text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 17, 2008
|Filing date
|May 21, 2001
|Priority date
|Dec 15, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Huai-Rong Shao, Wenwu Zhu, Ya-Qin Zhang
|Original Assignee
|Microsoft Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (42), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (25), Classifications (32), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This patent is a continuation-in-part (CIP) to a co-pending U.S. patent application, for inventors Huai-Rong Shao and Ya-Qin Zhang, entitled "User And Content Aware Object-based Data Stream Transmission Methods And Arrangements", Ser. No. 09/464,671, filed on Dec. 15, 1999. Priority to this parent/co-pending patent application is hereby claimed. This parent/co-pending patent application is also, hereby, incorporated by reference, and for all purposes.
The present invention relates generally to data communications, and more particularly to improved methods and arrangements that employ novel differentiation techniques for adaptive multimedia unicast and multicast communications.
Just as the speed of computers and networks have increased dramatically over the past few years, so too have the number and variety of networked multimedia applications proliferated rapidly. Unfortunately, conventional Internet Protocol (IP) networks usually only offer a so-called best effort (BE) service to communicating devices. This BE service does not make any service quality commitments. However, most multimedia applications are delay/loss sensitive. As such, these multimedia applications/devices would benefit from what is commonly known as Quality of Service (QoS) support/guarantees from the interconnecting network(s).
Consequently, the current Internet is becoming increasingly inadequate to support the service demand from such multimedia applications/devices, such as, for example, multimedia streaming applications/devices.
To support QoS in the Internet, the governing Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which is the main standards organization for the Internet, has defined two architectures that are expected to be implemented in the future, namely an Integrated Services or Intserv, and a Differentiated Services or DiffServ.
The integrated services model basically provides per-flow QoS guarantees. Here, a Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) was suggested for resource admission control and resource allocation. However, it is very complicated for conventional backbone routers in the network(s) to maintain the current states of thousands or more communication flows (e.g., streaming media packets).
On the other hand, the differentiated services model gives a class-based solution to support a relative QoS. Essentially, in differentiated services, packets can be divided into different QoS classes and forwarded at different priorities. The QoS class of each packet is specified in IPv4 by the Type of Service (TOS) byte or in IPv6 by a Traffic Class (TC) byte. Being highly scalable and relatively simple, the differentiated services model may come to dominate the backbone of the next generation(s) of the Internet.
Scalable coding (e.g., temporary, special and/or quality scalability) for different kinds of media has become one of the more important trends as of recent in the multimedia compression area, both in industry and academia. Many scalable coding methods have been suggested, such as, for example, layered coding, fine granularity scalability, embedded coding, and wavelet coding, to name a few. Scalable coding methods are very useful for multimedia transmission due to the network bandwidth fluctuation.
As the technology of the Internet and other like networks continues to grow there is a need for improved methods and arrangements that can effectively take advantage of the planned services and/or other coding schemes to provide an improved multimedia communication environment.
The present invention provides improved methods and arrangements that take full advantage of these new and/or other like future services, suitable for the Internet and other like networks, to provide an improved multimedia communication environment.
In accordance with certain aspects of the present invention, the improved methods and arrangements implement differentiation techniques for adaptive multimedia unicast and multicast communications over heterogeneous user- and network-environments.
These methods and arrangements can, for example, provide differentiation functionality within one network session as well as among different network sessions. For example, using differentiation capabilities within one network session, it is possible to implement an adaptive transmission environment for multimedia communications using scalable coding technology.
Further, in accordance with certain other aspects of the present invention, improved methods and arrangements implement application-aware intelligent resource controls, for example, at or near the edge of a network to coordinate limited resources among competing users and applications. In accord with the concept of application-awareness, a network will thus be able to implement resource management and control in a more efficient and intelligent manner.
In accordance with certain aspects of the present invention, the improved methods and arrangements include the use of a multimedia processing agent (MPA) at potential bottleneck regions in a network to implement packet-level fast transcoding and related signaling.
In accordance with still other aspects of the present invention, a dynamic class mapping policy and associated bit rate control and adaptation mechanism are provided, which selectively drop packets to minimize end-to-end quality distortions.
In accordance with additional aspects of present invention, scalable compressed multimedia communication techniques are provided, which take advantage of differentiated services within a heterogeneous network and user environment.
In accordance with certain further aspects of the present invention, techniques are introduced that implement rate controls without having to reassemble packets and repacketize the bitstream.
A more complete understanding of the various methods and arrangements of the present invention may be had by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
Turning to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, the invention is illustrated as being implemented in a suitable computing environment. Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
Exemplary computing environment 120 is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the improved methods and arrangements described herein. Neither should computing environment 120 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in computing environment 120.
The improved methods and arrangements herein are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, thin clients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
As shown in
Bus 136 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.
Computer 130 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer 130, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
Computer 130 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media. For example,
The drives and associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer 130. Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk 148 and a removable optical disk 152, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROM), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment.
A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk 148, optical disk 152, ROM 138, or RAM 140, including, e.g., an operating system 158, one or more application programs 160, other program modules 162, and program data 164.
The improved methods and arrangements described herein may be implemented within operating system 158, one or more application programs 160, other program modules 162, and/or program data 164.
A user may provide commands and information into computer 130 through input devices such as keyboard 166 and pointing device 168 (such as a "mouse"). Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, serial port, scanner, camera, etc. These and other input devices are connected to the processing unit 132 through a user input interface 170 that is coupled to bus 136, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port, or a universal serial bus (USB).
A monitor 172 or other type of display device is also connected to bus 136 via an interface, such as a video adapter 174. In addition to monitor 172, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers, which may be connected through output peripheral interface 175.
Computer 130 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 182. Remote computer 182 may include many or all of the elements and features described herein relative to computer 130.
Logical connections shown in
When used in a LAN networking environment, computer 130 is connected to LAN 177 via network interface or adapter 186. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer typically includes a modem 178 or other means for establishing communications over WAN 179. Modem 178, which may be internal or external, may be connected to system bus 136 via the user input interface 170 or other appropriate mechanism.
Depicted in
In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to computer 130, or portions thereof, may be stored in a remote memory storage device. Thus, e.g., as depicted in
The following numbered sections focus on certain exemplary implementations of the present invention, which are more directly associated with data communications using the above computer and/or other like devices/appliances.
1. Framework of User-Aware Object-Based Video Transmission Over a Differentiated Services Network
In this example, framework architecture 200 includes two host devices, namely computer 130 and remote computer 182, which are interconnected via a plurality of networks 180 a-e. Here, networks 180 a and 180 e are access networks, and networks 180 b-d are domain-based networks, which are part of a backbone network 220. Edge routers 202 are operatively provided at or near the edge (e.g., input and/or output) of networks 180 a-e. Additionally, a core router/switch 204 is depicted within networks 180 b-d as connecting the edge routers 202 therein. Edge routers 202 depicted in networks 180 a and 180 e are each further operatively coupled to a different application-aware resource controller (ARC) 206. The underlying functionality of an ARC 206 may be provided within the edge routers 202 of networks 180 a and 180 e, or may be provided, as shown in this example, via one or more separate devices, as represented by the drawn box. One or more media processing agents (MPAs) are provided where a potential bottleneck may occur, such as, e.g., region 210. Thus, as depicted, an MPA 208 is operatively coupled to an edge router 202 in network 180 c.
In this example, framework architecture 200 combines differentiated services (DiffServ) and Integrated services (IntServ). Thus, for example, per-conversion admission control using RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) is supported at the edge of the networks but aggregate traffic handling is implemented within the backbone. In architecture 200, although signaling messages traverse the networks end-to-end, they are processed only in the hosts and in the router that is appointed as admission control agent for a routed network.
The core router/switch 204 in each of the routed networks 180 b-d apply aggregate traffic handling and do not process signaling messages. This model of per-conversation signaling at the edge of the network (e.g., at edge routers 202) and aggregate traffic handling in the core (e.g., core routers/switches 204), yields a reasonable tradeoff between complexity and efficiency.
MPA 208, which may be a component in a router or gateway or a server attached to a router, for example, is responsible for adapting the stream rate to the network's state.
ARC 206 has the responsibility of handling application-based signaling according to an application-aware resource control policy, rather than per-flow signaling. Therefore, the traffic overload of signaling is significantly reduced in framework 200.
1.1 Differentiation Functionality within One Network Session
Previous works on multimedia communications have typically only considered how to differentiate media streams, i.e., different packets in one network session have the same communication characteristics. Accordingly, information with different transmission requirements needs to be transported by different network sessions. For example, in layered coding and transmission, multiple independent communication channels are required for different layers.
