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Jenny McCarthy Is in 'Shape'—and How!
Yowza! Jenny McCarthy graces the cover of the May 2009 Shape magazine, and if nothing else her bikini body gives the world one more reason to resent her boyfriend, Jim Carrey.
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I recently was asking some other taxidermist on how to get more strectch out of my capes and it was recommended to me to neutralize the capes longer than 15 minutes. Well I took his advice and let the cape sit in the baking soda neutralizing bath for 1 hour. Afterwards, I continued with tanning the cape with liqua-tan. To make a long story short, yeah I got plenty of stretch but when mounting the critter I literally had globs of hair wanting to slip out. Needless to say, I nearly had a heart attack. I try to put my heart into every mount and want them to be the best that I can do. I somehow got the deer mounted without losing too much hair on the parts that will be showing. Question is, with the hide in that condition, could it have been from the neutralizing process and will the hair set tight once it has dried. I have not touch him since I got em together. Also will liqua-tan do the same job on this cape as on a cape with lower ph levels.
Thanks for any advice.
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Just nutralize for around 20 minutes if you need more streach then put it in a plastic bag place in the fridge and let it sweat over night.This should give you some more streach.
just remember to follow directions on the tanning products you use, most of them never recommend neutralizing over 30 minutes, Rob told you right, if need more stretch let the cape sweat.
You didnt mention shaving the cape this is important to getting the full stretch. I'm not sure but I believe once the mount drys the hair should lock in and be okay. When sweting a cape this is done after the cape has been tanned then allowed to dry. When you rehydrate in a salt water solution for about 20 minutes then put the cape in a plastic bag and place in the fridge overnight.
If you have tanning questions try emailing Bruce Rittle he is very good about answering ? and I think he even has some free litarature he will send you.
Hope this helps some
P.S. Try looking in the archives I believe this has been addressed before


