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Medicago sativa L.
Author: Dr John Frame
Common names.
Lucerne, alfalfa, common purple lucerne, common lucerne, purple alfalfa, purple medick.
Erect or ascending, glabrous perennial, 30-90 cm, with alternate trifoliate leaves ; leaflets, 30 mm, narrowly obovate, toothed in upper third with a mucronate tip; stipules linear-lanceolate, usually serrate. Numerous stems originating from crown buds ; as the stems develop, axillary buds formed in lower leaf axils produce further stems which build up a crown of basal buds at their base. Crown is the main source of stems produced after defoliation ; axillary buds above ground develop into branches. Deep-rooted, 2-4 m, or more in deep, well-drained soils. About 60-70% of total root mass is in the upper l5 cm of soil profile (Heichel, l982). Inflorescences are compact racemes up to 40 mm, borne in axils of upper leaves ; purple florets, 8 mm, typically papilionacious. Cross-pollinated by various species of bee. Seed pods spirally coiled, glabrous or pubescent ; pods turn from green to brown as they mature, and contain 2-5 kidney-shaped, yellow or brown seeds. A proportion of the seeds are hard, probably inversely related to temperature during seed set (Fairey and Lefkovitch, l99l).
Modern cultivars of M. sativa usually contain varying proportions of M. sativa and M falcata genes in their make-up though the sativa gene is generally dominant. The common names of M. falcata are yellow lucerne or sickle lucerne. It is a decumbent, rhizomatous perennial, 30-60 cm, with alternate trifoliate leaves, leaflets being sharply pointed. Roots thinner and more branched than common lucerne. Inflorescences are compact racemes, 25 mm, with yellow florets. Seed pods straight to curved, 2-5 seeds per pod. Hybrids between M. sativa and M. falcata known as sand, hybrid or variegated lucerne (M. media) bear yellow, mauve or purple florets and can be back-crossed with both parents. Seed pods curved or spiral, 3-8 seeds per pod.
The following refers to common lucerne (M. sativa) with occasional reference to the other two species, as appropriate.
Widely distributed in temperate zones of the world, e.g. USA, southern Canada, Europe, China, southern Latin America, South Africa. In the USA, an estimated l0-ll million ha have been grown annually in recent years (Barnes and Sheaffer, l995).
Highest yielding forage legume. Requires deep, well-drained fertile soils to maximise potential. Perenniality and upright growth habit make it a highly suitable crop for conservation as hay, silage or in dehydrated form. Usually productive for 4-6 years. Range of cultivars with differing characteristics has extended its ability to grow in environments from very dry to very cold. Generally grown in monoculture. Has a higher tolerance of saline soils than many other forage species.
Season of growth.
Spring to autumn, but main flush of growth in late spring/early summer. Variable in winter dormancy. Winterhardy types suited to cold regions have a longer dormancy period and shorter growing season than the less winterhardy types suited to warm temperate regions.
Temperature for growth.
High air temperature of 270C optimum for seedling growth but optimum declines to 22oC as shoots develop (Fick et al., l988). Optimum temperatures for root growth, 2l-250C (Kendall et al., l99l). High temperatures reduce forage digestibility due to a decrease in total non-structural carbohydrates (Wilson et al., l99l). Plant hardening for cold resistance increases with declining temperatures from l00C downwards, completing the process at 1oC to 2 oC (McKenzie et al., l988). The most winterhardy cultivars harden more rapidly with decreasing temperatures and are slower to deharden in spring with rising temperatures than less winterhardy cultivars. During hardening the concentration of soluble sugars increases while starch concentration decreases (Castonguay et al., l995) . Lucerne is known to survive temperatures of 250C in Alaska and above 500C in California (Barnes and Sheaffer, l995).
Frost tolerance and regrowth.
There are varying degrees of frost tolerance among genotypes, the most tolerant being those with a high proportion of genes from yellow lucerne, e.g. Grimm in North America. The European Flamand (Flemish) and Provence types have only moderate frost tolerance because of lower proportions of yellow lucerne genes, the Provence types being less winter hardy than the Flamand types. In general, the most frost-tolerant genotypes are slower to start growth in spring and quicker to cease growth in winter and so have a shorter growing season. Winter hardiness is strongly associated with low rates of autumn forage production (Perry et al., l987).
Lucerne is a long-day plant though the minimum photoperiod required to initiate flowering varies among cultivars (Major et al., l99l). Flower number and floral development are also promoted by long photoperiods. Shortening autumn daylengths initiate cold hardening, and in conjunction with low temperatures induce winter dormancy. These effects, together with prior cessation of stem elongation, occur earliest in autumn with the most cold-tolerant types (Hesterman and Teuber, l98l). During periods of rapid growth in the growing season, competition for light within the canopy leads to the dominance of shoots emanating from the crown buds over those initiated from axillary stems (Gosse et al., l988).
Drought tolerance.
More drought tolerant than other forage legumes such as red clover or birdsfoot trefoil (Peterson et al., l992). Deep-rooting ability is an important factor in drought tolerance and any adverse soil physical or chemical conditions which restrict root growth will reduce drought tolerance. During severe drought, plants become dormant but resume growth when moisture becomes available (Hall et al., l988).
Water supply.
Compared with many forage species lucerne is an efficient user of water supply largely as a result of its deep tap-root system. A linear relationship between available water capacity and yield has been shown (Douglas, l986). While water use efficiency varies with season, it is normally in the range of 5 to 9 cm evapotranspiration/ha per tonne of forage DM produced (Sheaffer et al., l988). The less winterhardy genotypes suited to warm temperate regions are more efficient water users than the cold-tolerant types. Water deficit adversely affects shoot production and hence efficiency of light interception by the canopy thus leading to reduced yield (Durand et al., l989). Many of the physiological functions, such as photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation, are also adversely affected by moisture stess. In comparison with irrigated lucerne, moisture-stressed lucerne had lower mineral contents in the forage though forage digestibility was higher due to delay in maturity (Kidambi et al., l990).
Tolerance of flooding.
Intolerant of prolonged flooding which adversely affects root development, forage yield and plant persistence. Root and crown rots, e.g. Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora megasperma), may develop and thus reduce plant populations (Sheaffer et al., l988). Well-drained soils are necessary in areas with high rainfall or for irrigated crops so as to avoid soil saturation.
Soil requirements.
Needs well-drained, deep friable soils with high levels of soil fertility, including a high soil pH, 6.0-6.5, for optimal performance. Soils which are compacted, have indurated layers or are inherently shallow adversely affect lucerne growth and development. Wheel tracking during crop harvesting, or during application of fertilizers or slurry for example, reduce plant persistence and growth vigour partly through soil compaction and partly by plant damage (Sheesley et al., l974).
Rhizobium relationships.
Rhizobial N-fixation in the nodules is by strains of Rhizobium meliloti., distinct strains being required for different lucerne genotypes. Nodules are concentrated on the fibrous roots in the upper soil layer. There is also scope to breed cultivars receptive to a wide range of Rhizobium strains (Barran and Bromfield, l997). Seed inoculation is essential when introducing lucerne to land without a recent history of growing lucerne. Lack of available Ca at low soil pH reduces Rhizobium activity and root nodulation, and the natural occurrence of R. meliloti is markedly reduced below a soil pH of 6.0 (Graham, l992). Lime pelleting of inoculated seed increased nodulation of branch roots at the plant crown in seedlings, thereby increasing nitrogen concentration and dry weight of the shoots (Pijnenborg, et al., l99l).
Ability to spread naturally.
Some winterhardy cultivars develop stem-producing rhizomes from the plant crown, while some are creeping-rooted, i.e. they produce adventitious stems from primordia which arise from roots (Teuber and Brick, l988). Winterhardy yellow lucerne has a creeping, rhizomatous habit as have the Spanish mielga lucerne types which are persistent under grazing.
Land preparation for establishment.
Well-cultivated, uniform and firm seed bed required for good results.
Sowing methods.
The seed is normally drilled after conventional seed-bed cultivations but seed can also be broadcast. When growing lucerne with a companion grass there is no advantage in sowing the two components in alternate drills (Fairey and Lefkovitch, l994). Sowing lucerne under a cover crop, e.g. wheat, barley, reduces weed invasion and the cover crop provides a cash crop. However, there is a greater risk of poor establishment compared with direct sowing due to competition from the cover crop and so its seed rate and N fertilization should be reduced. The risk is greatest in dryland conditions where moisture can be limiting. Lucerne can be direct drilled (sod seeded) into an existing grass sward or cereal stubble, but this method is not common since it is more risky than conventional seeding methods. Direct drilling is most sucessful on swards with low-density vegetation when there is adequate moisture for germination and seedling development (Brash, l983). Dense grass swards can be thinned out by severe grazing, cutting for conservation or by partial chemical desiccation. Guidelines for successful establishment include : control of perennial weeds before sowing ; adequate soil pH and fertilization with water-soluble phosphate ; sufficient soil moisture. Control of pests, e.g. slugs, may also be necessary (Byers and Templeton, l988). Autotoxicity militates against sod seeding lucerne into a thin lucerne stand or reseeding lucerne after a previous lucerne crop (Hegde and Miller, l990) but disease and/or pest prevalence may also be a factor.
Sowing depth and cover.
The optimum depth is l0-l5 mm with a light but firm soil cover to promote seed-soil contact.
Sowing time and rate.
Spring is normally the best time since temperature and moisture conditions are usually satisfactory for good seed germination and efficiency of Rhizobium action. Lucerne can also be sown conventionally or drilled into the stubble of a cereal crop in autumn, provided there is sufficient time for the plants to develop enough to withstand winter cold and possible frost heaving of the soil. An autumn deficit of soil moisture can be overcome by irrigation if autumn sowing is preferred to spring sowing (Janson, 1975)
Seed rates between 6 and 20 kg/ha are commonly used. Much higher rates of l7-34 kg/ha are used in southern USA due to the occurrence of seedling diseases compared with l0-l3 kg/ha used in northern USA and southern Canada (McKersie, l997). An initial plant population of l35-270 plants per m2 is suggested as a reasonable target (Barnes and Sheaffer, l995). When sown with a companion grass, non-aggressive species are used, e.g. 2-4 kg/ha of smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis) or meadow fescue (Festuca pratense). Other grasses used include cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) or reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) (Sheaffer et al., l990). Lucerne sown at 3-5 kg/ha in 30-70 cm-wide drills produced high seed yields (Askarian et al., l995).
Number of seed per kg.
Circa 500 000.
Percentage hard seed.
A high proportion of hard seed, 30-40 % can be present in seed lots.
Seed treatment before sowing.
Seed is not normally treated to reduce the hard seed content since these may germinate over time following abrasion of the seed coat by fluctuating soil conditions after sowing.
Nutrient requirements.
The optimal soil pH for plant development is in the range 6.0-6.5 and so liming is often a key requirement ; Mn and Al toxicity are problems in acid soils especially if available Ca levels are low. Adequate P in the seed bed is necessary for seedling development, and in the USA, phosphate is often band-applied below the sown lucerne seed. In soils with a low soil N status a small starter N dressing of 25-50 kg/ha at establishment will encourage seedling development but thereafter nodulation and rhizobially-fixed N will satisfy plant needs (Hannaway and Shuter, l993). Because of the high rate of removal of nutrients in conservation crops, replenishment is necessary to maintain production. In particular, large amounts of K are removed and need to be replaced ; K fertilization improves lucerne tolerance to intense cutting management and winter injury (Sheaffer et al., l986). However, the major nutrients, P, S and sometimes Mg, require replacement too. B and Mo may need to be applied ; deficiency of B adversely affects young tissue growth and stem elongation while Mo deficiency reduces the functioning of the nitrogenase enzyme in the N-fixation process. Critical levels of nutrients, i.e. the minimum concentrations within the plant required to produce 90-95% optimum growth, are shown in Table 4. The interpretation of herbage nutrient analyses is clouded by nutrient interactions. For example, increasing availability of soil P increases uptake of Ca, Mg, Na and S but reduces the uptake of K and some trace elements, while increasing availability of soil K reduces the uptake of Mn, Zn, Ca and B (James et al., l994). The problem can be partly overcome by the use of nutrient ratios, e.g. the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) (Russelle and Sheaffer, l986).
Table 4 Critical concentrations of nutrients in lucerne (from Frame et al., l998)
Compatibility with grasses and other legumes.
Compatible with non-aggressive grasses. Different grass species favoured by different countries e.g. smooth brome grass, cocksfoot and reed canary grass are the species most commonly used in mixtures in northern USA (Sheaffer et al., l990) where mixed stands rather than monocultures are sown although the latter two species are considered to be aggressive towards lucerne. In Europe, timothy (Phleum pratense) and meadow fescue, cocksfoot, and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) are among the species used.
Ability to compete with weeds.
Relatively low at early establishment phase but improves with the development of the canopy. Sowing a companion grass deters weed ingress though herbicides to control grass weeds cannot then be used. Once established and agronomically well managed, vigorously-growing, dense lucerne stands prevent severe weed invasion.
Tolerance of herbicides.
Tolerates clover-safe herbicides such as 2,4-DB, MCPB, benazolin and bentazone types but not less-selective types. In established monocultures, winter application of propyzamide will control grass weeds.
Seedling vigour.
Initially poor on account of small seed size.
Vigour of growth and growth rhythm.
Once established, capable of vigorous growth provided there is high soil fertility, adequate water supply, whether rainfed or by irrigation, and good crop management. Growth is slow in early spring peaking in late spring-early summer. Autumn yield is related to genotype and is lowest for cold-tolerant, winter-dormant cultivars.
Nitrogen-fixing ability.
Estimates of annual rates range from 85 to 360 kg N/ha with a wide variation among sites (Witty et al., l983 ; Heichel and Henjum, l99l). Plant nutrient deficiencies in the soil, excessive soil acidity, a high soil N status, or applied fertilizer N all limit N-fixation due to the sensitivity of the nitrogenase enzyme system to the soil environment. Nitrogen-fixation is markedly reduced though not stopped by high levels of fertilizer N application (Lamb et al., l995). Defoliation causes a marked decline in N-fixation due to the removal of photosynthate supply to the nodules (Cralle and Heichel, l98l) but also to feedback inhibition since nitrogenous products accumulate in the nodules (Hartwig and Nösberger, l994) ; however, nodule growth and Nfixation increase again with new vegetative regrowth. Lucerne requires half the energy of that needed by sainfoin for N-fixation (Witty et al., l983). In lucerne, l0 mol of carbon dioxide (CO2) is lost in respiration per mol of fixed N (Sheehy et al., l984). The main route of N transfer from lucerne to companion grasses is by death and decomposition of below-ground roots and nodules and subsequent mineralisation of this N from the organic matter (Dubach and Russelle, l994). However the proportion of total N transferred is generally lower than from red or white clover (Heichel and Henjum, l99l). Stress conditions, defoliation in particular, causes senescence of root material.
