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Here's a bit of what you'll find in the Fall 2012 issue.
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The Gliddenites are Coming! Nebraska and the 1909 Glidden Tour - John T. Bauer
In July 1909, Nebraskans witnessed firsthand the most popular and spectacular Glidden Tour. More properly called the Annual Reliability Touring Contest of the American Automobile Association (AAA), Glidden Tours were not automobile races; they were reliability runs meant to challenge the driving skills of early automobilists and the reliability of their machines. The events were popularly known as Glidden Tours because of the sponsorship of telecommunications pioneer Charles Jasper Glidden, who came up with the idea and donated a large silver trophy for the winner. Glidden, a former associate of Alexander Graham Bell, amassed a large fortune from his New England telephone syndicate. In 1902 he retired and began touring the world by automobile. Together with his wife, Lucy, and mechanic, Charles Thomas, Glidden racked up over 46,000 miles in 39 countries by 1907.
A total of eight tours were held, from 1905 to 1913 (a 1912 tour was planned but cancelled). The fifth tour, in 1909, was the first to travel west of the Mississippi River. Capturing the nation's attention, it was the most grueling tour ever, a 2,637-mile adventure beginning at Detroit and passing through Chicago, Madison, Minneapolis, Omaha, Denver, and Colorado Springs, finally ending at Kansas City nineteen days later. Thirty cars competed for trophies in three classes: the Glidden trophy, for full-size touring cars; the Hower trophy, for runabouts; and the Detroit trophy, for toy tonneau cars. Drivers were penalized, using an elaborate point system, for any repair made to their car and for failure to arrive at the daily destination within the allotted amount of time. The driver who completed the contest with the lowest score was declared the winner. It was a grueling and treacherous challenge. Only two drivers finished with perfect scores. Six others withdrew along the way and one was disqualified.
Glidden Tour contestants spent two days in Nebraska, traveling a 400-mile route that closely paralleled the transcontinental Union Pacific Railroad. The same route was traveled a year earlier by the New York-to-Paris "Great Race" and would later become the Lincoln Highway. Contestants spent the night of July 21 in Council Bluffs and departed the next morning for Kearney, passing through Omaha, Fremont, Columbus, and Grand Island. After an overnight stay in Kearney, July 23 was spent in western Nebraska, passing through Lexington, Gothenburg, North Platte, and Ogallala. Contestants rested for the night in Julesburg, Colorado, before continuing on to Denver the following morning.
This article focuses on the tour's experience during those two days in Nebraska. Specifically, it examines the reactions of local Nebraskans to the event and to the publicity that it brought to their state, and also the impressions made on tour participants and the journalists that accompanied them. Secondary literature on the Glidden Tours is scarce. There are no books, and less than a handful of articles, all of which come from automobile enthusiast literature. Primary sources for this research come from period newspapers, both large and small, and automobile trade magazines such as Motor Age, The Automobile, and Horseless Age.
Route Lobbying and Speculation Begins
Planning for the 1909 Glidden Tour began in February at the Eighth Annual National Association of Automobile Manufacturers tradeshow in Chicago. Frank Hower, chairman of the contest board of the AAA, held several meetings to hear ideas for that summer's tour. Since the Chicago show was attended by midwestern manufacturers, cities from that region lobbied hard to include midwestern states. Delegations from Omaha, Denver, Kansas City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis all pressured the AAA to include their metropolis. The AAA was resistant at first. Apparently, the contest board thought automobiles could not reliably travel west of the Mississippi River. The territory was still too "wild" and the roads impassable, they argued. The trade journal Motor Age reported the delegates "asserted that the west was far from being 'wild,' that Indians and buffalo no longer roamed over the prairies, that the roads were passable at any time of the year and that there was no reason to fear that the tourists would not be able to reach Denver. All this made a big impression on Hower, it is said, and it is confidently believed by the westerners that the big tour will touch at least Minneapolis and Denver . . . ."
The AAA brass also thought automobiles were still too novel for the western farmer and underestimated their appeal to Plains people. In past tours, the AAA contest board routed the contestants through populated regions of the Northeast, which boosted participation because manufacturers wanted to demonstrate their cars before the widest possible audience. In 1909 the contest board thought that the auto market in the West was simply not large enough to make it worthwhile planning a tour there. The delegates from western states, however, disagreed. Nearly fifty members from the Omaha Automobile Club presented letters of support from Omaha manufacturers and dealers, statistics showing Nebraska's high rate of automobile ownership, and pointed out that years of bumper crops had filled the wallets of farmers eager to purchase automobiles.
The efforts of the midwestern cities paid off. A month later, on March 22, the contest board announced that the 1909 tour would begin at Detroit and go west, including Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, and end at Kansas City. The speculation and lobbying only increased after this announcement as cities between the start and finish clamored for inclusion. Nebraskans were overjoyed. Any route from Detroit to Denver, they reasoned, must pass through Nebraska. The only question, though, was what route would it be?
The entire essay appears in the Fall 2012 issue
Kate Martin and Lincoln's Historic St. Charles Hotel - Patricia C. Gaster
Although never one of Lincoln's most luxurious hostelries, the St. Charles Hotel served city residents and the traveling public from the late 1860s until 1894, and under the names of first the Boyd and then the Western Hotel, lived on until 1918. Located on the south side of O Street between Seventh and Eighth streets, near the center of the city's life in early statehood days, it outlived Catherine "Kate" Martin, the Irish immigrant who owned or was closely associated with it for most of its years of operation.
Kate Martin was one of Lincoln's pioneer settlers and one of the city's earliest female hotelkeepers. Throughout her long career with the St. Charles she had a wide acquaintance in Lincoln, especially among the Irish. Born in Ireland about 1840 as Kate Curran, she came to the U.S. as a young adult with her parents. They settled first in Omaha, where on July 27, 1867, she married Robert W. Charters. Charters, also a native of Ireland, had known the Currans before they left the country and may have followed them to Omaha. The couple soon moved to Lincoln and established themselves in the state's newly declared state capital.
In later years Kate Martin loved to recall herself as a participant in Lincoln's early social life, composed of a comparatively small group of recent arrivals. At the time of its designation as the state capital in July of 1867, the village of Lancaster had about thirty inhabitants and "did not contain more than six or seven buildings, 'shacks,' log-houses, stone buildings, and all." The future site of the St. Charles Hotel, between Seventh and Eighth streets on the south side of O, was occupied by Jacob Dawson's double-walled log cabin, which also hosted Lincoln's first post office and first term of district court in November 1864. Lot sales in September of 1867 had given the struggling village a foundation, and Lincoln grew to 500 inhabitants by the close of 1868, with 143 houses and more being built every day. By 1870 the population was 2,500, and in 1872, according to the Rev. O. T. Conger of Lincoln, it was "not less than 5,000 inhabitants, besides many comers and goers." Conger also noted with satisfaction that the town was already home to thirteen churches.
Just when the St. Charles was built is unknown, but Kate must have begun her long association with it soon after its beginning. The hotel was said at the time of her death in 1912 to date to territorial days, but it's probable that it was first conducted as a boardinghouse, dignified as a hotel, sometime after Nebraska became a state on March 1, 1867. Kate's first husband, Robert Charters, a printer, has been credited both with establishing the hotel, and with purchasing an existing business that he carried on as the St. Charles. Federal census records indicate that by 1870 Charters headed a Lincoln household of thirty-two people (including Kate), most of whom were boarders. Several were family members, including Kate's mother and seventeen-year-old sister, Bridget, along with Fred W. Krone, Bridget's future husband.
Kate and her husband were popular in the small community. Charters became a naturalized citizen in 1872 and was active in the early 1870s in local politics. He ran unsuccessfully for the Lincoln city council in 1871 and successfully for city clerk in 1875, about the time a son named for him was born to the couple. The earliest extant Lincoln city directory, from 1873-74, listed John M. Sullivan, the husband of Kate's sister Ellen, as proprietor of the St. Charles, but Robert W. Charters is again listed as the proprietor in 1876-77.
Although the St. Charles dated from early statehood, it wasn't the first Lincoln hotel. L. A. Scoggin established the Pioneer House in 1867 at Ninth and Q streets, and a second hotel was opened by John Cadman later that year. In 1868, Nathan S. Atwood acquired the Cadman House, built a new brick addition on the south and opened it as the Atwood House. With the arrival of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in Lincoln in 1870, quickly followed by the Midland Pacific from Nebraska City in 1871, and the Atchison & Nebraska from Atchison, Kansas, in 1872, numerous hotels and boardinghouses appeared in the area east of the tracks and west of downtown Lincoln to serve the traveling public.
Accommodations at these early hotels were often spartan in the days when "everybody had to look out for himself, when no one got anything to eat unless he made a savage rush for 'the first table,' and where everybody washed in the same tin basin and dried his face and hands on the same towel." Early Lincoln settler Milton L. Trester complained that during a June 1869 stay at the Pioneer House, "I almost found it necessary to lock my door and lash myself to the bedstead to keep the bugs from carrying me away."
The St. Charles during its first years bore a less than sterling reputation. The Lincoln city directory in 1873-74 listed the establishment as a boardinghouse, rather than a hotel. Contemporary newspapers indicate that it was sometimes the scene of rough behavior. A brief report on September 18, 1877, in the Daily State Journal indicated that a tailor boarding at the hotel had fallen from the roof of the shed kitchen adjoining the frame establishment after imbibing "too much clam chowder."
The entire essay appears in the Fall 2012 issue
"Wearing the Hempen Neck-Tie": Lynching in Nebraska, 1858-1919 - James E. Potter
In the predawn hours of October 30, 1875, several masked men dragged Charles Patterson from what passed for the jail in Sidney, Nebraska, fitted him with a "hempen neck-tie," and hanged him from a telegraph pole. In May 1879 another Sidney mob forced Charles Reed to jump off a ladder propped against a telegraph pole to which the rope around his neck had been tied. Options had increased by the time Watson McDonald was lynched in Sidney on the night of April 2-3, 1881. A tree in the courthouse yard had grown large enough to bear a man's weight and the mob did not have to use a telegraph pole as a makeshift gallows.
The fate of these three men, alleged to have committed murder or attempted murder, fits the accepted definition of lynching: an illegal killing carried out by a group under the pretext of serving justice. The hanging of Patterson, Reed, and McDonald also conforms to mythology long connected with lynching in the American West. As the myth goes, vigilante justice was necessary in frontier communities that were too small, too poor, or too isolated to have reliable law enforcement, a functioning court system, and a secure place to lock up accused criminals. Hence, the citizens themselves assumed the roles of police, judge, and jury and meted out punishment. This very argument was articulated by a citizen of North Platte after three "roughs" were lynched there in 1870: "[U]nder certain circumstances, methods known to law books CANNOT protect society, however faithfully administered and that such circumstances are sometimes embodied in the social conditions of our pioneer communities." The citizen cited insecure jails, infrequent terms of court, and "little chance that the best efforts of courts and officers can keep gamblers and ruffians off juries."
During the years when Sidney's lynchings took place, the town displayed many stereotypical characteristics of a frontier community. It had recently sprung up adjacent to the military post of Sidney Barracks as the railhead for a major supply trail to the Black Hills mining camps. It had no adequate jail and its law officers were often hard to distinguish from the criminals they were expected to catch. Rolf Johnson visited Sidney in 1879 on his way to the Black Hills and described it as a "hard town," where "soldiers cowboys, bullwhackers, mule-skinners, gamblers, prostitutes, and pimps swarm on the streets, saloon and gambling halls are numerous, and a dance hall is in full blast." Nearly everyone carried firearms. When McDonald was lynched in 1881, the North Platte newspaper noted that Sidney authorities had tried and failed to suppress the town's criminal element. "The citizens then invoked the power that though resident in every community, is without the limits of the law, and by its use compelled a submission to peace and order."
The argument that lynching was a necessary and appropriate response to frontier conditions was also proposed by early historians of the American West, including Frederick Jackson Turner and Hubert Howe Bancroft. Later generations of historians and writers upheld the view that summary justice brought stability to a lawless frontier, represented progress toward "civilization," and was a relatively short lived phenomenon. These claims were supported by novels, comic books, television programs, and movies that romanticized and mischaracterized lynching as an inevitable consequence of western expansion.
Recent studies of lynching in individual states, regions, and nationally belie the mythology. Manfred Berg in his history of lynching in America concluded that the notion of frontier vigilantism as operating only in the absence of law does not square with the historical record. Ken Gonzalez-Day and Stephen J. Leonard studied lynching in California and Colorado, respectively, and reached similar conclusions. The evidence revealed that as the reach and capabilities of formal legal institutions increased, so did the number of lynchings. Summary justice was frequently applied in the West and Midwest (Nebraska included) during the 1880s and 1890s, and less often after 1900, in localities temporally distant from the assumed social and institutional instability of their formative years.
The entire essay appears in the Fall 2012 issue
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Fernando Alonso often finds himself qualifying in fifth position for Grands Prix ever since he joined Ferrari.
In the 67 races that the Spaniard competed with Maranello, with the starting point taken as the 2010 Brazilian GP when he first started from P5 with the team, the double world champion has found himself in the same spot in nearly a third of his appearances.
In those 67 outings - he has been with Ferrari for 84 Grands Prix now - he has qualified fifth on 22 occasions, three of which he gained after penalties were applied to other drivers who had qualified ahead of him. Nine of those P5s came during the 2011 season alone. This year he has already qualified fifth thrice in seven races.
Although his horse hasn't been prancing the way he has been hoping all these years, pointing out to the unusual number of times he has coveted P5, he should consider himself a bit lucky.
For in the eight-race 1956 season, all drivers who qualified in fifth position that year in a freak coincidence failed to finish the race. Here are the results of those who started P5 that season:
Alonso, in contrast, has featured in the points in all the races he finished starting from P5, recording only a single DNF, which came after a massive first corner shunt caused by Lotus' Romain Grosjean in the 2012 Belgian GP.
Here's Alonso's record whenever he has started from P5 with Ferrari:
Races: 22
Points: 300
Podiums: 14
Wins: 1 (China 2013)
DNFs: 1 (Belgium 2012)

