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Best Of :: People & Places
Some of América TeVe's shows are the boobiest in boob-tube history. Thanks to Tania, Rocio, Isis, Taymi, and Kathy's. Wrapped in shimmering, colorful, skin-tight outfits, they make even the dumbest variety shows exciting. Well, how else are you supposed to get people's attention? Fights about politics is another way. Let's get to the punch: Maria Elvira Confronta, the show with two impacting boxing gloves as a logo. The debate show, hosted by Maria Elvira Salazar, is the contact point between many real issues of the day and the viewing audience. The discussion (always in Spanish) often devolves into the talk-show equivalent of white noise because all four guests and Salazar herself are shouting at once. But at least it's relevant white noise. Is El Nuevo Herald a serious newspaper? Is the U.S. embargo against Cuba a failure? Is plastic surgery a necessity or vanity? Are beauty pageants exploitation or promotion? These are the kinds of questions that can provoke heavyweight bouts of rhetoric any given weeknight from 8:00 to 9:00 p.m. Salazar has also drawn crowds with her solo interrogations of Varela Project organizer Oswaldo Payá and chairman of the Cuban American National Foundation Jorge Mas Santos. The station's programmers give viewers a one-two punch at night. After Salazar, Gilberto Reyes and Miguel Gonzalez (a.k.a. Los Fonomemecos) enter the ring to lower the blood pressure with El Mikimbin de Miami. This live studio show mixes serious talk with comedy, reality with make-believe. To wit: A guest like FIU president Mitch Maidique can suddenly end up face to face with Alejo Campuzano, a silly, tacky, and impertinent character performed by Gonzalez (when he isn't doing one of the best Fidel impressions in la yuma).
Readers Choice: WPLG-TV (Channel 10)
TALULA, 210 23rd Street, Miami Beach,305-672-0778
They could be Best Power Couple. Andrea Curto-Randazzo and husband Frank Randazzo individually have made big waves in the culinary world. But now they're teaming up for a new venture, Talula Restaurant & Bar, and their combined talents might well unleash a tsunami. While zooming up the culinary ladder, Andrea and Frank twice worked together before tying the knot -- at the famed Tribeca Grill in New York and at The Heights (formerly Pacific Heights) in Coral Gables. Frank then launched the Gaucho Room at the Loews Miami Beach while Andrea took over at Wish, both in South Beach and both of which brought them international acclaim. Love changes everything, of course. They married, quit their jobs, had a baby girl, and now are ready to unveil Talula by the end of this month. The name? It's a simplified version of Andrea's childhood nickname, after actress Tallulah Bankhead -- an early indication of her dramatic flair.
Jimbo's on Virginia Key. A real hidden treasure and so much more than a bait shop. Pulling up by boat through Shrimper's Lagoon is the only way to arrive. It's such a cool place, the opposite of Miami's polished side. Jim Luznar opened this landmark in 1954 and it remains the best place in Miami for fresh smoked fish and cheap cold beer.
Tourists and newcomers are always told that Ocean Drive and Lincoln Road are the best places to people-watch, but those of us who live here know that the Publix on Twentieth Street is really the place. Stroll up and down the aisles and you will see everyone you know, even those you didn't think knew how to cook. Most men don't like to go grocery shopping, but Frank doesn't mind it because the scenery is so good.
Each time we drive back to Miami Beach we remember how pretty it is here. I grew up here and sometimes take the place for granted but Frank reminds me by talking about the beauty. From our balcony we get to see the cruise ships leave. It's the perfect view and it is so cool.
When we think of local flavor we think of Cuban food, and we are fortunate that Nelson DeLeon, architect for Talula and a local of Cuban heritage, took us to a place we really like -- La Casita Restaurant in Coral Gables. La Casita has a casual, friendly atmosphere where everyone is comfortable.
We were tired of the snow up north and enjoy simplicity. Miami Beach seemed like the right place at the right time. Everything is within walking distance, just around the corner. We are simple people who want a simple, laid-back lifestyle. We found it here.
Serves 6-8
1 1/2 pounds sautéed mushrooms (shiitake, portobello, oyster, and/or crimini)
2 cups calabaza, diced and cooked (approximately a quarter of 1 calabaza)
1/2 pound butter
1 large onion (diced small)
1 pound arborio rice
2 bay leaves
2 cups white wine
1 gallon vegetable or chicken stock (hot)
2 tablespoons lime zest
1 cup Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese (grated)
2 tablespoons truffle oil (white or black)
White pepper
Wooden spoon
To sauté mushrooms:
Preheat large sauté pan over medium heat. Slice mushrooms lengthwise (be sure to trim down oversize portobellos). Add 1 tablespoon olive oil and 1 tablespoon butter to sauté pan. When butter melts, add mushrooms and sauté for 5 minutes stirring often. Season with salt and white pepper. Reserve.
To cook calabaza:
Remove skin from calabaza and dice into quarter-inch cubes, removing seeds and pulp. Place in salted boiling water and simmer until tender (about 5 minutes). Strain and cool immediately.
To prepare risotto:
Add 2 tablespoons olive oil and melt 3 tablespoons butter in a preheated rondeau. Add diced onion and sauté on medium heat until onions are tender and translucent. Add arborio and bay leaf and stir with wooden spoon until coated with butter. Add 2 cups white wine and stir, simmer until wine is absorbed. Add 1 cup hot stock at a time, stirring until absorbed. Continue adding stock slowly, 1 cup at a time, stirring very often until rice is tender and creamy. Stir in mushrooms, calabaza, herbs, lime zest, cheese, and remaining butter. Season with salt and white pepper. Drizzle in truffle oil. Serve immediately.
Ahh, the impersonal nature of banking. Sure, that ATM perennially spouting cash is convenient, and that check card can be pretty handy too (even though your account's been drained three times by retail-sector thieves). And yes, online banking means you can monitor funds and pay bills right at your desk -- just like your boss does when he isn't watching his stocks! But admit it, you yearn for the days when banks would dole out toasters and clock radios as a reward for opening a new account, when lots of smiling tellers would utter their names and mean it when they said: "May I help you," and when the darned places were open on Saturday. Because who has the time to sneak away from the job and deal with money matters during the week? Well, a number of banks have begun throwing their doors open on Saturdays. But only Beach Bank can boast Sunday hours. The official day of rest for many is a day of work for them. Located in mid-Miami Beach, home to a heavily Orthodox Jewish population, the financial institution caters to those who don't do squat on Saturdays -- by religious mandate or not. But come Sunday, from 9:00 a.m. to noon, anybody can take care of his financial business.
Or should we say "bus benches" -- because who are we trying to fool? We all know these new contraptions are lucrative mini-billboards disguised by Sarmiento Advertising Group as seating units for the bus-riding masses. And as bus-riders themselves will tell you, the proof is in the scorching heat that radiates from the benches' metal bars after a few hours absorbing solar radiation in 95-degree heat. In some locations Sarmiento didn't even bother with the bench decoy; only the sign. City of Miami planning directors, former Manager Carlos Gimenez, and all five city commissioners fell for the company's crafty sales pitch, in which the billboards were described as "street furniture." Apparently Sarmiento's metallic sofas looked so cool in photos that city officials agreed to let the company place some right next to those old advertising-delivery devices known as "bus shelters," and even alongside the old wooden "bus benches" the new ones were to replace. But they turned out to be so uncool that Sarmiento executives were soon scrambling to apply a heat-repellant coating to protect the tax-paying public's backsides, as well as their own.
At the Eden Roc it's always the Fifties, baby. Just like it oughta be. You walk into the lobby, with its staircase floating down from the mezzanine, fluted rosewood columns, and ornate terrazzo floors. Spin in a circle. So much open space it's breathtaking. You can almost see Sammy Davis, Jr., tapping across the floor toward Harry's bar, where Frank Sinatra is ordering a martini and chatting up Liz Taylor. The Roc opened in the mid-Fifties, a creation of purest swank from the mind of daffy architectural genius Morris Lapidus. After Hollywood left, though, the 349-room hotel was sold and renovated many times, resulting in a creeping horror of Seventies and Eighties-era notions of style covering the old splendor. In 1999 new owners pumped millions into a makeover that essentially restored the grand dame to her original self. And we like her, yes we do.


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Tomo Kriznar was involved in the peace process between Sudan's government and rebels in the troubled Darfur region.
He was also jailed for publishing false information, the Sudanese official news agency, Suna, reports.
The envoy is a well known human rights activist in Slovenia and was arrested in July for not having a valid visa.
Not a 'spy'
At an earlier court hearing Mr Kriznar admitted entering Darfur without a Sudanese visa, but denied the spying charges.
According to earlier reports by Suna, Sudanese investigators said Mr Kriznar was taking pictures and shooting video material of villages around Darfur.
The conflict in Darfur, a vast region in western Sudan, started in 2003.
It is estimated that more than 200,000 people have died and more than two million have fled their homes during the conflict.
Most Popular Now | 56,514 people are reading stories on the site right now.";

subset: commoncrawl


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Optimuswrote a review of Exped SynMat UL Sleeping Pad on February 20, 2012
Best Pad EVER!
I am an EXPED user for life! you just can't beat this pad for packed size, weight, comfort and R value combined. I have this one and the down7 pad love it also, but just to heavy for most backpacking trips where you don't absolutely need the higher R value that's why I bought this one. Anyhow love it and would highly recommend this pad to anyone.