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Following parts are required for making this automatic water level controller circuit.
Please Share this Post:
What happened, u shifted from Hubpages to homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.com?? Since I didn't find the project: "Wireless Remote Control Switch" discussed over there, I thought probably here I can place my query on that project....can you please let me know if I have to use a 22SWG magnet wire strictly for the "COIL" or if I can also use a 22SWG Hookup wire for the same purpose which will give me the same result? I think the hook up wire should not give me any different result as long as the coil specs for the Colpitts Oscillator are maintained. Isn't it?
Anyways, I built the circuit on my breadboard first and used 4 Turns 7 mm dia 22SWG wire with about 2" hookup wire as antenna. I used my cellphone first as the receiver. Result: I can hear the melody from the UM66 only when the antenna is within 1" of the cellphone. Further the sound is too weak while Freq: 99.2 Mhz. When I used it with about 3ft long wire as antenna, with L1: 4 turns, 9mm dia and 22 SWG, I could listen to the melody on my Philips FWD17 when the antenna is near about 2" of the receiver. But, this time the weak melody is heard along with the program from nearby stations and it works between 100.4 to 107.2 Mhz. However, in your comments, you mentioned that with the suggested components, I should be able to get clear and loud music. Any suggestions?
Hi Raj,
Bright Hub is closed, so I am no longer writing for it. I have started my own Blog here, so you can freely comment here, as much as you like.
Coming back to our circuit, the transmitted signals should be received by any FM radio even from a distance of more than 30 meters, loud and clear.
If this is not happening then probably your transmitter is not tuned properly or has some other problem.
A 22 swg hook up wire will do, or you can also layout the coil directly on the PCB by making a soldered "square" shaped spiral, using diode leads.
However for your present inductor, you can try manipulating the distance between the turns by pulling them slightly apart, or squeezing them together a bit, for optimizing perfect tuning, do this by keeping your FM radio switched ON (on some blank channel). Alternatively, you can try making the coil diameter little smaller and see the results.
Do you have a cordless FM microphone. You can easily use it as the remote control transmitter, however the controlling through it will be possible by speaking on the mic, your voice will act as the modulated signal.
Just try the above modifications, feel free to tell if you need any further help.
Thanks for your response.
I tried my best with the coil modifications yesterday, but it did not yield any better results :( Do you think, it is caused due to mounting of the components on the breadboard (causing additional impedence)? Have you chosen the values of the tank circuit (L1 and C3) correctly? Another question: do you imply the inner diameter of the coil as 7mm?
A cordless microphone can be substituted here but I want to make the transmitter myself because it gives a different level of satisfaction to construct something on your own. Isn't it?
Please get back to me with your views on this.
Hi Raj,
All the values (inductor and the associated caps) interact with each other and it can be difficult for a newcomer to optimize them perfectly unless it is done by looking at some working sample.
I have made the transmitter circuit at least 10 times so far in my life, and each time I have used a little different configuration.
Since I'm quite used to with the procedures, I always manage to make it work through some minute changes.
As far as I know, all the parts in the given diagram are OK and suited for generating RF signals within the FM receivers range.
I'll be posting one related circuit today itself and if possible I will also publish a scanned image of a working circuit there.
I'll inform you once it gets published, or may be I'll direct you to some other link where a working model is described through pictures.
Until then you can try troubleshooting the existing circuit.
Does it have anything to do with the length of the component legs - which I have not shortened but have placed directly on my "breadboard" instead of soldering them on a PCB? Regards.ReplyDelete
Hi Raj,
You can see the image here:
Just compare the coil dimensions with the ceramic disc caps over the PCB, you will get an idea regarding its actual diameter and the gauge.
Hello Swagatam,
Thanks for the link.
The image is little blurry however, it shows the presence of a Diode and absence of the electrolytic condencer 10Mf/10V.
However, if I compare it with my present circuit parts list, you had suggested there to use 100nF (I used 104 disc) where as with the "Electronic Spy Bug Circuit", you have listed 10Mf/10V as C5. This is little confusing. Please explain. Can you provide a clear image of the circuit? Regards.
Hi Raj,
The prototype is of the RF stage only, which I had used for some other purpose, therefore the 10uF cap was not required.
The 10uF cap is used just to pass the audio from the mic and is not critical, however any value from 1 to 100uF is preferable.
Yes the lead length will affect the transmitter performance and should be kept withing 6mm, especially with the caps around the inductor.
I took the image using a scanner, that is why only the coil could come clearer, because it was nearer to the scanner glass or screen.
You may check this link, see fig.1 (only the left hand section to R4/C5 is important)
We can use this circuit for over head tank water filling workDelete
Hi Swagatam
The circuit here is good for UGT. Now in case of OHT, the pump, which is fitted on UGT, shud start when water level in OHT starts falling and goes below point B. The pump shud stop when water reaches point A. So pl give a circuit which works like this i.e pump starts at B and stops at A when tank gets filled up. Thanks.
Hi Sunjay,
I understood your need, you can use the above circuit for it, just connect the phase to the N/C contact of the relay. That's it, the circuit will now serve in the reverse order, as per your need.
thanks swagatam...let me work on it...pl give pin nos. for the ic..4093ReplyDelete
Hi Sunjay,
You can easily get it online, just type IC 4093 datasheet and click on image at the left, you will find plenty of pin out images of the IC.
I tried to search it but found it too complicated. If you could put the pin nos in the circuit diagram it will make it easier for me to make it. Sorry for all this trouble. ThanksReplyDelete
Hi Sunjay,
I've put the pin numbers of the IC in the diagram.
thank you so much. will revert with results after i assemble it. !!ReplyDelete
Hai sir,
This question i refer to the circuit design of "how to build an electronic water level controller". the preview one cause i didn't found this project in this blog. i have some more question to know. why are you used the 10K resistor at the sensor B and connect in series to power 12V. Why you not used the same value of resistor of 100K. Then, why you choose capacitor 104 to stray pick up. how about the another value? plz..
Hi Eila,
Welcome to my blog!
You can use any resistor between 1K and 100K here, it's only introduced for safety, in case point B get's shorted with any other point of the circuit.
However since this resistance will come in series with the water resistance, the total value must not go beyond say 500K or 1M, or in other words the total resistance of water and the other series resistances should be much lower than the resistance value connected across NAND inputs and ground. This ensures greater sensitivity and failproof operation of the circuit.
I hope you understood:-)
oh. thank you sir.. how about the capacitor. can i put difference capacitor value than the 104. thanks cause you help me a lot to understand the operation of the circuit design.ReplyDelete
Hi Eila,
Yes, you can put any value capacitor, but not below 0.1uF as it will make the filtration weak.
Please explain why your "BrightHub" circuit has capacitors & this circuit above does not.
Are they not needed anymore?
BrightHub circuit refers to 104 capacitor - is that 104uF?
Many thanks,
For better response you may include the capacitors, but is not absolutely necessary.
104 = 0.1uF
Thank you for your very prompt response !
Regards, Ebb
i am using groundwater and you know it will coated the sensor with rust particle,does sensors work at that condition?? rust mean brown particles over sensor due to ground water..ReplyDelete
Use brass screws for the terminals and if possible tin coat the head with solder.
This will prevent any deposits over them.
I tried your circuit but i can't understand. So Plz help how much volt output will pin 11 generate on execution ? Because I tested a lot more and my bc548 fried I guess even with the 1k. I might be wrong.
Also how can I make this to switch AC bell continuous rather than the pump during empty and during overflow ?
Also how much voltage is minimum required to run this circuit Also can this circuit run on AC power ?
Also will this work with AC current ?
Sorry for so many question.
Pin 11 will produce voltage equal to the supply voltage.
With a 1K base resistor the transistor can never fry, if the supply voltage is within 12 volts DC.
For sounding an AC bell , just replace the pump connections with the ac bell wires.
12 V is the correct voltage for operating this circuit, the relay should also be 12 volt rated with coil resistance of 400 ohms.
If the coil resistance is less then use 2N2222 in place of bc548
How to use this circuit in overhead tank (house hold) ?
I just want this thing as per the above points a b c
1) if water reaches A bell must sound and must be stopped if reset is pressed
2) if water goes below B than bell must sound and must be stopped if.reset is pressed
3) The sound for point a and b must be different.
4) there must be a point in middle which will only glow led no sound
5) there must be a LEDs for a and b too
6) the circuit must operate in dc and AC mode with external or internal adaptor or circuit or transformer
Sorry for so many points but I didn't know how to state this in technical language
OK, I'll try to design the circuit, I'll inform you once it's posted.
Thank you
I know I m asking much but curiosity leads to invention.
Thank you again
Hi Billubhai,
I will design a completely new circuit as requested by you, however since I would like to make it into a new article, I will need some content.
So please provide me with at least a 200 word article about the above circuit, For example you may include:
How the circuit should work,
why you need this circuit,
where you will use it,
how it will help you,
about your own interest in electronics,
about your knowledge about the subject
I cannot continue this blog without the readers help...just a little help as explained above.
Send it to firstname.lastname@example.com, I'll design the circuit and publish it here along with your name and the above data included in it.
Thanks and Regards
Okay I m working on itReplyDelete
Just emailed you
Knindly modify as per need.
Also want to make a correction about indicator led status led
Very high
Ok (high)
Motor on/off status led
On AC power
On battery Power
System armed status
Total 9 status led
Motor on/off
Got it, Thanks!
I'll publish the article along with the circuit diagram on 16th of Feb.
I'll inform you the moment it gets posted.
Can you help me make a water level controller(indicator) with following features only,
1. When tank is empty, a motor starts and there is a buzzer sound, and a red LED glows.
2. When full, Motor stops, red LED stops glowing,buzzer sound, green LED glows.
3. Using gates
I have posted many water level controller circuits, you can search them through the search box. I am sure your requirement has also been covered somewhere in this blogDelete
I design the water circuit controller, i want a circuit that can transmit signal to a gsm network as per the water control status
I'll try to find one, and inform you if i get it.Delete
this is the circuit am telling you about. file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/James/Desktop/WATER%20LEVEL/water%20level/water%20lev_files/how-to-make-simple-water-level.htm. thanksReplyDelete
this is the circuit that am telling about that got blown after 3weeks. am suspecting the power supply, is 500ma transformer ok? can i use a relay alone to switch a 1.5hp pump? am waiting for your reply. thanks so much. this is the link to the circuit. file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/James/Desktop/WATER%20LEVEL/water%20level/water%20lev_files/how-to-make-simple-water-level.htmReplyDelete
500 ma is OK, but voltage should be 12V.
you cannot use a simple relay, you will have to use a 30 ampere contact relay, to operate this the transistor should be a BD139 or TIP122.
Sir so if i use 30amps relay do i still need a contactor? do i need a 12 volts regulator or do i power the circuit directly from the rectifier circuit. or is they any circuit you can refer me to for more efficiency, and can i use 1amp instead of the 500ma. thanks for your quick response.
contactor is better, don't use 30 amp relay....operate the relay through an ordinary relay.
use a 7812 IC for regulating he circuit, that will be better.
500mA or 1 amp, it won't make any difference as long as the relay is getting activated normally, and the voltage is is not exceeding 12V.
i thought it was the transformer that got blown. the transformer is still working fine, i used the 30amps relay to energise the 20amps contactor coil. so if the coil of the contactor of 20amps got blown. can the 30amps relay carry the 1.5hp pump. so what do i do Sir? this is the link of the circuit WATER%20LEVEL/water%20level/water%20lev_files/how-to-make-simple-water-level.htmDelete
you can try connecting the motor to the 30 amp relay contacts directly, if the rating is 30 amp genuinely then there shouldn't be any problem, it should handle the load.Delete
Hi Swagatam, you are doing wonderful job. I'm using water level indicators that I want to tie it to your "How to Make a Simple, Automatic Water Level Controller and Indicator circuit", how can I email you my plan? My email is canadaramatgmaildotcom
Hi Ram,
Thanks very much! You can explain me the plans here, I'll suggest you the solutions appropriately.
Thanks Mr. Swagatam, Yes, I've water reservoir that is pumped from wale and wale pump is manually turned on as we need it. The wale pump is submersed and uses 220v power. So what I want to do is that I got this plan from web to show me my water level and want to know how to tie it to your "Simple Water Level Controller Circuit with Over Voltage and Under Voltage Cut OFF" Or any pump control you may suggest. How can I send the drawing for water level? ThanksDelete
Hi Ram,
You can upload your image to www.imageshack.us and provide the upload link to me, I'll check it and try to give a proper suggestion.
Thank you again. here is the link http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/35/waterlevel1.jpg/
My ultimate goal is to help poor farmers and families around the world. You're already helping so much with your work and long leave!
You can connect a relay driver stage to the buzzer link which is coming out from the top transistors emitter. this link can be connected to the base of the transistor of the relay driver which is shown in the following article. Subsequently the relay contacts may be appropriately wired with the pump motor for getting the required actions.
Thank you Mr. Swagatam, the paln that I sent you do you think it's the best? What about the the idea from BilluBhai? Also a note: In nothe America 220V is 3 wires (110v, 110v and negative) How can I wire it? How abou 5v supply (battery or)? Can you pls exp when pump will be on and off? Sorry for many question. ThanksReplyDelete
Your application and my suggestions are perfect, and useful, the circuits provided in the other article are overly done....not needed actually.
You can use the circuit even at 120V.
you can check out the following circuit for understanding the relay connections, however for your case the motor wire would go to the N/C of the relay, which would stop the pump when water level reaches the top of the tank.
Thank you once again! I'll work on it next week and I'll update you on the progress.
I've left Avionics 20 years ago and now I'm just refreshing myself. Currently I'm an IT consultant (Fiber Optics, LAN…)
(This is personal question and you can delete it before you post it. Are you very well off on funding your time? I want to build these units for nonprofit organizations for Africa and North America for both drinking water and sewage tanks. So my question is that I've $100.00 Canadian that I can send you to help even though very small amount but I'm cutting it from my food, can I send it to just to help?)
I read all your works and you are doing fantastic work. Thanks a lot.
Thank you Ram,
I definitely wouldn't mind that, we can help each other, and go ahead with the plans.
O' sorry, I'm a bit lost about relay, I'm just learning so how can I make the relay itself? Thanks!ReplyDelete
Please ignore last message, I just got 1 from my old car 30/40A. Which one can I use 30/40A, 30A or 40A ? Thanks again.ReplyDelete
You will have determine the coil, the pole, the N/C (normally closed, and the N/O (normally open) contacts of the relay, then it would become easier for you to wire them up.Delete
This is a great place and you specially.
Here is the plan:
I want to use your IC4049 setup but want it to do the following: Please help me design it. Thanks
A=Full, B=3/4, C=1/2, D=1/4 and E=Empty
Then each sensor to have LED indications
Power on indicator LED
Pump on LED
D=will have buzzer
B= will start the pump
A=will shut of the pump
Override switch to turn the pump ON/OFF in case of circuit malfunctions
Since some of the well are slow recovery, that means no enough water to pump and it should have timer limit to shut off the pump at set time or default countdown clock. (The pump will shut off after so many hour(s) using same circuit)
Another note: In some parts of world they don't use pump, so only visuals and buzzers needed.
Some of my friends want to fund it to be manufacturing it via you or china so please your work and your help very much appreciated. Our budget is as free as possible since it's for non profit. You may edit the post as you wish. Thank you again.
Helo Ram,
The problem is that i won't be able to post your request as a new article because already I have posted many similar articles, it would be a repetition.
And drawing a diagram for the explanations would be difficult due to lack of time.
I would suggest you build the 4049 set up which has been provided in the relevant article....after you build that, I'll explain you the steps and ways to modify it further as per your needs.
What do you think?
I am not expecting any compensation for this:)
Thank you so much! Mr. Swagatama, I agree I'll work on it but can you please draw the circuit as per my request and email me so we can finish this project?. Thank you for your kind work!ReplyDelete
Hi, Mr. Swagatam, project will be delayed for 10 days or so because no body in town has IC4049 & BC547. I'm just ordering it now online. Thank you and I'll post you with the update. Thank you!ReplyDelete
OK, that's greatDelete
Hi, Mr. Swagatam, Finally got my parts; I've built http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/01/circuit-provided-in-this-article.html
circuit with T1 and without relay. Do I get any LED to come on? Does it works without relay being connected? Please advice how to test this part of work. Thank you!
Mr. Swagatam, please ignore my last comment.
I got the circuit to work now can you please help me as per my request. Thank you very much.
The circuit will work even if the relay/transistor stage is removed.
Simply connect this gate (N1) just like the other gates are connected, and put point F below terminal E which becomes the lowermost level indicator now.
Thanks Mr. Swagatam, this stage is done. What is next? May be you can refer to some of my request on February 24, 2013 at 10:06 PM. Thank you in advance for your kind work.ReplyDelete
Thanks Ram,
If you have made the circuit, you may power it and check the LED responses. you may connect a buzzer at the output of gate with sensor D.
I have answered your previous email, if it would be a new concept then surely I would have added it as a new post, but already there are plenty of water level controller circuits in this blog, it wouldn't be good to repeat the subject once again.
I am sorry about that.
Thank you Mr. Swagatam, yes I tested the circuit in breadboard and works great. I agree with and I don't want new post but help me to modify it as per my plan. I got power LED and buzzer being added. Now I need add to time limit for pump to run regardless of sensor, this is very important in my case that some wells don't produce enough water and need recovery time. Maximum pump run should be 1.5hr. O' what relay is good to you? my pump is 220v 7A, can I use car relay? Thank you very much. I don't know how you keep everyone so happy, what you do is not easy (I mean running this blog) replying to every comment in every subject. God bless you!ReplyDelete
Hello Ram,
A car relay would do, refer to the following circuit which shows a timer circuit application for water pumps:
Thank you Mr. Swagatam, I'll start to build it but I'm missing some parts and we don't have it locally so I need to order them. Can you please help with my custom list so I can order all my parts and I don't want this project to take months? I need to run the pump at least 1.5 hour be for off so what is the C1 value? ( C1=0.22 & R=4.7M calculation said 1.4 hour)
Also what about C1 voltage, can it be 50V or must be 25v?
I don't want ask you for every section so please help me order all the parts I need at once to put my project complete. Thank you so much.
Also what about C1 voltage, can it be 50V or must be 25v?
I don't want ask you for every section so please help me order all the parts I need at once to put my project complate. Thank you so much.
I have updated the parts list, please check it out. I have made C1 = 1uF for increasing the time range of the circuit.
You will have to adjust P1 by trial and error for getting the required delay.
Thanks Mr Swagatam, I'll build it and play P1. But, where do I link the two circuits? What about the switch? I only want the switches for over ride only. Thank you again.ReplyDelete
Hi Ram,
I am getting little confused, please specify the requirements one by one.
The discussed timer circuit will allow you to keep the motor ON for the time determined by the setting of P1 after that it will shut off.....what would you like to associate with this timer circuit?
an override switch can be added in series with one of the motor wires. This switch will be always ON, but can be switched OFF in case the circuit fails accidentally.
Thank you Mr Swagatam for getting back to me so quick. Sorry to confuse you but in the past February 25, 2013 at 4:06 PM you told me to build 4049 and I did but now want to integrate with timer circuit. Thanks againReplyDelete
the integration will depend on how you want the sequence or the operations to take place, or how the two circuits interact with each other..Delete
Sorry, also can I use1N4148 in place of 1N4007 ? ThanksReplyDelete
Sorry again, can I use 2N2222A in replace of 2N2222 ? ThanksReplyDelete
Thank you Mr. Swagatam, when water goes below sensor B pump should start and run for maximum of 1.5hour and goes off or when water reaches sensor A. And remains off for at least 3hours and start pump if water is below sensor A. This cycle will continue until full or over-ride the pump. ThanksReplyDelete
this will be little complicated....I'll have to draw it, I'll do it soon.. as soon as I finish my previous pending assignments...Delete
That's great news; I'm so excited to complete it. Thanks again!ReplyDelete
Wow, I just came across this article that's very interesting. I thought it may help. Thanks! http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/10/making-multi-function-water-level.html#uds-search-resultsReplyDelete
Hi Mr. Swagatam, any progress? Sorry to ask again. Thanks!ReplyDelete
Hi Ram,
Presently I am concentrating on new posts so I am afraid I won't be able to help you right now....keep experimenting with different circuits in this blog I am hopeful you might be able to do it all by yourself.....
Hi Mr. Swagatam,I understand that you are very busy helping everyone and God bless you. OK I'll implement this circuit http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/10/making-multi-function-water-level.html but can you please help me adding a second IC 4060? Thank you very much!ReplyDelete
Hi Ram,
Thanks for cooperating, you can carry on with the work, if you find yourself stuck in the middle, I am always there to help you out, so you don't have to worry....
Thank you Mr. Swagatam, I'm very grateful to you too. I'll attempt to do it with your support. Talk to you soon.ReplyDelete
You are welcome Ram!Delete
Manny thanks to your post.very helpfull to me.im in electrical works and electronics hobbyist ' assembling water pump controller,ats,and other motor control circuit.i build your design and its work great'i save 8x lower to the price of (anly floatless sensor relay)which i always use every time i build a controller.
More power to you and god bless'
You are welcome Flhex, I appreciate your responseDelete
Can we use a IC4011 instead of IC4093 ?ReplyDelete
yes, can be used.Delete
hi, swagatam
i have made your project but i have some trouble due to probe. i have used GI Iron Rod as probe it has electrolyzed after some time and i need to change it every time so could you give me the right things which can be better for probe. i am waiting for your suggestion plz.
Hi Vesh,
The probes should be in the form of small leads such as a screw or a nail etc, rod is too big to be a sensor.
You can try to get the sensor leads plated with chromium or tin...tinning could be a easier option, or simply look for tin plated metals and use them as the electrodes.
Can I use 15V power supply for a 12V spdt relay ?ReplyDelete
you can put two 1N4007 diodes in series with the relay coil for cutting down 1.2 volts, this will keep the relay from getting unnecessarily warm.Delete
What does diode D2 do exactly in circuit ?!
protects T1 from relay coil back emfDelete
i m nt understanding latching process. how pump runs continuous, when the A is not in contactReplyDelete
positive feedback from R1 latches N3 inputDelete
thats i want... but when i run this circuit at multisim it doesnt work... plz check this... i m waitingReplyDelete
Good day,
I am interested in circuit design and simulation as well but I don have equipment to take my desire to another level. Could someone help me with the design software preferably multisim because I have once used it so its easy for me.
My email is email@example.com if willing to use it.
Hello Swag,
You're doing wonders on this blog. I believe my carrier will be enhanced here especially if I manage to get a design software.
Cheap Semi Automatic, Tank Water Over Flow Controller CircuitReplyDelete
स्वचालित जल स्तर नियंत्रक सर्किट एक सरल इंजीनियरिंग परियोजना है. यह स्वतः ही टैंक पानी के स्तर के आधार पर और घरेलू पानी पंप सेट बंद कर सकता है. आप कम महंगा घटकों का उपयोग कर अपने घर या कॉलेज में इस मोटर चालक सर्किट लागू कर सकते हैं. परियोजना की अनुमानित की लागत के बारे में $ 5 केवल है. इस जल स्तर नियंत्रक सर्किट का मुख्य लाभ यह स्वचालित रूप से किसी भी उपयोगकर्ता संपर्क के बिना पानी पंप है कि नियंत्रण है.
इस पंप नियंत्रक सर्किट का दिल एक पूर्वोत्तर आईसी 555 है; यहाँ हम 555 मज़दूर आईसी अंदर फ्लिप फ्लॉप चालाकी है. हमारी परियोजना दो जल स्तर सेंसर, तल पर शीर्ष पर तय की एक और अन्य के होते हैं. इस सर्किट का कार्य करना एक द्वि स्थिर mutlivibrator लगभग समान है. इस सर्किट का अनुकरण भी कम दिया जाता है. निश्चित रूप से यह आप अपने शैक्षिक परियोजना करने में मदद मिलेगी.
आवश्यक घटक
पूर्वोत्तर 555 मज़दूर आईसी
प्रतिरोधों (100Ωx2, 10kΩ)
स्वत: पानी की टंकी स्तर नियंत्रक का कार्य
दूसरे पिन (ट्रिगर पिन) में वोल्टेज Vcc कम से कम 1/3 है जब इसके उत्पादन उच्च जाता है यानी हम, 555 टाइमर आईसी की संपत्ति पता है.
इस परियोजना में 3 तारों पानी की टंकी में डूबा रहे हैं. हमें दो जल स्तर नीचे (कम) स्तर और प्रमुख (उत्तर प्रदेश) के स्तर को परिभाषित करते हैं. तार या जांच की एक Vcc से है.
नीचे स्तर से जांच आईसी 555 का ट्रिगर (2) पिन से जुड़ा है. यह पानी से कवर किया जाता है तो जब 2 पिन पर वोल्टेज Vcc है.
जल स्तर नीचे चला जाता है, 2 पिन ट्रिगर पिन पर पानी यानी वोल्टेज से (अछूता) काट दिया जाता Vcc से भी कम हो जाता है. तो फिर 555 का उत्पादन अधिक हो जाता है.
555 का उत्पादन एक BC548 ट्रांजिस्टर को खिलाया जाता है, यह रिले का तार energizes और पानी पंप सेट चालू है.
पानी का स्तर बढ़ जाता है, वहीं शीर्ष स्तर की जांच के पानी से कवर किया और ट्रांजिस्टर पर हो जाता है. इसकी कलेक्टर वोल्टेज Vce को जाता है (सैट) = 0.2.
इस परियोजना के साधारण प्रदर्शन के लिए यदि आप के बजाय रिले के 555 के उत्पादन में सीधे एक डीसी मोटर का उपयोग कर सकते हैं.
व्यावहारिक कार्यान्वयन के लिए, आप एक रिले का उपयोग करना चाहिए. रिले की रेटिंग लोड (मोटर) के हिसाब से चुना जाता है. 32 एम्पीयर रिले सबसे अच्छा घरेलू अनुप्रयोगों के लिए अनुकूल है.
यह भी पढ़ें: रिले कनेक्ट करने के लिए कैसे: रिले एनीमेशन के साथ काम करना
नीचे स्तर और शीर्ष स्तर स्विच पर माउस क्लिक आप पानी नीचे स्तर पर है जब मोटर काम शुरू होता है और पानी शीर्ष स्तर की मोटर पर पहुंचता है जब कामकाज बंद हो जाता है देख सकते हैं कि एनीमेशन से, पानी का स्तर दिखा.
यह भी पढ़ें:
संख्यात्मक जल स्तर सूचक
पानी की टंकी ओवरफ्लो तरल स्तर सेंसर अलार्म सर्किट
अब, यहाँ अपने जल स्तर नियंत्रक परियोजना है. इस परियोजना आप के लिए उपयोगी था? अपने विचारों को साझा करने और परियोजना के बारे में कोई संदेह स्पष्ट करने के लिए नीचे दिए गए टिप्पणी बॉक्स का उपयोग करने के लिए मत भूलना
sir, i have sent u a circuit regarding the current topic ( hitman2008..... )
you are requested to check it
Arun, I have seen it, but could not study it fully due to lack of time.
As for the single terminal sensor, it is not possible according to me.
you can try float switch mechanism for a corrosion free operation.
sir why we use 4 nand gates in this circuit, i mean why we would not use two nand gates, and how diode become forward biased.
sir please explain me about diode working.
i shall be very thankful to u.
Faisal, I have explained the circuit functioning in the article above, for learning how the NAND and the diode work you may have to learn their basic tutorials firstDelete
Sir you are requested to just go through the email, i have send to you.ReplyDelete
If I want to connect this circuit for the water tank that works with 220v what changes should I make? practically must control a pump that operates at 220v.
Advance many thanks.
hello, the above circuit is meant for 220V operation, see the relay connections it's configured with mains voltage.
the circuit will need to be powered from a 12V adapter.
Please let me know which tool/software do you use to design PCB layout and how do you make PCBs ?
Hi, I normally use CorelDraw for drawing the schematics and the PCB layoutsDelete
I can use this circuit to fill water in over head tankReplyDelete
yes you can use it....Delete
Sir I want to connect it with the water tank having 440 v supply .what modifications should I make.....what relay contacted should I use...ReplyDelete
Naveen, you might need a 12V/440V/25amp relay for this....talk with your parts dealer for more info regarding the exact specs.Delete
Sir do contactor is better or relay is better to operate 3 phase current....ReplyDelete
Naveen, a contactors is also a form of relay, but these are much heavier in terms of current capacity than the conventional relays, and therefore better suited to handle high current loadsDelete
can you give me a blue print of mr ajay dussa pcb layout ??ReplyDelete
Hi Swagat,
It is really good to get all these information. I have same requirement of water indicator which I am going to make now.
I have one query regarding the wireless receiver, that my building is quite high and the receiver will be around 500 meters + distance from the OHT.
Can you please able to provide me the desing of the receiver to cover that big distance.
Thank you! I have explained a similar concept in this website for enabling remote water level control operations within 100meter range, which can be found here:
for higher ranges you would probably require an RF module capable of providing that much range, I think there are such modules with identical external configuration but with greater range, you can Google it online.
very helpfull post!
Can you help me telling me how to deal with the circuit running reversing the relay?
I need it to run at the NC position because I have a Preassure sensor to activate the pump and I want to disable the system when no water is at the bottom level sensor opening it. When the both sensors are powered then the relay become open instead of closed. Thanks!!!!
Hi, thanks, if you want to reverse the relay and the motor operations, you just need to apply the indicated N/O phase supply to the N/C contact of the relayDelete
Thanks foir your reply!
I did that, but I guess I need to explain myself better.
The system needs to operate the opposite way you planned, I need to power the relay coil when NO water is in the tank but turn it off when water reaches the top sensor so the pump get in phase. Then gates get latched (relay power is still off) until water reaches the bottom sensor where reley coil is powered and pump circuit opens. I just not want to get the relay powered all the time because almost 99,9% of the time the UGT tank would be filled. I think that its better to activate to shut the system of in case of no water is present.
Thanks again!!!!
If you don't' the relay to be powerd all the time then you can try replacing the BC547 with a BC557 and connect the relay/diode assembly across its collector and negative supply...the emitter will go to the positive supply....rest everything can remain exactly as given in the diagramDelete
Sir can i use ic 4017 here? Another thing i did not understand why u have not used 1n4007 as a free wheel diode?ReplyDelete
you can use IC 4017 or any other suitable configuration for implementing the idea....you can use 1N4007 diode for the relay coil if the relay coil resistance is much lower or if the relay is rated to handle more than 20 amps
Is it necessary to change resistance or transistor value if i use ic4017? Another thing u have not provided pcb layout, is there any software to make layout?ReplyDelete
the resistance wattage can be 1/4 watt but the configuration will change entirely.
for the PCB you can contact any qualified PCB designer, he will do it for you.
Sir, can i use 2m ohm resistor instead of 2M2 or any other suitable number. kindly helpReplyDelete
Gowhar, the value is not critical it just has to be much higher than the resistance of water
2M will do
Dear Mr. Swatagam. Many thanks for your well designed circuits. I wish to pump water in a similar fashion from a tank collecting rain water. Will the high resistivity of the water be too high for this circuit to work and if so is there a way of amplifying the signal to make it work? Our rain water has a conductivity of 5 to 6 microsiemens/ cm compared with our municipal supply at 200-300 microsiemens per cm. I have to pump the rain water from a 750 litre collection tank near the house to a position above and behind the house to fill two 5000 litre tanks. Thanking you, Mike Ellis. Durban. South Africa.ReplyDelete
Thanks Mike, Rain water will also have some impurity in it since it has to go through many pollutants in the atmosphere, and this will be enough for conducting electricity to some extent. But if there's a lot of movement in the water then the sensitivity of the probes can get affected...to remedy this you can add a pipe enclosure around the probes, meaning use a long pipe inside the tank, and keep the probes inside this pipe such that the water column inside the pipe can be used for the conduction and detection.Delete
My water project is up and running thanks to your circuits. Sensing probes are always a problem and I used a simple method in the pharmaceutical industry since 1979. Simply use 2mm 316 stainless welding rod forced through a 1.5mm drilled hole in a good quality plastic fitting. It never rusts and is small enough not to be affected by too much water motion. In addition, your circuit can be driven by 3 or 4 volts, so , I used second hand 5 volt cell phone chargers to power them. These are obtainable locally for ZAR 10. These give plenty power to drive 6 volt relays and of course they have been designed almost bullet proof and are compact. I have the project on facebook (Mike Ellis Kloof) and made the project public, so you can see it if you want. But essentially I am collecting water off our roof and ditching the first 400 litres as a first flush. As soon as the tank is filled a 0.55Kw pump is switched on and that sensing circuit also powers another relay to switch on a second sensing circuit on the 2x5000 litre main tanks. When the main tanks are full their sensor redirects the water to the ground at the back of our property. The main tank feed is then used via a pressure controlled pump to feed the house. This pump is also protected by one of your circuits to switch off in the event the tanks get empty. Thank you once more for your circuit which I have acknowledged on Face Book. The circuit I used for 40 years at my work (NBI - www.nbi-sa.co.za ), used BC337 and BC327 transistors and three relays. It was also bullet proof, but the cost of the relays made it expedient to use your circuit. Once more thank you for your effort to make life easier for us. Kind regards, Mike.ReplyDelete
Thanks so much Mike, that's amazing, you have turned my designs into reality.
I appreciate your efforts a lot, in future if you have any queries regarding any new circuit-idea please feel free to drop a comment, I'll be always there to help you.
CANE I USE A RELAY JOX-15F(90)ReplyDelete
My apologies for not replying as i was not sure if the question was directed at me. A JQX - 15F (90) works well but I prefer the smaller footprint such as RT424006 but they are only rated at 8amps whereas the JQX is rated up to 40 amps depending on the one you get. Regards, Mike.
thanks Mike, you have been very helpful!!Delete
Dear Sir,
Thanks for sharing this valuable information, Hats-off to you.
As per this circuit it is working very well, but when it is connected to Half or One HP motor, when it goes beyond 'B' motor getting ON and when it touch 'A' motor is getting OFF, and then now it is in standby for 1 hour and 30 minis motor is in OFF condition only, but same all three points (A,B,C) are immersed, after 1 hour and 30 minis motor is switched ON automatically if it is even all three are immersed and it is not getting switched off till we OFF manually, can you please help how to rectifies this issue. I'm using every thing as you told.
Thanks & Best Regards
PG Ragavandir
Thank you Raghavan, I appreciate your enthusiasm,
check the circuit again by replacing the motor with a 100 watt bulb, if it works normally then the problem could be in the relay, or due to instability.
Make sure the relay contacts are rated to handle at least 30 amp current and for this the BC547 driver transistor will need to be upgraded to 2N2222, and also connect 0.22uF capacitors in parallel with R2, R3 and across base/emitter of T1.
also if the water is turbulent in the tank, then the sensors might fail to detect the connections across the terminals....to prevent this you can immerse the contacts within a plastic pipe so that the water column inside the pipe provides stable water levels for the sensing.
Dear sir,
Eagerly waiting for your reply.
Thanks & Best Regards
PG Ragavandir
Dear Ragavan, I have already replied, please see the previous commentDelete
Dear sir,
Thanks for the response & support, sir I tried what you told but same problem again, now I came to know that after the motor getting 'ON' automatically after 1 hour 30 min because of the BATTERY, If we change new battery to the circuit immediately, again the circuit is working normally.
Sir in this case whether I can use transformer? if so please tell me how to connect transformer and which one? If you say I will send photo sir. Eagerly waiting for your reply.
Thanks & Best Regards
PG Ragavandir
Dear Ragavan, battery is actually not recommended since it can discharge and cause instability, a transformer power supply is ideally recommended for this circuit.
alternatively you can buy a 12V/1amp AC/DC adapter from the market and simply connect its (+)(-) wires at the points where you had previously connected the battery supply, that's all you need to do for the wiring
Dear Sir,
I'm happy for your continuous support, will test and come up with a good result soon sir. thank you very much.
Thanks & Best Regards
PG Ragavandir
You are welcome Ragavan, wish you all the best!!Delete
Dear Sir,
Circuit is working nicely sir with a slight change, thanks for your support so kind of you.
Will be in touch with your permission sir.
Thanks & Best Regards
PG Ragavandir
That's great Ragavan, I am glad it's working for you! keep up the good work.Delete
Dear Sir,
Greeting for the day, sir I'm looking for a circuit which Pump Motor get 'ON' & 'OFF'by using Remote or by mobile message for around 10 Km surrounding, it will be used for Farmers for there land (which they can be bit tension free). if possible can you help me for supporting them please.
Thanks & Best Regards
PG Ragavandir
Dear Ragavan,
I'll try to upadte the article soon in my website.
Dear Sir,
Thank you very much sir, so kind of you. Looking forward for your update sir.
Best Regards
PG Ragavandir
You are most welcome!Delete
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text: Eastern and Western Christians celebrate Easter on different dates, and that means that our lenten schedules don't mesh either. Orthodox Christians are just now wading into the season, and today is the second of several pre-lenten commemorations, the Sunday of the Prodigal Son. The church points us to Jesus' parable to remind us that we are all on a journey back to the father. Here's the story retold in the 1977 feature, Jesus of Nazareth:That same year, 1977, Christian musician Keith … [Read more...]


