text:
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles
Martín F. Garbulsky and V. Alejandro Deregibus
[The graphics and data in this profile have been provided by the authors and the designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries].
The Argentine territory, in the southern portion of
South America, runs from the Tropic of Capricorn to the southern tip of
the continent (55º 58' S). Extending for 3,700 km North to South and covering
2,791,810 sq km, it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean,
Indigenous population, colonization, independence and national organization. The first humans migrated into the Argentine territory twelve or thirteen thousand years ago and settled in small groups of hunters and gatherers. By a thousand years ago people all over the territory had acquired some sort of agricultural/horticultural activity, using the fertile banks of some rivers after floods receded, irrigating some valleys in the arid west or burning patches in the forests of the humid northeast (Barsky and Gelman, 2001).
A great variety of human groups and living patterns
were found in the native population at that time, estimated at half a
million by the Spanish conquerors of this vast territory (in the sixteenth
century). These groups were very diverse in terms of culture and organization
and many were nomads. More advanced cultures had developed in the northwest,
near the Andes, on the present border with
In the fifteenth century some of the present main cities
were founded: Santiago del Estero (1553), Buenos Aires (1536-1580), Mendoza
(1561), Santa Fe (1573) and Córdoba (1573). The viceroyalty of the Rio
de la Plata was created in 1776, extending over the present territories
Peace was restored in 1820, but the formation of a stable
government remained unresolved. Throughout most of the following decade
a state of anarchy prevailed in the United Provinces, further compounded
by war with
One of the most important tasks for agricultural development
during the late nineteenth century was the completion of the conquest
of the Pampas as far as the Río Negro so the threat of hostile Native
Americans from that direction was eliminated. This so-called War of the
Desert (1879-1880) opened up vast new areas for grazing and farming. After
this war
Initial herbivory and introduction of domestic
There were neither herbivores of regular size nor their carnivorous predators in most of the Argentine territory when the Spaniards arrived. Such grassland steppes became an ideal open niche for the European cattle and horses whose population grew spontaneously into huge herds that roamed freely throughout the vast territory. The abundance of large herbivores changed the landscape, soil and grazing lands' structure; high tussock canopies developed into more nutritious and softer forages and topsoil fertility increased.
Indians and the Spaniards easily hunted such cattle
population on horseback. The possibility of exploiting their hides and
salting some meat (biltong) marked the economic activity and allowed the
growth of many settlements during the colonization period. Authorities
of the principal cities of the region granted hunting permits and organized
expeditions ("vaquerías") throughout the seventeenth century, activities
that stopped by the mid eighteenth century because of the decimation of
the wild cattle population. From then onwards, large cattle operations
were developed for cattle raising (called "estancias" as Spanish government
appointed people to "stay"). Significant areas were operated by the Jesuit
Catholic Congregation who imprinted a strong cultural landmark in many
Regions. In the West and North West of Argentina mules were produced and
cattle raised to supply the silver mines in Potosi (actually
Land use
Until recently it has been usual to find mixed
animal and crop production in Pampas ranching operations; this was meant
to maintain soil fertility as three to five years of crops were followed
by a similar period of pastures. In the past decade, the increases that
occurred in principal crop prices plus the possibility of minimum tillage
of the soils, has determined the expulsion of cattle from the prime crop
areas. As in many other parts of the world, Argentine producers became
specialized either as farmers or as ranchers. Agricultural activity accounts
for 30% of
Table 1. Cultivated area and average yields for main crops in Argentina. Empty cells mean lack of statistics. SAGPyA, 2004
Table 2. Topographic distribution
Major soil types
Soils in
Table 3. Land area by soil
order in continental
Rainfall events in the Argentine plains are determined
by a continuous struggle of air masses: humid winds from the Subtropical
Atlantic Ocean enter the Argentine Northern and Central territory while
dry winds from the Patagonian region vary in relative strength according
to the seasons. Dominant warm winds enter freely and deeply into the Northern
and Central territory during the warm season releasing plenty of rain
until desiccated in the west. In the cooler season a vast sector of
Mean annual temperatures range from 5 ºC in the southern
continental extreme to 25 ºC in the north. The 20 ºC and 13 ºC isotherms
are used to separate the Pampas from the Chaco and Patagonian regions
(Figure 3b). In humid
Ecological Regions
After an initial period of exploitation of feral cattle, with the establishment
of estancias, extensive, grazing-based commercial cattle raising began
and became increasingly important. Sheep were added to cattle and horses
during the nineteenth century; their population expanded rapidly and reached
a peak in the Pampas at the turn of the twentieth century. Until the development
of packing industries the main animal products marketed were hides, fat,
wool and salt meat (biltong for slaves in
Although some native cameloids are exploited commercially for small quantities of hair/wool or for draught and "criollo" cattle are still found in many areas, almost all ruminants used for commercial purposes were absorbed by foreign breeds. An important work of selection and improvement of each breed occurred in the country and new breeds were designed. Breeder's associations promote each breed, implementing national and local contests every year for showing and selling purebred animals. Ranchers attend these events in great numbers as they are very interested in the genetic improvement of their cattle.
Here we describe cattle population and productive parameters for five regions that partially fit the grazing regions (Figure 6, Table 4) Regions differ not only in their total stock but also in terms of their productive profile. The Pampas has about 62% of the national cattle stock. Patagonia has less than 2% of the national cattle stock but accounts for 59% of the national sheep stock. The highest proportion of cows are in the Campos and Eastern Chaco, showing the importance of cow/calf operations in this area. The remaining 14% of cattle is in semiarid regions of the country. Slaughter for human consumption is mainly of steers (Table 4).
Table 4. Cattle industry parameters
for each Argentinean region and for the whole country.
Breeds. The temperate grazing lands of
Only some native cameloids continue to be used. Each breed is used depending on the environmental conditions and the productive goals of the commercial operations. Several non-governmental organizations are the local references for each breed.
Livestock numbers.
In 2001, most of the beef (2.7 million ton/year), lamb (35 thousand ton/year - FAOSTAT figure is higher) and milk (10,000 million litres/year) produced was consumed domestically, as export to many countries is forbidden for sanitary reasons (e.g. foot and mouth disease). Cattle and dairying industries account for only 6% of exports (INDEC, 2001).
Distribution of stock-rearing areas
The great range of agro-ecological zones has led to the development of many livestock production systems adapted to the ecological and economic conditions in each zone. These systems have been described in Section 5 alongside details of the pasture resource, in order to simplify reading and avoid repetition.
Cattle ranches are settled on the periphery of the Pampas Region, in the Flooding Pampa or in any other place where cropping is not possible. Environmental, historic and economic reasons have determined such heterogeneous distribution of cattle throughout the country. Sheep are most important in Patagonia. Most subsistence producers are in North-Western Patagonia, the Puna and the Andes steppes. Dairying and fattening has traditionally been associated with the pampas, often in rotation with crops; high crop prices and new technology has led to increased specialisation in crop production, and livestock (mainly cattle) are now being squeezed out of the cropping areas.
Marketing of animal products has strongly changed during the last decade. Central "on hoof" markets used to concentrate the greater part of the transactions (e.g. Mercado de Liniers). Today, direct trading between the ranchers and buyers (e.g. supermarkets, whole-sale butchers), has the greater part of the market. However, on-hoof markets still determine the prices for several types of animals. For the milk market, dairy operations use to sell the milk directly to the factories. Three main companies concentrate 70% of the milk produced in the country. There are many medium and small factories, mostly in the Pampas.
Principal constraints and problems in livestock
(i) Campos and Espinal Forest
The humid to super-humid North Eastern territory of Argentina shows to the north marshes or pastures that grow on acid sandy (deep) and rocky (shallow) soils and, to the south, a savannah (known as the Espinal Forest) growing on strong clayish soils. These Mega thermic Grazing lands are dominated by warm season grasses (C4), progressively reducing the densities of both cool season grasses (C3) or legumes. As cattle cannot graze down the low quality forage biomass (60% digestibility or less) produced during the long warm season, a large biomass accumulates and senesces during autumn (April), loses quality further (up to 3% protein content) in winter (July) and has to be burned before the onset of the next growing season (September). Mass accumulation shades out the initial autumn growth of cool season grasses causing scarce forage production during winter that is heavily and continuously grazed. As low forage quality in the cold season affects cattle nutrition, stocking rates are low (Pizzio et al. 2000).
Grasses of the Panicoideae, Chlorideae, Andropogoneae and Oryzeae tribes dominate the grasslands that grow on these shallow and phosphorus deficient soils (less than 3 ppm), legumes present are of species of Adesmia sp., Desmodium sp. and Rhynchosia sp., while just a few C3 grasses of the Agrosteae and Stipeae tribes thrive for a few months.
Various grassland types are found in these Campos and Espinal Forest, classified according to the dominant species and physiognomy.
Tall grasslands: this is the typical vegetation of the Campos occupying humid to super humid areas. Andropogon lateralis, the dominant species, is non-grazeable when the canopy is dominated by its wiry red flower stalks. When well grazed, this grass has a leafy appearance associated with medium and short grasses of acceptable forage quality as "Jesuits grass" (Axonopus compressus), Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), Dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum), some other Paspalum spp. (P. almum, P. plicatulum), Bothriochloa laguroides or Rottboellia selloana. When Andropogon is dominant and lightly grazed, biomass production may exceed 7 ton ha-1 year-1. Other tall grasses dominate north western areas of this Campos Region and the Humid Chaco, such as Elionurus muticus ( on well-drained sandy soils), Sorghastrum agrostoides and Paspalum intermedium.
Medium grasslands: in the open Campos and in-between the sparse tree canopy of Prosopis spp. and Acacia spp. of the Espinal Forest, grows this herbage layer capable of producing 4-5 ton of forage ha-1 year-1. In it soft grasses such as Axonopus argentinus, A. compressus, Bothriochloa laguroides, Paspalum notatum, P. dilatatum and Panicum milioides cover the soil densely and offer quality forage during the warm season. This grassland has a great capacity to recover its condition when moderately grazed, and when rests are allowed some cool season grasses appear (Stipa neesiana, Briza subaristata) and legumes (Adesmia punctata, Desmodium incanum, Rhynchosia senna, Medicago polymorpha and Trifolium polymorphum). When this occurs, these grasslands show some forage growth during the cool season, determining increases in secondary productivity.
Short grasslands: coarse grasses like Aristida jubata and Bouteloua megapotamica make a low density cover with infertile and alkaline soils; its forage productivity is low (1 ton DM ha-1 year-1). These grasslands are grazed by sheep.
Swamp grasslands: Grasses and Cyperaceae with aerenchyma cover areas with 20-30 cm of standing water. Species like Echinochloa helodes, Eriochloa punctata, Paspalidium paludivagum, Leersia hexandra, Luziola peruviana dominate the dense canopy. These grasslands have good forage production (6 ton DM ha-1 year-1) allowing heavy stocking and rapid weight gains of cattle during the warmer half of the year.
Cultivated pastures: a minimum area (200 000 ha) of native pastures has been replaced with Setaria anceps, Digitaria decumbens (Pangola grass), Brachiaria spp., and other improved forages. No legumes nor cool season grasses are successfully grown; a major drawback as there is much need to improve forage quality and winter production.
Extended degradation processes of both soil and vegetation are observable in this Region. Different factors combine to cause such degradation: hilly terrain, sandy or clayish soils, intense rainfall events, overgrazing, deforestation or non authorised fires. Almost 10 % of the Region's area (840,000 ha) has been classified as severely eroded and another three million hectares is degrading.
Cattle population and secondary production:
(ii) Chaco Forests
[Click here for a paper on The Gran Chaco by Fernando Riveros.]
This subtropical savanna occupies the central northern
territory of
Humid Chaco savannahs:
The landscape is completed by vast grazing lands that form a shallow network that drains excess water towards the East, extending over almost three million hectares. In the intermediate slopes may be seen palms (Copernicia alba) and an herbaceous stratum dominated by tall grasses such Elionurus muticus (on well drained sandy soils), Sorghastrum agrostoides (on periodically flooded soils) and Paspalum intermedium (on frequently flooded soils). The forage quality of these grasslands depends of the density of regular quality middle-sized companion grasses such as Chloris ciliata, Setaria geniculata, Sporobolus indicus. Within the drains (that are continually flooded) swamp grasses grow such as Leersia hexandra, Luziola peruviana, Paspalidium paludivagum, Eriochloa punctata, Echinochloa helodes which form dense swards of good forage when leafy. Finally, marshes in deeper water are dominated by Panicum prionitis, a non-grazed tall grass.
A distinctive feature of this region is its herbaceous leguminous flora that varies according to soils phosphorus levels, ranging from very rich in forested soils to poor in saline soils bordering the drains. Species such as Adesmia muricata, Aeschynomene rudis, Discolobium leptophyllum, Desmanthus virgatus, Desmodium canum, Dolichopsis paraguariensis, Indigofera parodiana, Lathyrus nigrivavlis, Neptunia sp., Phaseolus lathyroides, Vicia graminea, Vigna luteola and others improve forage quality and activate nitrogen circulation in these grasslands. Where nitrogen is fixed, cool season grasses such as Bromus inermis, Agropyron scabrifolium and Phalaris angusta grow, further improving forage quality. Unfortunately, continuous grazing and frequent fires have reduced these species heavily, and they are now found only in grasslands in good to excellent condition, mostly relicts.
The southern area of this humid sub-region is a vast basin of almost one million hectares, characterized by frequent floods, saline soils and marshes dominated by Spartina argentinensis.
Sub-Humid and Semi-arid Chaco grazing lands:
Cultivated Forages:
Chaco's Potential and Ecosystem Fragility
Forage production varies widely throughout the Argentine Chaco depending on precipitation, length of the rainy season and domination of tree, shrub or tall grass canopies. Forage biomass production in open spaces ranges from 5 to 1.5 tons per year in the East and from 2 to 0.5 tons per year in the West, being almost nil in winter months. Forage quality depends of the presence of medium sized warm season grasses, herbage legumes and cool season grasses. As grasslands lose condition and are dominated by tall grasses that overtop the best species, herbage accumulates during the summer losing digestibility and protein content. The absence of cool season grasses further aggravates this problem in winter.
The cattle population of the Argentine Chaco is less than three million, giving a stocking rate of 10 or more hectares per head. This is only justifiable in a 500 to 1,000 mm rainfall area because scarcity of water points impedes adequate cattle distribution, and poor forage quality means that millions of tons of coarse herbage remain ungrazed to be burned at the end of each winter.
(iii) Pampas
The Pampas Region occupies about 50 million hectares, extending from the 2 °C to the 13 °C isotherm (Figures 3b and 6), enjoying a temperate climate with mild winters without snow-fall (Soriano 1991). Precipitation range decreases gradually from 1,200 mm in the northeast to 500 mm in the ecotonal change to the Monte region. Rainfall is evenly distributed through the year in the eastern wettest areas, while is just concentrated during the warm season in the west.
This Region is characterized by its lack of native trees, flat terrain, fertile soils, extended croplands and native or cultivated pastures. As soils are fertile and summers shorter and milder than in the North, many C3 grasses and temperate legumes species grow during the cooler seasons in these grazing lands. In this way, a seasonal alternation occurs with species of one (C4) or the other (C3) photosynthetic syndrome. Such sequential combination of species characterizes its Meso-Thermic grazing lands.
Species alternation maintains green grass year-long and is ideal for resource utilisation in a seasonally variable climatic environment, where mild water deficits during the summer are better overcome by C4 grasses. From the forage point of view, temperate grasses and legumes of good forage quality (above 20% protein and 70-80% digestibility) allow total utilisation during winter of the remnant biomass of summer grasses. Because of this, there is seldom accumulation of forage during winter in these humid grazing lands.
Native humid grasslands cover the Flooding Pampa, some parts of Entre Ríos Province and most river and stream banks. The warm season components of these grasslands are water efficient, nutrient efficient and regular quality C4 grasses of the Panicoideae, Chlorideae, Andropogoneae and Oryzeae tribes. Alternating seasonally with them, thrive C3 grasses of the Agrosteae, Aveneae, Festuceae, Phalarideae and Stipeae tribes. As soil fertility increases to the West of the Paraná River and South of the Río de la Plata, a myriad of herbaceous legumes grow (Cassia sp., Crotalaria sp., Desmanthus sp., Phaseolus sp., Vicia sp., etc.).
Flooding Pampa grasslands
Because of its flat relief and high water table, more than 60% of the soils of the Flooding Pampa are halo-hydromorphic complexes and associations. The commonest soils are natraquolls, associated with natraqualfs and natrabolls. The degree of sodicity of the soils depends on the depth and salinity of underground water, as well as soil denudation caused by continuous grazing. Soils in the higher parts (15% percent of the whole area) are deeper and have a higher productive capacity, being commonly used for the cultivation of cash crops or improved pastures of fescue (Festuca arundinacea), white clover (Trifolium repens) and Lotus corniculatus. The rest of the area is natural grassland, with the distribution of communities related to the excess of water and salinity. Summer droughts are frequent,with halomorphism and limited soil water storage.
The typical physiognomy of the Flooding Pampa is extended, treeless grasslands (except where trees are planted) and its community is dominated by Dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum), Bothriochloa laguroides and Briza subaristata. Paspalum quadrifarium and Stipa trichotoma are bunch grasses which dominate the south western part of the area. Where water covers the land during the cooler months the plant community is dominated by Leersia hexandra, Luziola peruviana, Paspalidium paludivagum, Echinochloa helodes and Glyceria multiflora. Communities on halomorphic soils show a low steppe aspect, with sparse cover; the dominant grasses are: Distichlis scoparia, Sporobolus pyramidatus, Chloris berroi, Hordeum stenostachys, Paspalum vaginatum and Diplachne uninervia
Non saline grasslands produce about 5 ton DM ha-1 year-1 with a clear summer peak, a pattern that contrasts with the small variation in standing crop greenness. Forage productivity in winter (July) is 5 kg DM ha-1 day-1, being 30 kg DM ha-1 day-1 in December and January (Sala et al. 1981, Paruelo et al. 2000). Scarce winter production is caused by the depletion of cool season grasses caused by continuous overgrazing of domestic cattle, after windmills and fences were developed 100 years ago. The dominance of warm season grasses and loss of nitrogen fertility further prevent the establishment of cool season grasses every autumn. Low winter productivity controls the carrying capacity and determines the production system of the area: cow-calf operations. Almost 3.5 million cattle roam the six million hectares of the Flooding Pampa, with two million calves exported annually to be raised on pastures in cropland or feed yards. Annual secondary production may be estimated at 90 kg per hectare.
Winter productivity may be significantly increased by hard early autumn grazing or herbicide spraying of the warm season grasses, followed by nitrogen fertilization. This promotes the establishment and growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), an excellent quality exotic grass that thrives well in intermediate communities. Phosphate fertilization may also increase cool season grass production by promoting the density of herbaceous legumes (Lotus tenuifolius and Trifolium repens) that enrich soil nitrogen through fixation. With higher winter forage production, heifers and yearlings may be raised in this sub region grazing lands, increasing three fold annual secondary production.
Cropland Pampas cultivated pastures
Cultivated pastures are grazed by steers, yearlings
or dairy cattle. Forage legumes like lucerne (Medicago sativa),
clovers (Trifolium repens, T. pratense) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus
corniculatus) fix nitrogen that is transferred to grasses such as
tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), canary grass (Phalaris aquatica),
brome (Bromus catharticus), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata),
rye grasses (Lolium perenne and L. multiflorum) or Agropyron
elongatum. ANPP of these non fertilised sown pastures during the first
and second year is higher than those given above (8-10 ton DM ha-1
year-1), although plant death and depletion of soil nutrient
availability significantly reduces such productivity during following
years (Oesterheld and León, 1987). When pastures are adequately fertilised
(principally with P), primary production may achieve 12 to 15 ton DM ha-1
year-1 or even more. This primary production allows 500 kg
Nowadays, cash crop prices and the higher profits of agriculture have led to a decrease of cattle numbers in this area. To this add genetically modified soybeans and modern non tillage practices, that reduced the need of pastures / cash crops rotation to maintain soil fertility.
(iv) Semi arid grasslands, Dry forest and Monte shrubland
This region extends along the centre west of
Calden forests
The landscape is hilly and vegetation is open forest dominated by caldén, a leguminous tree (Prosopis caldenia). Other woody species in this forest are chañar (Geoffroea decorticans), jarilla (Larrea sp.) and molle (Schinus fasciculatus). The herbaceous stratum is a group of short grasses with good forage quality, as the unquillo (Poa ligularis), flechilla negra (Piptochaetium napostaense), flechilla fina (Stipa tenuis), gramilla cuarentona (Sporobolus cryptandrus) and pasto plateado (Digitaria californica). Medium sized tussock grasses of low or very low forage quality increase as grasslands deteriorate: Stipa tenuissima, S. gynerioides, S. brachychaeta and Elionurus muticus. Forage productivity is estimated at 1.7 ton DM ha-1 year-1.
Grass steppes are interspersed within the Caldén forest and on higher topographic sites, usually associated with sand dunes. The wind from the west and south west has formed the topography in the past. Today wind is mainly from the north and is an important cause of soil erosion. From August to November, the driest period, fires and dust storms occur. Chañar tree patches can occur inside these grass steppes. Summer grasses with an acceptable quality are the most important grasses (Bothriochloa springfiedii and Schizachyrium plumigerum). In good areas Sorghastrum pellitum is still present, a grass with a remarkable forage quality and production when grazed. In degraded areas Elionurus muticus, a very low quality grass became dominant. Forage production in a good condition grassland can achieve 1.5-2.2 ton DM ha-1 year-1, mainly in summer.
Monte shrubland
Forage production is both spatially and temporally variable (Figure 9). In piedmont communities of Larrea divaricata (1, 500 m) in Mendoza, total litter yield varied from one to more than five ton DM ha-1 year-1. (Martinez Carretero and Dalmasso 1992). The herbaceous stratum accounts for 130 to 500 kg DM ha-1 year-1 of the total productivity (Braun Wilke 1982). Because of low wool prices, sheep were displaced by cattle as the main domestic ruminant in this area. Nowadays, cattle numbers continue to grow because of their displacement from agricultural areas.
Animal production
Central Semi-arid Region's Potentiality
(v) Patagonian cold semi desert
The Andes determine the climate of Patagonia. The N-S axis of the Andes forms an orographic barrier for humid air masses that blow from the Pacific Ocean. The air discharges a great part of its humidity on the Andes, generating the Valdivian rainforest and the sub-antarctic temperate forest, with mean annual precipitation above 2,000 mm. East of the Andes the climate is drier. Mean annual temperature in Patagonia varies between 15 °C in the north and 5 °C in the south. Minimum average monthly temperature is above 0 °C for almost the whole of Patagonia. Precipitation in most of the Patagonian steppes ranges between 125 mm in the centre to 500 mm in the west and falls mainly in winter (April to September). Strong and dry west winds, principally in summer, are a principal feature of the Patagonian climate.
Extra-Andean Patagonia is dominated by plateaux and plains composed of basalt, sand and clay. Soils development is low, with low water holding capacity and organic matter levels. The ranges are grazed by sheep, with the largest population in the country. Four districts are distinguished in Extra-Andean Patagonia (León et al 1998): a) Central shrub steppes, b) Western shrub grass steppes, c) Sub Andean grass steps and, d) Magellanic grass steppes. As in most desert regions oases form in riparian areas, providing abundant, fresh and palatable forage during spring and early summer.
Shrub steppes in the Central District extend over 15 % of the region, from Río Negro to Santa Cruz provinces and from the occidental district on the west to the ocean and the San Jorge gulf district to the east. This corresponds to a transition zone between the semi desert and the shrub-grass steppe. The most representative vegetation is a low shrub steppe; species are Chuquiraga aurea, Nassauvia glomerulosa, Nassauvia ulicina and Chuquiraga avellanedae (quilenbai), and Acantholippia seriphioides (tomillo). Depending on latitude and topographic position different proportions of grass mainly of the genera Stipa and Poa can be found. Forage production is estimated at 490 kg DM ha-1 year-1 with the peak in November.
Shrub steppes of the San Jorge gulf district
extend on the plateaux adjacent to the gulf. Two main vegetation types
can be found in this district: the tall shrub steppes dominated by Colliguaja
integerrima associated with other shrubs such as Senecio filaginoides,
S. bracteolatus and grasses of the genus Stipa (S. humilis
and S. speciosa). The second vegetation type is a grass-shrub steppe
dominated by Festuca pallescens and F.
Shrub grass steppes of the occidental district are widely distributed between 38º to the north and 46º30´ to the south. The 70º meridian is the eastern limit. The shrub component of this steppe is 60-180 cm tall while the tussock grasses are 10-50 cm tall, covering approximately 50% of the soil. One of the most important communities is dominated by grasses of the genera Stipa (S. speciosa; coirón amargo, S. humilis;coirón llama) and Poa lanuginosa (pasto hilo). Good forage quality grasses which are less frequent include Bromus setifolius (cebadilla patagónica) and Hordeum comosum (cebada patagónica). The shrub layer is dominated by Senecio filaginoides (charcao o mata mora), Mulinum spinosum (neneo) and Adesmia campestris (mamuel choique). Berberis heterophylla (calafate) and Schinus polygamus (molle) are other less important shrubs: average primary production is 560 kg DM ha-1 year-1, ranging from 210 to 750 kg DM ha-1 year-1 (Fernandez et al. 1991; Jobbagy and Sala 2001). Primary production is on average equally divided between grasses and shrubs.
Shrub grass steppes of the Sub-Andean district occupy a narrow portion on the eastern slope of the Andes and constitutes the ecotone between the forests and the shrub grass steppes from Neuquén in the north to Tierra del Fuego in the south. Annual precipitation is over 300 mm. The physiognomy is very homogeneous grassland with a very low shrub cover, except in highly degraded sites. Festuca pallescens (coirón blanco), Rytidosperma picta and Lathyrus magellanicus are the dominant species of this area. Forage production may reach 900 kg DM ha-1 year-1 with a peak production in December (Bertiller and Defosse 1990).
Grass steppe of the Magellanic district is located in southern Santa Cruz and northern Tierra del Fuego with a cold and oceanic climate. Vegetation physiognomy is a grass steppe dominated by Festuca gracillima 30-40 cm. tall.
Meadows - wherever water flows from springs or aggregates in very different topographic positions (slopes and valleys), it is associated with meadows that occupy less than 5% of the whole territory. These are dominated by grasses and cyperaceous species and are highly productive, forage production reaching 7,000 kg DM ha-1 year-1. Overgrazing on these areas induces denudation and salinization and gully formation from water and wind erosion.
Land Use and Animal Production
A hundred years of continuous grazing by domestic herbivores hampered the ecological sustainability of the Patagonian steppes. Several authors consider that grazing had a main role in the environmental and productive degradation in Patagonia. The Patagonian sheep population has declined over the last decades from 20 million in 1952 to 11 million in 1993. Highly selective sheep foraging has reduced the density and vigour of the highest quality plant species.
(vi) Puna and High Andes grass steppes
The vegetation is characterized by grass and shrub-grass steppes, halophyte steppes and meadows (Ruthsatz and Movia 1975; Cabrera 1976). In terms of vegetation, the Puna is close related to Patagonia, because of the common dominant genera. Grasses primarily belong to the genera Calamagrostis, Agrostis and Festuca and shrubs of the genera Fabiana, Lepidophyllum, Chuquiraga, Nardophyllum, Mulinum and Adesmia. Characteristic formations include five main communities:
1. Shrub steppe dominated by Fabiana densa, Baccharis boliviensis and Adesmia horrida;
2. Cardonales, dominated by Trichocereus pasacana
3. In the wettest areas, small forest dominated by Prosopis ferox (fabaceae) or Polylepis tomentella (rosaceae).
4. Meadows with Scirpus atacamensis, Heleocharis atacamensis, Juncus depauperatus, Plantago tubulosa, Hypsela oligophylla
5. On saline and temporally wet soils, Festuca scirpifolia, Juncus balticus and Hordeum halophilum.
Several technologies may improve the carrying capacity in the semi-arid rangelands, such as
(i) water development,
Improvements in forage production and utilisation will not increase beef output from Argentinean rangelands, without an adequate nutritional management of the grazing animals. The lack of nitrogen and phosphorus supplementation to satisfy animal requirements determines the nationwide inefficiency of beef cattle production and low weaning percentage (barely 60%). Prolonged dry winter periods reduce protein content in the forages provided by the semiarid rangelands. Senesced summer grasses that overtop the winter ones (and prevent their growth) determines the need for autumn and winter nitrogen supplementation in the humid grazing lands. As the soils of this humid region lack phosphorus, good conception rates and fast animal growth is hampered. Nutritional limitations of P may be overcome through an adequate supplementation programme and by soil fertilization. Energy deficiencies in winter are overcome easily by grain supplementation and grassland cultivation.
Pasture seed production and marketing
Table 6. Pasture seed production and importation for 2000/01. The eight named forages in the table represent almost 90% of the seed produced. [NB. only certified seed is considered for produced and imported seeds, but non-certified seed is an important part of the market, thus the discrepancy between totals].
Institutional structure The National Secretary for Agriculture, Livestock Production, Fisheries and Food leads the national politics on the area. Each of the provinces has its own federal secretary for the area. Several national institutions such as the INTA, the SENASA and the universities (see links below) are important for local research and development.
Links The key organizations and their current areas of activity/interest with relevance to pasture and animal production are as follows:
National Secretary for Agriculture, Livestock Production and Fisheries www.sagpya.mecon.gov.ar/
National Institute for Agriculture and Animal Production Technology (INTA). www.inta.gov.ar
National Animal Health Service www.senasa.gov.ar/
National Patagonian Centre, Arid Zones Ecology www.cenpat.edu.ar/ecozoaridas/idxingle.htm
Institute for Arid Zones Research www.cricyt.edu.ar/institutos/iadiza/default.htm
Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Buenos Aires www.agro.uba.ar
Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral www.fca.unl.edu.ar/
Darwin Institute, www.darwin.edu.ar/
Chamber of Seed Traders (CSBC), www.argenseeds.com.ar/
Argentine Association of Regional Consortiums for Agricultural Experimentation (AACREA), www.aacrea.org.ar/
Argentine Association for Animal Production (AAPA) www.aapa.org.ar/
Laboratory for Regional Analysis and Remote Sensing, www.agro.uba.ar/lart
Argentine Rural Association (SRA), www.ruralarg.org.ar/
Federación Agraria Argentina, www.faa.com.ar/


