned and branches with only a few buds cut back. During the growth period only the top part of branches with many leaves should be lightly cut back. Heavy pruning should be avoided to secure an increase in leaf yield and plaunotol content in the leaves of the next harvest. Following this system leaves can be harvested three times a year; at the early stage of vegetative growth late May or late June, a second harvest late July or late August and a third harvest at the late stage of vegetative growth late October or late November. In Croton stellatopilosus plantations of less than 2 years old, ploughing and the use of Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. as cover crop were found to be effective methods of weed control, whereas repeated applications of glyphosate at 1.4 kg/ha followed by hoeing and ploughing were suitable in crops of more than 3 years old. Various control measures have been developed to control root rot in Croton stellatopilosus plantations. The occurrence of the disease is related to rainfall, frequency of harvesting, ploughing, mulching and soil nutrient status. Control measures include ploughing at the beginning of the dry season in December, sowing a cover crop at the beginning of the rainy season in May followed by mulching 2 months later, supplying sufficient fertilizer together with 60 g dazomet/m2, and harvesting only once or twice annually.
Diseases and pests Serious diseases or pests have not been reported for the medicinally used Croton species. Root rot, caused by e.g. Fusarium spp., sometimes causes damage in Croton stellatopilosus plantations in Thailand. Larvae of Amyna punctum, feeding on the leaves, may attack 3-year-old plantations during the rainy season, but carbaryl (1-naphthylmethylcarbamate) is an effective insecticide to control the pest.
Harvesting Since the medicinally used Croton species are generally of limited dimensions, the harvesting of fruits, leaves, bark and roots is relatively easy.
Yield By appropriate pruning the dry-weight of 7-year-old Croton stellatopilosus can be increased from 341 g to 905 g leaves and from 3.3 g to 6.2 g plaunotol, respectively. Plaunotol content is highest in young leaves. The annual production of a 1200 ha plantation in Thailand was estimated at 1700 t dried leaves.
Handling after harvest Fruits, leaves, bark and roots can be dried and stored for future use. The seed oil can be stored only for a limited period of time as a result of oxidation.
Prospects The Malesian Croton species are of limited economic importance. Although croton oil is still officially included in several Pharmacopoeias, its use, as well as that of other plant parts (e.g. seeds), should be limited because of their strong purgative action and the presence of phorbol esters with irritant and tumour-promoting activity. Croton stellatopilosus seems of interest as a source of plaunotol, a compound used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. However, a patented chemical synthesis is also available for plaunotol.
Author: P.C. van Welzen & H.J. Esser
Source of This Article:
van Welzen, P.C. & Esser, H.J., 2001. Croton L.In: van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 12(2): Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. Backhuys Publisher, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 198-203
Recommended Citation:
van Welzen, P.C. & Esser, H.J., 2001. Croton L.[Internet] Record from Proseabase. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors).
PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org.
Accessed from Internet: 27-Jul-2017


text:
> -----Original Message-----
> From: ext Adam Nellemann [mailto:adam at nellemann dot nu]
> Sent: 04 March, 2004 06:54
> Finally I have one other suggestion, which is perhaps a bit
> off topic,
> since it isn't related to the webGUI (not strictly anyway):
> Some of you may remember my suggestion for some way of interfacing
> with m0n0wall without going through the GUI. This would be to allow
> people (such as I) to produce various binary "clients" capable of
> interacting with m0n0wall (such as for monitoring or time-based rule
> changes etc.)
How about writing something in Perl?
I have only briefly played with the LWP package (and i am a real beginner in Perl Hacking), but it
did what i needed in a few lines.
Only downside i can see is if Manuel changes the HTML that is produced (so that your parseing code
no-longer works).
In *Concept* this is similar to the Yahoo/Hotmail etc downloaders that are out there.
Some open source projects that might have code you can gain inspiration from.
the reason for suggesting this is that m0n0 stays Clean/Simple/Good.
This complex stuff runs on another machine which connects to m0n0 to perform the work, via the nice
Standard port 80/443 provided pages, so there is only ONE place where paramters are altered (well
baring hacking the XML file :)
just some thoughts


text:
Watts the Difference
Watts The Difference attempts to explain the concept of electrical power and the relationship of voltage and current to that power. The visitor adjusts two lamps to the same brightness and observes that a power meter on each reads the same. Upon further examination, the visitor notices that the voltage on one lamp is 10 times that on the other while the current is only 1/10. If the visitor is really adventurous, they will notice that the power (in watts) is equal to the voltage times the current. The exhibit further invites the visitor to do calculations based on the above observation and even provides the calculator (solar powered) to do them.
We'll be adding interesting info and links here. If you have a good one, we need your