text:
Perhaps you should have put this in "homework help." I wonder, did you even read "Civil Disobedience?" And do you have classroom definitions of ethos, pathos, and logos? Because they are all Latin (actually, I think latinized Greek to some extent), and have rather specific meanings. You should know them from there English root derivations: Ethics, pathetic or actually pathos itself in the theater; and logos, word or the word. Or The Word, as in the Bible, in the case of Thoreau, possibly. It's been a great many years since I read Civil Disobedience.
The ethics, of course, is the point to the whole essay: that civil disobedience is not only a right, but a duty, in opposing injustice. If people were to let "I could be arrested" interfere with them making their moral point, Thoreau might privately consider them cowards, however gentle he might be in public. He felt it was his duty to go to jail rather than submit to injustice. I feel he was right. But it may be a luxury only those who do not leave a starving family behind can afford. Woodstock made much of the "martyrdom" of Joan Baez's husband in prison, organizing hunger strikes and all the rest. But his wife made enough money that he could afford to take that kind of time away. He could sacrifice his own freedom because they would be fine without him for the time involved. Civil disobedience is a tough thing when the whole family is brought down in the fight.
Perhaps that gives you the pathos, eh?
And the whole thing is logos: the Word. The significance of the pen which is indeed mightier than the sword.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kanda-Surugadai (神田駿河台 Kanda-Surugadai) is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It was so named because after Tokugawa Ieyasu's death, Edo government let officials from Sunpu (now Shizuoka) live in the area. The postal code is 101-0062. Kanda-Surugadai is often called Surugadai (駿河台 Surugadai) or, colloquially, Sundai (駿台 Sundai).
The headquarters of the Japanese Trade Union Confederation (Rengo) is located in Kanda-Surugadai.[1]
Companies based in Surugadai[edit]
Nippon Paper Industries, the pulp and paper manufacturing company has its headquarters in the district.[2]
- ^ Rengo website Role and function Retrieved on July 7 2012
- ^ "Company Offices." Nippon Paper Industries. Retrieved on March 21, 2014.
Coordinates: 35°41′57″N 139°45′49″E / 35.69917°N 139.76361°E