subset: commoncrawl


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Singleton takes step closer to Houston
First baseman proving his case with promotion to Triple-A
By Ashley Marshall / Special to MLB.com | June 19, 2013 7:27 AM ET
Fantasy Focus is a regular MiLB.com feature in which we use a Minor League perspective to give you the edge in your fantasy league. Have a fantasy question? Tweet it to @MiLB or @AshMarshallMLB with the hashtag #fantasyfocus.
This week's Fantasy Focus looks at why Indians hurler Danny Salazar is flying under the radar, what the Rays can expect from Wil Myers, how close Jonathan Singleton is from making an impact in Houston and why Kevin Gausman's stock has fallen for the Orioles.
There's also roundup of rehabs for Jose Reyes, Ian Kinsler and Austin Jackson.
Stock Up, Stock Down
Stock Up: Jonathan Singleton
The Astros' top prospect batted .271 with five homers and 13 RBIs in 17 games between Class A Quad Cities and Double-A Corpus Christi following his return from a 50-game suspension for a second drug policy violation. Even if those numbers weren't encouraging, Singleton would still have a good chance of being featured here simply by making his Triple-A debut on Sunday at just 21 years old.
The left-handed first baseman showed he could handle the Texas League last year (.284/.396/.497, 21 homers, 79 RBIs) in his first full season in the Houston system, making the recent move to Oklahoma City a natural one this season. He's off to a solid start with the RedHawks -- 4-for-12 with three doubles in three games -- and just one step from the Majors.
Although the Astros have shown an unwillingness to rush their prospects, Singleton could force their hand with a strong introduction to the Pacific Coast League. If that's the case, he'd bring power and patience as a solid backup option at first base in AL-only leagues.
Stock Down: Kevin Gausman/Michael Wacha
Both are featured here for the same reason. They're back in the Minors. Gausman was sent to Triple-A Norfolk -- where he's scheduled to start Wednesday -- when the Orioles needed bullpen help, and Wacha was shipped back to Memphis upon the return of Jake Westbrook to the Cardinals rotation.
That's not to say either underperformed during their stay in the Majors, however. Gausman had the rougher go (0-3, 7.66 ERA in five starts) but finished on a high note, allowing just two runs on six hits in 5 1/3 innings against Boston last Thursday. Wacha, on the other hand, was solid in his three-game stint (1-0, 4.58).
Unfortunately, it's not immediately clear when either will return to the Majors, so owners in non-keeper leagues should look elsewhere for steadier starting options in the meantime.
Under the Radar
Danny Salazar, a 23-year-old right-hander, could appear in the Majors before long if the Indians decide he can help them stay in the AL Central hunt. He breezed through Double-A to begin the year, recording a 2.67 ERA with 51 strikeouts to 10 walks in 33 2/3 innings.
He's continued to prove he can miss bats in Triple-A with a 29-to-9 strikeout-to-walk ratio in 24 1/3 frames while posting a 4.81 ERA. He's the kind of arm that could catch fire in a big-league stint and help out pitching-starved AL-only teams.
Will He Stick?
The moment so many fantasy owners were waiting for finally came Tuesday -- Wil Myers' big league debut. We've already talked about what the 22-year-old right fielder wcould bring to the Rays, but it's worth echoing, given his recent uptick in production. The Rays top prospect put up a .339/.377/.696 slash line with five homers and 14 RBIs in 14 games for Triple-A Durham before the promotion. He ranked fourth in the International League in homers (14) and first in RBIs (57) on the season as a whole.
He's expected to play every day in right -- the Rays wouldn't call him up if that wasn't the case -- and manager Joe Maddon batted him sixth in the order in his first game to help ease him in. It shouldn't take much easing, however, after more than a season's worth of domination at the Triple-A level. Scoop Myers up if you haven't already, trade for MLB.com's No. 4 prospect if you can or prepare for the regret that will follow.
Rehabs of Note
Shortstop Jose Reyes went 2-for-3 with a pair of runs scored for Class A Advanced Dunedin on Monday in his first rehab start, leaving the game after the five innince, and followed that up with a 1-for-5 performance the next night.
The four-time All-Star has been sidelined since spraining his left ankle April 12 in Kansas City. Reyes was batting .395 with a homer, five RBIs and five steals in 10 games before the injury. He is expected to return to Toronto by the end of the month, if not sooner.
Ian Kinsler went 0-for-8 with a walk and three strikeouts in two games with the Double-A Frisco RoughRiders last Thursday and Friday.
The process was more important than the results, and the Rangers activated him Saturday and slotted him right back into the leadoff spot to face the Blue Jays.
It was initially thought that Jurickson Profar would make way for Kinsler -- who had a right intercostal strain -- but Texas optioned Leury Garcia to the Minors instead.
Austin Jackson made a final of three rehab appearances for Toledo last week before returning to the Tigers. He went 2-for-5 with a run scored and a strikeout against Syracuse, showing no signs of the pulled left hamstring that had kept him out of action for a month.
The Tigers activated him Friday and he immediately had consecutive multi-hit games.
There's no reason for Jackson to be unowned in any league, so pick him up immediately if an impatient owner got careless.
Tweet This
Thanks everybody for the support along this road to the show. It's an honor to be called up by the @Mets Big thanks to my family and friends- Zack wheeler (@Wheelerpro45) June 15, 2013
Transaction of Note
It's hard to believe Aaron Hill has really been out almost all season, but he's finally on his way back to the Diamondbacks after they sent him to Tucson to begin a rehab assignment Saturday. The second baseman, who hit .302 with 26 homers last year, batted.306 with two homers in the first 10 games with the D-backs this season.
Through three games with the Aces, he's gone 4-for-12, and his return will mean a lot for owners who've either stashed him on the DL or have kept an eye on the waiver wire and picked him up when someone else cut bait.
Keep an Eye On
Joey Gallo -- the 39th overall pick in the 2012 Draft -- grabbed some headlines last year when he hit 22 homers in 59 games between the Arizona and Northwest Leagues. He's hitting for power again this season with a Minors-leading 22 long balls so far with Class A Hickory, and recently put on an impressive display at the SAL All-Star Derby.
However, the left-handed slugging third baseman deserves mention at this time for the way he's been able to hit for average of late. With his average down to .214 entering this month, Gallo has raised it nearly 40 points after going 24-for-67 (.358) in his first 16 games in June. Of those 24 hits, 17 have gone for extra bases, including nine homers. One more round-tripper ties his career high for most in a month, established last July in the AZL.
Ashley Marshall is a contributor to MLB.com. Follow him on Twitter @AshMarshallMLB. Sam Dykstra and Jonathan Raymond contributed to this report. This story was not subject to the approval of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues or its clubs.View More