Response to defoliation.
Best suited to an infrequent defoliation regime in which cutting for hay or silage is the main objective. This management allows nutrient reserves within the plant to build up between defoliations and so maintain yield and persistence. Nitrogen reserves in the roots are important in determining the rate of growth after defoliation, with regrowth drawing mainly from the vegetative-storage protein pool (Barber et al., 1996). In cold regions with relatively short growing seasons, e.g. the northern states of the USA, three or four harvest are taken annually as a rule (Sheaffer et al., l988) but in warmer, drier regions at least double this number can be taken under irrigation (Barnes and Sheaffer, l995). Within a growing season, increasing the frequency of cutting reduces yield but increases forage nutritive value. The timing of harvests is best linked to stage of development of the primary growth and regrowths, and an index system based on ten developmental stages from early vegetative through to ripe seed pod has been produced (Table 3).
Table 3 Summary of stages of development of lucerne plants ( Kalu and Fick, l98l)
In autumn a rest interval is needed before growth ceases so that carbohydrate and nitrogen reserves can build up to enhance winter-cold tolerance. The dormant forage can then be utilised after onset of winter. If reserves are depleted by late-autumn defoliation the number of crown buds, from which early-season growth is initiated, is reduced. This also has repercussions later in the season since yield becomes dependent on stem axillary buds ; these buds are encouraged by tall (l0-l4 cm) rather than shorter stubble heights at defoliation. Leaving tall stubble at the final defoliation in cold regions can ameliorate frost effects on the soil and retain snow cover which protects crown buds against frost (Barnes and Sheaffer, l995). Timing of the autumn rest interval is less critical in milder climates, the Mediterranean region ; for example, although first-cut yields the following year were reduced by cutting before the first frosts, annual yields were similar to those from stands cut near or after the first autumn frost (Marble et al., l989 ; Lloveras et al., l998).
Grazing management.
Some form of rotational grazing is required to sustain plant persistence and production. The rest intervals following defoliation replenish the root and plant crown reserves of carbohydrates and nitrogen which are needed for regrowth. Short grazing periods ensure young regrowths are not grazed (Janson, l982). The duration of the rest intervals depends on the growing conditions which prevail but are likely to be in the 5- to 7-week range. If continuously grazed, defoliation should be lax to prevent over-severe defoliaton and damage to plant crowns. In mixed swards, a highly acceptable grass companion is needed and stocking rate and grazing intensity controlled so as to prevent selective overgrazing of the lucerne (Leach, l983). Some degree of success has been achieved in the development of lucerne cultivars with improved tolerance to grazing, including continuous grazing (Brummer and Bouton, l99l).
Breeding system.
Lucerne is cross-pollinated by several types of bee honey, short-tongued cutter, alkali bumble bees. The chromosome number is 2n=4x=32 for tetraploid common lucerne and 2n=2x=l6 for diploid yellow lucerne.
Breeding objectives.
These include : improved yield, persistence, multiple pest resistance, disease resistance, N-fixation, cold hardiness, winter growth (for warm temperate regions), nutritive value, grazing tolerance. For example, from l965 to l990, Canadian breeding programmes increased first-, second- and third-year yields by 0.l6, 0.27 and l.07% per year, respectively (McKersie, l997).
Dry matter yields.
In the USA DM yields up to 20 t/ha have been achieved in experiments (Sheaffer et al., l988). Yields from 9.4 to l7.6 t/ha have been reported from the UK (Aldrich, l984 ; Frame and Harkess, l987) and from l4.5 to l9.0 t/ha in France (Guy, l993) over a range of sites. On-farm yields are likely to be less than experimental yields because of less-precise management control. At fixed cutting intervals and with no moisture stress, yields of successive harvests decreased over the growing season (Corletto et al., l994). In general, annual yields of lucerne decline with age of stand, the decline being accelerated by factors such as winter damage, pests and diseases, and mismanagement.
Suitability for hay and silage.
The inherent growth characteristics and good yield response to infrequent cutting make lucerne a highly suitable species for conservation as hay or silage. A succession of cut crops firstly at l0% bloom thereafter and at 5- to 7-week intervals maximises yield, gives satisfactory nutritive value and aids stand longevity (Sheaffer et al., l988). When making hay or wilting crops cut for silage, it is important to save the nutritious leaf fraction as much as possible during handling since leaf shatter and loss is major hazard during drying. In spite of lucernes high protein content, low sugar content and high buffering capacity against acidification during silage fermentation, compared with grass crops, high-quality silage can be made using the techniques of wilting, short chopping and the application of an effective additive. Artificial dehydration is also used in order to produce high-quality lucerne cubes, pellets or meal.
Value as standover or deferred feed.
Not a common method of utilization but the forage accumulated in the late-autumn rest period required to build up root carbohdyates and nitrogen reserves can be utilized soon after winter dormancy has set in.
Feeding value.
Rich in protein, minerals and vitamins. Feeding value largely determined by stage of growth at the time of utilization since nutritive value falls with advancing maturity and associated increase in stem :leaf ratio. Cell wall constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) increased by 0.l6% of dry matter per day with advancing maturity (Keftassa and Tuvesson, l993) and this decreases forage digestibility. The decrease in digestibility is more marked in the lower than upper stem fractions and is least in leaves (Buxton et al., l985). Increasing the number of crops in a season by cutting at earlier stages of growth improves forage digestibility and crude protein content but at the expense of yield (Brink and Marten, l989 ; Hesterman et al., l993). In comparison with grass at similar stages of growth lucerne has lower cell wall and digestible fibre contents but higher digestible cell and crude protein contents (Campling, l984). It also has higher contents of most minerals of nutritional importance to livestock. Table 5 shows the mineral composition of lucerne. Protein-rich lucerne and energy-rich maize make a valuable combination for dairy cow feeding.
Table 4 Mineral composition of lucerne (from Spedding and Diekmahns, l972)
Highly acceptable forage to livestock whether as hay, silage, dried pellets, cubes or meal or when grazed at a leafy growth stage. Thus, has high voluntary intake characteristics.
Anti-quality factors.
Bloat is a hazard when grazing lush lucerne stands but conventional preventative methods are available e.g. provison of anti-foaming agent such as poloxalene. Lucerne contains oestrogens which reduce conception rates in cattle and sheep if grazed or fed lucerne prior to mating. The oestrogen content differs among genotypes but may be increased in the leaves by pest and fungal attack which is often prevalent in the autumn (White, l982). Saponin content in the forage has a dual effect of causing adverse haemolytic effects in stock, but also conferring plant resistance to pests (Tava et al., l993).
Seed harvesting methods.
Seed crops are usually direct combined following spraying with a crop desiccant to speed up drying. Correct timing of harvesting is necessary, i.e. when 65-75% of the seed pods are dark brown, to avoid loss of seed by shedding. Guidelines for successful seed production are available (Dunbier et al., l983) ; these include a spring hay cut or grazing before crop closure, irrigation as required up to the seed stage, the use of bee colonies for pollination, spraying with fungicides against fungal diseases or with pesticides against insect pests as necessary.
Seed yields.
Yields average 750 kg/ha in the main seed-producing areas of the USA, i.e. the western states where the majority of crops are grown under irrigation, but in the midwestern states yields of 50 kg/ha are more typical (Barnes and Sheaffer, l995). In Europe, an average seed yield is about 400 kg/ha.
Seed quality standards.
Using the Fodder Plant Seeds Regulations for the United Kingdom as an example, certified seed requires a minimum germination of 80% and a permissible maximum hard seed content of 40% by number of pure seeds in the sample. Required analytical purity is 97% by weight for the minimum standard and 98% for the higher voluntary standard. The maximum permissible content of seeds of other species is l.5% by weight for both the minimum and higher voluntary standards.
There is a wide range of genotypes with differing characteristics available, many being the result of mixed ancestry from sativa and falcata types and their hybrids. Winterhardy cultivars, e.g. the Grimm types, are used in northern USA, south-east Canada and other winter-cold regions because of winter dormancy and cold hardiness whereas Mediterranean types more suited to warmer climes have a longer growing season and shorter winter-dormancy period. The basic lucerne germplasm used in present North American cultivars represents a spectrum of winter dormancy due to its derivation from nine world regions (Fairey et al., l996).
In recent decades there have been notable successes in the development of cultivars with resistance to a number of pests and diseases e.g. cv. Ranger (bacterial wilt), cv. Moapa (spotted alfalfa aphid), cv. Agate (Phytophthora root rot), cvs Vertus and Vernema (Verticillium wilt). There has been a marked increase in lucerne breeding in the USA in recent decades, 440 cultivars having been released beteen l962 and l992, with most of the releases in the later years resulting from privately- rather than publicly-funded research programmes (Barnes and Sheaffer, l995). Because of the numerous cultivars on the market in the USA, cultivar databases such as ALFALFA CATALOG have been compiled (Townsend et al., l994). This gives general information on the dormancy index and dormancy reference population, flower colour composition and origin together with the resistance levels to the most common pests and diseases. Some examples of lucerne cultivars are Apollo II, Boreal, Trumpetor, Admiral, Vernal (USA) Angus, Beaver, Drylander, Rambler (Canada), Estival, Europe, Euver, Resis, Sitel, Vela (Europe), Hunter River, Grasslands Otaio (Australasia).
Innovative breeding techniques using different biotechnologies are being increasingly used to develop new cultivars of lucerne and other forage legumes with improved N-fixation, nutritive value, and tolerance or resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses McKersie and Browne, 1997)
Many diseases can attack lucerne from the seedling to the seeding stages and both foliage and roots can be affected. The diseases may strike individually or in combination and sometimes complexes with other pathogens and pests can occur. Reviews of the major diseases, over 20, of lucerne in the USA are available (Leath et al., l988 ; Stuteville and Erwin, l996). Table 6 lists 22 major foliar and stem diseases and the fungal or bacterial agents.
Whether subclinical or clinical, these diseases impair lucerne performance ; for example, reduced or failed establishment by fungal attack from Pythium spp. ; lack of plant persistence and reduced yield by Sclerotinia crown and stem rot. Fusarium spp. are often secondary invaders following damage by other organisms, either fungal or pest (Keld et al., l994). Lucerne wilt diseases, e.g. Fusarium wilt, invade through the roots but the adverse effects are expressed in the shoots. In some cases, fungicidal control is possible and economic (Douglas, l986) but in other cases it is neither possible nor economic and breeding resistant cultivars is the only solution.. Notable advances have been made in breeding resistant cultivars to bacterial wilt or Verticillium wilt and other major diseases. Major exceptions where breeding progress has been less successful include resistance to Sclerotinia crown and root rot, Rhizoctonia crown and bud rot, and spring black stem (Barnes, l992). Various management strategies can be adopted to avoid or minimise disease occurrence and effects. These strategies include : maintenance of high soil pH and fertility needed for vigorous stand growth and development ; optimal cutting frequency, intensity and timing with respect to the region and utlization aims ; weed disease and pest control as appropriate ; avoidance of physiological and biotic stresses as much as possible ; rotation with arable crops.
Table 6 Principal diseases of lucerne and causal agents (from Frame et al., l998)
A number of viruses can infect lucerne and cause varying degrees of injury up to serious loss of yield and persistence (Forster et al., l997) ; for example, alfalfa mosaic alfavirus has caused yield losses of 24-67%. The main remedial measures are the control of insect vectors and use of resistant cultivars where available.
Lucerne is prey to many pests whose activities are often covert and insidious but can also be highly visible and devastating. Damage can occur in the stand at all stages of growth and development from seedling to seeding and plant death may ensue. Damaged plant parts can also be the focus for fungal or bacterial attack and some pests are vectors of plant viruses. The principal pests have been reviewed insects and mites (Manglitz and Ratcliffe, l988) and nematodes (Leath et al., l988) but mainly from a North American perspective though the principles and practicalities of combating the pests are universal. In their review of the lucerne crop, Frame et al., (l998) listed 20 major pests (Table 7).
Table 7 Pests of lucerne (from Frame et al., l998)
These can be broadly classed into foliage-, root crown/rot- and seed pod-damaging groups. Apart from direct damage to the foliage by the larvae of alfalfa weevils, cutworms and caterpillars, for example, the foliage growth can be indirectly and severely affected by crown/root pests such as various species of nematodes. Some leaf-eating pests, e.g. caterpillars, may be controlled by natural predators but others require the use of insecticides, e.g. autumn-applied against adult alfalfa weevils or spring-applied against their larvae. Other pests such as aphids can be controlled to some extent by varying the timing of harvests from the normal pattern but this may influence yield (Latheef et al., l988). The stem nematode is a significant pest of lucerne and though there are resistant cultivars, they are not resistant to all nematode biotypes ; rotation with arable crops, which is effective against some pests and diseases, is not totally effective against nematodes because of their long-term viability but is effective against the larvae of the snout beetle. Seed production is affected indirectly by pests which attack foliage and roots but also directly by sap-sucking mirids in the inflorescences or by the larvae of alfalfa seed chalcids feeding on seed pods. It is necessary to harness the various methods of pest control, either individual, or in combination through integrated pest control (Fleming, l988). These methods include the use of resistant cultivars, cultural control such as manipulation of cutting dates, insecticide use as required and if cost effective, and rotation with arable crops.
Main attributes.
Highly productive protein- and mineral-rich legume adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. Its erect growth habit makes it suitable for hay, silage and artificially dehydrated forage. Drought resistant. Has high voluntary intake characteristics (Conrad and Klopfenstein, l988). Valuable break crop in arable and organic systems on account of N-fixation ability and as source of oganic matter. Major source of honey production.
Main shortcomings.
Lacks long-term persistence. Unsuited to intensive grazing. Susceptible to many pests and diseases. May cause bloat in ruminants. Oestrogens in the plant can reduce fertility of breeding ewes if they are grazed on lucerne during pre-mating and mating periods. Plant saponins may interact with rumen bacteria and cause haemolysis in animals.
High nutritive value allied to high intake characteristics of conserved or grazed lucerne combine to give improved individual animal performance from different classes of animals compared with equivalent grass forage (Conrad et al., l983 ; Thomson et al., l99l ; Tyrell et al., l992) though on occasion milk yields from dairy cows have been similar from grazed lucerne and grazed grass (Sanchez and Campling l982).
Main references.
Frame et al. (l998) ; Barnes and Sheaffer (l995) ; Hanson et al. (l988) ; Douglas (l986) ; Wyn-Williams (l982).


