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Upcoming RUSLE2 and Iowa phosphorus index workshops
RUSLE2 and Iowa Phosphorus Index
A RUSLE2 and Iowa Phosphorus Index (P Index) workshop is scheduled for June 6, 2006, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. at Simpson College in Indianola. This workshop will provide training to service providers who are planning to work with livestock producers in developing nutrient and manure management plans. Participants will learn where to find the necessary software and how to install it on their computers, how to determine critical areas in the field, how to determine erosion rates using RUSLE2, how to calculate P Index vulnerability ratings, and how to incorporate these numbers into manure management planning requirements. Participants also will discuss soil sampling requirements for manure management plans. This workshop is designed for those with little or no experience in using the RUSLE2 software. For a copy of the workshop brochure and registration information as well as class requirements, please see the brochure online (PDF) or contact Kapil Arora at 515-382-6551 or Angie Rieck-Hinz at 515-294-9590.
Advanced RUSLE2 Workshop
An advanced RUSLE2 workshop is scheduled for June 21, 2006, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. at Christy Hall in Nevada. Registration is limited to only those participants who have attended the introductory RUSLE2 and Iowa P Index workshop as identified above. There were seven introductory workshops held in 2005. This workshop will enable participants to build on knowledge gained in the first workshop by exploring practice-based changes that can reduce erosion. The workshop will focus on RUSLE2 principles, conservation practices both in RUSLE2 and the Iowa P-Index, and addressing land needs for manure and nutrient management plans. For more information, please see the complete program agenda and registration form (PDF).
Questions regarding these workshops should be directed to Kapil Arora at 515-382-6551 or Angie Rieck-Hinz at 515-294-9590.
Both workshops are being sponsored by Iowa State University Extension in collaboration with the Iowa Manure Management Action Group and the Iowa Natural Resources Conservation Service. If you are interested in attending one of these workshops but can't attend on these dates, please contact Kapil or Angie at the numbers listed above to have your name placed on an e-mail list regarding these workshops.
This article originally appeared on page 116 of the IC-496(10) -- May 8, 2006 issue.
Updated 05/10/2006 - 9:28am


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Thames 7,
Pegasus Palmerians 10
RUGBY: PEGASUS made it three league wins on the bounce when they narrowly edged out local rivals Thames.
Thames themselves are having a very strong season in Essex 2, so Pegasus knew that this was going to be a very tough encounter – especially away from home.
Things did not go well for Pegasus in the opening 15 minutes.
Thames opened the scoring under the posts with a well earned try after their strong number eight picked up from the base of the scrum.
And Thames crashed under the post for a converted try.
Five minutes later, in a very competitive forward battle, Pegasus' day became more difficult when they were reduced to 14 men.
A straight red card for Peg number eight Alec Branton – who verbally reacted angrily towards the referee after being at the receiving end of a dangerous tackle – saw the numbers change. For the remainder of the half, Pegasus had to dig in and keep their defence line solid as Thames battled away. Pegs made the best of their chances.
They used a seven man scrum to turn over an attacking Thames scrum on Pegs' five metre line.
And it was from this that Pegasus began to believe that there was a chance of sneaking a win against their local rivals.
Thames led 7-0 at the break but after the restart captain Collier inspired his lads. The Pegasus pack demonstrated their commitment in abundance by getting on top of their Thames pack rivals from South Ockendon.
Pegasus forwards and backs linked up well to threaten the Thames defensive line in open play.
And they produced quickly recycled ball at the breakdown.
It was when the Pegasus pack began to get on top that the repeated infringement penalties kept coming Peg's way, as Thames pack fought to get back on top. When the first kickable penalty was available, Collier instructed Ryan Nunn to take the points on offer.
Pegasus continued to attack at every opportunity looking for the vital try. Finally the moment came after the Pegasus pack secured and released a quick ball for their backs to flourish.
It was just what Collier and Fraser Kidd wanted. And the duo's quick hands allow ed Kidd to break through the centre channel to score the decisive winning try out wide.
The Herd Lane boys held out for six minutes as the pressure mounted.
And despite being camped on their own five metre line, they held firm.
Thames tried to force the issue with their attacking scrums but in the end they ran out of time and were forced to swallow only their second defeat of teh season. Tomorrow (Saturday) Pegasus face second-in-the-table Writtle at Herd Lane with the kick off due to be at 2.15pm. For all the borough's rugby see Friday's THURROCK GAZETTE

subset: commoncrawl


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LISTEN: Slash unveils new single with Myles Kennedy & The Conspirators
Listen to Slash on iHeartRadio
Slash fans are getting their first taste of the guitar icon's sophomore effort with Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. The group's new single "World on Fire" is now available on iTunes.
"World on Fire" serves as the title track from Slash and Kennedy's follow-up to their 2012 debut, Apocalyptic Love. The new disc is due out September 16th, while the band will kick off a joint tour with Aerosmith on July 10th in Wantagh, New York.
Photo Credit Getty Images


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It meant our silvery Moon turned red as the Earth blocked out the sun. The eclipse was visible in lots of different parts of the world.
Lunar eclipses happen when the Earth moves between the Moon and the Sun. The Moon gets its colour from the stuff in our atmosphere.
The eclipse started at around eight o'clock on Saturday night.
Eclipses don't happen very often because the Earth's shadow usually passes above or below the moon, but it's currently in the right place to cause the colour-change.
"Best eclipse for years"
Robin Scagell, from the Society for Popular Astronomy, said that it was "one of the best lunar eclipses from Britain for years".
"It was fascinating to watch the Moon's graceful movement through the shadow of the Earth and check its coppery glow," he said.