text:
Oh wise Mumsnetter's please help settle this argument- Beau.(106 Posts)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The great Thompson Divide is one of the last special, roadless wilderness areas in our backyard, enjoyed by conservationists, recreationalists, outdoorsmen and businessmen alike.
It is the one area which has garnered a wide range of coalition interests who want to preserve this special area from oil and gas development for our future generations.
Ten years ago, the BLM irresponsibly issued leases on this roadless area, when it was already considered wilderness. Now that these leases are about to expire, SG Interests and the Ursa Piceance LLC oil company want the BLM to suspend the expiration date of their leases so they might still be able to drill in this beautiful, pristine area.
By asking the BLM for an extension on these leases, these oil and gas companies are using nothing more than a stalling tactic to hold out so they can extort more money from the large opposition coalition, whose financial offers to these oil and gas companies have failed.
We certainly do not need to drill on every last remaining acre of Colorado, especially in pristine areas so close to our ski resorts. This area includes 221,500 acres of federal land running from Sunlight Ski Area to McClure Pass crossing Pitkin, Gunnison, Garfield, Mesa and Delta counties. It is where wildlife can survive and thrive.
Everyone should try to attend a meeting this Wednesday at the Carbondale Town Hall at 6 p.m. We should urge the BLM to retire these leases and let these oil and gas companies just go home, if we want to keep our clean air, water, outdoor recreation and businesses vital for the future. Please plan on attending this meeting and writing the BLM.
Junee Kirk