text:
News & Events
FDA's Progress/Success in Implementing the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA or Modernization Act)
Statement of
Linda A. Suydam, D.P.A.
Food and Drug Administration
the House Committee on Energy and Commerce
May 3, 2001
Mr. Chairman, Members of the Committee, I am Linda Suydam, Senior Associate Commissioner at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA or the Agency). I am very pleased to be here today to discuss the Agency's progress and success in implementing the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA or Modernization Act). FDA has made a strong commitment and given high priority to implementing the Modernization Act in a manner consistent with the letter and spirit of the law.
FDAMA is an important addition to FDA's legislative framework. As you know, it was passed after a thorough congressional examination of the Agency's policies and programs; it addressed virtually all of them comprehensively; and it settled a debate about FDA's role by reaffirming the Agency's vital importance for public health protection. This is a law we can all be proud of.
FDA thanks the Committee for the diligent, comprehensive work it performed in drafting FDAMA, and, in particular, for adhering to the principle that underscores the benefits of this legislation; that FDAMA made improvements without changing the high public health standards FDA is charged with upholding. Only by maintaining these high standards and ensuring regulatory decision-making based on sound science can future legislation, such as the reauthorization of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act and the pediatric exclusivity provision, serve to effectively promote and protect the public health consistent with FDA's historic mission.
FDAMA added new mission objectives that call on the Agency to carry out all of its operations-domestic and foreign-in cooperation with its stakeholders. This emphasis on FDA's need to extend its regulatory cooperation is so essential for our operations that these objectives are included among the five fundamental principles that offer the best strategy for meeting FDA's formidable challenges in the future. These principles are:
- Base all FDA operations and programs on strong science, as the principal guarantee of the high quality of FDA's public health protection.
- Make regulatory decisions in the context of each product's total life cycle, to ensure its safety and effectiveness when it is in wide use.
- Consider our decisions also from a global perspective, to take into account the numerous international developments and factors that affect public health in the United States (U.S.).
- Use leveraging as the primary means for maximizing the effects of FDA's actions.
- Maintain FDA's traditionally high public health standards, because they always will be critical for ensuring effective health care delivery, consumer confidence, and a level playing field for the competitiveness of U.S. industry.
Over the past three and one-half years, FDA has worked diligently to implement this new law, which, as we stated, touches nearly every aspect of the Agency's mission.
We have met nearly every statutory deadline, issued dozens of regulations, guidance documents, Federal Register notices, and reports to carry out the goals of this wide-reaching law (see Attachment).
I would like to begin with two key provisions of FDAMA - reauthorization of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act and the pediatric exclusivity provision. The pediatric exclusivity provision will expire on January 1, 2002, and the fee authority of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act will expire on September 30, 2002. Maintaining these authorities is important to the Agency, and we look forward to working with the Committee during the reauthorization process.
The most concrete expression of the leveraging principle in FDAMA was the reauthorization for five more years of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act of 1992 (PDUFA). As you know, PDUFA authorizes FDA to receive manufacturers' user fees in return for achieving performance goals agreed to by Congress, the pharmaceutical industry and our Agency. The result is expedited access to a greater number of important new therapies. PDUFA is nearing the end of its second five-year term and, therefore, I will examine in greater depth our experience with PDUFA I and II.
During the eight-and-a-half years of PDUFA, the Agency's performance has met the highest expectations. While adhering to rigorous standards for safety and effectiveness, FDA has met virtually all of the program's review goals. PDUFA I was directed at reducing drug review times. During PDUFA I, FDA exceeded all of its performance goals and significantly reduced review times. PDUFA II included some performance goals to further reduce review times, but most of the performance goals were directed towards reducing clinical drug development time. These goals included accelerated consultations on critical drug development issues, timely resolution of major disputes, and rapid handling of other clinical drug development issues such as clinical holds.
Under PDUFA II, FDA has exceeded almost all of its performance goals resulting in a continued reduction in review times. In addition, drug development times also have decreased significantly. According to the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, the clinical development time for new molecular entities declined by 22 percent from the early to the late 1990s.
Not only has FDA significantly reduced review times as a result of the PDUFA programs, but it has also significantly reduced approval times, and, therefore, the time it takes to get new drugs to market. Total approval time is the time from the initial submission of a marketing application to the issuance of an approval letter for that application. It includes both FDA's review time and the time the sponsor spends answering deficiencies noted by FDA and can encompass several review "cycles."
The median total approval time for new drug and biologic applications submitted in Fiscal Year (FY) 1999 dropped to 11.6 months from 20.1 months in FY 1994. Given the progression of PDUFA II review goals, median total approval times could drop to 10 months in FY 2001 or FY 2002 if the current rate of first review cycle approvals is sustained.
Median total approval time for priority applications submitted in FY 1999 was six months, less than half the median total approval time for priority applications submitted in the early PDUFA years. Priority applications, a subset of all applications, have a PDUFA review performance goal of six months.
Drugs are now reviewed in the U.S. as fast or faster than anywhere in the world, without compromising the very stringent standards that Americans have come to expect. This is remarkable, particularly in light of the fact that over the past seven years, pharmaceutical firms have introduced 234 new molecular entities into the market-a sizable increase over prior decades. Although European pharmaceutical companies dominated the industry ten years ago, U.S. companies now have an overwhelming lead in world markets.
Let me take a moment to mention the products themselves. Drug and biologic approvals in 2000 included a large number of products that represent significant advances over the products that were previously available. Important new therapies brought to market in the past year include: three new drugs to treat cancer; the first protease inhibitor approved to treat HIV infection in children as young as six months; four drugs to treat heart disease and circulatory disorders of the nervous system; a malaria treatment effective in areas where the disease is resistant to other anti-malarial drugs; the first anti-inflammatory corticosteroid that can be used in a nebulizer by very young children; the first in a new class of antibiotics; a treatment of cancer-in-situ in the absence of associated invasive cancer of the bladder; the first multivalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine for infants and toddlers under the age of two; the first drug to reduce the severity of neck and shoulder muscle contractions and the resulting abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia; the first thyroid replacement drug to undergo a stringent FDA review; three new drugs and five new uses of existing drugs for "orphan" patient populations of 200,000 or fewer; and 13 new pediatric uses for already approved adult drugs.
In the biotech area, 2000 saw the approval of products that delay the time to disease progression in malignant osteopetrosis; reduce the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with inadequate response to methotrexate; and delay structural damage in patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis. These are only a few exciting examples of products that are being made available to the patients who need them.
For the industry, PDUFA provides huge benefits:
- Drug companies' products are able to take fuller advantage of granted patent terms, which yields additional revenues, because they come on the market more quickly due to shorter development and review times.
- The development of guidance documents, earlier meetings and increased FDA reviewing staff have made the processing of submissions more understandable and predictable, and therefore provide a more consistent and dependable basis for companies to develop plans for production and other activities.
- In addition, FDA's guidance and consultation received by drug sponsors under PDUFA help them improve the quality of their product applications, which reduces the cost of drug development.
One measure of these advantages to the industry is that between 1996 and 1998, nearly 80 percent of new drugs world-wide were first launched in the U.S. due to the favorable regulatory climate.
For FDA, PDUFA has also brought significant benefits:
- The performance goals have helped streamline the management of drug and biological product reviews.
- The program's requirement for comprehensive product reviews and responses has resulted in improved quality of the application process.
- Most important of all, the fees have enabled the Agency to hire additional medical and other specialists, and to upgrade the technology that is essential for the success of the program.
PDUFA has provided the Agency with some challenges. Between 1994 and last year, the number of review goals to be met by FDA has tripled. The number of PDUFA submissions has grown by 64 percent, from not quite 1,500 in FY 1993 to almost 2,500 in FY 2000. In addition, there are other industry meeting and procedure goals in PDUFA that add up to more than 3,500 FDA actions a year, most of which occur before an application submission (and fee collection). These actions are connected with the preparation, scheduling, conduct, follow-up and tracking of formal meetings requested by industry that may involve as many as 10-20 FDA staff and 15-30 industry representatives. Another notable trend has been the upsurge in drug advertising directed to consumers (DTC) and physicians.
FDAMA's pediatric exclusivity provision in section 111 (section 505A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act), like PDUFA, is also scheduled to sunset in 2002. FDAMA's pediatric exclusivity provision is helping to ensure access to, and safe use of therapies for children whose treatment has historically been hampered by inadequate information about the safe and effective use of drugs in the pediatric population. Providing adequate pediatric use information for drugs and biologics has long been a high priority for the Agency. We are pleased to report that the industry's response to the incentives offered by this provision has been enthusiastic. As you know, in June 1998, we issued written guidance to communicate to industry our plans for implementation of the pediatric program, and updated this document in October 1999, to provide additional information to industry.
The results speak for themselves. Between June 1998, when the guidance document was published, and April 1, 2001, FDA has received over 218 proposed pediatric study requests. Through our ongoing work using mechanisms such as our Pediatric Advisory Subcommittee, we will continue to move toward our goal of having adequate pediatric use labeling information for all drugs used in children.
The purpose of encouraging pediatric studies is to provide needed pediatric efficacy, safety and dosing information to physicians in product labeling. Of the 28 drugs granted pediatric exclusivity, 18 drugs have newly approved labeling for pediatric use. Labeling changes are expected approximately 6-12 months after the studies have been submitted. Of the 18 drugs whose labels have already been changed, four were new molecular entities for which pediatric labeling was available at the time of initial approval. The 14 remaining marketed products now have complete labeling in the relevant pediatric population.
Studies of six of these products resulted in identification of significant changes in dosing or adverse events either specific to or newly defined in the pediatric population.
Two examples of these clinical findings are:
- Midazolam (Versed) - higher risk of serious life threatening situations in children with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension who need lower doses than predicted to prevent respiratory compromise;
- Gabapentin (Neurontin) - need to use higher doses in children less than five years of age in order to control seizures and new adverse events such as hostility and aggression identified in children less than 12 years old.
As required by the pediatric exclusivity provision, the Department issued a report to Congress in January 2001, on the experiences under the new law. The Report stated that the pediatric exclusivity provision has done more to generate clinical studies and useful prescribing information for the pediatric population than any other regulatory or legislative process to date. Experience with the provision has also revealed several categories of products and age groups for which this approach has not worked. For example, the exclusivity provision does not address the drugs that have no patent protection and sponsors have no economic incentive to study these products.
FDA looks forward to working with the Committee to reauthorize PDUFA and the pediatric exclusivity provision. FDA believes that when drafting new authorizing language, the following principles should be taken into account:
- FDA's high public health standards must be maintained and enhanced.
- The integrity of FDA's decision-making must be preserved.
- FDA must possess an adequate science base for the programs it implements.
With the tools provided by FDAMA, FDA is becoming a stronger, better Agency, one whose actions remain firmly based in science to promote and protect the public health.
The value of a strong, science-based FDA cannot be overstated - it reaps public health benefits for both individual citizens and the nation as a whole. An FDA that sets and meets high scientific standards provides a high level of assurance to our citizens; (1) assurance that product risks are minimized; (2) assurance that consumers receive reliable information to assess and manage the remaining risks in concert with a health professional, or on their own; and (3) assurance that reviews for new products are conducted in a predictable and timely manner, giving patients early access to new safe and effective products.
FDA's procedures should provide consumers with confidence in the decisions it makes about the products that they take and give to their families, and provide industry with the confidence that the Agency's decisions are fair and based in science.
From an economic standpoint, a strong, high-performance FDA stimulates innovation, enhances U.S. competitiveness in global markets, provides a level playing field for industry, and strengthens the domestic economy as a whole by inviting increased foreign investment and contributing to reduced health care costs.
I would like to focus today on how FDA's implementation of the Modernization Act is helping to enhance the public health by producing the following outcomes: (1)increase access to new medical products; (2) provide more effective management of FDA's limited resources; (3) make our regulatory processes more effective and efficient; and (4) increase consumer and industry confidence through collaboration.
There are a number of FDAMA provisions, in addition to PDUFA and pediatric exclusivity, that help ensure greater patient access to medical products.
Fast Track
The first of these is the fast track provision in section 112. In the fast track provision, Congress codified FDA's accelerated approval regulations and thus codified our approach to expedited drug development. Fast track is meant to facilitate the development, and expedite the review, of drugs that are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and that demonstrate the potential to address a serious unmet medical need.
Since the passage of the Modernization Act, we have granted fast track designation to a wide range of therapies - not just for AIDS and cancer drugs, as some believe, but for drugs to treat atherosclerotic vascular disease, acute stroke, diabetes, adult respiratory distress syndrome and pancreatitis, and genetic abnormalities of infants. As of March 2001, FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) had received 108 requests for fast track designation - 69 were granted, 25 denied, and 14 are still pending. As of March 31, 2001, FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) had received 62 requests for fast track designation-38 were granted, 23 denied, and one is still pending.
Since we began implementing this provision, CDER and CBER have approved nine novel products, including Herceptin, a monoclonal antibody for metastatic breast cancer (in 4.7 months), Enbrel for rheumatoid arthritis (in 5.8 months), Ziagen for HIV (in 5 months), and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine for the prevention of streptococcus pneumoniae in infants and children (in 7.5 months). In addition, three marketed products were approved for new indications under the fast track program: Remicade for rheumatoid arthritis, Gamma interferon for osteopetrosis, and Taxotere for non-small cell lung cancer. As implemented by FDA, this program is plainly helping to ensure that important therapies for serious and life-threatening illnesses are being brought as quickly as possible to the patients who need them.
To provide clear information to industry regarding participation in the fast track process, last fall we issued a guidance document that defines the criteria for qualification for the fast track drug product development program, sets out the process for designation as a fast track drug product, and describes programs for expediting development and review of fast track products. The Agency has received feedback that commends this document as an excellent resource for sponsors who are interested in receiving fast track designation for their products.
Supplemental Applications
Just as it is important to get the most complete information about all patient populations on a drug's label, it is also important to get all of the information about a drug's uses on the label. This is why Congress directed FDA to take steps to encourage the submission of supplemental applications for new uses for approved medical products, and steps to ensure that such applications are acted upon expeditiously. Since enactment, the Agency has made programmatic changes in CDER, CBER, the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), and the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) to encourage supplemental applications for new uses, and ensure that the Agency acts on the applications that it receives in a timely manner. The Agency has also issued guidance that clarifies what is needed to demonstrate effectiveness for a new use.
Expanded Access to Investigational Therapies
Congress and FDA realized that there are times when a patient's interest is best served by getting an investigational medical product as quickly as feasible, sometimes before a complete evaluation and review can be finished. The expanded access provision (section 402) of the Modernization Act was included in the legislation to facilitate access by patients with serious or life-threatening illnesses to promising, yet unapproved new products. By codifying and expanding this program, the statute ensures that this program will continue to provide expanded access to patients in the future.
Humanitarian Use
Congress also recognized that there are limited circumstances when there are too few subjects to justify a full-scale evaluation of a medical device. The humanitarian use device provision (section 203) provides an easier path to market for devices used to treat rare conditions or diseases. Under this provision, a manufacturer is not required to meet the effectiveness requirements in the statute, but rather must show that the device does not pose an unreasonable or significant risk of illness or injury, and that the probable benefit to health outweighs the risk from its use. Since implementation of the Modernization Act, CDRH has approved 21 humanitarian use devices, including: a fetal bladder stent, to treat urinary tract obstruction in unborn babies; an electrical bladder stimulator for urinary incontinence for use in children for the treatment of neurogenic bladder disease secondary to spina bifida; a pulmonary valve for children under age four with absent or diseased valves; and an extracorporeal immunoabsorption system for treatment of patients with hemophilia A and B who have inhibitors to Factor VIII and IX coagulation factors.
Postmarketing Studies
On April 30, 2001, FDA's regulations implementing section 130 of FDAMA which requires sponsors of approved drugs and biologics to report annually on the status of postmarketing commitments became effective. These regulations modified existing reporting requirements for new drug application (NDA) drug studies and created a new reporting requirement for biologic products.
FDA may request postmarketing studies to provide additional important information on how a drug works in expanded patient populations or to identify safety issues that occur at very low frequency or in special patient populations. In the case of drugs and biologics approved under accelerated approval regulations, postmarketing studies are performed to confirm a drug or biologic's long-term clinical benefit when approval was granted based on studies using surrogate endpoints.
These new regulations were of special interest to patient and consumer advocates who were concerned about timeliness of applicants in completing postmarketing commitments and of FDA in reviewing study results and modifying drug labeling. The regulations will provide FDA with a mechanism to monitor study progress through the annual submission of study status reports. FDA will post the status of postmarketing studies on its public website and publish in the Federal Register an annual summary of industry progress in fulfilling postmarketing commitments. FDA has committed to timely review and evaluation of completed studies and to requiring timely modification of drug and biologic labeling where appropriate.
Part of meeting the Agency's mission to protect and promote the public health involves effective management of FDA's resources. There are several FDAMA provisions that reduce the Agency's workload in some areas so that those resources can be provided to areas with the greatest public health risk.
Third Party Review
One such provision is the device third party review program (section 210), which provides an alternative review mechanism for low-to-moderate risk devices, thereby allowing FDA to target its scientific review resources on higher-risk devices. There are currently more than 670 types of devices eligible for review by third parties, and 12 accredited third party organizations. CDRH recently expanded the program to include all devices eligible for review by third parties under the statute and has been working with industry representatives to encourage greater use of this new approach.
User Reporting
Another provision that allows the Agency to focus its resources is section 213, device user reporting. Prior to passage of FDAMA, all device user facilities were required to report serious adverse events to FDA. Under FDAMA, FDA now has authority to establish a sentinel system for user reporting, which would have a representative sample of hospitals and other user facilities reporting serious adverse events to FDA. The Agency has already conducted a pilot sentinel system, which was very successful. FDA is working to put an expanded sentinel system in place. This initiative could ultimately ease the reporting requirements for user facilities and enhance the value of reports the Agency receives.
FDAMA includes a number of provisions that streamline and expedite FDA's product review processes by ensuring that sponsors know what is required, and by eliminating unnecessary requirements. Clearly, PDUFA helps the Agency make decisions in a more timely manner. At the same time, PDUFA and other aspects of the statute ensure that FDA's decisions are consistent and predictable. FDA's regulatory requirements are clarified, providing industry with information on how to most effectively comply with the applicable laws.
Meetings with Sponsors
Both as part of the PDUFA agreement formalized as part of the PDUFA performance goals and as part of a separate FDAMA requirement (section 119), the Agency is committed to meeting with drug sponsors to discuss and reach agreement on the design and size of clinical trials. Any agreements reached can only be changed under limited circumstances. Similarly, the device provisions provide for early meetings with potential sponsors to focus on the type of valid scientific evidence needed for device approval and to reach agreement on a study plan. These provisions are ensuring that industry knows up front what is required and does not waste time conducting unnecessary studies.
In addition, many provisions of the Modernization Act are premised on the principle that regulatory requirements should not exceed what is required to promote and protect the public health.
Premarket Notification
An example of matching regulatory requirements to meet public health risk is the premarket notification provision in section 206. More than 75 Class II types of medical devices have been exempted from premarket notification requirements, enabling manufacturers to get their products to market and the patients who need them more rapidly. The types of devices exempted include: clinical laboratory equipment and test kits, kidney stone dislodgers, clinical thermometers, biofeedback devices and physical rehabilitation devices. In addition, pursuant to this section, all but a limited number of reserved Class I devices are also exempt from 510(k) premarket notification.
Manufacturing Changes
FDAMA also streamlines the process for drug and device sponsors to make changes to certain manufacturing processes. For example, the provision on scope of review in section 205 permits device manufacturers to notify FDA 30 days before instituting certain types of manufacturing changes instead of submitting a premarket approval (PMA) supplement. This means that the device manufacturer can often start marketing a device made under this new process at least five months sooner than usually would have occurred before FDAMA. The device industry has already used this provision 215 times. The drug provision permits drug manufacturers to make minor and moderate manufacturing changes without prior approval of a supplemental application. The biologics industry has submitted 2623 notifications of changes requiring a supplement submission 30 days prior to distribution of the product made using the change. In addition, industry has submitted 482 notifications of changes requiring a submission that may be implemented as soon as the submission is made.
Least Burdensome Means
Section 205 of FDAMA is similarly premised on the principle that regulatory requirements should not exceed what is required to promote and protect the public health. This provision requires FDA, in consultation with the applicant, to consider the "least burdensome" appropriate means of evaluating device effectiveness that would have a reasonable likelihood of resulting in approval. The requirement to consider the least burdensome means applies to both existing statutory paths to market: premarket notifications (510(k)s) and premarket approval applications (PMAs and Product Development Protocols). While FDAMA does not change the standards for premarket review, it clarifies that the Agency's review is to support the substantial equivalence or safety and effectiveness of medical devices.
To foster a collaborative approach to the implementation of section 205 of FDAMA, CDRH hosted a meeting with stakeholders on January 4, 1999, to solicit comments and suggestions regarding the least burdensome approach to medical device development and evaluation. CDRH heard formal presentations at that meeting and also received written comments. As a result of communication with our stakeholders, FDA determined that the issue of highest concern is when clinical data would be required for devices.
In January of 2000, CDRH formed a Least Burdensome Steering Committee consisting of senior managers within the Center. In addition, representatives of FDA participated in a Least Burdensome Industry Task Force aimed at addressing the least burdensome provisions. The Agency has been reporting the results of this collaborative effort on FDA's website so that interested parties can contribute their ideas and track FDA's progress in this area. While the main focus of the group has been in developing and articulating the concept and principles that underlie the least burdensome requirement, several guidances have been developed to help reduce unnecessary burdens in bringing new devices to market. All of these guidances are on our least burdensome website. Most recently, the Center completed a draft guidance entitled, "The Least Burdensome Provisions of FDA Modernization Act of 1997: Concept and Principles." This document, which contains the Agency's interpretation of the least burdensome provisions, will be posted shortly on FDA's website.
While developing the guidance, FDA has been working to implement these provisions. Training sessions for CDRH staff and advisory committee members have been conducted and will be expanded once the new guidance is final. Even without a final guidance, however, FDA has many examples of successful use of the least burdensome approach. For example, FDA reviewers approved a pediatric indication for a marketed cardiac ablation catheter without requiring a prospective clinical study because reviewers determined that existing literature supported the device's safety and effectiveness in children. Patient registries and literature were also used to support the approval of a bone cement for fixation of a hip prosthesis.
Abbreviated Study Reports
Another example of process improvements is the provision on data requirements in section 118, which directs FDA to issue guidance on when abbreviated study reports may be submitted in NDAs and biologics license applications (BLAs), in lieu of full reports. On September 13, 1999, FDA published a final guidance that describes when abbreviated reports and synopses can be used to submit effectiveness data. This guidance not only provides clarity, it should also ensure that industry is not submitting more information than is required by the Agency.
Device Standards
Congress and FDA also recognized that industry's ability to rely on standards will help to streamline the approval or clearance of medical devices. Under the provision on device standards in section 204, CDRH recognized more than 567 consensus standards that manufacturers may use to satisfy portions of device review requirements, thus simplifying and expediting product review. Of these 567 recognized standards, over 100 were proposed by industry for recognition as a result of active solicitation by CDRH. A few examples of consensus standards nominated by industry and recognized by CDRH include: standards that can be used to describe and select the necessary biocompatibility testing; most American Dental Association specifications for dental materials and devices; and certain standards for safety requirements for electromedical equipment, covering over 30 individual standards on mechanical limits electrical safety considerations for electrically powered devices.
At the same time, CDRH is trying to broaden the impact of the standards recognition program mandated by FDAMA. CDRH is enlisting its stakeholders in setting priorities for developing standards that can be recognized in the future and encouraging manufacturers to incorporate recognized standards as part of their product specifications, which allows extremely brief product descriptions, and thus, less lengthy 510(k)s.
Single Biologics License
In addition, FDAMA has helped to streamline the processes for submissions from industry by codifying the modernization of certain biologics regulations. In October 1999, FDA issued a final rule to implement the modernization of regulations provision in section 123, which requires manufacturers to make a single submission for a biologics license, instead of separate applications for the establishment license and the product license. When FDA first proposed to streamline the biologics application process for specified products, industry representatives indicated that the change would result in considerable savings of time and money. Since the implementation of the single application/single license approach, industry representatives have confirmed this to be the case.
Dispute Resolution
While many of the provisions in the Modernization Act are designed to facilitate agreement between FDA and industry on regulatory requirements, inevitably, there will be disputes that remain. Section 404, the provision on dispute resolution, requires the Agency to clarify the processes for resolving scientific disagreements, including requests for advisory panel review. While our existing regulations and procedures have worked well to resolve many disagreements, the Agency is taking steps to enhance its dispute resolution processes.
First, the Agency revised Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations section 10.75 to clarify the availability of review of scientific disputes by an advisory panel. CDRH created a medical devices dispute resolution panel, and issued a draft guidance that describes how that panel will be used to resolve scientific disputes. CDRH also issued a general guidance document that provides an overview of all of the Center's dispute resolution processes and has appointed a CDRH ombudsman. CDER and CBER have developed guidance to explain their processes as well.
We have worked to ensure that everyone affected by the Agency's actions has a voice, and that each voice is heard. While all of these voices may not share the same viewpoint, we have found that this open discourse can engender confidence.
FDAMA has contributed significantly to the Agency's effort to collaborate in a credible and reliable way with our constituencies. For example, section 406(b) of the Modernization Act directs the Agency to consult with our constituencies to ensure that we fulfill our statutory mandates and that we communicate clearly with our stakeholders. We have held a series of meetings, during which we have listened to those outside the Agency. We hosted a national interactive videoconference that was simulcast to interested parties in eight different cities. During our national broadcast, we had senior staff at each of the locations to hold a more focused communication with members of consumer groups and the regulated industry in these areas of the country. During these meetings, we received useful feedback on the Agency's performance, as well as constructive suggestions as to how the Agency can continue to improve.
Public Meetings
Finally, FDA has held many public meetings to discuss implementation of specific provisions. For example, CDER and CBER have held several public meetings on implementation of certain provisions. These include four public meetings on the implementation of the positron emission tomography (PET) provisions, three public meetings on the radiopharmaceuticals provisions, and advisory committee meetings on pharmacy compounding.
FDA has been fully committed to implementation of FDAMA. However, while devoting time, energy, and resources to this effort, we also have worked to meet our other responsibilities. They include: protecting the safety of the nation's food supply and blood supply, reviewing new food additives to ensure their safety, speeding our reviews of new generic drugs and medical devices and developing a comprehensive regulatory strategy for dietary supplements-which involves the implementation of another complex statute.
I am proud of the work that the Agency has done in fulfilling our FDAMA commitment to Congress and to the American people, and I hope that you share this sentiment. Thank you for the opportunity to be here today.