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So maybe it's just me - but I think there's still a big difference between Programmer, Developer and then of course, architect. The key thing here is that every role has a different perspective and every one of those perspectives has value. The original MSF create roles like Product Manager, Program Manager, Developer, Tester, etc - so every concept may pigeon hole people into different roles. But the statements Brandon makes are often distinctions I would argue are the difference between programmers and developers.
While many advanced developers make assumptions such as "every programmer unit tests their code" or "everyone uses TTD", most developers I've ever met know that's not the reality.
Software developers write code. Software architects solve problems.
Software developers see bugs. Software architects see the big picture.
Software developers focus on the computer. Software architects focus on the customer.
Software developers think about new technologies. Software architects think about trusted technologies.
FoxPro VFP


text:
Our top publishers:
Other product variants may be available, please contact us or
request a call back
if you cannot see what you are looking for.
The VanDyke ClientPack lets network managers deploy the automation tools of the VShell® server to other users. Save time on routine administration and configuration tasks, and implement security policies and procedures consistently.


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I would welcome your help on a complaint I have received
about your claims against the Additional Costs Allowance for a
second home.
I attach a copy of the complainant's letter of 29
March together with his enclosures. I attach also an online copy
of the relevant part of the Mail
on Sunday article of 29 March to which
the complainant refers.
In essence, the complaint is that you have wrongly
identified your main home for the purposes of your claims against
the Additional Costs Allowance, contrary to the rules of the House.
The Code of Conduct for Members of Parliament provides
in paragraph 14 as follows:
"Members shall at all times ensure that their
use of expenses, allowances, facilities and services provided
from the public purse is strictly in accordance with the rules
laid down on these matters, and that they observe any limits placed
by the House on the use of such expenses, allowances, facilities
and services."
The Green Book on Parliamentary Salaries, Allowances
and Pensions published in July 2006 (the publication which is
likely to apply to your claims) provides in Section three the
rules in respect of the Additional Costs Allowance. Section 3.1.1
sets out the scope of the allowance as follows:
"The Additional Costs Allowance (ACA) reimburses
Members of Parliament for expenses wholly, exclusively and necessarily
incurred when staying overnight away from their main UK residence
(referred to below as their main home) for the purpose of performing
Parliamentary duties. This excludes expenses that have been
incurred for purely personal or political purposes."
This paragraph has been included in successive Green
Books since June 2003.
Paragraph 3.2.1 sets out eligibility:
"You can claim ACA if:
a You have stayed overnight in the UK away from
your only or main home, and
b This was for the purpose of performing your
Parliamentary duties, and
c You have necessarily incurred additional costs
in so doing, and
d You represent a constituency in outer London
or outside London.
Paragraph 3.3.1 sets out the principles of this allowance
as follows:
"You must ensure that arrangements for your
ACA claims are above reproach and that there can be no grounds
for a suggestion of misuse of public money. Members should bear
in mind the need to obtain value for money from accommodation,
goods or services funded from the allowances."
and in 3.3.2:
"You must avoid any arrangement which may
give rise to an accusation that you are, or someone close to you
is, obtaining an immediate benefit or subsidy from public funds
or that public money is being diverted for the benefit of a political
Section 3.4.1 identifies the location of overnight
stays as follows:
"If your main home is in the constituency,
you can claim ACA for overnight stays in London - or in another
part of the constituency if reasonably necessary in view of the
distance from your only or main home. Please contact the Department
of Finance and Administration for information on such arrangements.
"If your main home is in London you can claim
for overnight stays in the constituency.
"If your main home is neither in London nor
the constituency you can choose in which of these areas to claim
"If on your journey to London or your main
home you cannot practicably reach your destination on the same
day as your day of departure, you may claim the cost of an overnight
stay en route to your destination. Any such arrangements must
be cleared in advance with the Department of Finance and Administration.
"See section 3.10.1. for definition of your
main home."
Section 3.11.1 provides the definition of the main
home is as follows:
"When you enter Parliament we will ask you
to give the address of your main UK home on form ACA1 for the
purposes of ACA and travel entitlements. Members are expected
to locate their main homes in the UK. It is your responsibility
to tell us if your main home changes. This will remain your main
home unless you tell us otherwise.
"The location of your main home will normally
be a matter of fact. If you have more than one home, your main
home will normally be the one where you spend more nights than
any other. If there is any doubt about which is your main home,
please consult the Department of Finance and Administration."
I would welcome your comments on this complaint in
the light of this summary of the relevant rules. In particular
it would be helpful if you could confirm:
1. that the location of your main home is, as reported,
your property in Colchester;
2. the reasons you identified this property as your
main home;
3. according to your best estimates, how many nights
you have spent in your main home, how many nights you have spent
in your constituency home, and how many nights you have spent
elsewhere in each of the last seven financial years. (I do appreciate
that it might not be possible to provide reliable figures going
that far back, but if that is not possible, please provide as
much information as you can.)
4. what advice, if any, you have taken from the House
authorities about these arrangements.
Any other comments you would wish to make to help
with my inquiry, would of course be very welcome.
In respect of the complainant's comments about a
possible criminal offence, I have informed him that I follow the
arrangements set out in the Eighth Report of the Standards and
Privileges Committee for session 2007-08.
I attach a note setting out the procedure I follow.
I have written to the complainant to let him know that I have
accepted his complaint and am writing to you about it.
It would be very helpful if you could let me have
a response to this letter within the next four weeks. If there
is any difficulty about this, or you would like a word on any
matter arising from the complaint, please contact me at the House.
I would be very grateful for your help on this matter.
2 April 2009


text:
In the skull (fig. 83) the postorbital processes of the frontal and jugal almost or quite meet.
In some specimens, such as KU 91716, the stripes are discrete and extend from the postorbital region nearly to the vent.
The zygomatic arch is slender, and postorbital processes are not generally well developed.
Belodon has preorbital vacuities and postorbital vacuities, but the orbit of the eye is never large, as in Pterodactyles.
The postorbital constriction is less, rather than more, than the combined length of the upper premolars.
In Cynognathus the postorbital is fused with the jugal, and the supratemporal with the squamosal, forming apparently one bone.
In lateral view the dorsal outline of the skull of primulina is less concave in the postorbital region.
Laterally the parietal meets the medial angle of the postorbital and the medial border of the supratemporal.
It is drawn out laterally into an antorbital process in front of the eye, and a postorbital process behind it.
Near the anteroventral edge of the squamosal there is a small pit, probably related to a postorbital sensory pore in the skin.
postorbital post·or·bit·al (pōst-ôr'bĭ-tl)
Situated behind the socket of the eye.


text:
CARIBOU – Camille E. Albert, 79, died April 10, 2013, at a Brewer health care facility. He was born July 16, 1933, in St. David, the youngest child of the late Mathias and Alvine (Pelletier) Albert.
After graduating from Ricker College, he served in the U.S. Navy as a dental assistant. Camille was district manager with Equitable Life Insurance Company for several years. He was then owner of World Wide Travel Agency, Caribou, for 35 years. He also served as a bail bondsman until two years ago. Camille was well liked and respected by those who knew him and would go out of his way to help others. He was a devoted Boston Celtics fan.
He is survived by two daughters; Lynn Albert of Woburn, Mass., and Lisa Albert of Bangor; beloved granddaughter, Alexandria; sisters, Yvette Martin and husband, Armand, of Madawaska and Alice Cormier and husband, Robert, of Presque Isle; brothers, Normand of Clearwater, Fla., and Lucien of Norwalk, Calif.; sister-in-law, Eglantine Albert of Exeter, N.H.; brother-in-law, Richard Bisson of Edmunston, New Brunswick; and many nieces and nephews. He was predeceased by sisters, Germaine Branscombe and Loretta Bisson; and brother, Leo Paul Albert.
Friends may call 1 p.m. until time of services Saturday, April 13, at Mockler Funeral Home, 24 Reservoir St., Caribou. Funeral services will be held 2 p.m. at the chapel of the funeral home with Fr. Emile Dube, officiating. Gifts in Camille's memory may be made to American Cancer Society, 1 Bowdoin Mill, Suite 300, Topsham, ME. 04086. www.mocklerfuneralhome.com.


