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|Managing expectations: Container
terminal in the port of Dalian, China
Inventory restocking, fiscal stimulus and a pick-up in exports, albeit from a low base, have boosted growth across the region in recent quarters. The Asian Development Bank now predicts Asia will grow 8.2% this year, revising its 7.5% forecast in April.
But amid the euphoria over the regions seemingly unstoppable rise, a growing number of experts is sounding the alarm. For a start, they point out that the collapse in western demand in 2008 led swiftly to a precipitous drop in Asian exports a fact laid bare the deficiencies of the regions growth model. This model where growth depends principally on exports has barely changed post crisis.
Asian countries should pursue another development model based on domestic demand and regional demand, rather than external demand, particularly markets in the US and Europe, Asian Development Bank president Haruhiko Kuroda said recently. Given subdues demand in the west, Asia as a whole cannot expect such rapid growth in exports for the foreseeable future, he said.
But the worry is that Asias policymakers are still clinging to the belief there is no need for adjustment that the region can return to the pre-crisis dependence on exports as the primary growth engine, a strategy that has served the region so well in the past.
The general mentality is that we will pick up where we left off, says Michael Spencer, Deutsche Banks chief economist from Asia. I doubt that will happen.
For many countries in Asia, this was the most severe, the sharpest recession ever experienced, he says. It was fairly short but that doesnt mean that everything just returns to what it was and we live happily ever after.
Most policymakers havent woken up yet. They are just kidding themselves if they think its business as usual, that this was just a blip and things will go back to the export boom before 2008. The demand isnt there. Its a new reality and will be so for longer than they care to believe.
Jonathan Anderson, UBS chief emerging markets economist, expresses a similar sentiment: There is a palpable sense of complacency in Asia and a rather disturbing air of self-congratulation. After the 2008 financial crisis, policymakers have been high-fiving each other that their economies didnt fall apart.
Whats required now is a sea change in policy, analysts say. Following the Asia crisis, authorities looked to a jumpstart a capital exporting model, which relied on export-led growth supported by undervalued currencies and external trade surpluses. Investment concentrated on tradeable goods rather than domestic consumption. Meanwhile, Asian central centrals stockpiled vast quantities of foreign exchange reserves principally through buying trillions of dollars of low-yielding US Treasury bills to prevent their currencies from rising.
China is the most explicit example of this model, but fixing exchange rates to support export competitiveness remains widespread across much of southeast Asia. Notable exceptions are India and Indonesia, which benefit from thriving domestic markets.
Despite the ADBs optimistic forecasts for Asia as a while, the bank says Chinas average annual growth rate could halve over the next two decades as investment wanes. It projects 5.5% annual Chinese growth for the 20 years to 2030, compared with 9.% between 1981 and 2007 and a forecast 9.6% this year.
Chinese policymakers have long talked of the need to rebalance growth away from exports and towards private consumption. But so far the ability of China to increase domestic private demand and rely less on net exports has been severely limited. Weakness in net exports at a time when domestic private demand cannot grow fast enough is also likely to limit Chinas economic recovery.
For China, economic rebalancing very specifically means raising the GDP share of household consumption from its astonishing low level of 36%, says Michael Pettis is a finance professor at Peking University . Low household consumption is mainly caused by the very low GDP share of Chinese household income, so the key to rebalancing is to get household income in China to rise faster than GDP.
ADB chief economist Jong-Wha Lee has pointed out that rebalancing growth demands a judicious mix of policies to build strong domestic demand and apply resources more efficiently. They include: a focus on strengthening domestic consumption; improving the investment climate and social infrastructure; accelerating financial development; and strengthening regional integration and cooperation.
But while talk of such a deeper structural shift is now commonplace, putting theory into practice is less straightforward.