text:
Ten cuts run deeper
I ENJOYED Ten News because it was an hour (I'm a bit of a news junkie) and had great presenters. With the axing of Helen Kapalos, no Ten News for me and I find this has knock-on effects. I do not necessarily turn on and watch all or part of The Project, and at 7pm I watch ABC News, so now I do not watch Modern Family on Ten. Whoever makes these decisions should know the loss of an excellent newsreader will have a long-term impact on their early-evening ratings.
Bob Graham, Yarragon
Chopper shocker
I WONDER if Car City management sees the irony of sponsoring a Channel Ten helicopter that exclusively shows traffic jams to its potential clients.
Andrew Smith, Leongatha
Odds decision
HAVING a betting agency feature in the Channel Ten News, with a name and phone number displayed prominently and giving the latest odds in the sports segment, is outrageous. How on earth do they get away with this?
Geoff O'Brien, Pakenham
Awash with Waterhouse
GG: DON'T you realise the more you publish pictures of Tom Waterhouse, the more you give him publicity? Please stop!
Ryan Cooper, Frankston
ABC2 drops the ball
IN THE group of recent unpardonable deviations and depravities, what plumbs the depths more hellishly than ABC2's scuttling of the Marngrook Footy Show? Citizens: revolt now!
Mary Cameron, Ocean Grove
Switch teams?
PERHAPS we should have foreseen that the Marngrook Footy Show would be too culturally important for the ABC to handle. Hopefully, the SBS will pick it up.
Maria Clemens, Sale
Marngrook will be missed
I JOIN those who mourn the axing of the Marngrook Footy Show.
Alan Lender, Inverloch
Australia's answer to Ella
I AGREE completely with Rob Thomas of Frankston (GG Letters, 15/11). When Shiane Hawke opened her mouth to sing on the first X Factor program, out came a remarkable voice. She has a voice with jazz-blues star quality, which can only improve as she matures. One day I think her fame will stand alongside Ella Fitzgerald and Mahalia Jackson. I hope Shiane is encouraged to send recordings to people who can recognise top-quality talent and promote her.
Eileen Montague, Croydon
Bolt from the blues
I COULD not agree more with Rob Thomas (GG Letters, 15/11) about Shiane Hawke. I don't usually watch The X Factor, but when I saw her singing in the promos, her voice sent shivers down my spine. It was unbelievable how quickly she was then channelled into a style totally alien to her personality and voice, instead of being left to express herself naturally.
Sue Rawson, Elwood
The doctor is out
IN TYPICAL Ten fashion, Emily Owens M.D. has mysteriously disappeared without any word to viewers. We were just getting into it. Bam! Whatever affinity we were developing for the show and its characters has been ripped away from us.
E. J. Pentland, Gladstone Park
In a spin
HAVE just watched the final Hamster Wheel. Very funny. Tim Bowden, I love you.
Anne Turnbull, Belgrave Heights
Media's new watchers
YOU know something is seriously wrong with Media Watch when you are turning to the Chaser boys for the most topical and relevant overview of the industry. Up-to-the-minute, entertaining and smart enough to give the media enough rope to hang itself when deserved, Hamster Wheel is a refreshing change from Media Watch's earnest examination of petty topics that routinely miss the bigger picture of what's happening in this turbulent sector.
Jane Harrison, St Kilda
Multitude of sins
THE GG review of Sinbad last week made me look again at this long-familiar name! Now I see it as SIN BAD.
Evelyn Lawson, Karingal
Cricket trio too trite
I SECOND Doug Clark's thoughts on Kerry O'Keeffe's performances in ABC's cricket commentary (GG Letters, 15/11). When he is in serious mode, O'Keeffe is an intelligent and insightful observer, but too often he dons the clown's hat for the sake of cheap laughs (most of which emanate from himself). The once-reliable Jim Maxwell has largely been reduced to being O'Keeffe's second banana. Rounding out the dominant Sydney trio, Geoff Lawson's relentless and morose negativity seems to stem from a permanent chip on his shoulder and contributes little to the game at hand. How I miss Tim Lane and Peter Roebuck.
Pete Bond, Longford
Share the airwaves
GARY John (GG Letters, 15/11), the cricket is also on ABC Digital Grandstand and our beloved Jon Faine and others can be heard on Digital 774 as usual. The 774 AM transmitter is a 50-kilowatt beast at Sydenham and can be heard in southern New South Wales and northern Tasmania. Country people do not have the luxury of digital radio. With a $50 digital radio you can continue listening to normal 774 programs during the cricket season.
Andrew Demase, Vermont South
Sales pitch
NOT sure who Graeme Bannerman (GG Letters, 15/11) has actually been watching but certainly not Leigh Sales. Her interviews are well researched and her technique exemplifies good journalism. She listens to her subjects' answers and frames her next question accordingly. She is concise and clear and has made 7.30 a must-see show again after it lost its way last year.
Phyllis King, Watsonia North
What's in a name?
I LOOK forward to the repeat of Scumbus. I missed its first run because I saw the title in the program guide and thought it must be some dreadful American reality show. My apologies to Ed Kavalee.
P. J. Bear, Mitcham
Did they or didn't they?
LYNN Heritage (GG Letters, 15/11), the answer to your Rhonda and Ketut question is a definite no. They didn't use staples, a highlighter or paint on their Green Guide.
John Rawson, Briar Hill
WALL-E left stranded
INCREASINGLY, the movie mini-previews at the bottom of the TV guide in the GBWWBANSG (Green But With White Borders And No Staples Guide) fail to match what is actually on telly and what is listed above, as on Sunday when WALL-E was previewed but not listed. I know subediting is apparently being outsourced to Timbuktu but surely the least you could do is make sure the listings include the previewed movies?
Alasdair Bryant, Cheltenham
Case of the changed format
GIVEN that Today Tonight and A Current Affair are renowned for covering the big stories with quality journalism, you would think by now one would have run with the ''real'' story on why the green colour is receding and the staples are missing from Green Guide.
Greg Handley, Pascoe Vale South
Green has the edge
I AGREE with Peter D'Castro (GG Letters, 15/11). Bring back the green edges to prevent premature recycling! I'm third in line to the paper - after my preschooler has ''done'' the crossword (as a maze), and hubby has cleared up. Now, with no green edges, I'm scrambling through the recycling tub before I locate my weekly pleasure.
Rosey Chang, Bentleigh East
Don't succumb to the staples
I'VE never written a letter to Green Guide before, but I'm fearful you might succumb to pressure and put the staples back in, so I'm obliged to put forward an argument against it. Staples are frustrating when recycling - they make it difficult to separate the sheets for scrunching up as a fire starter and they also get in the way when using as a mulch.
Samantha Grave, Briagolong
Have your say Email letters, including your name, address and daytime phone number, to firstname.lastname@example.com. Letters must be 75 words or fewer and may be edited.