text:
Compulab's Exeda smartphone is a crazy little device: a squared QWERTY with a 3.5-inch sun-readable VGA touchscreen, a 520MHz Marvell CPU, 128MB of RAM and the ability to pick between quadband GSM / GPRS, CDMA, and 3G UMTS. There's even an Ethernet port! But where it gets really cool is it dual boots OSes: Android, and if you're crazy, Windows Mobile 6.1 can be accessed with a reboot. Very neat, but no price yet: we'll find out in March.
Compulab Exeda smartphone dual boots Android and Windows Mobile
• Discuss this post in our forums
7 responses to "Compulab Exeda smartphone dual boots Android and Windows Mobile"
Dual-boot and other goodies: sexy.
Clunky, chunky shape: nosexy. Srsly, two D-pads?
True trying-out-Linux tradition! LILO or GRUB?
I was liking it until I saw that it had only 128MB ram. 🙁 512 is the number I'm looking for.
These are the types of phones I want to see more of, allowing OS options on a hardware platform.
I like the fact it can run both OS's although I can't see why you would actually want to dual boot a phone.
The spec sounds great (apart from the RAM) but that dumpy little square shape just doesn't do it for me. I need sleek sexiness!
Dual Boot!!! YES! Now let's get android working on iPhones! XD


text:
Herbal Glossary | Medicinal Glossary | Herbal Preparations | Ayervedic Formulas | Chinese Formulas
Folk Remedies | Native American Formulas | Herbal Remedies | Nutritional Guidelines
Common Names | Parts Usually Used | Plant(s) & Culture | Where Found | Medicinal Properties | Biochemical Information
Legends, Myths and Stories | Uses | Formulas or Dosages | Warning | Bibliography
Bear's paw root
Knotty brake
Sweet brake
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Male fern is a perennial semi-evergreen plant; the dark brown scaly rootstock produces a tuft of fronds which are curled spirally when new but open and mature to a height of 9-24 inches. The fronds are broadly oblong-lanceolate to oblong and pinnate, the lanceolate-acuminate to oblong-lanceolate pinnae themselves pinnatifid or lobed more than halfway to the midrib. Spore clusters appear as two rows of yellow dots on the bottom of each lobe from July to September.
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Found in woods, ravines, and on rocky slopes all over the world. In the United States, most prevalent Maine, Vermont, New York to Michigan.
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Anthelmintic, vermifuge, alterative, astringent
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Aspidinol, albasidine, phloraspine and filicinic acid.
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In the Middle Ages people made a good luck charm out of the rootstock of male fern. They cut off all but five of the curved finger-like fronds from the rootstock, so that it resembled a hand. Called Lucky Hand, Dead Man's Hand, or St. John's Hand, this charm was considered to be very strong against bad luck, devils, and witches. It was usually fashioned on June 23rd, St. John's Eve, so that it would gain extra potency by being fumigated in the fires set that night. Genghis Khan is supposed to have carried one of these charms.
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Male fern is an ancient tapeworm remedy, dating back to the Greeks and Romans, but it must be used with great care. Leaving a male fern medication in the body too long can cause poisoning, so that one to two hours after taking it a purgative (like castor oil) must be used to remove both the worms and the remaining active ingredients. No alcohol or oil may be taken while male fern is being used, as they would increase the absorption of the toxic principle.
Source of oleoresin used to expel tapeworms. It stuns and paralyzes (without killing) tapeworms, round worms, and hook worms.
Good for sores, boils, old wounds, swollen glands, diseases of the spleen, rickets, and epidemic flu.
For external use, a decoction of the rootstock can be added to a footbath for varicose veins. In European folk medicine, a popular belief is that sewing the fronds into a linen bag and applying to affected parts will help rheumatism. At least, it does no harm.
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Since proper preparation and dosage are essential, use male fern for tapeworm only under medical supervision.
Collect the rootstock in the fall.
Decoction: boil 1 lb. rootstock in water and add the liquid to a footbath.
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Toxic poison and skin irritant.
No alcohol or oil should be taken during treatments; they increase the absorption of the toxic principle.
Improper dosages taken internally can lead to blindness and death.
Not for use during pregnancy.
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The Herb Book, by John Lust, Bantam Books, 666 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY. copyright 1974.
Planetary Herbology, by Michael Tierra, C.A., N.D., O.M.D., Lotus Press, PO Box 325, Twin Lakes. WI 53181., Copyright 1988, published 1992
Indian Herbalogy of North America, by Alma R. Hutchens, Shambala Publications, Inc., Horticultural Hall, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, 1973
Culpeper's Complete Herbal & English Physician: Updated With 117 Modern Herbs, by Nicholas Culpeper, Meyerbooks, publisher, PO Box 427, Glenwood, Illinois 60425, 1990, (reprint of 1814)
Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants, by Steven Foster and James A. Duke., Houghton Mifflin Company, 215 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10000
The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine, by Dr. David Frawley & Dr. Vasant Lad, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, Second edition, 1988.
Webster's New World Dictionary, Third College Edition, Victoria Neufeldt, Editor in Chief, New World Dictionaries: A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., 15 Columbus Circle, New York, NY 10023
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© 1996-2017 Lynn DeVries, all rights reserved.


text:
The Company Men | 2010
When corporate downsizing leaves three co-workers jobless, the men are forced to re-define their lives as men, husbands and fathers.
Jump to
Fox Craft
John Wells Productions
Spring Creek Pictures
Bobby Walker is living the American dream: great job, beautiful family, shiny Porsche in the garage. When corporate downsizing leaves him and co-workers Phil Woodward and Gene McClary jobless, the three men are forced to re-define their lives as men, husbands, and fathers. Bobby soon finds himself enduring enthusiastic life coaching, a job building houses for his brother-in-law which does not play to his executive skill set, and perhaps the realization that there is more to life than chasing the bigger, better deal.


text: by Ben Grimaldi Last week at this time Dallas Cowboys fans were wondering what had happened to their team. The season began with such promise and now they were just beaten by the Washington Redskins and were sitting at 5-6. It seemed all was lost. Just a week later and the Cowboys appear to have new life after beating the Philadelphia Eagles for the second time this year and then watching the Redskins beat the New York Giants on Monday night. In the NFL, it's amazing how fast things can turn around. The Cowboys are sitting with a 6-6 record and despite all the highs and lows of the season so far, we may have forgetten this is probably where they belong. I'm not going to bore any of you with the Cowboys win-loss record for the past decade or so, that stat has been beaten into the ground. We all know the team has been average recently, and would you look at that, their record is proving it again this year. I'm not saying the Dallas Cowboys can't make a playoff run this season, they certainly have the ability to do so. What I am saying is despite all of Jerry Jones' hype and after the opening night win gave us all so much promise, the Dallas Cowboys record is what everyone thought it would be. Before the season began, everyone threw out predictions of what the Cowboys record would be and most prognosticators had Dallas right around 8-8. There were a few people who went a few games in either direction but for the most part finishing at .500 was the consensus. I had them at 9-7 before the year began. So why all the fuss about the state of the Cowboys when they were 5-6 and all the optimism now when they are 6-6? If we've learned anything about this Cowboys team in 2012, it's that we can't expect too much. Rest of article at http://www.rantsports.com/nfl/2012/...we-thought-they-would-be/?FYQTkHEoJMsx5Krc.99


text:
Maui Wellness and Rejuvenation
World-class spas can be found throughout Maui, from Kapalua to Hana to Wailea. Maui's unique spa services offer rejuvenating treatments found only in the islands. Succumb to the rhythmic strokes of a lomilomi massage. Add heated pohaku (stones) to relieve sore muscles. Renew your skin with a facial using unique local ingredients like papaya, ti leaf, honey ginger and poi, helping to stimulate and increase circulation. Maui has everything you need to feel relaxed and renewed for your return home.
You'll find Maui's finest resorts in west Maui and south Maui with one resort in remote east Maui.Learn More


text:
Pass them this football logo stressball, and your logo on game day!
Score a promotional touchdown with this small inflated promotional football.
Score a touchdown with your promos by using this football logo stress ball for your next giveaway!
This foam custom football will be a big hit with recipients and your brand!
This football shaped promotional stadium cushion is great for sports fans.
Use football promotional novelties for your next promotional campaign! No matter what your cause, use football-shaped items to send the right message. With the wide selection of football-related promotional products ePromos provides you, your company logo will look great imprinted on these promotional sports products!


text:
Recent Meetups
Sep 21, 2016 · 5:00 PM[Cross-Promo] Scaling Time Series Apps
Note: The date of this event has changed. It was previously scheduled on Thursday, Sept 22, and has moved to Wednesday, Sept 21. Time Series data generated by IoT... Learn more
Aug 9, 2016 · 8:30 AM[Cross Promo] Spark Live — Bringing Apache Spark to the Enterprise
Hey Members! Basho SA, Alexander (Sasha) Sicular, will be joining the Databricks team to talk about and demo Riak with Apache Spark. At this Databricks event, you'll... Learn more
Sep 10, 2015 · 6:30 PM[Cross Promo] Putting together the platform: Riak, Redis, Solr and Spark
Hey members! We're working with the NoSQL NYC team and just want to make sure you all know about the event. If you're curious about our release of the Basho Data... Learn more
Sep 10, 2015 · 6:30 PMHow to Utilize a Super-Stack: Storing & Searching with Riak, Redis, Spark & Solr
Free pizza, swag, beer, drinks & much more! Alexander "Sasha" Sicular, Senior Solution Architect, Basho RSVP Now at: http://www.NYCSQL.com/events/224941803 A Database... Learn more
May 14, 2015 · 7:00 PMBidding for Your Attention: Bitly's Distributed App Infrastructure
We're continuing the discussion on Riak by talking about our host! Bit.ly will teach us about how they build out their ever-growing application. A few details I look... Learn more
- See all past Meetups


text: LAHORE- AmeerJamaat-e-Islami (JI) Siraj-ul-Haq has said that the political crisis should be solved through understanding and reconciliation, sources reported today. Siraj-ul-Haq, addressing his party workers, said that inflation is an issue for the common man rather than debate on military serving as mediator in the ongoing political situation. JI Ameer said that the entire nation wanted a solution to the political crisis in the country. He claimed that he was in contact from the past 22 days with the government along with Pakistan AwamiTehreek (PAT) and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) for resolving the crisis. He said that all political leaders have encouraged the role of JI in the ongoing political impasse.