Still, a growing number of Asian economic policymakers are pointing their countries toward China. In Jakarta, Gita Wirjawan, the cabinet-level chair of Indonesias National Investment Development Board and former head of JP Morgan in the country has spent his first year in office shuttling to Beijing to see how the two countries can work together. Corruption, Indonesias long-time impediment, isnt so much the issue, Wirjawan says. Its more being able to guarantee supply of materiel to feed the insatiable China beast.
This year we are embarking on a massive infrastructure drive, Wirjawan tells Emerging Markets. We have the things that China wants, and we have them cheaper than other places China does business with. We need to be able to get them out of the ground and to the ports more efficiently.
In the short-term, Asian economies, principally China, face overheating risks following unprecedented pump priming to compensate for the slack in external and domestic demand. Chinas $600 billion economic stimulus programme in 2008, designed to head off trade shocks in the wake of the subprime crisis, has left something of a hangover.
In some respects, says Deutsches Spencer, the package seems to have worked too well: Chinas economy roared back amid a surge in credit, but Beijing has since been forced to pare back some of the excess tightening regulation and raising interest rates to curb lending as fears grow over a bubble in an already-overheated property market.
Yet financial markets by and large dismiss such fears. Tim Condon, Asia chief economist for ING Bank, says: The signs say soft landing in China. Asia, in general, is in pretty good shape. If anything, significant economies here are under-performing. Its not as if China is going into recession. We are talking high single-digit growth and the policymakers seem to have it in hand.
Huge swathes of investors are betting that Asia is both insulated from a drop in US economic output and successfully making concerted efforts to find new sources of demand. At Aberdeen Asset Management, Bangkok-based economist Ratanawan Saengkitikomol says that Asia could withstand another economic downturn in the West.
A G-8 double-dip recession would certainly impact headline Asian growth, she says. But Asian trade surpluses have been falling, reflecting the fact that Asian domestic demand is growing faster than external demand. It shows that Asian economies are becoming less dependent on the developed countries.
Ratanawan says that hardier fundamentals underpinning Asian economies are leading to a sharp V-shaped recovery that investors should heed.
Condon looks to South Korea, arguably Asias most export-dependent economy, as a case in point. Korea, the worlds 12th-biggest exporter, Condon says, is a solid single-A credit economy.
Its performance in the face of turmoil among its major trading partners has been impressive. Despite exports slumping by 18% in the first quarter of 2009 when GDP growth hovered around zero, Korea jumped back to solid growth in the following quarter. It has done relatively well since, despite (inaccurate) forecasts from the government and central bank that its economy would contract for the first time since the regions financial crisis in 1998.
The Bank of Korea continues to keep rates near record lows (2%-2.25%) and the IMF has lifted its GDP forecast for 2010 from 5.7% to 6.1%. Condon says Korea is not China but, nevertheless, is set to join the worlds major super-rich economies.
Perhaps unique in Asia, Indias economy is expanding at a fast clip more or less irrespective of China. A recent survey of the regions economists by Reuters forecast India would grow by 8.4-8.5% through 2010 to 2012, up from 7.4% in 2009-2010, mostly thanks to rampant consumer demand at home.
Condon likes the India story, which is unusual to much of Asia in that expansion is more bottom up than top down; that is, driven more by domestic consumption and investment. Its one of the most exciting economies in the world, he said.
Across ASEAN, Condon describes Indonesia as an underperformer. South-east Asias biggest economy runs along at 5.5-6.5% growth, which is the level the government is required to sustain jobs. Condon says: It is as if they have imposed a speed limit. I dont see any reason why Indonesia cant bump growth up to 8%-9%, spend some money on their infrastructure and emphasise the non-manufacturing side of the economy.


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The University of Nevada soccer team (2-3-1, 0-0 MW) will travel to San Jose, Calif. for a match against former Western Athletic Conference rival San Jose State (2-2-2, 0-0 WAC) Friday 7 p.m. at Spartan Stadium. San Jose State leads the overall series 3-9, defeating Nevada 2-0 in Reno during the 2011 season.