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Ski slopes readying new equipment, features
ELLICOTTVILLE – Holiday Valley and HoliMont ski resorts have been busy over the summer, investing millions of dollars in new features and equipment to lure more people.
At Holiday Valley, a $3.1 million investment looks to make a better surface for skiers and boarders as well as help those new to snow sports learn in a fun environment, according to marketing director Jane Eshbaugh.
Riglet Park will be built at the base of the School Haus beginner's slope to teach new skiers and riders fundamentals on a flatter surface that gives them more control, Eshbaugh said. Some lessons could include leashes attached to the front of the board or skis, according to Eshbaugh.
For novice boarders a bit leery of hitting the terrain park to try full-scale tricks, a new, terrain-based learning park also will open to develop skills such as stopping, gliding and turning.
"You'll feel like a rider from the beginning," Eshbaugh said.
The addition of new automated snow guns on the Edelweiss, Sunrise, Cindy's Run and Foxfire slopes will help the resort produce snow more quickly when temperatures drop to about 28 degrees, and the purchase of a new grooming machine will create a better surface, Eshbaugh said.
Holiday Valley also added new climbing and crossing stations to its Sky High Adventure Park this year, making the climbing and zip line adventure more of an adrenaline rush, Eshbaugh said.
The Inn at Holiday Valley has received a makeover as well, Eshbaugh said, capping an expansion that begin in 2012.
Weather permitting, Eshbaugh said, the slopes are planned to open Nov. 29, the day after Thanksgiving, as has become tradition.
The slopes on the other side of the valley, at HoliMont, have seen improvements over the summer as well, according to marketing director Dash Hegeman.
Entering its 51st season, the largest private ski area in North America has invested $3 million in the WestMont Ridge expansion project. That investment has created roads and installed electric, sewer and other utilities in the ski in/out development community.
WestMont Ridge is a development of 31 single-family, residential lots with mountain views, park and pipe terrain with lighted, nighttime hours, access to a day lodge with dining and other member services and parking. The final project is expected to be a $22 million investment.
HoliMont also has rebuilt the men's and women's bathrooms at the main chalet, and a rustic warming lodge about midway up the mountain is nearing completion.
The Meadow lift also has been rebuilt and painted to better match the Exhibition Express high-speed detachable quad lift that was installed last year.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dolphin Artists :: Ray Charles
Related ArtistsBuddy Guy, Norah Jones, Buena Vista Social Club, Van Morrison, Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles
Ray Charles (Ray Charles Robinson, Albany, Georgia, September 23, 1930 - Beverly Hills, California, June 10, 2004), was an American singer-songwriter, musician, arranger, and band leader. As a rock and roll, rhythm & blues, soul, blues, jazz, country and pop musician he helped to shape the sound of rhythm & blues. He brought a soulful sound to everything from country music ("I Can't Stop Loving You") to rock and roll ("Mess Around"), to pop standards to a now-iconic rendition of "America the Beautiful. Read more on Last.fm more
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text: We found this to be a spacious cabin right on the lake which was very peaceful and pretty-it was lovely to wake up each morning and have breakfast overlooking the lake/watch the fish jumping in the lake. The cabin had everything we required on our holiday and it was in a good location for visiting nearby Camden (beautiful town), Rockport and Rockland. My only criticism is that it was a little bit 'dog hairy' in places (fine if you've got a dog, not so good when travelling with a baby) and some of the linens/towels were a little worn. Overall, great value for money and I'd definitely stay here again/recommend it to a friend.


