text:
Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes.
This report presents an optimization of potentiometric measurements with citrate-selective electropolymerized poly(neutral red) electrodes. The optimal background electrolyte for these measurements is a TRIS buffer with nitrate at pH 8.5. The electrodes described here exhibit stable and reproducible near-Nernstian response to citrates with a low detection limit of 6 × 10-6 M. Electrodes polymerized from sulfuric acid and acetonitrile are compared in detail. Simple and sensitive method for quantification of citrate in real-life samples by potentiometry with poly(neutral red) electrodes are presented. Data from potentiometric measurements of citrate are compared with capillary electrophoresis.
Conductive polymers (CPs) are a promising group of compounds, which are widely applied in chemical sensors and a variety of other applications [
The CP's selectivity is controlled by doping the film from solution or by incorporating a recognition unit into the conjugated polymeric backbone. In terms of potentiometry, the film acts as a cation or anion exchanger and provides a cationic or anionic potentiometric response [
Citric acid is often used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in food [
Recently, our group has found that electropolymerized films obtained from neutral red (NR) showed a high sensitivity and selectivity for citrate among the various carboxylates [
3-Amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylfenazine=Neutral red (NR), all inorganic salts, HCl, H2SO4 and NaOH were obtained from Lachema and Penta (Czech Republic). Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP), Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTABr), Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride and Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (TRIS), 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid hydrate (MES), 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and acetonitrile were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Germany). Working solutions for potentiometric measurements were prepared from redistilled water. Deionised Milli-Q water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used for capillary electrophoresis. The soft drink samples given in
Electropolymerized films of NR were prepared by anodic oxidation in a cyclic voltammetric regime in aqueous (3 M H2SO4, PNR(aq)) and organic medium (acetonitrile with 0.05 M TBAP, PNR(org)). Detailed descriptions of the preparation procedures can be found in [
Potentiometric measurements were performed using an ISE tester [
Sufficient aqueous solution of salt was employed to maintain constant ionic strength. The salts were chosen from the following set: Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaCl, NaH2PO4, NaClO4, NaSCN and NaI at pH 6.5. The influences of each of the pH buffers (HEPES, MES, TRIS) on potentiometric response were examined over a concentration range of 10-5 – 10-1 M. The solution pH was adjusted by adding H2SO4 for HEPES and MES and HCl for TRIS. Solid NaOH was used to increase pH.
Due to the protonation processes of citric acid, the potentiometric response was measured under acidic (pH 3 and 5) and alkaline (pH 8.5 and 11) conditions. These pHs were maintained using MES (0.05 M) and TRIS (0.02 M).
After optimization, the performance parameters of PNR electrodes were measured (calibration plot curve, working range, practical detection limit (PDL) and hysteresis) together with repeatability for 7 electrodes of each kind (PNR(aq) and PNR(org)). The time constant of the PNR electrodes was measured for three sodium citrate concentrations (10-3, 10-2 and 10-1 M). Electrodes conditioned in water or 10-3 M sodium citrate were compared.
Long-term stability was monitored by repeated measurements of sodium citrate in the range 10-3 - 10-1 M for two months. Electrodes were conditioned in a 10-3 M citrate solution and stored in distilled water when not in use.
New electrodes were prepared for the measurement of citrate in soft drinks. The freshly prepared electrodes were left in distilled water for 11 days to mature the film. They were then calibrated using a calibration solution of 10-6 to 10-1 M sodium citrate in TRIS (0.02 M) and NaNO3 (0.1 M) at pH 8.5. Beverage samples were stirred for 30 minutes to remove most of their CO2. They were subsequently tenfold diluted by the addition of a pH 8.5 solution of TRIS and NaNO3. After that, the pH was readjusted to 8.5 by adding solid NaOH. The known addition method [
Electrophoresis experiments were performed in an untreated fused-silica capillary of length 39 cm (30 cm to the detector) and 75 μm ID purchased from Composite Metal Service (The Chase Hallow, Worcester, USA). A CAPEL 105 electrophoresis system (Lumex, Saint Petersburg, Russia) was used with indirect UV detection (254 nm). The base electrolyte was 5 mM K2CrO4 with 0.5 mM TDTABr at pH 8.0. All samples and standards were filtered through a disc filter with 0,45 μm pores (Millex HV, Bedford, USA). The capillary was conditioned by sequential washing with 0.1 M HCl (5 min), water (5 min), 0.1 M NaOH (5 min) and water again (5 min) before measurements began. A five-minute washing with the background electrolyte was done between each measurement. The conditioning was repeated after every beverage sample because of deposition of the sample on the capillary wall.
The samples were injected into the capillary hydrodynamically (1.5 kPa/30 s) and the analyses were run at reverse polarity, -10 kV, at 20 °C for 8 min. The instrument was first calibrated using standards of citrate in water at concentrations from 0.01 mM to 0.2 mM. The peak citrate concentration was registered at around the 6
The choice of appropriate environment is essential for measurements with sensitive electropolymerized electrodes [
PNR electrode signals are not affected by a change in the concentration of buffer (HEPES, MES and TRIS) at pH 5 and 8.5. The only exception is a high concentration (10-2 a 10-1 M) of the most lipophilic, HEPES (
Our preliminary results showed that PNR electrodes are sensitive to citrate at alkaline pH [
Citric acid can lose three hydrogen ions (pK1=3.13: H3A↔H2A- + H+; pK2=4.75: H2A− ↔ HA2− + H+; pK3=6.40: HA2− ↔ A3− + H+) and each of these anions might interact with PNR in a different way. This possibility was examined by measuring the potentiometric response toward citrates at different pHs, in this case 3, 5, 8.5 and 11.
Similar electrode behavior, including the sensitivity decrease and lowering of detection limit, is the result of protonation/deprotonation processes of both the analyte and receptor. This was also documented by potentiometric measurements of salicylate using metaloporphyrine-based ISEs [
In conclusion, the previous results show that the best choice of background electrolyte is a mixed solution of 0.02 M TRIS at pH 8.5 and 0.1 M sodium nitrate as an indifferent electrolyte. The most important advantages of this electrolyte, compared with water as the medium, is a pH high enough to deprotonate the citrate anion and a constant ionic strength.
4 or 5 of every seven prepared electrodes provided a Nernstian response over a suitably large linearity range for subsequent measurement. Approximately 35% of the electrodes were rejected. The rest of electrodes gave a Nernstian slope for trivalent ions over the concentration range 10-5 - 10-1 M. The determination coefficient of regression
The electrodes prepared from an organic solution of neutral red have less scattered responses (the deviation is lower) compared with electrodes prepared from aqueous solution. The most probable explanation for this fact is that the surface of the platinum wire was not 100% covered by the PNR film when polymerization was from water. Films prepared from organic solutions are always more compact [
The dynamic behavior of the electrodes was tested at three different concentrations.
The time constant
During an evaluation of hysteresis it was observed that electrodes prepared from acetonitrile exhibit worse hysteresis than electrodes prepared from an aqueous solution. As a result, the slope of the calibration curve was 7 mV per decade lower for measurements starting at the highest concentration than for a calibration curve measured from the lowest concentration. The biggest difference between the potentials measured up and down was in the range 10-5 - 10-3 M. The slope changed by about 2 mV per decade with electrodes prepared from aqueous solution. The potentials only differed at high concentrations of 10-3 - 10-2 M. The low concentrations were hysteresis-free.
Similar behavior was observed with PEDOT polymer electrodes prepared from acetonitrile, which exhibited considerable hysteresis in low concentrations of AgNO3 solution. The hysteresis decreased after pretreatment of the support electrode by cyclic voltammetry before depositing the polymer on the electrode surface [
During long-term stability experiments, the electrodes had only a low drift, except for the first few measurements, where the potential drifted several tens of milivolts (
The calibration curve slope remained unaltered over one and a half months. After this period, a moderate decrease in the slope of about 2-3 mV per concentration decade was observed (
A comparison of the electrodes prepared from organic and aqueous medium showed that the initial change in potential is lower for electrodes prepared from aqueous solution. On the other hand, these electrodes have a higher drift after this initial period (0.6 – 1.0 mV day-1) compared with electrodes from organic solution (0.1 – 0.4 mV day-1). Drift is always dependent on the citrate concentration and the lowest drift is with the most concentrated solution.
The preliminary results demonstrated the possible application of these electrodes in real-life sample analysis [
The polymeric electrodes selected for determining citrate had calibration curves that were linear over the range 10-4 - 10-1 M at least, and their slopes over this range were -18.7 ± 3.0 mV per decade for PNR(aq) and -20.1 ± 2.2 mV per decade for PNR(org). These parameters should be enough for the analysis of any sample.
The complicated matrix of samples – which contain various colorants and emulsifiers – resulted in variances for the values obtained of between 7 and 23% (
On the other hand, the charge of determined ion governs the accuracy in the potentiometric analysis as well. The accuracy of the potentiometric determination is higher for the mono- and divalent ions. To date, the quantity of citrate in beverages is variable about 8 - 10% in individual set of bottles. The determination of citrate (trivalent ion) with R.S.D. value 7% is very optimistic result obtained with coated-wire electrode.
The comparative analysis was performed using capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection, which is usually used for the analysis of carboxylic acids in alcoholic [
The properties of PNR prepared under various conditions were described together with a description of a citrate ion-selective sensor. The appropriate background electrolyte for potentiometric experiments is a mixed solution of 0.02 M TRIS with 0.1 M sodium nitrate at pH 8.5. The PNR electrodes described here have a low time constant, low hysteresis and provide a relatively stable Nernstian response. Their initial conditioning takes 11 days and then the properties of the electrodes do not change. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using electrodes for screening and rapid determination of citrates in soft drinks. Electrodes prepared from organic solutions exhibit a better potential stability than electrodes prepared from water, because the polymer generates a more compact coverage of the support substrate. In contrast, aqueous electrodes are more accurate and exhibit less hysteresis. The citrate content measured potentiometrically by PNR electrodes was in good agreement with data from capillary electrophoresis.
Financial support from the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic Grant No. MSM 6046137307 is gratefully acknowledged.
Citrate electrophoregrams of soft drinks. The citrate peak is marked by a rectangle; 1 – Joe's cola, 2 – Mountain Dew, 3 – Kofola, 4 – Zón, 5 – Poděbradka, 6 – Gatorade, 7 – Hello.
Dependence of PNR electrode potential on concentration of inorganic anions.
Potential dependence of PNR(aq) and PNR(org) electrodes on concentration of buffer (HEPES, MES a TRIS) at pH 8.5 (A) and pH 5 (B).
Potential response of PNR electrode prepared from aqueous solution toward citrate at various pH's (3 and 5 (MES), 8.5 and 11 (TRIS)).
Speed of response of PNR electrode prepared from aqueous solution. (A) Electrode conditioned in water (B) electrode conditioned in 0.001 M citrate.
Potential dependence of both types of PNR electrodes on the age of the electrode for three citrate concentrations: 0.001 (○), 0.01 (▹) and 0.1 M (*).
Composition of the soft drink samples.
|Composition of soft drinks
|Gatorade - orange
|Water, glucose syrup, saccharose, citric acid, sodium citrate, NaCl, KH2PO4, emulsifier E414 and E445, MgCO3, aroma, dyes E104, E110
|Hello juice - apple
|Drinking water, sugar, apple juice, apple aroma, citric acid, preservatives E202 and E211, dyes E104 and E133
|Joe's baby cola
|Drinking water, sugar, phosphoric acid, citric acid, E211, natural aroma, dye caramel, caffeine, CO2
|Water, syrup KOFO (syrup, sugar, water, caramel, dye E150d, citric acid, NaCl, herbal extract, licorice extract, E211, caffeine), CO2
|Mountain Dew lemon
|- Water, sugar, citric acid, E211, caffeine, stabilizer E414 and E445, sodium citrate, aroma, ascorbic acid, dye E102 (tartrazine yellow), CO2
|Poděbradka - lemon
|Mineral water (HCO3-, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+), sugar, citric acid, natural aromatic compounds, E211, CO2
|Zón - lemon
|Drinking water; sugar, citric acid, ascorbic acid, E202, E211, CO2.
Dyes: E102 (tartrazine yellow); E104 (chinoline yellow); E110 (yellow SY); E 133 (brilliant blue); E150d (ammonia-sulfite caramel); preservatives: E202 (potassium sorbate); E211 (sodium benzoate); emulsifiers and stabilizers: E414 (Arabic gum); E445 (glycerolester of pine resin).
Comparison of parameters of PNR electrodes made from aqueous (aq) and organic (org) solution.
|-18.7 ± 3.0
|-20.1 ± 2.2
|Potential constant
|244.6 ± 25.6
|238.8 ± 12.4
|(2 – 6) ×10-6
|(2 – 5) × 10-6
Determination of citrate content in g L-1 by Known addition method [
|PNR(aq) electrodes
|PNR(org) electrodes
|Gatorade - orange
|3.26 ± 0.76
|3.01 ± 0.25
|3.43 ± 0.19
|Hello juice - apple
|4.77 ± 0.78
|5.09 ± 0.55
|3.93 ± 0.25
|Joe's baby cola
|0.48 ± 0.06
|0.40 ± 0.04
|0.38 ± 0.02
|1.22 ± 0.15
|1.45 ± 0.11
|1.51 ± 0.11
|Mountain Dew - lemon
|1.13 ± 0.23
|1.74 ± 0.27
|1.37 ± 0.08
|Poděbradka - lemon
|2.61 ± 0.40
|2.50 ± 0.23
|2.82 ± 0.15
|Zón - lemon
|1.56 ± 0.25
|1.37 ± 0.15
|1.60 ± 0.11
(Mean values of six determinations with confidence interval (st√n) at the 95% level.)