text:
Answers: Safad or Zefat
(zef'"at) , town (1994 pop. 21,600), NE Israel. One of Israel's four holy cities, it have a thriving artists' colony and many museums and ancient synagogues. Ceramics, diamonds, and handicraft are produced in the town, which have a large Orthodox Jewish population. Founded c. 70, Zefat is referred to as Tzefiya within the Talmud. Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian and soldier, built fortifications that later formed the foundations of a 12th-century Crusader castle built by the Knights Templars; its ruins still stand. After the expulsion of the Jews from Spain surrounded by 1492, many well-read Jews moved to Zefat and made the town an important center of rabbinical and kabbalistic (see kabbalah) studies, which it remained through the 17th cent. Joseph Caro, the ultimate great codifier of rabbinic law, lived within Zefat from 1536 to 1575 and wrote the Shulhan Aruk there. In 1563 the first Hebrew printing press contained by the Holy Land was established within Zefat; its books were much contained by demand worldwide. Largely destroyed by an earthquake surrounded by 1769, Zefat was repopulated by Russian Hasidim surrounded by 1776. The Arabs forced most Jews to leave Zefat surrounded by 1929, but Jews returned after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The autograph also appears as Safad and Safed.
Means many things. It's an acronym for several organization and has specific goal in Jewish and Palestinian culture. You enjoy to be more specific.
This article contents is post by this website user, EduQnA.com doesn't promise its accuracy.
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text:
Roman Allegories
February 12 March 12, 2005
In Roman Allegories, Eleanor Antin's new series of large-scale, staged, and painterly photographs, a ragged band of traveling players journey through a ruined landscape. They are ancestors of the commedia dell'arte players who originated in the Graeco Roman world the beautiful Columbine, the Lover, the Trickster, an ex-gladiator Strong Man, the Poet, and a magical little girl through whose eyes we see them wander among ruined temples, discarded columns, the dismembered limbs of abandoned statues. The artists move with the innocence of dreamers, through bacchanals of nymphs and satyrs, Sybil's caves, decadent banquets, children's games, executions, theatrical performances, slowly picking their way over a beautiful, abandoned, broken landscape.
Antin, a pioneering conceptual and multidisciplinary artist, has been creating narrative images in photography, video and film, performance and installation for more than 35 years. From her classic photo piece, 100 Boots, through her archetypal personas the King, the Ballerina and the Nurse her narrative strategies were often comedic send-ups of Western cultural, political and sexual clichés but with dark undertones. However, in her work of the last five years, the darker tones begin to dominate in a secret world of myth and psychic anxiety that well up from the not-so-distant cradle of Western culture, projected through the screen of European painting from Poussin to the surrealists.
Antin's 2002 photographic exhibition at the Ronald Feldman Gallery, The Last Days of Pompeii, received the AICA (International Association of Art Critics) First Place Award for Best Show by a Mid-Career Artist. Those works have traveled to Vienna, Milan, Los Angeles, and San Diego. She has had numerous one-woman exhibitions, including at the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum, the Wadsworth Atheneum, and a major retrospective at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1999, which traveled to the Washington University Museum in Saint Louis before touring the UK. She is represented in major public collections including the Art Institute of Chicago, the Whitney Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Jewish Museum in New York, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
Opening Reception: Saturday, February 12, 6:00 8:00. Gallery Hours: Tuesday Saturday, 10:00 6:00. Monday by appointment. For information contact Laura Muggeo (212) 226-3232 or email@example.com.


