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California Council for the Humanities
California Stories Initiative
Years of Valor, Years of Hope
Tulare County and the Years 1941-1946
Tulare County Library
The Friends of the Tulare County Library
And the Tulare County Historical Society
Interviews in 2003-2004
Life during World War II and Korean Conflict
Life in Visalia as a young man
Family life,school life
Jobs during the war years
Recollections of life in Tulare County
MD: Today is Tuesday, January 27, 2004. I am Marvin Demmers and I will be interviewing Mr. Carl Switzer in my home in Visalia, California as part of the Oral History Program entitled, "Years of Valor, Years of Hope, Tulare County and the years 1941,1946." Mr. Switzer, could you give us your full name and when you were born?
CS: Carl L. Switzer and I was born August 12, 1930 in Visalia.
MD: Who were your parents and can you tell us a little bit about who they were?
CS: My parents on my mother's side, Bernice Lucille Runyon, came from the Runyon Family and they were basically from around the Ivanhoe area. They were a large family; her father was William Thomas Runyon from Missouri and her mother was Will Ida Davidson, also from Missouri. And they had lived here many, many years and I think Bernice had three brothers, Harry, Clyde, and Ormal, and two sisters, Marie and Gladys. One of those brothers, Clyde, went off to war at the time, World War II. Then on my father's side, Carl Madison Switzer, that family was also a pioneer family in Tulare County. His mother and father were Sarah Elizabeth "Sallie" Frans, who was born in Visalia in 1864, and Upton Daniel Switzer, who was born in Ohio and came to Visalia from Missouri in 1877. Sallie's parents were John Bloom Frans, born in 1818 in Kentucky and Elizabeth Rebecca Fulton, born in 1830 (or 1831) in Indiana. So they date back a long time. Basically they were in agriculture, growing crops and things of that nature. My father grew up on the old Switzer ranch which was out on the Ivanhoe highway just before you get to Cutler Park which is on the left there. That was the old Frans home place and they had large acreage in that area. Over the years, of course, it has all been sold off, but that's where they raised a large number of boys. I think they had two daughters, Ada and Winiferd, and five boys, Roy, T. Wayne, Walter, Carl and Earl.
MD: A good size family. How old were you when World War II started?
CS: I was born in 1930 and in '41 when I believe it started, I was 11 going on 12 at the time.
MD: Now you mentioned you had brothers and some sisters?
CS: I also come from a fairly large family. I have three brothers, Richard, Robert and Kenneth, and a sister, Janice, and my dad and mother lived in Visalia, per se in the city limits, whereas they had grown up out in the country. When they got married in the 20's, they came in and built a house on Myrtle Street in Visalia and raised all the family there and that's where we grew up. I have one brother, Richard, who still lives in that house on Myrtle Street in Visalia. At the time, back in the late 30's, that was actually the edge of town and right across the street there was a huge wheat field where Mt. Whitney High School is right now. The reason I kind of remember that wheat field is because there was a ditch that went through there. It was called Conyer Ditch or Watson Ditch. We called it a couple of different names because there was a Conyer School, then down on Conyer Street. And we were always told never to go out and play in that field because of the water. My mother had a deathly fear of water. She didn't really know how to swim. It didn't mean much to us because that was the allure at the time and anytime we could break away and get out into that field and get near that ditch, that's where we headed.
MD: OK. What type of work did your dad do?
CS: Dad was a truck driver for Tidewater Associated Oil. Of course that name is not recognized as much today because they have gone out of business or merged with other oil companies. But when I was growing up he was a truck driver for Tidewater Associated Oil and the plant, the bulk plant, is right down near the cemetery. It is on Goshen Avenue and Giddings in Visalia today. If you notice, there is a large oil distribution plant there and I think it's called today - Julien Oil Company. My dad and his partner, a fellow by the name of Lawrence DeVault were both drivers for Tidewater Associated and then later on these oil companies changed the way they were marketing and so they came to people that were working for them and asked if any of them had an interest in purchasing the bulk plant because they wanted to get out of operating all the little bulk plants. What they did was they ended up selling that facility to my dad and his partner, Lawrence DeVault, and they had it for many, many years and they sold it to the man that currently has it. As a young boy I oftentimes would ride on the gasoline truck with my dad as he would deliver gas out to the surrounding farmers and he had lots of farm accounts and he would drive out and leave diesel oil and gasoline and stove oil and this sort of thing out at many, many of the ranches out in the area of Visalia.
MD: Was that pretty exciting?
CS: Yeah. To a small boy it was. To get to ride on that big truck. I doubt if they'd allow you to do that today, but back in those days you could do that. You got to know a lot of people and it was exciting to go out into the countryside and, since I lived in town, to get out and see what the ranches looked like, the orange groves and the olive groves and that sort of thing.
MD: How about your mom? Did she work?
CS: She never worked when she was young because she had such a family and like I say we were from a large family. I had three brothers and a sister. She had her hands full. But later on, when we had all kind of left the house, she did go in and go to work for the Assessor's Office for the county and she worked there for a number of years, in her later years.
MD: OK. Generally, how would you describe your family life growing up in Visalia?
CS: Our family life consisted of a lot of excitement around the house, as you can imagine, that would occur with four boys and a girl. The first part of the family happened to be three boys and we were a year apart and so you can imagine it was an active time with three boys running around the house.
As I recall, we had a routine we kind of got into. My dad would go to work early in the mornings. Back in those days we only had one automobile, so my mother would usually take him to work and she would come home and fix breakfast for all of us and then we'd get ready and if we were in school, we would then go off to school and so on. But we were always told at school, you know, that if there was any trouble at school, there would be more trouble at home when we got home, so they always told us not to fight and that sort of thing. We would then come home. We would usually take a sack lunch or something to school and then we would come home at around three thirty. And we would always walk to school because Conyer School
where we lived was about five blocks away. That was the grammar school where I first started school,went to the first, second and third grades there and then down at the other end of the block in the other direction was Jefferson School, which is no longer there. That was at the corner of Myrtle and Watson Streets. There is a park there now. They call it Jefferson Park. It's a city baseball park, but then that's where I went to the fourth, fifth and sixth grades. And then I went to Sierra Vista, which at the time was a junior high and did seventh and eighth grades and then went on to the only high school at the time in Visalia which was the old Visalia High School. So that's kind of what we did.
The routine was that . . . you know that we had our studies and we were expected to study and come home and get that done before anything. My dad would usually get home around 6:30 in the evening. He would call when he was ready to get picked up because my mom had the car. So she'd get in the car, drive down to the plant and pick him up and then we'd all have dinner.
One of the things that was kind of an amusing situation that I recall growing up was my mother would bake oftentimes, some pies and whatever. And as soon as we would get home from school the three older boys, we would all kind of be on the lookout for what she had baked because we knew she had baked that day. We thought we would go in and find the pie and we'd eat it all up before dinner and she really got distracted and kind of got put out and she started hiding the pies. And we'd have a big search around the house until we found it and then she really got ticked off at us, so what she ended up doing was she baked the pie and she'd take it to the next door neighbor's house and she would leave the pie there and then we'd sit down and have our meal. After the meal was finished she would get up from the table, walk next door, get the pie and bring it back and everyone would be able to get a piece of pie. That's was always kind of amusing.
But we usually went to bed about nine o'clock or nine-thirty at night and then we'd get up early because my dad was getting ready to leave and my mom was going to take him to work. We had, like I say, quite a large family, so there were a number of boys bunking in the same room. And then when my sister Janice came along, she was the next youngest, she ended up with a room. And then they built on a large room on the back of the house and four boys were able to sleep in that room.
But it was just . . . we went to church on Sundays and that was expected of everyone. We just grew up with that and then Saturday was a big day in the family life because this was a break in the routine of Monday-Friday and we always would go to town on Saturday night back in those days growing up. We always looked forward to that. You didn't do much; you didn't have television back in those days. You did have radio and we would sit around and listen to the radio and of course in some ways I like the radio programs more than I do the TV programs because you had to sit there, but you had to use your mind to visualize what they were saying,the dramas. They had things like The Whistler, The Shadow and programs like this and boy, they got exciting just listening with all the sound effects and everything to create this feeling.
But we would start getting ready about three o'clock on Saturday afternoon. My dad would get off a little earlier on Saturday. He worked six days a week, but usually came home about mid-afternoon on Saturday and so my mother would begin about three o'clock trying to get us all cleaned up. We'd been out romping around all day in dirt and whatever and so by the time she got the first one cleaned up usually and we had a bath or whatever, she would start on the rest of them. And by the time she got to the last one, oftentimes the first one had gotten dirty again out in the dirt playing. She said, "Stay clean," but oftentimes that didn't happen. My dad would come home and take a shower and about five thirty or so every Saturday afternoon we would all pile into the car, getting all these people in one old beat-up car.
MD: What kind of car was it?
CS: It was an old 1937 Studebaker. The reason it was a Studebaker was I had an uncle who was the Studebaker dealer here in Visalia, so we always bought Studebakers. We had a four door old Studebaker and it was a far cry from the cars today, but they were substantial cars and much heavier metal than the metal we have in our cars today. We would pile into the car and head for downtown Visalia. Now there was kind of event that took place in Visalia on Saturday evenings and that was all of the other families and farmers from around the surrounding countryside,
people out in Woodlake and Lemoncove, Exeter and Farmersville, Ivanhoe,they would all do the same thing and they would come into downtown Visalia to buy their groceries. But it turned into a social event.
There was one big market down in Visalia, big for then, not big for now, but it was called G & I's, and that stood for Goldstein and Iseman and it was down on the north side of the street near Locust, and there was a drug store on the corner of Locust and Main, and then the next store east on the north side of the street was G & I. They had a large produce section. They had a large bakery section,Copley's Bakery was located in that store. And that was the largest grocery store. And everyone would come in to buy their groceries on Saturday night or their main provisions for the week. So you'd go in, do you shopping, and come back to your car and put your bags of groceries in your car and then maybe you would go to a restaurant downtown and have dinner. Then you'd come back to your car and you'd kind of lean against the wall or you'd sit on the fender of the car. And all these people were up and down lining Main Street for about four blocks on both sides of the streets. So then people would get up and they would walk around Main Street and they would stop and converse with the different people they knew and they would pass the time of day and say "What happened this week in your life?" But they kind of caught up on the news and the gossip and so on. That was a big social event back in the 30's in Visalia. (Ed: There is a picture of this social event in TCL History Room.)
That was a time we really looked forward to because that was a break in the routine. You got to see people you didn't see everyday and you heard a lot of wild tales and stories that these guys would come in from the countryside and tell. I enjoyed that. It was really a good, rich time of developing relationships and getting to know different people that you didn't see normally and hearing all kinds of stories and so on. This would go on until about nine o'clock and then you'd get back in your car and drive home, put your groceries in the pantry and maybe listen to the radio program and then go to bed. So that was our life on a Saturday night back in the late 30's in Visalia.
MD: That's pretty neat. It's amazing how times have really changed. Mr. Switzer, when did you get married? Was your wife a county resident?
CS: Yes and no. I call Louise the little old lady from Pasadena because she is actually from Pasadena and she had come up here with her folks. Her dad, Earl Haverstock, (mother was Pauline Fargo) was a schoolteacher and he started teaching in different schools up here and that's how they got to the valley. But originally Louise went to grammar school and things in South Pasadena. I didn't really meet her until I got to high school; that's when I first met her. We were friends and that, but I didn't have any serious thoughts or consequences about anything in high school although I thought she was a very attractive gal and so on, a real nice gal. But then I knew her when I went on to junior college here. It was a junior college then, which is now College of the Sequoias on Mooney Blvd.
MD: What was the name of the college?
CS: It was Visalia Junior College. Anyway, I knew her and then she went away to San Jose State and I went away to San Francisco State. That's where I attended college and of course the Korean War was on then. I had been deferred because I had been in college, but I was graduated on a Saturday from the War Memorial Opera House. That's where they held the graduation ceremonies from San Francisco State.
Monday I was at Fort Ord, California. So that's how fast they pulled me into the
Army. I went through training at Fort Ord and I
figured here was a guy with a college degree; I would get some soft job in the
Army. We went through eight weeks of
basic and at that point they came and assigned me to eight weeks of advanced
infantry. I said uh-oh, this wasn't
looking so good. So I finished up with
that. However, I was assigned to Fort
Ord, California for my
first assignment after I finished my training and I had gotten into the radio
broadcasting field. That was my major in
college and so they just happened to be finishing a radio station, building a
station there at Fort Ord, which was located in Monterey on the Central
California coast and I just happened to be there at the right time and the
right spot and they put me in as the manager of that station and I was assigned
to train radio announcers for Armed Forces Radio Service. I did that for a number of months, until I
think it was December of '53 maybe and then I received orders to ship out for
I went
over to
MD: The Inland Sea?
CS: Yeah, the Yellow Sea or something, (ED: An atlas shows the Korea Strait, the narrow strip of water between Japan and Korea, which connected the East China Sea to the South and the Sea of Japan to the North.) but anyway, we put into Pusan which was the southern harbor of Korea. It was in the dead of winter and boy, was it cold. They put us on a deuce and a half truck (Ed: This term was used for the "Jimmy," a 2 ½ ton 6x6 cargo truck produced by General Motors Corporation beginning in 1941.) and we headed up north and we got as far as, I don't know, a couple of miles outside of Pusan and they put us in a tent camp. We had heaters, but the weather in the winter time there would get down as low as ten or fifteen degrees below zero, but the problem was we had heaters, but we didn't have any fuel to go into the heaters. They gave us six blankets to wrap up in.
Well, to
make a long story short, I finished off in
MD: So you just did a swap.
CS: We just did a swap. So we've been married since 1961. We had two children, a boy Dana and a girl, Alison, and two grandchildren, Sam and Jack. Alison, that's her children and they live in Lake Havasu, and our son lives here in Visalia.
MD: Let's talk a little about your personal
reactions to World War II. What do you
remember most about the day the
CS: I remember it was a Sunday and we were getting ready to go to church in the morning but we had the radio on. All of a sudden the announcement came over that war had been declared and boy, that was just a bolt out of the blue and back in those days it isn't like today, where you kind of hear about war every four or five years. We have some kind of an infraction going on someplace in the world or disagreement. Back in those days the only war I had heard about or knew about was I had vaguely heard about World War I and that was about it. You just didn't hear about wars in those days. When all of a sudden they said war had been declared, that was a shock. It really was sobering. I knew everyone was standing around and talking and saying, "Well, Gee, I wonder what this means," and so on.
Well, that was Sunday morning and of course everyone knows what happened history wise generally with the war. But at that point as we got into the war, there were more and more demands made on us here at home. And those demands were, you know, you couldn't buy Crisco in the stores. Well, that was a common thing women used in the kitchen but it became scarce. And there was a scarcity of many food products. You couldn't find bananas; coffee was difficult to find. A lot of that stuff was rationed to the stores. They just didn't get the supplies they would normally get and as soon as that happened that started a backlog of demand and people wanting this and that. We had problems that way. My dad was in the gasoline business at the time. Gasoline was rationed because it was in short supply and we had a rationing system where they would issue you a sticker that you would put on your windshield and my recollection was they were alphabetical numbers like A's, B's, and C's. One was a higher pecking order and got more gallons. And you were able to buy more every week. They had rationing stamps, little rationing books, and you would get a book that would give you so many stamps and when you went to buy gas you had to turn in and have those stamps, otherwise they wouldn't sell you the gas.
MD: What did one pay for gallon of gas in those days?
CS: I don't really remember. It was down in the cents. I can remember back in those days when I went to the Fox Theater on a Saturday afternoon matinee, the lowest price I paid when I first started going was nine cents to get into the movie. So you can kind of compare and figure it from there.
MD: Yeah, make a guess from there.
CS: I think the gas as I recall was somewhere was around thirty to forty cents a gallon. It wasn't very much. People were always pressuring my dad to cut deals because they wanted to get extra rationing stamps for gas and so on. Tires were difficult. You couldn't find tires. I had a friend of mine that worked for a food store called Justesen's. It was a chain in the valley that has long since gone out of business. But he was a classmate of mine in high school and he worked there and I was working at the time for my uncle's drug store. I had an uncle that had a drug store down on Main Street and that was Switzer's Drug Store which is just east of Court Street on the south side of Main at 105 E. Main Street. Today, this year, which is 2004, that's currently Mike's Camera Shop, but it used to be Switzer's Drug Store for about 50 years in the past. I remember this friend of mine would get me some bananas and coffee every once in a while and I would kind of get them out of the back door of Justesen's, because they were really difficult to get a hold of. Another thing that was really hard back in those days particularly on the women was they couldn't get nylon or silk hosiery. They were using that material for parachutes or whatever it was. When there was a war back then it wasn't business as usual back home. There were scarcities and as a result there were just certain things you just couldn't get your hands on. What happened then and the reason I kind of remember this was because in the drug store, some of these cosmetics companies came out with a liquid stocking. It was a lotion that women would buy and they would rub it on their legs and it looked like hosiery. This is why I guess they thought it was fashionable to make sure that their legs looked kind of brown or tan.
MD: Was it a washable material?
CS: Yeah, it was washable. Every time they took a shower or a bath it would come off. But these women bought this stuff by the bottle. They would put it on their legs and that would make it look like they were wearing stockings. I was always kind of amused by that because I thought that was kind of stupid in a way, but they didn't think so I guess.
MD: Did the fact that our country was at war have any effect on your day to day activities at home or at school?