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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
Protein folding, misfolding and aggregation, as well as the way misfolded and aggregated proteins affects cell viability are emerging as key themes in molecular and structural biology and in molecular medicine. Recent advances in the knowledge of the biophysical basis of protein folding have led to propose the energy landscape theory which provides a consistent framework to better understand how a protein folds rapidly and efficiently to the compact, biologically active structure. The increased knowledge on protein folding has highlighted its strict relation to protein misfolding and aggregation, either process being in close competition with the other, both relying on the same physicochemical basis. The theory has also provided information to better understand the structural and environmental factors affecting protein folding resulting in protein misfolding and aggregation into ordered or disordered polymeric assemblies. Among these, particular importance is given to the effects of surfaces. The latter, in some cases make possible rapid and efficient protein folding but most often recruit proteins/peptides increasing their local concentration thus favouring misfolding and accelerating the rate of nucleation. It is also emerging that surfaces can modify the path of protein misfolding and aggregation generating oligomers and polymers structurally different from those arising in the bulk solution and endowed with different physical properties and cytotoxicities.
Increasing interest of protein science researchers is currently focussed at unravelling the molecular basis of protein folding and of its counterpart, protein misfolding and aggregation, as well as of the mechanisms of aggregate toxicity to living systems. The intense efforts spent in the past years to gain knowledge in these topics arise mainly from the awareness that it can shed light on the "folding code" built in most natural polypeptide chains as well as on the biochemical basis of a number of degenerative conditions that, at least in some cases, are of dramatic social impact [
It is generally believed that protein folding and protein aggregation into amyloids are competing pathways relying on the same physicochemical principles (see later). Therefore, any increase of the information on the molecular features of protein folding can be useful to improve our knowledge on protein misfolding and aggregation and vice versa. Presently, it is widely accepted the idea that, similarly to protein folding, even the ability to polymerize into amyloid assemblies is a generic property of polypeptide chains inherently built in their peptide backbone and that its basic principles are shared by all aggregating peptides/proteins [
Despite the large differences in the structures of the proteins and peptides aggregated in the assemblies found in the differing amyloidoses or produced
Increasing consensus has been reached in recent years on the identification of the most cytotoxic amyloids. Accordingly, the heterogeneous population of unstable fibrils precursors collectively known as protofibrils, or prefibrillar aggregates, are considered the most highly cytotoxic assemblies whereas amyloid fibrils are presently considered stable, relatively inert and harmless benign structures able to recruit the most toxic oligomers [
The potential, as well as molecular mechanism of amyloid fibril nucleation and growth can be different in differing peptides and proteins as well as under varying medium conditions; however, in general, the onset of the process is triggered by any factor increasing the concentration of conformational states with high aggregation propensities, usually misfolded/unfolded species [
Protein folding, but also misfolding and aggregation, in the biological environment can be differently affected by conditions such as the presence of high macromolecular concentrations or highly reactive molecules including reactive oxygen species and sugars that promote destabilising chemical modifications of proteins (oxidation, glycation). Moreover, the biological systems are characterised by the presence of extended surfaces. The latter include those specifically provided by the molecular chaperones favouring protein folding and others such as those provided by membranes and macromolecules. Actually, a natively folded protein or an unfolded peptide can undergo misfolding and structural reorganization with aggregate nucleation in the presence of suitable surfaces favouring non-native conformations with increasing tendency to aggregate (see later).
Protein folding is subjected to a very intricate and precise quality control including the ER and cytosolic molecular chaperones, the ER membrane carriers performing the retrograde transport of proteins unable to fold in the ER lumen [
This review will present some of the most recent finding and ideas on some of the basic features of protein folding, misfolding and aggregation with special focus on the role performed by inorganic, organic and biological surfaces.
The protein folding problem has been a challenging issue shrouded in mystery for decades, until the development of the energy landscape theory. Actually it is not easy to understand how a polypeptide chain with an astronomical number of allowed conformations in its unfolded state is able to point to, and to reach with high precision, the native compactly folded structure in time lengths as short as milliseconds or fractions of seconds.
If we take a simple 100 residue polypeptide chain and assume that each residue has only two allowed conformations, it results an overall 2100, or 1030, possible conformations of the whole molecule; this means that, at the concentrations used in a test tube folding experiment (i.e. around 1018 molecules) and the persistence times given by the molecular dynamics at room temperature (1011 s−1) each molecule in a given instant will exhibit a conformation different from that of any other molecule in the population. Yet, such an astonishing structural heterogeneity folds in very short times into a peculiar conformation endowed with a minimal conformational energy.
The natively folded state of a protein cannot be reached by a systematic search among all the possible conformations accessible to its polypeptide chain, that would take an astronomical time, as stated by the Levinthal paradox [
The energetics of the folding behaviour of a polypeptide chain is best described by the energy landscape of an amino acid polymer. The energy landscape contains all conformational states accessible to the polypeptide chain together with their entropy, free energy and fraction of native contacts (
Besides ensuring rapidity and precision, the above described behaviour acts as a folding quality control avoiding protein folding into altered states (misfolding) [
In conclusion, the current view describes natural proteins as a set of evolved amino acid polymers shaped by natural evolution in order to display secondary structure propensity and other physicochemical features such as mean hydrophobicity and net charge, as well as an overall energy folding landscape suitable to allow them to reach the unique compactly folded native structure efficiently and very rapidly avoiding the appearance of kinetic traps, energetically favoured non-natively structured states that are set off-pathway of the folding process. The energy landscape theory, or "new view" of protein folding, based on statistical mechanics and polymer dynamics rather than on classic chemical dynamics, provides a conceptual framework to describe the general mechanism of protein folding and the rationale to design protein folding experiments and to interpret their results.
Most of the present knowledge on protein folding arises from a multi-disciplinary approach including the use of a variety of simulation and experimental measurements carried out on wild-type and side-directed mutants of the investigated proteins. The experimental tools most widely used range from spectroscopic (CD, DLS, NMR), fluorimetric (fluorescence spectroscopy, FRET), diffraction (small angle X-ray diffraction scattering), mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF coupled to limited proteolysis) and mutational (protein engineering) techniques to theoretical studies including molecular dynamics simulation and model building. However, these results, although of immense value, in general have been obtained in test tube experiments where a very simple environment was present (usually a buffer with a defined pH and ionic strength containing some co-solvent or denaturing agent). These conditions are very different from those found in the intracellular medium where protein folding takes place and lack the presence of other factors potentially affecting protein folding, misfolding and aggregation.
The key signature of the intracellular milieu is its very high macromolecular concentration, averaging 300-400 mg/mL. This feature, often referred to as macromolecular crowding, has very important consequences in terms of thermodynamics affecting the conformational states of proteins [
One of the consequences of the intracellular macromolecular crowding is the presence, inside a cell, of a very large surface area including the overall macromolecular surface and that provided by the cell membranes. The latter can favour reversible unfolding/refolding of specific proteins when they physiologically translocate across the membrane [
Another example of surfaces favouring protein folding is provided by the large family of the above mentioned NUPs [
NUPs are usually easily recognizable from their amino acid content as they generally display a low mean hydrophobicity and a high net charge. These characteristics, thought to be the molecular basis by which these proteins remain unfolded in the absence of partners, are also able to reduce their intrinsic tendency to aggregate in the highly crowded intracellular milieu [
Until 1998 it was commonly believed that the ability to polymerize into ordered fibrillar aggregates of amyloid type was a shared property of the few proteins and peptides found aggregated in tissue in the various amyloid diseases possibly arising from some structural peculiarity. However, in 1998 it was found that two proteins unrelated to any amyloid pathology were able to aggregate
As it has been pointed out above, the intracellular macromolecular milieu is likely to favour compact states such as those arising from protein folding or protein aggregation. Moreover, protein folding and protein aggregation rely on similar physicochemical parameters of the polypeptide chain including a significant propensity to gain secondary structure, a low net charge, and a relatively high content of hydrophobic residues; these considerations are confirmed by the structural adaptations in the NUPs (see above) and by the data indicating that mutations increasing the mean hydrophobicity or the propensity to generate beta structure or reducing the net charge of any protein/peptide can accelerate its aggregation from an unfolded state [
The view that protein folding and aggregation are competing paths considers both as distinct yet not mutually excluding processes relying on a more general energy landscape including conformational states not involved in protein folding, yet potentially accessible to a polypeptide chain [
The generation of oligomeric aggregation nuclei is considered a key step at the onset of protein aggregation, accounting for the delay times of polymer appearance that are recorded by in
It is possible to shift a protein from the folding to the aggregation side of its energy landscape by modifying its structural features (mutations, truncations, amino acid chemical modifications) or the environmental conditions (temperature, pH, medium composition). Increasing the concentration of the specific protein/peptide can also result in aggregate nucleation when the level of the nucleation precursors exceeds a critical concentration (reviewed in [
Nucleation is the rate limiting step of the aggregation process and occurs during the lag phase; its kinetics can depend on the protein and medium conditions, whereas subsequent nuclei elongation is thermodynamically favourable and proceeds until completion of fibril assembly. Spherical oligomers and other pre-fibrillar forms, including curvy protofibrils, can be formed instead of aggregation nuclei and appear to result from a nucleation-independent path in the absence of any lag phase [
Almost no information is currently available on the energy barriers a folded or a partially unfolded protein must overcome to gain access to the conformational spaces allowing it to re-organize into aggregation nuclei; however, it is believed that these structural transitions can be favoured, among others, by surfaces (
Finally, recent findings have shown that, at least in some cases, a protein can aggregate by initially populating monomeric or oligomeric states where it maintains substantially its natively folded structure before subsequently undergoing conformational rearrangements into amyloids (
As stated above, proteins are synthesized and fold in a very complex environment where they are in close contact with other molecules and with biological surfaces such as membranes and macromolecular assemblies favouring, in some cases, their correct folding. However, biological surfaces, notably lipid membranes, can also affect the conformation of the interacting proteins populating secondary structure-based aberrant states of the polypeptide chain [
The effects of a surface on protein misfolding and aggregation depend on the chemical features of the monomer, its folded or unfolded state, the way it interacts with the surface and the physicochemical properties of the latter, including its electrostatic potential and hydrophobicity (reviewed in [
In the adsorbed state, proteins/peptides are at the interface of two phases with different physicochemical properties, and protein residues are involved in interactions with surface-exposed functional groups that can favour non-native structural states. In particular, hydrophobic or charged surfaces may induce local or more extensive unfolding resulting in the opening of the closely packed structure; concomitantly, hydrophobic groups normally buried into the compactly folded native state are allowed to interact with hydrophobic clusters exposed on the surface without paying the energy penalty resulting from the exposure of the same residues to the aqueous environment (reviewed in [
However, not only membrane surfaces can be involved in protein aggregation. For example, it has been proposed that b2-m aggregation can be favoured by monomer binding to the collagen triple helix, thus providing a possible explanation of the tissue-specificity of dialysis-related amyloidosis [
Biological membranes may also be important in amyloid fibrillogenesis as the primary sources of the aggregating peptide monomers. Membrane environment is of fundamental importance in regulating membrane protein degradation by specific membrane proteases such as the secretases or the protein convertases. This is best exemplified by the Abeta peptides resulting from APP processing [
Conflicting data on the effect of membrane cholesterol on amyloid aggregate production and toxicity have been reported in the past years (reviewed in [
The question as to whether amyloid fibrils are toxic to cells by themselves or, rather, they are harmless, stable reservoirs of toxic precursors stems from long time. Actually, in some cases mature amyloid fibrils have been reported to impair cell viability [
Besides recruiting protein monomers favouring their misfolding and aggregation, surfaces, notably cell membranes, can also bind actively the unstable oligomeric assemblies preceding the appearance of mature amyloid fibrils. The importance of the relation between membrane lipid composition and the ability of early aggregates of peptides and proteins to bind to and to disassemble membranes has been extensively investigated. Many studies highlight the key role of either anionic surfaces and membranes containing anionic phospholipids; as specified above, the strong electrostatic field given by clusters of negative charges can favour protein unfolding and aggregate nucleation; however, clusters of negative charges can also be sites of preferential interaction with pre-fibrillar aggregates. Accordingly, it has been shown that pre-fibrillar assemblies interact with, and destabilise, synthetic phospholipid bilayers [
Another question debated since long time is whether specific receptors for amyloids responsible of the amyloid-membrane interaction do exist on the cell membrane. The surface of the cell membrane is crowded of protein molecules. It has been estimated that the average plasma membrane surface is around 2,000 μm2 with a density of membrane proteins averaging about 20,000 molecules/μm2, for a total 40 × 106 protein molecules per cell surface. It is therefore conceivable that amyloid oligomers contacting protein molecules sprouting from the cell membrane may interact more or less specifically with some of them.
In the past, several cell surface proteins have been considered as possible candidate receptors of Aβ aggregates. These receptors could be specific for the shared cross-beta fold rather than for any peculiar structural feature of the Aβ peptides although, in some cases, they could also be monomer-specific, as in the Aβ-APP or Abeta-TNFR1 interactions proposed to be at the origin of Aβ cytotoxicity [
In addition to RAGE, several cell surface proteins, including voltage-gated [
The presence of specific effects mediated through the preferential, or even specific, interaction with membrane proteins could, at least in part, explain the variable vulnerability to amyloids of different cell types [
Since 1993 it was proposed the "channel hypothesis" of amyloid toxicity, whereby the toxic aggregates form non-specific pore-like channels in the membranes of the exposed cells [
The presence of toxic aggregates inside or outside the cells impairs a number of functions ultimately leading to cell death by apoptosis or, less frequently, by necrosis [
In general, intracellular oxidative stress in cells exposed to toxic aggregates has been related to some form of destabilisation of cell membranes resulting in the lack of appropriate regulation of membrane proteins such as specific enzymes, receptors and ion pumps [
The work carried on in the last ten years has provided significant steps forward in the knowledge of how a polypeptide chain folds into the unique compact and biologically active protein structure. Increasing information exploiting new spectroscopic, imaging, computing and simulation techniques makes it likely that we are starting to unravel the protein folding code. This is expected to have important outcomes in many areas of genomics and structural biology, including a better knowledge of protein unfolding and aggregation. Actually, it has emerged that protein folding and protein ordered aggregation rely on the same physicochemical parameters thus stressing the key importance of the structural adaptations evolved in order to select amino acid sequences endowed with the lowest propensity to unfold and aggregate in the complex and crowded intracellular milieu. It also led us to consider that protein folding and aggregation are processes closely related with a shared energy landscape where different conformational states most often in equilibrium to each other can be populated.
Finally, the increased knowledge on the fundamentals of protein folding, misfolding and aggregation enables us to better understand the effects, on these, of external factors, such as temperature, pH, mutations, chemical modifications, molecular crowding and surfaces. In particular, the latter are increasingly recognised as important elements affecting remarkably the behaviour of a polypeptide chain providing it an environment with special physicochemical features, most often very different from those encountered in the bulk solution. Increasing data on the roles of surfaces in protein folding, misfolding and aggregation highlight contrasting effects. Some surfaces, such as those resulting from protein evolution, are able to promote protein folding over aggregation, as in the case of the molecular chaperones and the specific targets of the natively unstructured proteins. However, in other cases synthetic or biological surfaces can favour protein misfolding and aggregation over normal folding, as it is shown by a number of experimental results carried out on synthetic phospholipid membranes or SDS micelles, inorganic surfaces such as mica, or macromolecules such as glycosaminoglycans, collagen and nucleic acids. In some cases, these researches have shed light on the possible factors favouring the aggregation of specific proteins such as b2m and on the tissue specificity of the deposition of its aggregates.
In conclusion, it can be expected that the knowledge gained from protein folding and aggregation studies will give new insights into the nature of amyloid diseases and will help to provide a more rational basis for novel therapeutic strategies.
The author is supported by grants from the Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze and from the Italian MIUR (PRIN 2007XY59ZJ)
Outline of amyloid fibril structure.
Amyloid fibrils are typically formed by two or more elementary protofilaments twisted around each other in a rope-like structure (left, AFM image). Each protofilament displays a shared ordered core structure where each monomer provides beta strands that stack in register forming a double parallel or antiparallel twisted beta sheet that propagates along the major axis of the fibrils whose beta strands run perpendicular to the fibril main axis (what is known as cross-beta structure, centre image). The X-ray diffraction signature of such structure (right image) are the reflections at 4,8 and 9,6–11 Å provided by the regular distance between the stacked beta strands and the sheets, respectively.
Folding energy landscape.
A schematic folding energy landscape displaying the evolution on a rather crude energy scale of a small protein from its unfolded ensemble (top) to the peculiar structure of the native state (bottom). The funnel-shaped graph biased toward the native state structure is a highly simplified model that recapitulates the changes in parameters such as the available conformational space of the folding molecule in terms of allowed residue contacts (entropy), the number of native contacts and the energy of the conformational ensembles. As the folding proceeds, there is a very rapid cooperative increase of the native contacts together with a reduction of either the conformational space that can be sampled for further contacts and the energy content. The surface funnels the highly heterogeneous multitude of the unfolded conformations to the unique natively folded structure. The saddle region of the surface is a key point in this simple energy landscape corresponding to the transition state ensemble, the fraction of the molecules with the energy needed to cross the folding barrier. The transition state ensemble harbours molecular populations in which specific residues have established the key native-like contacts which determine the overall topology found in the native fold. For further details see under the text.
Combined protein folding/aggregation landscapes.
A combined energy landscape model for protein folding (left) and aggregation (right) starting from the unfolded ensemble. Both sides display considerable roughness, but amyloid fibrils display a remarkably higher stability and lower energy content than the natively folded structure. The picture highlights the multitude of the different conformational states available to a protein when they are stabilized by either intramolecular (monomeric protein) or intermolecular (aggregation intermediates and mature fibrils) contacts. The presence of intermolecular contacts increases dramatically the ruggedness of the landscape for protein aggregation with respect to what is shown in the folding side. The picture highlights energy barriers that a monomeric polypeptide chain either unfolded or natively folded must overcome to gain access to the aggregation landscape generating aggregation nuclei, often the rate-limiting step of the aggregation process. The energy barriers can be lowered by the presence of suitable surfaces. For further details see under the text. (Modified from [
Aggregate nucleation from unfolded or natively folded states.
The nucleation of oligomeric pre-fibrillar aggregates is the key, as well as the rate-limiting, step in the path eventually culminating with amyloid fibril formation. Usually, the process is initiated by the misfolded fraction of protein/peptide molecules either in equilibrium with the compactly natively folded states or arising from protein destabilisation following mutations, chemical modifications or any alteration of the physicochemical features of the environment. Recently, it has been reported that, in some cases, protein aggregation can start from natively folded states organising into oligomers. The latter can further grow into native-like fibrils, as in the case of serpins or Ure2p or, alternatively undergo conformational rearrangement populating misfolded pre-fibrillar aggregates. For further details see under the text.
Distribution of molecules in a 3D or a 2D space.
Distribution of the molecules in a three-dimensional (