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There was a time when female news anchors had a pretty weak reputation for being average looking and bland. Not anymore! With a perfect combo of beauty and brains, the ladies bringing us the news today actually make it worth tuning in! From CNN and Fox News to NBC and E!, newsrooms today have some of the most engaging and entertaining female anchors who have the ability to add some major appeal to boring, horrific and even tragic stories. We've rounded up The Worlds Hottest News Anchors right now, and trust us, changing the channel will be the last thing on your mind.


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You have already registered for this session. Click My eLearning in the left column to find it in your eLearning History page.
Counseling Points: Shedding the Label of Schizophrenia Through the Recovery Model
This session, originally presented by the American Psychiatric Nurses Association at the APNA 26th Annual Conference, seeks to educate APNA members and other psychiatric nurses about the value and benefits of the recovery model in working with persons with schizophrenia. Through this program, we hope to enable attendees to take a leadership role in the implementation of effective patient-centered care.
Note: If you attended this symposium session at the APNA 26th Annual Conference, you will not be able to receive continuing education contact hours for viewing this webinar.
Speakers: Mary Ann Nihart, MA, APRN, PMHCNS-BC, PMHNP-BC; Michael Rice, PhD, APRN-NP, FAAN; Frederick J.Frese, PhD
Disclosures: The speakers have no conflict of interests or commercial support to disclose. Off-label uses will not be discussed during this presentation. The activity planners have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Session Length: 90 minutes
Target Audience: RN, APRN
Session Objectives:
Upon completion of this presentation, the participant will be able to:
1. Describe the paradigm shift in schizophrenia from an illness/compliance focus to a person-driven recovery model focusing on self-management.
2. Discuss the various stages that individuals with schizophrenia progress through as they search for a new self-identity.
3. Review how nurses can support individuals across all treatment settings as they transition to independent community living.
4. Understand the person in recoverys perspective on the healthcare system, the recovery journey, and the impact of a recovery model on his or her life and well-being.
Continuing Nursing Education
1.5 contact hours. * In order to receive contact hours, you must: Listen to the entire session, complete an evaluation, and earn a passing score on the post test before the expiration date. You will have 5 tries to earn a passing score on the post test. Once you have passed and completed an evaluation, the certificate will be generated online, available for you to print immediately. We cannot award credit unless all steps are completed.
The American Psychiatric Nurses Association is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation.
Release Date: February 13, 2013
The contact hours for this session expire: March 1, 2016
This activity is supported by an educational grant from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., administered by Janssen Scientific Affairs LLC.


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text: Greetings, Thanks once again go out to the many contributors to the latest release of TORQUE. Improvements have been made in scalability, usability, and reliability with patches provided by more than a dozen sites in the last two weeks alone. TORQUE growth continues to be rapid with this month setting yet another download record, exceeding the previous record by 12% The online TORQUE documentation has been further updated and the new TORQUE WIKI is available. With this release out, work has already begun on TORQUE 2.1.0 with patches already contributed. Key projects under development at this time include - job arrays - improved preemption support - improved high availability - queue hostlist support - improved task manager interfaces - improved reporting of job submission rejection reasons Regarding 2.0.0p7, we recommend all sites upgrade at their convenience as there have been further stability improvements with broad applicability. The full list of enhancements/patches is listed below: Thanks, Dave Cluster Resources, Inc ----------------- fixed pbs_mom SEGV in req_stat_job() fixed torque.cfg parameter handling fixed qmgr memory leak fix segfault in new "acl_group_sloppy" code if a group doesn't exist (USC) configure defaults changed to enable syslog, enable docs, and disable filesync (USC) pelog now correctly restores previous alarm handler (Sandia) misc fixes with syscalls returns, sign-mismatches, and mem corruption (USC) prevent MOM from killing herself on new job race condition (USC) - so far, only linux is fixed remove job delete nanny earlier to not interrupt long stageouts (USC) display C state later when using keep_completed (USC) add 'printtracking' command in src/tools (USC) stop overriding the user with name resolution on qsub's -o/-e args (USC) xpbsmon now works with Tcl 8.4 (BCGSC) don't bother spooling/keeping job output intended for /dev/null (USC) correct missing hpux11 manpage (USC) fix compile for freebsd - missing symbols (yahoo) fix momctl exit code (yahoo) new "exit_status" job attribute (USC) new "mail_domain" server attribute (overrides --maildomain) (USC) configure fixes for linux x86_64 and tcl install weirdness (USC) extended mom parameter buffer space change pbs_mkdirs to use standard var names so that chroot installs work better (USC) torque.spec now has tcl/gui and wordexp enabled by default enable multiple dynamic+static generic resources per node (GATech) make sure attrs on job launch are sent to server (fixes session_id) (USC) add resmom job modify logging torque.cfg parsing fixes