text:
There is increasing concern at the highest levels of the coalition that its own "localism" agenda has the potential to hamper economic growth in the coming months – just as the government is at its most vulnerable to any sign of downturn. Ministers at Eric Pickles' communities department believe that many of their localist policies will help business to grow; but others suspect that the general theme – handing more power to communities – will instead empower "nimbies" who want to stop development.
Against this backdrop we revealed this morning that Vince Cable and George Osborne are drawing up plans for several planning changes which could be announced in the spring Budget. The proposals come as the new head of the CBI warned that the "jury is still out" over whether Mr Pickles' new planning system will "deliver". Here are the ideas: Read more

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Former Woolworths chief and current Fairfax chairman Roger Corbett has added chairman of pharmaceutical company Mayne Pharma Ltd to his list of roles.
Mr Corbett joined Mayne Pharma's board in November 2010 and accepted the chairman position on Thursday.
Mayne Pharma chief executive Roger Aston said the company was "delighted" Mr Corbett accepted the position.
"In addition to the valuable support that he will provide the board and me, we will also now comply with best practice corporate governance by separating the CEO and chairman's roles," Dr Aston said in a statement on Friday.
Mr Corbett said he was "looking forward to leading the board at a time of significant change and working closely with Dr Aston to take the company through the next important stages of its evolution".
Mr Corbett is currently also chairman of Fairfax Media Ltd, deputy chair of PrimeAg Australia, and a director of the Reserve Bank of Australia and US-based Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
He previously worked as chief executive of Woolworths Ltd.


text:
Performance Alert Issue
I have recently installed BLAT to use a batch file for sending email
messages from my Windows 2003 Server. It works just fine. Now I want to
use it to inform me when the mail QUEUE exceeds a number of mail. So, in
the performance Monitor I setup an alert that, when configured is able to
"send a network message to" which, via messenger creates a pop up message
that works just fine. However, now I want to use the option "run this
program" to activate the .bat file I created so a message from the alert can
be sent to my blackberry. When I input the path to the .bat, it attempts to
execute the .bat but fails. In the event viewer I get a warning message
from Sysmonlog, ID 2038 "Unable to execute command for the alert. The alert
will continue as scheduled. The error code returned is in the data".
Anyone know what I need do?


text:
Users Guide
This Users Guide outlines the basic requirements of the Standardized Verification System (SVS) for Long Range Forecasts (LRF). Full details are outlined in the Manual on the Global Data-Processing System (attachments II.8 (new-updated 8/2006)). It is recommended that users download the Manual for use in conjunction with this Users Guide.
Variables to be AssessedIn order to keep assessment costs low, only a limited set of variables have been included in the SVS. Model variables to be assessed are:
Levels of Assessment
The verification system is divided into three levels. Users are requested to assess their model(s) in the order from level 1 (first) to level 3 (last). The SVS suggests this staged implementation may be spread over a 2 year period. Please note: while key regions and variables to be assessed are proposed, producers are not limited to these parameters. (i.e., if your system does not produce a global outlook, you may still contribute for the areas in which it does, or for some more specific region (e.g., North America only.))
The three levels of assessment are:
Diagnostic Measures
The three diagnostic measures used by the core SVS for all levels of assessment are:
It is recommended that all assessment be performed against the key data sets of observations. Regions over which forecasts should be assessed, as well as lead times and seasons required are all outlined in the Manual. Updates to the manual include a recommended hidcast period of 1981-2001.
The attached table provides a summary of the requirements of the core SVS - sections refer to section numbers in the old attachment II.9 of the Global Data Processing System. (NB: Please note, a revised attachment is now available.)
What the Lead Centre ProvidesThe role of the Lead Centre is to assist you in meeting the requirements of the SVS-LRF. The Lead Centre is able to provide:
How to Submit Results
To submit the verified data, place the ASCII files on an FTP area belonging to your Global Producing Centre. Once this has been done, please fill in the submission form to alert the Lead Centre of the FTP site address and directory in which your data is held. The Lead Centre will collect the data and plot up the results in a standard presentation format.If you encounter any problems, please email the Lead Centre (email@example.com)
You will be contacted for final approval of the plotted results before these appear on the Lead Centre Web site.
In order to simplify this process, all scores need to be submitted in a standard format, with a standard naming convention.
Format for Submitting Results
In order to simplify the plotting up of results by the Lead Centre, all data must be submitted in a standard format with a standard filename. Due to the large amount of data that will be received, it is very important that all data sets are in the correct format. If unsure about any of the format requirements below please contact the lead centre for further details.
The filename should have the format:
All data is to be submitted in ASCII format.
For ROC areas (rocs), files should simply contain the name of the organisation on the first line, the score for the lower tercile as a single number on the second, the score for the upper tercile as a single number of the third line and the score for the middle tercile as a single number on the fourth line (at this stage the middle tercile score will not be displayed so may be left out). For MSSS areas (mssb), files should simply contain the name of the organisation on the first line, and the score as a single number on the second. If you do not have data for some of the leads or seasons, please do not create that file. For missing files we will simply place a ----- in the relevant field. If you do not have any data for any of the fields for the given diagnostic no output file will be created.
ROC curves (rocc), Reliability diagrams (reld) and Frequency histograms (freq), data should be submitted in the
following format:
The first list for ROC curves, Reliability diagrams and the Frequency histograms will contain the results for the lower tercile, the second list will contain the results for the upper tercile and have exactly the same format (except the header [organisation name] is not repeated).
(maximum of 80 characters)
All data is to be submitted in ASCII format.
Grid point data should be submitted in the following format, with the standard filename as described above. For ROC gridded areas the format is slightly different with the lower tercile data written out first as the first data set, the upper tercile should then be written out straight after the lower tercile, in the same format but with only the title row (no lat lon etc). Mask values and missing values should be set to 99999.9:
Latitude values should be in the range -90 (south) to 90 (north). Longitude should range from 0 to 360 for east-west. Note that the lon and lat values should not be followed by any N, S or E. Fractions of a degree should be written, for example, -89.5 or 200.25.nlat (number of latitude values)
ylat(j),j=1,nlat (list of latitude values - written out on one line)
nlon (number of longitude values)
xlon(i),i=1,nlon (list of longitude values - written out on one line)
header (organisation name) (maximum of 80 characters)
((data(i,j),i=1,nlon),j=1,nlat) (data array, sorted by corresponding longitude and latitude values each row is nlon long, by nlat number of rows)
An example is available of the format for Level 2 MSSS at each gridpoint
The table below summarises the diagnostics and seasons for each level.
-- Level 3 --
For deterministic forecasts, 3x3 contingency tables at each grid-point:
(number of latitude values)
For probabilistic forecasts, nx2 contingency tables at each grid-point:
(number of latitude values)
Detailing your forecast systemFor results to be published, users are required to submit information on the details of their forecast/hindcast system being verified.
This information should be submitted as an ASCII text file, with the
Information submitted should include, but is not limited to:
|home | contact