text:
Here is exactly who owns the "Liberal" broadcast media:
CBS - merged with and owned by Viacom.
NBC - Owned by General Electric, one of the six largest corporations in America.
ABC - Owned by the Disney Co., the second largest media outfit.
Fox - Owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corp., the fourth largest media conglomerate in the nation.
CNN - Owned by the world's largest media cartel, the Time Warner Corp., who also owns the LA Times and many other print outlets as well as an enormous IP (see below).
CNBC - Again, owned by sixth ranked General Electric.
MSNBC - A joint venture of our friends at General Electric and our best chums over at Microsoft.
Fox News Channel - Rupert Murdoch's cable program.
In other words, every one of America's television broadcast corporations are owned by one of the six largest corporations in America. Okay, so maybe you can find a book that offers some small hints at a liberal reality.
Again, you would find that the mammoth publishing corporation, Random House, as well as many magazines, newspapers, music, television, on-line trading, films, and radio in 53 countries are all owned by Bertelsmann, the third largest conglomerate in the world.
Think cyberspace is a warm, comforting haven from corporate influence? AOL (America On Line), never the poster boys for respecting the privacy rights of its subscribers, has now merged with Time Warner, in the process creating an even more invasive, world's largest cartel. Now the dominant Internet provider will offer links to its partner's products and services and, as far as news goes, I don't think you'll have to worry your pretty little head about being bothered with news of any of the dirty little secrets that Corporate America desires to keep hidden away from the public.
Other than the few progressive magazines like Mother Jones and newspapers such as The Progressive Populist and the like, there just aren't that many options for intelligent, independent thinkers out there.
Okay, let's look at the level of justice that permeates the War on Americans Who Use the Wrong Drugs.
The head of the Pentagon's anti-drug efforts in Colombia, one Army Col. James Hiett, should be above suspicion. Nevertheless, not all that long ago, this fellow's wife was arrested for smuggling packages of heroin into the United States using her husband's diplomatic mail pouches. The good Colonel further confessed that he had helped launder and spend her profits from the drug running.
Now, one would expect that this high ranking Army officer would be used as an example for all who would consider using their power and prestige to import illegal drugs and that he would be sentenced to a truly harsh prison term and receive the most onerous of discharges, the Dishonorable. You would be very mistaken. Instead, he was sentenced to only 18 months in jail and will be allowed to retire from the Army with a very generous monthly retirement check upon his release.
Now, let's compare this abysmal failure of the system to the punishment meted out to one Terrance Stevens, who is already confined to a wheelchair due to the painful, debilitating disease of muscular dystrophy. This fellow, whose breathing is horribly labored and agonizing and whose bodily functions are already completely out of control will undoubtedly die long before his 15 year sentence in a New York Prison is over. Oh, yeah, what was his offense? He was charged only with the simple possession of five ounces of cocaine. If he survives his sentence, can he expect to receive any retirement income from the government? Yeah, right!
What about mass murderers? We believe that the American justice system does all in its massive power to protect citizens from those who would wantonly kill tens if not hundreds of innocent people, right? Think again. We know that the Son of Sam and the Night Stalker and Jeffery Dahmer and the like were sentenced to the longest prison terms allowable and, in a few cases, the maximum penalty that man can demand, execution. In fact, we all remember the Nuremberg Trials for the Nazis who cravenly murdered millions of Jews and Gays and Catholics and Gypsies and the sentences that they received (okay, maybe some folks don't remember this event ... school ain't what it used to be)?
So, you would expect that someone who is directly responsible for the deaths of nearly two hundred people would be front page news and his trial and sentencing watched by at least as many people who witnessed every single day of the O.J. Simpson debacle.
Instead, Paul Norris is still walking around, not only a completely free man but a man living in extreme luxury and treated as if he is a respectable citizen. How did Mr. Norris murder these two hundred American citizens? As CEO of W.R. Grace & Co., he knowingly allowed his mining operation near Libby, Montana to poison the entire area with deadly asbestos and never once bothered to inform these citizens of the extent of the danger they forced to unwittingly live in until their deaths.
So, it seems that the man was right; kill one and you're a murderer, kill a dozen and you are a leader, kill more and you are a God.
Speaking of unnecessary deaths, let's now look at how tests of a plane that the Pentagon has tried to cancel has cost the lives of a total of twenty-six American Marines.
The V-22 Osprey, a VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) craft has been called "an engineering impossibility" by experts in the field. This is because the plane is expected to take off and land like a helicopter and to then alter its propellers in mid-air in order to fly like a regular plane.
Even over the objections of senior Pentagon officers who have repeatedly requested that this test program be abandoned and the plane canceled, intense lobbying by Boeing and Bell Helicopter Textron have kept the Corporate Welfare dollars flowing steadily. Even many members of Congress have worked feverishly to keep this expensive and catastrophic program fully funded well into the future. Why, you might ask? Because both Boeing and Bell ensured themselves of these tens of billions of dollars of your tax dollars (actually, $37 billion and counting) by having parts and supplies contracted out to 40 states (that makes 80 Senators and hundreds of Congressmen suddenly on their side). Out of the five planes produced so far, two have crashed. As a Congressional supporter of the program claimed, though, "Two crashes do not tell us anything ... They are to be expected in testing a new military system like the Osprey." (Of course, the bozo who said this keeps his fat butt as far away from these tests as humanly possible, you can be certain.)
Now, explain to me how the representatives of our Congress allowing a plane to be funded and tested but that isn't wanted by any arm of the military and ends up killing twenty-six American servicemen during testing solely because of the massive bribes that were funneled into the campaigns of the program's "supporters" isn't a form of outright murder? Why aren't these vile and evil creatures all doing some very hard time alongside all of the other murderers that have been sentenced to a life behind bars because of their craven lack of decency? Could it be because they are rich and powerful and the prison inmates weren't? Has America deteriorated to the point where Democracy and justice are only for those who can afford it? What do you think?
On a slightly less deadly topic, let's look for just a moment at the Elian Gonzalez case and the reactions of the Rabid Right to both the seizure of the child from his Miami relatives and to the actions of the Cuban community in Miami in the following days.
According to Infobeat, an Internet news service, a "Senate committee subpoenaed Attorney General Janet Reno Thursday for documents relating to the federal raid on Elian Gonzalez's Miami relatives to determine whether Congressional hearings are necessary. "We want everything so if hearings aren't justified, we won't hold them," said Sen. Orrin Hatch, R-Utah, chairman of the Judiciary Committee. The Republican-dominated committee approved the subpoena by voice vote. The subpoenas would be issued immediately, Hatch said. The Justice Department turned over some documents Thursday, Hatch said, 'which may alleviate some of my concerns about the legality of the raid.' Immigration and Naturalization Service agents stormed the home of Elian's Miami relatives on April 22 and delivered the boy to his father, Juan Miguel Gonzalez, in Washington."
Now, excuse me for my cynicism but is there even the slightest possibility that the nasty old Nazi Orrin Hatch will not find some asinine reason to try, one more time, to embarrass himself, his party and the entire nation by abusing the system in "investigating" another event in any manner related to President Clinton? Now, just how loud has this boil on the butt of the American people been in decrying the events in Miami following the seizure? Will he answer just these few questions?
First, has he or any of his radical right buddies spoken out against the fact that the Cubans in Little Havana desecrated and then burned the American flag at a number of their demonstrations?
Second, will the investigations that Hatch is calling over the legal seizure of a child who a court of law stated must be returned to his father also cover these flag desecrations by these GOP supporters in the Cuban community?
Finally, will those idiots Trent Lott and Dan Burton and their silly little gnome-like comrades ever admit that their only intention in trying to pass that inane anti-flag burning amendment was to try to appear as if they were doing something other that just whoring for their owners in Corporate America?
I think the answer lies in these two very related facts:
Amount of contributions from Cuban Americans, the anti-Castro Cuban American National Foundation and the Free Cuba PAC to Sen. Connie Mack (R-Fla), the lead sponsor of the bill to grant citizenship to Elian - $150,000.
How Mack voted on the mean spirited Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 which imposed harsh and extreme punishments on illegal immigrants and included speedier and possibly unconstitutional means of deportation - Yes.
(As an aside, have you noticed that the party that acts the most irresponsibly towards other human beings and is most desperately in need of moral reform keeps using those two words, "moral" and "reform", in every way possible but about themselves?)
Gentle readers, take a few minutes and consider the import of what you've read here. What you'll find is a manifold indictment of a system run amuck and one which has become hazardous to the lives and health of the real human beings in America, as opposed to Republican and Democratic politicians and other low forms of sewer vermin. You'll find other avenues of thought, as well, for the sole reason that this nation and its people face a major turning point in the very, very near future. It's far past the time we took control of this nation back from those who would destroy our freedoms. ( 1 - 5 )
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Mobile penetration in Uganda is expected to increase from 39.0 percent in 2009 to 70.7 percent by 2014, prompted by the successful liberalization of the sector and increased competition, according to a new report from Pyramid Research.
Although Uganda is one of the smallest markets in the region, it is also one of the fastest growing markets in Africa and the Middle East, notes Sylwia Boguszewska, analyst at Pyramid Research and author of the report. In the next five years, Pyramid anticipates Uganda will experience the second highest percentage increase in terms of mobile subscriptions among the African countries (after Cameroon). "Mobile penetration rose from just 1.9 percent at year-end 2002 to an estimated 39.0 percent in 2009," she says. "Pyramid expects it will increase further to reach 70.7 percent penetration by 2014, while the number of mobile subscriptions will exceed 27 million," she adds.
The Ugandan telecom sector has gone through a major transformation, notes Boguszewska. "As a result of a successful liberalization process, Uganda now boasts five mobile operators, three of which are well-established: MTN Uganda, Uganda Telecom, and Zain Uganda," she explains. "They were joined by Warid Telecom, which entered the market in February 2008, and Orange Uganda, which launched in March 2009," she adds. Anupam is due to enter soon, increasing the number of mobile operators to six.
Increased competition is driving down prices, with new entrant Warid being particularly aggressive to attract subscribers, and MTN's Zone pricing scheme has also shown high adoption. "Last year, the three mobile operators -- MTN Uganda, UTL, and Zain -- commanded 85 percent of mobile market subscribers, while Warid Telecom, despite its late entry in 2008, managed to gain a significant 15 percent market share," Boguszewska says.
Source: Cellular News.
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The information presented within this blog comes from various organizations around the world. ITU encourages users to seek more detailed information from the original source through the links provided.
Links to third-party websites are provided for the convenience of all users. The ITU is not responsible for the accuracy, currency or the reliability of the content on these third-party websites. ITU does not offer any guarantee in that regard nor does ITU endorse the third-party organizations, their sites or content.