The Wolf Pack will close out its five-match road trip Sunday afternoon, as the team will face the San Francisco Dons 1 p.m. at Negoesco Stadium. The overall series between the two programs is tied at 2-2-1. The Dons won last season's match at Mackay Stadium 2-0.
-Week Three-
Friday, August 31- Texas Tech 1, Nevada 0
The Wolf Pack and Red Raiders had a tightly contested first half, as the game was tied 0-0 at the break. Senior Dana Moreno and the Nevada defense remained active in the second half, denying the Red Raider attack. Texas Tech managed to pull ahead with a goal in the 81st minute to win the match 1-0. Moreno had a season high eight saves.
Sunday, September 2- Nevada 1, TCU 0
Nevada picked up its first road win of the season, defeating TCU 1-0 in Fort Worth, Texas. The teams combined for one shot on goal in the opening half. Sophomore Chrisalyn Fonte's goal from an assist by senior Lauren Braman in the 63rd minute gave Nevada a 1-0 lead. The Horned Frogs had several opportunities within the last five minutes of the game to pull even, but Moreno and the Nevada defense came up big late to win the match.
Team Notes
-Nevada's 1-0 win at TCU improved the program's record against BCS conference opponents to 4-13. The program's previous win came at Oregon during the 2006 season, where Nevada claimed a 2-1 win in Eugene, Ore.
-Sophomore Chrisalyn Fonte has been a force on the offensive end for Nevada. The Union City, Calif. native has scored a goal in four of Nevada's six matches this season.
-Senior Lauren Braman has started every game for the fourth straight year, bringing her career total to 66. Braman sits at ninth on Nevada's all time list for career games started.
-Two of Nevada's six matches this season have gone into an extra period. Nevada is 4-5-4 under Dr. Price in overtime matches.
-Sophomore Madison Lorenzen has dished out an assist on three of Nevada's five goals this season.
-Nevada's shutout of Hawai`i broke a 15-match streak for the program. The Pack's last shutout before the Hawai'`i match came in a 1-0 win at Utah on Aug. 28, 2011. Nevada has had two shutouts on the year, the last in a 1-0 win at TCU on Sep. 2.
-Nevada's Chelsea Fricke started off the season with a bang after missing the majority of last season with an injury. The junior recorded her first goal at Nevada in the Pack's 2-1 win over Hawai`i.
-With 14 letter winners returning, seven of which are starters, the Wolf Pack will look to make an immediate impact in its first year in the Mountain West.
-In 2011 Nevada was 3-16 overall, with a 1-6 conference mark in its last year as a member of the Western Athletic Conference. The Wolf Pack went 2-7 at home, 1-8 on the road and 0-1 at neutral sites, finishing in eighth place.
-Kori Disarufino and Chrisalyn Fonte, who led the team in scoring during the 2011 season with three and two goals respectively will be leaned on to provide offensive production. Disarufino and Fonte also led the team in shots attempted with 35 and 23.
-Dr. Melissa "Missy" Price enters her third year as head coach and fifth overall at Nevada.
-Defensively, the Pack will look to an experienced group of returners that is comprised of juniors and seniors.
-Nevada's toughest non-conference contest this season will come September 23rd against Pac-12 foe California. The game will be played at Mackay Stadium.
-Senior Dana Moreno will lead a corps of goalkeepers, playing in 13 games last year where she snagged 45 saves.
-Junior defender Chelsea Fricke returns to action for Nevada after missing the majority of the last season due to injury in which she used a medical redshirt. The Dallas native will look to bolster the Pack's defensive line.
-The 2012 season will mark the second consecutive year Nevada has had double digit newcomers wear Silver and Blue for the first time with 11 on board this year. Last season Nevada had 13.
-Junior Danielle Green started all of Nevada's games (19) for the second consecutive year last season.
The Last Meeting
October 30, 2011
Reno, Nev.