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Lady Cats lose final game before Christmas break
By BOBBY "BUTCH" BURNEY | News-Telegram Sports Editor
Dec. 18, 2007 - MESQUITE - North Mesquite got off to a good start Monday and didn't let the Sulphur Springs Lady Cats' good finish spoil their evening.
The Lady Stallions muscled their way to an early seven-point lead and never trailed in taking a 48-41 victory in their home gym.
North Mesquite used the inside duo of powerful 6-3 Krishunda Harvey and athletic 6-1 Katherine Bell to combine for 22 points, 14 rebounds and four blocks, and got 15 points from guard Brittany Scott, and seven assists and five steals from University of Houston-bound guard Cambria Smith.
Sulphur Springs trailed by 18 points late in the third quarter, but was able to cut the lead to single digits as Stevie Moore hit three 3-pointers en route to a team-high 11 points and Mackenzie Cross finished with 10 points and four assists.
The Lady Cats (8-9) were uneven offensively, and head coach Tina Carrillo said they looked tired in the first half.
"We kind of went in spurts offensively. There were times we'd have lapses and let them get the momentum. Then, we'd come back in another spurt," Carrillo said. "We never seemed to get into a good rhythm until they went into a zone in the fourth quarter and we were able to hit some threes.
"The second half, we did a little bit better job of getting going offensively, and we were able to cut the lead to seven. By then, though, it was too late."
North Mesquite scored all of its first-half points in the lane as the Lady Stallions (10-7) took a 27-20 advantage at the break.
SSHS senior Stephanie Conley scored six of her seven total points in the first half. The Lady Cats got down by 10 points early in the second quarter, then made a 9-2 run to get within three points. The run started with Conley scoring inside, then Cross hit a jumper after senior Jessica Savage ran down a rebound and as she was going out of bounds, flipped the ball back to Cross. Savage then hit a long 3-pointer and Moore bucketed a putback to get SSHS to within 21-18. But, North Mesquite answered with six straight points, including two straight baskets by Smith off SSHS turnovers.
North Mesquite then opened the third quarter on a 9-0 run to take a 36-20 advantage. Six of the points came directly off steals as the Lady Stallions had 12 take-aways in the game, nine of them combined from Smith and Scott.
Moore broke the North Mesquite run with a 3-pointer, and hit another one right before the third-quarter buzzer to get SSHS to within 45-30.
Though the Lady Cats outscored North Mesquite 11-3 in the final period, there wasn't enough time for them to get back in the game.
"It just seemed like they had too many weapons," Carrillo said. "They had exceptional post play. They were making moves that we hadn't seen before, and their guard was excellent."
North Mesquite shot 20-of-38 from two-point land (53 percent), but was just 1-of-10 from beyond the arc. The Lady Cats had more success from 3-point territory, hitting 5-of-12 (42 percent), compared to 10-of-34 (29 percent) from inside the arc.
With Conley grabbing eight rebounds, the Lady Cats were able to pull off a standstill in the rebounding department. SSHS had 25 while North Mesquite ended with 28.
"We did an OK job against a Class 5A school that went 10-0 last year in district, won district and went three rounds deep in the playoffs," Carrillo said. "I was OK with the effort last night."
The Lady Cats won't play again until Dec. 28 when they host Longview.
The SSHS junior varsity improved its record to 14-4 with a 43-38 victory over North Mesquite. The Lady Cats were behind by 12 points in the second quarter, but staged a comeback.
The SSHS freshmen (4-11) lost 32-21.
Older Archives
Looking for News-Telegram Sports and News Archives for January 2004 - November 2008