CS: Yes, at school we had trained for bombing raids. That consisted mainly of a bell ringing three times or something like that and that was the alert and you had to climb under your desk and stay there until they said it was all clear. So that was one thing we did. Another thing, at home there were instructions given to everybody generally in the newspapers and things that we were to pull our shades down at night so the light would not shine out because there were enemy bombers that might be coming and of course there were all kinds of rumors. This was a little bit after the actual declaration of war, but after we got into the war. The stories started to come back of the various problems and the sinking of ships and all of the campaigns that developed in the Pacific, on the islands such as Guadalcanal,Tarawa,Iwo Jima and so on. The people started to get kind of a little antsy and pretty soon there were rumors going around town in Visalia that the Japanese, we had many Japanese farmers here, that they were plotting to help create some kind of a problem. Oftentimes they would grow tomatoes back in those days. One of the stories that I remember was they said that the Japanese farmers had put their white caps on the top of the tomatoes in the early Spring to protect them from frost, but they did it in such a way that it pointed an arrow from the sky right towards the Visalia Airport.
Then we had the situation where they came and took all the Japanese away. One interesting story that I happen to be fairly close to is because of my dad having delivered gasoline to many of these farmers. We'd known them for years. I remember one day. I didn't know it at the time, but Dad told me later. There was a Uota family that had lived many years in this area. They were out near Venice Hill near Ivanhoe. They had a large ranch out there. One of the principals of the Uota family called my dad and said we were being taken away to an internment camp and I don't know what to do. I just have to leave. It just happened like this. There was no warning. They had no time to make any arrangements, so he asked my dad if he would take over his ranch and run his ranch while he was gone. So my dad and his partner, Lawrence DeVault, they did that along with their regular business which was the gasoline business; they ran his ranch for him. After the war was over, the Uotas' came right out of the internment camp and right back into their ranch and it was there just the way it was the day they left.
MD: That's so wonderful.
CS: So I remember that story and it was confusing, because as younger boy, I couldn't understand why they were going after all the Japanese people because we had Japanese families in our schools and our classes and everything. It was kind of a real situation where you said why are they doing this? It was hard to comprehend. But nevertheless, it happened.
Another thing that happened in those days, we had large towers that they built and the people would man these towers on, I don't know, an 18-hour basis or something and everybody would have a shift and they'd go up there and they'd have binoculars and they would continuously watch the sky for any enemy airplanes that might be coming over. That type of thing never developed, but nevertheless we did have that type of preparation and that kind of a routine where people volunteered and went up into these watch towers and would watch for any possible enemy action.
Another time I would sometimes ride with my dad because we had Sequoia Field north of town which was an airport that was built to train pilots during WWII and then we had the Visalia Airport which was taken over by the Air Force or the Army at the time. They didn't have the Air Force per se, and it was a night bomber training base.
MD: The Visalia Airport?
CS: The Visalia Airport was, right. And I can remember my dad got a contract for gas and oil for a construction company that had the bid out there to build these huge earthen embankments. They were big semicircle things and man, they would go up 20 feet in the air and they were wide dirt and they would take those, and that's where they kept the airplanes. They built these huge earthen mounds around the airplanes so if they had any kind of enemy attack it would minimize the damage to the planes.
MD: What type of plane did they keep there?
CS: They had what they called a night bomber and I don't remember the actual designation on the plane. They had Ryan Trainers out at Sequoia Field that they trained the pilots in to fly, but these people out here were not being trained. They had already gotten their training and they were assigned for this night bombing type of stuff. Why they were there I'll never know, but that's what the Visalia Airport was back then in WWII.
MD: Was the war discussed amongst your classmates or in the classroom?
CS: It was discussed a little bit from the standpoint that they wanted you to be patriotic and they wanted you to conserve on things. They told us we needed to conserve on this, this, and this. We would also have periodic scrap iron drives and that would mean that everybody would mobilize on a Saturday or whatever day it was and we would go out all over the community and we'd look in vacant lots and people's backyards and garages, out in the country for old pieces of metal equipment of any sort. Drums, farm implements, you name it. We'd pick all this stuff up and we would bring it in and pick up some things and put it in a big pile and load it on a large truck and take it to some scrap metal depot someplace. But this would happen every four or five months. We would have that type of an effort.
Also, we had things called Victory Gardens, where if you have any type of open plot of land nearby, they urged you to grow as much of your own food as you could, because they were trying to take all the production they could and ship off to the troops wherever they might be. So many, many people had these gardens. Maybe it was a vacant lot across the street, so you would cultivate that. The house next door would run a hose over and maybe two or three families would participate in that and grow a bunch of food and everybody would share in that food.
MD: Do you recall the day that the bomb was
dropped on
CS: You know I remember it happening and I
thought it was hard to understand or comprehend because they were saying it
killed tens of thousands of people and it's hard to fathom that when you hear
that because you never experienced that. It seemed to me it was kind of incredulous that that actually
happened. I had a unique experience when
I went to
MD: Did your feelings,by the time that World War II had ended,did your feelings about the war, such that you remember, change significantly?
CS: We were always patriotic and it was a supporting effort. The question in the back of my mind was why did they take the local Japanese people? Because they were American citizens. But there was a fever going on of fear or whatever, but you know, you just kind of accepted it on a patriotic basis and you wanted to do everything you could to contribute to the success of our effort with the war, and that's kind of the feeling.
MD: Was there any kind of celebration in Visalia at the time that you remember?
CS: Well, yeah. When the war ended, all of a sudden I heard a bunch of noise, but for some reason I thought it was a Saturday morning, I'm not sure, but there was just a tremendous uproar and I couldn't understand what was going on. I think I was on a bicycle or something and so I stopped and I asked somebody, "What's all the noise about?" There was just noise everywhere. Kind of like the Fourth of July only it was about ten Fourth of July's. Car horns, every car horn was honking, the fire whistle was going, we had air raid sirens and they were going off, and the guy said, "Well, the war is over." And so boy oh boy, that was a big relief. But to a young boy it probably wasn't that meaningful as it was to older people who had lost sons or daughters or had them on the battle lines. I had a cousin who was in the 2nd Marine Division and I think he died at Tarawa after many, many months of being in the war zone there.
You know, some of the other things back in those days, just rapidly; we didn't have any air conditioning. We had a lot of mosquitoes in Visalia. People have no idea how many mosquitoes were in this area. You couldn't go out at night and sit in your yard without just being eaten up and you didn't have a lot of salves and mosquito repellant back in those days and so we used a thing called a smudge pot. We'd get an old tin can or wastepaper basket and bring it out into the yard and we'd get some old rags and put in there and we'd light them and let them smolder and that smoke then would have a tendency to keep the mosquitoes away. It halfway choked you too while you were sitting there trying to enjoy the outdoors.
MD: I think my last question in regard to the war per se, what one event stands out most in your memory about WWII and why was that particular thing important to you?
CS: I think the one event and this didn't really occur in Tulare County, but we were going to visit an aunt and uncle, Ruth and Ormal Runyon, down in Redondo Beach and so we took off. And it was a trip in itself in those days to get over the ridge route because it was just a two lane road over there and the road wasn't very good. That was always exciting. They lived in Redondo Beach and we stayed with them there and there is a big kind of a half rainbow pier out there at Redondo Beach. Well, the first thing as we drove into San Fernando Valley, I was really taken back because they had all these large air balloons tethered around all of the defense plants which were down there in El Segundo and out in the San Fernando Valley at Douglas Aircraft and Grumman and so forth. All of a sudden this visually got you into a different part of the war that you'd never felt or experienced in Visalia because we didn't have any of that type of thing going on. But here they were and at night when you'd go to bed or as soon as it became dark, there would be search lights on all around the skies down in the Los Angeles area.
They also, on this pier that I was telling you about, they had a large artillery gun and they had a large search light and I think it was manned by the Coast Guard, but they were afraid of the possibility of a submarine coming up and there were rumors at some point that I read that maybe something did happen. But I was never sure that happened. But they drilled and those lights would go on at night when we were down there. This was a different story and all of a sudden you got a lot closer to the war than you were in Visalia or at least I felt that was the case. That was one key thing that I really remember about the war.
MD: Excellent. I'd like to ask a few more questions. You've answered many of the questions that I had here. But this has been very interesting and wonderful information. In regard to your family, a little more about your family, do you recall there were any changes in your family's housing situation during the war, or did any people outside of your family live with you at that time? Or was that a common type of thing to occur?
CS: I was not aware of that particularly happening in Visalia. We already had a large family and could barely handle it in the house we had. The houses back in those days were much smaller than the houses that you have today. Oftentimes, most homes back in those days were two bedroom homes and of course if you had any children you were full up. So I never experienced that type of thing.
MD: Did your mother and father, do you recall, did they purchase war bonds?
CS: Yes, we purchased war bonds and we were also urged to do that at school. They had little stamps and books that they handed out. And we would save up our money and hand it up like nickels and dimes and pretty soon you'd get so many stamps in the book and once you got the book full you could turn it in for a bond.
MD: What was the minimum denomination that you had to purchase?
CS: I think it was $18.75.
MD: Did your family, you mentioned the radio was a big thing. They didn't have TV. What types of programs did your family listen to when they were around the radio?
CS: The radio back in those days, it wasn't like it was today. They had all different kinds of programming on one station where today one station is known for music and back in those days, the station would have maybe an hour or two of drama and they would have some news or sporting events. It would just go on through the day. Then maybe they'd have an hour's worth of music, but it wasn't just one continuous sound of music all day. They would have commentary; they would have news broadcasts; they would have sports shows; they would have local interview shows where they were talking to various people from different parts of the community and so on. In the evening they had the blue network and the red network. KTKC in Visalia was Visalia's first radio station and it was the blue network and they would have different network programs . . . (end of side A of the tape.)
MD: Mr. Carl Switzer and we were discussing his recollections on the home front and his growing up in Visalia and things of that nature. We will go ahead and continue. Was work fairly hard to find in Tulare County at the time that the war was going on? What did people do?
CS: I don't think work was hard to find because many of the young people that would have been in the work force were in the service and they were gone. We had a number of women that would come into the work force and take on certain types of jobs which . . . back in those days, that didn't happen. It wasn't the way it is today. Women working were an exception back in those days. My recollection was that jobs were plentiful and the other thing that I remember was that I went to work selling magazines when I was in the first grade, so I had a job then as a young boy. They won't let you work today that way. I was a delivery boy and a janitor after school for different places. During the war I think there was plenty of work and they were looking for people to fill jobs.
MD: You had mentioned that you had worked delivering flowers for Perkins Flowers. Did you enjoy the work? What did they pay you?
CS: They didn't pay very much back in those days on anything. It was like four dollars a week or something like that. And I worked two hours after school and maybe two or three hours on Saturday morning. The interesting part of that job was I would deliver the flowers on my bicycle and if it was a large funeral I would have to spread the casket sprays over my handle bars and hold on with one hand and hold on to that thing and balance it and ride it over to the funeral home and deliver it. And I would deliver potted flowers, cut flowers and different things like that. I enjoyed the work. I always enjoyed the work because I was out meeting people and talking to people. It was a rich experience. Sometimes I liked the jobs better than I liked school. It was more exciting. I think I got more out of it in some ways.
MD: What other type of work did you do?
CS: I worked for my uncle at the drug store and that was a job where you had to open the freight and all the little bottles and check off the invoices and that sort of thing. Mark them with a price and then put them out on the shelves and then, when he felt we were able to, he would allow us to wait on customers in the evening. We stayed open until 9:00 o'clock at the drug store at night and so we'd sometimes go out and wait on the customers. That was kind of exciting, learning how to make change and ring up the cash register and that sort of thing. We also would deliver prescriptions to people. They would call up and get their prescriptions filled. We would deliver them again on our bicycles out to the families and things. I also worked at Schelling's Men's Wear at Christmas time waiting on customers. I worked for the county's school office when I was a young person after school cleaning the film the teachers used in the classrooms. They had no videos back in those days. They had reel-to-reel film but oftentimes the sprocket holes would get injured or the teachers would inadvertently put the film back on the reel the wrong way. So somebody had to sit there and check it when it would come back in to make sure that it was ready to go out again to the next school. So I did that for a time.
MD: OK. I'm just curious. What did people do for fun during the war years as you recall as a young man living in Visalia. Were movies a popular thing?
CS: Basically that was about it. That was your entertainment. We would also go on picnics on Sundays off to Mooney's Grove Park or Cutler Park and maybe you'd have part of an extended family there. Aunts and uncles would be there and you'd make a freezer of ice cream and a big pot of potato salad and some beans and potato chips and things and you'd go out there and just sit around and talk and you'd hear all kinds of stories. Out at Mooney's Grove they had a special kind of swing. It was a double swing that had seats in it and you could get on this thing and two or three people could go back and forth and those were big attractions. The other thing was that you had sports and that sort of thing but you'd go to football games and that was about it. In the summertime maybe you'd go up to the park on a weekend or in the winter you'd go skiing up at the park.
MD: That meaning Sequoia Park?
CS: Right. Wolverton, up in that area. Or camping or hiking. That was the extent of our entertainment.
MD: As you think back about going to movies, do you remember how World War II was portrayed at the movies?
CS: Oh, yeah. We were always the good guys and we were always winning things and boy, I'll tell you, I can remember sometimes I would go into the matinee at the Fox Theater on Main Street and come out of there after the movie was over and boy, I thought I was a soldier on the front line. I was really feeling proud and so on.
MD: They never showed you the other side of the war?
CS: I never saw that part. Once in a while, and
I'm trying to remember what it was, I think it was Fleer's Bubblegum. But they had these little packets of
bubblegum and they had these little war cards and those were cards were pictures
of situations occurring in
MD: Do you recall what ways the community of Visalia came together as well as the surrounding communities in Tulare County to support the war?
CS: We had war bond drives, big thermometers down on Main Street that they would build. We were trying to raise so many dollars worth of war bonds. This went on continuously. And you'd have these efforts, or there'd be a special show in the auditorium where people would come in and entertain, but the main reason was to try to raise money. The fact that we had the air bases here, particularly Sequoia Field,the buses would come in on Saturday afternoon and Sunday and they would bring those cadets into Visalia and they would hit the streets and they were in and out of the stores and so I would bump into some of those guys in the drug store because they wanted to buy sunglasses. They didn't have the PXs back in those days on the bases themselves like they do now. That was always an exciting time, to see these guys come in, in their uniforms and get off of the buses and so on.
MD: Well, Mr. Switzer, we're kind of at the end of the interview now and I have two last questions I would like to ask. These questions - give a little bit of thought to them, maybe before you provide your answer, but these are two questions the County of Tulare really wants to have recorded. The first is: How do you think the World War II years in Tulare County affected you personally?
CS: Well, it interrupted life as it was which, you know, we were growing up and everything was fine and then all of a sudden something happened that was vastly different and not right. That was a war; that was the bombing of Pearl Harbor. We lost ships, we lost people and life wasn't as usual. All of a sudden you got more sober. There was a reason why we needed to do all of these other things that we have just discussed: to conserve and to find scrap metal and to do this and that and to raise money and so on. They wanted . . . it just kind of made you . . . I think life got more serious and you looked at life differently. You also thought, maybe, "Where's this war going?",in the early stages. Maybe it might get here to our shores but usually it was some place else, over across an ocean and that gave you some security and thought. You knew people were dying and so it made things just more serious and life was more important.
MD: How do you think the World War II years then affected the way Tulare County is now?
CS: Well, one of the things that occurred - I think it's because of a lack of manpower. All our young people were off to war and as a young boy, one of the things we would do during crop harvest in the fall and so on; everyone would go out and work on the farms. We'd pick walnuts, or grapes, or cotton, or whatever.
One of
the things I noticed was there were a number of people, Hispanic people, men
that would come into the drug stores on Saturdays or Sundays and they could
speak little English if any. So I asked my uncle, "Where are these people from?" He said these people were from
The rest of Tulare County didn't change much then. It was a rural county. We were out in the country and we didn't have a city or urban type of life. Visalia today is much more urban and busier and a lot more traffic. Back in those days it was tranquil compared to the way it is now.
MD: Well, that concludes the questions, the formal part of the interview that I had for you. Do you have anything else you would like to discuss?
CS: No, I think we've pretty well covered it. Life was slower back in those days and you simply went around at a slower pace and I can tell you the skies were clearer. You could see the mountains on a regular basis. It wasn't like you had to wait until the day before a rain as you did today in order to see the Sierra Nevadas. You saw them everyday back there in the 30's and early 40's. It was a good place to grow up. Kids could go out on the street and wander all over the town and nothing ever happened particularly.
MD: Well, Mr. Switzer, on behalf of the Tulare County Historical Society and the residents of Tulare County, we would like to thank you for sharing your remembrances tonight and I've enjoyed this interview and hope you enjoyed providing this very useful information, so have a good evening.
CS: Thank you, I enjoyed it.
Marvin Demmers/ Transcriber: Jan Chubbuck, 3/7/04/ Ed. JW 7/15/04
Ed. Note: This transcript has been altered to include the names of the people discussed in the taped interview.