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O papel dos Fundos de Participação dos Estados - FPE na convergência da renda per capita dos estados brasileiros
The article intends to verify the existence of absolute income per capita convergence of Brazilian states from 1937 to 1999. Using Barro & Salai- Martin (1992)'s estimation methodology, it proceeds the analysis of ß convergence (inverse relation between initial PIB and economic growth rate) and of convergence (decrease of variance among the PIB of states). It has been found convergence only from 1969 to 1999, the same result found by other authors. Afterwards, it is evaluated if there have been conditional convergence with total of High School student registers and if the States` Participation Fund (FPM) has contributed to decrease inequality among Brazilian states. The article uses information extracted from the National Residences Sample Research (PNAD) of 1977, 1998 and 1999 prepared by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), as well as information about government accounts from 1985 to 2000, collected by the National Treasury Secretariat (STN).
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Volume (Year): XLII (2004)
Issue (Month): 2 (July)
Pages: 89-103
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Web page: http://ief.eco.unc.edu.ar/
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Romer, Paul M, 1986.
"Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth,"
Journal of Political Economy,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 94(5), pages 1002-1037, October.
- Paul M Romer, 1999. "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth," Levine's Working Paper Archive 2232, David K. Levine.
- Barro, Robert J & Mankiw, N Gregory & Sala-i-Martin, Xavier, 1995. "Capital Mobility in Neoclassical Models of Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 85(1), pages 103-115, March.
- Barro, R. & Mankiw, G., 1992. "Capital Mobility in Neoclassical Models of Growth," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1615, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- Barro, R.J. & Mankiw, N.G. & Sala-i-Martin, X., 1992. "Capital Mobility in Neoclassical Models of Growth," Papers 655, Yale - Economic Growth Center.
- Robert J. Barro & N. Gregory Mankiw & Xavier Sala-i-Martin, 1994. "Capital mobility in Neoclassical models of growth," Economics Working Papers 82, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
- Robert J. Barro & N. Gregory Mankiw & Xavier Sala-i-Martin, 1992. "Capital Mobility in Neoclassical Models of Growth," NBER Working Papers 4206, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Barro, Robert J. & Mankiw, N Gregory & Sala-i-Martin, Xavier, 1994. "Capital Mobility in Neoclassical Models of Growth," CEPR Discussion Papers 1019, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Aschauer, David Alan, 1989. "Is public expenditure productive?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 177-200, March.
- David Aschauer, 1988. "Is public expenditure productive?," Staff Memoranda 88-7, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
- Benhabib, Jess & Jovanovic, Boyan, 1991. "Externalities and Growth Accounting," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 81(1), pages 82-113, March.
- Jess Benhabib & Boyan Jovanovic, 1989. "Externalities and Growth Accounting," NBER Working Papers 3190, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Benhabib, Jess & Spiegel, Mark M., 1994. "The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 143-173, October.
- Rodney Ramcharan, 2002. "Migration and Human Capital Formation; Theory and Evidence From the U.S. High School Movement," IMF Working Papers 02/123, International Monetary Fund.
- Eva Jenkner & Arye L. Hillman, 2002. "User Payments for Basic Education in Low-Income Countries," IMF Working Papers 02/182, International Monetary Fund. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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It's our 10th wedding anniversary so we sneaked off to Paris for the weekend, courtesy of saved up Airmiles and my sister who had the boys for the night. It was gorgeous weather and we soon got very used to meandering around without the kids. (Kids don't understand the concept of meandering, unless you are trying to get them to school in a rush and then they bloody love it ;-)
We managed to squeeze a lot in too, so handy having Paris a couple of hours away on the train. We ate really well, apart from the over friendly waiter telling me we couldn't order pudding until I'd finished this little dip that came with my main course. I said he was welcome to finish it for his breakfast. He thought he was hilarious. He was not ;-) x