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MACC Scene by Karee Carlucci
April 13, 2010 - Mark Vieth
Hapa is the name that comes to the mind of many people when they think of modern Hawaiian music. Formerly of Lahaina, Founder Barry Flanagan's music is a cultural melting pot mix of influences, ranging from ancient Hawaiian chants to the ballads of Portuguese fisherman and Spanish cowboys. Add to this stew inspired melodies and harmonies of traditional church choirs of the early missionaries and a healthy dose of American folk-rock arrangements and you get a pretty good picture of Hapa's sound.
Although Hapa's lead singer changed from Keli'i Kaneali'i to Nathan Aweau some five years ago, the duo's captivating sound has remained unchanged. Today, Barry Flanagan and Nathan Aweau are accompanied on stage by Hawaiian chanter and cultural specialist, Charles Ka'upu. One of the best examples of the power of these three artists is Hapa's rendition of the U2 classic, "Pride (In The Name of Love)" – it will give you chicken skin.
Hapa returns to the Castle Theater stage on Saturday, April 17. Barry and Nathan will perform selections from their latest record, which is not yet in the stores, "It's A Slack Key World." You can be sure the show will resound with songs that go straight to your heart and soothe the soul. Enjoy preshow dining from 5 pm by Aloha Events Catering. Tickets are on sale for $12, $28 and $37 adults; $14 and $18.50 for keiki aged 12 years and younger. Call the Box Office at 808-242-SHOW or visit MauiArts. org.
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It feels like the longest-running transfer saga in the history of football but – finally – Gareth Bale looks set to become the most expensive player of all time.
The Welsh wizard yesterday agreed personal terms with club giants Real Madrid – a modest £10million a year.
But the big question on many of his friends' lips is will the £85million midfielder still take his washing home to mum from Spain.
Many a footballer has paraded their dirty laundry in public, but very few have taken it back for their mum to wash when they live in another country.
But that's what Bale did when the washing machine at his London flat broke down.
The former Tottenham Hotspur ace jumped into his car, headed 200 miles down the M4 to Cardiff and the family home where he grew up.
The story typifies 24-year-old Bale, one of the best footballers on the planet, whose heart very much remains with his family and close friends in the leafy suburb of Whitchurch in the Welsh capital.
Currently, Bale lives in a £1.3million detached house a few hundred yards from the old Spurs training ground in Chigwell, Essex, which he shares with a cousin.
He also rents a property in Cardiff Bay and would be straight on the M4 most Tuesday evenings after finishing training to see friends and family.
Neighbours revealed that Bale's pristine white Range Rover or white Audi R8 convertible can often be seen squeezed into his parents' small driveway.
Here, in the modest semi where he grew up, still lives his dad Frank, 56, a former school caretaker, and mum Debbie, 53, an operations manager.
Older sister Vicky, a primary school teacher, lives nearby. Bale is said to have generously footed the bill when she recently got married.
Not far away is long-term girlfriend, Emma Rhys-Jones. The childhood sweethearts met Whitchurch High School and now have a baby girl, Alba Violet.
Bale missed a big match against Chelsea to be at Emma's side in October last year when she gave birth in Cardiff.
He often makes a heart shaped sign to Emma after scoring a goal – this famous celebration has been trademarked.
Real Madrid's newest star will be introduced to 50,000 fans on a specially-built stage in the club's giant Bernabeu stadium, flanked by coaches, directors and club legends like Zinedine Zidane.
But the most important person there will be Debbie.
Despite being advised by a team of sport and business experts, pals insist Bale would not have made his move without getting the nod from his mum.
For it is Debbie he is the closest to and looks to for advice.
Bale's uncle, Stephen, 52, who also lives just around the corner in Cardiff, says: "He was a bit of a mummy's boy. He listens to her a lot."
When home bird Bale moved into his first London flat after joining Spurs, his parents were there, paintbrushes in hand, ready to help decorate.
He has admitted he phones them twice a day and when the then-Spurs manager Harry Redknapp ordered him to take time off and "find a beach somewhere", he raced back to their semi in Cardiff.
Bale's protruding ears made him the subject of much cruel teasing at school – with taunts of "jug-ears" and "wing nut" regularly hurled at him.
When he started playing football professionally he tried to make them less obvious.
One football writer noted he had "a selection of famously bad haircuts, presumably to cover the ears up".
And in July last year, while his mates went off on sunshine holidays, softly-spoken Bale discreetly checked into the clinic of a leading plastic surgeon and had both ears pinned back.
After the surgery he began stepping out in what became his trademark haircut, complete with side parting and flamboyant quiff.
Not only did this sharp new image boost Bale's self-confidence, it turned him into bankable pin-up football star.
Now Real Madrid have not only bought themselves a world class footballer, the new addition will be a money making-machine too, with sponsors falling over themselves for Brand Bale.
Real Madrid already makes more in revenue than any other club in the world, the first to breach the half billion euro barrier, the Deloitte 2013 Football Money League shows.
And Professor Tom Cannon, of the University of Liverpool Management School, says Bale is a way to make more: "He can help Real Madrid build a global following and revenues.
"The truth is that players in England, thanks to David Beckham, have a global profile that only Messi and Ronaldo come close to out of Spain's players.
"If they can develop Bale into a Becks-style brand in China, Japan and the Far East, they can make huge amounts in sponsorship revenue."
At Cardiff's Whitchurch High School, Bale quickly showed stunning sporting prowess.
His PE teacher Gwyn Morris, had to write special rules which restricted Bale to playing one-touch football and not using his left foot in order to give other kids a chance.
He said: "It was the only way we could get an even game. He was very competitive and would play any sport.
"He was very good at cross country and was extremely fast on the pitch. It's always very difficult to predict how well people will succeed but he certainly had the ability."
His former neighbour, William Tout, 82, remembers Bale as a shy boy who was always kicking a ball about.
He says: "One day I counted 14 balls in my garden that he'd kicked over.
"Another time I was sitting on my patio when a ball came flying through and slammed into my chair. He dashed back into the house. He's a nice boy but he's not very chatty."
Bale's talent was spotted by scouts at Southampton at an under-9s tournament, and he was swiftly signed up for the club's academy.
But while his skills and remarkable turn of pace marked him out as a future star, coaches had concerns that he was not strong enough to make the grade.
A string of injuries and growing pains between the ages of 14 and 16 meant he missed huge chunks of each season, and Southampton were within 90 minutes of releasing him when he was 16.
But in a make-or-break game against Norwich under-16s, he put in the sort of display that has made him one of the world's most feared players, and Southampton gave him a contract.
He made his first team debut later that year, becoming the second youngest player ever to play for the team after Theo Walcott, who has gone on to play for Arsenal and England.
But despite making it as a professional footballer, the young Bale had no desire for the trappings of fame.
When training finished, he would go back to school and wait for his pals in the sixth form to finish so he could hang out and play computer games.
A source says: "He would be head-to-toe in Adidas tracksuits showing off his free clobber."
And he is "very loyal" to this old group of friends.
One says he would make a point of trying to get home for birthday parties, although teetotal Bale would never touch a drop of booze.
One friend reveals: "He would buy a bottle of WKD just so he was holding a drink – but he would never actually drink it.
"He hates the taste of beer. It's fair to say he's got bottles of Man of the Match champagne stacking up at home."


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The sports pages of this newspaper were abuzz last week with talk of the Royals senior hockey squad returning to Corner Brook next season, which many may say is the team's rightful home.
But the answer to the question, "Where will the Royals call home next season?" is not a simple one, and it's certainly a different question than "where should the Royals play next season?"
Many from this area – some of whom are diehards who faithfully trekked from Corner Brook to Deer Lake all winter to watch the Royals play at the Hodder - have been clamoring for the team's return to the city since the day they pulled up stakes and began playing 45 minutes up the road.
Many fans likely took for granted that the Western Royals would become the Corner Brook Royals again after the story broke a few weeks ago that a booster club of interested parties had organized with the aim of enticing the team back to the Pepsi Centre (or whatever the building will be called by the time the next hockey game is played there).
But now the Royals and three other teams from provincial league – the Clarenville Caribous, the Grand Falls-Windsor Cataracts and the Gander Flyers – appear to be on the cusp of ratifying a new league for next season: the Central-West Senior Hockey League.
So now that the prospect of costly travel to the east coast to play teams in Mount Pearl and Conception Bay appears to be no longer a consideration, Royals team officials can focus on where they want to host their opponents this winter.
In the words of Deer Lake's own recreation director, attendance at the Hodder was low last season, but by all accounts the numbers were down across the entire league. On the other hand, corporate sponsorships reportedly increased last year, and the team has been pleased with the number of volunteers willing to lend a hand.
Corner Brook, meanwhile, has perhaps the more accommodating facility (for which the city happens to be looking to land a major tenant) and is in a more central location for the Royals' fan base, perhaps affording and opportunity for those living further west of the city - who may have shied away from the prospect of driving to Deer Lake over the past few years — to take in a few more games.
The team has been through this all before, and we can only think it must be a tough decision for the Royals' ownership when the risk is leaving the impression that the team is abandoning a loyal fan base – no matter where they decide to defend their home ice.
In the end, the simplest solution to a difficult problem may be to split the difference: Play half, or even a quarter, of Royals home games in Deer Lake to maintain the fan base, and play the rest in Corner Brook.
It's not an unheard of prospect in fledgling sports leagues like this one for some teams to split home games in towns that are relatively short distances apart. Fans would have ample chances to take in some games while the team builds some community goodwill in the process.
There has been some renewed nostalgia as of late about the legendary hockey rivalry between the Corner Brook Royals and the Deer Lake Red Wings and the grudge matches that came with it.
Wouldn't it be an interesting experiment if, instead of a hockey war between Corner Brook and Deer Lake, we could see some hockey unity instead?