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Fantastic - we have another spacebridge launch coming up on Saturday, so not entirely sure I'll have an evening spare this week, but if I do, it's likeliest to be Thursday. Does that work at all? Failing that, next week, anytime.

m.

PS: I haven't quite nerved up to ordering extra cc430s and accelerometers from digikey, but... I will if you do ;) Although running up a breakout board through batchpcb is probably a more sensible place to start.

On Sun, Mar 21, 2010 at 12:45 PM, Lamont Lucas <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:

Mikolaj Habryn wrote:

 Anyone else get the eZ430 Chronos dev kit? I finally started playing
 with it this evening, and find it neat, but want more nodes to try
 building a secure mesh networking stack on (when you only have 1k of
 flash*, you can only have at most 1024 bugs to find in your code,
 right?). I also have vague ideas for smart-dust-style devices to
 build, but find the idea of soldering tiny 0.5mm pitch devices into
 quarter-inch-diameter enclosures faintly daunting, and would rather
 attempt it in company, preferably with beer. Anyone up for a hack

 I've been wearing my ez430 watch since I got it in Feb, but haven't managed to do anything more exciting than read the source code and look at the python base-station code that people have hacked together. ĀI'd love a hack night if you're free this week.

 I wanted to mostly try software changes first. (sleep monitor using the interrupt-on-motion feature of the onboard accelerometer) ĀLater I might try rolling my own watch innards and mounting them in a pocket watch with a better battery and display.

 But just collaborating on setting up the toolchain and doing some minor changes would be great. ĀI've got a windows box set aside at home for that, but I can dual-boot my macbook if we can't get the open source gcc stuff working.


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LOS ANGELES—Jury selection in the second obscenity trial of producer Ira Isaacs began today, more than a year after the agreed-upon retrial date, and more than four years after Judge Alex Kozinski declared a mistrial in Isaacs' original prosecution because the Los Angeles Times had revealed that Kozinski, who also serves as Chief Judge of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, had maintained a private website containing humorous sexually oriented photos and videos.
This time, the presiding judge is George H. King, a former U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California from 1975-'79 who's been a district court judge since 1995, and after a panel of nearly 100 potential jurors had filed into courtroom 650 of the Roybal Federal Building in downtown Los Angeles at about 8 a.m. this morning, Judge King briefly reviewed for them what the case they might be deciding would be about.
At issue are four movies sold by Isaacs' companies Stolen Car Films and LA Media: Mako's First Time Scat and Hollywood Scat Amateurs 7, both of which had also been charged under Isaacs' original indictment, plus Hollywood Scat Amateurs 10 and Japanese Doggie 3 Way, with the government having dismissed charges relating to three other movies, including Gang Bang Horse 'Pony Sex Game' which had been part of the original indictment.
Isaacs is charged with "producing with intent to distribute and sell, and [being] engaged in the business of selling, obscene matter," "knowingly us[ing] a facility and means of interstate and foreign commerce, and an interactive computer service in and affecting interstate and foreign commerce, for the purpose of selling and distributing," "us[ing] an express company, common carrier, and interactive computer service, for carriage in interstate commerce and delivery to a location outside the State of California," and "knowingly caus[ing] to be delivered by mail according to the direction thereon to an address located in Los Angeles County, non-mailable obscene matter" consisting of some or all of the charged movies. The government is also trying to seize any real or personal property acquired by Isaacs through the profits from making or selling the films.
During pre-trial proceedings, the prosecution and defense agreed on a 14-page questionnaire to be presented to the potential jurors, and the panel spent most of the morning answering questions like, "Do you have such strong beliefs or convictions about the sale or use by adults of sexually oriented materials, either in favor of or against, including magazines, videos, movies, or other sexually oriented items, that you believe you could not be a fair or impartial juror in this case?," "Do you have any feelings about sexually explicit materials that you have not yet mentioned that might affect your ability to be a fair and impartial juror in this case?" and "Do you have such strong feelings as a result of any personal, philosophical, religious, or other beliefs about the subject of this case that you would be unable to serve as a fair and impartial juror in this case?" After they completed the questionnaire, Judge King dismissed the panel until Wednesday morning, with the interim to be used by the attorneys to determine what additional questioning might be necessary of some potential jurors beyond their answers to the written questions.
Representing Isaacs is Santa Monica-based civil liberties attorney Roger Jon Diamond, while the current prosecution team, all from the Justice Department's Child Exploitation and Obcenity Section (CEOS), consists of CEOS Deputy Chief Damon A. King and trial attorney Michael W. Grant—but interestingly, thanks to a pretrial motion filed by the Justice Department, the jury will not be told that the prosecution team has been imported from the Washington, D.C. area, rather than being formed of local U.S. attorneys.
But there have been some early developments of interest... like the fact that after Judge King finished telling the potential jurors his outline of the case, one member of the panel began crying uncontrollably, apparently at the idea that she would be forced to look at more than six hours of sexual and scatological material, while another potential juror claimed to be a sex addict, and that service on the jury would upset his treatment regimen. Both panelists were dismissed from the panel.
AVN has also been informed that Isaacs was subjected several months ago to a "Daubert hearing" to determine whether he could be called as an art expert in his own case, and contrary to a ruling by Judge Kozinski that Isaacs could be so designated, Judge King ruled that Isaacs could only testify about his intent in producing and marketing the movies—and according to Isaacs, the prosecution has threatened that if he did take the witness stand for such a purpose, it would call actress Veronica Jett in rebuttal.
According to Isaacs, Jett, whom Isaacs alleges to be a former methamphetamine user, would claim that Isaacs supplied her with drugs on the set, that he engaged in human trafficking to obtain some of his performers, and that he had threatened to blacklist her from the adult business if she told what she "knew." Isaacs denies that any of Jett's claims are true.
Keep checking back with AVN for updates as this incredibly complex obscenity trial proceeds.
Pictured, l-r: Ira Isaacs and Roger Diamond.