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The Online Teacher Resource
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Age Range: Kindergarten through Grade 2 (Early Elementary)
Overview and Purpose: The student will be able to create a collage using paper, at least three different sizes of the same shape, and a variety of colors of paint.
Objective: The student will be able to create texture paintings using at least three materials.
A variety of sizes of objects that have a square bottom (i.e. block, candle, paperclip holder, milk carton)
A variety of sizes of objects that have a round bottom (i.e. eraser tip, candle, key ring)
A variety of sizes of objects that have a triangular bottom (i.e. prism, Toblerone candy box, candle)
Different colors of paint
Colored paper
Trays to put the paint in
Paper towels or newspaper
Set up each table with different items of one shape, a variety of trays of paint, and paper towels or newspaper. Have students dip the items into the paint and press them on their paper. Encourage them to experiment with different sizes, colors, and placement of the shapes. The students should wipe a shape off before placing in a new color to help keep the colors fresh; however, they could stamp the same object in two different colors on their paper.
Wrap Up:
This lesson is versatile and can be used in many ways and for many different grades. It can be used to supplement a math lesson on shapes or beginning geometry. A vocabulary lesson can also be built from this lesson using the names of the shapes, the types of triangles, or the colors. The lesson can be adapted for older students to include more complex shapes or a particular pattern or symmetry that should be created.