text:
The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 10.1484 Wednesday 25 August 1999.
Date: Tuesday, 24 Aug 1999 11:06:30 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Twelfth Night
Abigail Quart asks if unrequited love is a "flaw," referring to Orsino,
I think. No, it's not, but at the start of the play Orsino suffers from
more than just unrequited love: he basks in it, he wallows in it, and he
wants MORE of it-surely not the way most of us would react. As I see
it, Orsino wants the feelings but not the reality of love, and his wish
to heighten these feelings does suggest a problem, if not a flaw.
Orsino's "feelings" depend on NOT knowing Olivia and on the barriers and
obstructions that he himself sets up-e.g., using a go-between so that he
doesn't have to talk to Olivia herself. His condition is well analyzed
by Denis deRougemont in Love in the Western World, who sees extreme
romantic love as a kind of sickness that can be controlled but perhaps
never eradicated.
What is needed by Orsino is to value friendship in a potential love
object. He gets this unawares in the disguised Viola, and when he
overcomes his temptation to kill her in Act 5, he's ready to see her "in
woman's weeds" and have a try at REAL love, which involves not only
longing but friendship as well. It's important to note that in Act 5
Orsino is finally in the open air, out of his cloistered palace, and his
feelings for Olivia evaporate upon actually meeting her. They were
nothing but self-generated longings anyway!
So, it seems to me that Orsino, the hibernating bear, comes out of a
deep sleep and its attendant dreams and into the real world, as it were,
and is much the better for it. During the first 4 acts, the disguised
Viola acts like a classical Freudian psychiatrist: she listens and says
little, but lets Orsino know that she values him, and she is there to
listen to him.
Or so it seems to me.
--Ed Taft
PS It could even be argued, I think, that his change in affections from
Olivia to Viola is a kind of "transference."


text:
Bath Salt Basics
A member of the West Virginia state police teamed up with students at Wesleyan College, to spread awareness about bath salts. According to WDTV.com, the college had a bath salts drug summit Wednesday evening. Bath salts have become increasingly popular and increasingly dangerous, and many people are not even sure what bath salts are.
There have been numerous incidents involving bath salts where the users have become violent and combative, as well as suffering severe hallucinations. Bath salts are completely synthetic, and they are made in a lab. They come in a crystallized powder form, often sold in a tea-bag sized package or a glass vial. They do not contain any fragrance or soaps, although the packages are designed to make the drugs look like harmless bath products. A warning, "Not For Human Consumption," comes on every package. They are often purchased at a specialty smoke shop, or even a convenient store.
Once law enforcement saw the presence of this drug, they began testing the ingredients. The chemical structure of bath salts is similar to meth and ecstasy. Users often report the effects of the drug to be similar to meth, only more potent. Bath salts are thought to be 200 times stronger than cocaine. It has been referred to as "legal cocaine," as well.
The side effects of this drug can be scary. They include anxiety, seizures, delusions, paranoia, increased heart rate, and intense cravings for more. Several bath salts users, interviewed from jail, claim that the cravings they experienced from bath salts were more intense than any other drug cravings they had experienced.
Scientists say they do not know what bath salts can do to people long term, but several mental health professionals have reported long-term hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. Police say the drug makes users both combative and paranoid. Police feel bath salts have made their job more dangerous, and often when they respond to a bath salts call, the user thinks the law is there to harm them.
Bath salt use is rising all over the country. Lawmakers have begun to ban these chemicals in many states, and law enforcement is trying to enforce these bans, but chemists can easily change the formula for the drugs to have the same effects on the user without technically being under the ban. Harrison County, West Virginia is ranked number one in the country for bath salt use, with over 5,000 abusers in 2011. As this drug rises into the spotlight, spreading awareness about the substance and its potential dangers becomes vital.
If you or someone you know is struggling with bath salts addiction, please contact us.
- Item Tag: bath salt drugs, bath salts, dangers of bath salts


text:
As others say, it is very good for OLTP workload. Looks like its capacity is similar to a 8 dual core E2900 to us. Pay attention to, oracle think it is a 32cpu box, so cpu_count will be 32. so it will create 6 subpool for your shared pool, which may lead to each subpool too small for you. Not much experience with its avalibility yet On 3/23/07, Lawie, Duncan <duncan.lawie@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
Are these servers up to the job of running a database? It sounds like they might be OK for OLTP, but bad if there is significant batch work. Does anyone have performance comparisons against more traditional Sun kit? Thanks, Duncan. -----Original Message----- From: oracle-l-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:oracle-l-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Smith, Steven K - MSHA Sent: 22 March 2007 21:41 To: oracle-l@xxxxxxxxxxxxx Subject: Sun T2000 Anyone have or know of a good white paper on setting up and running Oracle on these servers? I've searched Google with only a couple of finds. Thanks Steve Smith Desk: 303-231-5499 -- http://www.freelists.org/webpage/oracle-l ============================================================================== Please access the attached hyperlink for an important electronic communications disclaimer: http://www.credit-suisse.com/legal/en/disclaimer_email_ib.html ============================================================================== -- http://www.freelists.org/webpage/oracle-l
-- Regards Zhu Chao www.cnoug.org


text:
The Flicker of Projected Light
Sam Green
In recent years, Academy Award-nominated documentary maker Sam Green has grown increasingly interested in cinema as an ephemeral practice. Going to the movies, writes Rebecca Solnit, "which was once a great banquet in a dream palace is now often a snack devoured absentmindedly in isolation." Inspired by the utopian qualities and evanescence of cinema, Green has created a form he calls "live documentary," a mashup of film and performance. No two screenings are alike, and the films are never fixed, never to be watched on Youtube or streamed on Netflix.
With The Flicker of Projected Light, Green will create a custom cinematic experience for the buyer. Green and the buyer will enter into an extended conversation over email that will lead to a screening. Green will travel to a city of the buyer's choice (within the continental United States) and create a unique and ephemeral cinematic experience—it could be a film projected at a massive scale on the side of a building, or a backyard 16mm screening on fog, or a film viewed on a laptop while traversing the city in a taxi. Whatever form the screening takes, the experience will reach for the sublime and aims to linger in the buyer's thoughts for some time after. The screening will be for the buyer and one guest only and will not be documented in any way other than that the buyer will receive a framed certificate stating that he or she is the owner of the memory of the experience.
This is an edition of 1. This work is only available within the continental United States.


text:
Finding Logistics & Shipping Experts on Freelancer
Logistics and Shipping refers to the management and transfer of products from the place of manufacture to the location where they will either be consumed or sold in retail. It is a crucial component of the supply and value chain in almost all industries. Once your products are ready for consumption, you will require logistics and shipping activities for distribution.
It is a complex process that involves several stages. Depending on the product that you are manufacturing and where you are marketing it, the shipping process may also involve several transportation networks such as road, rail, air or water transport.
Looking for an expert to cater to your logistics and shipping needs? Why not hire a professional? On Frelancer.com you will find several freelance logistic and shipping experts who will handle all of these tasks and more for you!
Some of these tasks include:
Material handling and packaging
Inventory management
Supply chain management
Shipping security
Customs service
Sounds like the perfect solution but you have a few concerns about finding someone you can rely on to do a good job? You have nothing to worry about! Freelancer.com provides an open platform where prospective clients can check a freelancer's credentials to ensure that they can deliver on their promise. You can also check the testimonials left by other clients, which will give you a good idea of the quality of work that the freelancer delivers.
When you post a project for a logistics shipping expert on Freelancer.com, you have total control over all aspects of the job. You can scrutinize all bids that you receive and have further discussions with a few shortlisted freelancers to ensure that they understand what is involved.
Once you get the first assignment completed and if you are impressed with the job done, you can re-hire the freelancer for your next project.
Why get bogged down in the logistics and shipping process when it is easier and more efficient to outsource it? Hire an experienced logistics and shipping expert from Freelancer.com today.


text:
Aaron Hernandez warrants unsealed
On Monday, a judge ordered that the search warrants in the murder investigation of Aaron Hernandez be unsealed. The former Patriots tight end is facing murder and multiple gun charges in the death of Odin Lloyd.
Below is a roundup of the information in the unsealed warrants.