text:
- Location:
- Canton Beach, Australia
- Price:
- No price
- Manufacturer:
- Airman excavators
- Model:
- Condition:
- new
- Year:
- 2015
- Stock number:
- Category 2:
- Mini Excavator
- Operating weight - mt:
- 3.96
- Category:
- Excavators in Australia
- Subcategory:
- 0-7 tonnes
Our new operator and environmental friendly zero-tail swing mini excavator offers improved serviceability and safety, in addition to basics operation including digging, loading and leveling. The new track frame design allows easy mud removal.Workability:The zero-tail swing design allows the operator to work without having to worry about the rear, thereby improving the work efficiency.Safety:The machine is equipped with a Pilot-Control Shut-Off Lever with which all hydraulic operations can be shut off, thereby preventing unwanted operation. The Machines engine can only be started when the Pilot-Control Shut-Off lever is in the neutral position, to avoid any risk of unwanted operation. The cabin and canopy both meet the latest ROPS/FOPS regulation. Enlarged counterweight to increase the stability of the machine (optional)Serviceability:Highly reduced inspection and maintenance time due to the cabin floor that can be tilted forward for easy access to the machines main components, and the use of an up-sliding engine cover and side cover.Operability:The Machine is equipped with a large cabin and ergonomically designed consoles to improve operators comfort.The cabin door is foldable to allow easy entrance to the cabin and to reduce the projection out of the swing circle.
Get email updates for Airman AX38U

