text:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
For many gasses and aerosols, dry deposition is an important sink of atmospheric mass. Dry deposition fluxes are also important sources of pollutants to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The surface fluxes of some gases, such as ammonia, mercury, and certain volatile organic compounds, can be upward into the air as well as downward to the surface and therefore should be modeled as bi-directional fluxes. Model parameterizations of dry deposition in air quality models have been represented by simple electrical resistance analogs for almost 30 years. Uncertainties in surface flux modeling in global to mesoscale models are being slowly reduced as more field measurements provide constraints on parameterizations. However, at the same time, more chemical species are being added to surface flux models as air quality models are expanded to include more complex chemistry and are being applied to a wider array of environmental issues. Since surface flux measurements of many of these chemicals are still lacking, resistances are usually parameterized using simple scaling by water or lipid solubility and reactivity. Advances in recent years have included bi-directional flux algorithms that require a shift from pre-computation of deposition velocities to fully integrated surface flux calculations within air quality models. Improved modeling of the stomatal component of chemical surface fluxes has resulted from improved evapotranspiration modeling in land surface models and closer integration between meteorology and air quality models. Satellite-derived land use characterization and vegetation products and indices are improving model representation of spatial and temporal variations in surface flux processes. This review describes the current state of chemical dry deposition modeling, recent progress in bi-directional flux modeling, synergistic model development research with field measurements, and coupling with meteorological land surface models.
Atmospheric modeling systems that simulate meteorology, chemistry, or climate include model algorithms for air-surface exchange processes. Surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum are critical elements of meteorology and climate models while chemistry/air quality models also require algorithms for surface fluxes of trace chemical species. Vertical flux of any quantity in the atmospheric surface layer is well described by gradient turbulent diffusion. Momentum flux can be modeled simply by means of turbulent surface layer similarity theory since momentum goes to zero at some finite height, known as the roughness length (
While chemical constituents of the atmosphere can undergo a variety of chemical and physical transformations, dry and wet deposition are the ultimate removal mechanisms of mass emitted to the atmosphere. Surface fluxes of some chemical species, notably ammonia [
In addition to their roles as sources and sinks of atmospheric constituents, surface fluxes also have important effects on vegetation, ecosystems, and human health. Risk assessments and setting standards for protecting vegetation and ecosystems from damage by air pollutants has usually involved concentration based indexes such as AOT40 (Accumulated Over a Threshold of 40 ppb) which is used for assessing ozone impacts. A new flux based index called AFstY (Accumulated stomatal Flux above a flux threshold Y) has been proposed to estimate O3 dose to leaf interiors where damage occurs rather than in the air outside the leaf [
Until recently, secondary standards for protecting ecosystems from damage caused by NOx and SOx in the U.S. have been based on ambient concentrations even though flux based standards were proposed more than 10 years ago [
Since industrialization, atmospheric reactive nitrogen concentrations and deposition have increased tremendously [
This article presents an overview of the current state of science and modeling for surface flux processes in air quality modeling systems. We start with a presentation of the governing principles and equations of air-surface exchange that are applicable to moisture, heat, and momentum in meteorology models and chemical surface fluxes in chemical transport models in Section 2. Then, in Section 3 we focus on modeling techniques for chemical surface fluxes, including gas and aerosol dry deposition and bi-directional fluxes. Section 4 gives an overview of recent advances in dry deposition and bi-directional modeling along with a few examples of model results. Section 5 contains a concluding discussion of limitations of current models and future research and model development directions. As developers of land surface models (LSM) [
Turbulent fluxes of any atmospheric quantity, including heat, moisture, momentum and trace chemical species, can be computed according to Monin-Obukov similarity theory in the atmospheric surface-layer which relates fluxes at height
Note that, since
Chemical surface fluxes are partially analogous to moisture fluxes, especially for the stomatal conductance, which can be adapted to any gas by scaling by the ratio of molecular diffusivity of the chemical species to the molecular diffusivity of water vapor.
For chemical species which are dominated by one-way flux to the surface, the surface concentration is assumed to be zero. Thus, for such chemical scalars the gradient flux across the air-surface interface is always directed toward the surface no matter how low the air concentration. This special case is simplified as shown by
However, since leaves are displaced above the ground there should be additional resistance for the ground pathway to account for transport through the plant canopy. Furthermore, some models account for concentration gradients within the canopy by using a multilayer approach to account for the vertical distribution of leaf surface area [
Another complication is that there may be an additional resistance to absorption into the mesophyll tissue inside the stomatal cavity of the leaf for some chemicals. Thus, including a mesophyll resistance
Thus, dry deposition velocity
All gasses diffuse through stomata when they are open. The stomatal pathway is particularly important for some chemical species such as O3, NH3, CO2, NO2, and SO2. While O3 and SO2 deposit readily via the stomatal pathway with little or no mesophyll resistance, stomatal uptake of other less soluble gasses, such as NO, NO2, and CO, is limited by various magnitudes of mesophyll resistance. Several biologically active chemicals such as CO2 and NH3 can flux through the stomata in both directions depending on the concentration gradient between the stomatal cavity and the external air. Techniques for modeling bidirectional flux are discussed in Section 3.3.
Stomatal resistance or conductance (
The primary function of leaf stomata is to allow the intake of CO2 for photosynthesis while minimizing the cost of water vapor loss to the atmosphere. In addition, the diffusion of water out of stomata into the atmosphere (leaf transpiration) is the major mechanism for mass flow of liquid water with any dissolved mineral nutrients from the roots to the leaves through the xylem. Stomatal opening responds to environmental conditions, including sunlight, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, CO2 concentration, and nutrient availability. Stomatal conductance, which is directly related to the degree of stomatal opening, is usually modeled in LSM and dry deposition models following either the empirical approach of Jarvis [
The Jarvis model uses a series of empirical functions as linear coefficients to the maximum stomatal conductance
The photosynthesis approach solves for stomatal conductance assuming that CO2 diffusion through the stomata is equal to the net CO2 assimilation rate for photosynthesis minus respiration. These models originated in plant biochemical studies [
Recently, many LSM formulations in climate models [
Leaf cuticles are impregnated with waxy substances that resist water loss. Thus, evaporative fluxes from leaf surfaces (non-stomatal) occur only from external wetness from rain or dew. For some trace chemicals, however, deposition to dry leaf cuticles is a significant process for removal. Chemical deposition to wet leaves scales with Henry's law of solubility with a dependence on pH for species that readily dissociate in the aqueous phase (e.g., SO2 and NH3) [
The dominant mechanism for cuticular deposition depends on the properties of chemical species. Soluble species such as SO2, H2O2, and NH3 quickly dissolve into water on leaves that are wetted by rain or dew. Cuticle resistance is very low for these species when leaves are wet but resistance for dry portions of the leaves can be quite high leading to low deposition velocities in dry areas. For example,