text:
About the Book
This book includes picture taken in Bolivia at the end of 2011. Regions covered include La Paz, Sucre, Lake Titicaca and Salar de Uyuni.
Features & Details
- Category Travel
Standard Landscape, 10×8 in, 25×20 cm
100 Pages
- Publish Date Oct 30, 2012
- Language English
- Tags Salar de Uyuni, Lake Titicaca, La Paz, Sucre, Bolivia
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text:
Childhood and Its Discontents: The First Seamus Heaney Lectures
There is much that remains unclear or that is contentious about the evolution of childhood and its present-day manifestations. The object of the inaugural Seamus Heaney Lectures and, by extension, of this collection is to present a variety of perspectives on childhood from across a range of disciplines that will inform debates about its variegated and complex nature among educators, policymakers, academics, students, and general readers. The eight essays here by noted Irish and American educators examine such topics as the origins of our contradictory images of children, the cosmopolitan family, the historical validity of memoirs of Irish childhood and curricular developments in Irish primary schools, the experience of children in violently divided societies, Jewish girl survivors of Transnistria, and education and happiness. Joseph Dunne and James Kelly teach at St. Patrick's College.
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Our content contains affiliate links, so know that we might earn a buck or two if you click and buy :) !
Wavy: Garnier Fructis Wonder Waves Fortifying Shampoo
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Where to Get it: $5.47 on Amazon and at local drugstores


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Everyone gets excited about a white Christmas but it looks like we might have a white Easter this year.
Forecasters are saying snow is set to fall across the UK with freezing weather, especially in Scotland.
And with many schools having a short break for Easter instead of a longer holiday, there could be travel chaos.
Roads, railways and airports are expected to be packed. So if you're off somewhere, don't forget to take a good book for the journey!


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Martin Luther King Jr. Day: Civil Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1929, never backed down in his stand against racism. He dedicated his life to achieving equality and justice for all Americans of all colors. King believed that peaceful refusal to obey unjust law was the best way to bring about social change.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birth home still stands in Atlanta, Georgia. King experienced racial prejudice early in life. Segregation was both law and custom in the South and other parts of America.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and wife Coretta Scott King lead demonstrators on the fourth day of their march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.
King was arrested several times during his lifetime. In 1960, he joined black college students in a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter. Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy interceded to have King released from jail, an action that is credited with helping Kennedy to be elected President.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to a large crowd. King, raised in a family of well-off preachers, is considered one of the greatest speakers in American history.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. waves to supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. during the "March on Washington." There, he delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech, which boosted public support for civil rights.
In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed racial segregation in publicly-owned facilities. Here, President Lyndon B. Johnson shakes the hand of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at the signing of the landmark piece of legislation.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. received the Nobel Prize for Peace from Gunnar Jahn, president of the Nobel Prize Committee, in Oslo on December 10, 1964.
A large crowd of mourners follow the casket of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. through the streets of Atlanta, Georgia. King was assassinated by James Earl Ray on April 4, 1968 on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. Americans honor the civil rights activist on the third Monday of January each year, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day.


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A Killeen Independent School District teacher is one of five across the nation chosen for a first-of-its-kind UNICEF trip to Tanzania.
Julie Vangroll, a fifth-grade teacher at Mountain View Elementary School, won one of five grand prizes, a seven-day trip to the African country to see the global organization's work in schools and villages.
Weeks after learning she won the contest, Vangroll said she was still pinching herself, amazed and elated that she's going overseas as an educator-observer.
Her husband, Alan Vangroll, is a teacher at Shoemaker High School. Their youngest daughter, Holly Vangroll, is a Peace Corps volunteer in Zambia on a 27-month assignment to start a fish-farming operation in a remote village.
Last summer, as Vangroll pondered her daughter's stories about children hauling water to drink from contaminated sources, she recognized she wanted to get her fifth-graders involved in a global effort.
That desire led her to Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF, a longtime program with a new contest for educators. She put together an application, including a school project showing children helping children.
During the week of Halloween, Vangroll's fifth-graders asked for donations. Some took boxes on trick-or-treating rounds to collect funds. The effort resulted in $521 for a water-well project in Africa.
Students promoted the fundraiser with posters and announcements, including an in-house school TV interview with the principal.
They also helped their teacher with a video to show their efforts.
As a UNICEF winner, Vangroll received $1,000 to be used for another school effort to address global issues like poverty, disease and hunger.
Her students are all in.
"It's been a great success," said fifth-grader Mikayla Mackall of the initial fund-raising project. "We got to help kids. I was really happy we could do something for others."
They formed a club and named it Helping Other People Everywhere, or HOPE.
"I used to think people everywhere lived the same as we do," said fifth-grader Lily Coryell. "I want to help people."
The fifth-graders started their efforts in a pen-pal partnership through a school in the area of Zambia where their teacher's daughter works.
Fifth-grader Morgan Bell teared up as she explained that her class watched a video showing the conditions of children living in dire poverty in many parts of the world.
"I never thought about it being so different in Africa," she said, explaining the desperate hazards of foul water, lack of nutritious food and education inequalities.
Listening to her students reflect on their newfound knowledge and applied compassion, Vangroll smiled.
Her students are working on global-issues projects, researching poverty, hunger, child labor, preventable illness and other issues.
They will likely present their findings in May.
Vangroll said she is drawn to going overseas "to see it firsthand and bring it back to students — our students need to be global citizens."


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Tue., Oct. 15, 2013, 10:25 a.m.
Land Board weighs exchanges
The state Land Board is locked in debate today about three major land exchanges, which would swap state-owned cottage sites at Priest and Payette lakes for commercial property, including buildings in Idaho Falls that house operations related to the Idaho National Laboratory, and in Canyon County. If the swaps were to go through, nearly 15 percent of the state-owned lake cabin sites on state endowment lands would transition to private property; state Lands Department officials estimate that the long-term income to the state endowment would sharply increase as a result of the deals.
Not everyone is convinced. State Rep. John Vander Woude, R-Nampa, complimented the Land Board for its recent hotly contested auction for the landing site for a re-attempt at Evel Knievel's unsuccessful jump across the Snake River Canyon in 1974; that auction drew five bidders and in the end will gain more than a million dollars for the school endowment. But he objected to the land swaps.
"I understand the process of what we're trying to do to get rid of the lakefront properties," Vander Woude told the Land Board. "My problem is I don't think we're getting value. I think we can do better. … I would urge the Land Board to table this 'til we can get some better answers."
Gov. Butch Otter responded, "Who's gonna give us the better answers, John? We've gone to the experts and poked and prodded. … We have gone through this and gone through this, and now you say delay this just a little bit longer and study it more."
Kathy Alder, Canyon County commissioner, told the board her commission opposes the Canyon County exchange. "This is so important for our tax base," she said. "Even though it's only $33,000, that's a lot of money to Canyon County." The board meeting is continuing, and may include some discussion in a closed executive session prior to the vote.
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The Kingdom and the Quarry: China, Australia, Fear and Greed
David Uren
The Kingdom and the Quarry: China, Australia, Fear and Greed
David Uren
China has rapidly become Australia's most important trading partner. It is also the rising power in our region. In The Kingdom and the Quarry David Uren takes us inside the high-stakes world of the two countries' relationship. From resource grabs to cyber-surveillance, this is an authoritative and news-breaking book that takes us inside key political and business events of recent times and tells us what really happened. Uren paints vivid portraits of new billionaires like Twiggy Forrest and Clive Palmer seizing their chance, of BHP and Rio Tinto playing off Chinese interests and the Australian government, of Kevin Rudd feuding with China's leaders, and of a new world of spies, security, investment and opportunity. Above all he gives an unparalleled sense of fear and greed in the corridors of power.
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Lake County Student Attends Indiana Supreme Court Program to Prepare For Law School
Kimberly Lena Gajewski of Dyer is one of thirty students participating in the Indiana Conference for Legal Education Opportunity (ICLEO) Summer Institute at University of Notre Dame Law School. ICLEO is a program designed to assist Indiana minority, low income or educationally disadvantaged college graduates in pursuing a law degree and a career in the Indiana legal community.
Ms. Gajewski is the daughter of Tony and Mary Gajewski of Dyer. She is a 2003 graduate of Lake Central High School in St. John. She is a 2007 graduate of Indiana University Northwest with a degree in criminal justice. In 2009, she received her American Bar Association-approved Certificate in Paralegal Studies and was inducted into the Lambda Epsilon Chi Paralegal Honor Society. Gajewski plans to attend Indiana University Maurer School of Law in the fall and was honored to be named an ICLEO Fellow. "In numerous ways the ICLEO program has helped prepare me to succeed not only in law school, but also in my legal career after law school. I feel very fortunate to have been given this extremely beneficial and rewarding opportunity."
Indiana CLEO was established in 1997 by the Indiana General Assembly and Governor Frank O'Bannon at the urging of Chief Justice Randall T. Shepard. Chief Justice Shepard explained, "Indiana CLEO encourages young adults with promise to enter the legal field. The program provides training and mentoring to help the students succeed. The end result is an Indiana legal community enriched with the talents and enthusiasm of these young people."
Each year, Indiana CLEO accepts approximately 30 college graduates into the program. The students attend a six-week Summer Institute held at an Indiana law school. This year, the program is at University of Notre Dame Law School. The Summer Institute prepares the students for the rigors of law school with a challenging curriculum and tips for professional development. After successful completion of the Summer Institute, students are eligible for an annual stipend ranging from $6,500 - $9,000 for each year of law school. After graduation, ICLEO Fellows have a supportive network of legal mentors. The Indiana Supreme Court's Division of State Court Administration provides staff support and financial management of the program.
Media interested in speaking to an ICLEO Fellow should contact Indiana Supreme Court Public Information Officer, Kathryn Dolan at email@example.com. For information about the application process, contact the Indiana CLEO office at (317) 232-2542. More information is also available online at courts.in.gov/cleo.