The Last Meeting
September 11, 2011
Reno, Nev.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Not far from where the infamous Krakow Ghetto gates once stood, Jewish caricatures are for sale. Wikimedia Commons September 7, 2016 Racist kitsch begs a deeper question – can Jews really be part of Poland? Lynne Michelle Swarts, University of Sydney Around 65,000 Jews lived in Krakow before the Second World War. Now, perhaps a hundred Jews regularly attend synagogue, and antisemitic figurines are sold in markets. What's wrong with this picture?


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Sucre, Bolivia was a welcome change from La Paz. The city is beautiful and historically significant, the people friendly, the food excellent, and the 9,800 feet of altitude nowhere near as cruel as in Bolivia's capital.
Although Sucre offers much in the way of food, chorizo is ubiquitous. You can find great chorizo in markets, restaurants, public squares, everywhere.
In addition to the 24/7 sausage party, Sucre is distinguished by its white colonial architecture and its seminal role in the
founding of Bolivia. Simon Bolivar, who liberated much of South America from Spain, signed the Bolivian constitution here in 1826, forming the independent nation. Ironically, Bolivar's opponents pejoratively nicknamed him 'el chorizo'. If you ask me, this speaks far worse about the opposition. What kind of person could possibly consider sausage a bad thing? Okay Bolivar did want to become president for life of Gran Colombia, the sovereign country he had previously founded (it encompassed modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru and northwest Brazil). He also proclaimed himself dictator in response to political unrest from the unruly opposition—who we already know didn't like chorizo, so probably a good call. Although the tension over federalism versus centralism almost got Bolivar assassinated, ended his dream of a unified South America, and makes for important history, you my dear reader are here for the food. Enough about 'el chorizo, let's talk sausage.
It took about 15 minutes to find an amazing meal in Sucre. A big plate of grilled sausage (of course), marinated beef kebab, barbecued potatoes, and of course cow heart. I'll freely admit to not ordering the cow heart. Paty, the grill-master forced it upon me to her amusement and my feeble protests. I actually liked the corazon, except for the part when our grill-master said it was raw, which it wasn't but my reaction was worth the joke—for her. But the corazon was very lean, sliced thinly, and had a nice spicy and lemony marinade. It was just like a normal cut of beef, except the texture was a bit different.
To wash it down, I had an amazing drink of liquefied peanuts. It was rich and nutty, but also subtle, I didn't guess that it was peanut until they told me. The name of the drink was mani, which is the word they use for peanut . The taste is distinctive, and I swear Bolivian peanuts have a richer flavor than the ones we get way up north.
Next stops on the sausage-stravaganza were two locations owned by 7 Lunares, a local institution. At the first, a small restaurant on a narrow but busy thoroughfare, I had a nice crispy sausage sandwich with a delicious local aji (pepper) sauce. I remarked how good the pepper was, and the proprietor responded 'yes, it's fantastic. Much better than in Peru.' I laughed, and she looked at me sternly, and repeated herself without the faintest hint of humor, 'No its, much better than in Peru.' Clearly this was not laughing matter. I agreed this time without hint of a smile, and she nodded while walking away. "Si, mucha mejor que en Peru.
The main market was the highlight. 7 Lunares have a booth there, and offer an array of cured meats that were just awesome. They were generous with samples, and I ordered a small chorizo sandwich, and a mixto sandwich of slow cooked, folded pork, and head cheese (pulled pig face). The sandwich was liberally garnished, with marinated grilled onions, and peppers, amazing aji, avocado, and mayo. Again, wow.
But there's so much more than just sausage. In upcoming posts, we'll talk more about other grilled meat, fruit juice galore, markets, and Bolivia's surprising micro-brew scene, which is responsible for creating beer that is both innovative and delicious.