subset: commoncrawl


text:
British athlete Holly Bleasdale is set to officially open the brand new Barbara Castle Way Health Centre in Blackburn on Friday, March 16. Holly recently won bronze in pole vault at the IAAF World Indoor Athletics Championships in Instanbul.
European pole vaulting champion Holly, 20, who is a member of Blackburn Harriers and is expected to take part in the London Olympics later this year, will unveil a plaque during the opening ceremony. The event will be attended by local dignitaries and NHS staff who provide services in the centre.
Afterwards, she will meet sports science students from Blackburn College, which is next door to the health centre, and take part in an informal question and answer session.
The state of the art Barbara Castle Way Health Centre, which opened to patients last November, was built to make it easier for people to access a wide range of health services in a convenient town centre location, including some that patients previously had to attend hospital for.
These include x-ray and ultrasound and consultant led dermatology clinics. Other services available in the new centre include GP practices, community dentistry, a treatment room, minor ops and outpatients
Sir Bill Taylor, a non-executive director of NHS Lancashire and locality lead for Blackburn with Darwen, said: "Barbara Castle Way Health Centre brings together many of the 21st century health and well being facilities and services that patients need and deserve and it is on so many people's doorsteps. I have visited and used the services housed within this impressive building and believe it is the shape of things to come.
"Holly Bleasdale is an inspiring role model and we are delighted and proud that she has agreed to open our health centre and speak to young people."
Dr Chris Clayton, Chair of Blackburn with Darwen Clinical Commissioning Group, said: "We know that, where appropriate, we get the best health outcomes when patients are treated in the community rather than in hospital. We are committed to providing more healthcare this way and we welcome the opening of a fantastic facility like Barbara Castle Way Health Centre because this is what makes it all possible."