In heavily vegetated areas, leaf surfaces are the most important non-stomatal pathway because of their large surface area and because concentrations are much greater in the upper canopy than near the ground. However, in more sparsely vegetated areas deposition to ground and building surfaces can be important. Many dry deposition models parameterize soil resistance similarly to other non-stomatal resistances such as cuticles. For example, Wesely [
Observed deposition velocities to snow are generally lower than observed for soil and other surfaces. For example, Helmig
The dry deposition model in the CMAQ model represents snow resistance
LSMs and chemical surface flux models require information on canopy structure for scaling from stomatal conductance at the leaf level to canopy conductance. While
Parameters describing the fractional coverage of vegetation and the leaf area and canopy structure are crucial for accurate land surface modeling. Typically, vegetation parameters are specified in land-use related look-up tables and plant phenological dynamics are modeled using simple time- dependent functions such as a single sinusoidal curve used in the LSM by Walko
An alternate approach to incorporating derived vegetation products such as
Since vegetation indices are sensitive to canopy structural variations they are highly correlated with ET and canopy-level stomatal conductance. Sellers
While turbulent flux through the atmospheric surface layer is similar for gases and aerosols, there are several key processes that are unique to aerosol dry deposition, including gravitational settling, Brownian diffusion, surface impaction, surface interception, and rebound. All of these processes are functions of particle diameter
To cast aerosol deposition in a resistance and velocity form, the simultaneous turbulent and sedimentation fluxes can be combined as derived by Venkatram and Pleim [
Pryor [
Air quality models that consider aerosol size distributions either by discrete size bins (sectional models) or by log-normal modes (modal models) compute aerosol dry deposition velocities as functions of particle diameter. Thus, for sectional models Equations (
While most gas-phase atmospheric chemical constituents predominantly deposit to the surface (e.g.,O3, SO2, HNO3) and some chemicals are predominantly emitted from the surface (e.g., isoprene and terpenes), a few chemicals such as ammonia, mercury, and certain oxidized VOCs exhibit distinctly bi-directional behavior where they alternately deposit and emit on diurnal, seasonal, or sometimes longer time-scales. Generally, air quality models include simultaneous emissions and dry deposition fluxes of these materials that are estimated using entirely unrelated techniques. This is clearly a less realistic treatment of the salient physical processes than a bi-directional gradient driven flux model that is responsive to changes at the model time step level. Thus, air quality modelers have recently been replacing separate representations of emissions and dry deposition with bi-directional flux calculations.
The development and application of bi-directional modeling of ammonia is particularly important since it allows for more accurate surface fluxes from fertilized fields which is a major contributor to excess nitrogen pollution that has adverse effects on human health, biodiversity, and climate change [
Although bi-directional flux modeling has many commonalities with dry deposition modeling there are also important differences that stem from the complications of compensation concentrations in surface reservoirs. Hence, the simplicity of the linear flux-concentration relationship for dry deposition, which allows
The total flux between the plant canopy and the overlying atmosphere is the sum of two bi-directional pathways, to the leaf stomata
The resistances
Air concentrations of ammonia in soil pores and stomatal cavities are assumed to be in Henry's Law equilibrium with aqueous concentrations of ammonium and hydrogen ion in the soil moisture and apoplast leaf tissue, respectively. Hence, the soil and stomatal compensation points (
Thus, ammonia bi-directional flux models depend on methodologies for estimating stomatal and soil gamma values for all land use and vegetation types. Zhang
Mercury is another important pollutant that exhibits strong bi-directional surface flux behavior. Unlike ammonia, however, the main source of surface mercury that volatilizes to the air is deposition from the air. Thus, bi-directional flux modeling is necessary to account for the hop-scotching of depositing and re-emitting mercury. Bash
Semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other hazardous chemicals, transfer from air to the soil by particle or gas dry deposition and by wet deposition where they can accumulate over long periods of time [
In the early 1980s, two comprehensive reviews of gas and particle dry deposition were published by Hosker and Lindberg [
Examination of dry deposition velocities modeled by CMAQ along with concurrent parameters from the LSM in WRF demonstrates the close relationships between these processes.
The dry deposition velocity for SO2 is far more influenced by surface wetness as shown in
Recently, many more chemical species are being added to dry deposition models as measurement techniques improve in detection capability and response time and the needs of the modeling community extend to more environmental issues such as air toxics and ecosystem impacts. For example, many toxic gases have been added to the CMAQ model in recent years, thereby requiring estimates of dry deposition velocity for these chemicals. However, the lipid solubility scaling discussed in Section 3 has yet to be applied to the CMAQ dry deposition model. A recent study by Karl
Modeling of surface fluxes for air quality modeling involves micrometeorology, plant physiology and biology, surface chemistry, soil hydraulics and physics, agricultural management, spatial descriptions of geophysical characteristics, and most importantly, surface flux measurements for a variety of chemical substances over a variety of landscapes. Uncertainties in parameterizations, incomplete knowledge of processes, limitations to theory, and paucity of detailed data and measurements, combine to limit the realism and accuracy of surface flux models used in large-scale (mesoscale to global) air quality modeling systems. Progress is being made on many of these fronts but significant uncertainties remain. Even for ozone dry deposition, which is the most widely measured substance, current model results still show substantial errors compared to observations (
Surface flux modeling relies on flux-profile relationships in accordance with Monin-Obukov similarity theory (MOST) in the atmospheric surface layer [
There are distinct advantages to an integrated or coupled approach to LSM and chemical flux modeling. As meteorology and air quality models become more integrated such as, WRF-Chem [
Advancements in land surface and chemical surface flux modeling will depend on improved descriptions of land use and vegetation characteristics. For example, high resolution land use and land cover data from the NLCD, based on 30 m resolution LANDSAT thematic mapper, have recently been incorporated into the WRF-CMAQ system for land surface and chemical flux modeling [
Chemical, meteorological, and hydrological surface fluxes are key interface processes that link the atmosphere to the terrestrial, aquatic, and marine components of the Earth system. The dry deposition components of air quality models are expanding in scope to include many more chemical species that are important not only for atmospheric constituents but also as inputs to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In addition, there is growing interest in the deposition of toxic contaminants that enter the food chain via air-surface exchange and subsequently impact human health. There has also been an extension to modeling substances that have surface compensation points (e.g., ammonia and mercury) necessitating the development of bi-directional flux capability. The new bi-directional systems often require adjunct land models such as agricultural management models (e.g., EPIC) that are used for ammonia from fertilizer. All of these extensions to the traditional dry deposition models urgently need evaluation and constraint from field and laboratory measurements.
Schematic of dry deposition model for soil and leaf.
Modal integrated aerosol dry deposition velocity for CMAQv4.4 and CMAQv4.5 (see text for explanation).
Average ammonia surface flux measured in a soybean field in Warsaw, North Carolina and modeled by the bi-directional flux scheme in the CMAQ model averaged over 2 months in summer 2002.
Schematic of bi-direction flux model for soil and leaf.
Ozone dry deposition velocity (cm/s) from a 12 km grid resolution CMAQ simulation on 25 July 2006 at 19 UT.
Latent heat flux (W/m2) from a 12 km grid resolution WRF simulation on 25 July 2006 at 19 UT.
We gratefully acknowledge Jesse Bash for his careful review of the manuscript, his constructive suggestions, and many interesting discussions. Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy.