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ADULT LEARNING CENTER The Hostos Adult Learning Center seeks to help adults obtain the necessary skills and/or credentials to transition to college or employment. For men and women who have not completed high school and/or have limited English language skills, program services provide students with a chance to build basic skills, strengthen their academic foundation, and/or prepare for the high school equivalency exam in an engaging learning environment. We invite you to join the thousands of others who have enjoyed the supportive atmosphere and academic excellence that have made the ALC such a special place. COURSE OFFERINGS
· GED® Preparation students must achieve a · Must be 18 years of age or older to apply · · ·
minimum score 9.0 in reading and 6.0 in math on the placement exam* Basic Education – students must achieve a minimum score of 5.0 in reading on the placement exam* Math English for Speakers of Other Languages.
• Morning, afternoon, and evening schedules available • Classes meet two-four days per week • All classes are FREE *Registration and placement testing is by appointment only. Come and put your name on the waiting list today!
· Literacy and language skills assessment • • • • •
Group instruction in English and Spanish 1-on-1 and small group tutorial Counseling and support services College and career planning Peer mentoring
For more information call
718-518-6723 or 718-518-6840
The YMI Project YOUNG MEN'S INTIATIVE (YMI) goals are to: IMPACT PEER MENTORING PROJECT . Increase the GED pass ®
We would like to invite you to join the Young Men's Initiative (YMI) IMPACT Peer Mentoring Project at the Adult Learning Center. The Young Men's Initiative (YMI) IMPACT Peer Mentoring Project at the Adult Learning Center is structured to improve GED ® pass rates, increase college enrollment & retention, and to provide peer mentoring college support for black and Latino males from 18 to 25 years of age. Young females are also welcome to apply. Must be enrolled in ALC GED® class in order to be eligible for services.
rates for black and Latino males from 18 to 25 years of age.
. College transition and enrollment
. College Retention . Peer Mentoring Support
Visit us on: facebook at http://www.facebook.com/impactat.hostos twitter at https://twitter.com/IMPACTatHostos or email the mentors at email@example.com
Please give us a call at (718) 664-2542
Division of Continuing Education & Workforce Development
Published on Aug 8, 2013
Educational, career, and personal development opportunities designed to address the needs of the South Bronx, Bronx, and Upper Manhattan com...