text:
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Survivor: Donna Tuna
Suddenly, midday on Sept. 1, 1939, Donna Tuna — then Golda Tajchman — spotted planes flying low over her small town of Ryki, Poland, machine-gunning the inhabitants, who were running, panicked, in all directions. Donna, along with her mother, sister Regina, and younger twin siblings, Feige and Avrum, raced to the riverbank. They stood in the water the entire night, hidden by tall grass, watching the wooden structures of the shtetl erupt in flames. The next morning she returned with her family, to find her father had been killed and their house burned to the ground. "I felt I was 200 years old, and I was not even 12," Donna recalled.
They retreated to their aunt's house. A few days later, German soldiers marched into Ryki and pounded on doors. "Juden raus!" ("Jews out!") they shouted. Donna peeked through the keyhole and saw soldiers putting people on trucks. She also saw them shoot her great-grandfather because he was not running toward the trucks fast enough. "I was so scared," she said. The family inside the house, however, was spared.
Born on Sept. 24, 1927, Donna was the sixth of eight children in her religious family. Her father, who was in the grain business, prayed twice a day, and her mother baked every Thursday night for Shabbat. Donna remembers living "in a beautiful house on a beautiful street." When the war broke out, Donna's older brother Henry and older sisters Saba, Pola and Karola were living in Warsaw.
Saba took Donna to Warsaw. There, hearing that Jews were escaping to Russia, Donna, Karola and Saba, along with Saba's husband and his two siblings, went to the train station. They traveled east, getting off at a small town and walking to a Russian border crossing. The guards, however, denied them entry. They stayed at the crossing for six days, walking around all day and sleeping on the frozen ground at night. Finally, more and more people arrived, and they broke through the barrier.
Donna's group walked until they reached Ogrodniczki, a village near Bialystok in Soviet-controlled eastern Poland. They registered to work in Russia and were put on a cattle train, sitting on the floor of a car that had frozen walls and an iron stove in the center. Whenever the train stopped, they gathered wood. After a month, near the end of 1939, they arrived in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia.
They were given one barracks room for the six of them. They were also given a saw, a tree trunk to cut for firewood and a tar-coated pail for washing. They melted snow for water. Donna attended school and did chores, including standing in line for hours for bread. More than once, in weather 30 degrees below zero, so cold her hair froze, she had to hold her place in line all night.
In spring 1941, Saba became very ill. The group, then including Saba's baby, Alex, boarded a train for Mogilev, a warmer city in Belarus. In June, however, the Germans attacked, and Saba's husband was drafted into the Red Army and killed almost immediately. Donna and Saba, along with the baby, went to the crowded station to flee on a train; it was packed, but they managed to snare a place on the steps, riding outside the car. Their trip lasted weeks, according to Donna, before they arrived in Chelyabinsk, east of the Ural Mountains.
Donna again attended school. She owned one dress, a navy one, with buttons, which she wore frontward one day and backward the next. On days when she washed the dress, she stayed in bed all day. As a student, Donna was allowed only 200 grams — about 7 ounces — of bread a day. Sometimes she came home from school so hungry she couldn't do her homework.
In fall 1943, old enough to work at age 16, Donna procured a factory job, which raised her daily allotment to 800 grams of bread.
One day, in May 1945, people poured into the streets, dancing and celebrating the war's end. Donna registered for permission to return to Poland. The process took months, and, during one visit to the registration office, she met her future husband, Izak Tuna, a fellow Pole.
Finally, in the summer of 1946, Donna and Izak traveled to Strzegom, in southwestern Poland, where they were married in a civil ceremony in March 1947. Their daughter, Sofia, was born the same year. In 1951, they moved to Wroclaw, where their son, Mark, was born in 1956.
In 1957, the family was finally given permission to leave Poland for Israel. There, Donna learned that her mother, sister Regina and twin siblings had been taken to Treblinka. Donna's other siblings survived, including Henry, who helped sponsor their move to Los Angeles in 1960.
Donna studied English and business machines at Fairfax High School and then worked at J.J. Newberry and Fedco, retiring in 1982. Izak worked in the aerospace industry.
In 1965, they became U.S. citizens, officially changing their names to Donna and Mike (Izak had become Miroslaw in Poland). They also bought a house, where they still live.
In 2004, Donna and her husband returned to Poland with Sofia and Mark to visit their birthplaces. Donna refused to travel to Ryki.
Today, Donna, now 84, spends time reading magazines and classic novels. She takes walks and also cooks healthful soups.
She and her husband have always resided near Fairfax Avenue. As she told her daughter in 1960, "These are my family. I will live always with the Jewish people."


text:
Ask an Eye Doctor and Get an Answer ASAP
Hi. I'm online and happy to answer your question today.
Unfortunately, there is no way to "stop" dry ARMD. The vitamins, as recommended by the AREDS study, are the only known effective treatment. While this does not reverse damage already done it has been shown to slow the progression of the disease.
Does this make sense to you?
Also, I suggest you see an ophthalmologist (MD), and not an optometrist, for your routine eye care.
how about treatment with stem cells, is it recommended
There has been some very exciting research with stem cells in getting some people who are lights out blind do to a specific disease to see some light again....and the press has widely reported on this.
That being said, we are a long, long way from using stems cell therapy in the routine treatment of eye diseases, including dry ARMD
does it work for AMD
which center in USA is suited for this research
No. Stem cell therapy is still in its infancy.....it has not been used in any type of macular degeneration yet


text:
As a first-time home buyer, the move into homeownership can seem daunting.
When you own your own place, after all, you're responsible for more than just your mortgage payment. Your home's maintenance and upkeep is up to you; and, you're required to keep your home insured against damage or loss.
However, for members of the U.S. military and veterans of the Armed Services, owning a home can be simpler than for the general civilian population.
This is because of the VA Home Loan Guaranty program.
The VA Home Loan Guaranty program, which is backed by the Department of Veterans Affairs, gives military borrowers access to mortgage loans which require no money down; at mortgage rates which beat the national average; and, with only basic mortgage qualification standards.
If you're buying a home and are eligible to use VA mortgage financing -- regardless of the size of your down payment -- it can make sense to explore your VA loan eligibility.
VA mortgage loans are among the best "deals" in mortgage lending.Click to see your VA loan eligibility (Jul 20th, 2017)
The VA Home Loan Guaranty program was started more than seventy years ago, as part of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944.
Better known as the G.I. Bill, the law provided a wide range of benefits to returning World War II veterans (who were commonly called "G.I.s").
The benefits of the G.I. Bill included access to low-interest loans to start a business; cash payments for tuition to attend university or receive vocational training; and, access to low-cost mortgages.
The G.I. Bill remains as law today and millions of active and veteran military personnel have used the VA Home Loan Guaranty program to buy their first homes.
The Department of Veterans Affairs, however, is not a mortgage lender. Rather, the agency offers guarantees to lenders which make loans under the auspices of the program.
This means that home buyers don't have to apply for VA loans with the Department of Veterans Affairs directly. You can apply for a VA loan with any VA-approved mortgage lender in the country (and there are lots of them).
Mortgage lenders like to make VA loans because the loans are protected against loss by the government, which makes them close to "risk-free".
If you, as the home buyer, are unable to make mortgage payments to the bank for whatever reason in the future, the lender can collect on the guaranty and eliminate its potential losses on your loan.
Because of the VA loan guaranty, then, mortgage rates for VA loans are typically the lowest of all commonly-used mortgage loans, including FHA loans, conventional loans, and USDA loans, too.
Even if you're planning a large down payment, the VA loan may be your best option.Click to see your VA loan eligibility (Jul 20th, 2017)
For borrowers eligible to use the program, the VA home loan is often the best home loan choice -- without even a close competitor.
This is because the VA mortgage offers an excellent combination of low down payment, low mortgage rates, and ease of approval.
Here are some of the reasons home buyers choose VA home loans over every other type.
VA mortgage rates, because of their government guarantee, tend to be the lowest of all generally-available mortgage types.
VA mortgage rates beat conventional mortgage rates for comparable, 30-year fixed-rate loans by as much as 40 basis points (0.40%). However, for loans with a down payment of ten percent or less; and, for loans for borrowers with less-than-perfect credit, that gap can widen measurably.
For some home buyers, VA mortgage rates beat conventional rates by 100 basis points (1.00%) or more.
VA loans do not require a down payment. It's your right as a borrower to make a down payment, however, the program doesn't require it.
Because there's no down payment requirement, home buyers can bring less money to closing with a VA loan than with any other loan type.
Monies saved on a down payment can be used for home repairs and improvements; for building a household emergency fund; or, for any other purpose you want.
VA mortgage loans, because of their guarantee, never require mortgage insurance. This makes VA loans unique among other low- and no-down payment mortgage types.
No matter how much or how little you put down on a home, when you use the VA Home Loan Guaranty program, you'll never be asked to pay mortgage insurance.
And, because VA loans don't require mortgage insurance, the monthly payments on a VA loan are often cheap as compared to comparable FHA, USDA, and conventional home loans.
Another benefit of VA loans is that they're assumable. This means that your VA loan (and its mortgage rate) can be "assumed" by a future buyer of your home.
Assumable loans are so important when mortgage rates are dropping. However, when mortgage rates are rising, an assumable loan can add to your home's marketability.
Imagine selling your home with a 3.50% mortgage rate attached to it when the market rate is close to double that. A home with a cheap mortgage payment is likely to sell more quickly, and at a higher price.Click to see your VA loan eligibility (Jul 20th, 2017)
As a home buyer, you'll find that the steps to qualify for a VA loan are similar to how you'd qualify for any loan type.
After giving your mortgage loan application by phone, by internet, or by app, your lender will ask you to provide supporting documentation for the information you've shared.
This will include providing proof of income using W-2 statements, current pay stubs, and, in some cases, federal income tax returns.
You will also be asked to verify your employment and residence history of the last two years, and to provide proof of military history and a certificate of eligibility (COE).
These documents are generally available via the Web LGY. Your lender can retrieve them for you while-you-wait.
Lastly, you will be asked to verify your credit report and your residency status.
You may not use the VA Home Loan Guaranty program to purchase a vacation home or a rentals. However, you're not required to take occupancy immediately after closing, either.
Military borrowers are often permitted 60 days after closing to take residence of a new home, but exceptions exist. For example, if you're on active duty or are a single civilian working overseas, you can delay your occupancy in a new home.
The VA loan program is often forgiving in common sense-type scenarios.
Once you've made your verifications with the lender, it will review your documentation against the VA's minimum requirement standards. These standards, known as the "VA Mortgage Guidelines", determine whether your mortgage is VA loan-eligible.
Loans eligible for the VA Home Loan Guaranty program get approved and funded for closing.
For first-time home buyers with military experience, the VA loan is often the cheapest, fastest, and best way to get mortgage-approved.
Get today's live mortgage rates now. Your social security number is not required to get started, and all quotes come with access to your live mortgage credit scores.Click to see your VA loan eligibility (Jul 20th, 2017)
The information contained on The Mortgage Reports website is for informational purposes only and is not an advertisement for products offered by Full Beaker. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not reflect the policy or position of Full Beaker, its officers, parent, or affiliates.
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The Mortgage Reports has given me lots of valuable information, and reliable information, too!
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The Mortgage Reports is informative and I read it daily. I am grateful for the knowledge I have gained.
2017 Conforming, FHA, & VA Loan Limits
Mortgage loan limits for every U.S. county, as published by Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)