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Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds has been named Man of the Year by Harvard University's Hasty Pudding student theatrical group.
The group said in a statement Friday it is "proud to honor such a talented and diverse actor, whose seamless transition across multiple genres captures audiences and keeps them coming back to see what's next."
In keeping with tradition, the actor who played the title role in 2016's "Deadpool" will be roasted by the student group before being getting his pudding pot on Feb. 3.
Hasty Pudding bills itself as the nation's oldest collegiate theatrical organization that traces its roots to 1795.


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|You are in: Football: Eng Div 1
Tuesday, 29 October, 2002, 22:14 GMT
Gillingham 0-4 Wolves
Striker Nathan Blake scored a stunning hat-trick as Wolves romped to comfortable victory against 10-man Gillingham.
Blake's left the field on a stretcher following a heavy challenge in the penalty area from Nayron Nosworthy in the 25th minute.
But after Nosworthy had received his marching orders and Colin Cameron scored the resulting spot-kick, Blake returned to steal the show and seal a third successive victory.
The home side began brightly and Guy Ipoua fired in a long-range shot which was safely gathered by England Under-21 international keeper Matt Murray.
Former Scunthorpe striker Ipoua should have done better with a close-range header in the 10th minute that cleared the crossbar.
The home side's hopes of a third successive victory diminished when Nosworthy was dismissed for the first time in his career, and Cameron despatched the penalty.
Ipoua was booked for disputing the referee's decision and the game threatened to boil over when Andy Hessenthaler and Blake got yellow cards for a minor scuffle.
As the half entered stoppage-time, Blake added a second for Wanderers, latching onto Ndah's through-ball before slotting low past Jason Brown.
Dave Jones' side started the second half in the same vein, and after Kenny Miller spurned two chances, Blake netted his second of the game after good work from Cameron.
Late injuries
Blake completed his hat-trick with a cool finish just before the hour, turning his marker and driving the ball low past the stranded Brown for his 10th of the season.
Wolves came close to a fifth goal as Kevin Cooper's 25-yard volley crashed back off the woodwork.
Gillingham had their chances with Ipoua firing wide from the edge of the box and defender Chris Hope coming close twice.
But Wolves went looking for more goals and Miller was unlucky not to cap off an impressive display as his low drive hit a post and bounced to safety.
Late injuries to Cameron and Miller marred a convincing display as Wolves overtook their opponents in the First Division table.
Gillingham: Brown, Nosworthy, Hope, Ashby, Perpetuini, Hessenthaler, Smith, Saunders, Shaw, Ipoua, Sidibe. Subs: Bartram, Leon Johnson, James, Spiller, Tommy Johnson.
Wolverhampton: Murray, Edworthy, Lescott, Clyde, Irwin, Ndah, Ince, Cameron, Cooper, Blake, Miller. Subs: Oakes, Butler, Naylor, Ingimarsson, Sturridge.
Referee: M Messias (N Yorkshire)
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Temperature: Min 10 'C - Max 43.3 'C
Population: over 1 million
Mandalay, the old capital of Myanmar with the pure culture, was outstanding in the past. It is situated about 600 kilometers north of Yangon on the bank of the Ayeyarwaddy river. It is the second largest city in the country. Today, it is a major trading and communication center in the northern and central Myanmar. Buddhist Sasana, Myanmar traditional arts and crafts, with the life span of one hundred and forty two years, a city which abounds in historical sites, cultural memorials and Buddhist edifices.
Mandalay Palace
It was the first palace to be built in Mandalay, by King Mindon when he shifted his capital from Amarapura in 1861, to fulfill an old prophecy. It was built of teak wood on raised brick plinth gilded with gold and vermillion.
Maha Myat Muni Pagoda
Located at the southwest of the town, the Mahamuni Buddha Image is highly venerated. The 4m high-seated image is cast in Bronze and weigh 6.5 tons, on which a crown is decorated with diamonds, rubies and sapphires. Mahamuni Buddha Image was being cast in front of the Buddha himself and some say that Mahamuni Buddha Image is the most look-alike portrait of Buddha himself. The image has completely covered with 15 cm thick gold and original shape is distorted.
Mandalay Hill
It is 230 meters in elevation and commands a magnificent view of the city and surrounding countryside. The legend has it that the Buddha, on his visit, had made a prophecy that a great city would be founded at the foot of this hill.
It lies on the left bank of the Ayeyarwaddy River. It is famous for the silk weaving industry.
U Bein Bridge
Constructed in 1849, crossing the Taungtha-man Inn (Lake) is one of the main attrations for visitors. It is the longest teak bridge in the world; although a bit rickety in some parts it has withstood the storms and folds of over two centuries. The bridge is named after its donor U Bein.
Innwa lies in the south of Mandalay and only 30 minutes drive away. This old city was long time capital of Myanmar, before Mandalay was built. Maha Aung Mye Bon Zan Monastery and Grand Bargaya Monastery are popular tourist destinations in Innwa.
Mandalay Vicinity - Sagaing
It lies 21 km southwest of Mandalay on the west bank of the Ayeyarwaddy River. It is an ancient capital of "Sagaing Dynasty". Sagaing Hills are known as a religious retreat where over 400 monasteries for monks and nuns are located. Kaung Hmudaw Pagoda: About 10 km from Sagaing. It is an enormous dome-shaped pagoda, built by King Thalun in 1636. Ominthonesal Pagoda: It has many Buddha images in a crescent shaped colonnade. Mural paintings in the Tilawkaguru cave temple, built in 1672.
Mandalay Vicinity - Monywa
It lies 136 km northwest of Mandalay and situated on the east bank of Chindwin River. Thanbodhay Paya: First built in 1303 by Monywa Sayadaw, the solid section of the monument is said to enclose 7,350 relics and other holy materials. Po Win Daung Caves: The caves and surrounding hills are named after U Po Win. Caves themselves contain Buddhist statues and mural dating to the 17th and 18th century.
Mandalay Vicinity - - Mingun
Located about 11km proverb from Mandalay, on the opposite bank of the Ayeyarwaddy River. Mingun Pahtotawgyi: Over, 20,000 workers toiled for twenty years on the construction of the Pahtodawgyi Pagoda, which was unfortunately abandoned due to the death of King Bodawapaya in 1819. A 150feet miniature model of the pagoda is in close proximity. It was completed to a height of 162 feet. Up to the first terrace is less than on third of the final height. This unfinished structure was badly damaged with cracks by the earthquake of 1838 but it is still the largest brick base in the world. Mingun Bell: It is a huge bronze bell near the Mingun Zedi on the west bank of the Ayeyarwaddy River. It weighs 55555 viss (100 tons). it is the world's biggest rigning bell. Myatheindan Pagoda: Built by King Bagyidaw in 1816, three years before he succeeded Bodawpaya as a king. It was built as a representation of the Sulamani Pgoda which, according to the Buddhist plan of the cosmos, stands atop Mount Meru. This pagoda was badly damaged in 1838 by a quake but King Mindon restored it in 1874.
Mandalay Vicinity - Pyin Oo Lwin
A pretty little hill resort, 67 km east of Mandalay. Pyin Oo Lwin (formerly Maymyo), was a hill station established by the British as a cool retreat from the heat of the central Myanmar plains. Pyeik Chin Myaung, Pwe Kauk Fall and the Maha Anhtookanthar Paya are tourist attractions in this area.
Mandalay Vicinity - Shwebo
It is 64 miles north of Mandalay on the motor and railroad to Myitkyina. It can be reached by car or rail from Mandalay under four hours. The ruins of ancient culture can be seen at Hanlin, a few miles south of Shwebo.


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N-Dubz rapper Dappy has apologised to a woman for sending her threatening text messages after she contacted a radio show to say she didn't like the band.
Chloe Moody texted Radio One's Chris Moyles Show while the band were being interviewed, calling them "losers" and saying Dappy was "repulsive".
She was shocked to get a threatening message the next day. When she called the sender, Dappy insulted her again.
The BBC say Dappy took down her number without anyone knowing.
N-Dubz were ambassadors for the anti-bullying charity Beatbullying, but were dropped after the incident.
Dappy - real name Dino Contostavlos - said: "I called her in the heat of the moment when I was angry, but that is no excuse for my behaviour.
"I'm genuinely sorry. I'd also like to send my sincerest apologies to Radio 1."


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Grilled Tender Flank Steak Recipe
- 1 cup reduced-sodium soy sauce
- 1/4 cup lemon juice
- 1/4 cup honey
- 6 garlic cloves, minced
- 1 beef flank steak (1-1/2 pounds)
- 1. In a large resealable plastic bag, combine the soy sauce, lemon juice, honey and garlic; add steak. Seal bag and turn to coat; refrigerate for 6-8 hours.
- 2. Drain and discard marinade. Broil 4-6 in. from the heat or grill over medium heat for 8-10 minutes on each side or until meat reaches desired doneness (for medium-rare, a thermometer should read 145°; medium, 160°; well-done, 170°). Thinly slice steak across the grain. Yield: 6 servings.
Nutritional Facts
3 ounces cooked beef: 186 calories, 8g fat (4g saturated fat), 54mg cholesterol, 471mg sodium, 4g carbohydrate (3g sugars, 0 fiber), 23g protein. Diabetic Exchanges: 3 lean meat.
Reviews for Grilled Tender Flank Steak
Average Rating
"This flank steak has AWESOME flavor! Once you start eating it, you don't want to stop. It says "serves 6" but last night it only served 2 :) Delicious!!!!!!!!!!!! One of my husband's favorite meals!"
"Husband and teenagers all love this."
"This steak has great flavor. I enclosed it in tin foil and cooked it in the oven on 500 for 20 min then 225 all day after marinating overnight. The only thing I will do different next time is dillute the soy sauce with water to make it less salty."
"My husband is not hard to please, but he said "mouth watering good" Even the kids asked to have it again.. Very easy too"
"These were very tender & flavorful."
"This is absolutely delicious. Make sure to slice flank steak against the grain for tenderness."