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Following what is sure to become the standard script for social media companies going public, Internet radio service Pandora Media has increased the share-price range and number of shares for its pending IPO.
In a Friday amended filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Pandora raised the price range for shares to $10 to $12 from the $7 to $9 announced in another amended filing last Thursday.
(Also see: You call this a tech bubble?)
Pandora initially filed to go public on Feb. 11, the same day Nokia announced its dramatic smartphone partnership with Microsoft. Then, on the same day Pandora's underwriters tried to stoke the IPO by announcing the share-price range, Groupon filed for its much-anticipated (and much larger) IPO. I wonder what blockbuster tech news we can expect on Friday?
In addition to raising the price range, Pandora is increasing the number of shares it will sell to 6 million from 5 million. Current shareholders will still nearly 8.7 million shares, from which Pandora gets nothing.
In the latest amended prospectus, Pandora said it expects to raise $57.6 million -- $80.1 million if the underwriters exercise an overallotment option for 2.2 million shares -- based on an offering price of $11 per share.
That's considerably higher than the $33.4 million to $48.7 million range previously estimated by Pandora, which is good because the company intends to spend at least $29.7 million from the IPO proceeds to pay accrued and unpaid dividends. At the low end of the previous range, that left it practically nothing from the IPO, dangerous for a company still operating at a loss and with heavy debt.
Pandora didn't list an IPO date in Friday's filing, but said it hoped to make the offering "as soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement." So I'm guessing next week.
Morgan Stanley and J.P. Morgan Securities are the lead underwriters. Pandora will trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "P."


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Behind the Line at Wish
Chef Marco Ferraro, Sous Chef Sergio Wicle, and Line Cook Greg Kunath
"The job of a chef is not so easy," he continues, "to find a place where you're happy at work, I definitely hit the mark here. My dad tol' me, 'Marco, make sure you love what you're doin', cause you're gonna be doin' it 40 or 50 years.' Everybody here loves what they're doin. We all treat each other like family. This is not an easy business, especially for the line cooks. When everyone's happy, the food is good, I try an keep it that way, if not, they ain't workin here. I'm not the office chef, I do what I gotta do."
Chef Marco drops knowledge on 20-year-old line cook Andres Kaifer, a graduate of the Culinary Institute of America, New York City.
Wish has been open since November 1998, but line-cook Greg Kunath (pictured in hat) says "I don't think we're getting older, we're just getting better." Wish is Chef Marco's first executive chef position and line-cook Brian Nasajon (pictured with pork chop) says "Chef is the man. He's chill, he's got his shit together, he's there with us when we need him on the line, seriously, he's the man."
Sous Chef Sergio Wicle, a Wish employee since 2000, preps and creates a salmon tartare.
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Big Ten, Big 12 paying big bucks for 'guarantee games'
Sitting on Jerry Strom's desk is a copy of an email from a Big Ten Conference school to a mid-major Division I men's basketball program, offering a six-figure guarantee to play a game next season.
"That's our competition," said Strom, who is in charge of scheduling for the University of Iowa. "Everybody has to decide, 'What's our limit?' "
Even as the current basketball season winds down, colleges are working behind the scenes to nail down 2012-13 schedules — and the cost of scheduling the right opponent for the right date is on the rise by as much as $40,000 a year.
A survey of Big Ten and Big 12 conference schools by the Des Moines Register found that a majority — seven Big Ten colleges and six Big 12 schools — paid in excess of $400,000 to schedule a handful of guarantee games this season.
As programs are positioning themselves to get into this month's NCAA tournament, the quality of the opponent schools are buying for these non-conference games is magnified — even though public little attention is paid to the rising costs. Critics say that spending is another sign of athletic departments being out of touch with the overall mission of the university.
NCAA bids provide program prestige and a financial windfall for conferences receiving multiple bids. Strength of schedule and victories are part of the formula and that's where guaranteed games -- games in which one school pays another a guaranteed amount of money, with no return date required -- become important. The Register's study shows Big Ten and Big 12 basketball teams had a 90-2 record in guarantee games this season.
"The costs for guarantee games has been trending up ever since I got in this profession 20 years ago," Iowa State athletics director Jamie Pollard said. "I thought the same thing back then as I do now -- I wish it were not the case, but I understand to some degree it is the cost of doing business."
'Cost of doing business'
Ohio State had the Big Ten's deepest pockets when scheduling for this season, paying an average of $95,666 for six games, according to The Register's survey, which was made in accordance with open records laws.
The Buckeyes paid $110,000 to Valparaiso University -- a school with 23 victories the previous season -- for a game in November. Ohio State paid five opponents $90,000 or more.
In the Big 12, Texas led the way by paying an average of $93,000 for each of its five guarantee games. The Longhorns paid at least $90,000 for every guarantee game.
A spot check of other schools found UCLA of the Pac-12 spending $70,000 to $85,000 per game, Florida of the Southeastern averaging $75,000 and West Virginia of the Big East $85,000 to $90,000.
"There is some concern on these costs, but the importance of home games is still crucial to funding our athletic department and the 36 sports we support," said David Egelhoff, Ohio State's director of basketball operations. "There is a 'cost of doing business' factor in securing guarantee games and the marketplace has a huge role in that. If we want to try and go cheap on teams, they will just look elsewhere."
"Those decisions are made by each institution," said Brad Traviolia, Big Ten deputy commissioner. "We certainly notice (the cost of guarantee games), and it's a topic of conversation when our schools get together. But it's something each school acts independently on, how they utilize those guarantees to develop their schedules."
Iowa spent $413,000 for five guarantee games. That money -- and $180,000 for scheduling multi-event games -- came out of the school's basketball budget, which is $3,739,033.
Iowa athletics director Gary Barta said the rising cost of guarantee games is "absolutely concerning.'
"Scheduling is difficult, and it's challenging," Barta said. "The more we can control it, the better chance we have of putting together a very competitive schedule, a schedule that is exciting to our fans and makes sense financially. And that's what we're trying to do."
Iowa State spent $420,000 to offer opponents guarantees for five games at Hilton Coliseum. That money -- and $130,000 for scheduling multi-event games --came out of the school's basketball budget of $3,618,243.
Rising costs a concern
Costs are escalating, on average, about $5,000 per game each season according to those involved with scheduling. These growing costs are a concern to the Knight Commission, an organization committed to making sure athletic programs operate within the educational mission of their institutions.
"We are concerned about the escalating operational costs of major college sports whether the rise is in game guarantees, coaches' salaries, recruiting or another area," said Amy Perko, executive director of the Knight Commission. "The bottom line is that the increases in all those areas have resulted in athletics spending per athlete increasing at twice the rate of academic spending per student."
Athletic spending often requires money from a university's general fund, according to Perko, because most athletic programs don't generate enough revenue to cover their expenses.
Jay Bilas, an ESPN college basketball analyst, sees no harm in the high-stakes guarantees.
"If you don't want to play, then don't pay it," said Bilas, who played and was an assistant coach at Duke . "The market should dictate all that. There's so much money in the game now. There's no reason that if a big-shot needs a game, a BCS school, that a smaller school shouldn't take advantage of it. If you don't want to pay, fine."
Charles Clotfelder, an economics professor and author of "Big-Times Sports in American Universities," said the decision to increase the amount of money for non-conference games is based on a simple reality.
"It is to get a win because that is good for your postseason prospects," said Clotfelder, who is also at Duke, a school whose basketball team has been in the NCAA tournament 27 of the past 28 years. The only teams in the Register's study to lose guarantee games this season were Kansas (which lost to Davidson) and Texas A&M (which lost to Rice).
Clotfelder, whose book asserts that big-time athletics is now a core function for large universities, said that increased spending to schedule basketball games is no different than any other kind of spending by colleges and universities.
"There is an old saying that in higher education, institutions will raise as much money as they can and they will spend everything they can get," Clotfelder said. "You shouldn't talk about these departments as free-standing franchises because, in reality, they are part of universities. And they are acting like every other part of the university."
Smaller schools profit
Major conference schools look for several types of games — guarantee games against non-league teams they can beat, games that will help develop their team and home-and-home agreements that include no guarantee money. They also have to schedule enough home games to generate an acceptable revenue stream because in many athletic programs, football and men's basketball are the only revenue-generating sports.
But mid- to low-major programs use the revenue from these games -- which often include incentives like tickets and hotel rooms -- to fund their programs. At Central Michigan, for example, coach Ernie Zeigler's program made a total of $260,000 to play at Minnesota, Nebraska and Iowa State this season.
"We play three guarantee games to offset and supplement our budget," said Zeigler, in his sixth season at the Mid-American Conference school. "I have it in my contract that we have to play two. I play one more, just so I can get that money and be able to do things and be competitive from a recruiting standpoint, salaries, those kinds of things."
The reason for the escalating costs has become a hot button issue.
"There are some folks out there right now that, in some cases, are holding teams hostage," said Reggie Minton, deputy executive director of the National Association of Basketball Coaches.
The cost to schedule guarantee games escalates in the spring, when schools are hustling to fill open dates and low- to mid-major teams hold out for the best deal.
Coach Fran McCaffery has seen scheduling at all levels as he's climbed the coaching ladder, from Lehigh to North Carolina-Greensboro to Siena and now Iowa. At Greensboro, he was required to play a certain number of guarantee games to fund his program. At Iowa, the cost of those games put a dent in the budget.
"I think it's the worst part of this profession, and it's unfortunate," McCaffery said. "I would prefer they put it in a computer and say, 'This is who you're going to be playing and be done with it.' But that's not going to happen."
Valparaiso lost its game at Ohio State by 33 points but went on to win its Horizon League championship. Athletic director Mark LaBarbera called the $110,000 from Ohio State a budget-enhancer.
"It provides some additional resources we can put back into the basketball program to do some things and make some strategic decisions to make it better," LaBarbera said.
How did the $110,000 payout come to be? The Buckeyes were still trying to fill the date in mid-August. Ohio State's Egelhoff knew that playing Valparaiso wouldn't hurt the Buckeyes' NCAA resume, and would appeal to fans.
"Since they held the bargaining chips and we faced the choice to pay or not have a game, we went ahead and paid more that we typically do," Egelhoff said. "It was out of necessity to secure the deal. Otherwise we lose out on the money we would earn from the home game and the revenue that comes along with it."
But LaBarbera disagreed with the notion that Valparaiso had bargaining chips.
"They could have played anyone," LaBarbera said. "I'm sure they could have found some other schools that would have rearranged their schedules for that amount of money. I would have happily told Ohio State, 'Hey, we'll play you home-and-home and you can give us less money.' But that's a difficult conversation to have with them."
Creighton coach Greg McDermott calls the rising cost of guarantee games "ridiculous," but acknowledges the complexities facing colleges.
"Once you allow yourself to be bought, then everyone knows you're willing to do that," said McDermott, who has also coached at Iowa State and Northern Iowa. "It all goes back to the TV contracts, and the money that is available, and the value that is placed on a home game. Paying $70,000 for a home basketball game sounds like a lot. But if the net, at the end of the day, is between $250,000 and $500,000, that's a small price to pay.
"I remember when I first started at Northern Iowa. We were paying $20,000 to $25,000 and that was only 10 years ago. It's really escalated. Who knows where the end is?"
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When Paul and his wife, both nudists, decided to renew their wedding vows in January, they did so in a fashion they were both comfortable with - starkers.
''It was very special,'' he says, ''with our friends and the celebrant all in the nude, as nature intended.''
Paul, 46, works in the public sector on the mid-north coast of NSW and has been a nudist - or naturist, as some prefer to be called - since he started swimming at nudist beaches at 15. Since he lives ''a fairly ordinary life'', living in suburbia with an office job, his lifestyle choice means going to nudist beaches, B&Bs and resorts whenever he can.
The recent Sydney Skinny, for which more than 600 people dropped their daks for a swim in Sydney Harbour, and the 2010 Spencer Tunick photo, in which more than 5000 people posed in the buff on the steps of the Opera House, reveal there are plenty of Australians who are happy to go naked in public when the opportunity arises.
But for Paul and others like him, being clothes-free is not a gimmick but a way of life.
''It is quite difficult to explain, but for most dedicated naturists, it is a religion,'' Paul says. ''Some people … are more devout than others, and spend as much time as possible in the nude.''
One such nudist is Jackie Fuller, from Ipswich in Queensland, who is the vice-president of the Australian Naturist Federation. Fuller tries to go nude once a day.
''It de-stresses me,'' she says. ''When I come home and get my gear off, it's just like fellas coming home and getting their boots off and saying, 'Oh that feels better.' I can do the same, but I just take more than my boots off.''
But Australians who are happy to bare all on a regular basis are becoming rarer.
In the heyday of club nudism, the 1960s and '70s, the Australian Naturist Federation had about 10,000 members, with 3000 people attending its annual conventions. Now, the ANF has about 3000 members, and conventions attract 300 people, though Fuller estimates Australia is home to more than 25,000 nudists. It is hard to judge the precise number, says Dr Ruth Barcan of the University of Sydney, who spent years researching nudist culture for her book Nudity: A Cultural Anatomy, because nudism is such a private, unregulated and sometimes stigmatised practice.
Paul has started an online survey, SkinClad, that aims to collate information about the demographics and practices of naturists in Australia. So far, 1400 people have filled out the survey, but already trends are clear - 89 per cent of respondents are male, and most naturists are aged 40-65, with the average age being 48.
''The problem has always been to get women involved, for all the reasons you might expect. I certainly interviewed a lot of people who had to drag unwilling female partners along,'' Barcan says.
As for nudism being dominated by older people, Fuller says: ''That's a question the ANF has been talking about for years: how do we attract young people?''
Barcan thinks it might be the format, not necessarily the nudity, that puts young people off. They may not want to join nudist clubs, but some seem interested in ''a more lifestyle version of it''. Some music festivals have naked dance areas, and many young people participate in au naturel events, such as the Sydney Skinny.
While Sydney Skinny organiser Nigel Marsh is adamant the 900-metre naked ocean swim is not about nudism, many of the benefits reported by participants in the swim - the egalitarian atmosphere, the way it helps with body-image issues, and the sense of freedom - are all benefits Australia's nudist community have been espousing for decades.
''People's minds turn to custard when they think about nudity,'' Marsh says. ''If you like communal events, you like ocean swimming, but you couldn't do this event because one or two strangers might see your backside for a few seconds, my question is: if that scenario is outside your sense of adventure … what is within your sense of adventure?''
Paul agrees people need to shed their inhibitions, as much as they need to shed their clothes. ''What we would love from society is … to see them lose some of their anxieties,'' he says. ''Give it a go. Hey, if you don't like it, just put your clothes on and walk away.''