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Aleph Number:
Collection is restricted.
Original audiovisual materials are closed to patron use. Some use copies are available in the collection. Otherwise, Research Services staff need to produce use copies before contents can be accessed.
Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection.
All or portions of this collection may be housed off-site in Duke University's Library Service Center. The library may require up to 48 hours to retrieve these materials for research use.
Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library to use this collection.
The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to Duke University. For more information, consult the copyright section of the Regulations and Procedures of the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
[Identification of item], J. Walter Thompson Company. Frankfurt Office. Audiovisual Materials, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.
The J. Walter Thompson Company. Frankfurt Office. Audiovisual Materials were received by the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library as a gift in 1996.
Processed by Richard Collier, February 2012
Encoded by Richard Collier, February 2012
Materials may not have been ordered and described beyond their original condition.
The J. Walter Thompson Company (JWT) Frankfurt Office Audiovisual Materials span the years 1956-1993 and consist of 16mm and 35mm films, videocassettes and slides that document print advertisements and television commercials produced by the Frankfurt Office for the German and continental European markets. Companies represented include Braun, De Beers, Elida Gibbs (Chesebrough-Pond's), Findus, Ford, Glückslee, Hoffman's, Jacobs (Kraft), Kellogg's, Kraft, Maggi, Pepsi, Sunlicht (Unilever), and Wick.
Collection is arranged in five series:
Related materials may be found in the following collections of the Hartman Center:
[Primarily 35mm and 16mm films with some early forms of video tape scattered throughout.]
[Some items reformatted: See Use Copies series.]
[Some items reformatted: See Use Copies series.]
[Some items reformatted: See Use Copies series.]
[Some items reformatted: See Use Copies series.]
[Some items reformatted: See Use Copies series.]
[Multiple clients and numerous commercials on each reel presumably used for corporate or new business presentations.]
[Mainly 16mm and video reels]
[Mainly Umatic and PAL format]
[Images of print advertisements used in various corporate or new business presentations. While most are arranged by client, others appear to be a mix of clients (JWT and competitive). There may also be slides of statistics, charts, etc. which were used in presentations as well.]
[Reformatted commercials open for researchers.]
[From box 11: Brinkman 13 F15-8-Co2 Nach Hause Kommender Munn; Marlboro TV spot 1315-O-M-98 Feitung 20"; Brinkman M8 Mischury der TV spots 1-6. From box 105: Kruse Film No. 638 Pond's Q-Tips 1-2; Q-Tips 3115-5-Q-40; Q-Tips 3115-9-Q-41. From box 10: Brinkman No. 193 Marlboro 1-2, No. 194 Marlboro 1-2, No. 8 Marlboro 1-2, No. 396 Gloria 1-2. From box 33: Findus Schlemmer flet II 1-2, Findus No. 761 1-2. From box 32: Findus No. 343, No. 517 1-3, No. 228 1-3.]


text:
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This item can be shipped to addresses in Canada only.
Kits can be returned at the owners risk and expense. Shipping is not refundable.* 12 month product replacement guarantee against peeling, from purchase date. A letter (email) describing problem, product receipt, accompanied with photos, is required in order for warranty to be valid.


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KNOXVILLE, Tenn. (AP) - Perhaps no quarterback understands the challenge of facing South Carolina defensive end Jadeveon Clowney better than Tennessee's Justin Worley.
Worley and Clowney both grew up in Rock Hill, S.C., though they went to different high schools. That allowed Worley to watch Clowney mature into one of the nation's most feared pass rushers.
Worley remembers Clowney as an elementary school running back who was taller than faster than all his peers.
Worley will spend his Saturday afternoon trying to make sure he doesn't get a face-to-face reunion with Clowney in Tennessee's backfield.
Tennessee's chances of upsetting the 11th-ranked Gamecocks on Saturday depend in part on whether Worley can maintain the momentum he established in his last game, a 34-31 overtime loss to Georgia.


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Back in 2003, Laura Galopim thought her Weston (Mass.) field hockey team had a good chance of winning the state title. Galopim was coaching an experienced, well-balanced squad, and senior star Andrea Posa gave the Wildcats an added dimension.
When the team lost in the state finals for the second straight year, Galopim was disheartened. The program hadn't won a championship since 1980, and Posa was graduating and moving on.
What Galopim didn't know at the time, however, was that someone on her sideline was already working on ending the drought and bringing Weston field hockey back to the top.
It wasn't a player or a coach -- it was sixth-grader Maria Posa, who made a habit of attending all of her sister's games.
"She was at every game, always with a ball and stick practicing her moves on the sideline," says Galopim. "We used to tease her about it. But there was no way to tell the kind of player she would eventually become."
The younger Posa would eventually become a dominant force, earning Division 1 Player of the Year honors from The Boston Globe and guiding Weston to that elusive state title last season.
Her 20 goals and 17 assists were impressive enough, but it was Posa's leadership that really delivered the championship to Weston. And those seeds were planted years earlier, when she was still idolizing her sister from the sideline.
"I got a lot of experience when I was young," says Posa, now a senior midfielder. "With my sister, watching her play and playing the kid leagues, that really got me started. She was really my role model, and that's how I learned to play.
While big sis Andrea was starring at Weston, taking Globe POY honors herself in '03, Maria was putting on a show at the youth level. She started playing competitively in the third grade, and she was pretty much dominating by the time she reached middle school.
That's when her leadership qualities first started to take root.
"She was so talented, she could have literally taken the ball from one side of the field to the other successfully and scored whenever she wanted," says Galopim, who also coached a youth team at the time. "But she was always a great teammate and enjoyed passing the ball, even though her teammates may not have been very skilled at the time."
Instead of overlooking her teammates and trying to do everything herself, Posa decided to be proactive.
"She started begging the girls to work harder around her," Galopim says, "and she has that way about her that draws people in. Some girls could have said, 'I'm never going to be that good,' and just quit playing at that age. But Maria helped them stick with it and get a lot better.
It paid off, as Posa helped cultivate a new wave of field hockey talent in Weston. When the girls reached high school, they were ready to end the program's championship drought.
Galopim started Posa on the backline as a freshman, letting her get her feet wet on a veteran team. As a sophomore, Posa was moved up to midfield and given the reins. Though she was young, she fit in perfectly as the team's offensive quarterback.
"It was a lot of running, and more touches on the ball," says Posa. "I had more of a leadership role on the field, and I was right in the middle of everything. I loved it."
Galopim says that while Posa lacks a certain explosiveness, her stick-handling, vision and instincts allow her to create scoring chances out of thin air. Think Celtics captain Paul Pierce using craftiness instead of athleticism to drive to the rim.
Her game blossomed as a sophomore, and so did the team. Led by Posa's 16 goals and 13 assists, Weston went 12-3-3 in the regular season and earned a first-round bye in the sectional playoffs. But in their first tournament game, the Wildcats played tentatively and dropped an overtime decision to Needham (Mass.), 2-1.
"That was devastating," says Posa. "We felt like we were the better team and we could've gone far in the tournament. It made the entire team work harder for the next year and want it more."
With Posa leading the way (she was named a team captain for the 2008 season), Weston came back with a vengeance last fall. The Wildcats went 15-2-1 in the regular season and earned a No. 3 seed for the sectional playoffs.
"Maria really took it on herself to get everyone over the hump," says Galopim. "She just wouldn't stop talking about [the loss in 2007]. She stepped up her leadership and really came in with the attitude that we were going to do it that year."
After establishing herself as the best player in the state during the regular season, Posa turned it up a notch in the tournament. Her spectacular goal in the North sectional quarterfinals toppled defending champ Acton-Boxboro (Acton, Mass.), 1-0, and she took over the state semifinal game against Walpole (Mass).
Posa scored Weston's first goal and also blocked a potential Walpole score. But Walpole, which had beaten Weston with a late goal during the regular season, tied the game, 1-1, on a corner in the second half.
Instead of doing the superstar thing and taking the entire game on her shoulders, Posa did what came naturally. After driving the ball through the defense on the ensuing possession, she dished off to teammate Alanna Capasso for the game-winning goal.
"Maria's game against Walpole was one of the greatest efforts I've seen anywhere," says Galopim. "You could see it in her eyes as she was driving at the end. She was going to make us win."
Posa then notched two assists in the state final, a 3-2 win over Notre Dame of Worcester, to help clinch the long-awaited championship.
"It was the coolest feeling in the world," says Posa. "Everyone on the team felt like we had accomplished something.
"It was so nice to see her win," says Galopim. "Her sister went twice but didn't win, so it was great to see Maria do it for her sister."
Never one to rest on her laurels, Posa spent a week in Holland with the Team USA Under-16 Futures squad in April and another week with the team at a Virginia tournament in June. She worked on increasing her speed and explosiveness, and she wants to attack the goal more this season.
"Everyone worked so hard to get that win last year," she says. "I think we all tried to get better over the summer, and we want to come out on fire this year. We have a title to defend."
Posa isn't satisfied with simply ending the drought at Weston. She wants to start a championship streak.
Mike Grimala covers high school sports for ESPNRISE.com


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Mental Health
Have Mental Health Questions? Ask a Psychiatrist Online
I'm not sure that I'm totally clear on what your question is here, but know a little bit about Sensory Integration Dysfunction and would be happy to talk to you about it.
In the meantime, a good website for info about this disorder is: http://www.kid-power.org/sid.html
Let me know how I can help.
There is not enough research on this disorder to answer this question conclusively, but most studies suggest that there is a biological component to it. As you probably know, sensory intergration dysfunction is related to Autism, Asberger's Syndrome, and ADD- all of which have hereditary components.
As this disorder is more widely recognized and more is learned about it there will probably be more research on what causes it, but right now no one really knows for sure how much is hereditary and how much is environmental.
Dr. Kaushik, Psychiatrist only please... Please help me


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'"Tyler wants to be a Buffalo Sabre," Eustace King, Ennis' agent, told The Buffalo News by phone Thursday from Los Angeles. "They were the team that took him in the first round. There were a handful of teams that considered him that year and Buffalo was the one that took him. You have to give them a lot of credit for believing in him."'
New deal shows Sabres' long-term faith in Ennis
July 18, 2014 Submitted by
Via: Buffalo News


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Product drop!
Tomorrow at noon (Eastern) we're releasing 5 new designs. All of them are available in both mens (S-4XL) and women's (S-2XL) cuts.
As is usual on every new release, the stock is somewhat limited. We do this to gauge interest before loading up our inventory.
If you set an alarm for noon, you'll be good... but don't wait too long. Your new favorite shirt might sell out before you get a chance to purchase!