At least two problems arise due to these proposed multiple channel approaches. The first problem is related to the synchronization between channels and the network state maintenance. More particularly, for complex multimedia applications such as MPEG-4 programs, there are commonly multiple objects of the same media or different media. When these objects have different QoS requirements, each object is served by an individual network session or even several sessions in the case of multiple layers. This makes it increasingly complicated for the end-system and interconnecting networks to maintain so many sessions for one application. However, if differential marking within a flow is supported, then the layers that belong to the same object or different objects can be multiplexed into one network session. While one may argue that marking packets differently within a session can cause packet miss-ordering problems, it is noted that the multiple session approaches lead to the same potential problems. Moreover, in fact, whether differentiation within one flow can bring miss-ordering problems is decided by the mechanism of buffer and queuing management. If differentiation within a flow is implemented using one queue, the packets within one flow should maintain the correct order upon arriving at the destination. To support the new differentiation functionality, a minimal extension needs to be made on the protocol stack of the end-system for hosts 130, 182 and/or ARC 208.
By default, packets are marked based on a mapping from the service type associated with a flow. Traditionally, all packets within one flow would have the same marking value.
Breaking with tradition, the methods and arrangements provided herein present a new marker mapping mechanism in the host protocol stack to support differentiation within one flow. A multiple queue mechanism is introduced at the end-system, wherein each queue is configured to buffer packets with a particular priority class. Thus, for example, when an IP header is added at IP layer 306, the priority is mapped to the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) byte therein.
1.2 Application-Aware Intelligent Resource Control and Management
ARC 206 is, in its most basic sense, a logical entity. As such, for example, ARC 206 can be implemented as a functional part of a proxy server or an edge router 202, or an independent sever between an access network 180 a,e and the backbone network (e.g., networks 180 b-d combined).
Traditional admission control mechanisms do not usually consider the semantic relationship among different flows within one application. On the contrary, ARC 206 uses control messages to interact with the server and receivers, and dynamically allocate resources to different applications and different flows according to network state and/or user preferences. Hence, when faced with limited network bandwidth, ARC 206 can allocate more of the available bandwidth to an object requiring better perceptual visual quality by a receiver than other objects, for example, as selected by the user in mouse clicking, etc. on the object.
In accordance with certain exemplary implementations of the present invention, ARC 206 can be configured to provide all or part of the following capabilities:
With this in mind, an exemplary ARC 206 uses an adaptive transmission scheme as described in numbered section 3 below to adapt the flow rate to a network state and/or user requirements.
Signaling messages (e.g., RSVP messages) traverse the network from end to end, they are processed only in the hosts (130, 182), in MPA 208 and in ARCs 206 for the routed network. Core routers/switches 204 within routed networks apply aggregate traffic handling and do not process signaling messages. In framework architecture 200, ARCs 206 are responsible for the application based signaling according to the application-aware resource control, not per-flow signaling. Thus, the traffic overload of signaling is significantly reduced.
1.3 Multimedia Processing Agent (MPA)
MPA 208 is configured to take advantage of a scalable transmission scheme, for example, as described in subsequent sections, to adapt the stream rate to network state and user requirements. MPA 208 can, for example, be a component in a router, gateway, a server attached to a router, etc. This solution allows MPA 208 to be advantageously/strategically placed on the node(s) that connect to known or potential network bottlenecks. There can be multiple MPAs along the path from a server host to a client host. By introducing the concept of a multimedia processing agent between a server host and heterogeneous client hosts, this scheme can adapt the bandwidth of each client host to its capacity. Therefore, each user can obtain the maximum bandwidth rather than the minimum one as in a traditional multicast.
In accordance with certain exemplary implementations of the present invention, MPA 208 can be configured to provide all or part of the following capabilities:
As depicted, in this example end-system architecture 400 includes a video source 400 that is configured to provide a raw or like video data to a segmentor 404. Segmentor 404 outputs video object(s) (VOs) as segmented from the received video data to one or more VO encoders (1, 2, . . . , n) 406 a-c. VO encoders 406 a-c encode the VO and provide encoded VO data to corresponding packetizers/prioritizers (1, 2, . . . , n) 408 a-c. Packetizers/prioritizers 408 a-c output packetized VO data to a priority mapping/marking agent 422.
Exemplary end-system architecture 400 also includes an audio source 410 that is configured to provide a raw or like audio data (presumably related to the video data) to an audio encoder 412 that is configured to encode the audio data and provide encoded audio data to a packetizer/prioritizer 414. Packetizer/prioritizer 414 is configured to output packetized audio data to priority mapping/marking agent 422.
Similarly, end-system architecture 400, in this example, also includes an media source 416 that is configured to provide other non-video/audio data to a media encoder 418, which is configured to encode the media data and provide encoded audio data to a packetizer/prioritizer 420. Packetizer/prioritizer 420 is configured to output packetized media data to priority mapping/marking agent 422.
As shown, priority mapping/marking agent 422 is configured to provide priority mapped/marked data packets to a packet forwarder 424 that is coupled to network 180. Priority mapping/marking agent 422 is further configured to receive inputs (e.g., commands, feedback, etc.) from an application collaborator 432.
Application collaborator 432 is configured to accept inputs from one or more application profiles 426, remote user interactions 428, and/or network monitor 430. As depicted, the remote user interactions 428 are provided via network 180. Network monitor 430 is also coupled to network 180.
With this overview in mind, exemplary end-system architecture 400 considers the transmission of multiple-object video programs and other types of media such as audio and data. Each VO is compressed first and the corresponding elementary stream is generated. Then information within each elementary stream is classified based on importance and assembled into packets with different DifiServ classes.
Network monitor 430 is responsible for estimating the available network bandwidth dynamically through probing or feedback-based approach. Packet forwarder 424 forwards the packets to the network. The remaining other functional components are described as follows.
Priority Mapping and Marking Agent 422
This component is responsible for the interaction between applications and the DiffServ networks. It assigns DSCP marks to packets and maps them to the corresponding DiffServ classes.
Application Collaborator 432
Application Collaborator 432 is responsible for resource coordination among multiple objects within one application and among multiple applications. It receives information from application profile(s) 426, remote users interactions 428, and network monitor 430 to make such decisions. In addition, the application collaborator 432 identifies how to map packet priorities from individual encoders into network classes. Here, for example, a receiver host(s) can interact with the server through user-level signaling.
Application Profile(s) 426
This component records the semantic information of the application(s) such as which media and flow(s) are included in an application and their relative importance levels.
Remote User Interactions 428
A user can interact with the video player or the server in several ways such as mouse clicking, mouse moving, fast forward, fast backward, object zoom-in, object zoom-out, add or delete. Many of these interactivity behaviors require dynamic adaptation of the bit rate of each video object and dynamic resource allocation coordination among multiple video objects. In object-based video multicast applications, for example, it is noted that different client hosts can have different views and interactions for the same video.
1.5 Application-Flow-Layer Identifiers
An application-flow-layer identifier is used in a packet to identify the information within the packet. This Application-Flow-Layer Identifier can be used by ARCs and MPAs.
2. Bitstream Prioritization and Packetization
Different types of information within a compressed bitstream can have different importance levels for a receiving decoder (not shown), for example, in re-constructing a received video sequence. For example, a classical MPEG bitstream consists of a sequence of so-called I-, P-, and B-frames. I-frames are the most important frames, then come the P-frames. The B-frames tend to be the least important frames. These three types of frames can be mapped into different DiffServ classes.
Over the recent years, several kinds of scalable coding schemes have been developed to adapt multimedia bitstream to various network bandwidth requirements of heterogeneous networks and users. For example, layered coding is now very popular for video and audio streaming. The encoder can output one base layer and several enhancement layers. The information of the base layer is much more important than that of the enhancement layers. Obviously the base layer has the highest transmission priority. Fine granularity scalability (FGS) is a further extension of layered coding and can adjust transmission rate in smaller granularity.
In this section, a method is provided, which illustrates one to take advantage of DiffServ (within and among flows) for multimedia communications. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other scalable coding methods may be likewise adapted using similar approaches. Reference is also made to similar approaches described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/464,671, supra.
Using one method, for example, information is separated within a video object bitstream according to type and importance levels and placed into different DiffServ class packets to achieve optimal playback quality under the resource and cost constraints.