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Abiding is a most valuable and needed principle for life. It is resting in the fullness of God and His provision for us. All temptation and unexpected crisis are intent upon moving us from our position of abiding in Christ. Abiding is the best defense against the movement up or down the slippery slopes of pride, rage, and despair. Agape is God's movement through us that is all at once risky, spontaneous, and unpredictable. While abiding in the unshakable Kingdom of God, fruits of the Spirit … [Read more...]
Abiding Is Your Greatest Defense by Robert Ricciardelli
2012: New Leadership, New Boldness and New Provision by Lee Grady
As I have prayed about the coming year, I've sensed three clear directives.Some people are terrified of 2012. They worry because the Mayans of ancient Mexico mysteriously ended their 5,126-year-old calendar on Dec. 21, 2012—as if they expected the world to end that day. This silly hypothesis became the basis for several New Age books and a goofy disaster movie, 2012, in which actor John Cusack avoids meteors and earthquakes just in time to get his family aboard the modern version of Noah's ar … [Read more...]
A Word for the Weary: God Will Finish What He Started! by Lee Grady
The devil is busy trying to abort God's promises. Hang on and keep believing.Here's a trivia question: Which building project took the longest to complete?·A. The construction of the Pentagon.B. The carving of Mount Rushmore.C. The digging of the Panama Canal.D. The building of the Empire State Building.E. The carving and assembling of the Statue of Liberty.The answer is C. It took 31 years to dig the Panama Canal, mainly because that superhuman task was started and stopped … [Read more...]


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Andrew Harries, 34, from Aberdare, south Wales, was killed on Tuesday when his convoy was ambushed near the city of Mosul, in northern Iraq.
His father, Geoff Harries, said he did not know his son was in Iraq before the call telling him he had died.
Mr Harries said his youngest son had not told him he was in Iraq to prevent him from worrying.
Mr Harries, who believed Andrew was in neighbouring Kuwait, told BBC Wales of his reaction to hearing his son had died.
He said: "It was a complete shock because I had no idea he
was there.
"I am shattered - as if I am in a bad dream.
"I want to wake up and find it's not right.
"I can't really accept it.
"I am devastated. He was a brilliant son."
Mr Harries said that his son, who had a three-year-old daughter, Ella, had spent a decade in the Army before becoming a security guard with London-based firm ArmorGroup.
He added: "He'd done 10 years in the army.
"He was in the first Gulf War, two tours in Bosnia and Northern Ireland.
'Very proud'
"He came out of the Army about four or five years ago and became a health and safety consultant.
"He was called up then as a reservist back (to Iraq) in the second outbreak.
"When he came out of that, he took this job on as an armed security guard with ArmorGroup.
"I'm very very proud of him."
Andrew Harries' older brother David, added: "I would like to say to the person that took my brother's life.
"Whatever you hope to achieve, whatever cause you wrongly believe you are furthering, you've achieved nothing."
Mr Harries' family had not wanted him to go back to Iraq but said he died doing what he wanted to do.
The 34-year-old's death was the second loss to the family in six months.
In November 2003, his mother Veronica died following a long fight against cancer.
A neighbour of the family in Llwydcoed, Aberdare, Colin Morris, said: "Andrew went into the services straight from school. It was his life.
"This is a terrible shock for a very nice family.
"It's a terrible shock to his father so close to the death of his wife from cancer."
Mr Harries was a former pupil of Bishop Hedley High School, in Merthyr Tydfil.
The school's head teacher, Martin Gay, said he was shocked to hear the news of the death and said it had been a year of tragedy for the family.
Mr Gay said: "They were a tremendous family who were great supporters of the school."
Mr Gay added that he remembered Mr Harries as a good student.
Mr Harries was killed when gunmen opened fire on the convoy of cars he was travelling in as it drove along a highway between Mosul and Irbil in the north of Iraq.
His security firm had been hired to protect Foreign Office staff working in Iraq.
Arrangements are being made to fly Mr Harries body home for a funeral service in the UK.