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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Lubrication plays a key role in successful manufacturing of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms; lubricants are essential ingredients in robust formulations to achieve this. Although many failures in pharmaceutical manufacturing operations are caused by issues related to lubrication, in general, lubricants do not gain adequate attention in the development of pharmaceutical formulations. In this paper, the fundamental background on lubrication is introduced, in which the relationships between lubrication and friction/adhesion forces are discussed. Then, the application of lubrication in the development of pharmaceutical products and manufacturing processes is discussed with an emphasis on magnesium stearate. In particular, the effect of its hydration state (anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and trihydrate) and its powder characteristics on lubrication efficiency, as well as product and process performance is summarized. In addition, the impact of lubrication on the dynamics of compaction/compression processes and on the mechanical properties of compacts/tablets is presented. Furthermore, the online monitoring of magnesium stearate in a blending process is briefly mentioned. Finally, the chemical compatibility of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with magnesium stearate and its reactive impurities is reviewed with examples from the literature illustrating the various reaction mechanisms involved.
A lubricant, an additive to reduce friction, is an essential component of a drug formula since lubrication is often required to ensure the success of pharmaceutical manufacturing. Historically, use of animal fats as lubricants to reduce friction in transportation can be traced back to Egyptian time. However, the development of modern tribology, which is the study of friction and lubrication, did not gain ground until Frank P. Bowden established a research laboratory on friction, lubrication, and bearings in Melbourne, Australia during World War II [
For pharmaceutical operations such as blending, roller compaction, tablet manufacturing, and capsule-filling, lubrication is essential in order to reduce the friction between the surfaces of manufacturing equipment and that of organic solids as well as to ensure the continuation of an operation [
In this review, we first present some fundamental principles on lubrication in terms of action mechanisms: friction reduction, friction and adhesion, and lubrication in pharmaceutical processes [
In general, lubrication is related to the reduction of friction. Contrary to the common belief, friction was actually first studied by Leonardo Da Vinci, but it was wrongly credited to Amontons, which is often referred to as Amontons's law [
In general, friction is almost always associated with adhesion. By definition, the energy of adhesion is the energy required to break two dissimilar surfaces [
The first term in Equation (2) represents a contact friction, where
In general, there are four lubrication mechanisms: hydrodynamic lubrication, elastohydrodynamic lubrication, mixed lubrication, and boundary lubrication [
To prepare solid dosage forms, many pharmaceutical operations, including blending, die-filling, compaction, capsule-filling, and compression, are utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. In these processes, friction occurs at either powder-tool interfaces or particle-particle interfaces. For the interaction between powder particles and the wall of equipment, it is commonly called wall friction; for the particle-particle interaction, it is termed as internal friction. In the following sections, we focus on the fundamental aspects of friction reduction through lubrication for both wall friction and internal friction.
Wall friction is the friction between a bulk solid and a solid surface such as between powder particles and the wall of a bin blender, where the bulk solid moves over the surface of the blender. To quantify wall friction, the wall friction angle, φ
Stress balance and the lubrication coefficient for powders in a tablet die: σua and σla are stresses from top and bottom; τar is the shear stress.
In this case, lubricants are used to reduce the shear stress required to move a tablet out of a die for a given normal stress. Similarly, lubricants can be used to decrease the internal friction among powder particles.
Flowability of a bulk solid is characterized mainly by its unconfined yield strength, σc, as a function of the consolidation stress, σl. Usually, flow-function (ffc), which is the ratio of the consolidation stress, σl, to the unconfined yield strength, σc, is used to characterize the flowability of a blend numerically: ffc < 1, not flowing; 1 < ffc < 2, very cohesive; 2 < ffc < 4, cohesive; 4 < ffc < 10, easy-flowing; 10 < ffc, free-flowing [
Adhesive force (
As described before, most of the lubricants used in the pharmaceutical processes are boundary lubricants; certainly, metallic salts of fatty acids such as magnesium stearate and stearic acid are the most common ones. However, there are other lubricants, including fatty acid esters, inorganic materials, and polymers, which can be used in the cases when both magnesium stearate and stearic acid do not meet their performance expectation [
Use of the metallic salts of fatty acids as lubricants has a long history in the pharmaceutical industry and they are still the most dominant class of lubricants. Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, and zinc stearate are the three common metallic salts of fatty acids used and their chemical structures are shown in
The chemical structures of metallic salts (calcium, magnesium, and zinc) of stearic acids.
Fatty acids are also common lubricants used in the pharmaceutical industry with stearic acid as the most popular one. Chemically, stearic acid is a straight-chain saturated monobasic acid found in animal fats and in varying degrees in cotton seed, corn, and coco [
Physical properties of pure solid fatty acids.
|Fatty acid
|Molecular weight
|Melting point (°C)
|Boiling point at 16 mm (°C)
Breakdown temperatures and friction coefficients at various metal surfaces.
|Coefficient of friction at 20 °C
|Breakdown temperature (°C)
|1% stearic acid Smear copper stearate
|0.08, smooth 0.08
|90 94
|Platinum & cadmium
|1% stearic acid Cadmium stearate
|0.05 0.04
|130 140
|Platinum & steel
|Smear sodium stearate
Fatty acid esters, including glyceride esters (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl tribehenate, and glyceryl dibehenate) and sugar esters (sorbitan monostearate and sucrose monopalmitate), are often used as lubricants in the preparation of solid dosage forms [
Inorganic materials and polymers are also used as lubricants when magnesium stearate is not appropriate [
Magnesium stearate (Mg(C18H35O2)2) is a solid and white powder at room temperature; it is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved inactive ingredient commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. Magnesium stearate may be derived from plants as well as animal sources. It is prepared either by the chemical reaction of an aqueous solution of magnesium chloride with sodium stearate, or by the reaction of magnesium oxide, hydroxide or carbonate with stearic acid at elevated temperatures. The raw materials used in the manufacturing of magnesium stearate are refined fatty acids, a mixture of palmitic and stearic acid. Due to its manufacturing process, there are various impurities in magnesium stearate, often causing incompatibilities with APIs. So the chemical instability of APIs in the presence of magnesium stearate and their incompatibility, caused by either magnesium stearate or its impurities such as magnesium oxide, will be discussed in the chemical stability and incompatibility section. In the next few sections, our focus will center on the effect of magnesium stearate on the manufacturing process and product performance.
Magnesium stearate can form a variety of hydrates upon exposure to humidity. In addition to amorphous, magnesium stearate possesses four hydration states: anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and trihydrate. These hydration states can interchange reversibly, depending on temperature and relative humidity (RH). For instance, the trihydrate of magnesium stearate could be generated by exposing its anhydrate to a RH >70%. Therefore, depending on the environment in which materials have been exposed, magnesium stearate obtained from a vendor can be a mixture of anhydrate, hydrates, and amorphous. Consequently, most of the commercial supplies for this lubricant contain a mixture of various hydrates in unknown ratios. As reported, the lubrication efficiency of magnesium stearate as a lubricant varies from one hydration state to another; in general, the dihydrate is considered to be the most efficient lubricant of all, due to its crystal structure which is suitable for shearing. As a result, the flowability, permeability, porosity, and compressibility of a particular formulation lubricated with magnesium stearate depend on its moisture content or the RH of storage conditions. To further investigate the impact of the hydration state of magnesium stearate on the performance of formulations, each hydrate was isolated and tested in formulations. For example, to test the lubrication efficiency of each hydrate and their mixtures, each hydrate or a combination of two (1%, w/w) was mixed with other formulation components: MCC (72%, w/w), lactose monohydrate (22%, w/w), and acetaminophen (5%, w/w). In general, different hydration states produce varied effects on the performance of formulations. For example, the formulation lubricated with the monohydrate of magnesium stearate showed the lowest permeability and porosity followed by the formulations lubricated with the dihydrate and the anhydrate of magnesium stearate, and finally the un-lubricated formulation. This suggests that the structure of the lubricant affects the inter-particle packing arrangement, and consequently the blends containing the monohydrate require a higher pressure to establish a flow relative to those with the dihydrate and the anhydrate. However, in terms of the crush strength of compacts, the un-lubricated formulation produced compacts with the highest crush strength (15.471 kg/cm2) followed by the formulations containing the dihydrate, the monohydrate, and the mixture of (50:50, w/w) the dihydrate and the monohydrate. Regarding lubrication, lubricity index—a measure of over-lubrication-can be expressed as: (σcunlubricated − σclubricated)/σcunlubricated, where σcunlubricate and σclubricated are un-lubricated and lubricated crush strengths for compacts; the formulation containing the dihydrate showed the least tendency to cause over-lubrication. Thus, the lubricity index—ranking for the tendency to cause over-lubrication at a fixed concentration and lubrication time was: the dehydrate < the monohydrate < binary mixtures < the anhydrate. These results suggest that the level of water of hydration in the lubricant influences the tendency of over-lubrication. Furthermore, considering the effect of the hydration state on the compression process (pre-compression, main compression, ejection, and total forces), all blends containing the monohydrate yielded compression forces with less variability. In fact, the compression force profiles of the blends with the binary mixtures of the monohydrate and dihydrate or anhydrate were similar to those using the monohydrate alone, suggesting that the monolithic structure of the monohydrate of magnesium stearate appears to be the dominant influence in achieving a stable compression force. Further results indicated that the blends with either the anhydrate or the dihydrate required less total force for compression. Moreover, the blends containing the binary mixtures of the dihydrate with the anhydrate in various ratios seemed to require less total force than those with the dihydrate and the monohydrate, suggesting that the presence of the monohydrate in formulations requires more ejection force. In summary, when comparing the performance of three hydrates of magnesium stearate and their binary combinations (ratio varied from 25:75, 50:50 to 75:25), the formulations containing the monohydrate tend to have less permeability and porosity, and these formulations produce tableting forces with less variability during operation. However, they in general require more ejection force. In contrast, relatively, the formulations lubricated with the dihydrate appear to have less tendency for over-lubrication and require less total compression force. Overall, the performance of formulations having the dihydrate form of magnesium stearate is superior to others (see
The overall performance ranking of three pseudo-polymorphs of magnesium stearate and their binary mixtures [
|Magnesium stearate ratio
|Pre-Compression force
|Main compression force
|Ejection force
|Overall ranking
A, M, and D represent anhydrous, monohydrate, and dihydrate; P, F, and G stand for poor, fair and good.
In practice, the effect of the hydration state of magnesium stearate on lubrication cannot be separated from other factors such as surface areas and agglomeration [
The flowability of blends in pharmaceutical operations is critical for the success of manufacturing. Since the addition of magnesium stearate in a formulation generally improves the flowability of the formulation, it is often used as a flow agent. The flowability of a blend is typically assessed by measuring the following parameters: static angle of repose, Carr index, Hausner ratio, and the flow-function obtained from a shear-cell measurement. Of these parameters, the flow-function is the most useful parameter for assessing blend flowability, but other parameters are often used because of their simplicity. In general, the flowability of a blend is affected by many factors: the type of lubricant, the interaction of the lubricant with other materials, lubricant concentration, and mixing time. For example, relative to other lubricants including magnesium silicate, calcium stearate, and stearic acid, magnesium stearate is the most effective lubricant in improving the flowability of lactose even with a small amount [
As discussed before, the presence of magnesium stearate in a blend can significantly affect the flowability of the blend, which consequently impacts on the dynamics of compaction/compression processes (such as roller compaction). Therefore, the mechanical properties of any compacts/tablets manufactured are lubricant dependent. For instance, during the roller compaction of the blends of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), the presence of magnesium stearate modified the compaction dynamics by influencing both the maximum compression pressure and the nip angle of the process. Specifically, comparing the blend of MCC lubricated with magnesium stearate with that without, both the maximum compression pressure and the nip angle were reduced with lubrication at roll speeds of 3 rpm as well 5 rpm. Additionally, the reduction of the maximum compression pressure and the nip angle increased with increasing lubricant concentration. In terms of the method of lubrication, it was found that mixing the lubricant with MCC powders (bulk-lubrication) was much more effective than just spraying the lubricant to press surfaces (roll-lubrication). Furthermore, since lubrication reduced the compression pressure and the nip angle, the mechanical properties of compacts such as density were also altered. In particular, relative to the MCC blend without lubricant, the relative density of the lubricated ribbon, compressed from the MCC blend containing magnesium stearate, was consistently lower. This is because the compression pressure for the lubricated blend is generally lower compared with the un-lubricated one, due to the improved flowability and the reduction of wall friction. As expected, the average relative density of the ribbons remained unaffected when just the press was lubricated by spraying; this is due to the fact that roll-lubrication only reduces the friction between powders and the surface of a compactor, not the inter-particle friction of powder particles. However, for DCPD blends, a brittle material, the maximum compression pressure and the nip angle were reduced by both roll-lubrication and bulk-lubrication; the values of reduction were comparable for both, reaching a constant value at 0.25% (w/w) lubricant concentration. The reason for the difference between MCC and DCPD blends is that DCPD powders are brittle (easy to fracture) and less cohesive relative to MCC powders. Therefore, the flowability of DCPD powders is dominated by new surfaces generated by particle fracture so that its effect on the compression pressure and the nipple angle is about the same, whether roll-lubrication or bulk-lubrication.
Lubrication also affects the solid fraction of ribbons after compaction as well as the solid fraction and the tensile strength of tablets made. In this case, for the ribbons prepared with MCC blends, the reduction of the solid fraction increased with the lubricant concentration for both bulk-lubrication and roll-lubrication; relatively, bulk-lubrication yielded a larger reduction. In addition to the reduction of the solid fraction, the fracture energy for MCC ribbons was also reduced. Interestingly, a similar trend was observed for the ribbons made from DCPD blends although the solid fraction of DCPD ribbons was smaller than those made with MCC blends. Besides, the ribbons of DCPD were too fragile for measuring the fracture energies. Overall, the ribbon density is determined by how powder is fed into the compaction zone, which is influenced by the flowability of the powder. In terms of operating parameters including the nip angle and the maximum pressure in the nip region as well as the variation in density across a ribbon, they often increase with increasing friction, and therefore, these parameters would decrease if the powder were to be lubricated.
When a uniaxial compression process is used to make tablets, lubrication impacts the properties of tablets whether powders or granules are used as feeding materials. In the case of MCC, the solid fraction of MCC tablets was not affected by lubrication, but their tensile strength was reduced, in particular at 1% magnesium stearate concentration; this was true whether the powders of MCC or the granules of MCC were fed into the tablet press; however, relative to the tablets made from feeding MCC powders, tablets have a lower solid fraction and tensile strength when MCC granules are used. For DCPD tablets, the solid fraction and tensile strength were not affected with lubrication for both feeding materials. However, in general, the tablets made with DCPD granules have much lower tensile strength. This is because MCC is a deformable material whereas DCPD is a brittle material. Mechanistically, the reduction of tensile strength for MCC tablets is due to magnesium stearate, a boundary lubricant, which coats the particle surface to form a layer and reduces the tablet strength. Interestingly, for DCPD, it appears that lubrication with magnesium stearate has little effect on both the solid fraction and the tablet strength, primarily because the fractured-nature of DCPD creates fresh surfaces without lubricant attached, so that the tablet strength is not affected.
As discussed above, lubrication can significantly change the dynamics of blending and compaction/compression, as well as the mechanical properties (solid fraction and tensile strength) of compacts/tablets made. Therefore, monitoring of the change of magnesium stearate during manufacturing and storage becomes very critical. In particular, the hydration state of magnesium stearate changes with humidity and temperature, and its lubrication efficiency varies with its composition. To detect the composition change, near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in conjunction with other thermal methods was used to monitor the variability of the hydration state during operation, in which the absorption wavelengths for monohydrate and dehydrate are 7045 and 5100 cm−1, respectively [
Chemical instability issues of APIs in the presence of lubricants have been widely reported, especially for magnesium stearate. Regarding the effect of magnesium stearate on the chemical instability of an API, there are several factors to consider, including the impurities (MgO), the effect of alkalinity caused by magnesium stearate, its catalytic effect, and other chemical reactions initiated and mediated by magnesium ions. These will be discussed in the following sections.
The commercial materials of magnesium stearate contain several impurities such as magnesium oxide (MgO) and palmitic acid; so, these impurities often react with APIs in the solid state causing stability issues. For instance, as reported by Kararli
The presence of magnesium stearate in a formulation can increase the micro-environmental pH of the formulation, creating an alkaline condition and consequently accelerating the hydrolysis of some drugs. For example, the degradation rate of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in a blend increased with the addition of magnesium stearate; the hydrolysis rate depended on the concentration of magnesium stearate in the blend. This is because acetylsalicylic acid is a moisture-sensitive drug, and its degradation is often associated with the presence of water and/or an alkaline pH condition [
The presence of magnesium stearate in a formulation can also induce an oxidation reaction. For instance, the decomposition of drotaverine HCl was accelerated when magnesium stearate and talc were present in a formulation [
Degradation of drugs is also mediated by the presence of magnesium ions. For example, upon an accelerated stress treatment, fosinopril sodium was degraded into a β-ketoamide (III) and a phosphoric acid (IV) in a prototype tablet formulation with magnesium stearate [
Many drugs contain amine groups, and amines are typically prone to reactions with excipients and salt counter-ions. Specifically, the potential for a reaction with magnesium stearate or stearic acid is particularly of concern when a drug has a primary amine group. In the case of norfloxacin, after a prolonged storage at 60 °C, the formation of a stearoyl derivative was observed in the tablets containing magnesium stearate. Other drugs, found to be incompatible with magnesium stearate, include glimepiride, cephalexin, glipizide, ibuproxam, indomethacin, ketoprofen, moexipril, nalidixic acid, primaquine, promethazine hydrochloride, temazepam, glibenclamide, penicillin G, oxacillin, clopidogrel besylate and erythromycin [
There are other interactions between drugs and magnesium stearate causing incompatibility. Captopril (another ACE inhibitor) is a pyrrolidine carboxylic acid derivative used in the treatment of hypertension. During grinding (5 min at room temperature at 32% or 80% RH), it was shown that captopril interacted with a metallic stearate at surfaces, in which the mixtures of captopril and each metallic stearate gave different results, before and after grinding, as detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It appeared that grinding accelerated the solid-state interaction of captopril with magnesium stearate. In addition, the solid-state interaction between captopril and magnesium stearate was also evidenced by the shifting of the IR spectral peak for the –COOH of the stearate moiety from 1578–1541 cm−1. This can be attributed to the interaction of the –OH group in the carboxylic acid of captopril with bridging coordination of the –COO group of magnesium stearate via hydrogen bonding involving water; the interaction between captopril and magnesium stearate was stopped at 60 °C due to evaporation of water from the ground mixture.
Other interactions between lubricants and drugs also affect the performance of drug products. For example, as described before, prolonged mixing of formulations with magnesium stearate can result in slow-down of dissolution due to the excessive coating of granules by magnesium stearate, which acts as a water repellant. The extent of slow-down in the dissolution of formulations may depend upon the aqueous solubility of the active ingredients. This phenomenon was also observed for other hydrophobic lubricants such as calcium stearate or zinc stearate. However, when replacing magnesium stearate with hydrophilic lubricants such as Stear-O-Wet® or sodium stearyl fumarate, the dissolution slow-down was not observed. Similarly, changing a disintegrant can also improve the dissolution of formulations. For instance, Desai
Although stearic acid (12 out of 200 tablet formulations), in comparison with magnesium stearate (108 out of 200 tablet formulations), is a less frequently used lubricant, it provides an important alternative option when the use of magnesium stearate is not feasible. As reported by Desai
In addition to stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate is another alternative lubricant to be used in solid dosage forms. Since sodium stearyl fumarate is often supplied in a purer form, it can provide an option when the less pure stearate-type lubricants (stearic acid and magnesium stearate) are unsuitable due to chemical incompatibility. Sodium stearyl fumarate has a usage rate of four out of 200 drugs as a lubricant in formulations. It is less hydrophobic and has a less retardant effect on tablet dissolution than magnesium stearate. As reported by Arne W. Hölzer,
In summary, there are many factors to be considered for selecting an appropriate lubricant for preparing solid dosage forms including: low shear strength, being able to form a durable layer covering the surface/particles, non-toxic, chemically compatible with APIs and other components in the formulation, low batch to batch variability, and having minimum adverse effects on the performance of the finished dosage forms. In addition, the optimal concentration and mixing time are also needed to be taken into consideration when selecting a lubricant because both of these two parameters greatly impact the performance of pharmaceutical products and processes. Although low lubricant concentration and inadequate mixing cause inefficient lubrication issues such as sticking, capping, and binding in the die cavity, over-lubrication-high lubricant concentration and over-mixing-often results in an adverse effect on products as well as processes, including the reduction of tablet hardness, compression variability, the prolongation of disintegration time, and the decrease of the rate of dissolution. In
The optimal concentration of commonly used lubricants for preparing solid dosage forms.
|Water soluble lubricant
|Amount in formulation (%)
|Water insoluble lubricant
|Amount in formulation (%)
In this paper, the fundamentals of lubrication and the action mechanisms of lubricants in typical pharmaceutical manufacturing processes have been reviewed; the role of lubricants in improving pharmaceutical operations by reducing the adhesion forces between powder/equipment as well as particle/particle in terms of wall friction and inter-particle friction has been summarized. In addition to other classes of lubricants used in the pharmaceutical industry, magnesium stearate as the most frequently used lubricant has been discussed in detail. Furthermore, the lubrication efficacy of hydrates of magnesium stearate and their effect on the performance of formulations in pharmaceutical operations were discussed. Overall, it was concluded that the dihydrate of magnesium stearate is the best hydration state for lubrication. In terms of the effect of lubricant particle size, magnesium stearate with a large surface area and small particle size has the best lubrication efficiency, but it reduced the hardness of tablets and caused slow-down of dissolution. Moreover, the lubricant significantly affects the dynamic process of compaction/compression and the mechanical properties (solid fraction and tensile strength) of ribbons as well as tablets due to the improved flowability of the lubricated blends. For adequate lubrication, on-line monitoring can help to determine the end-point of a blending process, and the distribution of lubricant as well as its composition. Finally, magnesium stearate and its impurities often cause chemical instability of APIs. In selection of a lubricant for a formulation many factors including chemical instability, physical incompatibility, and lubrication efficiency should be considered.
The authors would like to thank Jennifer Wang of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited for suggestions.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