Additionally, a new bitstream classification, prioritization, and packetization scheme is provided herein in which different types of data such as shape, motion, and texture are re-assembled, assigned to different priority classes, and packetized into different classes of network packets provided by differentiated services. In this manner, the packetization scheme can improve the error resilience and flexible bit rate control ability.
2.1 Bitstream Classification, Prioritization and Packetization
When network resources cannot satisfy the rate requirement of the video object flow, those packets with lower priorities will be discarded by the sender and/or intermediate nodes earlier than those with higher priorities. In addition, different error control mechanisms can be implemented on different priority packets to enhance the error resilience capability. To maintain compliance with the MPEG-4 syntax, for example, an index table can be used for each video object rather than define a new syntax in the video object bitstream. An index table can include several items, such as, e.g., an index number, information category, priority level, starting position (relative), and length. This table is used to index different types of information in the compressed bitstream. The data partitioning mode of video encoding can also be adapted in such an approach with an index table being generated along with a compressed bitstream after encoding a video object. Thusly, the index table is essentially a virtual table that acts only as a reference for extracting different parts of the information and does not constitute part of the bitstream.
A new application level packet format 700 is defined and illustratively represented in
2.2 Multiplexing
In this case, to minimize redundancy information, several parts of the information with the same priority can be multiplexed into one application level packet (ALP). However, if one packet that contains a lot of consecutive motion information is lost, significant quality degradation will be experienced in the quality of the subsequent video playback.
Two exemplary methods are provided herein that can reduce this kind of impairment. The first method is to limit the number of video packets in a ALP.
In the second exemplary method the content of video packets is arranged in an interleaving fashion. For example, the shape and motion information of video packets 0, 2, 4 may be placed into ALP0, and the information of video packet 1,3,5 may be placed into ALP1.
By way of further example, the shape and motion information and texture information of VPs may be added to an ALP and interleaved until one of the following constraints is met: the number of VPs in current NP reaches a certain threshold, the size of one VP reaches a certain maximum size, or a different vop_coding_type is found.
The following algorithm describes the multiplexing algorithm for P-VOP video packets. Basically, VPSM and VPTXT are added to ALP interleavily until one of the following constraints is met: number of VPs in current ALP reaches a certain threshold (VP_THRESHOLD), the size of one ALP reaches a certain maximum size (MAX_SIZE), or a different kind of VOP type is found.
//s is the index of the current video packet for this packetization process //t is the index of the current ALP for this packetization process k=0; While (k<VP_THRESHOLD and VPs+k vop_coding_type == "P" and VPs+k+1 vop_coding.type == "P" and Size(ALPt) + Size(VPSM,s) < MAX_SIZE and Size(ALPt+1) + Size(VPSM,s+1) < MAX_SIZE and Size(ALPt+2) + Size(VPTXT,s) < MAX_SIZE and Size(ALPt+3) + Size(VPTTXT,s+1) < MAX_SIZE ) { Append(ALPt, VPSM,s); Append(ALPt+1, VPSM,s+1); Append(ALPt+2, VPTXT,s); Append(ALPt+3, VPTTXT,s+1); k+= 2; s+=2; }; if( Size(ALPt+2) + Size(ALPt+3) < MAX_SIZE) { Concatenate (ALPt+2, ALPt+3); t+=3; ) else t += 4;
3. Adaptive Multimedia Transmission
After packetization, multimedia packets are sent to the network. Because the aggregated traffic overload of the network fluctuates with time, the video application is configured to adapt its transmission rate to the available network bandwidth accordingly, for example, to achieve fairness among different users. Various known methods can be adapted to calculate the available network bandwidth used by a video application. The sender can adjust the transmission rate to better match the estimated network bandwidth, for example, using rate controls at the encoder, and/or selectively dropping low priority packets. The packets selected to enter the network are mapped to various different DiffServ classes according to priority and the network resource state. The network can also drop packets to avoid or alleviate further network congestion.
3.1 Dynamic Rate Control
The methods and arrangements provided herein can support adaptive rate control by discarding some packets with lower priorities at the sender. The network can also drop different classes packets with different packet loss rate to adjust the bitrate. It is assumed, in this section, that there are N priority levels Pi (0≦i<N) for a multimedia object and M DiffServ classes Kj (0≦j<M) for the DiffServ network.
Let it also be assumed that: ei is the average weighting factor to affect the video quality of the ith priority when a portion of packets are lost; cj is the unit price of jth network class ($/kb); Lj is the packet loss rate of jth network class; rij is the bit rate of the ith priority level to the jth network class. Given a cost budget C and available bandwidth for each network class Rj, the maximum end-to-end video quality (i.e., PSNR or the visual effect) can be obtained by minimizing the quality degradation D
The above optimization problem is equivalent to the Lagrange multiplier formulation written as
3.2 Forwarding Mechanism to Support DiffServ Classes at Routers
To assign the prioritized video packets to several network DiffServ levels, the priority of each packet is classified and conditioned. With the priority associated with each video packet, routers can do re-mapping under constraints, such as, e.g., loss-rate differentiation, pricing, etc.
Random Early Detection (RED) queue management and Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) are known scheduling techniques that can be used to provide the differentiated forwarding in this exemplary proposed scheme.
RED provides congestion avoidance by taking advantage of TCP congestion control mechanisms. By randomly dropping packets prior to periods of high congestion, RED tells the packet source to decrease its transmission rate. Assuming the packet source is using TCP, it will decrease its transmission rate until all the packets reach their destination, indicating that the congestion is cleared. When RED is not configured, output buffers fill during periods of congestion. When the buffers are full, tail drop occurs, and all additional packets are dropped.
RED reduces the chances of tail drop by selectively dropping packets when the output interface begins to show signs of congestion. By dropping some packets early rather than waiting until the buffer is full, RED avoids dropping large numbers of packets at once and minimizes the chances of global synchronization. Thus, RED allows the transmission line to be used fully at all times.
WFQ scheduling is currently implemented in many advanced routers since it guarantees each queue to be allocated a fair share of bandwidth irrespective of the behavior of other queues in the same router. With this in mind, the following section considers an exemplary multiple queue configuration in which each queue is associated with at least one different network class. These queues may be served, for example, by a WFQ scheduler or the like.
3.3 Statistical Analysis for Packet Forwarding at the Routers
In this section a performance evaluation is provided of certain exemplary forwarding mechanisms in which RED and WFQ scheduling are combined. The statistical performance parameters such as packet loss and delay are derived as well as the relation among the parameters. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these parameters can be used in the implementation mechanisms such as dynamic buffer allocation at the router, routing path selection and call admission control.
Reference is now made to
The following analysis is based on WFQ and the analytical model shown in
To simplify the analysis, the following assumptions have been made:
1) the source is a Poisson stream;
2) the service time is a negative exponential distribution;
3) the process of the transition of the queue length is a birth-death process; and
4) RED is applied for packet dropping.
Notice that it is assumed that each class will be regulated (e.g., through a shaper mechanism) before it enters the core network so that the Poisson assumption is relatively reasonable.
Based on the above assumptions, the model of each class is an M/M/1 queue, whose arrival rate is λm and service rate is wmμ. A resulting state transition diagram 900 is illustrated in
The state i (0≦i≦Bm+1) of class m has probability πm,i. Using stochastic balance, we can get
Analysis is performed under the following potential cases:
1.) A non-work-conserve case is considered without using the RED schedule.
For class i, λm,i=λm is a constant, and μm,i=wmμ is also a constant. Submitting λm,i=λm and μm,i=wmμ into Equation (5) and (6), we obtain
For an M/M/1 model, the probability of the queue length that one observes at any time is equal to that which the one who just joins the queue observes. That is, P−=P. Hence, it can be seen that the packet loss probability is the probability that the queue buffer is full, which is given by
Meanwhile, the delay probability is calculated as follows:
2.) Now RED will be taken into account. Note that the arrival rate is not a constant any more in this case. When the length of queue m reaches Hm, the arriving packets will be dropped with a probability Dm, which is determined by the following RED equations:
When the arrival rate decreases to Dmλm, then πm,k changes to:
From this equation, we can compute πm,k using
Thus, the loss probability is equal to πm,B
3.) At last we consider the work-conserve case with RED. That is, when queue i is empty, the weight of the other queue is changed by the following equation:
In this case, the service rate is not simply wm�μ. It is confined by the queue state. In such a situation, it is rather difficult to directly calculate the probability of the state. Here, an iterate equation can be given to solve this problem as follows:
where U={1, 2, . . . , j−1, j+1, . . . , N} and A represents all the subsets of U.
From Equation (14), one can derive the service rate μm=wm�μ and then get πm,k.