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Startup Grind San Antonio Hosts Darsh Singh (Satori Capital)
Startup Grind
Tuesday, February 25, 2014 from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM (CST)
Darsh Singh joined Satori Capital in 2012 as Satori Capital Alpha's Portfolio Manager and is on the investment committee. In this role, Darsh is responsible for sourcing, evaluating and monitoring investment opportunities on behalf of Satori Capital's principals and partners.
Prior to joining Satori Capital, Darsh spent three years managing the equity, fixed income and hedge fund investments for a family office in San Antonio, Texas. Besides sourcing, evaluating and selecting outside managers, he also managed the internally traded portfolio and developed hedge fund strategies to match the risk targets and return requirements of the family, where he specialized in developing innovative volatility-based strategies. Before his foray into finance, Darsh worked in US Intelligence for the National Security Agency. In his time at the agency, he primarily spent time in the top secret world of signals intelligence developing, testing and implementing tools for 'the offense.'
Darsh is finishing his Master's degree in Financial Mathematics at Johns Hopkins University. He received a BS in Engineering Science from Trinity University, where he also served as the captain of the basketball team and became the first-ever turbaned Sikh to play in NCAA basketball.
Darsh is actively involved in his community through volunteering and supporting local projects. Recently, he was selected as a member of Global Shapers, a community of young leaders organized by the World Economic Forum. Darsh lives in Fort Worth, Texas with his wife Lakhpreet.
|Networking and Food
|Fireside Chat
I'm the founder of Silicon Hills News, an online technology news site covering entrepreneurs and companies in the Austin and San Antonio region. Founded in 2011, SHN won a New Media Women Entrepreneur grant to provide seed stage funding to launch the site, which now has a staff of five reporters. Previously, I worked as a senior writer covering technology and business news at the San Antonio Express-News, a senior writer for Interactive Week Magazine and a specialty writer and technology columnist at the South Florida Sun-Sentinel. I'm interested in startups, entrepreneurship, technology and storytelling. I live in Wimberley, in the Texas Hill Country, with my husband, Charlie, teenage son, Teddy, and two Labradors, Apollo and Zeus.
Email: email@example.com | Twitter: @SiliconHillsNew
Startup Grind is a global startup community designed to educate, inspire, and connect entrepreneurs. We host monthly events in more than 50 cities and 20 countries featuring successful local founders, innovators, educators and investors who share personal stories and lessons learned on the road to building great companies. Our monthly fireside chat interviews, startup mixers and annual conferences provide ample opportunities to connect with amazing startups and the people behind them, tap into a strong support network, form meaningful connections and gain inspiration for the startup journey ahead. For more information visit StartupGrind.com or follow us on twitter @StartupGrind.
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Startup Grind is the world's startup community, actively educating, inspiring, and connecting founders in over 170 cities.
We nurture startup ecosystems in 63 countries through events, media, and partnerships with organizations like Google for Entrepreneurs.
The cornerstone of our global community are monthly events featuring successful local founders, innovators, educators and investors who share lessons learned on the road to building great companies.
Founded in Silicon Valley by Derek Andersen, Startup Grind has now hosted 2,000 fireside chats since its founding in 2010.
To date, Startup Grind has helped 170,000 entrepreneurs find mentorship, connect to partners and hires, pursue funding, and reach new users.
Startup Grind Singapore was founded in May 2012, we are one of the active grass-root startup communities in Singapore.
More info at http://startupgrind.com/singapore or tweet us @StartupGrindSGP!
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New US 31 now open
On August 27, Governor Mike Pence joined Congresswoman Jackie Walorski, the US 31 Coalition and other community members to celebrate and officially open 20 miles of the New US 31 freeway between Plymouth and South Bend.
The New US 31 is 20 miles of divided, four-lane highway. Motorists can now exit or enter the freeway through entrance and exit ramps at three interchanges: Kern Road (South Bend), State Road 4 (Lakeville) and US 6 (LaPaz).