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The Daily NOTness: Mario Lopez, AGAIN.
I hate to be redundant, but when this dude gets picked as the HOTTEST BACHELOR by People, I need to step in and say something, and of course present their very own grotesque pictorial as evidence of just how not hot he is. The magazine photographed Mario posing in various iconic images, including this one, as the blond boy from Blue Lagoon. Total dry heave moment. Luckily, some good will come out of this: Radar put together a slideshow with Mario transplanted into other iconic images. The laughing that ensued helped control my urge to barf.


text:
Welcome to the Revamped BlueHens.com!
Patten, Glover, Marinaccio, Trimble Earn ABCA/Rawlings All-Region Awards
Delaware Righty Ron Marinaccio Selected by Yankees in the 19th Round of 2017 MLB Draft
Delaware's Nick Patten Named to Lubbock NCAA All-Regional Team
Blue Hens Drop 6-5 Heartbreaker to No. 16 Arizona in 12-Inning Marathon at NCAA Baseball Regional
Delaware Battles Tough, Falls to #5 Texas Tech 5-2 in NCAA Baseball Tourney Opener
Blue Hens Open with Texas Tech at 1st NCAA Regional Appearance Since 2001
Blue Hen Seniors Celebrate Special Graduation Ceremony, CAA Baseball Title on Same Day
Blue Hens Hold NCAA Watch Party; Travel to #3 Texas Tech for Lubbock Regional
NCAA BOUND: Blue Hens Earn First CAA Tournament Title with 10-3 Victory Over UNCW
Blue Hen Student-Athletes Honored as Part of UD's 168th Commencement Ceremony
Epic Inning Pushes Delaware to 14-8 Win Over UNCW and Into CAA Tourney Final


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Draper Vest and Cardigan by Amy Herzog
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 60 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Karen Pearson
© lilkaaa
© indigodragonfly
© Karen Pearson
© Karen Pearson
© Karen Pearson
This book contains 18 patterns$17.99 on Amazon look inside this book!
Draper Vest and Cardigan
Photographs by Karen Pearson. Technical editing by Sue McCain.
This flexible pattern can be used to make either a drapey, open vest or 3/4-sleeve cardigan. Both pieces are constructed in pieces from the bottom up; the cardigan includes set-in sleeves. The collar is knit separately in two pieces and then seamed onto the sweater. Edges are finished with a small amount of 1x1 rib.
Lorna's Laces Sportmate is a phenomenal high-tech blend of wicking Outlast fiber and wool. A fairly elastic wool with some drape blended in is ideal.
You will need 4 (4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8) hanks of Sportmate for the vest and 4 (5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9) hanks for the cardigan.
For more information, see: http://www.amyherzogdesigns.com/knit-to-flatter/


text:
GCS offers excellent wages, benefits, and respect for every employee. Send us your resume today!
Our biggest goal is to deliver value to our clients without sacrificing quality and safety.
GCS Energy Services Ltd. takes great pride in giving back to the communities we live, work and operate in.
Standing on an impressive safety record, and years of solid experience, our specialties include general, electrical, and civil contracting. Custom crushing, and an extensive heavy equipment rental division round out the diverse offerings of tried and true results. The GCS goal is safe, quality service on time and on budget. Whatever it takes, each and every time.