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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Once local expert knowledge regarding the harvesting of various non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is lost, it is difficult to recover. We investigated whether the knowledge of expert forest harvesters can be used to determine the habitat distribution and harvesting sites of three popular edible wild ferns,
Rural forest communities have long been dependent on a variety of ecosystem goods and services, and many individuals living in such communities have a rich empirical knowledge of the use of the local environment and its biodiversity [
In recent decades, many studies have shown that expert knowledge can be used in habitat suitability mapping and forest landscape management [
In Japan, a variety of edible wild plants are harvested annually, particularly in the northeastern archipelago where cool-temperate forests dominate [
In the present study, we investigated whether the local knowledge of forest harvesters could be used to determine potential harvesting sites for three of the most popular edible ferns,
The study area (56 km2; approximately 37°17′–37°22′N, 139°28′–139°34′E) was located in Tadami Town in the western Fukushima Prefecture of northeastern Japan, where over 90% of the land cover is forest (
Study area.
We investigated the harvesting sites of the three aforementioned ferns, all of which are summer-green ferns native to Japan [
Based on interviews with experienced harvesters in the study area, we identified three groups of factors that were related to the spatial distribution of harvesting sites of the ferns that could be easily mapped in GIS,
Variables used for the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE).
|Explanatory Variables
|Std. Dev.
|Vegetation classes: deciduous broadleaved forest, young and mature conifer plantations, pine forest, scrubland, and grassland.
|Terrain features derived from a 20-m DEM a
|Gradient measured as the maximum rate of change in surface elevation between each cell and its neighbors.
|Aspect measured clockwise from north.
|Relative slope position
|Relative slope position was measured by the height from the nearest drainage line to each grid point [
|Proximity to roads
|Path distance to the nearest roadway on a 20-m DEM. Inverse distance weighting up to 60 degrees in both upslope and down slope directions was applied.
a ArcGIS spatial analyst was used.
To analyze the spatial characteristics of the fern-harvesting sites, we used MCE based on AHP and GIS. Using a questionnaire, a group interview to determine scoring factors in the AHP framework (
Using the questionnaire, we determined the relative importance between factors of terrain features and vegetation and among terrain features (
Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) dendrogram describing the harvest sites of edible wild ferns.
In the MCE framework with GIS layers, a utility is described as an additive utility function
The potential distribution of an edible wild fern
Then potential harvesting areas were estimated by multiplying the utility functions of the edible fern distribution
For verification, we checked the correspondences between the estimated and actual harvesting sites of each fern species. Actual harvesting sites were recorded by each harvester during the harvesting season from May to July 2009 using small GPS devices that were placed into a cap. The harvesting areas of each fern species were delimited by removing erroneous GPS points using the kernel density function in Geospatial Modelling Environment (GME ver. 0.7.2.1) [
Gatherers place different priorities on the harvesting sites for each fern species. The relative importance of terrain features and vegetation is summarized in
Results of AHP for the pairwise comparison of (
We estimated the potential habitat distribution of each fern species based on the additive utility functions of vegetation and terrain features (
Partial utility functions estimated from AHP for geographic information system (GIS) layers: (
Estimated potential habitat distribution and harvesting sites of ferns based on MCE.
The verification results of the MCEs with different average walk velocities that were used for computing the time taken to access harvesting sites from the nearest roads are summarized in
Model accuracy.
Although the spatial characteristics of habitat distribution and the harvesting sites of a variety of NTFPs have been empirically described in many documents and guidebooks [
Suitable habitats for ostrich fern were considered to be mainly in grasslands or canopy openings in gently sloping valley floors or alluvial cones, where moist fluvial sediments had accumulated [
The additional criteria of accessibility to roadways also indicated some differences among the harvesting sites of fern species due mainly to the differences in their habitat distribution. Royal fern harvesting sites within snow avalanche scrublands were widely distributed in the study area, whereas canopy openings or abandoned paddies or croplands suitable for harvesting ostrich fern were mainly distributed in nearby valleys where road networks were likely to be located due to the absence of steep slopes. Deforested areas and young conifer plantations that were suitable as bracken-harvesting sites were mainly located near roads. Model accuracies differed with the different average walking velocities (see
We estimated harvesting sites more accurately for bracken than the other two ferns (see
We found that harvesters considered both canopy and terrain features when determining the likely habitat distribution of ferns. The slope position was particularly important for the distribution of ostrich fern in riparian areas where there were many small canopy gaps or openings due to riparian disturbances. We also found that harvesters were aware of the importance of past land use/management (e.g., clear-cutting, mowing, reforestation) in determining the harvesting sites of ferns, particularly for bracken. Several ecological studies have also documented the importance of terrain features [
This study identified the differences between the habitat distribution and harvesting sites of the three fern species using distance from roads (see
This study estimated the potential harvesting sites of ferns with reasonable accuracy based on a group interview with only four expert harvesters, suggesting that it is important to select representative informants who have a rich knowledge of NTFP harvesting to develop reliable models. Because we conducted a group interview, the results might have been partly influenced by the stronger opinions among harvesters. However, we observed in most cases, that the spatial characteristics of the harvesting sites agreed among the informants during their group discussion. This knowledge may have been improved through communication with each other. Alternatively, our results might be biased due to the sampling of only male harvesters aged from the mid-60s to early 70s, who are currently the main harvesters in the village [
Based on a sensitivity analysis of each explanatory variable, it would be further possible to estimate the effects of environmental changes on the results [
This study demonstrated a procedure to quantitatively summarize the local expert knowledge of NTFP harvesting into utility functions that can be used to estimate the potential distribution of habitats and harvesting sites, which have rarely been mapped explicitly. This is important because the spatial characteristics of habitats and harvesting sites of NTFP species can be quantitatively expressed based on the limited expert knowledge using widely available GIS layers of vegetation (land cover), DEM, and road networks, more easily than obtaining original field data. The results are useful for identifying species with spatially restricted habitats and their harvesting sites under different natural and/or anthropogenic disturbance regimes as well as different harvesting pressures due mainly to the distance from roads [
The knowledge of expert harvesters can be used to estimate the spatial distribution of both the habitats and harvesting sites of edible wild ferns using MCE and GIS. Using an AHP framework to determine the relative importance of landscape features, we found that harvesters considered both canopy and terrain features when estimating habitat distributions, but these features had different impacts on the three fern species. These differences were based on natural and anthropogenic factors such as riparian disturbance, snow avalanches, and land use history. In addition, some parts of the habitats that were accessible from roads were used as harvesting sites, which also differed among fern species. These differences between habitats and harvesting sites, as well as among species, are important for understanding their sustainable harvesting. Once a sufficient GIS dataset is prepared, similar knowledge-based models could easily be developed for other NTFPs for which sustainable harvesting is an important concern.
We would like to thank the inhabitants of Tadami town, particularly, Koukichi Kariya and Masanobu Saito, who shared their knowledge of gathering edible wild ferns for our study, and Isamu Nikkuni, who kindly provided the original vegetation maps. Researchers from the FFPRI supported our field survey. Kaori Suzuki inputted data from field notes and harvesters' daily records. Our thanks also go to several fellow researchers for their useful advice on the earlier draft of this study, e.g., Guillermo M. Pastur, CADIC Argentina, Rajesh B. Thapa, JAXA, and Satoko Kawarasaki, FFPRI. We wish to thank to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that helped us to improve the manuscript. This study was supported by the Global Environment Research Fund (E-0801) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan, and JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (24310035) of The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


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Gardening Exercises
Gardening can be an exceptionally pleasant experience as you spend time working the soil and tending to plants. It can also be physically demanding and result in aches in pains if your body is not up for the task. The following ChairMaster workout program is designed to get the muscles and joints prepared for the challenges of gardening, such as kneeling, pulling, stooping, lifting, and carrying, so that you can enjoy the rewarding time spent in your garden. Both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities are recommended for gardening exercise.
Aerobic Exercise
Seated pedaling
- Sit upright in the chair—using the backrest or the ChairMaster foam pad for support as needed.
- Place the feet in the pedal straps and check to ensure that the knees are slightly bent at the "down" position of the pedal stroke.
- Place the hands on the armrests or on the lap.
- Start pedaling using smooth, continuous pedal strokes at a resistance that is tolerable.
Perform seated pedaling on the ChairMaster most days of the week, accumulating a total of 150 minutes (for example, 30 minutes of exercise, five days per week). If 30 minutes is too long in the beginning, perform at least 10-minute bouts and work up to 30 minutes.
Aerobic Exercise Summary:
ChairMaster Workout
Muscle-strengthening Exercise
Movement-based exercise that enhances range of motion, strengthens the muscles, and improves balance should be performed two to three non-consecutive days per week. Perform at least one set of the following ChairMaster muscle-strengthening exercises for 10 to 15 repetitions. The number in parentheses matches the exercise number on the "ChairMaster Exercise Guide". DOWNLOAD PDF
- Fist pumps for the wrist (38)
- Hand rotations and finger press (39)
- Seated hip stretch (42)
- Bent arm rows (7)
- Wrist curls (8)
- Reclining two-arm crunch holding bands (21)
- Standing curls (23)
- Standing lateral arm side lifts (24)
- Knee lift with cuff (31)
- Downward dog with the chair (45)
Muscle-Strengthening Summary:
Smart Gardening Tips
- Ease into the season by starting with short gardening sessions.
- Before you begin gardening, spend a few minutes stretching. Exercises 1, 2, 3, and 10 from the list above are good choices.
- Wear the appropriate protective gear (e.g., supportive shoes, hat, gloves, long sleeves and pants).
- Never ever turn or twist your spine as you lift.
- Break up your day by alternating activities between raking, pruning, and weeding every 20 minutes.
- Give your body a good stretch at the end of your gardening day as well.