Although some preferred embodiments of the various methods and arrangements of the present invention have been illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in the foregoing Detailed Description, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined by the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|709/235, 709/224, 345/419, 709/219, 348/14.09
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 21, 2001
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text:
|This article is about the Digimon known as Kumamon in various English materials. For the Digimon known as Kumamon in Digimon World 3, Digimon World DS, and Digimon World Dawn and Dusk, see Bearmon.
(チャックモン Chackmon)
|Beast Man
|Deep Savers
|Prior forms
|Anyone + H Spirit of Ice[2]
|Next forms
* (w/ Korikakumon)[3]
|Slide forms
|Tommy Himi
|Voice actors
|(Ja:) Kumiko Watanabe (Frontier/Xros Wars)
(En:) Brianne Siddall (Frontier)
Kumamon is a Beast Man Digimon and a Champion-class Hybrid Digimon whose Japanese name and design is derived from the fictional Zaku II and whose English name and design is derived from the bear (熊 kuma?). It possesses power over Ice which bears the might of AncientMegatheriummon. It styles itself as holding rank as a member of a polar army's polar region defense force. Since it replies that the matter's top secret if you ask anything about it, the truth is unknown. It's thought to be largely something it dreamed up. However, its operation of the Launcher it carries (nicknamed Romeo) and its precision conduct in battle are genuine, and its survivalist knowledge also has a strong, truly reliable existence. Since it rarely acts of its own volition, it primarily operates in response to someone's requests or orders. It will have nothing to do if nobody is relying on it, and is likely to worry about its purpose in life and get completely depressed. The shots fired from its Launcher are special snowballs, so there are several varieties according to purpose.[6] It bears the emblem of the Spirit of Ice on its belt.
Digimon Frontier
Digimon Battle Spirit 2
Digimon Fusion
Digital Monster D-Project
Kumamon can be obtained by giving the H Spirit of Ice to a Patamon or Angemon.
- Frozen Tundra (ツララララ~ Tsurararara~?, lit. "Icicicicle~"): Takes the shape of an icicle and pounces at the opponent.
- Blizzard Blaster (Snow Bomber): Blindly fires supercooled snowballs from the Launcher.
- Crystal Breeze (カチカチコッチン Kachikachi Kocchin?, lit. "Frozen Tinkling"): Blows cold wind from its mouth to freeze its opponents.
Notes and references
- ↑ Kumamon's Hybrid level is treated as equivalent to the Champion level in the Digital Monster Card Game.
- ↑ Digimon Frontier, "Kumamon Baby, Light My Fire" [03]
- ↑ Digimon Reference Book: Daipenmon: "A Digimon that possesses power over Ice that has transcended legend by inheriting all the might of one of the legendary Ten Warriors and acquiring unknown abilities."
- ↑ Digimon Frontier, "You Want Fries With That?" [19]
- ↑ YouTube: "digimon frontier cms."
- ↑ Digimon Reference Book: Chackmon

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In this documentary about members of the cat family, the following was said about cheetahs: "In evolution, some of its characteristics became a very fragile. One of the problems is the cheetah"s face. It has become a serious problem that makes cheetahs unable to kill their prey once they have caught it. Besides this there is its hanging tail. This is a genetic defect seen in many cheetahs."
This condition in cheetahs is certainly not due to evolution. For a characteristic of a living thing to demonstrate a proof for evolution, it is necessary to show that it was acquired, that is, that previously non-existent information was randomly added to the DNA. Such an example has still not been observed and the cheetah provides no exception. What is explained in the documentary does not come from any acquired characteristic, but from already existing information in the cheetah"s DNA. Animal Planet does not explain why the structure of the cheetah"s face is fragile or why the shape of its tail can be called a genetic defect. Besides, it should not be forgotten that genetic defects show that a creature cannot turn into a more complex animal, that is, it shows the invalidity of the theory of evolution. Genetic defects, that is, errors that occur in genes, when they affect the functioning of a gene, are always damaging. Indeed, if there is a genetic defect, as has been claimed in the case of the cheetah, it does not prove evolution but shows the invalidity of this theory.2003-05-12 00:00:00


text:
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Out There stories relating to "Crop Circle"
Friday, August 12, 2016
Another Mind-Bending Crop Formation...or NOT--or HOLD THE PHONE!!
Still very much in question, but Linda Moulton Howe will have a special report on this formation on Dreamland this weekend. Much to report!
This formation, found on August 11, is coming into question. Creating it with any known technology would be very difficult indeed, but it is possible. Why do we say this? It seems that it is very similar to the logo of an online art site called
Does this mean, absolutely, that is it human construction? Not absolutely, but probably. We are attempting to contact the owner of the Mothership Glass website and will update you.
15 comments
Tuesday, June 30, 2015
Extraordinary Crop Circle Rich with Digital Information Appears
The extraordinary crop circle below has appeared near Torino, Italy. It appears to be filled with digital information in the form of dark and light triangles. Can you decode it? If so, send your ideas to
3 comments
Wednesday, January 1, 2014
Surprise Crop Formation Appears in California
A large and complex crop formation has appeared in Salinas, California, in a field containing barley two feet high. Two videos made at night that showed some elements of the formation and flashes of light in the area have both been removed from YouTube, and replaced by a much clearer
that could be a recreation. There is daytime video of the formation, which is a circle about an acre in diameter enclosing what appears to be a representation of an electronic chip that contains a central field in braille. The braille repeats the
number 192
. In
this video
, a braille expert offers an explanation.
Linda Moulton Howe reports that a witness who entered the formation has told her that the way that the crop has been laid down is extremely precise. Read her report on the formation
. The field has reportedly been sealed off by a private security service,
Echelon Security
, and the formation is expected to be destroyed today.
There is no way to make a final determination about whether or not this is a hoax, but this seems increasingly likely as there is
another report
stating that locals saw people in the area over a period of days prior to the appearance of the formation.
Whitley Strieber comments: "This looks like a manmade hoax to me, largely because of the use of braille as a means of providing an intriguing but probably meaningless puzzle. However, it should also be noted that Iridium 192 is the isotope that has
most often gone missing
, and one that could be used to create a dirty bomb."
UPDATE: The Nvidia Corporation is claiming that it created the crop formation to promote a new microchip, but that doesn't change the fact that the number of UFO sightings in California and adjacent states has risen dramatically over the past month.
1 comment
Thursday, November 21, 2013
Brazil: 2 crop circles appear in same town on same day. Researchers offer a big reward to prove them fake.
Not only did two crop formations appear in the same Brazilian town on the same day, researchers have offered a large cash reward to anybody who can prove them to be fakes. So, all you skeptics, get on the next plane and go for that twenty grand!
Monday, August 27, 2012
Magnificent--and authentic--crop formation
Now that farmers can hire circlmakers to decorate their fields for fun and PROFIT, more and more manmade formations are appearing. Some of them are even quite striking--from a distance. Up close, though, you find broken stems, no interweaving and generally rough edges. This formation, however, is among the most magnificent ever created. No human circlemakers are even close to the skill level required to create this superb work.
8 comments
Monday, September 5, 2011
UFO in crop circle country?
This would be an easy CGI effect to create, but Out There exists to take chances on videos like this. We really can't grade it. We've only had one or two YouTubers actually answer an inquiry, so we assume that most of them are hoaxers. but we've sent this one a message. If we get a reply, we'll let you know.
1 comment
Wednesday, August 31, 2011
UFOs seen over huge UK crop formation.
Tuesday, August 2, 2011
Beautiful video of a huge, complex crop formation from July 29, 2011
The farmer whose field received this gorgeous formation threatened to spray people entering it. He has harvested the field. Ah, life on a falling world, such a delight. Will the angels catch YOU in time?
2 comments
Monday, July 25, 2011
Astonishing new crop formations
A number of recent crop formations have been truly incredibe, completly impossible to produce by any known means. An excellent example is the huge formation at Etchilhampton, which displays a ring of woven wheat of an intircacy that cannot be explained. A formation such as this could not be made, for example, by some sort of a laser device pointing down from above, because the wheat must be literally woven like a carpet, and done without breaking the dry stems. Another at
Roundway Hill
near Devizes is also extraordinarily intricate and beautiful.
1 comment
Wednesday, July 6, 2011
Alton Barnes crop circle completed in stages.
Two aerial shots of this crop formation at Honeystreet near Alton Barnes show it incomplete and then complete. It's unusual but not unknown for formations to be added to, but very unusual for one to be seen clearly unfinished, then later finished. The formation is also very challenging, and unlike those known to be created by human circle makers. The complexity of the design and the subtle crafting suggest that this may be of unknown origin.