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Welcome to that part of our website covering "The Rise of Chinese Civilization Based on Paddy Rice Agriculture". Here you will find the earliest and the latest developments in this field to 2010.
We begin with the History of our Project, commencing in 1996 when the Yangtze River started to form a large reservoir behind the ongoing construction of the Three Gorges Dam. We were not involved with the Yangtze Valley above the dam, but were heavily involved with archaeological sites below the dam in Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces. To describe this work, we had a number of Research Resources at our disposal and which may be found under that heading. Our translations in the Dual Paper Databases made us very familiar with the terrain, palaeoclimate and prehistory of the Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley and were needed in preparing my paper of the above title. This paper has hyperlinks that will take you instantly to both the oldest and most recent papers. Further meaning will come if you examine our Photo Galleries.


text:
New Majors Available Fall 2016 - Accounting and Leadership
Months to Complete the Curry Leadership Program
Year that Curry's Plymouth Campus was established
# of Majors offered to Continuing Education students
# of CE class meetings per week - Evenings and Saturdays
transfer credits which can be applied toward a bachelor's degree
average age of the Curry Continuing Education student
Average # of students in a Continuing Education class
"From my very first meeting at Curry, I felt welcomed. My advisor offers great suggestions and support for everything. Everyone at Curry is so encouraging about what you can do that I've been even more excited to complete my degree."
Shannon Boggs '11
Major: Management
- You are here:
- Curry College - Home /
- Programs & Courses /
- Continuing Education Programs /
- Tuition & Financial Aid /
- Dollar$ and $ense: What You Need To Know About Money Management
Dollar$ and $ense: What You Need To Know About Money Management
Welcome to Curry College's Financial Literacy homepage. We are offering this information to you to help you become an educated consumer about topics such as budgeting, credit management, debt management including your student loans, repayment information and financial planning. Our goal is for you to become familiar with these topics so you can make sound decisions regarding your finances while enrolled at Curry and as well as after graduation.
Attending college can be an exciting time in a student's life. For many, it is the first time living away from home and being solely responsible for managing certain aspects of one's non-academic life like money management. While concentrating on academics is a student's primary focus, understanding concepts of finance is also an important part of a student's education. All too often students graduate from college with little or no understanding on how to manage their finances just at a time when new expenses such as rent, student loan and credit card payments are becoming a reality.
We hope you find the information and additional resources offered to be helpful.
- Checking and Savings Accounts
- Investment and Retirement Accounts
- What is a Credit Score?
- Credit Report and Credit Rating
- Repairing My Credit
- Installment and Revolving Credit
- Debit and Credit Cards
- Student Loans
- Payment Plans
- Responsible Borrowing
- Paying Back My Student Loans
- Options for My Loan Repayment
- Tracking My Debt
- How to Reduce Your Risk of Identity Theft
- What to Do if Your Identity Is Stolen
- What is a Budget?
- My Spending Habits
- Saving for My Future


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Gordon Smith <gosm...@adobe.com>
|RE: Flex 5 in haxe
|Fri, 16 Nov 2012 21:17:42 GMT
Even if a high-quality open-source version of Flash Player were developed, it wouldn't have anything like the ubiquity that Adobe's player has, so you'd have distribution issues. - Gordon -----Original Message----- From: Bruce Montague [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] Sent: Friday, November 16, 2012 1:13 PM To: email@example.com Subject: RE: Flex 5 in haxe Hi, I do not know that much about Flex, the history of Flex, or all the other background relating to this thread, etc.. How realistic would it be for an open source community to write an open source, portable, (likely vanilla C), equivalent of Flash Player and the AVM? Maybe not including all of the features, but a good-enough subset? Haven't there been a couple of attempts to do this, some with earlier versions of donated code? (Was that really open source code?) Why did none of these efforts succeed? Patents on codecs and the like? Thanks, -bruce -----Original Message----- From: Gordon Smith [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] Sent: Friday, November 16, 2012 12:58 PM To: firstname.lastname@example.com Subject: RE: Flex 5 in haxe > From what I previously read, I don't think we were getting an updated Falcon compiler that will generate AVM3 code. > They were not planning on open-sourcing that (but correct me if I'm wrong in that aspect). That's correct. Adobe has no plans to open-source its new AS4-for-V12 compiler. - Gordon -----Original Message----- From: Nicholas Kwiatkowski [mailto:email@example.com] Sent: Friday, November 16, 2012 12:27 PM To: email@example.com Subject: Re: Flex 5 in haxe On Fri, Nov 16, 2012 at 3:08 PM, Stefan Horochovec < firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: [snip] > The development of the new VM and AS4 specification is not reported or > discussed with Apache Flex, knowing that we depend exclusively of > Flash Player and AIR to execute applications. This in my opinion is terrible. > > Again we will have to wait for an update from Falcon to generate code > for the V12, this delay the progress of the Flex when we are expecting > more and more code from Adobe. > > I'm not saying that we should use haxe, or some other compiler, just > think the time is an even broader discussion. The Flex should continue > only with Flash Player / Adobe AIR runtime? > This is, and has been par for the course. When Adobe doesn't want to hear us whine and moan, they close off development. It happened before (and in many more products than just Flex/Flash), and I'm sure it will happen often in the future. They feel they can surround themselves with "stakeholders" (a small, select subset of customers that their marketing team found them) to make major changes to platforms, products, etc. At least this time, they were pretty clear in saying we wouldn't have a seat in the table for the future. Previous times they gave us the illusion that we did. >From what I previously read, I don't think we were getting an updated Falcon compiler that will generate AVM3 code. They were not planning on open-sourcing that (but correct me if I'm wrong in that aspect). I'm pretty sure the community as a whole over the last 11 months have determined to break our dependency of the Flash Player. We've had a LOT of proposals on how to do it -- none of them executed yet. The silliest of the bunch in my opinion is porting to HaXe or starting from scratch. Our power is leveraged from Adobe's initial 200,000 hours of labor over the last many years. We got an awesome code-base that while, it needs some major tweaks, is is really good shape. Dumping out the baby with the bath-water is not the way to go on a platform that is mature and used by MANY large enterprises. That being said -- this is now in the Apache world and I can't stop anybody from doing that, but I won't also be helping redo Flex from scratch. -Nick
|View raw message


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Today's Devotional
No FloatingIn what ways have you been "floating" spiritually?
Top Music Videos
Kevin Skinner-Chicken Catcher-America's Got Talent-MUST SEE
Here is the amazing surprise on 2009 America's Got Talent when a seemingly unimaginable contestant by the name of Kevin Skinner steps ups and delivers the performance of a lifetime. Similar to Susan Boyle in Britain's Got Talent...Kevin shows us that too often we judge a book by its cover and not by what's inside. There is a chance Kevin will win the whole competition. This is a MUST SEE video and one that you will send to your friends


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Cantonese Lobster
READY IN: 45mins
Recipe by ratherbeswimmin
Martin Yan
Top Review by reveles.kathy_13155
it was great
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 (1/2 lb) lobster tail
Seasoning Mixture
- 4 garlic cloves, minced
- 2 green onions, cut into 1-inch lengths
- 1 teaspoon minced ginger
- 2 teaspoons black bean garlic sauce
Remaining Ingredients
- 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
- 1⁄3 cup chicken broth
- 1⁄4 cup chinese rice wine or 1⁄4 cup dry sherry
- 2 teaspoons cornstarch, dissolved in
- 1 tablespoon water
- 1 teaspoon sesame oil
- 1 green onion, julienned
Directions See How It's Made
- Remove the lobster meat by cutting along the inner edges of the soft undershell.
- Using a fork, pry out the meat; cut the meat into 1-inch pieces; set aside.
- Make the seasoning mixture: combine all the ingredients in a small bowl; mix well.
- Put a stir-fry pan over high heat until hot.
- Add in oil, swirling to coat the sides; add in the seasoning mixture and cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 30 seconds.
- Add in the lobster meat and stir-fry until opaque, about 2 minutes.
- Add in the broth and wine; bring to a boil; add in the cornstarch solution and cook, stirring, until the sauce boils and thickens, about 30 seconds.
- Stir in the sesame oil and green onion; transfer to s serving plate and serve with hot cooked rice.