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This DeFeet Levitator Trail Bonehead Socks is no longer available although you may find similar or newer versions below:
The Defeet Levitator Trail Bonehead sock is their latest Enduro sock. Designed to keep your feet dry and comfortable on the trails, it features high-density forefoot pad and a high 6" cuff. Wear them and enjoy the flow more than ever.
|High Visibility:
It's foundation begins with Earth-friendly COOLMAX EcoMade fibres that move moisture to keep feet dry and comfortable on all day trail rides. The 6" tall ribbed cuff doesn't look like you just climbed off your tri bike - and it protects your bones from all those sharp, prickly things you rip through.
In 1992 Shane Cooper stood before a knitting machine given to him by his father and began experimenting. His invention fuelled the start of DeFeet. Cooper discovered a way to knit athletic socks that was completely new to the market, by taking traditional knitting methods and reversing them. His product, the Air•E•Ator® sparked a revolution in athletic socks that continues today. DeFeet is a company that often turns traditional methodology on its head en route to finding new solutions for athletes. This spirit propels the company into new product categories such as those in their award winning Un•D•System™ base layering apparel. 2005 marked more special advancements with the introduction of the Levi•T•Ator™ and Acti•V•Ator™ line of socks. Like the entire DeFeet line, these new introductions were inspired by athletics and a quest for greater performance. Not everyone is a racer, but everyone can benefit from lessons learned on the world's most difficult courses. DeFeet's strength comes from racing. DeFeet's state-of-the-art factory is located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Here their manufacturing strength is melded with the company's spirit and design prowess. DeFeet knows that their customers are not ordinary. You don't settle for less. You know that once you have experienced better, there is no going back. You don't want to wear items that have been churned out for the masses. You want true craftsmanship. Craftsmanship is on display every day at DeFeet. Collectively, the DeFeet staff has literally centuries of knitting experience. Spirit, strength and craftsmanship. These elements exist at DeFeet to create the best performing products of their kind. It's why DeFeet is "Made for Driven Soles."
|Extra Large
|EU Shoe Size
|EU Shoe
|36 - 39.5
|40 - 42.5
|43 - 45.5
|22.5 - 25cm
|25 - 27cm
|27 - 29cm
|UK Men
|UK Shoe
|7 - 9
|9.5 - 11.5
|UK Women
|UK Shoe
|6 - 8
|8.5 - 10.5
|11 - 13
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Executive Director: Will Kernan.


text:
Kellie Pickler and Kree Harrison: Reality show BFFs?
Listen to Kellie Pickler on iHeartRadio
Kellie Pickler is making plans with another reality show hopeful. "American Idol" finalist Kree Harrison tells E! News that she and the country star - who's currently competing on "Dancing With the Stars" - have agreed to get matching tattoos if they each win their respective TV competitions.
Harrison says she and Kellie have known each other for a few years, and are "good friends." Kree calls Kellie a doll, adding that she's "literally the sweetest woman" who has been "inspiring in so many ways." Harrison says she's also received some good advice from the season five "Idol" finalist, explaining that more so than anything, Pickler has told her to "stay true to who you are."
Kree also notes that she's reciprocating the support, and is voting for Kellie on "Dancing With the Stars."
Photo Credit Getty Images


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The Loach Forum Archives (1)
Re: All in 100l?
Posted By: Niels Sampath <email@example.com> In Response To: All in 100l? (Hans)
Date: Friday, 10 September 1999, at 1:46 p.m.
In Response To: All in 100l? (Hans)
Hans wrote:
>IMHO the tank is quite overstocked or will be very soon. The resulting stress >might be a reason for unusually aggressive behaviour
Yeah I know it looks like that on paper but trust me its ok stock wise. I have mega filtration, its densely planted...you hardly ever see more than 1 or 2 fish at one time. In a few years they will all go to a bigger tank...all things going to plan.