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Celebrate the wonder, the joy, and the diversity of the month of December with this imaginative holiday musical for upper elementary and middle school singers. You'll join a group of chimney sweeps as they dance across the rooftops of the city and discover all the different ways that families celebrate the winter holidays. From the candles of Hanukkah to bright pinatas, from a baby born in a stable to the uplifting message of Kwanzaa . . . and don't forget that big red fella in the chimney!
The Teacher's Manual comes complete with the full script, accompanied songs and choreography suggestions while the Singer's Edition includes script, choreography and vocal lines only. And for a truly professional production, the ShowTrax CD features the spectacular orchestration by John Higgins. Share the warmth, the humor, and the joy of all our seasons with your school and community!
Available: Teacher's Manual, Singer's Edition Pak (5 books), Preview CD (full performance), Performance/Accompaniment ShowTraxCD. Performance Time: 30 minutes. Grades K-6.
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


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posted by maria .
To punish John for clowning around, his teacher makes him sit up front where she can keep an eye on him. John loves attention and secretly has always wanted to sit in the front of the class where he can be the center of attention. John's clowning around behavior: A) is now unconditioned response B) will now decresase C) had been effectively punished D) has been positively reinforced
What do you think is the best answer?
i believe that the answer is A
I don't see how clowning around is an unconditioned response.
What did John secretly want?
john loves attention
want to grab attention
so it could be D has been positively reinforced
Right! By moving John to the front, the teacher has positively reinforced his clowning behavior.
Erica tries to avoid her boss when he's in a bad mood. To keep out of his way, she spends more time doing dreade but important paperwork, which she usually puts off as long as she can. Her employer's bad moods have the effect of_________ her attention to the dreaded paaperwork.
A) negatively reinforcing B) positively reinforcing C) positively punishing D) negatively punishing
Are the bosses bad moods punishing or reinforcing her attention to the important paperwork? Is it negative or positive?
i belive that is a positive one so it could be B
I'm not sure, so I'm sending this post to our volunteer Jiskha psychologist.
punishing a behavior by ignoring it: A) works best if you just don't give in B) works best if you also reinforce the alternative behavior you want C) can only lead to worse problems D) will cause an immediatw decrease in the behavior
Reinforcement can either be positive or negative. Positive reinforcement is giving a desired goal, while negative reinforcement is getting rid of an aversive stimulus. Does that tell you which answer is correct?
Punishment can either be accomplished by giving an aversive stimulus (scolding, spanking) or taking away a desired stimulus (no dessert or allowance). However, I have never heard the terms "positively punishing" or "negatively punishing."
Punishment only tells a person "what not to do," while reinforcing the the desired behavior tells them "what to do."
Before I became a psychologist, I can remember telling one of my boys not to run in the road. One time, I caught him running in the road and yelled, "DON'T RUN IN THE ROAD!" He immediately stopped and stood still in the middle of the road, stating, "I'm not running, Daddy."
I only had told him what not to do, and he complied. However, had I instructed him to play on the sidewalk, front yard or playground only (and reinforced that behavior), my response would have been much more effective.
I hope this helps. Thanks for asking.


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At the yearly gathering of booklovers held in Chicago's McCormick Place convention center June 22 – 27, Wordsworth the Better World Bookmobile is...
Milton Leitenberg
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Russian officials claim today that the USSR never possessed an offensive biological weapons program. In fact, the Soviet government spent billions of rubles and hard currency to fund hugely expensive research that added nothing to the country's security. This history is the first attempt to understand the full scope of the USSR's offensive biological weapons research--its inception in the 1920s, its growth between 1970 and 1980, and its possible remnants in present-day Russia. We learn that between 1990 and 1992 the U.S. and U.K. governments never obtained clear evidence of the program's closure, raising the haunting question whether the means for waging biological warfare could be resurrected in Russia today.
Based on interviews with important Soviet scientists and managers, papers from the Soviet Central Committee, and U.S. and U.K. declassified documents, this book peels back layers of lies, to reveal how and why Soviet leaders decided to develop biological weapons, the scientific resources they dedicated to this task, and the multitude of research institutes that applied themselves to its fulfillment. We learn that Biopreparat, an ostensibly civilian organization, was established to manage a top secret program, code-named Ferment, whose objective was to apply genetic engineering to develop strains of pathogenic agents that had never existed in nature. Leitenberg and Zilinskas consider the performance of the U.S. intelligence community in discovering and assessing these activities, and they examine in detail the crucial years 1985 to 1992, when Mikhail Gorbachev's attempts to put an end to the program were thwarted.
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Miko Branch is the co-founder and CEO of Miss Jessie's LLC. She is celebrated for transforming the hair-care industry by pioneering an entirely new category of products specifically for natural and curly hair. She was featured on the cover of Women's Wear Daily and appeared on the cover of Beauty Inc. as a trailblazer, and Ebony listed her as one of its Power 100 Innovators and Influencers. She has also been honored by New York University and Delta Sigma Theta for her entrepreneurship. Miss Jessie's award-winning products have been featured in O, The Oprah Magazine, Teen Vogue, Redbook, Essence, Allure Latina, and other publications. She lives in New York with her son.
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I'm beginning to write
these lines and while I'm thinking, my eyes are looking out of the window.
It's still winter here, a lot of snow all around. But it looks like it's
not going to take long and the snow will melt. We won't even notice how
the Easter is knocking on our doors... This great Christian holiday has
its own magic, especially in villages, where Easter simply can't be
without traditional entertainment and a lot of joy.
It's a tradition,
that lasts till the present days, that young guys (Kupaci) visit
every house in the village where they have girls who are still single and
they sprinkle them with water. In some regions they even whip her on her
legs with a whip made of willow rods, which looks like a plait of hair.
This is how my grandma
described the Easter holidays:
In a village people
start celebrating Easter on Thursday already (this day is called Green
Thursday). At 10 A. M. the bells always stopped ringing-they used to say
that the bells had been "tied." They did it to honor Jesus
Christ who had been crucified. So the bells were "grieving" too.
Instead ringing the bells people were "rattling" (Rapcarovali) on
the church tower. Can you imagine the sound? It's like when a wooden
cogwheel rotates very fast and hits the wood with its cogs. This continued
on Friday as well (Velky Piatok). Only on Saturday (Biela Sobota) at
10 A.M. the bells were finally untied.
Women and girls were
already waiting impatiently. When the bell rang the first time, they ran
to the village brook or river to wash themselves, so that they'd be
beautiful all through the year. (Poor girls, what did they do if there was
no river in the village?)
On Sunday everyone went
to church.
On Monday morning
girls used to get up early to be ready when the first guys-kupaci come. Guys had to start very early if they wanted to go through the whole
village until noon, because in the afternoon, they used to say, it wasn't
polite to "water" the girls. So at 6 A. M. the girls already
opened the doors for the first guys. If a girl liked sleeping longer, they
would find her in her bed and pour water on her, no mercy! Girls were
happy to have these "morning visitors" but they also liked
playing hide and seek with young men. They would hide under their beds, in
the wardrobe, in the pantry or they would even go to the stable and hide
somewhere in between the animals. One of the most sophisticated
"shelters" for girls was the attic of the house where the family
had hay. They climbed up the ladder, drew it up after themselves, and hid
in the hay. But what a problem if the guys noticed there was no ladder!!!
They immediately knew where the girls were and God helps these now! Two
guys held the girl arms stretched, and the others poured water on her. No,
they didn't have a cup, they had a bucket full of water right from the
well in the yard!
When my grandma Ruzenka
was a little girl, guys found her hidden in hay. She had to come down and
they wanted to water her. But she started running down their yard, guys
after her... She wanted to cross the brook and find a shelter at her
godfather's who lived across the street. She shouted: "Godfather,
godfather, help, help me!" But the guys were faster. They caught her
when she was right in the middle of the brook, and then ... they didn't
need any buckets!
In the past girls
used to wear national costumes, not a dress or pants like nowadays. The
costume consisted of a petticoat "spodna" or "knits,"
skirt "kitla," apron "fiertuska," thick shirt with
armlets "stanka," thin shirt with folded sleeves "oplecko"
and a small vest, embroidered or decorated some other way "prusliak."
Just imagine, the girl had to put all these things on, then when she got
wet, take everything off put on another costume (same stuff), dry and iron
the wet things ... and around and around. Sometimes the girl would put her
grandmother's old skirt on, but if she was expecting her
"dearest" to come and she wanted to look beautiful for him, the
best costume of hers always had to be ready. This guy didn't water the
girl with a bucket, he only sprinkled her face, had a cup, and the water
was even warm! And then he didn't leave with the others. He stayed in
her house and protected "his" girl from the other guys-kupaci.
The family welcomed him and treated him very nicely, well, he was supposed
to be their future son in law.
While the girls were "recovering" from this
oblievacka (watering) and were changing
their clothes, gazdina (housewife) went outside and she gave the guys
cakes and brandy. They sprinkled her with water as well, but only a bit,
so that she couldn't complain that there was nobody to water her. Then the
girl went outside and gave each guy a colored egg, kraslica. Guys
were also given some brandy, which they took with them. If they didn't
manage to drink it all, they sold the rest and with this money they
prepared a nice party for girls. It was something like saying sorry for
making so many troubles for them at oblievacka.
In the afternoon girls
could already walk freely in the village, there was no more watering. They
visited each other and they were boasting about how many guys came to
water them. On Tuesday girls repaid all the Monday "water
troubles" to guys, but they did it secretly. The guy, not expecting
anything, all of a sudden had eyes full of water. Guys were a bit ashamed
of these "incidents," so they'd rather stay away from girls on
We keep the
tradition of watering till the present days, but it can't be compared with
the original tradition. During Easter I usually go to my grandmother's.
She lives in a village Budca near Zvolen, so I can see what oblievacka is like today. The girl comes out of the house covered with towels and a
raincoat, the only thing you see is her nose. So, she is prepared and now
the guys try to sprinkle her face somehow with water from a cup! Sorry if
they don't "hit the target." There's no second chance. My family
and I always enjoy watching this "comedy."
my town Detva, the girls are being watered according to the tradition:
Detva has two parts a village and a large neighborhood. We have many folk
groups here and they keep the old customs and traditions of Easter, of
course, they had to adapt to new conditions. The guys from the folk groups
take horses and a cart, musicians sit in it and they play all the way.
Then they visit all the girls they know in the village and in the
neighborhood. They take them out to the yard (or to the street) and water
them completely! (We have a brook Detvianka that runs through the village
and the neighborhood.) The musicians play all the time. The people who
live in apartment buildings always like watching this "theatre."
When they hear music playing, they immediately come to their windows,
watch the guys and encourage them.
Relatives and friends
visit each other, men water women a bit and they also sprinkle them with
eau de toilette. There is this "garden or flower" smell in each
apartment at Easter. Sometimes a woman has to get into the bathtub and a
man showers her legs…
Slovak Easter simply
couldn't be without colored eggs kraslice. Some women are real artists
when it comes to decorating kraslice.
Kraslica is an eggshell
with two small holes on the two sides of it. The egg inside has been blown
out of the shell. We can keep kraslice for a long time, even for several
years. The techniques for decorating the eggs are different: the ornament
is drawn with melted wax, the egg is then painted, the wax melts and then
on the color background there is a white ornament left. But this is not a
simple thing to do, not everyone could do it. Eggs are also painted with
paint and brush, small wooden sticks or pins. You can make prints on the
egg or stick color papers of different patterns on it.
In our house the Eastern
decoration looks like this: we find a dry branch of a tree in the garden,
paint it with white color, hang kraslice on it and put some colored
ribbons there as well. Some days before Easter we cut small branches of
the trees or bushes and keep them in water. At Easter we have
"blooming flowers" all around the house. We put some soil in a
shallow bowl, corn seeds into the soil and then water it. When they start
growing, we have a nice little "lawn" in the bowl. We put
kraslice or small yellow chickens made of wool or paper into it.
Dear friends, if you
receive this copy of SHL before Easter, I wish you all a very pleasant
holiday in your family circle.
Yours Dana
Dana Hodulova
A. Bernolaka 2
962 12 Detva
photographs are for sale
Published in the Slovak
Heritage Live newsletter Volume 5, No. 1, Fall 1997
Copyright © Vladimir Linder 1997
3804 Yale Street, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5C 1P6
The above article and photographs may not be copied, reproduced,
republished, or redistributed by any means including electronic, without
the express written permission of Vladimir
Linder. All rights reserved.