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We're passionate about making the process of setting up A/B testing campaigns as simple as possible. Visual editor in VWO has been enabling you to create simple campaigns in minutes without any hassle. This works well for a majority of our users. However, our power users have always asked for a more flexible way to create and edit variations. You…
Case Studies
Making CTA more relevant increased conversions by...November 22nd, 2013
Removing a Line From Header Image Effected 7.8%...March 26th, 2015
Killer Headline Beats Image Slider: An Estimated Win...August 21st, 2014


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Guam - Obtain a Death Certificate
A Death Certificate is a document issued by a registrar of vital statistics that declares the date, location and cause of a person's death.
A copy of the death certificate is often required in procedures, such as execution of the will or making funeral arrangements.
Following are procedures on how you can obtain a death certificate in Guam.
Provide eligibility criteria's for going through this procedure.
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Please provide instructions on obtaining the certificate/documents. e.g. The state office holds birth records since january 1908.
Required Information
A list which displays the kind of information which is required to complete the procedure. e.g. 1. Date of Birth. 2. City or County of Birth.
In person:
- Request for certificate/s by going to Office of Vital Statistics.
- Provide all the needed information in the request form to make the search for the record much easier.
- Pay the fee. You may pay in cash or use your credit card (VISA and MasterCard).
By mail:
If you are off the island and needed to get a certified record of a vital event, you may send a request by mail.
- Provide your full legal name and the date of the event on your request.
- Include a photocopy of your identification for verification purposes and a self-addressed stamped envelope for return mail.
- You may also provide special handling instructions along with your request.
- Mail request to:
123 Chalan Kareta, Mangilao, Guam 96913
(Attn: OVS)
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Required Documents
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JERUSALEM (Jan. 16)
One of the most successful security operations undertaken by the Israel Defense Force in Nablus has encouraged local Palestinians to organize against extremists who terrorize or murder fellow Arabs suspected of collaborating with the Israeli authorities.
A month after the IDF wiped out a gang called Black Panthers, which operated in the Nablus casbah, and arrested every member of a similar gang, the Red Eagles, a Palestinian counterforce has emerged.
It calls itself the General Security Service, and it has served notice it will not tolerate "holding suspects for questioning" or executing them for alleged collaboration.
General Security Service happens to be the name of Israel's internal security agency, known by the acronym Shin Bet. Its adoption by the Palestinians may or may not have been accidental.
In any event, the group marched through the narrow alleys of the casbah Monday afternoon armed with a rifle and three handguns.
Judging by their nationalist slogans and the colors of the kaffiyehs they wear around their heads, the marchers identify with Al Fatah, the largest and most moderate branch of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
Fatah, which is headed by Yasir Arafat, has spoken out several times in the past against the execution of suspected collaborators.
Executions and torture had become almost daily occurrences before the IDF operation. Since then, however, only one local man, Sa'adi Bakri, has been murdered. But 15 people were kidnapped and tortured, though eventually released.
The march through the casbah Monday was seen as an attempt by PLO moderates to regain control from the violence-prone dissidents. So were the leaflets circulated in the West Bank this week, which urged students to attend classes and refrain from staging demonstrations inside the school premises.
"The Palestinian state needs educated people," the leaflets said.
Hadashot reported Tuesday that Egypt was expected to demand that Arafat, who is now visiting Cairo, declare a three-month moratorium on the assassination of suspected collaborators.
But even if Arafat loyalists obey such an order, it is hardly likely to be heeded by Hamas, the Islamic fundamentalist organization, which is the chief rival of the PLO.
Hamas has been responsible for a number of political assassinations, mainly in the Gaza Strip.


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I moved my head one inch off the pillow to find out which it was, and something growled.
But if the patient was sick, the real question is whether the media yanked the IV and put a pillow over his head.
Better to go in blasting, or with a pillow in hand, assured of a clean getaway.
The forums and message boards all cite "waking up to loose strands on your pillow" as a real indicator of significant hair loss.
That night, I dream that Obama turns his weary face into his pillow and groans, "I just need a nap."
Bozevsky sunken in his pillow, with his eyes closed and his head and neck in bandages, looked as if he were already dead.
Even as she uttered her threat Pen was mechanically straightening his pillow!
Walter Espec uttered an exclamation of horror, and, without another word, sank back on his pillow.
Pen got up and turned Sara's pillow and shaded the light from his face, mechanically.
Doubtless she had thrown herself on the bed, and was stifling her cries and her sobs in the pillow.
Middle English pilwe, from Old English pyle "pillow," from West Germanic *pulwi(n) (cf. Old Saxon puli, Middle Dutch polu, Dutch peluw, Old High German pfuliwi, German Pfühl), an early borrowing (2c. or 3c.) from Latin pulvinus "little cushion, small pillow," of uncertain origin. Modern spelling is from mid-15c. Pillow fight (n.) attested from 1837; slang pillow talk (n.) first recorded 1939.
1620s, from pillow (n.). Related: Pillowed; pillowing.


text:
Do looser curlies ever wish they had naturally tighter curls?
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Lucky Charm
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Join Date: Jan 2009
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Monday, December 26, 2011 at 11:07PM
I like my hair too, but I sometimes secretly wish for a head full of 3C-ish curls
- 2C - Coarse Canopy & med/fine underlayers
- MOP C Hydrating 'poo
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- treatments: CJ Curl Rehab, CJ Repair Me!
- plopping, diffusing, and clipping the roots


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SPORTS >> ALL STARS: Several local players named to All-State/Conference
Leader sports writer
Basketball season is over, but the honors and accolades are just starting to roll in. Several players from local-coverage teams made their respective leagues all-conference teams, while a select few were named to the All-State squad.
Leading the list of local players is Jacksonville senior Lavar Neely. Neely, a 5-11 guard, has been the teams leading scorer for two years, and was the second-leading scorer in the AAAAA-East. His 24 points per game was second behind West Memphis Jason Henry.
Neely was also nominated for the All-Star team. Henry got the leagues automatic bid, but Neely made the list of top-five league players to be considered for invitations to the summer classic.
The Cabot girls, who won the AAAAA-East with a perfect 14-0 record, put three players on the All-State team, led by senior Kim Sitzmann. Sitzmann, who signed an NCAA letter of intent early with UALR, is also up for All-Star consideration.
Sitzmann was joined by junior guards Maddie Helms and Jamie Sterrenberg on the All-State list.
Jacksonville senior post player Tarneshia Scott also made the AAAAA-East All-State team.
Lonoke senior guard Meaghan Kelleybrew is also up for All-Star consideration. She made the All-State team after averaging 13 points, four rebounds, 2.1 assists, 1.2 blocks, 1.4 steals and shooting 70 percent from the free-throw line.
Her point and block averages, as well as her free-throw percentage, led the Lady Jackrabbits, who finished second behind state champion CAC in the 6AAA.
North Pulaski senior guard Tish Howell also made All-State. She averaged 18 points per game for the Lady Falcons, who finished fourth and advanced to the state playoffs from the AAAA-Southeast conference. She had a season-high 27 points against Stuttgart in a game that locked up NPs playoff bid.
Riverview post player Cory Cooperwood is the 2AAAs No. 1 selection for the All-Star team. Cooperwood dominated the league, averaging 25 points and 15 rebounds per game.
Twice this season Cooperwood scored 30-plus while pulling down 20-plus rebounds.
His most remarkable effort of the season came in the regional tournament against Gosnell. The 6-foot-6 post scored 35 points, grabbed 23 rebounds, blocked 10 shots and dished out 10 assists for a quadruple-double.
Across town, Searcy senior and Wichita State signee Chris Brown made the All-State team for the Lions. Brown averaged 22 points and eight rebounds this season.
Harding Academy put one boy and one girl on the All-State team. Senior post player Jessica Stevens made All-State, as well as Wildcat junior guard Alex Beene.
In an odd twist, Lady Wildcat guard Sara Montgomery was not named to the All-State team, but was nominated as the leagues top consideration for the All-Star game. She was also named to the All-State tournament team for her performance in the class AA tournament, leading the Lady Wildcats to the quarterfinal round.
Beene averaged 19 points, four rebounds, four steals and three assists per game for the Wildcats, and knocked 101 three pointers this season.
Stevens scored 15 points and grabbed nine rebounds per game, while Montgomery averaged 10 points and seven assists.
The list of All-conference players is even more prolific. Dozens of local players made the list.
The Jacksonville boys put Kelsey Credit and Kajuan Watson on the first-team, while Will Christian, Airic Hughes and Bryan Owens made second-team.
Lady Devil Frankie Brown made the girls All-Conference team.
Cabot junior Lindsey Watts joined the three Lady Panther All-Staters on the All-Conference first team, while senior Lauren Walker and sophomores Rachel Glover and Leah Watts made the second team.
Chad Glover, Mike Lowery and Matt Shinn were the Cabot boys All-Conference selections.
Sylvan Hills seniors Mike Gross and Ulysses Robinson made first-team All-Conference from the Bears state semifinal team.
Gross was also named to the All-State tournament team after averaging nearly 20 points per game in the Bears three tournament matchups.
Lady Jackrabbits Jenny Evans, Libby Gay and Calisha Kirk joined Kelleybrew on the 6AAA All-Conference first team, while Christy Shinn made the second-team.
Eligha Gooden and Kylon Boyd made the 6AAA first team for the Jackrabbits. Chris Moragne and Brentley Spencer made second-team. The 6AAA also makes an academic All-Conference team, and Walter Ellis and Lady Rabbit Nikki McCoy made that list.
North Pulaskis Quinn Cooper was the Falcons All-Conference selection. Lady Falcons Jalecia Bateman and Lakeyshia Ridgeway joined Howell on the All-Conference team.
Riverviews junior guard Tony Hall made the 2AAAs first-team All-Con-ference list. He and Cooperwood were both named to the class AAA All-State tournament te-am. Harding Academys Nick Beene made All-Conference and was selected as one of the leagues All-Star nominees. Joining the Beene brothers on the 2-AA South All-Conference team by teammates Luke Tribble, Lance Carr and James Kee. Lady Wildcats Jennifer Kee, Rebekah Keese, Liz Ashley, Katie Cook and Taylor Pryor made the All-Conference team from the 2AA-South.