text:
|Wongm's Rail Document Collection » Melbourne Metro rail tunnel
CBD South station, plan view of linkage to Flinders Street Station
Showing how the south end of the new CBD South station will link into Federation Square, as well as the existing Flinders Street Station. An underground walkway will take passengers to a set of escalators that emerge on the main concourse near platform 1. Taken from the 2012 Flinders Street Station Design Competition Design Brief document.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Microsoft has moved to fix a bug in its security software that removed rival Google's Chrome browser from users' computers after labelling it malware.
The Redmond giant fixed the problem within hours on Friday, but Google was even faster, offering a manual fix for the mistake ahead of an automated update over the weekend.
According to Mark Larson, an engineering manager at Google, "the Microsoft Security Essentials tool began falsely identifying Google Chrome as a piece of malware and removing it from people's computers".
"If Chrome is working correctly for you, then there's no need to take any action," he said in a post on the Google blog.
Microsoft confirmed in a security bulletin that "an incorrect detection for PWS:Win32/Zbot was identified and as a result, Google Chrome was inadvertently blocked and in some cases removed".
Microsoft said it fixed the problem within a few hours, and advised anyone affected to update Microsoft Security Essentials.
"After updating the definitions, reinstall Google Chrome," the company said. "We apologise for the inconvenience this may have caused our customers."
The malware Chrome was mistaken for is a "password-stealing trojan that monitors for visits to certain websites", Microsoft said, adding it can allow limited access to machines and shut down security software.
Source: Copyright © Alphr, Dennis Publishing
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Security sucks: measures often disabled to increase productivity
Review: Bitdefender Internet Security 2017
A brief history of GnuPG: vital to online security but free and underfunded
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Vince Vaughn has been caught in the arms of a beautiful young woman.
While his break up with Jennifer Aniston makes the gossip pages almost everyday, Vince Vaughn is provoking another speculation as the actor has been spotted canoodling with a mystery blonde.
The star showed up at the after-show party of "24 Hour Plays", a London theater production he had appeared in, wearing a stained sweatshirt and jeans with his fly open and was spotted canoodling with the woman.
Vince is in London filming his new Christmas comedy "Fred Claus" and took part in charity event 24 Hour Plays at the Old Vic theater on Sunday Oct 8th. The performances reportedly raised 110,000 pounds ($NZ310,000) for the theater.