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Ask Thry'vors Archive Categories
- Beginnings
- Pathology and Cytology
- Surgery
- Treatment and Follow-up
- Radioactive Iodine
- Low Iodine Diet
- Thyroid Hormone Replacement and TSH Level
- Psychological impact of Thyroid Cancer
- Other Related Health Issues
- Women's Issues
- Men's Issues
- Thyroid Cancer in Children & Youth
- What criteria do you use in your practice, in making a recommendation to a patient towards a total thyroidectomy vs. a partial thyroidectomy?
Ng (Sept 2013):
Total thyroidectomy is often recommended and is the treatment of choice when the FNA cytology confirmed Papillary Carcinoma. However, total removal is sometimes recommended when the cytology suggests presence of atypical cells with nuclear features compatible with malignancy, follicular lesions, or presence of Hurthle cells, when the risk of cancer is significantly higher AND when the patient is concerned about the added surgical risk of the second stage completion thyroidectomy, which is often recommended when the final pathology confirmed cancer after the hemi-thyroidectomy for better cancer control and future monitoring.
Wiseman (Sept 2013):
This is a very general question and the extent of surgery generally is related to the indications and the extent of disease (benign or malignant). In 2013 most individuals with a cancer diagnosis will undergo a total thyroidectomy. I would direct this person to the ATA Revised Guidelines for thyroid nodule management (freely available online through the website here). I would advise the individual asking this question to specifically ask their surgeon this question as well.
- Why do some patients continue to have dysphasia (swallowing discomfort) and/or neck discomfort including tightness or breathing difficulty many months after their thyroidectomy surgery?
Ng (May 1/11)
Feeling tightness and sensation of dysphagia after thyroidectomy is not uncommon. In some situations, it may last up to one year. I have never encountered situations where further surgery is needed. Almost all patients' symptoms resolved spontaneously. The cause is likely due to scarring and inflammatory changes in the tissues around the thyroid bed. Since it is also in close proximity to the esophagus, some constriction of esophageal muscles at that level can also occur, causing the symptoms of dysphagia.
Rosen (May 1/11)
You appear to be describing postoperative side effects that are not uncommon, which I have ascribed to post op tissue swelling. Unless there has been an injury to nerve, these symptoms are temporary and invariably resolve with time. There is an individual aspect to these symptoms so that some patients seem more distressd than others. Positive reassurance helps the patient overcome these symptoms. They are usually not a long term problem. Indeed thyroidectomy patients usually have a much easier time than most other surgical procedures.
- Should central neck dissections be included with all thyroidectomy surgeries?
Rosen (April 1/11)
Recently the concept of a central neck dissection(CND) has been articulated as an entity and earned discussion as a "new procedure "In actuality I and other experienced surgeons included this maneuver as part of a thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer and looked upon the procedure as standard. I obviously agree with this procedure since it may remove additional malignant material and alert one for enhanced surveillance. I even did further nodal sampling. It is difficult to ascribe a survival benefit for this procedure but that has been an issue with nodal involvement on a historical basis. Some have described increased parathyroid and vocal morbidity with CND but I did not experience this and it is avoidable with appropriate care
Ng (April 1/11)
I agree with prophylactic neck dissection. I also routinely request a detailed preoperative ultrasound of the neck to assess the lymph node status in the central neck compartment. For head and neck surgeons with experience in thyroid surgery and neck dissection, the complication rate is very low. Removal of metastatic lymph nodes allows better control of disease with other treatment modalities such as post surgery radioactive iodine therapy.
- What are the effects of a patient being obese or morbidly obese on thyroidectomy surgery?
Rosen (April 1/10)
While obesity is an adverse factor for the surgical patient, it is less apparent in the patient requiring thyroid or parathyroid surgery in comparison to abdominal surgery in particular. Obesity may have associated problems-such as diabetes, or hypertension-that may complicate surgical care. Obesity may interfere as well with demonstration of anatomical features . However in the main the obesity factor can be well overcome in thyroid procedures. The post op convalescence is benign where post op problems in cough and consequent atelectasis of the lung are really minimized. The obese patient can in contrast to abdominal surgery do well with thyroid surgery but generally it is better to be slim for more than one reason.
Ng (April 1/10)
Obesity will make the surgery more difficult due to the neck position usually. So if the neck is thick and short, and lack of neck extension to allow proper exposure of the neck and the thyroid bed, access will be more difficult. The amount of thyroid tissues removed is the same. If the access if difficult, then the surgery will take longer but surgeons will still make sure the parathyroid glands are preserved. Recovery may be longer due to the fact that obese or morbidly obese individuals are likely to have other medical conditions that delay recovery.
- Can thyroid cancer cells `escape' from the aspirate sample during a Fine Needle Aspiration procedure and be deposited in surrounding tissue?
Ng (Feb 1/10)
The risk of contamination of the field with cancer cells from needle aspirate is nearly non existent. Even so, the likelihood of a new growth due to new deposit is exceedingly low. Needle biopsy is routinely performed and significant secondary deposit has not been demonstrated.
Rosen (Feb 1/10)
The concern for implantation of thyroid cancer cells with FNAB has been a talking point from the very beginning of needle biopsies. That is how thyroid ultrasonoogaphy was initiated by ourselves (at Mt. Sinai). We wished to differentiate solid (possibly cancer) from cysts(always benign) in order to avoid implanting ca. That was fallacious thinking. Cysts can also show cancer. There is much experience to indicate the implantation of cancer by FNAB is not a real concern. In all my experience with about 2000 cases of cancer I cannot recall any patient who showed this problem. Rare cases of implantation have been reported with anaplastic cancer and that has not been numerous. FNAB has led to the early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer which is still the best factor in cure.
- Details about Lymph Nodes
Ng (Feb 1/09)
We know that lymph nodes in the neck help fight infections. How does this process work?
The lymph node is the site where the lymphocytes are gathered. Lymphocytes are white blood cells (there are several types having different functions) that kill bacteria or remove foreign bodies that enter into our body. Lymph nodes (or chains of lymph nodes) are like regional filtration systems that collect and screen the lymphatic fluid that passes through them and help to filter out the offending substances, for example, cancer cells.
Although it seems counterintuitive, some patients report having fewer infections (such as colds and viruses) after having central compartment or modified neck dissections. Is there any explanation for this?
Removing the diseased lymph nodes (cancerous lymph nodes) in the central neck compartment (or other part of the neck) should not affect the body's remaining lymphatic system and therefore should have no impact on the rate of infections.
Others report having "reactive" nodes (nodes that swell up easily). Is there a relationship between the number of neck lymph nodes one has, and the ability to fight respiratory infections and/or have reactive nodes?
There are many thousands of lymph nodes in our body. A normal and healthy individual will have many reactive lymph nodes to fight infection and these lymph nodes will resume their normal state when the infection is over. If a person's immune system is compromised, then the ability to form "reactive lymph nodes" can be compromised but there is no study to correlate the number of reactive lymph nodes on the ability to fight infection.
- Is it okay for thyroid cancer patients to have their necks massaged either with or without known disease?
Ezzat (Oct '09)
There is no reason to believe nor is there direct evidence that massage will affect cancer cell growth.
Cheng (Oct '09)
There is no evidence that deep massage can release cancer cells. Patients with or without thyroid cancer can safely undergo deep massage of the neck if needed for other reasons.
- After a person has had a thyroidectomy surgery, for what period of time should they refrain from doing heavy lifting? How much lifting is allowed?
Ezzat (Sept 1/09)
This depends on whether neck node dissection was or was not performed. In the absence of neck node dissection, most neck muscles are not affected and hence no specific limitations are warranted. In situations where the lymph nodes are dissected and the neck muscles (sternomastoids) are surgically manipulated, then at least 6 weeks of healing should be allowed. The use of blood thinners or other medications may also play a role. Always consult with your surgeon regarding further precautions following your operation.
Rosen (Sept 1/09)
Lifting heavy objects is usually not a question that affects a thyroidectomy patients' thinking as opposed to abdominal surgery or hernia surgery where exertion may be a definite factor in problems with wound healing. This is not the case for thyroidectomy wound healing. Patients defer heavy lifting to a time when they feel their general health and vigor is restored which is usually 3-4 weeks with lots of variation. Lifting heavy objects does not usually include infants. Again wound healing is not so much the issue as opposed to patient's sense of well-being.
- Can after-effects of surgery such as scar tissue, cause dizziness and/or difficulty swallowing? Can this effect be caused by enlarged lymph nodes?
Rosen (Sept 1/08)
I have not encountered nodes or a surgical scar causing dizziness. External Radiation applied to the esophagus can definitely cause scarring which can contract the lumen of the esophagus and be responsible for significant swallowing problems which may require corrective measures. I think the nature of the "scarring" may be varied and operative in symptom explanation.
Ng (Sept 1/08)
Generally, no. However, if the lymph node is significantly enlarged and causes significant compression of the carotid artery, there is a possibility of reduced blood flow to the brain and hence some risk of cerebral ischemia. One would also be concerned about developing a stroke due to lack of blood flow to the brain.
It is rare to see significant scar tissue formation around the carotid and cause compression and dizziness. However, scarring can be significant if the neck is radiated.
Yes, scarring of tissues around the thyroid bed and therefore around the esophagus after surgery is thought to be one of the main reasons for causing symptoms of dysphagia; ie. swallowing difficulty. Generally, scarring can also cause contracture and stiffness of the neck. If there are enlarged lymph nodes and invasion of esophagus, then patients may experience swallowing problems
- Is the healing process of scars following a thyroidectomy incision improved with the use of creams and/or lotions?
Ng (Jan 1/09)
It has been shown that vitamin E cream has some impact on reducing scar and keloid formation. However, conclusive and larger scale studies are still lacking. The formation of keloid or unpleasant scar depends on many factors such as skin type, post surgery infection, ethnic background (eg. more likely to form keloid in darker skin individuals) such that a universal solution to improve scar is difficult.
Is one cream superior to another and if so, why?
There are no conclusive reports to suggest one type of scar management solution is better than the others. Silicon patch and steroid injection seems to have the most consistent and reliable outcome. Meticulous skin incision handling and post operative incision wound care play an important part in having a better scar outcome.
Is the healing dynamic primarily related to processes inherit in individual patients regardless of lotions used, and if so, what are those processes?
Yes. The healing process depends on many factors including peri-operative (e.g. skin incision retraction during the procedure) and post-operative conditions (infection and reaction to suture materials, etc) as well as individual patients' skin types.
- Can One Improve Incision Healing?
Rosen (Dec 1/05)
Referring to thyroidectomy incisions, surgeons are quite aware that the incision is uppermost in patients' minds particularly since the majority of patients are young women.
The incision is usually placed in a normal skin crease and can be 2 to 3 inches long depending on the patient's body build and the size of the thyroid tumour. Usually the incision heals well with difficulty in recognizing scar afterwards depending on the individual. The patient is monitored for good wound healing after. Sutures are removed early on. Sometimes sutures are placed beneath the skin and do not require removal as they dissolve on their own.
Surgeons look at the wounds to detect infection or keloid (overgrowth of the wound) or discoloration.
For infection antibiotics are used.
To facilitate good wound healing, steroid or Vitamin E ointment may be prescribed.
Where a keloid has become established, steroid injections, laser therapy or silicone patches can be prescribed or surgical re section may be required.
Patients vary in their individual ability in wound healing. Patients should avoid irritating their incisions (fingering their incision, overexposing it to the sun light) and accept the fact that incisions improve with time and that improvement again is an individual matter. Makeup can be applied to the healed incision and it is best to discuss this with the surgeon.
Most patients wind up with an excellent cosmetic effect to the point that it is not noticeable. Some work is being done to on surgery through an incision away from the neck or through a scope but this is not standard practice.
(In regards to a specific case, Dr. Rosen said) modified neck dissection varies in extent depending on the extent of nodal involvement requiring appropriate dissection of affected tissue. Being upright facilitates lymphatic drainage and is the usual posture people pursue. After 4 years it is unlikely that there will be a marked difference in facial swelling. As a rule the cosmetic result of a modified radical neck dissection, even where swelling persists, is usually good. It may be less noticeable to others than to you. There should be some comfort in knowing that your neck surgery presumably dealt with significant lymph node metastases from thyroid cancer and that you are well 4 years later with a concern only for facial swelling.
Rosen (Apr 1/06)
Thyroidectomy incision reaction is an individual matter to a great degree. The vast majority do cosmetically well without any assistance. For those who show a problem, time is of great benefit and improvement can continue for years.
Initially I prescribe cortisone ointments particularly if there is some inflammatory look to the incision. I have no objection to Vitamin E ointments. The use of silicone mats available as band aids is also helpful. For keloid incisions kenalog injections into the wound may help and even surgery can be used. Please understand that these are general recommendations and specific problems must be assessed on an individual basis. Dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and the individual's surgeon can provide solutions to wound problems.
- Under what circumstances is a drain required during and after a thyroidectomy surgery?
Rosen (Dec 1/09)
There is a great deal of individual surgeon variation in this practice. Most, including myself, used a drain which presumably: 1) decreases chances of fluids/hematoma collection; need for its aspiration which can lead to infection; gives a better cosmetic result, 2) signals evidence of bleeding and focuses attention to this situation.
The drain is usually removed on the first post-op day if all is well.
Possible side effects of using a drain include: 1) increased patient morbidity in removing it; 2) possible introduction of infection and 3) mechanical problems such as drain loss within wound.
I favoured a fine drain to negative suction which was easily removed on the first post-op day with little patient discomfort
- What factors help a doctor and patient decide whether he/she should have thyroidectomy surgery in cases where the FNAB is inconclusive?
How does one decide on a partial or total under such circumstances?
Rosen (Sept 1/08)
I personally prefer following a patient with repeat FNABs. In lesions over 1cm, a cytology report should be forthcoming. The factors influencing surgery would be to include a) pressure symptoms, b) history of definite radiation to the neck and c) serious patient anxiety. Generally, I favour clinical followup.
Ng (Sept 1/08)
It depends on many factors. If the patient comes from a high risk group, ie history of radiation to the head and neck areas, or family history of thyroid cancer, the patient should seriously consider removing the tumour. If the inconclusive cytology suggests some "abnormal" or "higher risks" features while being inconclusive, the patient should discuss it with the surgeon and consider definitive treatment of surgery. If the patient is low risk group and asymptomatic, repeating the cytology in a regular interval (six months) is not unreasonable as long as it is properly monitored.
Also, if the patient cannot accept the potential general risk of cancer for thyroid nodules (around 5 to 10%) and is having difficulty accepting the fact that they have to repeat the FNA every 12 months, then surgical removal is a good option to alleviate persistent anxiety. Patient must remember that FNA can also be false negative. There is also a risk that cancer develops after FNA even though it is benign. So if the patient has significant anxiety around this issue, removing the tumour is not unreasonable.
For a small single and isolated benign tumour affecting only one lobe of the thyroid, it is safe to consider partial thyroidectomy. However, if there is significant risk of cancer (ie. high risk group) and both lobes have tumour nodules and if it is in the hands of an experienced surgeon who perform many thyroid surgery, total thyroidectomy is a good and recommended option and is safe in most situations. Again, the surgeon should discuss the individual case with the patient to determine what is best for the patient.
- Is there any data to suggest the predictability of FNAB in regards to thyroid cancer?
Ng (June 1/09)
Generally, the accuracy of FNAB is in the range of 70 to 90%. However, when the FNAB indicates cancer, the probability of final cancer diagnosis is very high.
What is the ratio of negative, positive and inconclusive/indeterminate results overall?
Majority of FNAB is likely negative as benign thyroid nodules are common. There is no published data on ratio of negative/positive/inconclusive/indeterminate results. The ratio will vary in different physicians practices or centres where the FNAB is performed.
How often is one result found in FNAB and a conflicting result found in pathology, especially in regards to cancerous vs. benign, or the reverse?
If the cytology result is cancer, the chance of finding malignancy in final pathology is high. Generally, the accuracy rate is in the range of 70 to 90%. Therefore, conflicting results can be found in 10 to 30% of cases.
Are there factors that make the predictability vary from one lab to another, or one clinician to another, or one technique to another?
Common factors that can affect the FNAB results include: performance skill of the physician (e.g. not properly sampling the right nodules; failure to aspirate adequate samples); reading errors/interpretation of the cytological slides in the lab by the cytopathologists.
For example, is there a higher predictability with ultrasound guided needle biopsy?
Ultrasound guided needle biopsy significantly improve localization of nodules and help to identify critical areas within nodules for aspiration. Therefore, ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy is the preferred method when available.
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This content has been marked as final. Show 2 replies
1. Re: "No queries exist.. events will be dropped" for aggregate functionsJunger He-Oracle Jan 9, 2013 6:11 AM (in response to 524393)Hi Miguel,
In OEP every data are typed. As a result you need to specify an event type at downstream to receive the sum(*) data.
And you need to alias to name the result column to the corresponding property name, like sum(*) as eventCount
2. Re: "No queries exist.. events will be dropped" for aggregate functions524393 Jan 10, 2013 4:18 AM (in response to Junger He-Oracle)Thanks! I got it working. I created a new Event.
The strong typing was not clear to me, and, the error message was misleading.