text:
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Engine experts - Best roller cam for TBI 350?
Discussion in 'The Garage' started by BadDog, May 14, 2005.


text:
Different facial expressions can cause wrinkles, such as laughlines from smiling and frown lines from seeing a baby get attention just for eating spaghetti. Even things out with this Groupon.
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Using Lush products and specialized massage techniques, licensed massage therapists stimulate muscles and lymphatic drainage in the face. The 45-minute process, which includes 30 minutes of neck-and-shoulder massage, leaves skin visibly healthy and refreshed.
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At Heal Now Massage Studio, a team of licensed massage therapists counteracts daily stresses and knotted muscles with customized kneads. They use both fluid strokes and concentrated pressure to increase circulation and deliver a deep sense of relaxation.


text:
Across the board, Sarah Lawrence students affirm that the "professors are the best thing about this school." It certainly helps that "they are truly enthralled by what they are teaching." An international studies major colorfully explains, "It is like watching a little kid in a candy shop when you watch them talk about [their discipline]." More importantly, if "you show that you're interested and engaged, they will really help you out when you need it." One thrilled undergrad elaborates, "At Sarah Lawrence College, the professors became my mentors. They were there for me since the beginning of the first day of my freshman year. They help me to chart out my future while allowing me to explore the breadth and depth of my intellectual curiosity."
The Jeanne Clery Act requires colleges and universities to disclose their security policies, keep a public crime log, publish an annual crime report and provide timely warnings to students and campus employees about a crime posing an immediate or ongoing threat to students and campus employees.
Please visit The Princeton Review's page on campus safety for additional resources: http://www.princetonreview.com/safety
The Princeton Review publishes links directly to each school's Campus Security Reports where available. Applicants can also access all school-specific campus safety information using the Campus Safety and Security Data Analysis Cutting Tool provided by the Office of Postsecondary Education of the U.S. Department of Education: http://ope.ed.gov/security


text:
I have good news for anyone who wanted to run The Incline during this trip.
I spoke to a parks manager, and they are delaying the scheduled construction on The Incline until after PPA/PPM weekend.
For those of you who may not know, They are spending 1.5 million to preserve and improve the Incline. Construction will close down incline for 3-4 months


text:
Send a message explaining your needs and Amanda will reply soon.
Response time:
Watford College (Business Admin)
I am a UK native, and that means that English is my first language, spoken with a British accent.
I was raised in Mexico City and went to school there and also worked there, so I speak read and write Spanish fluently.
I spent most of my young life training to be a dancer, and have three years of teaching ballet part time in Richmond,VA.I am passionate about all forms of dance.
I believe that no matter what the subject is, the student is still in a classroom, and that means they deserve all my attention. In turn I expect 100 % of their attention. I ask my students to switch off cell phones, PDAs and handheld devices, and give me the respect that they want me to give to them.
I want my students to enjoy their time with me, and to ask questions and feel that they are making progress. My teaching style is that of a sandwich, praise, criticize, praise.
Learning should be rewarding, and fun.
In November 2013 I returned to being a student myself in order to complete my Bachelors in Business Administration in Richmond,VA. Now that I'm a student again, I have first hand experience of how it feels, and what learning styles work with some people vs others. I am a UK native, and that means that English is my first language, spoken with a British accent.
I was raised in Mexico City and went to school there and also worked there, so I speak read and write Spanish fluently.
I spent most of my young life training to be a dancer, and have three years of teaching ballet part time in
Approved subjects are in bold.
In most cases, tutors gain approval in a subject by passing a proficiency exam. For some subject areas, like music and art, tutors submit written requests to demonstrate their proficiency to potential students. If a tutor is interested but not yet approved in a subject, the subject will appear in non-bold font. Tutors need to be approved in a subject prior to beginning lessons.
I trained as a professional ballet dancer, my final 3 years of professional training took place at Ballet Rambert School in London. My studies included, pointe, martha Graham contemporary technique, classical repertoire, and pas de deux.
During 2007 - 2009 I was teaching ballet at all levels form beginner to pointe and advanced levels at Richmond Dance Center in Richmond, Va and at Regency Dance Academy in Richmond, VA I choreographed numbers for the annual recitals at each school. i also worked as a substitute teacher at Central VA Dance Academy and at Diane Hale school of Dance both in Richmond, VA.
I trained in Classical Ballet from the age of 4. It was going to be my career of choice, and I attended the Ballet Rambert School in Lonon, UK full time for my final 3 years of professional training.
My love of ballroom dance has really developed since I moved to the US in 2002.
Until 2007 I was living in California, where I was fortunate enough to take Argentine Tango classes and International Ballroom at the Starlite Dance Club near San Francisco. This was the place that was used by Anna and Jerry Rice to do their rehearsing for Dancing with the Stars.
Dancing, real dancing, requires patience and musicality. It comes form the heart. I need to dance in the same way that I need air: to breathe.
I have over 20 years of experience in business, and have worked in the following countries outside the US : United Kingdom, Spain and Mexico.
My strengths in the business world include international negotiations and relationship management, marketing and advertising, and business prospecting and sales. I am skilled at presenting both in one-on-one situations and to larger groups.
I consider myself to be an adept communicator, in more than one language.
Having spent 15 + years working in the video gaming industry, I also have a unique knowledge of youth oriented products and marketing trends.
I spent time working for a full service advertising agency, we specialize in working with clients whose budgets are not necessarily the size of Proctor and Gamble. The client list was diverse, it included banks, non-profits, retail, medical, insurance, high finance, golf products, baby strollers and more.
Currently, I am Director of Account Management for a start up company in Silicon Valley, we run the largest social gaming platform for smartphones in the world and have global offices. I have 3 direct reports, and my team and I handle about 400 accounts, consisting of independent games developers and publishers across the world.
I studied Business Administration with International Marketing at college in the UK. I was the only woman in my class to graduate with distinction.
Do you want to be able to communicate when you go on vacation? Are you learning Spanish in school but you cannot seem to get anywhere with it? I was like that once too.
When I was 10 years old, I went to live in Mexico City. On my first day of school in this foreign place I didn't buy lunch because I did not know how to say what I wanted, or how to pay for it. Hunger makes you learn quickly! The next day I knew how to ask for a ham sandwich.
Until i was 18, I lived and went to school in Mexico, after that I worked in a local travel agency, and in the British Chamber of Commerce talking to UK businesses who wanted to bring their business to Mexico. So my Spanish is both local, colloquial and commercial. Later, I spent some time living and working in Barcelona, so I was exposed to Castilian Spanish too. To truly learn a language you have to dive in, and immerse yourself. Vocabulary is key, the verbs come later.
British born tutor, fluent in Spanish with a background in dance


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Attach PAPI event set to the specified thread id. More...
PAPI_attach is a wrapper function that calls PAPI_set_opt to allow PAPI to monitor performance counts on a thread other than the one currently executing. This is sometimes referred to as third party monitoring. PAPI_attach connects the specified EventSet to the specifed thread; PAPI_detach breaks that connection and restores the EventSet to the original executing thread.
|An integer handle for a PAPI EventSet as created by PAPI_create_eventset.
|A thread id as obtained from, for example, PAPI_list_threads or PAPI_thread_id.
|This feature is unsupported on this component.
|One or more of the arguments is invalid.
|The event set specified does not exist.
|The event set is currently counting events.
int EventSet = PAPI_NULL; unsigned long pid; pid = fork( ); if ( pid <= 0 ) exit( 1 ); if ( PAPI_create_eventset( &EventSet ) != PAPI_OK ) exit( 1 ); // Add Total Instructions Executed to our EventSet if ( PAPI_add_event( EventSet, PAPI_TOT_INS ) != PAPI_OK ) exit( 1 ); // Attach this EventSet to the forked process if ( PAPI_attach( EventSet, pid ) != PAPI_OK ) exit( 1 );


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GBmoto Racing was formed in 2000 and first celebrated success in the World and UK Endurance Championships before winning the UK Endurance Championship in 2004, 2007 and 2008.
The team first raced in the British Superbike paddock in 2011 in the National Superstock Championship before moving up to the BSB class for the season ahead.
The team have already signed Tristan Palmer, who achieved three wins, five podiums, a pole position and a new lap record, with the Sussex based outfit in 2011. An involvement in racing over the last 25 years and a strong team structure and work ethic, means that GBmoto Racing should continue to surprise even their most experienced rivals.
The team progressed to the premier class this season and qualified on the front row with Palmer at the opening round, whilst Quigley scored the team their first points of the season at Oulton Park. The pairing then gave the team their best result of the season at Knockhill as both riders doubled up on points-scoring finishes which they repeated at Snetterton. The team are now looking ahead to build on their results in 2013.
|First Race
|Felbridge, West Sussex
|Official Website


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Kylie Jenner Gets Camera Shy in Calabasas
Finishing off lunch with a group of friends in Calabasas, CA, Kylie Jenner get a bit camera shy as she departed on Friday (January 3).
Cute in a red jacket and white blouse, the young reality star wore a short black skirt and designer heels, keeping a hand over her face as the cameras flashed.
The 16-year-old has been keeping quiet as rumors fly over a rumored "monogamous" relationship with Jaden Smith.
Kylie posted a racy picture of herself for the new year, captioning it, "my monogamy it bothers you" and leaving more cryptic messages on her Instagram account.