text:
Greetings all,
I've just recently configured the PPTP VPN option in m0n0wall without a
problem. When I use the static username and password assignments the
tunnel comes up without a problem, however I have a requirement to use
RADIUS authentication. I enable RADIUS and enter the parameters, yet
authentication consistently fails. The connection hangs for a bit on
verifying username and password, and windows users get the error
"Disconnected: error 619". Naturally, I check to see if RADIUS packets
are passed from the m0n0wall firewall to the RADIUS server; they are not
at all.
I setup a dummy box to dump all ports for any host that attempted to
connect to it and configured m0n0wall to use this device as it's RADIUS
server; no ports were connected too.
My first thought would be that it's a firewall related issue, where I
have to allow m0n0wall to connect to the RADIUS server, but I checked
the firewall logs and there were no related events to the m0n0 box
attempting to connect to the RADIUS server.
Any ideas as to what the problem is? I didnt see any documentation on
the website relating to RADIUS configuration short of "just enter it,
it's not in the scope of this document".


text:
>>I think I would report this to my ISP if I were you.
>Now I just have to figure out the best way to contact them. Oh well, too
>late at the moment.
Well, I called Time Warner today and spoke with a tech. He nslookup'ed one
of the 172.21.x.x addresses and said it was a name server from the Adelphia
side of things (Adelphia and some Comcast area were changed to Time Warner
He instructed me to do the same nslookup in cmd but I don't get the same
info as he did since I see nothing about Adelphia:
>nslookup 172.21.32.76
Server: [172.21.32.76]
Address: 172.21.32.76
DNS request timed out.
timeout was 2 seconds.
*** Request to 172.21.32.76 timed-out
It's possible that he read Adelphia into "POS14-0.ORNGCA4-GSR1.socal.rr.com
[22.214.171.124]" (as seen in the tracert) since he did do a quick breakdown
of the naming schema which went right over my head.
He said that the 18000 & 19000 range ports are used to query the cable modem
for updating, checking if it's live, or something. It doesn't quite make
sense to me, especially as these are passing through it to the m0nwall. In
any case, I let them know and they don't seem to think much of it. Maybe a
little more time for them to complete the system/s transition will iron it
Once again, thanks for the help.