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10 am - 6 pm
The world´s first Mucha Museum, dedicated to the life and work of the world-acclaimed Czech ART NOUVEAU artist Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939), is housed in the Baroque Kaunický Palace in the very heart of Prague.
A selection of over 100 exhibits comprising paintings, photographs, charcoal drawings, pastels, lithographs and personal memorabilia provides a privileged view into the universe of the artist who is most widely known for the posters he executed for Sarah Bernhardt in the fashionable world of fin-de-siècle Paris.
Copyright © 2002 Muchovo muzeum, s.r.o. - All rights reserved
Developed & Designed by Mucha Museum


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Setting the stage:
The Wolves enter another busy week in the early months of the 2013/14 season with another 4 games, playing every other day after tonight's back to back game. Our Pups enter the week on the Mason-Dixon line of .500 ball after a gritty win in Memphis Sunday night.
Similar storylines continue to exist for this roster – very strong on offense, a work in progress on defense, and a desperate need for help from the bench so that the starting lineup doesn't start to keel over come March and April. The Pups are 4th in the league in scoring at 105.5ppg, 6th in rebounding (45.2rpg) and 8th in assists (23.0apg). Unfortunately, the team remains in the bottom quarter of the league on defense (24th entering Monday's play) giving up 101.7 points per game.
Game 26: Wednesday, 12/16, 6:30pm – Timberwolves @ Boston Celtics (TV: FS North & NBA TV)
Coming in from Memphis after Sunday's game, along with the fact that Boston has been off since a Friday night victory against the Knicks, this might be a game that we look back on and say, "Had we only beaten the Wizards and Celtics early on in the season, we wouldn't be worrying about scratching our way into the playoffs these last two weeks".
The Celtics aren't a very good team, particularly on the offensive end of the floor. However, they are 5th in the league defensively, giving up only 95.7ppg and are overachieving thus far this season. Brad Stevens has the team floating slightly under the .500 market at 11-14 … which of course is good enough to lead the Atlantic Division. (Good grief)
Opponent to watch:
Kelly Olynyk – Not necessarily the big man on campus for the Celtics, but you may remember the rumors that Flip really liked Olynyk in this past year's draft and had he not been taken by the C's, he likely wouldn't have gotten past the Wolves when they were on the clock. Olynyk is averaging a little over 7 points and 5 rebounds a game in about 22 minutes a night … which is significantly more playing time than Shabazz Muhammad and Gorgui Dieng are seeing these days. (That isn't an insult given the very different projections for these two teams, just a fact.)
Despite everything I point out above, the Wolves are the better team and they need to start firing on all cylinders. This is a step in that direction. Final score: Timberwolves 103, Celtics 94
Game 27: Wednesday, 12/18, 7pm – Portland Trail Blazers @ Timberwolves (TV: FS North)
The team that I was so painstakingly wrong with in my preseason predictions. I was looking for a little bit of a tumultuous season in Portland with Aldridge's contract coming to an end. The Blazers have proven me very wrong and are looking like one of the best team's in the league, with a record of 21-4 coming into this week.
The Blazers will play in Cleveland on Tuesday night, which is good news for the Wolves who should be home and well rested for Wednesday's game. (There is more snow in the forecast for the East Coast Monday/Tuesday.)
Opponent to watch:
LaMarcus Aldridge – Aldridge is having a career year and some pundits are making the argument that he is the best PF in the league now. He's averaging 23.5ppg and 10.9rpg, with a team high PER at 23.8. All of that said, he's not the best PF in the league and will be playing against said player when he faces the Pups Wednesday night (Kevin Love, for those of you left wondering).
Tough game for the Wolves and one that would help me feel better about the team moving forward against the rest of the West. Final score: Timberwolves 112, Blazers 108
Game 28: Friday, 12/20, 9:30pm – Timberwolves @ Los Angeles Lakers (TV: FS North and ESPN)
One of the teams right behind the Pups in the standings, the Lakers enter the week at 11-12 and have welcomed back a guy named Kobe Bryant to the lineup. Rumors persist that he is pretty good at basketball, but I'll need to see it with my own eyes.
Opponent to watch:
Wesley Johnson – Ha – just another reason to talk about the worst Timberwolves first round pick of all time. Johnson is actually putting up NBA caliber numbers with 8.4ppg and is averaging over 1 block and 1 steal per game? What? Let's get grounded here: Wes Johnson hasn't attempted a free throw since Friday, November 29th. Yep. That is 6 games and a minimum of 20mpg in each. That's more like it.
I can't stand the Lakers, Mike D'Antoni, and obviously have an issue with Wes. Final score: Timberwolves 115, Lakers 102
Game 29: Sunday, 12/22, 8:30pm – Timberwolves @ Los Angeles Clippers (TV: FS North Plus)
In a bizarre scheduling quirk, the Pups will play back-to-back road games in LA for the second time this season. The Wolves have been unsuccessful in two attempts against the Clippers, losing both games by a combined six points. However, the "W" is the only thing that matters and it will be important for the Wolves to get this one.
Opponent to watch:
Chris Paul – Paul is having another stellar season, putting up big numbers across the board: coming into this week averaging 19.7ppg, 11.5apg, 4.6 rpg, and 2.3 spg. Ricky Rubio will once again have his hands full with Paul and will need to stay out of foul trouble. Note that Rubio is ahead of Paul in the steals per game category at 2.9pg, good for second in the league behind rookie sensation Michael Carter-Williams.
I hate the thought of picking the Wolves again here, but they really need this one. I'm going to hedge my bets here and predict they will win, but also say that I don't expect the team to go 4-0 this week. So … there you go. Final score: Timberwolves 101, Clippers 99
So I just, sort of, predicted the Wolves will go 4-0 this week. We'll see how that goes. There isn't a game this week that I can point to and say, "it would be OK to lose that one". They need to beat Boston because it is a team they should beat on paper. They need to win the rest of the week to A. prove they can compete with playoff caliber teams in the West and B. improve their division and conference standings.
How many wins would you predict coming out of these four games? Let's go Wolves!


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Slaves Share New Song "The Fire Down Below"
Wed, 23 Apr 2014 13:14:52
Dance Gavin Dance Videos
Slaves, the new musical project of Jonny Craig (Dance Gavin Dance, Emarosa), have premiered the brand new song "The Fire Down Below."
"Slaves is a project where I was able to fully put what I love into parts, like this song," said Craig. "Many times, music loses its meaning in translation. With this song, and this project, I feel what I came up with is true passion, revealed in its purest form."
The band's debut album Through Art We Are All Equals is out June 24 via Artery Recordings. "The Fire Down Below," a sprawling, lush and haunting track that the listener won't soon forget, thanks to the way Craig's vocals snake around the melody, is the first single from the album.
We're in love with it. You will be, too.
Listen to the song below.
Slaves are also about to embark on their first-ever tour next month, alongside Hands Like Houses, Miss Fortune and Alive Like Me.
Go see 'em!
5/23 Worcester, Mass. | Palladium
5/24 Hartford, Conn. | Webster Underground
5/25 Allentown, Pa. | Crock Rock Cafe
5/27 Springfield, Va. | Empire
5/28 Greensboro, N.C. | Tequilla Jack's
5/29 Atlanta, Ga. | Masquerade
5/30 Memphis, Tenn. | New Daisy
5/31 Dallas, Texas | Trees
6/1 San Antonio, Texas | White Rabbit
6/3 El Paso, Texas | Epic Bar
6/4 Phoenix, Ariz. | Joe's Grotto
6/5 San Diego, Calif. | Soma
6/6 Canoga Park, Calif. | Cobalt Cafe
6/7 Anaheim, Calif. | Chain Reaction
For more tour info, visit facebook.com/officialslaves.
Will you be seeing Slaves?
—Maggie Pannacione