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Family photos are easy -- aren't they already on your smartphone?
Then there's the hard part: driver's licenses and other government IDs. These need to be in a provably unique, untampered form. That likely means tying them physically to a smartphone, which starts to muck up the hardware design and of course makes it a hassle to update your device every few years as manufacturers and carriers want you to.
One option is to have a universal ID "card" slot, sort of like the MicroSIM used for GSM-based 3G networks, where that government-issued ID can be moved from one device to another. But given how a decade after 9/11 the states still can't figure out how to issue an unforgeable, provably legitimate driver's license and the feds continue to struggle with similarly nonhackable passports, that seems a technology too far. A simpler option, at least as a transitional step, is that we'll all still carry that secured, provable government-issued ID in the case that holds our smartphone.
I suppose we could all have a very small travel wallet for such an ID and a bit of printed cash, but as long as people have to carry both a wallet and a smartphone, it's hard to see how an e-wallet could really take off. Still, a travel wallet would likely be needed by international travelers for when they are overseas.
One last issue I've heard: What about power? A physical wallet requires no electricity to work, whereas a smartphone does. I'm not concerned about that. It's exceedingly common to have a charger at work, at home, and in the car. Now that the European Union has forced device makers to standardize on USB power, it's both cheaper and easier to connect a device to a charger, whether yours or someone else's.
Still, I can see people running out of juice and not being able to get a bus ride home, show the police officer their license, or pay for the groceries. Of course, the same is true when people forget their wallet, so do we really need a technical solution? If we did, an RFID chip is the answer: It requires no power and could be the backup identification and e-cash holder -- the equivalent of tucking a $20 bill behind your driver's license for emergencies and keeping a spare credit card at home in case you lose your wallet.
I fully expect that in the not-too-distant future the smartphone will become your wallet, and that folded leather or cloth contraption will go the way of the wristwatch: abandoned by most, used as a retro fashion accessory by some. Which leads to one more change that will need to occur: Clothing designers will need to rethink the pockets in men's pants, as the back pocket will not be where you'll want to carry your smartphone/e-wallet.
This article, "Forget mobile payments. The future is the mobile wallet," was originally published at InfoWorld.com. Read more of Galen Gruman's Mobile Edge blog and follow the latest developments in mobile technology at InfoWorld.com. Follow Galen's mobile musings on Twitter at MobileGalen. For the latest business technology news, follow InfoWorld.com on Twitter.


text: CHRISTOPHER S. RUGABERWASHINGTON (AP) â¿¿ Everyone who pays income tax â¿¿ and some who don't â¿¿will feel it. So will doctors who accept Medicare, people who get unemployment aid, defense contractors, air traffic controllers, national park rangers and companies that do research and development. The package of tax increases and spending cuts known as the "fiscal cliff" takes effect in January unless Congress passes a budget deal by then. The economy would be hit so hard that it would likely sink into recession in the first half of 2013, economists say. And no matter who you are, it will be all but impossible to avoid the pain. Middle income families would have to pay an average of about $2,000 more next year, the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center has calculated. Up to 3.4 million jobs would be lost, the Congressional Budget Office estimates. The unemployment rate would reach 9.1 percent from the current 7.9 percent. Stocks could plunge. The nonpartisan CBO estimates the total cost of the cliff in 2013 at $671 billion. Collectively, the tax increases would be the steepest to hit Americans in 60 years when measured as a percentage of the economy. "There would be a huge shock effect to the U.S. economy," says Mark Vitner, an economist at Wells Fargo. Most of the damage â¿¿ roughly two-thirds â¿¿ would come from the tax increases. But the spending cuts would cause pain, too. The bleak scenario could push the White House and Congress to reach a deal before year's end. On Tuesday, Congress returns for a post-election session that could last through Dec. 31. At a minimum, analysts say some temporary compromise might be reached, allowing a final deal to be cut early next year. Still, uncertainty about a final deal could cause many companies to further delay hiring and spend less. Already, many U.S. companies say anxiety about the fiscal cliff has led them to put off plans to expand or hire.


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Whether you are brand new to decorating or an oldie but goodie pro, you'll be inspired by the interiors over at the decor8 Interior Styling group on Flickr. Why? Because these homes are real homes, not styled to perfection but styled for living. The group has nearly 3,000 members (I'm really hoping you'll join so we can hit the 3K mark soon!) from all over the globe and I'm so proud of it because each precious member plays a very special part in making it a fun spot to find great decorating ideas that are attainable and beautiful. Here are a few lovely corners from some of the most recent submissions to the group — these homes caught my eye today.
F.Klein | Dora iz Londona | Détailliste| debee_art
wood & wool stool | Virginie Photography
Secrets of a Butterfly | Dottie Angel | herz-allerliebst
There are hundreds of photos to look through over here so make sure you take a moment to see all of the other incredible submissions to the group. Spot any favorites?
(images: linked to their sources above.)


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Finches illustrated by John Gould for Darwin's Zoology of the Beagle
The Darwin 2009 Steering Committee is holding an essay contest in conjunction with the Darwin 09 events at the University of Oklahoma.
Partial funding came from the Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE). For more information click the"Essay Competition" link to the left.
Prizes include:
•Books provided by the Oklahoma University Press and Chicago University
•$750.00 of cash prizes from Phi Kappa Phi
•Invitations to tour the History of Science Collection at OU and to be
photographed holding a first edition copy of the Origin of Species
"Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history..."
Charles Robert Darwin
"There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed, into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning, endless forms, most beautiful and most wonderful, have been and are being, evolved."
On the Origin of Species (1859)
For general enquiries about Darwin 2009 please email the Darwin 2009 Committee at: firstname.lastname@example.com
Darwin Student Society:
Scott Mauldin:
Vice President:
Gregory Maus
Stan Khrapak:
Lyndsay Beeson:
DSS on Facebook:
Darwin Student Society


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Shelley Long's decision to leave CHEERS at the height of its popularity to pursue a film career ranks as one of the biggest career gaffs in recent history, a move so misguided that even David Caruso makes fun of her for it. And although Long's post-CHEERS resume is peppered with clunkers, it's a sure bet that this 1987 alleged romantic comedy clunks more than the others.
On the surface it would seem the movie'd have a shot at least at mediocrity, given a screenplay by COMPROMISING POSITIONS author Susan Isaacs and a cast that not only includes Long (who, in the rare chances this film gives her, retains some of the effervescence that made her a TV star), Gabriel Byrne, Sela Ward, and Corbin Bernsen, all of whom are capable of carrying scripts beneath their talents. (Most surprising to me was the DAY OF THE DEAD's executive producer Salah M. Hassanein filling the same role here; even CREEPSHOW's Carrie Nye has a brief turn as a gossipy socialite). But the movie lies inert throughout its entire running time, so much that it'd be more interesting to watch outtakes of these actors interacting between takes.
The basic premise--Long, the accident-prone wife of ambitious plastic surgeon Bernsen, chokes to death and returns one year later to find her family, save for the her wacky New Age sister who brought her back, has moved on--is problematic but serviceable. Working against the film is Long's character, a klutzy housewife with such low self-esteem she belongs on Dr. Phil's show rather than the arm of a seven-figure spouse. It's hard to wring laughs out of a scene in which such a person, or anyone for that matter, chokes to death on a chicken ball, but with the right comedic touch it could at least play on a broad, slapstick level. Director Frank Perry doesn't even try, who style is merely slapping together a series of scenes that, in correct chronological order, presents a semi-coherent idea. Once Long comes back from the dead, she finds that not only is her son a happy businessman and husband, but that her gold-digging friend Ward has moved in on Bernsen. This brings up the movie's second biggest flaw--we're supposed to feel sorry for Long's family, even though they're clearly happier now that she's gone, and it's supposed to be a tragedy that Bernsen's no longer in love with her; but hey, he's a career-minded douchebag that married his wife's best friend before she was cold in the ground! Long's just as better off without him as he is her! Yet we're supposed to give a shit!
Wait, I'm forgetting the kicker: unless Long finds true love before the next full moon, she'll become dead again. And despite clear indications that this is a good thing, the script force-feeds us a clumsy, labored "romance" with hunky doctor Byrne that never for a split-second generates anything resembling chemistry.
What purpose does this movie have to exist? The story itself has no conflict, no specific problem that needs resolved, and its execution creates drama that isn't there rather than letting it evolve naturally. Comedy comes in the form of Long's repeated pratfalls, which wear out their welcome somewhere around the ten-minute mark and show no signs of disappearing, even though they're increasingly annoying. Even the climax (I'm being charitable here, though with such a shallow excuse for a plot it's hard for the end to be anything but climactic) is as improbable as it is cutsey-poo, a suitably pat denouement for such a non-story.
You know what would make for better viewing? ANYTHING.
Don't believe me? See for yourself:
Monday, February 25, 2008
Posted by Scott Emerson at 2:37 PM
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Location: Edinburgh & London
Technology is instrumental in meeting our customers' needs. We work closely with all parts of the bank to understand customer and business partner priorities and deliver high-level solution designs. We also design, build, implement, maintain and support secure global technology platforms. We continuously monitor these to minimise reputational and operational risk for our customers and the bank.
From designing new customer platforms, developing mobile technology, creating simple payment solutions, right through to making sure that all our customers' information is safe – Business Technology makes banking easier, resilient and more secure.
So why not join us, and be a part of our vision?
What you can expect
On day one, you'll attend induction events to meet your fellow graduates, line managers and senior managers to get a feel for what it's like to work for us. The majority of your role will be based in either our Edinburgh HQ, Gogarburn – home to our market leading Innovations & Solutions Centre - or in our vibrant London offices. On your two year graduate programme, you'll be based in one location and complete three, eight month placements and benefit from our talent building programme. This will help you develop skills that will take you through to your next rotation.
There's a diverse number of areas you can get involved in that are always evolving. Duties will include working on projects that protect us against cyber attacks, supporting our anti money laundering systems, helping us stay one step ahead of our competitors with LUVO (our Artificial Intelligence personality), to create a better journey for our customers. And we offer opportunities in our IT Operations area where you can see how we manage our IT infrastructure, security and data centres.
If you're creative, you could be one of our future innovators - developing award-winning banking apps and shaping innovations, or join us in creating Innovation Spikes, where you can enhance our products, and look at emerging technologies to bring the benefits to our customers.
And it doesn't stop there. You'll have the chance to explore the full spectrum of what we do and help to shape leading technology for our customers and colleagues. Show us your talent and bring your fresh thinking to our technology strategy, infrastructure, technical architecture and support.
Who we're looking for
When it comes to skills, we are looking for graduates who are resilient, articulate and great with people. You'll bring a curious mindset and a passion for learning how technology can create positive change.
Whatever your degree discipline, we welcome your application and ask that you're on course for at least a 2:2. You don't need any specific UCAS points or experience. We also ask that you have the flexibility to work across different sites within the same location.
We'll work with you to develop your broader capabilities such as communication, project management, team working and influencing skills.
Development and support
We'll pair you with a development manager to guide you through the two year programme, provide advice, help you build your professional network and learn more about technology in RBS.
You'll connect with your fellow graduates, and meet our alumni and leaders across Services to hear more about their career journey to aid your own development.
We'll support your learning – both online and instructor-led - which includes communication and influencing skills, stakeholder management and technical skills.
Future Career Path
Graduates in previous year's intakes have completed rotations in a number of positions.
You could drive technical change or support a range of platforms and processes. Every day will be a new challenge, as you work with different middleware technologies and help us shape and support our new web services. Or join us in application support, where you'll learn about a variety of applications, and have the opportunity to pioneer new process and service requirements.
If inspiring new ideas is for you, you could be an Innovation Consultant, and work with new start ups and pilots to understand emerging trends, and assess the market to drive our products.
Or be the fresh thinking behind our security, and you could become a Web Security Analyst, keeping us safe from attacks and supporting our online security initiatives. If getting to grips with the latest web technologies is your passion – our development consultant role will help you realise what our customers need through technology.
This is just a taste of the roles we have to offer, and if you join us there are opportunities that might surprise and inspire you.