text:
SOUTH-AFRICA-IMMIGRANTS-BRITISH-L ArchivesArchiver > SOUTH-AFRICA-IMMIGRANTS-BRITISH > 2008-12 > 1229584857
From: Annemarie Kalishoek <>
Subject: Re: [ZA-IB] Extracts from the South African CommercialAdvertiser -June 1841 [heur]
Date: Thu, 18 Dec 2008 07:20:57 -0000
Hi Cheri
Thank you, no I did not know this, so he got married by the look of things,
leaving a wife and children behind in Holland.
I will try to find out trough the link you gave me
AnneM Kalishoek
-----Original Message-----
From: Cheri Marshall [mailto:]
Sent: Thursday, December 18, 2008 5:09 AM
Subject: Re: [ZA-IB] Extracts from the South African Commercial Advertiser
-June 1841 [heur]
You have probably got this...He is on the CDNI listed on the lhs of the
#4664 1982 KALISHOEK Jan Frederick Died17-May-1982 BUT his
wife is listed as "Lillian F"
You might want to check this out as his children would be listed on the DN.
Was Johanna Huberdina MUILENBURG the one he left behind?
His emigration papers are listed on NAAIRS( 1943 to 1946). I don't know if
he would have listed a possible relative on the papers but on most
applications they do ask you to list relatives so if you don't have this it
would be a start to get hold of these papers.
Hi all,
Does anyone recognize the live-story below, I would like to find out if this
ancestor had a family in Kaaptown or Franschhoek or somewhere else in SA.
He left a wife and children behind in the Netherlands in 1944/45 and was
never able to return home again:
Jan Frederik Kalishoek was born on 27 June 1896 in Amsterdam. He was 5ft
11in tall and had blue eyes. He was married to Johanna Huberdina
Muilenburg. In the five years before he arrived in the Union of South
Africa (it's now the Republic of South Africa) he was a Ships Captain -
aboard the cargo ship ss Japara from 18 November 1939 to 18 June 1941 and
then the Troop Transport ship ss Nieuw Holland from 18 June 1941 to 6
December 1944. From what I could see in the letters in the file, he didn't
exactly immigrate to South Africa on purpose. It looks like he was taken
off the ship due to a spine injury he sustained during the D Day landings
and he then applied for a temporary residence permit to allow him to
recover. From doctors letters in the file it seems that he was declared
unfit to travel, ever. So, he then applied for permanent residence. It
looks like he built a house in the Franschhoek area So in 1946 he was living
at "Westview", Victoria Street, Franschhoek
Annemarie Kalishoek
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|Re: [ZA-IB] Extracts from the South African CommercialAdvertiser -June 1841 [heur] by Annemarie Kalishoek <>