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"How easy is mono to get from brief sexual contact?" — Curious About The Kissing Disease, via email
Mono, short for mononucleosis, is known as "the kissing disease," and is easily transmitted through saliva. So unless you're not making out during sex (who are you, Julia Roberts?), then you're able to get it through sexual contact…even the very brief kind. (FYI, he might want to get that checked out.)
As a matter of fact, I can tell you I've had mono three times. The first two times I got it I hadn't even HAD sex yet, and was not making out with anybody (blame braces and red eyeglasses). I just happened to share a beverage or two with people at some high school parties. If I had known my entire Spring Break would have been ruined that one year, I would have saved my six-pack of Zima for myself. Usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (which is in the herpes family of viruses), you're most likely to get it between the ages of 10-35. Once you're exposed, you might not feel sick for a couple months. When you do, symptoms can include swollen glands and high fever*. It can also make you feel super TIRED. In fact, you can still feel tired for weeks after the virus has run its course. That's because the virus stays with you FOREVER (I'm actually falling asleep as I'm writing this). Even though it stays with you forever, doctors say you stop being contagious after 18 months or sooner.
While technically it's "easy" to get mono from brief sexual contact and kissing, the statistics are that only 50 to 100,000 people get mono (two out of 1,000 for teens and young adults). I rarely win anything…so interpret those odds however you like.
*If you exhibit any of these symptoms, you should have your doctor perform blood tests, as the virus can enlarge your liver or spleen and has to be monitored.