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The Bloomingdale Trail is pretty special; thank you, Chicago Reader, for the high praise! See the story here
The Cal-Sag Trail will be a multi-use path built almost entirely along the banks of the Cal-Sag Channel and Calumet River, open by 2014. Along 26 miles of waterway from Lemont in the west to Burnham in the east, the Cal-Sag Trail will stitch together more than 185,000 people in fourteen communities. It will connect them to regional trails, transit systems, retail areas, parks, forest preserves, marinas, nature centers, and the legacies of Big Steel, immigrant communities and the Underground Railroad.
Trail users will see barges. They will see bridges. They will see factories, and dams, and purple cone flowers and deer. They will see each other.
The Cal-Sag Trail will be built by trail advocates, park districts, towns, real estate developers, foundations, corporations, politicians, and public health agencies. But mostly it will be built by sharing a vision of a Southland enriched by a trail.
The Friends of the Cal-Sag Trail is a volunteer group that's working hard and having fun sharing that vision. Explore the maps, the video, and the news links to the left. Then consider connecting with us by becoming a member.
See you on the trail!
The Bloomingdale Trail is pretty special; thank you, Chicago Reader, for the high praise! See the story here
[FOCST president Debbie Stoffregen's speech at the Cal-Sag Trail western segment ribbon cutting, June 6, 2015. More photos at https://flic.kr/s/aHskeiQA7b.] Thank you Mayor Straz. How exciting
Read more »
Message forwarded to us today by John Greenfield, writer for Rails-to-Trails Conservancy's magazine (and many others): I recently read your fine article on the Cal-Sag Trail
Read more »


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Protecting and preserving our shared water resources
Published: July 1, 2015
An iconic symbol on campus, Michigan State University's Red Cedar River is one of the most beautiful waterways in mid-Michigan. As one of the distinguishing features of the university, it has a rich history of environmental importance with MSU and local communities. MSU's commitment to sustainability is driving department experts, committee members and even students to develop innovative measures that protect and preserve our shared water resources.
Take a step into the mid-1960s; industrial growth is strong, MSU is growing in size and admissions, and the agricultural developments on campus are rapidly increasing. With no regulation, stormwater runoff was collecting chemicals, sediments and farm waste on its way to drains that led directly into the Red Cedar. The river's water quality suffered dramatically, leading to sights of floating trash and pollution that harmed natural wildlife.
The passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 was instrumental in addressing direct pollutant discharges to surface water and thus cleaning up the Red Cedar Watershed. It held industrial and governmental facilities accountable for their water runoff, ensuring that harmful pollutants couldn not directly enter water systems. Even though the new regulations tremendously improved the quality of campus water, MSU did not stop there. In 2003, legislation was passed to hold small to medium-sized urban areas accountable for their water runoff, and MSU not only complied, but rose to exceed the new water regulations.
Along the path to the Red Cedar, stormwater travels over roads, sidewalks, buildings and natural surfaces. In that process, sediment and pollutants can gather and eventually find their way into the river. In order to create a natural path for water during rain events, MSU's Stormwater Committee has developed several sustainable management practices on campus, better known as 'green infrastructure' or Stormwater Best Management Practices.
These systems mimic the natural environment and serve as an extra layer of filtration for water before it reaches the river. They also help limit the impact on our water resources by redesigning manmade surfaces for more conducive natural draining, "When working with water, it's much more a land issue. What we do on land impacts the water, so our focus is on what we can do on land to reduce the pollution that will inevitably reach the water," said Department of Community Sustainability Faculty member and Stormwater Committee member, Ruth Kline-Robach.
This move towards sustainable water management is spearheaded not only by faculty and staff, but also by students. In recognition of these efforts, Department of Horticulture students proposed and drafted a plan to install signs on campus at the location of various stormwater practices. Funded by the Be Spartan Green Student Project Fund, the signs are now part of MSU's new Stormwater Walking Tour program, a self-directed tour that anyone on campus can take to view these innovative practices.
Not only does MSU's commitment to improved water quality include modifications to campus infrastructure, but it also outlines a strategy of collaboration beyond the university's borders. "Water doesnt recognize boundaries, and therefore it is critical to work with surrounding communities on this issue," said Kline-Robach. MSU has partnered with the Greater Lansing Regional Committee for Stormwater Management on the "Pollution Isnt Pretty" campaign, developed to spread awareness about the toxic properties that pet waste, fertilizer, motor oil and other pollutants can have on water.
Each piece of MSU's water protection plan is part of a larger initiative to create a connection between the beautiful water resources we enjoy and the efforts we should take to protect them. From developing green infrastructure to being mindful of campus waste, MSU has demonstrated that our land actions can positively impact our water resources. By raising awareness and implementing sustainable management practices across campus, MSU is actively working to engage local communities and improve water quality. These recent developments are just another part of the university's commitment to leadership in the area of water protection.


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The hotel is very clean and the staff was great. My room was clean and the beds was comfortable. Couple of words of caution. You do pay a little extra to park you car daily. Parking gets really tight if the hotel is booked up....More
Getting you more information on this room
Getting you more information on this room
"Ask for a room on the Airport Blvd side (the other side faces the freeway)"


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|Trad, Aid, 3 pitches, 260', Grade III
|YDS: 5.9 French: 5c Ewbanks: 17 UIAA: VI ZA: 17 British: HVS 5a C3- [details]
|Paul Ross Layne Potter Nov 16 2001
|New Route:
|Page Views:
|Submitted By:
|USBRIT on Dec 2, 2009
|RAIN, WET ROCK and RAPTOR CLOSURES: The sandstone around Moab is fragile and is very easily damaged when it is wet. Also please ask and be aware of Raptor Closures in areas such as CAT WALL and RESERVOIR WALL in Indian Creek MORE INFO >>>
|Comments on IF
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By Jay 1975
From: Bonedale,CO
Dec 4, 2009
|i don't understand all the aid?
By slim
Dec 4, 2009
|apparently because sport climbing at shelf road is too easy....
By nooky brown
Dec 4, 2009
Yeah, that tipped out 6" wide crack looks easy, get down there and tell us how it is.
Looks like a bunch of that stuff needs freeing, I look forward to hearing about it from you.
By USBRIT
From: Keswick Cumbria.UK
Dec 4, 2009
|We have to clean it off for the "free" shouting "take" climbers .However I am not sure if you one pitch climbers can handle it ? But if you do fancy your chances its all yours.I would be delighted to watch....PS To Slim Jim....No sport climbing at Shelf Road is way too SAFE.....To Nooky ..don't hold you breath about those guys freeing anything down here!!!!
By slim
Dec 6, 2009
|just bustin' your chunks, ye olde coffin dodger. i'll have to check it out if i am in the area some time. i love the wide.
By USBRIT
From: Keswick Cumbria.UK
Dec 6, 2009
|Good Show Slim... I have a feeling you would not like the wide bit on the climb IF ? however it would be a second ascent !I will take pics.. Cheers
By slim
Dec 6, 2009
|looks pretty nice, what's not to like? would i get some sand in my boots, like some other dude a few years back? sounds like there are several other routes in the area that have some wide on them. the photos that i have seen of them look pretty nice. entrada though, the original pitbull with lipstick...!
By USBRIT
From: Keswick Cumbria.UK
Dec 7, 2009
|Well you may get a little sand in your boots! These climbs as you probably know are for adventure only and this type of climbing is not too popular with most of today's youth.What you see from the ground (or photo's) is not always what you will find.