2 comments
Thursday, June 2, 2011
Truly remarkable new crop formation--don't miss this one!
This is one of the most extraordinary crop formations ever to appear. It's easy to dismiss as a hoax, much harder to determine how the hoaxers might have gone about creating it. In any case, it is beautiful, awe-inspring and very, very strange.
6 comments
Wednesday, May 18, 2011
First Crop Formation of the Season
3 comments
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text:
white worm things
Brooklynn asks:
I get little white worms in my poop and they're about the size of my pinky nail and there really thin. What could they be? They make my butt itch really bad, too.
Dear Brooklynn,
You most likely have pinworms. Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States.
Pinworms are parasites that live in the large intestine. They come out through the anus to lay eggs at night. Pinworms are about a third of an inch long and look like white threads. Often, some of them can be seen in the bowel movements.
When you scratch your butt in the middle of the night while you are sleeping, then touch your mouth, or food that will end up in your mouth, you eat the eggs that are under your fingernails and get re-infected.
See your doctor. There is a pill that you can take to get rid of these worms. It is called Vermox. There are also OTC meds to treat pinworms, and eating raw, shredded carrots helps to expel the worms.
Thanks for asking Motherload!
Motherload is a Certified Nurse Assistant as well as an IBS sufferer, which means she knows a lot about poop. Got a question for her? Ask it here.
739 Comments on "white worm things"
I would much rather have a tapeworm. It's like the best non-prescription diet aid there could ever be! And I hear they don't itch like those pinworm things!
Yes, but they're also the length of a school bus and can make you severely constipated if they get too long and fold over too many times.
...and they all lived crappily ever after!
...and they all lived crappily ever after!
Well i don't think i have pinworms but i did see a couple of white strands in my well you get the picture would that be pinworms...i am a little itchy but the doctor told me i had vaginaitis
can a tapeworm be harmful to you like hurt you or possibly any worse consequences?
Ok, you people are hilarious..seriously funny ! .. my daughter has pinworms so I was researching them and found this...anyone have myspace? I bet some of you have hilarious blogs!!! I'll tell you mine if you tell me yours!!
~Shannon :) myspace.com/charlotterealtor
I just took a "blog". A one-wiper with excellent sphincter distension, a slick yet textured outer layer around what I can only assume was a firm but yielding core of nougaty digestive matter. Posted to the city wastewater facility, alas. My cable modem wouldn't accept it.
i was wondering, will they go away on their own?
im too embarassed to go to the doctor or tell anyone and ive actually been trying to manually remove the worms!b e.g with toilet paper
i first noticed 3 days ago, and there has been considerably less worms and much less itching. will it just go away? ive been washing my hands alot and all the other stuff ive found out..
Dude-- Doctors have seen everything!! Go to the doctor, get you some anti-worm medicine and get rid of them for good- there's nothing to be ashamed of... it's not like you got a jam jar stuck up there or something.
Don't be playin' with the Queen of Sharts
Don't be playin' with the Queen of Sharts
Well, Queen, I know you're right about the doctor part, but try getting past the receptionist without telling her what you're there for. Believe me, I'd rather have the worms backed up to my sinuses before I'd tell that girl what the problem is. Seriously, I always call my doctor's office and make an appointment by telling them I'm coming in for a sore elbow or something, and then I tell the doctor the truth. This makes me worse than a shameful shitter, believe me. I'm absolutely mortified by having to tell the woman at the front desk what's wrong, unless it's something so neutral, like an arrow in my skull or something, that I don't have to be shy.
If anything ever goes wrong with my wiener, I'm going to be in big trouble. That would be ten times worse than going in for a poop ailment!
I know that makes me sound pathetic, and I wish I could buy into the "they're all professionals argument", but I've been reluctant to tell the screening people what my problem is for years and it's not going to change any time soon.
Am I the only one who feels this way? I have no idea. It's even worse when there are other people in the waiting area and the woman at the desk says, "What did you want to see Dr. Smith about today?" and I can feel every set of ears tuning in behind my back. You think I like it that way, being so ashamed of having something wrong that I want no one else to know about it? I don't.
So, Jimbob, if you ever check back here, understand that you're not the only one who wants to know if something will heal itself so you won't have to go tell a doctor about it. All I can tell you is that if you find a doctor who seems competent and professional and understanding, tell the doctor that there might be times when you are too shy to come in because you're embarrassed. Maybe he or she will suggest a less threatening way of getting in touch with him or her on the phone so you can describe your symptoms and find out if you need to see a doctor. I feel for you, Jimbob, because believe me, I've been there.
yeah maybe i will go to the doctor but you know its been 4 or maybe 5 days now and all the symptoms are getting less intense every day. in fact the only symptoms are the itching and the worms themselves. all the others ive heard about i havent had.
surely theyll just go in a couple of days.....
maybe i should eat a load of shredded raw carrot
Ok-my daughter (10) discovered she had pinworms one night...I freaked and took her to the emergency room because I didn't know what they were. They said she had an advanced case because they could actually see hers on the outside of her anus hole and they actually asked if they could take a picture! (see where I chose the name "famous anus"...that's what I joked about with her to keep her calm) anyways they did prescribe one pill and one for everyone in our family. Said if one person is infected chances are everyone is because it is so contagious. They also said shower daily and use wipes at night on the rearend. That was about it...so I found these postings very interesting because she and I both keep thinking they're back....I think it's more in our head but yuck, once you're exposed to this you do get a bit paranoid...and I always have been a big handwasher...purell...in car, on desk, in purse etc. Also they said wash the sheets. I'm gonna start eating carrots by the pound now! One thing that MIGHT make you feel better is they said pediatrician doctors tend to get these alot because of their regular exposure to children....I keep telling myself that because I am not a dirty person and I do keep a clean house....gtg get my carrots.
Just enjoyed reviewing all of these and knowing I'm not alone, nor crazy! Thanks for everyone's honesty and bluntness!
hi. if you could please help me thatd be great. im a teenager & i know i have those worm things. im really paranoid & oviously i searched for a site like this. I dont want to ask my mom for help so what can i do to get rid of them? please help
If he starts all that cleaning-up, his mother will absolutely know he is NOT fine! :)
Pug-Fug. It happens.
I really do need your help, i.e. before I have a nervous breakdown!!!!
For appproximately 1 week now I have had an entity which I believe is a pinworm moving about in my rectum day and night.
I am reluctant to go back to the doctor's and I'm afraid to ask those that I know for advise because I am positive they will think that I am crazy. About two days ago I purchased some pin-x to no avail as the cretin never left my rectum to consume the medicine.
This thing seems to have
inhabited my rectum with very little intention of leaving.......please, please, please advise of a way to get this PARASITE out of my rectum.
Just read that a clove of garlic inserted in the rectum will help....my question is how is the garlic getting out of the rectum????
Just wondering about this whole "lame comments" thing.
Someone named Brittany posted on 9/4/06, saying "I took a bath then a shower and cleaned my nails out so hard, then proceeded to wash all my clothes and sheets and pillowcases. I 409ed my nightstand and everthing on it, hopefully that helped some. I just took a dose of Pin-X."
Double Flush got a Lame Comment -1 point for this response, same date:
"It sounds to me like you are well on your way, Brittany. Just keep that up for a bit to kill anything that hatches before they can lay more eggs. That's all I know to do."
On 1/14/07, Motherload gives advice that sounds very similar to the combination of Brittany's and Double Flush's posts regarding the cleaning aspect.
Double Flush has a history of getting lamed, so maybe it's just routine to assume the 9/4 comment was lame. But if it was actually lame, I really have no clue what standards are used to determine that.
Looked to me like Double Flush was offering encouragement, nothing more.
Livin' La Vida Caca!
Livin' La Vida Caca!
crap so i could be giving these pinworms to people i come in contact with every day?
What happens if you don't treat pinworms? I don't have them but I would like to know what could happen.
A.C., one above: According to about five web sites I visited, pinworms are contagious. If you're shaking hands with people, maybe that's one way of transmitting them, but I don't think it's that great a risk if your hands are clean and your nails are short.
Where I work, they love to make a huge bowl of popcorn every day. Everyone (except me) sticks their hands in there and digs in. I have no idea whether everyone I work with washes their hands after crapping. I don't take the chance of anything being on food that's shared from a bowl or a tray, or even a box of donuts someone brings to work.