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Evaluation of Methods for Estimating the Uncertainty
of Electronic Balance Measurements
J. P. Clark
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Aiken, South Carolina 29808
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, phone: (800) 553-6847, fax: (703) 605-6900, email: email@example.com online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordering.htm
Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge/
Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department
of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy, Office
of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062,
phone: (865 ) 576-8401, fax: (865) 576-5728, email: firstname.lastname@example.com
International and national regulations are requiring testing and calibration laboratories to provide estimates of uncertainty with their measurements. Many balance users are having questions about determining weight measurement uncertainty, especially if their quality control programs have provided estimates of measurement system "bias and precision". Part of the problem is the terminology used to describe the quality of weight and mass measurements. Manufacturer's specifications list several performance criteria, but do not provide estimates of the "uncertainty" of measurements made using an electronic balance. Several methods for estimating the uncertainty of weight and mass measurements have been described in various publications and regulations in recent years. This paper will discuss the terminology used to describe measurement quality, i.e. "accuracy", "precision", "linearity", "hysteresis", "measurement uncertainty"(MU) and the various contributors to MU and will discuss the advantages and limitations of various methods for estimating MU. The methods include using:
Examples of each will be discussed.
Electronic balances have become so sophisticated that many calibrate themselves and appear to provide "error free" measurements. However, this is not the case. All measurements have error that obscures the true value. The error creates uncertainty about the quality of the measured value. For a measurement to have value, it should have an estimate of the magnitude of error associated with it. An estimate of the error allows the user to evaluate the quality of the measurement. However, many measurement generating organizations have questions about determining accurate estimates of the uncertainty associated their weight measurements.
The metrological community recognized the need for standardization in the area of measurement uncertainty (MU) over 20 years ago and developed standards and guides on the subject. Generally speaking, industrial calibration and testing organizations have lagged behind in reaching the same levels of understanding and implementation attained by legal and scientific metrology communities. They are being required to catch up, if they want to participate in international business. The specific area of weighing has its MU concerns. Much has been written about the sources of error in weighing equipment, methods for controlling error, and methods for estimating the uncertainty of weight measurements. The author is unaware of any consensus about the best method for determining estimates of weight MU. This paper will review the sources of error and methods that are currently being used to "estimate" MU.
The author's organization calibrates more than 400 scales and balances at a government owned company operated site near Aiken, SC called the Savannah River Site (SRS). Regulations and the site quality assurance program require all balances to be calibrated routinely with standards traceable to the national standards. Many of the site operations have quality control programs, which require operators to satisfactorily weight two or more standards on a balance before making process measurements. Control charts are often used to record and evaluate the QC measurements. Biases are determined by subtracting the measurement means from the reference values of the mass standards. The variance of the measurements is used to estimate the precision of the balance. Locally, bias and precision statistics have been considered the MU information for balances.
The site also requires measuring and test equipment (M&TE) to be calibrated with standards having ¼ the uncertainty of the M&TE. Since weighing equipment specifications do not include "uncertainty", many users look at the specifications (see Table 1) to find something similar and often use the standard deviation (s) of the repeatability as the uncertainty. This can cause a problem if the person calibrating the balance tries to ratio the balance standard deviation to a weight certificate's uncertainty statement.
Weighing is considered one of the simplest measurements in the laboratory or production facility. Procedures are required for all operations and provide basic techniques of operation and care, but do not specifically address MU. Balance operator training covers good laboratory practices and basic principles for weighing. However, MU is not usually addressed.
The importance of measurement quality is increasing. Measurement users are now requesting "uncertainty estimates" from measurement providers, rather than bias and/or precision estimates. This has caused some confusion as the producers discover MU is more than "bias and precision" estimates. Many balance operators are unaware of the vast amount of information metrologists have developed about every facet of weight and mass measurements.
Much of that information has been distilled and published in literature available from balance manufacturers. Two such publications are quoted below in defining some of the measurement quality terminology associated with weighing and manufacturers specifications. Many of the definitions are similar to those in the international standards, but have been adapted to weight or mass measurements. A good understanding of the basic terminology is essential in evaluating MU estimation methods.
Weight Measurement Terminology
The Sartorius Corporation's publication, Fundamentals of Weighing Technology (Terms, Methods of Measurement, Errors in Weighing) is an excellent reference. That publication provides the following explanations for some of the terminology used to describe various aspects of weight measurement quality.i
Accuracy: This is only a qualitative concept that defines the metrological extent to which the weight readouts of a weighing instrument approach the true values of the quantities being weighed. Accuracy is quantified by a weighing instrument's readability, standard deviation, resolution, accuracy class or the uncertainty of measurement. (Calibration certificate)
Hysteresis: Hysteresis means that at a constant load, the displayed value depends on the previous load. Quantitatively, hysteresis is expressed as the difference between the readouts obtained when the same load is weighed once following a lighter load and once following a heavier load. In terms of weighing instruments, hysteresis occurs particularly with strain-gauge load cells and weighing instruments subject to mechanical friction.
Linearity error: Also referred to in the specifications as linearity". This is the deviation from the theoretically straight-lined (linear) slope of two interdependent values. For weighing instruments, this means the positive or negative deviation of the readout from the actual load on the pan, when the zero point and the span have been correctly adjusted.
Repeatability: The ability of a weighing instrument to display corresponding results under constant testing conditions, when the same load is repeatedly place onto the weighing pan in the same manner. In general, the standard deviation or the difference between the largest and the smallest result for a defined number of measurements is used to specify this quantity.
Standard Deviation: A mathematic quantity for evaluating
a weighing instrument in terms of its reproducibility or repeatability:
The standard deviation "s" is defined as:
To determine the standard deviation with sufficient certainty, the number of times the measurement is repeated must be high enough (at least ³ 6)
Uncertainty (of measurement): The uncertainty of measurement "u" specifies the range for a measured value, within which the unknown, error-free result lies, usually with a statistical uncertainty of 95%. (This corresponds to u = 2s). An example of a weighing result expressed along with the uncertainty of measurement: M = (394.27 ± 0.02) g
A second publication that provides a more comprehensive list of definitions of weighing terminology is the Mettler-Toledo Glossary of Weighing Terms (A Practical Guide to the Terminology of Weighing). It is the source of the following definitions.ii
Precision: Only a qualitative term as a judgment regarding the metrological features of a balance. A better designation would be Tolerance Limits, ® Standard deviation, ® and Uncertainty. (When the symbol (® ) is used, that term is defined else where.)
Reproducibility: Extent of the approximation between the results of measurements of the same measured variable with the individual measurements being performed under different conditions with regard to, e.g.
Notes: 1. A valid statement of reproducibility
requires specification of the different conditions.
2. The reproducibility can
be specified quantitatively by the result scatter.
Uncertainty of measurement: The uncertainty in the
measurement of a result always includes the random errors (mathematically
express by the ® Standard Deviation or the
® Confidence Interval) of all individual
variables, which are used to calculate the ®
Measurement Result, as well as systematic errors, which have not been determined
because they cannot be measured and can therefore only be estimated. It
is always presupposed that those systematic errors that have been determined
have also been corrected. Basically, the result of a weighing series "y"
consisting of "n" individual weighings should be as follows:
Y = XbarE ± uWhere XbarE is the mean error that is no longer afflicted by the detected systematic errors (e.g. air buoyancy) and "u" is measured uncertainty.
These weighing technology terms will be referred to later in this paper. Additional terminology excerpts from the GUM are listed to facilitate the evaluation of the different methods of estimating weight MU.
Classification of Components of Uncertaintyiii
In general, terms that are specific to this Guide are defined in the text when first introduced. However, the definitions of six of the most important specific terms are given here for easy reference.
2.3.1 standard uncertainty uncertainty of the result of a measurement expressed as a standard deviation
2.3.2 Type A evaluation (of standard uncertainty) method of evaluation of a standard uncertainty by the statistical analysis of a series of observations
2.3.3 Type B evaluation (of standard uncertainty) method of evaluation of a standard uncertainty by means other than the statistical analysis of a series of observations.
23.4 combined standard uncertainty standard uncertainty of the result of a measurement when that result is obtained from the values of a number of other quantities equal to the positive square root of a sum of terms, the terms being the variances or covariances of these other quantities weighted according to how the measurement result varies with changes in these quantities
2.3.5 expanded uncertainty quantity defining the interval about the result of a measurement, within which the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand may be expected to lie with a high level of confidence
2.3.6 coverage factor numerical factor used as a multiplier of the combined standard uncertainty in order to obtain an expanded uncertainty.
NOTE - A coverage factor, k, is typically in the range 2 to 3.
Precision is general term that encompasses the concepts of repeatability and reproducibility. There is an important distinction between repeatability and reproducibility that could have a monumental affect on the estimate of uncertainty. Repeatability defines the variability observed at one point in time by one operator recording a series of readings from placing one object on a balance several consecutive times. The standard deviation of this collection of measurements captures the rounding error and the ability of the balance to repeat the same "reading". Reproducibility defines the variability of a measurement system in measuring the same standard or object over a long period of time, under different environmental conditions and with different operators. All of these variables can contribute error to the measurement and expand the uncertainty. Since measurements are collected over a long period of time, the standard deviation of the average measurement will include the environmental affects. The first two methods that are used to estimate uncertainty use the repeatability statistic, rather than a reproducibility statistic. This will be seen later.