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This C Program Counts the Number of Words in a given text Or Sentence.
Here is source code of the C Program to Count the Number of Words in a given text Or Sentence. The C program is successfully compiled and run on a Linux system. The program output is also shown below.
* C Program to Count Number of Words in a given Text Or Sentence
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
char s[200];
int count = 0, i;
printf("enter the string\n");
scanf("%[^\n]s", s);
for (i = 0;s[i] != '\0';i++)
if (s[i] == ' ')
printf("number of words in given string are: %d\n", count + 1);
$ cc string2.c $ a.out enter the string welcome to sanfoundry's c-programming class! number of words in given string are: 5
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – 1000 C Programs.
Here's the list of Best Reference Books in C Programming, Data-Structures and Algorithms
If you wish to look at programming examples on all topics, go to C Programming Examples.
« Prev Page - C Program To Print Smallest and Biggest possible Word which is Palindrome in a given String


text:
OrionSMG is a secure message gateway for transporting ebXML, SOAP, and custom message formats. It complies with the OASIS ebXML 2.0 specification, and can act in both intermediary and processing MHS roles to provide end-to-end reliable messaging. The program runs natively on Linux, OS X, and Windows with ODBC/PostgreSQL database support.
StreamMonitor is a plugin for GlowWorm FW that organizes and displays incoming and outgoing socket data in a tcpdump-like format. The interface shows the current offset, the data in both hex and ASCII, the direction of the data (incoming or outgoing), packet size, end point IP addresses and port numbers, and more.
IDAutomation TrueType Barcode Font includes easy to install executable files for most TrueType versions of Code 39, Extended Code 39, GS1-128, UPCa, UPCe, EAN, Codabar, Interleaved 2 of 5, Postnet, Planet, MICR E-13B, CMC-7, OCR-A, OCR-B, and OneCode font packages. The bar code installation files also include examples for use in Microsoft Access, Excel, and Word. Both Windows and Macintosh TrueType formats are provided.
Inmersa is a complete and integrated back and front office solution. It uses a Web-based interface to provide ERP, CRM, a Web portal, a store front with a content management system, and portal creation. Among other features, Inmersa delivers sales, purchases, dashboards, scorecards, mail reports, billing, finances, services, self services, user roles, inventory, electronic picking, warehouses, orders, budgets, and delivery notes.
Template Manager, also known as "Tm", is a preprocessor that takes a code template and some data structure definitions, and generates source code for an arbitrary programming language. Thus, Tm lets you have templates in any programming language. The kernel distribution package of Tm contains extensive C templates and a support library that have been tested and used extensively over the past decade. There are also Pascal and Miranda templates.