I think if you keep your fingernails short, wash your hands thoroughly after shitting, and avoid doing any bare hand scratching of your ass if the worms are irritating you, you probably minimize risk to others.
I found a worm about two and a half weeks ago. Took medicine for it and everything. I think I had the worms in my vagina too, because in the discharge, there's like...little "pieces" (I don't know how else to describe it.)
After I found out about the worms, I washed everything in hot water (clothes, bedsheets, pillowcases, the works) and bleached my mattress out of sheer panic.
Is there something I have to do about getting the worm..carcasses..out of my vagina..? I'm so freaked out by this and I'm afraid to mention it to anyone. Please help! (I've been eating DOZENS of carrots..)
"Is there something I have to do about getting the worm..carcasses..out of my vagina..?"
I will try to think about this, as soon as I can stop laughing.
...I'm through laughing, now. Call 1-800-DONIKER. He may have a tool that can clean you out.
"Is there something I have to do about getting the worm..carcasses..out of my vagina..?"
I wouldn't worry too much about it. In fact, it doesn't need cleaning out at all. The worm carcasses will decompose of their own accord, along with any remaining sloughed skin, blood and ovum from previous menstrual cycles. Uric acid helps create the proper PH level, so don't wipe after urinating either. Once this combination has been allowed to stew for a few months -- Voila! -- you have the perfect growth medium for your yeast mold collection.
Yo quiero Taco Bell.
Sorry, I'm not getting why it's okay for the previous three posts to mock a post by someone who might have actually been concerned about a health issue? Maybe the same "janitors" that some regulars to this site laud should take a look at that kind of ridicule. Seems to me these posts are every bit as flame-like as others that have been deleted.
I guess there must be a distinction I'm missing here between telling someone you're laughing at them and telling someone you think their story is weak.
Livin' La Vida Caca!
Livin' La Vida Caca!
Why don't you just do a vinegar douche to get rid of the remnants of the worms? Yuck.
Recto, I think it's a matter of there already being quite a few SERIOUS responses. Of course, we're presuming people will know the DIFFERENCE when they read the thread. Big presumption, obviously.
Not only is there already good information to be had in the thread, but if people are silly enough to take their medical advice ONLY from a poop HUMOR site, maybe someone will say something so outrageous that the poor souls will be frightened enough to actually CONSULT A DOCTOR.
We're Poop Report.
We're Here To Help.
And To Laugh At You.
OMG. Just found my new signature. Thanks, Recto!
Oh, okay. I guess we can assume that anyone who posts here about a healthy concern they have will be discerning enough to know that when they're being mocked it translates to "see a doctor". Gotcha.
Sorry I missed the part where the poster implied that she was taking her medical advice only from a poop humor site. I'm sure she was frightened enough to consult a doctor, rather than merely finding that her question was viewed as something that opened the door to another humor opportunity. She's probably happy to have helped.
Livin' La Vida Caca!
Livin' La Vida Caca!
Okay, yeah. If you google "pinworms" there are at LEAST 100 hits on actual medical sites that come up BEFORE Poop Report. It makes perfect sense, therefore, to simply SKIP OVER FamilyDoctor, MedlinePlus, WebMD, eMedicineHealth, DrGreene, medicineEnet, mdchoice, healthcentral, mayoclinic, as well as more than 89 other MEDICAL answers. Of course. How silly of me.
But, as you point out, since the reading public appears to be incapable of discerning what constitutes the difference between actual medical advice from humor, here y'go:
From Dr. Greene:
Related concepts:
Worms, Nematodes, Enterobiasis, Enterobius vermicularis
Although adults often shudder at pinworm infections, most kids don't have this same gut response. In any case, pinworms are mostly harmless and inhabit people in every socioeconomic group and culture.
What is it?
The pinworm, or Enterobius vermicularis, is one of the most common parasitic infections of humans. Somewhere between 10 percent and 40 percent of children have pinworms at any given time.
The adult pinworms are white and measure less than one half inch long, with the diameter of a strand of thread. These tiny roundworms are quite complex. Like us, they have mouths, throats, and gastrointestinal tracts. Like us, they have nervous systems. The females have a vagina, a uterus, and ovaries. The males have a testicle, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct. They eat, drink, pee, poop, and reproduce sexually.
The adult worms live in the colons (large intestines) of human children and apparently feed on human fecal matter.
When adult male and female worms copulate, each female pinworm produces about 10,000 fertilized eggs. At night, the pregnant female migrates from the colon, out through the child's anus and onto the skin of the buttocks. There she violently expels all of her eggs and dies. Some of the eggs become airborne and land elsewhere in the child's room, but the great majority of the fertilized eggs stay on the skin of the child's buttocks. The eggs mature within six hours of being laid.
The adult worms and the eggs on the skin of the buttocks can cause intense itching in the child. When the sleeping child scratches, the eggs often get on the fingers and under the fingernails. If the child sucks his or her thumb or otherwise brings his or her hand to the mouth (perhaps while eating breakfast), the pinworm eggs are swallowed. They usually hatch within the small intestine and mature there. When they become adults, they move to the colon where they take up residence. The entire life cycle lasts four to six weeks.
Occasionally the story goes a little differently. Sometimes a child can inhale airborne eggs and become infected that way. Every now and then the eggs will hatch on the skin of the buttocks, and the immature larvae will crawl back through the anus, up into the rectum and eventually arrive in the colon. Also, the eggs can hatch on the skin of girls and the larvae crawl into the vagina instead of the rectum. This happens in up to 20% of girls with pinworms. The vaginal pinworms usually die out with no outside help.
Who gets it?
Pinworms are found worldwide and can affect people of all ages, although the great majority of cases occur before age 12. Pinworms occur in all socioeconomic groups, but are more common wherever children are in close contact with each other.
What are the symptoms?
Most children with pinworms have no symptoms at all. In the same way that many bacteria live in our intestines without making us sick, pinworms can live happily in our intestines without causing any problems. Since the pinworm almost always stays in the gastrointestinal tract (or vagina), there is usually no systemic illness.
Some children, however, develop nighttime itching of the skin around the anus. For a small number of these children, the itching can be quite intense.
The girls who develop vaginal pinworm infections often develop vaginal itching and sometimes a vaginal discharge.
Attempts to link pinworm infection to bed wetting or grinding of the teeth have been unsuccessful, but pinworm infestations can interfere with sleep.
Is it contagious?
Pinworms are contagious. Fertile eggs are usually spread on fingernails, but can also be spread on clothing, bedding, or even house dust. Fertilized eggs can remain alive for 20 days, waiting to be swallowed or inhaled.
How long does it last?
The life cycle of a pinworm is 4 to 6 weeks. Without treatment, infestation will continue as long as fresh eggs are being swallowed, unless a person develops immunity to pinworms, which is unusual before age 15.
How is it diagnosed?
Stool and blood tests are not very helpful in diagnosing pinworms. Seeing a worm clinches the diagnosis. Check your child's skin with a flashlight during the night and first thing in the morning. Look for white, wiggling threads. If it's not wiggling, it's probably just lint. Occasionally a wiggling worm will be seen on the surface of a stool. Pinworms are so common that children with nighttime anal itching are often treated without any lab test at all. The classic diagnostic tool is to apply a piece of transparent tape to the skin near the anus first thing in the morning. This tape can then be attached to a glass slide and examined under a microscope for the presence of eggs. Your doctor can supply you with a pinworm lab kit, if necessary. Remember, though, that these eggs are infective!
How is it treated?
The treatment is two doses of an anti-pinworm drug. The second dose is given 2 weeks after the first.
Physicians disagree about whether or not to treat all family members. Treating the infected child alone will often get rid of the infestation. Anyone who sleeps with the child, or any family member or friend with itching should be treated. In stubborn cases, treating the family members, and particularly the other children, can be a good idea.
Washing the bedding on the treatment day may help and is often recommended.
How can it be prevented?
This easily transmissible infection is very common in children. It is not a sign of poor hygiene. It is easily spread at home, school, or day care (pets have no part in the pinworm story). Since most kids experience no ill effects whatsoever, extreme measures to prevent pinworms are not wise.
I recommend trimming the fingernails, scrubbing the hands (after awakening, before meals – especially breakfast – and after toileting). These measures have never been proven to help at all, but they still seem like a good idea to me.
Where pinworms are a constant problem, treating every 3 months may help to prevent re-infestation.