text:
Wayne Township trustees were hit with a case of sticker shock at the September board meeting.
The City of Wooster has proposed a three-year contract for continuing to provide emergency medical services to residents in the southwest corner of the township that is almost 320 percent greater over the three-year span than the rate the township has paid under its 1997-1999 contract.
Under the existing contract, the township will pay the city $1,400 for EMS in 1999. Under the proposed contract, the city would charge the township $5,700 in 2000, a 307 percent increase; $5,872 in 2001, up 319 percent; and $6,048 in 2002, up 332 percent.
The area covered by Wooster EMS squads represents about 10 percent of the township. It includes township residents on Mechanicsburg Road, on Highland Avenue going west from the city limits, Star Drive, Nelson Avenue, Linwood Drive and those living in the Flickinger Hill area. Fire service for this area is provided by the Wooster Township Fire Department.
Fire and emergency medical services for the remaining 90 percent of the township are provided by the Smithville Fire Department.
After reviewing the letter from Wooster, township trustees tabled the matter until their Oct. 11 meeting.
When contacted by phone Thursday, board president Howard W. Stahl said the trustees have a month to explore their options. He said the township has always contracted with the city of Wooster and Wooster Township because they were closer to the area needing service.
Wooster Fire Chief Vic Haugh explained the reasons for the sharp increase when contacted by phone Thursday.
In 1998, Wooster added a paramedic program which increased both the cost and level of emergency medical services provided, he said. Previously only basic life support services were provided. With paramedics, the city now provides advanced life support services as well.
Haugh said that, in preparing the quote, the department reviewed records for the past three years and assigned runs, which averaged 22 a year, to either basic or advanced categories.
The city's per-run charge is $150 for basic life support and $350 for advanced, he said.
Paramedics are able to offer a different level of care, Haugh explained, including administering drugs and performing some medical procedures.
Stahl acknowledged that "going 100 percent" with Smithville is one option. The township now pays $35,260 a year to Smithville for fire and EMS. "We're 100 percent satisfied with Smithville," Stahl said.
In other business, trustees:
Approved payment of bills, with expenses of $67,579.57 and receipts of $84,921.92.
Voted to accept the year 2000 tax amounts and millage rates as certified by the Wayne County Budget Commission.
Approved the final draft of the amended solid waste management plan of the Stark-Tuscarawas-Wayne Joint Solid Waste Management District.
Received a letter from Clear Picture Inc., exercising the option of a 15-year renewal of the agreement under which Clear Picture provides cable telecommunications service to Wayne Township.