text:
American flag flies away in Serena Williams' medal ceremony
Turns out the flag wasn't still there.
In a bit of ironic timing, the American flag flew into the wind during Serena Williams' gold medal ceremony at Wimbedon on Saturday. With her victory against Maria Sharapova, Williams completed a career Grand Slam.
As the flag flew away, the crowd let out a loud groan; Williams shrugged, kept smiling and waited for the anthem to finish.
"All these gusts of wind you then see the flag flying and oohhh it was probably flying to come hug me because the flag was so happy, it didn't quite make it but almost," she said, laughing. "It was fluttering towards me trying to wrap its fabric around me."
Sharapova was asked what she and Williams were talking about during the medal ceremony.
"Did you see that the U.S. flag dropped?" Sharapova said. "We were discussing that little issue."


text:
Public Chapter 531
By Representatives Rhinehart, Kisber, Phelan, Lewis, Lois DeBerry, Bowers, Brenda Turner
Substituted for: Senate Bill No. 1064
By Senator Haynes
AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 7, Chapter 52, relative to the authority of municipal electric plants to acquire, improve, operate, lease and maintain telecommunications equipment and to provide telecommunications services.
SECTION 1. Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 7, Chapter 52, is amended by adding the following as a new part:
SECTION 2. Every municipality operating an electric plant, whether pursuant to this chapter or any other public or private act or the provisions of the charter of the municipality, county or metropolitan government, has the power and is authorized, on behalf of its municipality acting through the authorization of the board or supervisory body having responsibility for the municipal electric plant, to acquire, construct, own, improve, operate, lease, maintain, sell, mortgage, pledge or otherwise dispose of any system, plant or equipment for the provision of telephone, telegraph, telecommunications services, or any other like system, plant, or equipment within and/or without the corporate or county limits of such municipality, and, with the consent of such other municipality, within the corporate or county limits of any other municipality, in compliance with Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 65, Chapters 4 and 5, and all other applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations. A municipality shall only be authorized to provide telephone, telegraph or telecommunications services through its board or supervisory body having responsibility for the municipality's electric plant. A municipality providing any of the services authorized by this section may not dispose of all or substantially all of the system, plant and equipment used to provide such services except upon compliance with the procedures set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated, Section 7-52-132. Notwithstanding Section 65-4-101(a)(2) or any other provision of this code or of any private act, to the extent that any municipality provides any of the services authorized by this section, such municipality shall be subject to regulation by the Tennessee Regulatory Authority in the same manner and to the same extent as other certificated providers of telecommunications services, including without limitation rules or orders governing anti-competitive practices, and shall be considered as and have the duties of a public utility, as defined in Section 65-4-101, but only to the extent necessary to effect such regulation and only with respect to such municipality's provision of telephone, telegraph and communication services.
SECTION 3. A municipality providing any of the services authorized by Section 2 of this act shall not provide subsidies for such services. Notwithstanding the limitations set forth in the preceding sentence, a municipality providing such services shall be authorized to: (a) dedicate a reasonable portion of the electric plant to the provision of such services the costs of which shall be allocated to such services for regulatory purposes; and (b) lend funds, at a rate of interest not less than the highest rate then earned by the municipality on invested electric plant funds, to acquire, construct, and provide working capital for the system, plant, and equipment necessary to provide any of the services authorized under Section 2 of this act, provided, however, that such interest costs shall be allocated to the cost of such services for regulatory purposes. Any loan of funds made pursuant to this section shall be approved in advance by the State Director of Local Finance and shall contain such provisions as are required by the State Director of Local Finance.
SECTION 4. To the extent that it provides any of the services authorized by Section 2 of this act, a municipality shall have all the powers, obligations and authority granted entities providing telecommunications services under applicable laws of the United States or the State of Tennessee. To the extent that such authority and powers do not conflict with the provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 65, Chapters 4 or 5, and any rules, regulations, or orders issued thereunder, a municipality providing any of the services authorized by Section 2 of this act shall have all the authority and powers with respect to such services as are enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 7, Chapter 52.
SECTION 5. A municipality providing any of the services authorized by Section 2 of this act shall make tax equivalent payments with respect to such services in the manner established for electric systems under Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 7, Chapter 52, Part 3. For purposes of the calculation of such tax equivalent payments only, the system, plant, and equipment used to provide such services shall be considered an electric plant, and the revenues received from such services shall be considered operating revenues. For regulatory purposes, a municipality shall allocate to the costs of any services authorized by Section 2 of this act an amount equal to a reasonable determination of the state, local, and federal taxes which would be required to be paid for each fiscal year by a non-governmental corporation that provides the identical services.
SECTION 6. For regulatory purposes, a municipality shall allocate to the costs of providing any of the services authorized by Section 2 of this act : (a) an amount for attachments to poles owned by the municipality equal to the highest rate charged by the municipality to any other person or entity for comparable pole attachments, and (b) any applicable rights-of-way fees, rentals, charges, or payments required by state or local law of a nongovernmental corporation that provides the identical services.
SECTION 7. Tennessee Code Annotated, Section 7-52-117(d), is amended by deleting the words and figures "or in counties that have adopted a metropolitan government, not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000)".
SECTION 8. Tennessee Code Annotated, Section 7-52-102(10), is amended by inserting the language "metropolitan government," between the words "county," and "incorporated".
SECTION 9. Notwithstanding the authorization granted in Section 4 hereof, a municipal electric system shall not provide any of the services authorized by Section 2 of this act unrelated to its electric services within the service area of an existing telephone cooperative with fewer than one hundred thousand (100,000) total lines organized and operating under the provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated, Section 65-29-101, et seq., and therefore shall adhere to those regulations of the 1995 Tennessee Telecommunications Act and Rules of the Tennessee regulatory authority, which are applicable to the telephone cooperatives, and specifically Tennessee Code Annotated, Sections 65-4-101 and 65-29-130.
SECTION 10. Nothing in this act shall be construed to allow a municipality to provide any service for which a license, certification, or registration is required under Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 62, Chapter 32, Part 3.
SECTION 11. This act supersedes any conflicting provisions of general law, private act, charter or metropolitan charter provisions.
SECTION 12. Nothing in this act or any private act, charter, metropolitan charter, or amendments thereto, shall allow a municipality, county, metropolitan government, department, board, or other entity of local government to provide any service for which a license, certification, or registration is required under Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 62, Chapter 32, Part 3, to operate a cable system as defined by Tennessee Code Annotated, §7-59-201(2) for the provision of cable services, to provide pager service, or to operate as an internet service provider.
SECTION 13. (a) The General Assembly finds and declares:
(1) That electricity is a necessity for all individuals, industries, businesses, municipalities and counties in the State of Tennessee; and
(2) That the generation and transmission of electric power and the sale and distribution of electricity to consumers within the State are of vital importance to the citizens of this State; and
(3) That it is the policy of the General Assembly and this State to support a regulatory climate that ensures reliable electric services at reasonable prices for all consumers as a matter of public interest; and
(4) That markets for electricity are changing nationally and appear to be rapidly moving toward increased competition; and
(5) That the deregulation of Tennessee's electric utility industry could potentially have a profound impact on State resources by decreasing utility costs; and
(6) That such utility costs can further be lowered by allowing distributors of electricity in the State to engage in other type services, such as telephone and telecommunication services; and
(7) That electric utility deregulation in Tennessee could enhance the competitive position of Tennessee's businesses and industries, including Tennessee's ability to compete more effectively in business development; and
(8) That there exist significant opportunities to provide other innovative choices for electricity, and perhaps other utility services such as telephone and telecommunication services, to consumers with a deregulated electric utility industry; and
(9) That there is a need for careful consideration of all issues involving customer choice, the potential restructuring of, and competition in the electric utility industry and the present system of electric utility regulation; and
(10) That the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the legislatures and regulatory commissions of forty-nine states either have implemented or are studying initiatives to restructure and to increase competition in the electric utility industry; and
(11) That the deregulation of the electric utility industry in Tennessee will be more complex than in most other states because Tennessee consumers are supplied power almost exclusively by the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Nation's largest public power supplier, which enjoys certain legal rights and protections that are not present in other markets; and
(12) That the interest of Tennessee's citizens in a competitive electric utility industry, as well as competitive telecommunication services, warrants the immediate attention of the General Assembly.
(b) There is hereby created a Special Joint Committee to study the issue of electric utility deregulation and its impact on Tennessee.
(c) The committee shall consist of four (4) members of the House of Representatives and four (4) members of the Senate to be appointed by the respective Speakers; provided, that no fewer than two (2) of the members of the joint committee shall be the current chairs, vice chairs or secretaries of the standing House and Senate committees that are responsible for energy matters affecting the State.
(d) In its deliberations, the Special Joint Committee shall study and examine the following issues, in addition to all other issues the committee deems pertinent related to the deregulation of the electric utility industry:
(1) What effect Tennessee's status as a state that is provided power almost exclusively from the Tennessee Valley Authority may have on the deregulation process;
(2) What services and other functions of the electric utility industry can best achieve their goals by being subject to competition, if any, taking into account factors such as reliability, price, profit, and rates;
(3) What services and other functions of the electric utility industry can best achieve their goals through regulation or a combination of regulation and competition, if any;
(4) Whether the electric utility industry's provision of telephone and telegraph services can enhance competition in those areas and aid the deregulation of the electric industry;
(5) With respect to those services and other functions that should be subjected to competition, the ways and means of monitoring such services and functions to ensure that there is, in fact, competition and that competition is achieving its goals; and
(6) With respect to those services and functions that should be regulated, what form such regulation should take and the ways and means of determining whether or not such regulation is achieving its goals.
(e) The study committee shall be charged with the duty and authority to interview witnesses who represent or advise suppliers, large and small industrial consumers, individual consumers and other organizations which might have experience or pertinent information on this subject.
(f) All appropriate State agencies shall provide assistance to the Special Joint Committee upon request of the Chair.
(g) All legislative members of the Special Joint Committee who are duly elected members of the General Assembly shall remain members of such committee until the committee reports its findings and recommendations to the General Assembly.
(h) The Special Joint Committee shall be convened by the member with the most years of continuous service in the General Assembly; and at its first meeting shall elect a chair, vice-chair, and such other officers the committee deems necessary.
(i) The Special Joint Committee shall timely report its findings and recommendations, including any proposed legislation or interim reports, to the One-Hundredth General Assembly, no later than February 28, 1998, after which time the committee shall cease to exist unless additional time is requested by the chair of the committee and approved by the Speakers of the House and Senate, in which case the final report shall be submitted by February 28, 1999, after which time the committee shall cease to exist.
SECTION 14. If any provision of this act or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of the act which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to that end the provisions of this act are declared to be severable.
SECTION 15. This act shall take effect upon becoming a law, the public welfare requiring it.


text:
Let us walkin the woods by Muriela
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© Muriela
© Muriela
© Muriela
Let us walkin the woods
This pattern is available as a free Ravelry download
"Promenons-nous dans les bois "is a hooded scarf to wear according to weather or whim ! Thanks to the cleverhood, it will not only protect little folks necks from the cold but also their heads!