Gracious! GottaGoGirl + Motherload = GottaGo Load. Everything I ever wanted to know about pinworms, but was afraid to ask.
i've had them for a while now.
and i am so embarassed to tell my mum.
i dont know what to do.
they are sooooo gross.
and i itch at night now.
and i know why.
so its not very easing.
another way to see if you have them is to, as gross as this sounds, stick a tampon up you butt. gross gross gross. but it gets the job done.
I noticed two white worms after wiping, thought I was going to freak out. Just so happens I was in the bathroom at CVS. I told the pharmacists that my child of nine had pinworms, and did they have any over the counter medication. I had to take 16 pills because of my weight. It also treats hookworms and roundworms. plus if you have any left over, it works on dogs, cats, horses and pigs.
I've had pins since I was 7. I'm 23 now. My butt itches all the time. Sometimes at work I can actually feel the worms crawling out and then poking me! It's miserable. I finally got the guts up to goto the pharmacy and buy some medicine. So, I go to the consult window and there a cute girl working and about 6 or 7 people standing around waiting for prescriptions. So, I tell her my son has pin worms and will she please give me some Pin-X. (I don't have a son and am not married!) I thought it wouldn't be as embarrasing. Well, he yells back to the pharmasist and he says I need to take "my son" to the pediatrition. I was thing damn!! So, I said OK and then went to look for the medicine myself. I couldn't find it. I went to another pharmacy and didn't find it on the shelf and didn't have the guts to ask again. I guess I'll keep having to suffer!
Will and enema with salty water do anything to kill them? I'm desperate!!!
If you haven't been to a doctor, how do you know WHAT you have?
Wouldn't it be better to just GO to the doc?
Well, I'm 99% pin worms. I've seen them before in my poop. I have sqwated over a mirriw before and have seen them moving around my hole. I've never had 'roids or anything like that.
One thing that does seem to help the itching at night is rubbing a generous heap of Cortaid Maximum Strength on my butt hole. I've tried other creams and they don't work. Only the Cortaid. I might have to go to the doctor. I'm sick and tired of this!!
If you have been living with this for 16 years and have been too embarrassed to go to the doctor, I would suggest that your first stop needs to be at a psychiatrist's office.
L Lovelace reported that she lost her gag reflex about 38 posts ago. I think I found it...
Hey Itchy Butt Man, how long would you delay seeking medical attention if you got ole Willie One-eye caught in your zipper? Good god man.
OMG I just went to the toilet (I'm a teenager by the way) and I'm not sure why but I looked and there were these white thin things moving about in my poop!! I haven't been itchy I don't think but now I'm really freaked out! I cant talk to my mum so I'm just gonna have to deal with it but I'm spraying everything with cleaning stuff and ill change my bed sheets. Does anyone know how to get rid of them without seeing a doctor? and how long do they last?
Oh and there's blood as well, is this normal?
No. It's not.
Go tell your mother you need to see a doctor on Monday.
Clean your room first. Then tell her you need to see a doctor.
I'm the one who posted before (the teenager who found them last night) and for some reason theres no sign of them today :s anyone know why this is?
People, you can totally have pinworm even if you can't see WORMS FALLING OUT OF YOUR ASS. I do. And let me tell you, if you have any of these symptoms people are desribing, get thee to a doctor and don't be shy about what you think you have. Apparently, my roommate and I have been suffering in silence for months, not telling each other our symptoms and when I told two different doctors, they told me to use softer toilet paper. Well, I'm a female, and I've since had a lovely bout of vaginitis and a UTI, and I can't help but think they were related to my doctors misdiagnosing the pinworm. UTIs, in case you don't know, can lead to much worse infections when gone untreated, so ladies, take care.
I dunno, Bunga; she sounds as busy as a stump full of ants to me.
Alright, Dumpster gets a plus one for making me get the dry heaves.
I used to think the shit-eating threads were the grossest on the site. Now I change my mind. This thread has to be the grossest one ever created on Poop Report. The comments on here are. GAG!!!
If a man farts and no one's around, does he make a sound?
I found Jesus! He was behind the sofa the whole time!
The scary thing is that I read that most people actually do have pinworms to some extent and don't even know because they have no symptoms. Personally, I think it would be scarier to have worms crawling around and not know about it than to itch a little at night. (Forgive me if I sound a bit rude, I've never had pinworms that I know of...)
...and they all lived crappily ever after!
...and they all lived crappily ever after!
I went the loo before and I saw some white things that I thought were moving. I'm 14 and I'm reallyyy ashamed and scared. I don't think I can tell me mum (too embarrassed) Can they go by themselves or must you get treated?? I'm scarredd =(
Do you have a friend's mom with whom you'd feel more comfortable asking? Even if it was to take you to the pharmacy and get some de-worming medicine.
Pin-Rid or Pin-X: the medicine in both of those is Pyrantel; you might also look for Vermox, which is Mebendazole. I don't know what's available in your area.
You can buy the pill to get rid of these worms from any good pharmacy including Walmart/Asda pharmacies etc. There is no need to go to the doctor if your too embarassed! They should be on the shelf at any good drug store. Fix your ass before it takes over the world!


text:
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When applying for this position, please mention you saw this ad in the APS Employment Network.
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text:
Step back in time and enjoy a cowboy evening full of food, drink, and down-home country fun. A horse-drawn wagon ride will deliver you to a cowboy village where "Cooky's" Chuck Wagon has dinner waiting. Here, enjoy a gourmet western buffet, live mountain music performed by 'Highway 40', cowboy story telling, western games, and true cowboy atmosphere. A memorable activity for all to enjoy!
Dinner Fixins include: Dutch oven tri-tip beef, dutch oven potatoes, dutch oven beans, salad, rolls, watermelon followed up with Dutch Oven Cobbler for dessert. Price is $65 for adults ages 12 and up. Price for children ages 4-11 is $45.


text:
4 Recommendations
glamazon5's recommendation
If you are having a bad day I defy you to put in the CD and not have your mood immediately lifted! There is no way you can sit still when you hear Who Am I? (What's My Name). Come on now! This is a classic, and I would like to think all of you own this. If you don't, you really need to pick this up now.
er1n's recommendation
So many classics on one album - you cannot go wrong with this one. Laid back, with my mind on my money and my money on my mind - truth.
My Collections:
lovelikelife's recommendation
By far one of my favorite rappers, this CD can get any party started and is by far one of the most popular CDs! In highschool this was the CD to have and you bet you heared at every school dance. Hands down one of my favorite CDs!
My Collections:
chad's recommendation
I'll put it this way, my mother had some seerious problems with me listening to this when it first came out. However, it was catchy a memorable enough that I recently bought another copy of it on iTunes. When you have Gin and Juice on your computer, you play it. Trust me, you play it a lot.
My Collections:


text:
Esaco is a multi-discipline (Civil - Mechanical & Steel) industrial construction company with a workforce of 4000 and 200 engineers.
An Alexandria based Egyptian market player since 1987, a market leader since 2006, and the market leader of 2009 with Egp.1 billion in sales achieved so far this year in construction services, including regional expansion plans in MENA = 15 x its capital.
All three core business divisions (Civil - Mechanical & Steel) are flying high simultaneously.
Their internal synergies in play create a lethal competitive edge over our rivals - helped not to have lost a major competition since April 2006 when Esaco won the ACC line1 contract, other business units are maintenance and building work both were profitable in 08.
Esaco business is growing at a dazzling pace since 2005 jumping from a turnover of just 50m. to a target net turnover in 2010 of 1000 million = 20 folds in a time span of 5 years, Esaco is a proud member of NDT group (Asec Holding) who's major shareholder is Citadel Capital, since May 24th, 2007, and since then has made huge leaps ahead.
In 2008 Esaco was right on the mark of its top line expectations of one year ago at 350m.Egp. earning a net income after tax of 13.50m.Egp. = 3.85% (though lower than planned, yet it clearly outperformed the market, in one of the most challenging years ever to the global economy).
Esaco adopts against the trend / unorthodox marketing strategies:
• Offensive momentum play in a defensive environment.
• Sell the recession and walk-out on top.
We enjoy a diversified portfolio of clients/customers worldwide that are world leaders in their respective sectors of industry:-
Cement, FLSmidth/Denmark - Polysius/Germany - FCB/France - TCDRI/China.
Arabian Cement - Sinai White Cement - Titan Cement - Army Cement - Asec Cement- Wadi el Nil Cement - ACC line2.
Steel, Nippon KK/Japan - Kobelco/Japan - Niigata/Japan - Ezz..ANSDK/Egypt.