text: YouTube [ Elmo Sings Sexy and I Know it – [VIDEO] By The Rob January 17, 2012 He may have taken some liberties with the lyrics, but still funny: Category: Humor, Music, Videos Tags: elmo, elmo and i know it, LMFAO, sexy and i know it, the rob Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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The 'Iron Man' actor is expected to reunite with Tom Cruise, who is eyed to play an overzealous secret agent tasked to serve the inglorious former president.
After starring in mega-blockbuster film "The Avengers", Robert Downey Jr. might jump into a political comedy film called "El Presidente". Vulture broke the news that the "Iron Man" actor is expected to reunite with Tom Cruise in the movie to be directed by Jay Roach.
The presidential movie revolves around an overly-committed secret agent who is tasked to guard America's worst former president, who is a bumbling sleaze. It's a mundane and boring job - until there's a threat made on the ex-president's life, forcing the unlikely duo to go on the run together.
Downey Jr. is expected to star as the inglorious former president, while Cruise is eyed to tackle the part of the overzealous agent. The script, meanwhile, will be written by Dan Goor. Warner Bros. Pictures still hasn't set a start date for the project.
Should the "Sherlock Holmes" actor and the "Misssion: Impossible" thesp sign on to "El Presidente", the two will reunite after they last worked together in action comedy "Tropic Thunder". Through his role as Kirk Lazarus in the Ben Stiller-directed film, Downey Jr. got nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 2008 Academy Awards.


text: On 04/28/2014 10:40, Koop Mast wrote: > On ma, 2014-04-28 at 10:30 -0400, Kris Moore wrote: >> >> No prob! First thing I found: >> >> https://github.com/pcbsd/freebsd-ports/commit/743236a281c45224b5baf85898127c10e760e615 >> >> Looks like some old references to gnome-panel still existed, causing >> Poudriere to fail. This commit fixed it here. >> >> > Yes that is a known problem that hasn't been fully tackled yet. Because > I'm not 100% sure yet how to handle the py-*gnome* and sharp ports yet, > with the gnome3 tree yet. > > _______________________________________________ > Testing mailing list > Testing at lists.pcbsd.org > http://lists.pcbsd.org/mailman/listinfo/testing Makes sense! Here's the next thing I found: https://github.com/pcbsd/freebsd-ports/commit/6e4d73bde4a6d2ceec3c0f549e0978f56e3175c0 Looks like net/grilo-plugins isn't building the freebox plugin. (The config log says freebox isn't available) Not sure where freebox comes from, don't see it in ports here. More as I find it. -- Kris Moore PC-BSD Software iXsystems


text:
Eucalyptus pulverulenta: is known as thePlants
Gum and develops into a tall shrub or small tree. Usually the species is seen as a straggly shrub. Silver-leaved Mountain
Silver-leaved MountainGum is an unusual Eucalypt (especially for eastern ) because it retains juvenile foliage into maturity. Plants rarely produce adult leaves. Australia
Leaves, young stems and inflorescences have a powdery white bloom. This is the meaning of the species name.
The juvenile leaves are silvery-grey, round and opposite (see image). Cream flowers are carried in clusters of three in the upper leaf axils. Flowering occurs between May and November. Large fruits are cup-shaped and often retain the powdery bloom.
Eucalyptus pulverulenta is a rare plant with restricted distribution. There are two small populations. One in the
Blue Mountains, west of Sydney and the other is in the Southern Tablelands. In the past the species distribution may have been more widespread with populations occurring between the north and south occurrences.
Silver-leaved MountainGum is widely grown in as an ornamental. In California the species is cultivated as a cut foliage plant. Eucalyptus pulverulenta responds enthusiastically to hard pruning. Australia
Eucalyptus pulverulenta is a striking plant and could be grown as a "stand alone" specimen in the larger suburban garden or rural property.
Propagate from seed and possibly cuttings.


text:
Communities developing resources and competencies for using their languages
Foundational understanding for language development work of all kinds
Publications, fonts and computer tools for language development, translation and research
SIL offers training in disciplines relevant to sustainable language development.
7,099 languages are spoken or signed. CLICK for map of world languages & regional websites.
SIL's dedication to language development past and present
An instructor's guide to Laboratory Manual for Morphology and Syntax, 7th edition is only available to course instructors who have purchased the manual. The manual is in PDF format. Contact the publisher by clicking on the "Contact us" link.


text:
Family Resource Youth Services Coalition of Kentucky (FRYSC)
559 Morgantown Road
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101
Phone: 270-563-9886
Fax: 270-781-5115
Website: www.fryscky.org
Service Area: Barren River Area
Cost: No Cost
Service Description: The Family Resource and Youth Services Coalition of Kentucky (FRYSCKy) is a non-profit organization of professionals (including educators and human services providers) who come together to provide legislative advocacy, training and support for Family Resource and Youth Services Centers Coordinators and their staff in Kentucky. The goal of the Coalition is to promote a network that strives to remove barriers to success in school through learning from each other, sharing resources and collaborating more effectively on behalf of children, youth and families. The FRYSCKy Coalition promotes a network, including educators, family support practitioners and other human service providers, who strive to remove educational barriers to learning, in order to learn from each other, share resources and collaborate more effectively on behalf of families, children and youth.
If your nonprofit agency or organization would like to update your information, please contact the ALIVE Center at 270-782-0082 or email us at email@example.com.
If your nonprofit agency or organization would like include your information in our directory, please complete the human service directory blank form, and return it to the ALIVE Center or email it to email@example.com.
We ask that any nonprofit, civic organization or WKU department using our meeting space, complete the form before reserving a room.
Note: documents in Portable Document Format (PDF) require Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 or higher to view,
download Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Note: documents in Excel format (XLS) require Microsoft Viewer,
download excel.
Note: documents in Word format (DOC) require Microsoft Viewer,
download word.
Note: documents in Powerpoint format (PPT) require Microsoft Viewer,
download powerpoint.
Note: documents in Quicktime Movie format [MOV] require Apple Quicktime,
download quicktime.


text: The 42-acre Polynesian Cultural Center represents eight island cultures and over 15 million square miles of the vast South Pacific. Our island villages will give you a first-hand look at these diverse and fascinating cultures. It's essentially a whirlwind tour of Polynesia, with native guides who help visitors experience their games, language, crafts, music and history. We also introduce guests to the most authentic of Hawaiian luaus, Hawaii's largest and most exciting evening show and other local attractions and information.


text:
Morning Quickies: Julia Roberts As The Evil Queen
- How psyched are we to see Julia Roberts and Lily Collins in the new Snow White flick? How freaky does Julia look here as the Evil Queen? Oh, and there are more looks, including Lily's amazing swan hat. Suck it, Bjork. [ONTD]
- Sharon Osbourne had her breast implants removed. [People]
- Rihanna rode the subway to her own show in London. How plebeian! [Celebuzz]
- This chick explains why she dyed her pubes hot pink. [xoJane]
- An ode to Diet Coke. How did Amelia not write this herself? [HelloGiggles]
- Amanda Knox's father says the Lifetime made-for-TV movie depicting her as a violent criminal is "bulls**t." [TMZ]
- NPR is streaming a Laura Marling concert on their site, which might just be what I listen to all day. [NPR]
- Apparently many airlines do not allow French bulldogs to fly because they have a tendency to die during the flight. [Gawker]


text: Best case scenario, Dallas gets the #4 overall pick, if they lose out and everyone else wins out, except for the pack of 5-9 teams playing each other. If Dallas fights to the finish, they will drop out of the top 10 draft picks and get as low as the #16 pick each and every round. Evaluating Henson for an extended duration would have given Dallas a top 3 pick, possibly. Premier players in Dallas, that's what I want.