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The OSEC® hypochlorite generation systems operate by electrolyzing a brine solution to produce sodium hypochlorite onsite and on demand, at a cost that is significantly lower than commercially purchased hypochlorite. The ability to produce hypochlorite on-site reduces the required storage amount, uses safe, stable salt, and produces a very stable, easily metered, hypochlorite product.
Visit our web site for more information about this product.
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text: Hi, These last days we had many stroms and power outages, and each time that our computers were restarted Torque automatically re-ran the jobs. This is extremely annoying since Torque restarts the jobs from the beginning, erase some files, and does not allow us to move a few important files and restart the jobs from where they stopped. Is there a way to tell Torque to delete all jobs from the queue or place them on hold when the computer is restarted? We have Torque and Maui. Thanks, Seb --------------------------------- Envoyé avec Yahoo! Mail. Une boite mail plus intelligente. -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://www.supercluster.org/pipermail/torqueusers/attachments/20080721/8066ed9f/attachment.html


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Listen to free music by Kiana Brown
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station.
Artists Like Kiana Brown
Blip.fm DJs who play Kiana Brown
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Programme Against African Trypanosomosis (PAAT)
Technical and Scientific Series
Scientific Publications
Training manuals
Meeting reports
The development of PAAT Information System
(PAAT-IS) has been driven by the need for decision support
at international, continental, regional and national level
to guide strategic decisions on tsetse and Trypanosomosis
control in sub-Saharan Africa.
PAAT-IS is made up of several components: this Web site,
the Geographical Information System (GIS), the Tsetse and
Trypanosomosis Information (TTI) Bulletin, the Technical
and Scientific Series and the PAAT – Link.
The Geographical Information System (GIS) provides the capability
for storage, display and analysis of layers of spatial data.
The TTI, also available in digital format from this website,
is a half-yearly periodical collating a wide range of paper
abstracts, meeting reports and other publications which deal
with subjects pertinent to T&T research, control, policy
issues and strategies for intervention. The Technical and
Scientific Series is a monographic publication which provides
in depth information and analysis on specific issues related
to the problem of T&T, its management and intervention
strategies. The PAAT-L is an electronic mailing list for sharing
and disseminating information among the PAAT-L subscribers.
Request to subscribe to PAAT-L or information that you would
like to share can be sent to Raffaele Mattioli, FAO, at the
following e-mail address: email@example.com.
see also...
Raffaele Mattioli
FAO HQ, Room C-524
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
Rome 00100, Italy.
Tel: +39 06 570 56078
Giuliano Cecchi
FAO Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa
CMC Road, Next to ILRI, P.O. Box 5536
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 (0)935 336069
Comments: AGA-Webmaster


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Serbia > Economia
Debito pubblico: 61.2% of GDP (2013 est.) 59.3% of GDP (2012 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the GOS issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities (for which the GOS issued guarantees), as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Fonte: CIA World Factbook - Aggiornato a partire da Marzo 31, 2015
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Super cell to contain deadly Ebola virus discovered in Australia
A super cell in the eye has been discovered that can stop the deadly Ebola virus.
A super cell in the eye has been discovered that can stop the deadly Ebola virus.
Research led by Nicolas Bazan, MD, PhD, Boyd Professor and Director of the Neuroscience Center of Excellence at LSU Health New Orleans, has discovered a new class of mediators, or biochemical triggers that he named elovanoids ...
Investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) have developed a way of increasing pigmentation in human skin without the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Their ...
Dermatologists may need to look further than red hair and freckles when identifying patients who might be genetically predisposed to skin cancer.
Scientists at the University of Washington have discovered that a common type of cell in the vertebrate immune system plays a unique role in communication between other cells. It turns out that these cells, called macrophages, ...
An international team from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and University College London and Queens University Belfast in the United Kingdom developed a cell culture model that could help to develop earlier treatment ...
Scientists from Tufts University's School of Arts and Sciences, the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts, and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County have used artificial intelligence to gain insight into the biophysics of ...
New research from the University of Liverpool has identified the role of a specific protein in the human body that can help prevent the survival and spread of eye cancer, by initiating cancer 'cell-suicide'.
Scientists report they have successfully transplanted reprogrammed monkey stem cells into the eyes of other monkeys without the need for anti-rejection drugs.
(HealthDay)—Darker skin pigmentation and increasing intense pulsed light (IPL) fluence determine side effects after IPL exposure, according to a study published online July 30 in Lasers in Surgery and Medicine.
A pigment is the material that changes the color of light it reflects as the result of selective color absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light.
Many materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials. A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors. It must be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures.
For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, permanence and stability are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive. Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually blacken.
Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry colourants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a vehicle (or matrix), a relatively neutral or colorless material that acts as a binder.
The worldwide market for inorganic, organic and special pigments had a total volume of around 7.4 million tons in 2006. Asia has the highest rate on a quantity basis followed by Europe and North America. In 2006, a turnover of 17.6 billion US$ (13 billion Euro) was reached mostly in Europe, followed by North America and Asia.
A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in the vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). The term biological pigment is used for all colored substances independent of their solubility. A colorant can be both a pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. In some cases, a pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment.
This text uses material from Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY-SA
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deskillverb [ T ]uk /ˌdiːˈskɪl/ us /ˌdiːˈskɪl/
› to reduce the amount of skill that someone needs to do a particular job:
New technology has been used to deskill many jobs.
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
- assimilate
- audit
- be no stranger to sth idiom
- blended learning
- bone up
- brain training
- by-heart
- cut your political, professional, etc. teeth idiom
- gen up
- hear tell (of) idiom
- know sth back to front idiom
- know sth like the back of your hand idiom
- know which side your bread is buttered (on) idiom
- knowable
- mug
- pick sth up
- quick
- reskill
- revision
- tell


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Need Appliance Repair Help? Ask a Technician for Answers ASAP
Hello, Thank you for using this service, I will be helping you with your problem today
Good morning, do you have the model number ?
No I am at work and no one is at home at this time. not until about 5 pm EDST
does this thing go bad all at once or does it degenerate over time. Like I had said before that the flame goes out and then relights
where is the model no found on the range, it is not on the door
Your answer was right on. I changed the ignitor and the oven is working just like new. thank you
how do I pay for that answer. I have another question on the same range
The same range Model # PRSG 304s Serial #98020020F one burner does not
fire up as much as the others. I switched the burner caps where the flame comes out but there was no change. The gas openings were clean
Attachments are only available to registered users.
Bryan. my background is; i am a licensed mechanical engineer with a master plumbers license in the state of new jersey I have delt with low and high pressure gas for the Elizabethtown gas compamy for many years. So what I need from you is where is this part located and a part no.
i tried to uncrew part # 92 out but was afraid i would break something. How does this part come out. Are you sure that #60 is a control valve? I do not see where there is gas tied into it
Do yu have a parts list that goes long with the exploded view of the range
I will let you know how I make out by Friday. Cannot work on it tonight
Yes we are good for now. I have not had time to look for that control valve yet. probably Saturday or Sunday