Quality Weighing
Prior to determining uncertainty of weight measurements the quality requirements must be established. Several activities or programs should be in place. They include the following:
Weighing System Components
After determining the accuracy / uncertainty requirement and selecting the appropriate electronic balance the other requirements for quality weighing must be considered. The best way to do this is to look at everything that is involved in making the measurement. In addition to the balance, the standards, environment, operator, procedure and material being weighed make up the measurement system. Each can contribute to the uncertainty of weight measurements. Within each component of the measuring system are potential sources of error that can make the measured weight uncertain. Each component has some error associated with it. However, there are usually less than 6 components that contribute >90% of the uncertainty to a measurement. Listing the components and estimates of the amount of error they each could contribute to the MU is considered an error budget.
The construction of a table of components that affect measurement quality is the first step in establishing an error budget. This requires an in depth knowledge of the measurement system and/or investigative effort to quantify each contributor. This is an uncertainty analysis. The ultimate objective is to combine them into one statistic that estimates MU.
Table 2 is an example of a typical weight measurement system. This list has 5 main components in a system that involves making direct measurements. Other lists might contain the procedure or method used to make measurements. For example direct, indirect or substitution weighing.
In making weight or mass measurements, an unknown object's weight is directly or indirectly compared to the known weight of a stainless steel standard or the force equivalent. The standards have uncertainty that is transferred to all the measurements made against them. This fact is the basis for guidelines or regulations that require using calibration or check standards having uncertainties that are much smaller than the measuring instrument. Variation in each of these components produces random and/or systematic variation in the measurand that causes uncertainty. To make the most accurate measurements, ways must be found to minimize the sources of random and systematic variation that affect the accuracy / uncertainty of the measurand.
After the sources of variation are minimized it is still necessary to know the magnitude of the MU. Reliable estimates of MU allow users to determine if a measurement system is fit for its intended use.
Figure 1 shows a tank calibration being performed on trailer mounted industrial balance outside on a warm day. The balance operator is using 50-pound class F weights on a balance having 10,000 scale divisions. Many sources of error in the measurement system components will determine the final measurement uncertainty.
There are at least 3 methods currently being used to estimate weight MU. The three include: doing a type B uncertainty analysis, designing experiments or performing balance calibrations to empirically determine estimates; or determining estimates from measurement control program data and calibration certificates.
Method 1: Manufacturer's Specifications
Most manufacturers' specifications list several performance criteria, but do not provide estimates of the balance "uncertainty" or accuracy. Balance users often use the standard deviation of the repeatability as the "uncertainty" of the balance. In specifying accuracy requirements for weighing, some authors have used s as a basis of calculating the minimum number of scale intervals allowed to attain a certain confidence level. Using the repeatability s as an estimate for MU fails to include the contributions from the other error sources given in a balance specification. See Table 1. All of the performance specifications have error. They should be considered. Two examples of using this information are given.
Table 2. Measurement system components
Potential Error
Corner loading error
Wrong class / out of tolerance
Different temperature
Inadequate training
Biased data selection
Poor techniques
Material weighed
Hygroscopic / evaporates
Electrostatic charge
Density difference
Example 1: A Mettler Toledo publication, "Determining Weighing Uncertainty from Balance Specifications" provides a detailed method for using a balance's error sources to estimate the uncertainty of its measurements.iv The author lists readability, repeatability, non-linearity, sensitivity, and temperature coefficient of sensitivity as potential errors. They correlate to the balance and environment components given in Table 3. Systematic errors due to the balance's transfer characteristics are eliminated through adjustments after assembly or they are measured and stored in the balance so the can be compensated by signal processing algorithms. Design or calibration compensates for some sources of deviations. This method is derived from the probability theory that allows variances from uncorrelated sources to be added. The resulting sum may be considered the variance of all the influences considered.
Table 3. Uncertainty components of an AT 201 balance
Data sheet Specifications
Value (SPC)
Variance (SPC)
0.01 mg
1x10-10 g2
Repeatability < 50 g
0.015 mg
2.3x10-10 g2
Repeatability 50-200 g
0.04 mg
1.6x10-9 g2
Non-Linearity w/in 10g
0.03 mg
9x10-10 g2
Non-Linearity w/in 200g
0.12 mg
1.4x10-8 g2
Sensitivity Accuracy
1.5 ppm
2.3x10-12 g2
Temperature Coefficient
1.5 ppm/k
2.3x10-12 g2
Environment (Assumption)
Value (SPC)
Variance (SPC)
Ambient Temp. Excursion
The paper has three sections:
Balance manufacturers cannot control the error effects that the balance operator; measurement process, environment and objects or material being weighed have on the total uncertainty of a measurement. Therefore, this method focuses on the balance's error contributions on the uncertainty estimate and makes assumptions about the balance performance and some of the other sources of error. It is assumed that a balance performs within specifications, is operated according to good laboratory practices, and is used for determining small weights near capacity.
An example from the paper is paraphrased below. The assumptions minimize contributions from other components. These include making a small net weight near the capacity of balance so the repeatability specification for 200 g can be used. Also, no corrections are made for the degrees of freedom. An AT201 model balance is used with a 200g capacity and readability of 0.01 mg.
A sample of 1 g shall be weighed in a 190-g container. What is the resulting uncertainty of this weighing, conforming to a 95% confidence level? The formula valid for the combined normalized standard deviation for a single sample weighing is:
Srel = (1/m2 (SPCRP2
+ 2/3SPCNL2) + 1/3 (SPC CAL, rel2 1/3(SRCTCS*dt)2))^0.5
Srel = (1/(1g)2 (1.6x10-9 g2 + (2/3) 9x10-10 g2) + 1/3 (2.3x10-12) + 1/3(2.2x10-12*k-2*4k2))^0.5
Srel = (2.2x10-9 +1/3(2.3x10-12 + 3.1x10-12)^0.5 = Srel = (2.2x10-9+ 1.8x10-12)0.5= 47 x 10-6g
Conclusion: The mass of a 1 g sample, weighed in a 200g container, can be determined on this balance with a relative standard deviation of approximately 0.05 mg (Srel = 50x10-6 g). Based on a confidence level of 95%, the corresponding expanded uncertainty would be ~0.10 mg (Urel = 2* Srel = 1x10-4
These calculations were verified with the commercial software package "Uncertainty Analyzer" from the Integrated Sciences Group. Details about the software are available at http://www.isgmax.com. That program included degrees of freedom and produced a result that agreed within 5%. This software is useful for calculating uncertainty estimates using type B error or heuristic estimates in a manner that complies with the requirements of MU standards.
Example 2: Page 48 in the Sartorius publication gives the following example for calculating the uncertainty of measurement.v
Small amounts (approx. 5 g) are to be weighed on an analytical balance with a resolution of 0.1 mg. Ambient conditions are good (no incline, temperature difference of 5°C max; none of the containers or objects is electrostatically charged, nor is there any electromagnetic interference). The containers are small and must be correctly centered, as directed in the standard operating instructions.
With the exception of the reproducibility / standard deviation, all values are maximum errors. If the equation of u = 2 s is used to express the maximum uncertainty of the reproducibility and if the air buoyancy has been corrected, the uncertainty of the measurement will be as follows:
Table 4. Sartorius Example
Source of measurement uncertainty
Standard Dev
The reproducibility / standard deviation is:
£ 0.1 mg
The temperature coefficient for the sensitivity is £ 2.10-6, as stated in the technical specifications. Hence, the error for 5 g and ° D T = 5°C is £ 5 g * (2*10-6/C)* 5°C =
£ 0.05 mg
The maximum linearity error is as stated in the technical specifications:
£ 0.2 mg
The balance has been calibrated and adjusted with a standard E2 class weight of 200g (maximum error of 0.03 mg). In relation to a 5 g load is:
£ 0.0075 mg
The sample's density is 2.0 g/cm3, with an uncertainty of 20%; the difference between the air buoyancy of the samples and the standard is thus 2.25 mg (systematic error).
The uncertainty of this air buoyancy correction value due to a fluctuation in the density of 10% is:
£ 0.225 mg
And the uncertainty due to the assumed fluctuation in the sample's density of 20% is:
£ 0.45 mg
U = Ö (2x 0.1mg) 2 +(0.05mg) 2 + (0.0075mg) 2 + (0.225mg) 2 (0.045) 2 = 0.58
However, if no correction is made for air buoyancy, a systematic error of 2.25 mg is add to the uncertainty of measurement "u" so that the total deviation can be as much as 2.83 mg.
These examples assume a worst-case scenario. The second example looks beyond the balance operation and the assumptions about the measurement process to point out a large systematic error in the direct weighing. In this case, the total uncertainty is more than 5 times the estimate derived from combining errors from the balance and material being weighed.
Method 2: Balance Calibration Data
The DKD document "Calibration of Non-automatic electronic Weighing Instruments"vi guideline document for DKD laboratories has several procedures for calibrating balances with single, multiple and adjustable ranges. With the collection of data from the linearity and corner loading tests, estimate of the temperature range and the temperature coefficient, the class of standards, operating range and magnitude of the object being weighed, an estimate of uncertainty can be determined. The guideline document is divided into a general part, a second part for single or multiple range balances with 1,000,000 or less scale divisions of 1 mg or larger, and a third part for single of multiple range balance with> 1,000,000 scale intervals and/or with scale intervals £ 0.01 mg.
Figure 2. Standards Laboratory Balance Calibration Report
Several examples are provided in the reference. The procedure recommends the minimum number of weighings that should be taken for each error source and provides examples of the mathematical relationship between the scale reading and the various sources of error. The examples use data from balance calibrations that are plugged into the math models to calculate the MU based on empirical data take from a balance in it environment and under conditions the operator would encounter. These estimates capture more of the error sources than method 1 and verify the balance is performing within specified operating conditions.
At the SRS a spreadsheet-based calibration procedure is used. A copy of the balance calibration report is shown in Figure 2. The report satisfies the site QA requirements for calibration of M&TE. It includes standards used and their uncertainties and determines a ratio of the standard's uncertainty at k = 1, to a maintenance limit, which is usually 2 scale divisions.