text:
I had my first laser treatment today, and when I left the office felt a burning sensation. Three hours later I notice two burn mark on the area treated. I'm very concern it will leave a scar, what could I do to make it better? will it leave a scar? I attach a picture of the burns.
Burn from Laser Treatment? (photo)
Doctor Answers 2
Laser Treatment Burns?
It is very difficult to tell from the photo if what I am looking at is indeed a burn mark. However, getting burn marks from the laser doesn't happen often and permanent damage from laser hair removal is very unlikely. If you are truly burned, please visit the doctor that performed the procedure, and have them evaluate the area. More than likely it will take some time but sun block and avoiding the sun as much as possible will help speed the process. "Dr. D"
Burn after laser
It is very difficult to analyze your photo, as it is very dark. While some laser treatments can cause burns to the skin, in experienced hands these can be rare. You should return to the doctor who treated you for an examination immediately. If a burn is present, your doctor can help to minimize any permanent damage.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text:
(CNSNews.com) – On a sunny Monday morning in Washington, U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood biked a short distance to work, calling it a "successful commute."
LaHood, accompanied by some DOT staffers, rode his bicycle from the Washington Monument to DOT headquarters, a distance of a little over two miles.
"The route was safe and well-marked; we enjoyed some exercise; and we didn't burn a drop of gas--which saved us some money," LaHood wrote on his DOT "Fastlane" blog.
LaHood, an advocate of "non-motorized transportation," also put in a plug for building more bicycle lanes as well as transit and rail facilities, something that creates jobs, he said. "And we know that businesses will pop up where streets are friendly to bicyclists and pedestrians," he blogged.
LaHood declared Washington to be a "bike-friendly city," and he touted DOT's role in making it that way: "For example, we helped fund development of Capital Bikeshare, a program that makes more than 1,100 bikes available to its members throughout DC and Arlington (Virginia). People can hop on a bike at one station and drop it at another. With 110 stations at transit stops, grocery stores, office buildings, and more, it's a very convenient way to get around."
In March 2010, LaHood announced that federal transportation policies would no longer favor "motorized" transportation, such as cars and trucks, over "non-motorized" transportation, such as walking and bicycling. (See earlier story)
LaHood signed the new policy directive on March 11, the same day he attended a congressional reception for the National Bike Summit, a convention sponsored by a bicycling advocacy group, the League of American Bicyclists.
LaHood mentioned the League of American Bicyclists on Monday, saying the group recently recognized Washington's bike-friendly reputation with its "Silver award."
"In fact," LaHood said, "there's an informal race on the East Coast to see which large city can be first to achieve the Gold award. When we have cities competing to be acknowledged for their livability, that tells me things are going in the right direction."


text:
Main Park Package
₹570.00 / per head
Entry ticket is included in this package. The price includes 11 Free Rides & Attraction in the Main Park as mentioned below :
Crazy Tea Party Ride, Toy Train, Family Carousal, Paddle Boat, Eiffel Tower, Merry Go Round, Water Merry Go Round, Children's Corner, MIG21, Lazy River, Pirate Ship. This package includes all rides in the Park. Shows & Games are not included in this Package.
After successful completion of the online ticket booking process, you will receive a voucher confirming your payment. The voucher will be mailed to the email id. entered by you in the form. You need to print the same voucher and by producing that voucher on arrival at the Nicco Park's fast track counter, a ticket will be issued. This will be valid and will enable you to enter the Park.
*Last entry with the Main Park Package is till 5.30pm.
*Entry ticket is included in this package.
*Tickets once purchased are non-transferable and non-refundable.
*Online booking is not possible on the same day of the visit.
*Rides facilities are subject to its availability.
*Management reserves all rights.
*Rates may change without prior information.
*Offer valid until 31st. July 2017.


text:
Download - Driver Installer
Download the latest PDR-M60 device driver to improve your PC performance and stability, fix driver errors and resolves driver conflicts. This driver download is highly recommended to all PDR-M60 users, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 compatible. Please follow the instructions below to download PDR-M60 driver.
|Last Update
|- Driver Installer
Installation Instructions:
- Click the above download link or Click here to begin PDR-M60 driver download.
- Click "Save File", and start PDR-M60 driver installer once the download completes.
- Click "Run" on the confirmation message box.
- Follow on-screen prompts to complete PDR-M60 driver installation.
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|Driver item:
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|Windows Windows 98/2000/XP/NT
|Date added:
|69/31/1969 | version history
|Last seen:
|Security analysis:
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text:
" Brand: Super Codlivine / Type: Horse Food - Treats "
* Prices may differ from that shown
My horses always get a treat after they have been worked as a reward for doing good work. I don't know whether they care about getting a treat or not but I do like to thank them for working so hard. I think it is more for me feeling better rather than them getting a treat but they are now so used to getting something as soon as their bridle is off they stand and wait for it and should I take too long in giving them a treat they start to sniff and grab my pockets!
Everytime I go into my feed merchants I always come out with a bag of horse treats. I don't particularly have a brand I am loyal to and I will quite happily buy any treats as long as they do have a healthy side to them. A make of treats I have been using on and off for over 8 years are made by Codlivine who specialise in joint supplements by using cod liver oil (the name gives it away!).
For the purpose of this review I am reviewing the original Codlivine Crunchies as the picture on Dooyoo shows the different varieties. The Codlivine Crunchies come in a foil lined bag to ensure their freshness which is good especially if they have been sat on a shelf for a while. The foil bag is incredibly thin so you may get a few crushed biscuits. The packaging is bright orange and white in colour which are the Codlivine standard colours. Packaging is rather simple, there are no images just simply the logo of Codlivine as well as the product name. On the back is all the usual information you would expect such as ingredients, feeding and contact info. Please note that the foil bags are not re-sealable so it is best to put them into an air tight container to keep them fresh.
The Codlivine Crunchies are made with cod liver oil so they are great for helping keep those joints supple. As we all know cod liver oil is widely used by people and it is also widely used in the equestrian world. The treats also have added vitamins to keep your horse fit and healthy. Horses and ponies should be fed these at a minimum however healthy they are so don't over do it when feeding. My horses get two each after being ridden as a reward and that's it. It is advised to feed in moderation.
The Crunchies are bight orange in colour and are round in shape, I'd say they are around the size of a 50p piece which is easy for the horse to manage if given whole. They have a very biscuity type texture and they break and crumble easily if held too hard. The orange colour is just the same as Super Codlivine's joint supplement and has a very distinct aroma of cod liver oil, this may be nice to some but to me I'm not a fan. Because the Crunchies have a biscuit texture my horses find them incredibly easy to bite into and within a few seconds you can hear the crunching sound.
In one bag of Codlivine Crunchies you get quite a lot which is great as one bag manages to last me quite a while between my horses. They all seem to enjoy them except my one horse who is fussy anyway (he doesn't like cod liver oil) and seems to prefer herbal or apple scented treats so I know not to give him these. However, my other three seem to enjoy them and are always happy to be given them. They don't have any problems crunching into them and within seconds they are gone!
Cod liver oil doesn't just help the joints but also keeps the coat nice and shiny. However, don't expect miracles over night. I haven't noticed any difference in my horses coats but then again they all have nice shiny coats. I like to think that the Crunchies just help keep them topped up with oils and vitamins which is ultimately quite healthy for them so I'm not giving them unhealthy treats. I would definitely recommend them to any horse/ pony/ donkey owner.
Super Codlivine Crunchies are available to buy from most feed merchants and are widely available online. For a 1kg bag expect to pay around £3.50. Not the cheapest treat but you get a lot on a bag and as you don't feed them a lot of the treats the bag lasts quite a while.