text:
Same-sex couple ties the knot at midnight
09/01/09 8:10AM By Sarah Ashworth
| Download MP3
(Host) Beginning Tuesday, same sex couples throughout Vermont can legally marry. One of the first couples in the state to officially tie the knot did so at the stroke of midnight, and VPR's Sarah Ashworth was there, and shares their story.
(Ashworth) Close to three hours before the midnight ceremony, Claire Williams and Cori Giroux are dressed, and Williams is setting the dining room table.
(Williams) "Putting out desserts, and I'm definitely going to have lots of coffee (laugh) and wine. So, I think folks will witness our ceremony and then probably be excited to go home and go to bed."
Click here for more photos from the wedding
(Ashworth) As Williams opens dessert boxes, the couple's dog, a black and white beagle mix named Carolina, scurries from room to room.
(Williams) "That's true, we need to pull out her t-shirt. She has an 'I have two mommies' t-shirt. Gotta go get that."
(Ashworth) Williams says she and Giroux planned the night's ceremony within a matter of weeks, and they wanted to keep the mood simple and relaxed.
(Williams) "We've had a big, formal commitment ceremony three years ago, we have a civil union, and so we knew we wanted to get married, but we didn't necessarily need to have a big to do, and the ability to celebrate it at the moment it becomes legal is just really cool."
(Ashworth) And Giroux says she was immediately on board with the idea of a late night gathering.
(Giroux) "I was, yeah, I was up for anything."
(Ashworth) Williams and Giroux moved to Vermont two years ago. Giroux works as a behavior interventionist at a local middle school, and Williams works with Residential Life at Champlain College. Before work on Monday, the two stopped by the town clerk's office to apply for a marriage license.
(Williams) "It's just nice to go to your city clerk's office and have people treat you completely the same, and it just felt really good."
(Ashworth) Close to 20 friends began arriving around ten o'clock in the evening. And a few minutes before midnight, the traditional marriage ceremony began.
(Robinson) "Thank you, on behalf of Claire and Cori, for being here."
(Ashworth) Beth Robinson, a lawyer, and member of the Vermont Freedom to Marry Task Force officiated. And the couple's friend, Amber Ulmer spoke.
(Ulmer) "It's hard to express true feelings, it's hard to tell someone how much you love them, but when I see the ease with which you two proclaim and reaffirm your love, over and over, it gives me hope."
(Ashworth) Then, as a photographer snapped pictures, the couple recited their vows.
(Robinson/Giroux/Williams) "I ask each of you to repeat after me in turn, I Claire take you Cori to be my lawfully wedded wife...I Claire take you Cori to be my lawfully wedded wife...to have and to hold from this day on...to have and to h old from this day on...for better, for worse...for better, for worse...for richer, for poorer...for richer, for poorer...to love and to cherish forever... I Cori take you Claire to be my lawfully wedded wife...I Cori take you Claire to be my lawfully wedded wife...to have and to hold from this day on...to have and to h old from this day on...for better, for worse...for better, for worse...for richer, for poorer...for richer, for poorer...to love and to cherish forever."
(Ashworth) And at about 12:01, Robinson pronounced the couple legally married.
(Robinson) "Well, I'm happy to say that by the power invested in me by the state of Vermont, I hereby pronounce you legally married."
(Ashworth) Williams and Giroux say they don't expect a marriage license to change anything in their relationship. But Williams says being married will make a difference to her.
(Williams) "I think, for me, it was
something that there was a point in my life where I accepted that it was not
going to be the case, which I remember being a very sad thing to accept. So, people will argue that the rights aren't
different, but it matters. To be
married, matters.
For VPR News, I'm Sarah Ashworth.


text:
Remote Interactive Services
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text:
Nalbandian defaults in final after injuring line judge
LONDON (AP) – David Nalbandian was disqualified from the Queen's Club final after injuring a line judge during the match on Sunday, giving Marin Cilic of Croatia the title.
The 10th-seeded Argentine kicked the small barrier surrounding the line judge in anger after dropping his serve to the sixth-seeded Cilic at 3-3 in the second set. A piece of the barrier then hit the line judge, causing bleeding on his left shin.
As a result, Nalbandian, who had been leading Cilic 7-6 (7-3), 3-4 when the incident occurred, defaulted the match.
Tournament director Chris Kermode said organizers had no option but to call off the final.
"He (Nalbandian) kicked the panel underneath the line judge. The panel went flying into his (the line judge's) leg, cut his leg … Rules are rules. The ATP have forced us to end the final with a code violation," Kermode said. "David is feeling terrible, about what he did and how it happened.
"The line judge was seen and treated by St John's Ambulance. He also saw the doctor, and no further treatment was required."
ATP rules state that any violent action will result in an automatic default.
"It's an unfortunate situation for everyone involved, the spectators, the tournament, the sponsors, the players and the linesman," Brad Drewett, ATP executive chairman and president, said in a statement. "David certainly did not mean for this to happen, however the rules are very clear in a situation like this and causing injury to someone is an automatic default for any player."
Nalbandian insisted that he should not have been forced to default the match.
"Sometimes you get very frustrated on court and it's tough to control that and sometimes I do a mistake, so it's very tough to end a final like that," he said. "But sometimes we feel so much pressure from the ATP to play a lot of tournaments. They don't do anything to (for) us, and today I do a mistake and I have to pay like that.
"I agree I do a mistake but sometimes everybody do a mistake and I didn't feel it had to end like that, especially in a final.
"There are a lot of rules, and sometimes they (ATP officials) don't do anything. The rule book is very big and I can tell you that the ATP do a lot of mistakes to the players and nothing happens," Nalbandian said.
Cilic was disappointed to win the match by default.
"It's definitely not the way I wanted to win it," Cilic said. "The match was still open but I can't change it. I'm sorry for the guys (spectators) that it had to end like this.
"We had some good rallies and it's hard to see the final end like this."
Nalbandian was contesting his first final on grass since losing to Lleyton Hewitt at Wimbledon 10 years ago, and was bidding to become the first player from Argentina to win an ATP grass court title since Javier Frana triumphed in Nottingham in 1995.
The No. 10-seeded Nalbandian, whose last title came in Washington in August 2010, had made the more positive start, breaking with a crosscourt backhand to lead 1-0 and holding two break points for a 3-0 lead.
Cilic then settled and leveled at 3-3 when a lob from Nalbandian landed long, but the Argentine went on to take the set in a tiebreaker.
Cilic responded by breaking serve with a blistering service return in the opening game of the second set, but Nalbandian broke to level at 3-3, only to concede his serve again in the following game.
Posted | Updated


text:
The fast-bowling attack that has been unchanged in Australia's past seven Tests will be hard-pressed to make it eight in a row in the third Test in Cape Town.
The absence of a reserve seamer for the second Test meant that across the first three days Mitchell Johnson, Ryan Harris and Peter Siddle collectively bowled a whopping 121 overs, with their team in the field for almost 200 overs.
In the past three years Australia has only fielded more than 200 overs in a match on three occasions. In each, one of its bowlers succumbed to injury.
When South Africa kept Australia in the field for almost 273 overs in Adelaide in November, 2012, paceman James Pattinson sustained a rib injury that sidelined him for almost two months. When Sri Lanka survived until the 229th over in Hobart in the following month swing bowler Ben Hilfenhaus was sidelined during the match with a side strain. Australia's next-longest stint over that period, just over 214 overs at Lord's in the winter Ashes series, was followed by the diagnosis that Pattinson has stress-fractures in his back after bowling 40 overs.
As South Africa coasted beyond 300 runs and 100 overs in its first innings, Australian captain Michael Clarke began preserving his strike-bowlers Johnson and Harris, using them for a total of three overs in the last 40 of the innings. In the second innings the captain kept them to short spells, with Siddle and off-spinner Nathan Lyon doing most of the bowling.
With the series-ending Test in Cape Town beginning on Saturday, the Australian hierarchy's focus will be whether it will have to call on its reserve pacemen, Pattinson and Jackson Bird, because of the quick turnaround, and on whether Shane Watson has done enough bowling in training to be ready to return.
Clarke said after day three that he was unsure about Watson's availability.
''I spoke to Watto today. I did some work [in the nets] during the lunch break and he was out there bowling then,'' Clarke said. ''He's certainly improving.''
Clarke said his incumbent pacemen had been made to work ''extremely hard'' in Port Elizabeth and reiterated his preference for Australia to boast a seam-bowling all-rounder in its team.
''Ideally, 'Boof' [coach Darren Lehmann] and I have said for a while, in a perfect world you'd like everyone in your team to be able to bowl, especially when you get slow wickets,'' he said.