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Terms of Access and Use:
Records restricted to use of office/department of origin for 25 years from date of record creation.
Elizabeth T. Kennan was born in Philadelphia, PA. She graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1960, received her M.A. from Oxford in 1962 and her PhD from the University of Washington in 1966. She served as President of Mount Holyoke from 1978-1995. During her tenure several new programs were introduced. Among them are Summer Math for high-school students, the Frances Perkins Program for non-traditional students, the Third World course requirement for graduation and the forming of the International Relations Department. Faculty salaries were increased and faculty chairs (such as the Mary E. Woolley chair) were endowed. Sabbaticals were funded and research grants awarded as part of a drive to encourage faculty scholarship. In addition, the College's endowment was more than quadrupled and the Capital Campaign for the sesquicentennial exceeded its goal, having raised $139.4 million. The Sports Complex (1985) and the Equestrian Center (1987) were two of the facilities erected during Kennan's tenure. In 1988, the Master Plan was implemented, involving the renovation of Blanchard into a student campus center; remodeling of the service building as a language learning center and an expansion of the library to incorporate Dwight Hall. A medieval historian, Kennan has written a number of articles for historical journals as well as pieces on the subject of education. She is the recipient of several honorary degrees and is on the boards of various educational committees and institutions, and corporations. During the course of her presidency she became a leading spokeswoman on issues facing private colleges and universities, and has been frequently interviewed on the case of women's colleges and women's changing role in society.
The records of Elizabeth T. Kennan include correspondence from 1959-1992, which consist of faculty appointments, letters of recommendation, etc.; writings (1972-1994) comprising published and unpublished speeches, articles, greetings to classes and related material; subject files (1977-1989), consisting of correspondence, committee records, reports, etc., on subjects of interest to the President's Office, such as the various academic and administrative departments, policy changes, new buildings, etc.; inauguration records (1978-1979), comprising correspondence, minutes, reports, financial records, certificates of congratulation and invitations; biographical material (1960-1992), including notes, clippings, press releases, interviews, etc.; and audiovisual material (1956-1994), consisting of photographs, slides, audio and videotapes of speeches by or interviews of Kennan. Correspondence by Joseph Ellis as Acting President, January-June 1984, is filed with Kennan's records.
Records restricted to use of office/department of origin for 25 years from date of record creation.
Please use the following format when citing materials from this collection:
Office of the President, Elizabeth Topham Kennan Records, Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections, South Hadley, MA.
|Contact Information
Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections
8 Dwight Hall
50 College St.
South Hadley, MA 01075
Phone: (413) 538-2013
Fax: (413) 538-2370 Email Reference Form: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/arch/forms/areq.htm
URL: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/arch/


text: DES MOINES, Iowa (AP) ¿ Shares of First Marblehead Corp. fell Tuesday after the company reported a fiscal fourth-quarter loss, and an analyst expressed concern over future loan losses. The Boston-based company, which packages student loans for sale to investors, reported a net loss for the quarter of $36.1 million, or 36 cents a share, compared with a loss of $56.7 million, or 57 cents per share, in the year-ago period. FBR Capital Markets analyst Matt Snowling reiterated his "Market Perform" rating and set a share price target of $2.50. He said there is long-term value in the company's loan platform, but First Marblehead is expected to take further losses on loans held at the bank while using up cash until it can access the financial markets. "As a result, we remain neutral on (First Marblehead) shares and see limited upside from current levels," he wrote in a note to investors. He said the company posted positive revenue for the first time in seven quarters, but much of the improvement was driven by lower write-downs on advisory fees and other interests rather than new business. Shares fell 11 cents, or 5 percent, to $2.14 in morning trading. The stock has ranged from 58 cents to $5.14 over the past year.


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Air Compressors
Hyundai HY2524 24L Direct Drive 'Home Series' Air Compressor W/ 5-Piece Air Tool KitRRP: £109.99 ex. VAT: £87.50 inc. VAT: £105.00
Hyundai HY0816 16L Direct Drive Air Compressorex. VAT: £104.99 inc. VAT: £125.99
Hyundai HY2550 50L Direct Drive 'Home Series' Air Compressorex. VAT: £115.83 inc. VAT: £139.00
Hyundai HY0808 8L 3.1cfm Direct Drive Air Compressorex. VAT: £190.83 inc. VAT: £229.00
- A powerful air compressor for enthusiast and professional users
- Powered by a 3hp electric motor with a maximum output of 2.25kW
- Equipped with a 50 litre air tank
- A lightweight and portable design with built-in wheels and handles
- Includes many safety features, a built-in thermal overload shutdown, automatic pressure sensor on/off switch and a drain valve
Hyundai HY3050 50 Litres Belt Drive 'Pro Series' Air Compressorex. VAT: £490.83 inc. VAT: £589.00
Hyundai HY30100 100 Litre Belt Drive 'Pro Series' Air Compressorex. VAT: £532.50 inc. VAT: £639.00
Hyundai HY3150S 150 Litre Belt Drive 'Pro Series' Air Compressorex. VAT: £557.50 inc. VAT: £669.00
Hyundai HY55200-3 4kW / 5.5hp Air Compressorex. VAT: £1,224.17 inc. VAT: £1,469.00
- Part of the Hyundai "Pro Series" air compressor range designed for professional users
- A belt drive air compressor, it's powered by a 7.5hp engine
- Fitted with a large 270L rolled steel air tank, producing 29cfm
- A belt driven air compressor, it's built to withstand the challenges of tough daily use
- Ideal for mechanics, workshop and industrial users who need a heavy-duty air compressor
Hyundai HY75270-3 5.5kW / 7.5 HP Air Compressorex. VAT: £1,457.50 inc. VAT: £1,749.00


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Akin is hoping he can capitalize on grassroots anger with Republican leadership.
General Petraeus has led our troops overseas in that exact effort, and we are indebted to his leadership and love of country.
Contacts in the Kurdish intelligence service and Peshmerga leadership confirmed what we saw.
Her father really was someone who was feared and has control over the territory, and her leadership role emanated from that.
But even if he were a real threat to the current leadership, that would be no excuse for shutting down websites.
It is the leadership of orators; it is the ascendency of those who have a genius for talking.
Smith's leadership had, before this, begun to manifest itself.
Stone was out for the glee club, already planning to take singing lessons in the contest for the leadership, three years off.
Young established his leadership with both of these parties in the early days.
Upon its re-establishment the Liga counted among its members several who aimed at the leadership.