text:
Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
My boyfriend and I live in a 3rd floor apartment with our 20 lb dog (a beagle). A few surrounding neighbors complained about her barking and our downstairs neighbor complained about some heavy stomping in our apartment. We addressed these concerns immediately by buying a bark collar, going to dog training class & walking lightly in our unit, & spoke with our landlord immediately & apologized & told them we'd do whatever it took to remediate the situation. Since then we have had no further complaints from our surrounding neighbors, but the downstairs neighbor will still pound on her ceiling occasionally if our dog has some pent up energy & runs around for a minute or two. We are never loud, especially after 10 pm. Can we be threatened with eviction because of our noise-intolerant neighbor?
These can be very difficult situations, my daughter went through something very similar with a downstairs neighbor. You can only be evicted if you violate your lease. Review your lease to see what it says about noise. You can also check with your landlord to see if downstairs neighbor is complaining or if she just likes to bang on your ceiling. Try to use your best people skills with he neighbor. Talk to her about her complaints and try to work out solution.
The information that I am providing is general information based on my understanding of your question. You cannot and should not rely on this general advice in making legal decisions. There may be important information that you did not include in your question that could drastically change the advice an attorney that was fully informed would give you. I am not your attorney. My response does not create an attorney client relationship.Ask a similar question
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text:
The Epping Ongar Railway is getting ready to turn back the clocks with a 1940s themed weekend – including a flyover by vintage planes.
The event, this weekend, will feature a flyover from RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.
The flypast will be made by planes such as a Hurricane, Lancaster and Spitfire.
The event will feature performances from A2 Jive dance group and a stall from the Women's Institute selling 'Ham, Jam and Spam'.
Simon Howland, who has organised this year's event, said: "The event is great fun and gives us a chance to see, watch and get a taste of life in the 1940s and wartime Britain."
Steam trains will be used to ferry passengers from station to station where there will be British troops and 40's policemen.
Chief Mechanical Engineer, Dave Horsley, said: "We're running two steam locomotives, both of which will have been in service in the 1940s."
There will also be a 1940's themed dance on Saturday night in North Weald airfield.
The event will be raising money for The Veterans Charity and take place in an aircraft hangar.
Tickets for the dance are available from North Weald Station.
For more information on events on the railway, contact 07880 748259.


text:
Submit News
Intel's Santa Rosa Platform - NAND on the Laptop
Tuan Nguyen
March 8, 2006 1:29 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
Crestline, Robson, and Merom - Intel is bringing together a host of technologies for Santa Rosa, its next gen platform
Merom, Intel's next-generation is slated for release at the end of 2006. Interestingly, Yonah is still pretty young but the next-generation beyond Yonah is already well under way. What follows Merom's release however, is definitely interesting and in a very serious way, compliments the new architectures to enable such features as instant-on and instant-off. Intel is pushing these technologies as part of its Viiv platform, and while we will see a lot of the neat technologies appear on mobile systems first, plans are underway to bring the same technologies to the desktop.
After Intel's Napa paltform, Santa Rosa is next for Intel along with the release of Crestline, Intel's next-generation mobile chipset. Crestline will bring along new features that utilize NAND flash memory. Intel says the technology, called Robson, is incorporated with Crestline (as part of the Santa Rosa platform) and allows critical OS systems to be cached to the non volatile memory. This way, the NAND memory will be used as a boot drive and may be able to include common applications as well.
Intel demonstrated Robson using OS boot times and application loads. The demonstration took place on a NAND enabled system and one without, and in many cases the one with Robson showed 4 to 5 times the performance of a legacy system. For mobility users, Intel also says that using NAND flash technology, battery power will be preserved because there is a higher performance-per-watt ratio on a NAND-enabled system vs. a legacy HDD-only based system. Intel also recently invested heavily into Micron, to create a new joint venture on producing NAND flash memory and NAND based products.
According to Intel, Robson-enabled notebooks and desktops will start to see the light in early 2007. While Crestline, and Merom will not be launching all together, Intel promises a culmination of all the above technologies in Santa Rosa.
"Mac OS X is like living in a farmhouse in the country with no locks, and Windows is living in a house with bars on the windows in the bad part of town." -- Charlie Miller
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text:
Orlando, Fla. • You might need a magic wand to get on the new Harry Potter ride at Universal Orlando Resort.
For a second day in a row, visitors waited up to five hours to get on the ride, Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts, located in the new Diagon Alley section of Universal Studios. A day earlier, on the first day Diagon Alley was open to the public, visitors waited for as long as seven hours.
A sign at the entrance to the 3-D ride at midday Wednesday said the wait would be 300 minutes.
"We're not going to wait," said Eric Poudrier after snapping a photo of the wait time. He was visiting with his girlfriend and 2-year-old daughter from Montreal.


text:
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text:
Have Relationship Questions? Ask a Counselor for Answers ASAP
HiCustomer Thank you for asking your question on JustAnswer. By the way, it would help us to know:
-What is your age?
-Are you dating Chuck?
-When did you call Chuck?
-Could you explain your situation a little more?Thank you again for trusting us with your problem. Please reply as soon as possible so that we can finish answering your question.
If you called him last Saturday and he hasn't called back then he may not be calling you back what you should do is sit down and write him a long letter telling him how you feel about him and that you never stopped loving him, he may not be calling you back because he doesn't know what you want or that you want him to call back. Depending on how things ended this may be your only chance to get him back so don't let this pass you by and then years later find yourself living with regrets. Either way you need to know where you stand with him and if he isn't willing to give it another try then you will know that you gave it your all. Make the letter as long as you need it to be and make sure you get all of your feelings out there and ask him if he would every consider giving you another chance. This way if he isn't willing to give it another try you can find closure in knowing that you told him how you felt and don't have to hide the way you feel anymore. What I would do is try to call him one more time and give it three days and if he doesn't call you after that then I would write the letter and mail it out to him.
-Are you looking for a pyschic reading?
Thank you again for trusting us with your problem. Please reply as soon as possible so that we can finish answering your question.
I think that Chuck doesn't know what you want when you call unless you leave a message stating why you are calling he will not know that you still love and care about him and want to have another chance with him. Alot of people think "Oh, they aren't going to take me back" or "This will not work" without even trying and then they often times live with regrets for many years and asking themselves "What if" and you don't want to find yourself asking that without knowing one way or the other. Even if he isn't interested in trying again at lease you know for sure and then you can work on moving past this and finding closure to help you move on.
Without talking to Chuck it's hard to know what he thought about the phone call but since he didn't answer your call he may have move on or just thought you were calling to tell him and since you didn't tell him to call you back he probably won't that is why it's important for you to be open about your feeling.
That's fine would you like to talk to another expert? Let me know what you want to do please.


text:
The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 24.0250 Tuesday, 14 May 2013
Date: May 14, 2013 12:50:26 AM EDT
Subject: Re: SHAKSPER: Greenblatt
>I believe Booth and Duncan-Jones unmistakably reject Bishop's
>reading by implication and that expresio unius est exclusio
>alteruis clearly applies here. Don't be loathe to leap, Larry.
I prefer to ask rather than tell them what they meant.


text:
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text:
Guy recommends:
Install a ticket-based help desk system from SolarWinds. Download your free trial
WINS and Exchange 2003 Dependencies
Exchange 2003's Dependency on WINS
If you want to investigate the relationship between WINS and Exchange 2003 you have 3 choices:
Clarifying Exchange 2003's Dependency on WINS
I had been labouring under the delusion that Windows and Exchange 2003 servers no longer need WINS, it seems that I was wrong. However, what I now believe is that Exchange 2003 does not absolutely need WINS. What various Exchange 2003 processes absolutely need is, NetBIOS name resolution. On simple networks, like mine, Exchange 2003 can resolve NetBIOS names simply by just broadcasting. Now I expect that you are ahead of me on why big networks still need WINS, because broadcasts are limited to the local subnet.
Let us consider a quote: 'Microsoft tries to make sure all programs work without NetBIOS, but this may only apply to future products.' From the Microsoft source knowledgebase article: PSS ID Number: 837391.
The above article points out problems with these configurations:
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Here is a free tool to monitor your Exchange Server. Download and install the utility, then inspect your mail queues, monitor the Exchange server's memory, confirm there is enough disk space and check the CPU utilization.
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Solutions to Exchange's need for NetBIOS Name Resolution.
Associated programs - DNS, DHCP, Outlook and possibly SMS.
Exchange 2003's Dependency on WINS - Summary
Exchange 2003 still makes NetBIOS calls. So either configure resource records in WINS, or else rely on broadcasts to resolve the NetBIOS requests.