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Haier 20-bottle Wine Refrigerator (Refurbished)Item#: U27-4046 RF | Model#: HVF020BLL |
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text:
October 1st is the anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and is celebrated as China National Day. This year marks the country's 60th anniversary and is sure to kick off with some of the best festivities to date. A variety of government organized events including fireworks and concerts are planned as well as a special ceremony in Tiananmen Square, where the Resolution on the National Day of the People's Republic of China was first held.
Although the entire country will be in celebration, one of the best places in China during the national holiday will surely be at Hong Kong's Victoria Harbor. A barge of over 23,000 fireworks will light up the sky in the heart of this vibrant cosmopolitan city. There is no doubt that the crowds will be huge for this amazing multi-million dollar sound and light extravaganza and its something that is sure to be truly unique and express China's special cultural identity.
If you are in Hong Kong for the event, the show starts at 8 p.m. and Kiwi Collection has some of the best hotels in Hong Kong within walking distance of the display.
The Upper House:
A just step away from Victoria Harbor, The Upper House is a small intimate hotel where every guest is treated as an individual. All services are catered to your needs.
Hotel rooms start on level 38 of the building, making the view one of the main attractions at this hotel. With many overlooking Victoria Harbor, this is a perfect spot to enjoy the national fireworks display right in your hotel room. You'll see the show while avoiding the huge crowds that will sure to be in attendance.
The atmosphere at this hotel is relaxing and calm, giving visitors a welcomed sanctuary from the bustling city below. Created with all natural material and distinctive artwork, the modern contemporary design of the Upper House presents a remarkable level of comfort. And on level six of the hotel, make sure to indulge in their natural city retreat, complete with a secret garden and lawn, perfect for quick bite or a drink any time of the day.
The Upper House also hosts their Café Gray Deluxe which is a 21st Century Grand Café featuring a unique style of European classics and signature dishes. Open from mid-morning to late evening this is the perfect place to watch the sun dip behind the peaks of the surrounding islands while enjoying one of their hand crafted cocktails, or a glass of wine from their extensive list.
Island Shangri-La, Hong Kong:
Consistently voted as one of the finest hotels in the world, Island Shangri-La is also another great hotel that towers 56 floors above Victoria Harbor. This alone makes it perfect for enjoying China National Day's fireworks display.
Known as a gleaming architectural jewel in Hong Kong, this hotel has 771 chandeliers and is located just above the islands most prestigious shopping and entertainment complex. Guest will really enjoy the highest level of luxury and comfort here.
Each of the Island Shangri-La's spacious rooms are among the largest in the city, all with amazing views. Rooms are competed with Asian-accented European furnishings as well.
Whether you're a corporate executives or a holidaymaker, you'll appreciate a level of unsurpassed luxury with the Island Shangri-La's dedicated service and extensive range of facilities.
The Island Shangri-La offers a tempting range of dining options in some of the finest restaurants in Hong Kong. Savor the cuisine at Restaurant Petrus, perched high above the city, and enjoy the friendly international ambience of their café.
The Island Shangri-La offers sophistication and distinguished Asian hospitality which is sure to make your trip to China a memorable one.


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Mental Health
Have Mental Health Questions? Ask a Psychiatrist Online
Hello Again,
Thank you for requesting me. While I can't give you a definitive diagnosis over the internet, I can give you some information that might help clear up some of the confusion for you.
In order to be diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder, one must experience either manic or hypomanic (not as severe as manic) episodes in addition to depressive episodes.
Here are some of the criteria for a Manic Episode:
A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary). (A hypomanic episode can last 4 days)
B. During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable and have been present to a significant degree:
(1) inflated self-esteem or grandiosity(2) decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep) (3) more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking (4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing (5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli) (6) increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation (means you move around quite a bit) (7) excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments)
As you can see, there's some overlap with the racing thoughts and inability to concentrate, BUT there's at least 2 important differences here:
1. Someone in a manic episode can't "come out of it" on their own or with tools to calm down
2. Like you said, people in a manic episode are often unaware of their behavior and don't feel it coming on generally. The behavior is often extreme --buying sprees, sex sprees, eating a lot and very fast, driving fast, talking very fast and pressured. Sometimes there's delusions or at the very least thoughts don't hang together really clearly
People with Generalized anxiety disorder generally don't experience panic attacks, rather they experience intense worry about a wide range of things.
It's possible to have several different anxiety disorders at one time. Depression is a common occurrence with anxiety disorders, and either can follow the other (anxiety can make you depressed and being depressed can make people anxious).
In order to get a proper diagnosis, you should see a Psychologist --besides a clinical interview he/she can give you some assessments in order to clarify the diagnosis.
Here's a bipolar screening test you can take:
Why don't you take the quiz, tell me the results and we'll go from there?
Dr. Fee
OK, not that a screening quiz can definitively rule in/out a diagnosis, scoring low does point away from that possibility.
Yes, depression and anxiety for SURE go hand in hand. It can go either way, anxiety makes some people depressed, and some depressed people get really anxious!
And, some people who suffer from depression, think that they might be Bipolar when they don't feel so depressed! I've seen people when they feel OK, think they might be manic --but really they are so used to the depression that they don't know what normal feels like.
Thank you so much for the accept, generous bonus and excellent rating! I do appreciate it!!!
Hello again, I finally weaned off the Zoloft after a bout of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, and dizzy spells I was experiencing the second time I weaned off it. I felt okay for a few weeks, but my anxiety started to creep back on. I experienced feelings of needing to hurry up and do all the days' tasks as soon as I can. Restlessness easily agitated, nervous, but no panic attacks this time around thank god. I started on Effexor the 37.5 mg once daily. It has stopped the racy thoughts, nervousness and has slowed me down, but now I am experiencing feelings of utter blue and being down in the dumps. I never have had that before except on seldom occasions depending on the events in my life. Is this a side effect? Or is it because I am into two weeks of this therapy? After My last bout with withdrawal from the Zoloft I do not wish to go any higher than the dosage I am on. Your professional opinion would be greatly appreciated.


text:
July 21, 2017 Disclaimer: Please read.
Statements and opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors, not Truthdig. Truthdig takes no responsibility for such statements or opinions.
The Chilean Mad Men of 'No'
Posted on Mar 23, 2013
"No," the Oscar-nominated film starring Mexican actor Gael García Bernal, dramatizes a curious moment in Latin American politics: the 1988 referendum whose defeat resulted in the fall of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. That campaign marked a bittersweet victory for the nation's largely communist opposition coalition. On the one hand, it finally rid the country of a feared and hated tyrant. On the other, it was a win that was due in no small part to the marketing savvy of the slick young ad men the coalition was forced to hire.
The film's apparently pro-capitalist theme might seem an odd fit for Bernal, an outspoken leftist who has played Che Guevara not once, but twice. The actor, director and producer is also a human rights advocate and the co-founder of Ambulante, a muckraking documentary festival that brings movies—and perhaps even more important, filmmakers and filmmaking workshops—to remote locations such as jungles and even prisons in which the people have little or no access to cinema. So how did he end up starring in a film that would appear, on the surface at least, to be a celebration of 20th century free-market economics?
García Bernal met with Truthdig in Michoacan, Mexico, after "No's" national premiere at the Morelia International Film Festival in November. Thankfully free of the '80s rattail he sports in the film, the 33-year-old spoke openly about propaganda, Ambulante and his own reading of the movie in which his character is based on two real life mad men.
Sheerly Avni: The campaign won because it successfully sold the idea of "happiness" to the Chilean people. Did taking on this role challenge or reaffirm your negative opinions about marketing and advertising?
Gael García Bernal: It did both! I think that the marketing aspect of the film is not unique to one side or another. Propaganda can be a tool of any party, any movement, any organization. Look at the most famous images from the Cuban revolution. Why were they so iconic and so cool? Because they were staged, put together after the fact, after the fighting was over. And those kids in Cuba were so shaggy and hip and happy and they were showing the world that a group of young people could topple a government and run themselves. They sold it.
Avni: You could almost say that in this film, the advertising industry, and by extension capitalism, emerge as the "good guy."
Bernal: Is it the good guy, or is it just that capitalism is Pinochet's self-implanted poison? Because it was his own system that eventually undid him. He put in place a system of supply and demand, market structure and of course advertising, and it turned out that in this system, the ad men were much more savvy than the members of the military junta.
The men my character represents knew how to sell products, and when it came to selling democracy, they knew what to do. And as the film dramatizes, working with them was perhaps one of the biggest compromises that the communists and anti-Pinochet architects of the movement were forced to make.
Avni: Hiring a publicist?
Bernal: Yes, one thing you don't see in the film, which begins with the No campaign itself, is that the referendum was made possible in part by all of the grass-roots work that Pinochet's opponents had been doing—for years, going from town to town, asking people to speak up, share their opinions, stand up for themselves. But now when it came to an actual vote, the Chilean people were really terrified.
Avni: Why?
Bernal: There was a great deal of fear around voting in general at the time. In Venezuela, for example, you voted with your thumbprint. And in a recent election in Venezuela, the government had been able to seek out and investigate who had voted for whom. So people were frightened of the very idea of going to the polls.
Then there was a legitimate fear of rigging, especially among young people, because in 1983, there had been an election that was a complete nightmare—a fraud. So Chileans didn't believe this referendum would be any different. Finally, there was another problem, which was that older Chileans had lived through the military coup and didn't want to have to go through another crisis. And so it was the task of the No campaign to convince these two groups to come together and vote. They knew they would need to come in like—well, this is the '80s, so—like Ghostbusters.
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