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Military Changes Course on Psychiatric Discharge for Sexual Assault Survivor
Military sexual assault survivors are often labeled with psychiatric disorders, then discharged on that basis. The Army has reversed its decision in one such case--does this signal a change for future survivors? More »
When "Jane" Comes Marching Home Again
In May the Army began a new Defense Department policy that will open an additional 14,000 positions for women. Will we be ready for them when they come home? More »
How War Trounces Women's Rights
In her new book "Unmaking War, Remaking Men," feminist sociologist Kathleen Barry argues that by demanding a violent and aggressive masculinity—literally making men expendable—war precludes equality for women. More »
At War at Home
The Veteran Affairs Department defines a service-connected disability as "an illness or injury incurred in or aggravated by military service." As author and advocate Stacy Bannerman argues, the military spouses of those injured are on their own when it comes to treatment. More »


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Celebrity Trainers Give US the Scoop...
People are always
begging asking me what Jessica Biel does to look so fit, as if I know the girl personally or something. So when I come across anything related to what she does (or eats, or thinks about eating), I like to give you guys the scoop because, I'll admit it: That girl does look good in her jeans, but she looks killer in a bikini.
USMagazine.com has gotten inside information from Jason Walsh, Jessica's trainer, along with other notable celeb trainers on what the stars are doing these days:
- Change is good! Jessica Biel's trainer, Jason Walsh, likes to keep his client mentally stimulated. "I'm a big advocate of recreational sports and stuff. If someone can get out there, even if it's a hike or something like that, just to break up the monotony of going to the gym...I really like that."
- Hard work is even better. According to Walsh, Biel's workouts are intense. "We do full body movements. You are pretty much using as many muscles at once, which in turn will jack that heart rate up."
- Food is not the enemy. If you're out and about as Walsh recommends, you need snacks and drinks to give you sustained energy. He suggests "really organic and clean foods, all natural, like nuts." Also, "an amino acid drink, so that you're not burning up a lot of your muscle, or protein."
- Everything old is new again. Walsh loves to use medicine balls with his intermediate to advanced level clients. "Get a medicine ball and do a lunge with a twist while you are holding the ball. Those are great. You are activating so many muscles at once, and you are using those muscles over so many different plains."
- Healthy meals can be tasty. Harley Pasternak, who works with Eva Mendes and Grey's Anatomy star Katherine Heigl, taught both of the actresses how to cook meals with some easy, healthy substitutions. "Breakfast would be whole grain bread French toast with egg whites and cinnamon. For a mid-morning snack, they'd do a mixed-berry protein shake. Lunch might be sweet potato tuna melt. An afternoon snack might be hummus with celery sticks. Dinner would be spaghetti and meatballs with spaghetti squash and meatballs made of turkey or chicken breast."
- Just because it's trendy doesn't mean it works. Pasternak doesn't do yoga or pilates with his clients. "Those are great forms of exercise for stability and balance, but neither one of those is going to change your body dramatically like training with weights does."
- The "F" word is not all bad. Rachel McAdams' trainer, Jerry Owen, says, "The biggest problem is that people are fat phobic. It¹s clinically proven that we need healthy fat in our diets. You need to eat a balanced diet but not be afraid of fat, like Omega 3 fatty acids like walnuts, olive oil and even coconut oil."
- Focus on your whole body - not just problem areas. Owens tells Us the best way to lose weight and tone up is "to blend nutrition, exercise, and physical therapy. The body responds better. People get too wrapped up in doing isolated movement, like being very body part specific."
- All cardio and no lifting makes for bad workouts. "People get too cardio-crazy and need to do more weight lifting," says Owens. He explains that for many people on elliptical machines, "their heart Rate is about the same as if they were shopping around a mall."
- Everybody needs a break. Owens delivers the best news possible: working out for more than an hour is a "waste of time." He suggests gym-goers "take one to two days off a week: have a massage, make sure you get plenty of rest. The muscles actually change when they're recovering."


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A California man has pleaded guilty to orchestrating a $5 million scam to create inflated demand for the stock of a sports drink company founded by Norte Dame football legend Daniel "Rudy" Reuttiger.
Chad Smanjak entered his plea Tuesday to one count of conspiring to commit securities fraud in an Orange County courtroom. He faces up to five years in prison when he's sentenced Dec. 12.
Smanjak was arrested earlier this year in South Africa after he fled the U.S. during the investigation.
Authorities say Smanjak and others obtained millions of shares of Rudy Nutrition and then pumped up the trading volume by trading it among themselves and issuing misleading press releases. They then allegedly dumped the stock on the market until federal regulators halted trading in 2008.


text:
40-329314 Round Side Table
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Dimensions: 18" Diameter x 16" High
Shown In: Viro™ Silky White 3mm
Neoteric Luxury™ woven furniture is handmade using the highest quality materials. Rest assured that the furniture may be left outside in even the harshest weather conditions without cracking, peeling or fading. A wide variety of color choices are possible. Please refer to the "Materials" section for the entire selection of Viro™ and Rehau® fiber options. Neoteric Luxury™ also offers customization of most items.
Please contact us with any questions:
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Entry-Level Humanitarian Professional Programme
Interested candidates can submit their online application form through our website. The application to the 2016 EHP exercise is now closed. We encourage you to bookmark our website, www.unhcr.org/careers, to monitor announcements and future employment opportunities. For additional information on the EHP please consult the attached FAQ.
Do you qualify?
Applicants will need to fulfil the following minimum requirements:
- Advanced university degree, at least a Bachelor's degree, from an accredited institution;
- Two years of relevant work experience in the respective functional area;
- 45 years of age or younger by the closing date of applications;
- For language requirements, please refer to the following link;
- Willingness to serve in conflict zones and field locations.
UNHCR would like to increase opportunities for its national officers and general service staff to enter the International Professional category. With this in mind, the EHP programme aims to recruit at least 30 per cent of the cohort from the national officer or general service workforce.
What is the programme about?
The EHP programme offers a structured development programme in a highly collaborative environment, where participants can apply their experience and knowledge to UNHCR's mandate. It enables participants to directly contribute to international action that protects people forced to flee their homes because of conflict and persecution.
EHP participants join UNHCR at P2 level (UN grading scale) for a two-year cohort programme. They are deployed to the field after successfully completing a comprehensive residential orientation course.
From the start, participants work closely with experienced staff members and will be hands on with operational work. Assignments provide well-rounded experience in regional and country-specific issues. Those on the EHP programme can also access training courses focused on: UNHCR policies and operations, software applications, and written and oral communication. They can also take advantage of an extensive range of in-house training seminars to enhance their professional skills and support their career development.
EHP participants are initially given a one-year work appointment. Rigorous performance assessments take place throughout their assignments. At the end of the first year, and based on their performance, these appointments may be extended for a second year. Approximately 18 months after the start of their initial appointment, a final performance review, which not only comprehensively evaluates how the participant has fared but also determines their suitability for a career with UNHCR, is conducted and successful candidates are granted the possibility to apply for internally-advertised vacancies. The first EHP cohort was launched in 2014 and many candidates have already been retained and appointed to regular UNHCR positions.
The selection and appointment process
EHP applicants go through a comprehensive selection and appointment process, which includes:
- Screening/shortlisting based on profile requirements;
- Assessment tests (languages, technical, etc.);
- Interview;
- Inclusion in the EHP cohort;
- Final recommendation by field managers and the Division of Human Resources Management;
- Reference checks (academic and professional);
- Appointment to a specific position and location by the High Commissioner;
- Induction;
- Deployment to the field.
The recruitment and selection process normally takes between four to five months from the time of advertisement. Successful and recommended candidates are expected to start no later than two months after the offer letter has been sent.
Why join the EHP programme?
It provides an excellent grounding for a career in the humanitarian sector and related fields. If you are looking for an international career in a renowned global organization, where you can make a real contribution to refugee issues and events, this programme could be the right starting point for you.
Please note that due to the high volume of applications, UNHCR is unable to respond to individual inquiries. Only candidates who are considered to move forward with their candidacy will be contacted.
UNHCR is committed to achieving workforce diversity, qualified female and male candidates from all national, religious and ethnic backgrounds, including individuals from minority groups and persons living with disabilities, are equally encouraged to apply.


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"I will vote against all incumbent Federal politicians if the $700 billion bailout passes but only if 100 other people nationwide will do the same!! (hell, Im doing it anyway)."
— Dave
Deadline to sign up by: 15th October 2008
3 people signed up, 97 more were needed
Country: United States
More details
We must stop this from happening! Enough taxing of future generations and giving money to the rich.
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