Machinery (conveyors - mining - quarry equipment - stockpiling etc..),
ThyssenKruppFoerdertechnik/Germany - FoerderAnlagenMagdeburg/Germany -
Petrolium, FosterWheeler/France - Technip/Italy - Tecnicas Reunidas/Spain.
Industrial gases, Linde AG/Germany - Air product/UK - Air Liquide/France.
Food, Cargill/USA - Buhler/Switzerland - Gozour Holding Dina farms
Power generation, ABB/Switzerland - Ansaldo/Italy - CMI/Belgium - Sulzer/Swiss- Siemens/Germany.
The abovementioned 33 customers are among a host of other clients who buy repeatedly Esaco's construction services for over 2 decades.
Sinai White (Aalborg Portland) - Titan Beni-Suef line2/FCB - Army cement Sinai/TCDRI - Djelfa cement plant Algeria/Asec Cement H./Citadel - Wadi el Nil cement green-field WNCC & Arabian cement line2 (having successfully built line1 with FLSmidth back in 06/07), are half a dozen Cement Mega projects where Esaco is involved with a major role in 2009 is a sign of undisputed market leader status (any of our rivals will be involved in max.3), in addition to a diversified non-cement portfolio.
Best regards,
(co-Founder since 1987)
Chairman & Ceo
January 2009


text:
500 Club (8/16)
Happy Thursday, everybody! It's time for some hot promptin' action.
Rules you say? Rules! We don't need no stinking rules! (Yes, yes we do):
- Write 500 words based on one of the two prompts below.
- Post it to your blog.
- Hit us with the first line or two in the comments, and link back to your blog so that we can read the rest.
Ready? Set? Here they come!
1. Day and Night: Write a story about a person who has a secret identity. Try to make it something really surprising, like a pastor who is also a warlock, or cuddly grandma who runs a crime syndicate.
2. Try this opener: He glanced over the crumpled ones and fives scattered across his bedspread — not enough, not even close to enough. Time for Plan B.
Have fun and happy writing!


text:
The Myth That Abortion Causes Breast Cancer Is Circling Yet Again
Some rumors just don't go away: Richard Gere shoved gerbils up his butt. The Clintons had their enemies whacked. Abortion causes breast cancer.
A recent study of 300 women from the University of Columbo in Sri Lanka alleges that having an abortion triples a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. News of this study is primarily being reported (surprise, surprise) on anti-abortion web sites. But it has also made its way onto major news sites, like the U.K.'s Daily Mail. Fortunately, the Daily Mail quoted Dr. Kat Arney, science information manager for the Cancer Research U.K. charity, debunking this myth. "Much larger studies involving tens of thousands of women have shown no significant links between abortion and breast cancer, so the available evidence does not support a link," Dr. Arney said.
As recently as 2004, the Journal of the American Medical Association published findings that say there is no conclusive link between abortion and breast cancer. Both the U.S. National Cancer Institute and the American College of Gynecologic Practice say there is no link, either. The American Cancer society's web site, Cancer.org, even devotes an entire page to debunking the myth. If you are curious about the various national and international studies on the topic — and there are many — which disprove the mythical link, I suggest you read Cancer.org's summary.
So why would this rumor persist? Well, every woman is scared of breast cancer and anti-choice crusaders know that.
[Daily Mail]


text:
CNBC on the Future of Network Newsgathering: 'That Ship has Sailed'
It's no longer profitable for networks to have their own news organizations, according to CNBC's David Faber.
In the wake of the news that CBS is in negotiations to outsource its news division to CNN, Faber explained on CNBC's April 8 "Squawk on the Street" CBS's news division is a victim of an evolving business.
"The news that CBS is once again considering a deal under which it would outsource some of its newsgathering operations to CNN - certain to get those critics out there who say, 'Oh, this is the end of news as we know it on television,'" Faber said.
"Well, if you haven't noticed, news on television ended a long time ago, other than '60 Minutes,' which is by the way a CBS program. I challenge you to come up with actual newsgathering that is taking place on the networks," he said. "That ship has sailed."
Faber interpreted the proposed move by CBS (NYSE:CBS) as a sign the mass media company was under pressure to cut some of its costs. CBS's stock has taken a hit over the last nine months. Since trading at a stock price of $34.73 on July 20, 2007, it has fallen to just above $22 a share.
"If you're [CBS CEO] Les Moonves, you're looking for two things," Faber said. "You're looking for ways to cut costs in the face of what may be very slow growing revenues, if not declining revenues ... and you're looking for how to get growing again."
Another thing hurting CBS is a lack of a cable presence like its competitors NBC Universal (a subsidy of General Electric (NYSE:GE)), ABC (a subsidy of the Walt Disney Corporation (NYSE:DIS)) and News Corp (NYSE:NWS.A).
"[Y]ou don't have the exposure to cable, which is - thank you very much - growing relatively well right now," Faber added.


text:
BUIES CREEK, N.C. – Campbell senior shortstop Brent Graham has been named a semifinalist for the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association Dick Howser Trophy, presented by Easton Foundations. The award, given to the top player in collegiate baseball, is based on two rounds of national voting.
Graham, a Portland, Ore. native, is also on the Brooks Robinson Award Watch List, given to the nation's top shortstop.
Graham owns a .391 average in 51 games this season, posting 52 runs scored and 35 RBI on 10 doubles, three triples and two home runs. He adds a .488 on-base percentage with 13 stolen bases on the year.
The senior leads the Big South in on-base percentage, while ranking second in batting, second in runs scored, fourth in slugging (.521), sixth in hits, sixth in walks, seventh in RBI and ninth in total bases among conference leaders.
On the national level, Graham also ranks 22nd in on-base percentage, 39th in batting, 45th in runs per game and 46th in runs scored.
Graham has notched 18 infield hits and 11 bunt singles on the year, while gathering a team-high 23 multi-hit games, including seven three-hit outings. Graham owns nine multi-RBI games, driving in a career-high six against in a win over Fairleigh Dickinson.
Graham has scored multiple runs 18 times, posting a season-best four twice in wins over VMI and High Point. He scored three and knocked in two in a win at UNC Asheville.
This is the 27th year of the Dick Howser Trophy presented by Easton Foundations. The finalists will be announced on Thursday, June 6. The 2013 award will be presented at TD Ameritrade Stadium in downtown Omaha, the home of the College World Series for the third year. The winner will be unveiled on Saturday, June 15 at 10 a.m. CT, the opening day of the 2013 CWS.
The Dick Howser Trophy, given in memory of the former Florida State University All-America shortstop and major league player and manager, who died of brain cancer in 1987, is regarded by many as college baseball's most prestigious award. Criteria for consideration of the trophy include performance on the field, leadership, moral character and courage, qualities that were exemplified by Dick Howser's life.
A Florida native, Howser was twice an All-America shortstop at Florida State (1957-58), then coached the Seminoles in 1979, after a career as a major league player and coach. After one year in the college ranks, Howser returned to the majors to manage the New York Yankees and Kansas City Royals and won the World Series with the Royals in 1985. The baseball stadium on the Florida State campus is named for Howser.
NCBWA membership includes writers, broadcasters and publicists. Designed to promote and publicize college baseball, it is the sport's only college media-related organization, founded in 1962.
The Howser Trophy was created in 1987, shortly after Howser's death. Previous winners of the Howser Trophy are Mike Fiore, Miami, 1987; Robin Ventura, Oklahoma State, 1988; Scott Bryant, Texas, 1989; Alex Fernandez, Miami-Dade Community College South, 1990; Frank Rodriguez, Howard College (Texas), 1991; Brooks Kieschnick, Texas, 1992 and 1993; Jason Varitek, Georgia Tech, 1994; Todd Helton, Tennessee, 1995; Kris Benson, Clemson, 1996; J. D. Drew, Florida State, 1997; Eddy Furniss, LSU, 1998; Jason Jennings, Baylor, 1999; Mark Teixeira, Georgia Tech, 2000; Mark Prior, P, USC, 2001, Khalil Greene, SS, Clemson, 2002; Rickey Weeks, 2B, Southern U., 2003; Jered Weaver, P, Long Beach State, 2004; Alex Gordon, 3B, Nebraska, 2005; Brad Lincoln, P/DH, Houston, 2006; David Price, P, Vanderbilt, 2007; Buster Posey, C, Florida State, 2008; Stephen Strasburg, P, San Diego State, 2009; Anthony Rendon, 3B, Rice, 2010; Taylor Jungmann, P, Texas, 2011 and Mike Zunino, C, Florida in 2012.


text:
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