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Our content contains affiliate links, so know that we might earn a buck or two if you click and buy :) !
3. Gently Clean Up
Credit: Style.com
As stated previously, there's no need to continuously pop a pimple over and over again. One push to release the buildup should be sufficient. Then, take your alcohol wipe or damp rag and clean the area. Let it thoroughly dry and don't wear any makeup until it's completely closed. For this reason, it's best to do this process at night and not right before a date or just before heading to work.
Good luck!


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What strategies do educators use to respond to bullying?
Did you see the YouTube video of the 68-year old bus monitor being bullied, posted at http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/World/2012/06/22/19909601.html on June 18th.
A number of recent news articles shows the outcome of community support in raising 700,000 dollars for the bullied grandmother, plus illustrates other humanitarian supports by Southwest Airlines who is giving the grandmother and her eight grand-children a three-night trip to Disneyland, and by the Hilton Sandestin Beach Golf Resort in Florida, who promised her a week's holiday in Florida.


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His true skill is as a narrator of violent histories, and his subject does not disappoint.
Salon wrote: "Hilton is the one everyone has come to see, and her indolent, dull coolness does not disappoint."
Just like her memoir, Lee Grant does not disappoint when it comes to candor in an interview with The Daily Beast.
There is an expectation of justice that has arisen in the Arab Spring, and Western leaders must not disappoint it.
With only two restaurants on site one worries they will disappoint.
Why could she not have known that her music-scholar was to disappoint her, and so had the benefit of a ride?
He cannot lead us to the end and disappoint the craving He Himself set in us.
It would be my business to disappoint him; and I assumed an air of confidence that soon shook off my companion.
Now, to disappoint their just expectation would be almost unpardonable.
"But that will disappoint my husband very much," said Madame.
early 15c., "dispossess of appointed office," from Middle French desappointer (14c.) "undo the appointment, remove from office," from des- (see dis-) + appointer "appoint" (see appoint).
Modern sense of "to frustrate expectations" (late 15c.) is from secondary meaning of "fail to keep an appointment." Related: Disappointed; disappointing.


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Eating at restaurants delays the need to go grocery shopping or clear your stolen snowman heads out of the freezer. Keep your secrets on ice with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $10 for $20 worth of pub food and drinks for parties of two or more
- $19 for $40 worth of pub food and drinks for parties of four or more
A tempting menu of hearty pub food quells hunger pangs with meals of housemade Maryland crab soup ($5.99 for bowl), shrimp salad ($10.49), and blackened yellowfin tuna steak ($12.99).
Poncabird Pub
For over 30 years, patrons hungry for fresh, local seafood and juicy burgers have made the pilgrimage up to the Poncabird Pub's second floor, clinking frosty beers and cocktails amid a welcoming sports-bar ambience. Underneath the rustic, knotty wooden rafters, 12 TVs broadcast baseball and football games, while sizzling grills broil 10-ounce patties of beef to mouthwatering perfection by helping them get over their fear of open flames. A spacious open-air deck frames revelers underneath fluffy summer clouds or twinkling night skies, and regular DJs infuse nights out with a pounding soundtrack.


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Flames NewsFlames Home > Track & Field Home > News
Track & Field Tryouts Set for Oct. 1-2
Liberty Athletics Tryout Information
The Liberty men's and women's track & field program will hold walk-on tryouts on Oct. 1 and 2, beginning at 4 p.m. each day. The tryouts will take place at the Matthes-Hopkins Track Complex.
The tryout will consist of a combination of testing, drills and sprints (100m, 300m, 1,000m or 1,600m), depending on your specialty. Please wear appropriate attire and running shoes.
Students interested in trying out for the team must visit the "Liberty Athletics Tryout Information" link at the top of this page and complete all of the necessary requirements listed.
All necessary paperwork must be completed and turned in to team athletic trainer Mary Green no later than Sept. 26 at 6 p.m. Green's office is located at the Tolsma Indoor Track Center athletic training room, located inside Green Hall.
Please note that paperwork will NOT be accepted the day of the tryouts.


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German Chancellor Angela Merkel says conservative European leaders meeting in Helsinki will work to boost confidence in the euro and make their economies more competitive.
Merkel said Friday "we want to make the euro a stronger currency and strengthen European competitiveness."
The summit of the center-right European People's Party in Helsinki kicks off three weeks of talks that will decide the euro zone's strategy to tackle its debt crisis.
It brings together some of Europe's most powerful decision makers, including European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi.


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Cooking Class for Valentine's Day Dishes at The Ritz-Carlton, St. Louis
The Ritz-Carlton, St. Louis is cooking up something truly special for Valentine's Day: a cooking class with recipes focusing on aphrodisiac adventures and hands-on instruction from the luxury hotel's expert culinary staff.
The Ritz-Carlton Valentine's Day Cooking Class will be Saturday, February 2, from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. Held in the hotel's kitchens, the event brings together guests and Ritz-Carlton chefs for a day of hands-on instruction and preparation of aphrodisiac cuisine specifically designed for Valentine's Day. After the class participants prepare the items, they and the Ritz-Carlton chefs will enjoy them for lunch in The Wine Room. Cooking class students will also receive a booklet with the recipes of all the Valentine's Day dishes. The list of Valentine's Day dishes the cooking class' students will prepare includes:
· Andrea's carrot curry soup
· Fresh-made lemon infused prosciutto and mozzarella
· Foie grass crème brulee pepper back jam
· Beausoleil oyster with passion fruit sphere
· Jumbo lump crab cake
· Pistachio-crusted veal
· Eggplant parmigiana
· Philo-wrapped cheese cake
The cost of The Ritz-Carlton, St. Louis Valentine's Day Cooking Class, which also includes breakfast, is $89 per person. Space is limited and reservations are required.
The Ritz-Carlton, St. Louis is pairing an accommodations package with the Valentine's Day Class. It includes two nights' stay (Friday, February 1 and Saturday, February 2), attendance for two in the Cooking Class, Saturday night dinner for two in The Grill, and brunch for two Sunday morning in The Restaurant. This special package is $699.
For reservations or more information for the Valentine's Day Cooking Class or the Valentine's Day Cooking Class Package, call 314-719-1433.
Past dates
- Occurred Saturday, February 2nd, 2013 @ 8:00 am – 2:00 pm


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Laurene Powell Jobs, the widow of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, urged US lawmakers to pass the Dream Act, an immigration reform bill that cleared the House and died in the Senate in 2010.
Jobs, in what NBC said was her first televised interview since her husband's death in 2011, said failing to provide a path to legal status for younger undocumented immigrants in the US was a waste of "human capital".
"I started getting more and more active around immigration reform because this was such a waste of lives, such a waste of potential, such a waste for our country not to have the human capital we developed geared towards improving our entire society," she said in an interview on NBC's "Rock Center with Brian Williams," broadcast on Friday. "We need all of these brains."
There's growing support in Silicon Valley for changes to US immigration policy. Last week, Facebook Chief Executive Officer Mark Zuckerberg announced the creation of an advocacy group called Fwd.us to lobby for a revamp of immigration policies. He also penned an opinion piece explaining why, in his view, the knowledge economy needs immigrants.
Fwd.us. is backed by technology entrepreneurs and investors, including John Doerr at venture-capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and LinkedIn Corp. (LNKD) Chairman Reid Hoffman, according to the group's site.
While Jobs stipulated the interview not touch on her husband's death, she briefly referred to the impact he had on the world, saying the popularity of Apple's products is a "beautiful reminder" of him for her family.
"Steve has a public legacy and a private legacy. In the public, we see the products that he created that he cared so deeply about -- that changed all of our lives, the way that we function and communicate.
''What he wanted to do in his life was create tools that allowed people to work at the highest levels, and I think he did that. And so that legacy is beautiful for me to live with,'' Jobs said. ''His private legacy with me and the kids is that of husband and father, and we miss him every day.''
Interview stipulation
Williams said Jobs stipulated before the interview that they not discuss her husband's death because it's private. The interview focused on her efforts lobbying Congress to overhaul of the US immigration system. She wants children who were brought to the US at a young age illegally by their parents to be able to become citizens.
''These are kids who are brought to this country as youngsters, who are raised as Americans, who go to American schools," said Jobs, who has worked in education for about 15 years. "And when they graduate high school, they have no prospects in front of them because they're undocumented."
A bipartisan group of senators is putting the finishing touches on legislation to legalize 11 million undocumented immigrants in the US and revamp immigration laws. They have set a self-imposed deadline to unveil the bill by the end of the week.
Deferred deportation
President Barack Obama initiated a deferred deportation program last year that would allow children of undocumented immigrants who were brought to the US before age 16 to remain in the country if they have no criminal record and meet other standards.
The Dream Act passed the House when it was controlled by Democrats.