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Frequently Asked Questions –
If you have any questions not addressed in this page, feel free to check out our Contact page and send us an email!
Q. Does the team have varsity status, or is it a club team?
A. The team is considered as a club team. Club sports differ from varsity sports in that clubs are responsible for their expenses. Financial commitments are primarily met through dues, student organized events, and annual fundraising. Thus, we do not offer any athletic scholarships. As a club team, only full-time Boston University undergraduate students may join. Graduate students may be permitted to join under certain circumstances. Faculty, staff, alumni, and FitRec members, however, may not compete on the team.
Q. How often does the team practice?
We practice three times a week: Tuesday and Thursday nights 7 – 10pm, and Sundays 12 – 3pm. On Tuesdays and Thursdays nights, we meet from 7-8 on land in order to learn the routines and stretch.
Q. How many meets do you go to each season?
We usually attend three or four meets each season, two of them being ECAC's and U.S Collegiate Nationals. We also try to host a meet every year so our friends and family can come and cheer for us.
Q. What does a meet consist of?
A meet consists of four competitions – one for each type of routine. We compete with other collegiate teams – varsity and club – in each.
Routines are divided by the number of swimmers in the routine. There are solos, duets, trios, and team routines. A team routine can have anywhere from four to eight swimmers. Solos last three minutes, duets and trios three and a half minutes, and team routines are four minutes.
We also compete in the figure competition, which are technical elements.
Q. I am interested in joining – do I need to have any synchro experience?
Absolutely not, we will teach you everything you need to know. Dance or swimming experience is certainly valuable, but even if you don't have that, we'll work with you.
Q. I definitely want to join. How do I go about it?
The best thing to do is send an email to Mary Liesegang or Elissa Feist. They will get you started.


text: Bensons for Beds is your online shopping destination for open coil, memory foam or pocket sprung mattresses and a variety of bed types. The store has helped people find the right bed and mattress for their requirements for more than five decades. A 5 year product guarantee and a 40 night comfort guarantee are special features of the online store. You can shop via the online store or visit any of the 270 stores across the country to check out the Comfort Station which helps you find the right bed-mattress combination. read more


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KENNEWICK, Wash. (AP) — The Red Mountain wine-growing region in Benton County has become an internationally known appellation with a growing number of wineries and hundreds of acres of vines.
Further growth on the ridge between West Richland and Benton City is inevitable.
The Tri-City Herald reports that Benton County commissioners last week approved a master site plan for the area.
Benton County officials, winery and vineyard operators, landowners and local agencies have been working since the mid-2000s on a plan to guide that future development.


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Well, of course Romney's new tax numbers don't add up.
Romney's plan has gone through several iterations, but through it all the the basic contours and basic impracticality have stayed the same. As I have described it before, Romney's plan is a three-legged stool that doesn't stand. He wants to 1) cut tax rates by 20 percent across the board; 2) fully pay for these tax rate cuts by cutting tax expenditures; and 3) cut taxes for the middle class without reducing the tax burden of the rich.
This is all kinds of impossible. For one, the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center pointed out there aren't enough tax expenditures for the rich to pay for Romney's tax rate cuts for the rich -- in other words, his plan couldn't help but reduce high-end taxes. Romney would have to either abandon his tax cuts for the rich, raise taxes on the middle class, or explode the deficit. The latter seemed most likely given Romney's refusal to name a single expenditure he would eliminate -- although he had previously hinted at a few -- before he switched tacks. Romney's new plan is to cap household expenditures rather than cut specific expenditures.
Bushonomics on Steroids: Romney's Tax Plan Is Still Severely Impossible
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Sat Oct 20, 2012 2:37 AM
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PS4's 'Better Terms' Make Xbox One Less Attractive
Microsoft's attempts to coax indie developers to the Xbox One, ID@Xbox, has come in for a fair amount of criticism due to it's launch parity clause, which prevents developers from releasing their games on other platforms before the Xbox One.
Vlambeer's Rami Ismail has previously suggested that Microsoft would do well to remove the clause, citing the impracticalities of the clause for smaller developers.
In an interview with NowGamer, in which we talked about the receding gap between indie and AAA, we asked The Fullbright Company's Steve Gaynor, developer of Gone Home, whether having to ready a game for multiple systems would cause problems for a small development team such as theirs.
"Oh yeah, that would be pretty crazy," Gaynor replied. "Especially if it's a game like ours that is a full 3D game and you're going to run into obscure rendering bugs and all this kind of stuff."
"It would be a huge undertaking."
Gaynor pointed out that Microsoft should be careful about making the PS4 a more attractive option to developers, simply by virtue of Sony being less restrictive about what indie developers can do.
"If you're talking to Sony and Microsoft, and Microsoft is like, 'well you can't be on Xbox if you're on PlayStation first', but it's easier to be on PS4 because they have better terms, then you'll be like, 'okay lets just be on PlayStation'.
However, Gaynor also suggested that releasing on multiple platforms at once will work for some and, in any case, developers have plenty of choice when deciding how to distribute their game.
"There are tons of different options and if you can wrangle it where the thing that makes sense for you is to launch simultaneously on PS4, Xbox One, Wii U and PS Vita – that sounds kind of crazy to me, but some people do it."
"The great thing is that in this day and age, there's no one path that you have to take," Gaynor continued, "which I think is a good thing for everybody."


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Find out everything about upcoming events, shows, festivals and entertainment in Reno & Lake Tahoe. Our calendar keeps you informed & up-to-date on all Reno & Lake Tahoe entertainment!
The Mad Caddies with Sucka Punch and Deadly Gallows
Doors: 7:30 pm/ Show: 8:30 pm
Tickets: $10 - $20
Knitting Factory
211 N Virginia St Reno, NV 89501


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? AlohaLisia's Youtube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/AlohaLisia ? Aloha!! ? It's ya girl Lisia and I'm 18 years old. I also stand 5'6" tall. I've been overweight all my life and I'm finally changing that. My start weight in this journey was 295 lbs as of Aug '11. And I'd like to lose 150 lbs in which will make my ultimate goal weight 145 lbs. I'm currently 265 lbs with a total loss of 30 lbs. 120 lbs to go. I plan to do all of this by the end of this year, 2012. ;)
I am an African American female. And due to the stereotype regarding the buttocks, many would assume I'd have a big bum. But no. My hips are wide but there's no booty. --Back and legs, back and legs. lol And so I've always wanted a really nice contoured body with a large rump. Something like that of a video vixen's. :D I never would consider injections or implants. I hear too many bad stories about those. And plus I want something that would be more natural looking and feeling. So what better way than to have my own live fat cells transferred to my butt? lol And I know my results will be amazing because now that I'm losing weight and my fat cells are shrinking, there will be more fat cells in the legal 4 liters of fat than if I was to do it now. In other words, More cells in the same amount of space. So if I were to gain weight after my procedure, my butt can only get bigger. :D lol But I won't gain unless I just so happen to look ill at my goal weight. So yeah :)
Follow me on my weight loss journey to my BBL and I will also document my Brazilian Butt Lift Experience on Youtube as well! I will be uploading pictures here and linking my Youtube videos on here in addition. Thanks for reading all of this. It really means alot!! And please feel free to contact me through comments! Ttyl! Peace.


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That hot pocket you're about to chow down on might not be all that hot. In fact, it may contain "diseased and unsound" beef products. That's why Nestle is recalling 238,000 cases of the meat-filled pastries.
What does that even mean?!
The products included in the voluntary recall . . . issued on Friday but not announced until Tuesday . . . include three different sizes of Philly Steak and Cheese Hot Pockets as well as Hot Pockets Croissant Crust Philly Steak and Cheese products in the two-pack box.
The recalled Hot Pockets include meat produced by Rancho Feeding Corporation. Last week, the Petaluma, California-based plant recalled 8.7 pounds of beef parts that were processed from "diseased and unsound animals," according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Services. (NBC News)


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Eucalyptus essential oils have been among the most popular both in Aromatherapy as well as ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations primarily for relief of congestion and cold symptoms. But they do so much more! And that's why Ananda just added 3 "new" types, for a total of 5. There's sure to be one you'll like! Here's a little list of what we've got…(and if you're interested, you can try a pack of all 5 in 5ml, 12ml or 30ml sizes here!)
Blue Gum Eucalyptus – Also called "Eucalyptus Globulus", it's probably the most commonly used variety, and what you'll likely get if you just ask for Eucalyptus Oil. It is often manipulated to increase the cineol content and remove all other aroma. But why? It's already at 80%, and we REALLY like the aroma. Usually from Australia or South Africa, ours is from the French island of Corsica – Where many of the world's finest essential oils are grown and distilled. Ours is really lively and fresh. Primary uses are (as they are for most Eucalyptus oils) relief from cold symptoms and congestion, and relief from pain and stiffness in massage formulas. The oils are often included in "pre-event" massage blends to get the circulation going.
Eucalyptus Dives – The aroma has a lovely "woody" tone with a light peppermint note (also sometimes called "Peppermint Eucalyptus", and in general this is considered one of the two most "mild" Eucalyptus varieties for application to the skin. It has a lower cineol content (about 60-70%, which is certainly still highly therapeutic) but the overall chemistry makes for a more gentle acting oil on the skin and mucous membranes.
Eucalyptus Citradora (Lemon Eucalyptus) – This Eucalyptus oil has the highest content of citronellal of any variety, giving it a pleasing lemony scent. It's often used in place of citronella in insect repellent formulas where someone may prefer the aroma more. Like other Eucalyptus varieties, it is also an antimicrobial, and can be used in a diffuser to both support breathing conditions as well as keep bugs out of a space.
Eucalyptus Radiata – The second most popular Eucalyptus oil (also known as Narrow Leaf Eucalyptus), and probably the number one oil for most folks for cold-care. It was with Eucalyptus Radiata that researchers at the Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine in Rome, Italy, produced their study called "Stimulatory effect of Eucalyptus essential oil on innate cell-mediated immune response." (Published in BMC Immunology, 2008 Apr 18;9:17). It appears Eucalyptus actually boosts the activity of our immune system, such that the phyagocytotic action is increased. (That's when immune system cells devour pathogens and remove them from our bodies). Eucalyptus Radiata is often mentioned as the most potent anti-viral Eucalyptus, though they are all antibacterial, anti-fungal, and act as mucolytics (loosening congestion). The aroma is very clean – almost what we would say was a "straightforward, bright, clean, Eucalyptus"
Eucalyptus Smithii – With a very pleasant, woody and earthy scent, Eucalyptus smithii is considered the most mild in effect on the skin and mucous membranes, but not in therapeutics. It's called for for long term use, for children, elderly, an anyone who might be generally sensitive. It has a great fresh scent that we here at Ananda really appreciate. It's certainly an oil to experiment with, perhaps if you've found some of the more common varieties to have aromas that are a little too bright. We really like this one!