text:
First, you probably want to get rid of the "global menu", otherwise focus can change as you move your mouse to the top of the screen. Here's how to get the menu back to each window:
$ sudo apt-get autoremove appmenu-gtk appmenu-gtk3 appmenu-qt
$ sudo apt-get autoremove firefox-globalmenu thunderbird-globalmenu
Close and open your applications for their menus to appear in their windows. Thunderbird may be set to hide its menu bar. Right-click in the tab bar in Thunderbird, and select "Menu Bar".
Now you can set window focus to "sloppy". This allows the focus not to be under the mouse in certain circumstances, like when you have switched to the window using Alt-Tab. To do this, you can use gsettings, which will already be installed:
$ gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.wm.preferences focus-mode 'sloppy'
The effect will be immediate.
I gleaned this information from askubuntu.com and howtogeek.com.
[Back To List] |


text:
Beauty buy: Dr. Bronner's green tea magic soap
You can use it to clean your body, hair, mouth and teeth. Or as a laundry detergent. You can use it to clean your house. You can even use it to scrub your vegetables clean. You get the picture…
And now, for the first time in three years, the brand is launching a new soap of the green tea variety.
Why green tea? Well it contains more antioxidant properties than vitamin A, C and E combined and has been used to fight blemishes, breakouts and reduce redness whilst soothing any irritation for years.
The soap (available as a bar or liquid) is Fairtrade and made with organic oils and natural green tea extracts.
All the soaps in the range are free from synthetic foaming agents and other harsh chemicals. To top it off, they donate between 30-70% of profit to charity every year. Aww!
Dr. Bronners green tea magic soap
RRP: £5.49 per236ml
Available from Lucy Rose


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Adirondack Open
Saturday, April 20, 2013 at Cadyville Recreation Park in Plattsburgh, New York
C-tier · PDGA sanctioned singles tournament
C-tier · PDGA sanctioned singles tournament
About this tournament
|« Prev
|Next »
Vinnie Samolis March 19, 2013 at 5:48pm
Tournament on 4/20 hmmmm awesome
Michael Delisle Jr March 19, 2013 at 8:27pm
Are you going to play? Warm up for Battle of Saratoga the following week.
Vinnie Samolis April 1, 2013 at 10:49am
yea i plan on it.. cant wait


text:
House Rules
Please present your ID card, Passport or Temporary Residence Card upon Check-in. The guest will be held responsible for any loss or damage to the hotel property caused by themselves, their guests or any person for whom they are responsible. The tariff is for the room only and is exclusive of any government taxes applicable Meals and other services are available at extra cost. When you Exit, the Check-out time should be same as the Check-in. Any Extra hours will be calculated as one more day.
Luxury SuiteOur Suite easily accommodate an elegant, Four-person Dining area and provide a spacious living room for relaxing in comfort. It makes for a wonderful home away from home, as every possible necessity has been anticipated. This suite includes a attached Restroom and you can Relax your senses in our Jacuzzi Bathtub. Our Balcony gives a Bird's eye View of this place. Each of the 2 Master Bedroom has one King size bed.
Deluxe RoomsThe Amenities in these Rooms include a Lounge with LCD TV, 2 Seater Sofa and Centre Table, 2 Seater dining area, king-size bedroom and en-suite bathroom. The Attached Bath has a Steaming hot Bathtub.
Economy RoomThis Room Presents a Double Bed cot with attached Bath, a CRT TV with 2 seater sofa and a Centre Table
Not Rated Yet!
If you booked your hotel as an advanced purchase then Canceling
your hotel reservation will not be as easy, You will have no cancellation fee up to one Month before the check in date. Free Cancellation" can also mean that the booking site doesn't charge you a cancellation fee but the hotel will. If you cancel 85% of your Charge will be Refunded.


text:
Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
The time willingly given by staff to explain regional menu/customs.
There was no internet access in the hotel, which is quite amacing! No air condition on the rooms. The swiming pool was free to use in morning , but we had to pay for the use of it in the evening
Large modern room, well eqipped. Staff very friendly and helpful, especially at reception. Heated swimming pool all for ourselves, good selection of bikes. No tea/coffee making facility in room. tv programs not as indicated in description, no beautician available on either day of stay.
Friendly staff, offered choice of room. convientant stay for visiting family. Very helpful where car parking was concerned
A most comfortable, traditional hotel with a superb breakfast. The adjacent pub/restaurant (not under the hotel management) provides an expansive evening menu in congenial surroundings.
Hotel was really nice, staff very helpful, enjoyed my stay, would use this hotel again.
Very pleasant hotel,friendly staff and everything clean and well maintained.


text:
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BioCitrate Magnesium Description from Solaray
BioCitrate Magnesium is a specially chelated form of Magnesium using citric acid. Minerals bonded with citric acid are specifically formulated for people with low stomach acid and are intended to improve mineral bioavailability. Magnesium participates in numerous enzymatic reactions in the body and is intended to provide nutritive support for normal, healthy heart, muscle, nerve and circulatory function.
Other Ingredients: Vegetable Cellulose Capsule, Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate, Watercress Leaf, Dandelion Root, Alfalfa Leaf and Parsley Leaf.
Manufacturer's Directions
As a dietary supplement, take 3 capsules daily, preferably with a meal.
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Balance Bar Balance Bar Chocolate Craze 6 bars
Our Price $6.99
Garden Of Life Raw CoQ10 60 vcaps
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BodyStrong Zinc Magnesium Aspartate 90 caps
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Body First Green Tea Extract (400mg) 100 caps
Our Price $5.39


text:
Vince St. Cyr
Against a Crooked Sky
After a hostile Indian tribe kidnaps his sister, young Sam Sutter (Stewart Petersen) sets out to find her. He enlists the help of a rough-and-ready trapper named Russian (Richard Boone) to aid in the rescue. But when the tribe, led by the ruthless Temkai (Geoffrey Land), closes in on our heroes, Sam must undergo the ancient trial of "Crooked Sky" to save his captive sister in this rousing Western, a loose remake of John Ford's The Searchers.