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An Observational Study of Mircera in Patients With Chronic Renal Anemia on Dialysis (CKD Stage V) or Not on Dialysis (CKD Stage III-IV)
This study has been completed.
Hoffmann-La Roche
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Hoffmann-La Roche
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: August 13, 2012
Last updated: November 1, 2016
Last verified: November 2016
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
This observational study will evaluate the use and efficacy of Mircera (methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta) in anemia patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage III-IV not on dialysis or CKD stage V on dialysis. Patients will be followed during 12 months of treatment.
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Cohort
Time Perspective: Prospective
|Official Title:
|Non-interventional Study on the Use of Mircera in the Treatment of Chronic Renal Anemia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stages III-IV Not on Dialysis and in Patients on Stage V on Hemodialysis
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics: AnemiaU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Hoffmann-La Roche:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Dosage/schedule of Mircera treatment in clinical practice [ Time Frame: approximately 3 years ]
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Proportion of patients with mean Hb level 10-12 g/dL 10 to 12 months after initiation of treatment [ Time Frame: approximately 3 years ]
- Change in Hb levels [ Time Frame: from baseline to Month 12 ]
|Study Start Date:
|April 2012
|Study Completion Date:
|April 2015
|Primary Completion Date:
|April 2015 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
|Sampling Method:
|Probability Sample
Study Population
Anemia patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage III-IV not on dialysis or CKD stage V on dialysis
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adult patients, >/= 18 years of age
- Patients with chronic renal anemia with stage III-IV CKD not on dialysis and who are, in the opinion of the treating physician, not expected at baseline to require dialysis within 12 months
- Patients with chronic renal anemia with stage V CKD on dialysis
- No contraindication to ESA treatment
Exclusion Criteria:
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any other of the excipients of Mircera and other ESAs
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01667380
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01667380
|Podgorica, Montenegro, 81 000
Sponsors and Collaborators
Hoffmann-La Roche
|Study Director:
|Clinical Trials
|Hoffmann-La Roche
More Information
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on July 19, 2017
|Responsible Party:
|Hoffmann-La Roche
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01667380 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|August 13, 2012
|Last Updated:
|November 1, 2016
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Hematologic Diseases
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on July 19, 2017


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bigstockphotoTHINK AND BE MORE LUXURIOUS
While prestige, exclusivity, and premium price tags epitomize the enduring hallmarks of purchasing luxury items, there is so much more to the concept of luxury. A new definition centers on the more easily attainable aspects of the word, luxury as a state of mind, a sensory experience. There are many simple, low or no cost luxuries that can shift you into a luxurious way of thinking.
Being luxurious involves how we experience the things around us. Our modern, mass-consumer lifestyles have caused the majority of people to move away from luxurious living, but there is a growing trend toward the aspects of quality and comfort synonymous with luxury living.
Its been said recently by financial forecasters and luxury industry experts that luxury is becoming the norm. What do you think? What is your definition of luxury? Do you think it is changing? What is normal for you? Email me your thoughts and stories, Id love to hear your reaction and opinions on the definition luxury and your definition of normal!


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Employment Ads
|Assistant Professor
Auburn University
|Auburn, AL
| Faculty Position: Assistant Professor, Clinical Psychology, Auburn University, Department of Psychology.
Auburn University's Department of Psychology is seeking candidates for one tenure track position at the Assistant Professor level in Pediatric/Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. The successful applicant will clearly demonstrate the ability to: (a) foster the scientist-practitioner orientation of the clinical program, (b) maintain a productive, ongoing program of fundable research and publication, (c) mentor students, (d) provide exceptional instruction, and (e) supervise practicum students through our in-house training clinic.
Strong preference will be given to those who will complement existing strengths and our growing nexus in health psychology, including pediatric psychology, child health promotion/prevention, and community-based research; as well as specialists in child internalizing disorders and child maltreatment.
For information on the Department of Psychology, see www.cla.auburn.edu/psychology. The clinical program has diverse research-receptive practicum placements, a state-of-the-art training clinic, and an available MRI/fMRI facility (3T and 7T), among other resources to promote the careers of junior faculty. Start date for this position is August 16, 2013, but could be as early as January 1, 2013. Minorities and women are encouraged to apply. All applicants are welcome to contact the Director of Clinical Training and Chair to discuss the position and their candidacy.
Review of applications will begin October 15, 2012 and will continue until the position is filled. The candidate selected for this position must be able to meet eligibility requirements to work in the United States at the time appointment is scheduled to begin and continue working legally for the proposed term of employment; excellent communication skills required. Applicants are expected to have a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from an APA- or CPA-accredited clinical program (with an accredited clinical internship) and be licensed or license-eligible.
To apply for this position: https://aufacultypositions.peopleadmin.com/. Applicants will be required to attach cover letter, vita, statement of research and teaching interests, reprints of recent publications or preprints, evidence of teaching effectiveness if available, current transcript and names and email address of three references. Auburn University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer.
When applying for this position, please mention you saw this ad in the APS Employment Network.
|Ad has been online since October 1, 2012


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6 bodies recovered from sunken trawler in Shitalakkhya
Rescuers recover six bodies from a sunken sand-laden trawler which capsized after colliding with another trawler in Shitalakkhya of Narayanganj.
River polluters warned
Millions of gallons of untreated wastewaters, mainly from industries, are being dumped into the rivers around Dhaka city through as many as 185 outlets every day.
Have ETP, or shut down, minister tells factories
In a move to save the major rivers around Dhaka, the government today made Effluent Treatment Plants a mandatory factor for the factories.


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Focus of simulation is discussion of the above issues, as they pertain to each country's interests and to the future of the region. Each country begins the simulation with an opening statement, noting their key concerns about the region & their relations with other countries in the region; also what they can offer other countries, as well as what they need from other countries. See to what extent countries of the region have key areas of common ground that they can agree upon or not. Write up a final group report, with conclusions, on what you found in terms of policy areas where cooperation is possible, as well as issues requiring further negotiations in future over remaining differences.
Also contact Co-Directors, Global Options, if you have important information that you think should be added to this Home Page, or other related Home Pages. Thank you.
Return to beginning of POL 341-Government & Politics of E.Asia Home Page
Return to Global Options Home Page
This Web Page Last Updated September 9, 1996
***NOTE: Additional material --both traditional and online--is constantly being added to this Web Page. Please check again. Thank you.