text:
ARIZARD-L ArchivesArchiver > ARIZARD > 2002-01 > 1010289989
From: "Vera Reeves" <>
Subject: [ARIZARD-L] Kizzia
Date: Sat, 5 Jan 2002 22:07:15 -0700
References: <00e001c19593$30676c60$12732cd0@h2o5y9> <email@example.com> <009501c1962e$5ae98540$759cced1@oemcomputer> <email@example.com> <002701c19655$f9e97de0$85a78ed1@oemcomputer> <firstname.lastname@example.com>
> The last call that I made, to a different person, was just a little rude
Talk about rude.
I started in 1983. I worked hard, no computer, wrote lots of letters. I
used old pictures and any address of anyone I could find. I ordered books
and film on inter-library loan.
At the time I was living in Mich. I wrote this lady in Idaho. Her
step-mother was my grandfather's cousin. To make it short: I sent what I had
on this family and ask for corrections, as I always do. She wrote me back
and said I had many mistakes and that it was a waste of time and she sent me
bible verses to prove it. Said for me not to bother her family again.
I wanted to tell her it might be but I had an empty nest and was about to go
crazy and I had all these old pictures that my family didn't know who they
were and some of them had names on them. Now it's like a drug you can't give
I found other cousins of my grandfather living in Decatur, IL and was
invited to a family reunion. I went , met this ladies half sisters who were
as nice as could be and between them and their younger brother over the
years I have quite a file on this branch of my family. At the reunion I was
able to meet descendants of 3 branches of this family that my family knew
nothing about and I have more names on some of the old pictures.
Now if I can just get this book put together. I love the research so much
that I spend all my time trying to help others.
The reason I said don't let her think you wanted the bible or old pictures.
I've been trying to find a family bible for another branch of my tree for at
least 10 years. I knew there was one but no one "has" it. The other day a
"cousin" called me and had just started researching. I mentioned this bible
and she said my mother has it, I'll get copies.
If you say things like you know the xerox copies of old black and white
pictures sure turn out nice these days. You will have people that have
pictures they didn't have years ago when they thought you were going to ask
for them.
Sorry, just an old researcher and can't help but preach.
This thread:
|[ARIZARD-L] Kizzia by "Vera Reeves" <>


text:
beware the beast man for he is the devil's pawn. Alone among God's primates, he kills for sport or lust or greed. Yea, he will murder his brother to possess his brother's land. Let him not breed in great numbers, for he will make a desert of his home and yours. Shun him; drive him back into his jungle lair, for he is the harbinger of death.
MDC familia.
^a true artist puts their heart and soul into their art and there is your heart^
Last edited by Captain Hook; 04-01-2010 at 07:41 PM.
Do you not own black markers?
Monsters Doing Coke
Big B.A.D Rots


text:
Posted by Holly
Dear Ryan,
Thank you! Thank you! Thank you! I love the tabletop. It is beautiful! I was about to give up on finding something to replace a glass tabletop that shattered on our deck last year (into a million pieces). Because the diameter was 47", instead of 48", I could not find a replacement anywhere. I didn't want to order another glass top because it would probably just break again, and the owner of a shop in town blew me off regarding the possibility of making a top out of Corian. (In hindsight, I am glad he did because I like yours much better.)Anyway, thanks to you, we will be able to enjoy our deck again! Yahoo!


text:
Something for Everyone, Super yachts: Interest has already been received from a diverse range of boats and crews: In the super yacht class - the 38m Philippe Briand designed, P2, skippered by Jonathan Kline and Peter Harrison's Farr 115, Sojana. Peter has been an admirer of the race since its conception and he competed for the first time this year finishing second in IRC Zero and third Overall.
Also planning to compete is the brand new 66.7m (219ft) ketch, Hetairos, built by Baltic Yachts. This incredibly luxurious, fast yacht designed purely for pleasure, will also compete in regattas where competition is fierce. She is currently undergoing sea trials and if all goes well she will be there.
In the Spirit of Tradition class, the 180ft (55m) classic twin-masted schooner Adela will line up against the 155ft Windrose of Amsterdam whose classic hull and modern schooner rig was conceived to win races of this type.
Other interesting entries include: Brad Van Liew's Le Pingouin, winner of the 2010/11 Velux 5 Oceans. Charleston-based Brad sailed the Open 60 to victory in the race around the world, winning every ocean sprint of the 30,000 mile race and becoming the first American to ever officially complete three solo races around the globe.
Also intending to compete: Idea, the Reichel Pugh-designed 78ft maxi, Peter Aschenbrenner's 63ft trimaran Paradox, Amanda Hartley's Swan 56 Clem, Christian and Lucy Reynolds Swan 51, Northern Child and the Swan 48, Scarlet Oyster. Ondeck will enter Farr 65s and a Beneteau 40.7, First 40 and Santa Cruz 37 for charter. The Grand Soleil 46, Belladonna Logic has been entered by Sailing Logic, winners of the RORC 'Sailing School Boat of the Year' for the past six years.
Once again, the RORC Caribbean 600 has seen increased enquiries for the charter of yachts from individuals who wish to enjoy winter sunshine racing in the Caribbean and from companies who are selling places on their yachts. For more information about boats available for charter, check out the race website.
Entry opened on Monday October 3rd - Click here to enter.


text:
FRA-ALSACE-L ArchivesArchiver > FRA-ALSACE > 2006-05 > 1148826293
From: Etienne Herrbach <>
Subject: Re: Simultaneum
Date: Sun, 28 May 2006 16:24:53 +0200
In-Reply-To: <email@example.com>
Hello Tim and Listers,
having checked in literature, I confirm that the simultaneum existed in some
places in Germany and Switzerland, but never as systematized as in Alsace
after 1648 (integration into France - where Catholicism was state religion).
It existed in rare places which belonged to two lords, a Catholic and a
Protestant. This also was the case in Alsace before it became French, e.g.
in Neuwiller-les-Saverne since 1563. By googling "simultaneum", several
examples out of Alsace are found.
However, - and that's why the Alsatian situation is very typical - the
French authorities generalized the simultaneum and used it as an attempt to
marginalize the Protestants and make them come back to the Catholic church.
Another interesting fact: when the simultaneum was generalized in Alsace,
only Catholics benefited from the situation, as they obtained the permission
to celebrate in the choir of Protestant churches. As a consequence, the
Protestant community remained in charge of the church, despite the
Yet another question: what about Lorraine? Here it should be recalled that
the Protestant Reform was not introduced durably in this region, at least in
the Duchy of Lorraine.
A nice Sunday to all,
> From:
> Date: mercredi 24 mai 2006 15:09
> As I mentioned to Etienne this also occurred in
> Hilsbach,Baden. It seems as though,as Hilsbach is
> close to Alsace, it may have been a regional custom as the towns were so
> small(1000-2000) people.
> Tim
This thread:
|Re: Simultaneum by Etienne Herrbach <>