text:
NOTE: Internet Banking Users your Access ID is now called Username. Please visit our frequently asked questions for more information on our enhanced Internet Banking.
FAQ For Our Updated Internet Banking
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text:
Lev's Pawn1-3446 E.Main st.
Lev's Pawn2-216 E.Main st.
Lev's Pawn3-1975 Morse rd.
Lev's Pawn4-1275 Parsons av.
Lev's Pawn5-1900 Parsons av.
Lev's Pawn6-1005 W.Broad st.
Lev's Pawn7-999 W.Broad st.
Lev's Pawn8-2404 W.Broad st.
Lev's Pawn9-785 E.Hudson st.
Lev's Pawn10-1174 W.Fifth av.
Lev's Pawn11-2463 Cleveland av.
Lancaster, OH.
Lev's Pawn12-125 W.Main st.
Dayton, OH.
Lev's Pawn13-3551 Salem av.
Fairborn, OH.
Lev's Pawn14-65 S.Broad st.
Huntington, IN.
Lev's Pawn15-N.Jefferson st.
Ft. Wayne, IN.
Lev's Pawn16-1408 N.Wells st.
Ft. Wayne, IN.
Lev's Pawn17-3218 S.Clinton st.
Pawn Shop
Lev's Pawn Shops have been around for a long time. They specialize in buying, selling, and trading used merchandise.They typically get the merchandise when someone needs a loan and sells the item to the pawn shop.
We sell a wide variety of previously-owned merchandise at reasonable prices. Our large inventory, represented by the categories on this site.
Whether you are a local or a visitor, stop by any of our 17 convenient locations and discover for yourself why we have such happy customers.
We are open 8 HOURS A DAY
. .If you are looking for in pre-owned merchandise or need a FAST CASH LOAN, we can help you! Please follow our links to our stores and specials. See for yourself that the Lev's Pawn Shops in Columbus Ohio have GREAT DEALS! And don't be afraid to ask questions - we are here to serve YOU!
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Abiodun Alao eBooks
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Nigeria and the USA Twists and Turns through Five Decades
Abiodun Alao & Shola J. Omoregie
AMV Publishing Services, March 2014
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Home Security San Leandro CA
Home Security San Leandro CA – Home Alarm Systems San Leandro
For security you can count on ADT for your home alarm system and home monitoring. Get an ADT monitored home security system for your home or business today. To help protect your home think about investing in an ADT monitored home security system. Call today for a free security review of your house and convenient credit plans. Speak with us about an ADT Home Alarm today and find out how easy protecting your loved ones can be. ADT currently protects 90% of all Fortune 500 companies, every federal courthouse and even the White House. Let us help you find the right security system in your town to compliment your new home move. Deals on equipment and low monthly fees make ADT home and commercial monitored security systems a great bargain. Residential and commercial customers can get great deals when they switch from competitors.
Customer Monitoring Centers are operated with trained security experts who monitor your home or business 24 hours every day. Enjoy increased peace of mind knowing your ADT Security System is installed in your home. Home Security San Leandro CA – ADT monitors your home 24 hours per day to offer assistance for almost any emergency. Your property is protected with a high decibel alarm siren and movement sensors so ADT can inform authorities. The ADT dispatcher will be able to hear activity in your home, even if you're up to 75 feet away from the control panel. Two way voice is crucial since over half of deaths happen right in the home. ADT may save up to 20% on your homeowners insurance. In the event of an emergency, your system transmits a signal to the nearest Customer Monitoring Center.
Home Security Systems in San Leandro, CA – Home Alarms San Leandro California
Educate your neighborhood friends, the ideal line of defense is a strong offense. ADT Monitored Security Systems have more than 6,000 expert installers, you can be certain that your service will be installed fast. Home Security Protection – Fire/Smoke Protection and Alarms – Health Emergency Alert Protection. Get in touch with ADT and help secure those who matter most to you. Perimeter protection senses a breach in security and motion detectors warn that someone is inside the house. Infrared heat motion detectors and wireless door detectors make it for a complete system that you can't just build by yourself. ADT Monitored Home Security System offers Excellent Local Service and Outstanding Fast Local Support. Even in the safest communities, your family and possessions are at risk.
The High-Decibel Alarm is loud enough to alert both you and a potential intruder. Take a good look at home security providers and deals. Choose the devices and systems that will work best for you ADT 24/7 monitoring. ADT monitored systems let you control your system via a central control panel and gives you access to emergency response. To truly protect your property from burglars and other dangers, look into security systems. ADT's 24/7 monitoring service can help keep you and your family safer today. If you are looking for the best deals on home security monitoring, as well as great equipment, read on. For about $1 a day you can get the basic monitoring package. For only a few dollars more ADT's most popular monitoring package featuring two-way voice take a look at our services. ADT monitored home security equipment is easy to operate, especially with the wireless keychain remote. With the two-way voice system, you get hands-free control.
Proper signage is a strong deterrent as ADT security systems mean fully-monitored. Homeowners need a security solution that allows them to keep their property safe without feeling trapped. ADT has been in business since 1874 drawing on over 130 years of continuous innovation. 24/7 Customer monitoring with the Always There network. Home Security Systems San Leandro CA – A Theft Protection Guarantees is incorporated with every ADT Monitored System. ADT has fast alarm response compared to all of the competing alarm providers in the country. You feel better knowing your loved ones and possessions are protected from theft and fire using ADT. Find out how affordable and easy it is to get an ADT Monitored Home Alarm System installed in your home.


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A fender that mounts to your dock! This innovative fender combines the protection of an inflatable fender with the convenience of a permanently mounted dock bumper. From Overton's.
Click on the logo below for a preview.
Dockmate Dock Fender, 3-pack
Stainless-steel hardware included
Inflates with a standard sports needle
6" W x 16" H
Click on the product image above for more information.
Dockmate Dock Fender, 3-pack - Preview


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Primary Care
A Primary Care provider that's there when you need them, and puts your best interests first — that's exactly what you can expect from a Silverton Health provider. Your Primary Care provider leads your care, and calls on a team of specialists when their expertise is desired.
It's like this:
If your health was a race car, you would be the driver — and your primary care provider would be the pit boss. She or he would call the shots every time you pulled over for a check up, connecting you with the appropriate person on your crew to tend to whatever is troubling you. Your pit crew would include specialists for every part of you that might need fixing up — maybe an orthopedist or a nutritionist.
And even when you're circling the track and feeling fine, the pit boss is there to remind you about upcoming tune-ups, like blood pressure checks or colonoscopies.
All of our Woodburn clinics are recognized Patient Centered Primary Care Homes by the Oregon Health Authority. It's a model that our patients and providers have embraced and it's leading the way to healthier communities. Benefits include:
- Access to your care team, even after hours
- All the care, information and services you need to stay healthy
- A primary care provider that gets to know you
- Team approach to keeping you well
- Care delivered with respect to your cultural background and in your preferred language
Many of our over 35 Primary Care providers are accepting new patients. Find the right provider for you »
Family Medicine
Imagine having a provider of your own — someone who gets to know you, your lifestyle, your medical history, and your family. A provider that listens to your concerns, and shows genuine interest in your health and wellbeing. At Silverton Health, providers like that are a reality.
Our Family Medicine providers get to know your whole family, their lifestyles and any history of illness that runs through the generations. It's this personal connection that helps them provide the most effective care to each individual, treating their specific needs with care and confidentiality.
Internal Medicine
Life long care is a bit of a mantra for Silverton Health providers. Every one of us is committed to the long-term health and wellness of our patients – and an ongoing relationship between patient and care provider is a vital component.
Internal Medicine care providers, or Internists, can serve as primary care providers, but they can also help treat complex conditions and chronic disease states. This keeps the strong patient-provider relationship in tact, should long-term or specialist care be needed.
After-Hours Care
The thing about unexpected health issues is... they're unexpected. When you need treatment and your regular doctor is unavailable, Legacy Urgent Care – Woodburn is a convenient alternative. Under the medical direction of our doctors, our Urgent Care center offers medical care for common symptoms and minor injuries without an appointment. Even if you don't have a doctor, we're here to help.
- Sore throats
- Nasal congestion
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Minor cuts and lacerations
- Rashes
- Sprained ankles
- Common fractures
- Back strains
- Migraine headaches
- Ear infections
- Coughs
- Eye infections
- Knee pain
In an emergency, dial 9-1-1.


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the IANA charset list is nicely refurbished, updated, and now lists SCSU. See below.
-------- Original Message --------
From: "IANA" <email@example.com>
Subject: Character Set registration
To: <email@example.com>
Dear Markus,
We sincerely apologize for the delay. We have registered the
following character set with you as the point of contact:
Name: SCSU
MIBenum: 1011
Please see the following file for the full registrations:
Thank you for your patience,
Michelle Schipper
IANA Administrator
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.2 : Tue Jul 10 2001 - 17:21:13 EDT


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I read this article on The Register with interest this weekend. It seems that the latest version of AVG anti-virus has implemented a "feature" that clicks links on Web pages for you, scanning the resulting pages for malware. In theory this might be considered a good idea. In practice it's a terrible idea. The concept is that by clicking all those links for you (and apparently they're limited to search results, but who really knows?), AVG can better protect the user from malware-laden links. The obvious problem is that AVG uses standard browser identification strings to do this, so each click is indistinguishable from an actual user click. Thus, when using AVG 8, you litter logfiles with fake clicks, and cause bandwidth utilization to rise on sites that you aren't even visiting. Website statistics become relatively useless since they're not accurately showing user actions, and perhaps more importantly, it may be that using this tool and visiting your own site can cause clicks on your own Google ads, unbeknownst to you. Further, other users that visit your sites may be clicking on all the ads as well, even though they're not actually clicking them.
I can't yet verify that this is true, however, and AVG has apparently announced that they will stop this practice, but there are millions of installations of AVG out there that will continue performing this operation until they're updated. There may be other applications out there doing the same thing, but with a smaller install base and thus haven't received attention.
If you've been following my Google AdSense account suspension saga, you know that I have no idea why my account was disabled, since I never violated any of their rules. They won't tell me what their reasoning was behind the account suspension, nor will they disclose any information about it whatsoever.
My guess is that my account was suspended for fraudulent clicks. Presumably, that would be a person clicking their own ads to drive up their AdSense revenue. But with "features" like this example in AVG, it seems that no user intervention is required to click those ads. In fact, the user never knows it's happening. If tools like this are clicking every link and supplying a valid browser ID string, Google's AdWords model goes out the window, as there's no way to accurately determine a user-generated click versus an automated click. Thus, advertisers are paying for clicks that never reach the user, and it's entirely possible that AdSense accounts will be disabled even though the owner of that account has nothing to do with it.
I'm trying to figure out if there's a moral to this story, but I'm coming up short. Maybe "Damned if you do, damned if you don't".