The calibration report includes graphs of the calibration measurement deviations and a summary of the observed bias and standard deviations observed at four points over the weighing range. An estimate of the balance uncertainty is given in the third group of numbers on the top right side of the report. The uncertainty estimate is given in scale divisions and as a relative percent of the mid –range reading. An estimate of the balance's combined uncertainty is determined in a spread using the following equation:
U =SQRT ((MAX (U standard)/1000/2)^2+MAX (Pooled S or Maintenance S)^2+ABS (MAX (bias)/SQRT (6))^2+ABS (MAX (corner load value)/SQRT (6))^2).
This local balance calibration procedure has evolved over the past several years and attempts to provide as much useful data from the calibration effort as possible.
Method 3: Measurement Control Program Data
The first method estimates the MU for a target weight under given conditions using type B estimates of uncertainty from the manufacturer's specifications and other sources. The method assumes the balance is operating within manufacturer's specifications and the other sources of uncertainty contribute minimally to the observed weight reading on a balance. If the assumptions are correct, this is a reasonable estimate of MU. If the other components of the measurement process are not adequately controlled and or the balance is not functioning within manufacturer's specifications, the MU estimate may be too small.
The second method is a combination of Type A and B estimates of MU from the balance and standards components. Experimental data are collected during the balance calibration over the operating range of the balance. If the balance performs outside of the manufacturer' specifications, yet satisfies the customer's measurement quality requirements, the calibration process provides objective data. This method captures the balance performance based on weighing standards. Calibrations are usually is performed by an outside organization. Therefore, the estimate does not include potential sources of error from the balance operator, material being weighed and variations in the environment, etc.
The third method uses measurement control program (MCP) data, which are based upon the reproducibility of the measurement system to demonstrate measurement performance within predefined control limits. The control program should duplicate the measurement process. In the example given below, two measurement processes are considered. The first is the standards laboratory's mass calibration procedure. The second is a chemical laboratory's gravimetric pipette calibration program.
The author described in detail how to determine "real time" estimates of MU in a paper presented at the "Weighing and Measurement in the Year 2000" international conference organized by the South Yorkshire Trading Standards Unit in 1997.vii
Commercially available software, JTIPMAPä, was evaluated in a demonstration program for the Department of Energy and reported in Westinghouse Savannah River Company document WSRC-MS-96-0032.viii Details about the software can be found at the http://www.jtipmap.com/index.htm web site. Some of the screen dumps from software are shown below as examples of how control charts are set-up and MC data are evaluated to maximize the information available in a MCP. This software, like any commercially available software has its strengths and weaknesses. The Savannah River Site (SRS) has several types of MCPs and uses commercial and custom developed software in the different laboratories. None are endorsed or recommended as a standard for this or any other DOE site. Many of the PMAP principles are applied in SRS MCPs.
Some of the screen dumps from JTIPMAPä software are shown below as examples of how control charts are set-up and the MC data are evaluated to maximize the information available in a MCP. This software, like any commercially available software has its strengths and weaknesses. The Savannah River Site (SRS) has several types of MCPs and uses commercial and custom developed software for various laboratories. None are endorsed or recommended as a standard for this or any other DOE site. Setting up a PMAP MCP involves selecting an artifact that represents the measurement process and calibrating it, if necessary, and then using it as a check standard to qualify a measurement system prior to using it to generate measurements for a customer. Once a PMAP is established, MC data are entered each time an operator uses a measurement system. The results of each check standard measurand are evaluated against up to three sets of control limits in the JTIPMAP. They are shown on Fig. 3. The computer based control charts are dynamic. They are updated with each additional data point and the current means of the control data are updated with each new result that is put into the computer. The charts are constructed to track data from two classes of operators. The first class is called the reference group. The metrologist or specialist who is well qualified usually generates this class of data. If production personnel, who are less skilled than, use the measurement system the specialists are, their data are entered as production data.
Figure 3. QC Chart of a Weight Calibration
The software is user friendly and prompts for basic information in setting up the initial PMAP control charts for a measurement procedure. Figure 4 shows the first of four cards from the pull down menu to be completed. The first card prompts for information on method and measurement, specifies the number of significant figures, and indicates the units. Check or control standard measurements can be expressed as the following: actual values, a ratio of measured to reference values, or a deviation from the reference value.
Fig. 5 shows card 2 which requires the following information for the control standard: the reference value (1 if normalizing control data), systematic uncertainty (drift for use and time) for the standard(s), and variability in the number of s used in the control charts (random error or precision), and documentation of the identity of a "check standard" that may be used off-line as an independent reference standard. The values obtained on the check standard may be tracked on a separate PMAP.
Card 3 in Fig. 6 contains information on 3 sets of limits and scaling information for the PMAP control chart. The limits include: reference limits are required (they are normally set by the best operators, who fully understand the effects of variables on the method performance); production limits are optional (all of the other operators make the production measurements under all lab conditions); and tolerance limits which represent the maximum permissible error that can be tolerated by the customer.
Fig. 7 shows Card 4 that is used for inputting optional information for the graphs of the control data. Each control chart will print up to 40 control measurements. Once this card is completed, all its information will be included on all charts. This information may include the metrologist in charge of the method and the person to be contacted if the method goes out of control. The method ID and related information should be included here, so it will provide all the information necessary on each and every control chart that is printed for hard copies that might be stored as permanent records.
Fig, 8 Shows the MU for the 1-Kg mass standard calibration values. It can be calculated at any time with all data collected since the last calibration of the measurement system. The random standard deviation of the check standard and the current set of data are squared, summed and the square root taken. Equations are shown below in the excerpt from the PMAP operating manual. This is an estimate of the standard uncertainty of the mass double substitution measurement system. It is multiplied by a coverage factor 2 that was specified on page three of the control chart set-up.
Fig. 8 shows the real time estimate of the potential uncertainty of calibrated kilogram mass standard is + 0.002060 and -0.001659 g under the conditions experienced in the Savannah River Standards Laboratory. These uncertainty values are asymmetric because they are the +/- 0.001863 g at k = 2 added to or subtracted from the observed mean systematic error or bias of 0.000204 g. Using the larger value would give an uncertainty estimate that contained both the bias and k times the standard uncertainty. These statistics are based on 58 measurements since the last calibration before 10/1/97.
The next example comes from repeated gravimetric calibrations of a 100 micro liter pipette. The weighing system captures the error sources from an analytical balance and the air buoyancy corrections under different environmental conditions.
Figures 9 and 10 are generated from a newer version of the software. In the new version an analysis of the calibration data provides an estimate of the process MU and the bias. The program is capable of tracking two variables and calculating the total uncertainty on each. The program lists one variable as the "reference" data and the other as "production line" data. The confidence level can be set at K = 1, 2, or 3. Figure 10 sets K = 3, so the MU is 0.9067 micro liters.
There are several advantages to using a MCP to capture the total variation of the measurement process. Many people do not what variables add uncertainty to their measurement process, so would underestimate the MU of their process. This method provides more of videotape of the measurement process, rather than the snap shot picture at time of calibration or from several assumptions.
A description of the uncertainty calculation is listed below from "Appendix C JTI PMAP Algorithms"
xi = each individual value under test (for i = 1 to n)
n = number of values under test
xbar = mean
s = JTIPMAP estimate of standard deviation
K = coverage factor
xbar = (å x i )/n
s = (å (x i - xbar )^2/ (n - 1) ) ^ 1/2
+ K Sigma Limit = xbar + Ks Upper K standard deviation limit
- K Sigma Limit = xbar - Ks Lower K standard deviation limit
+/- 2K Sigma is expected to contain 95.4% of the values if all test conditions are constant.
+/- 3K Sigma is expected to contain 99.7% of the values if all test conditions are constant.
Process Measurement Uncertainty =
(xbar - Standard Value) +/- {K*(s2 + {Variability / K} 2)
^ 1/2 + ô Systematic Uncertaintyô
xbar - Standard Value = JTI PMAP Systematic Error
Variability Sum = Variability portion of the Control
Standard uncertainty as
input of Setup Controls
Systematic Uncertainty = Systematic portion (bias or
drift for use/time) of the
Control Standard uncertainty as input on page 2 of Setup Controls
The software performs many other useful functions; such as keeping a history file of the calibration data that can be used determine optimum calibration intervals. The software also includes statistical tests with built in critical values to test bias and s estimates of various calibration periods. This feature identifies significant changes that may be taking place in the control data, or between previous control periods.
After the uncertainty of the measurement system has been determined the user can use that estimate to make sure the right measurement instrument has been selected and that the right standards and methods are also selected to provide measurements that are fit for purpose.
Using process measurement assurance programs to estimate MU will capture the variation produced by the influence factors that make measurements uncertain. The first two methods provide estimates of uncertainty, but are more like snap shots versus a video of a measurement process. The third method provides a liberal estimate of MU that allows the measurement organization base their estimates on real data collected under actual operating conditions.
Knowledge of the quality of measurements is essential for managing processes. All measurements are estimates and have error that causes uncertainty about the true value. Quantifying the sources of uncertainty associated with a measurement involves determining an estimate of the MU. Three methods are commonly used for estimating the uncertainty of electronic balance measurements.
A major difference in the methods is the last method estimates the MU based on the reproducibility of the measurement system, not just balance sources of uncertainty considered and assumptions made that the influence factors are controlled or are negligible. The first two methods for estimating MU are based more on repeatability. The measurement organization needs to have MU estimates that will include all sources of variation that can make their measurements uncertain. The third method does this.


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