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Referees chief Keith Hackett is monitoring an experiment which saw officials connected up in some of this week's Champions League matches.
Hackett, head of the Professional Game Match Officials Board (PGMOB), told BBC Sport: "The game at Premiership level is just demonic in terms of pace.
"It tests referees physically and mentally, we will look at anything that can help them get decisions right."
Football lags behind sports such as both codes of rugby and cricket in mic-ing up their officials.
The PGMOB is also using top English referee Graham Poll to spearhead their own experiment.
Hackett admitted that problems with equipment in the past had shelved previous attempts to mic officials up.
He said: "We had a system in place five years ago, but having run it for a full season we had a series of problems with outside intereference.
"Amusingly, but not for the referee involved, at somewhere like Stamford Bridge the official would get a call for a taxi to take a fare from Kensington High Street into town.
"We decided to move away from that system and through Graham Poll we're experimenting with a number of potential suppliers.
"If it's a system that's proven and works well and enhances refereeing, then we will look to use it.
"Uefa are running their own field tests and trials and we would like to learn the results of those before we make our decision."
Hackett feels the introduction of radio communication could have several benefits for referees.
He said: "The most important is speed of communication, things like informing his assistants of the players he's cautioned.
"The referee will be on an open mic so his assistants will have verbal signs of how the referee is dealing with individual players so there's a better feel for the game.
"There are also things like instructing the fourth official the length of time to be added on and in turn the fourth official can also give the referee a heads-up on substitutions before the board goes up.
"A referee can also be drawn into a mass confrontation and it can be helpful to have immediate communication.
"The other side is that sometimes the referee comes away from the scene of a pretty hot incident that requires his presence to prevent a problem brewing between two or more players."
Hackett admitted the increasing scrutiny under which referees fall has prompted several measures to help officials.
"Sometimes at matches there can be as many as 16 cameras on a referee, all looking to pick up on any mistake.
"We're using all sorts of technology now, such as heart monitoring and ProZone which gives me a post-match review of a referee's performance.
"This is just another piece of technology that can help a referee's performance on the field."


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Bookmark this site
BRUSSELS, Belgium -- The European Vending Association has teamed up with Datamonitor to prepare a comprehensive vending market and consumer survey. Datamonitor is a leading business information and market research organization.
"We are very satisfied with the result of the survey," said Catherine Piana, director general of EVA. "It certainly will add value to the EVA and the national associations, as we finally have detailed figures to defend the interests of the industry."
Among other things, she predicted, the survey will enable EVA to lobby more effectively on vending's behalf, and will prove helpful in making recommendations to the industry. It will be updated annually.
The study consists of 21 individual country reports: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Portugal, along with Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Ukraine.
The study is available for purchase in four formats: separate country profiles, a country-profiles package, a European overview and an all-inclusive "global" package. EVA members are offered a discount price.
Details on the report, pricing and an order form may be found at online.
UniExpo Sets 4th Self-Service Exhibition For Moscow, Nov. 25-27
MOSCOW, Russia -- The organizers of the three successful Self-Service Exhibitions here have scheduled the next one for the Crocus Expo convention center from Nov. 25 through 27. This event showcases the latest in merchandise vending equipment, products and accessories plus self-service kiosks -- from automated teller machines to Internet and lottery terminals -- from around the world.
Administered by UniExpo, SSE 2009 will build on the solid performance of last year's show, according to show manager Elena Anokhina. The 2008 event attracted 105 exhibitors from 19 nations, an increase over the 100 firms from 12 countries the year before, and drew 3,500 visitors.
The Crocus Expo Center is an ultramodern facility in Moscow's Krasnogorsk suburb, readily accessible from the city's center. Information on the event can be found online at vending-show.ru (in Russian and English, selectable by clicking on the appropriate flag button at the top of the page).
Australia Forms Vending Association, Plans Convention For October
MELBOURNE, Australia -- The National Vending Association, which was formed last year, has announced that it will hold its first trade show this fall, in cooperation with the National Amusement Machine Operators Association. It's tentatively set for the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre on Oct. 9 and 10.
NVA grew out of the successful organization of a state association in 2006. It conducts a series of educational and social events throughout the year, and seeks to negotiate favorable purchasing arrangements for its member companies. The association is headquartered here and managed by Liz Lanini. It is online at nationalvendingassociation.com.au.


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- Back to OSRAM homepage
Tools & Services
News & Knowledge
For customers
The new futuristic Corinthians Stadium in Sao Paulo: an arena of the superlatives. The entire high-tech lighting of the arena area is provided by the OSRAM Group.
High-tech lighting for HD broadcasts
350 luminaires by the OSRAM subsidiary Siteco light the playing field in combination with HQI-TS high flux metal halide lamps by OSRAM. The lighting solution exceeds the highest international light quality standards! The highly modern pitch lighting facilitates brilliant moving images in high definition (HD) quality.
LED media facade of the superlatives
The LED panel on the external facade impresses with its size of 170 x 20 meters. Here images and scores and even videos are shown. Around 34,000 LED Dot XL by OSRAM subsidiary Traxon Technologies, installed into glass facade panels, make it currently the largest stadium LED screen in the world.
Energy efficiency despite high light output
The pitch lighting in Sao Paulo, with its approximately 4,300 Lux, is as intensive as today's most modern stadiums in the world. At the same time, high-efficiency technologies make it possible to use considerably fewer individual points of light than with conventional lighting technology. The result: significantly less energy cost and clearly reduced expenditure on installation and wiring.
The advantage for our customers
The complete solution from a single supplier. From the lighting of the outdoor areas, the LED video screens, via the pitch lighting and the multimedia display cube up to the complete internal lighting of the arena: OSRAM offers complex technical lighting solutions alongside well-founded project know-how.