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Marko Petrovic, the younger 27-yr-outdated Serb, managed to peel her creativeness the figure of the future Ferrari. titled Ferrari Millenio Concept , disabled predicate Transportation Design and style Master of Domus Academy, Milan, Italy, Ferrari wants to make it as environmentally friendly auto quickly.
According to Marko Petrovic, the layout will appear as Ferrari Millenio Principle supercar that carries an electric motor. With the cooking area runway, Marko Petrovic believe, Ferrari Millenio Concept will make zero-emission, the planet requirements to adjust in the foreseeable future.
Marko Petrovic, who was also sketching BMW motorcycle style Ghost, said reaching inspiration from Ferrari Globe in Abu Dhabi. Although the shape of the physique front to the rear is an implementation of a collection of types that have been owned Ferrari supercar.
Even so, Marko Petrovic has instilled some new components that Ferrari Millenio Principle seem more futuristic. Carrying two electrical motors, this Ferarri supercar is created only has two seats.
Ferrari Millenio Notion also mentioned will be significantly lighter and more powerful than Ferrari designs at this time. This happens following he would make the exterior of sophisticated resources these as sheets made of carbon nanotubes. With that materials, Ferrari Millenio Concept will be 10 times lighter and much more strong 500 times stronger than metal.
"Ferrari wants to keep its philosophy as the very best and fastest car maker in the entire world," stated Marko Petrovic . "Because the velocity will be extremely dominant in the long term."
[highlight1] Data [/highlight1]
Name: Ferrari Millenio Concept
Type: Automotive, Concept Car
Colour: Red
Year: 2011
[highlight1] The people [/highlight1]
Product Designer: Marko Petrovic
Manufacturer: Ferrari
Text Description: © Courtesy of automotivecar.us
Images: © Marko Petrovic, Ferrari


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Dear Friends:
The Livable City Initiative hosted open houses at eight properties throughout the city today, working to quickly identify responsible owners for the homes acquired by the City in anti-blight and tax foreclosures. The available properties include 129 Clay Street and 55 Dickerman Street, acquired by the City in the first ever anti-blight foreclosures since state legislation enabled the practice in 2009.
With the passage of the Anti-Blight Ordinance in 2009, the City gained the ability to fine nonresponsive property owners up to $100 a day. In addition, the City gained the right to perform necessary maintenance work, bill the property owner, and place a lien on the property. Prior to 2009, the City had been able to fine owners for building code violations, but had limited remedies in cases of serious blight.
The City does not take foreclosure lightly, but when an owner neglects a property and allows it to stand vacant, everyone in the neighborhood suffers. Both 55 Dickerman and 129 Clay had been left vacant for years, and had attracted squatters and pests. Both properties had deteriorated significantly due to years of neglect. Fortunately, responsible residents have stepped forward and expressed interest in the properties. I am hopeful that both properties will soon once again serve as safe and affordable homes for New Haven families.
For more information about the surplus property sale and the available properties, click here.
Community Boathouse Public Preview
Join the New Haven City Plan Department, project designers and architects at the New Haven Free Public Library this Thursday as they present the final design for a community boathouse to be constructed adjacent to the Long Wharf Pier. Come learn about the project plans, schedule, and programming for the largest public waterfront development undertaken by the City in decades. The public preview meeting will begin at 6:30 p.m. this Thursday, July 12 at the New Haven Free Public Library at 113 Elm Street.
The Community Boathouse is a federally funded project, intended to mitigate the loss of the historic Yale Boathouse demolished to make way for the I-95 New Haven Harbor Crossing Corridor Improvement Program. Currently, much of New Haven's extensive waterfront property is devoted to maritime industry such as shipping operations and tank farms. None of these areas, however, are large enough or well-equipped to support active water-dependent recreation activities or education opportunities.
The Canal Dock project will provide a waterfront park, marina, and gathering place, incorporating the waterfront into the identity of the City in a way that has been prevented for decades by many varieties of transportation infrastructure. Under the current proposal, elements of the historic boathouse will be prominently featured in the design of the Canal Dock Boathouse, helping the building's otherwise-modern design to fit in with the historical context of the region.
The public preview meeting will begin at 6:30 p.m. this Thursday, July 12 at the New Haven Free Public Library at 113 Elm Street. For more information contact Joshua Penny of the City Plan Department at email@example.com or 203-946-2964.
Music on the Green to Feature Mayer Hawthorne and Shontelle
The International Festival of Arts and Ideas was a huge success last month, but summer fun in New Haven is only just getting started. Music on the Green returns this year with the support of Yale-New Haven Hospital, featuring Mayer Hawthorne and Shontelle. The free concerts will be held on the New Haven Green on Saturday, July 21 and July 28. Concerts begin at 6 p.m. with opening acts, followed by the headliner at 7:30 p.m.
Mayer Hawthorne's unique musical style will take center stage on July 21. Concert goers will experience Hawthorne's classic Motown sound that provided the blueprint for his self-produced independent debut, A Strange Arrangement, along with his latest release, How Do You Do, which is reminiscent of late 1960s California pop and the best work from the likes of Steely Dan and Chicago. Opening for Hawthorne is New Haven native Seth Adam.
On Saturday, July 28, R&B singer/songwriter Shontelle will bring the Elm City a performance of her popular hits, including "T-Shirt," "Perfect Nightmare" and "Impossible." Shontelle is the latest successful recording artist out of the exploding music scene of Barbados. Like Rihanna before her, Shontelle's unique songwriting skills may ultimately end up making her one of the biggest success stories from the West Indian nation. Shontelle has toured as a supporting act for New Kids on the Block's U.K. leg and the opening act for a portion of Beyonce's I Am... tour.
Free Tomatoes
Fairicelli Florist, Nursery and Greenhouse at 420 Forest Road in West Haven is donating tomato plants to New Haven residents and community gardeners. The flats of tomatoes are ready to plant and some already have tomatoes growing. Rich Fairicelli of Fairicelli Florist will offer care instructions to interested gardeners. Visit their greenhouse in West Haven to learn more.
Contact Name: Elizabeth Benton
Contact Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact Phone: 203-946-8200


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Listen to free music played by kerrsmith2306
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station and start listening to @kerrsmith2306.
kerrsmith2306 And a fitting song to the pic just posted: Goodnight Moon by Shivaree. Enjoy.
Good night moon – Shivaree| play
Jun 1, 2010 at 11:14 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
kerrsmith2306 And last but certainly not least an all time favourite of mine... Barbra Streisand – The Way We Were
Barbra Streisand – The Way We Were| play
kerrsmith2306 Lovely Kristin Chenoweth singing "For Good" from Wicked.
kerrsmith2306 Billy Joel – Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel) ... also very fitting after sad news like these. Just glad I was able to talk 2 her prior.
Billy Joel – Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)| play
kerrsmith2306 Switching to contemporary music for now: This is @joshgroban ~ "To Where You Are" ... comforting *sniff*
kerrsmith2306 Suite Gothique, Op. 25, Prière à, Notre-Dame by Leon Boellmann... the video is very nice, too.
May 31, 2010 at 7:49 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
kerrsmith2306 Panis Angelicus by Cesar Franck ... angelic voices these kids.
The Choirboys – Panis Angelicus| play
kerrsmith2306 "Adagio" as composed by Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni. Interesting how many of these are well known from movies.
kerrsmith2306 Another classic classical piece: Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, Op. 46, "Death Of Ase" by Edvard Grieg
Edvard Grieg – Death of Ase| play
May 31, 2010 at 7:19 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
kerrsmith2306 The Lark Ascending by Ralph Vaughan Williams ... beautiful.
kerrsmith2306 Ravel's Pavane pour une infante defunte coming up next...
kerrsmith2306 And this would be Pavane, Op. 50 by Gabriel Faure.
Various – Gabriel Faure: Pavane, OP. 50| play
kerrsmith2306 Continuing with a true classic: Moonlight Sonata, 1st Movement – Beethoven
Moonlight Sonata, 1st Movement – Beethoven| play
May 31, 2010 at 6:34 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
kerrsmith2306 Prelude No. 15 (The "Raindrop") by Chopin... again very fitting for tonights nostalgic mood. :(
kerrsmith2306 Also very fitting for tonight: Erik Satie's Trois Gymnopedies
Erik Satie – Trois Gymnopedies 1| play
kerrsmith2306 Schuberts Ave Maria as you might remember it from "Fantasia"...
May 31, 2010 at 5:56 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
kerrsmith2306 Claire De Lune by Debussy... let's keep remembering.
Philadelphia Orchestra – Claire de Lune| play
kerrsmith2306 In mourning... Classical music helps. This is Air by J.S. Bach
kerrsmith2306 One of my favourite songs of 2009: Black Eyed Peas – I Gotta Feeling
Black Eyed Peas – I Gotta Feeling| play
kerrsmith2306 RIP Brittany Murphy. In memoriam here's "She" by Elvis Costello. #musicmonday