Messages In This Thread


text:
Kate Hudson
Kate Hudson is general secretary of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Clive Lewis seems to suggest that his party is now formulating policy on the basis of what Theresa May wants, rather than what's good for the country
MPs have voted to renew Trident, with Theresa May saying it would be 'irresponsible' not to. Is this true? Catch up on our debate
Kate Hudson: If those who brought Iran to the negotiating table are serious about a nuclear weapons-free world, they will relinquish theirs
Kate Hudson: Is Obama's New Start treaty on nuclear reductions enough to revitalise US resolve on disarmament?
Kate Hudson: If this government is so keen on a nuclear-free world, why will it not even re-examine its commitment to Trident?
Kate Hudson: None of the parties grasp the majority of voters are unwilling to squander taxpayers' money on a weapon of mass destruction
Kate Hudson: With a majority of the British population now opposed to Trident replacement, the onus is on the government to justify it
Kate Hudson: The government's refusal to engage in debate about extending its weapons' programme is both duplicitous and deceitful
Kate Hudson: While US opinion on nuclear weapons is changing, the UK remains stuck in a costly cold war bunker
Kate Hudson: News that the US has withdrawn its nuclear arms from Britain proves yet again the power of protest
A halt must be called to the Trident developments - both submarines and warheads. Join us today to register your opposition
Kate Hudson: As the debate over Trident shows, Britain still wants a disarmament movement
Even the US has begun to rethink its nuclear strategy in this changed world context. Isn't it time our government did the same?
Efforts to draw the Czech Republic into America's missile defence system are meeting local opposition.
Russia's objections to US misssile defence plans may look like posturing, but it has genuine concerns.
Despite his unpopular replacement of Trident, the new prime minister has a great chance to change government policy.
The latest American plans for missile defence are causing international disquiet.
If the government does not pull back from a railroaded decision on Trident on Wednesday, Britain will be guilty of encouraging nuclear proliferation.
Anti-war protests are right to include other issues such as globalisation, because they are all related.
Alexander Litvinenko's death from radiation poisoning is a timely reminder of the dangerous nuclear products criss-crossing Britain daily.
The government promised a full consultation period on the replacement of Trident. So where is it?
Response: A British decision to renew nuclear weapons will have serious consequences across the world, says Kate Hudson.
Simpletons, anti-nuclear activists, and many top legal minds think replacing Trident would be a breach of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.
Kate Hudson: The Trident replacement is a crucial choice for the nation; we can't allow it to happen in secret.
Replacing Trident would only encourage others to invest in their own nuclear 'deterrents'.
Kate Hudson: Attempts by John Bolton, the new US ambassador to the UN, to strip nuclear disarmament out of the draft document for this month's UN summit, comes as no surprise
Iraq was not the first illegal US-led attack on a sovereign state in recent times. The precedent was set in 1999 in Yugoslavia writes Kate Hudson.


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Consumer affairs minister Masako Mori warned against price gouging after the consumption tax was hiked to 8 percent from 5 percent Tuesday.
"The Consumer Affairs Agency will strive to ensure that prices are properly indicated and that the consumption tax is reflected (in prices) appropriately," Mori told reporters after visiting an Ito-Yokado Co. store in Koto Ward, Tokyo.
Mori visited the first floor, where food and daily necessities are sold, accompanied by Ito-Yokado President Atsushi Kamei.
The minister said she checked the price tags on shoes and other products to make sure they clearly indicated two prices — one including and one excluding the new tax.
At a news conference, Finance Minister Taro Aso said he bought at the higher tax rate a comic book and a bottle of mineral water at a convenience store in the morning.
He said when making his purchases he felt "relieved" that the 8 percent tax had finally taken off. The comic he bought, from the popular "Golgo 13" series about a professional assassin, was ¥400 plus ¥32 in tax, according to Aso.
In the small hours of Tuesday, staff from East Japan Railway Co., or JR East, uncovered new fare tables at Shinjuku Station in Tokyo. Some commuters were seen looking them over to confirm the new fares.
A man buying cigarettes at a convenience store inside the station complained about the cost.
"The price rose ¥20 from yesterday (per pack)," Shiro Sato, 64, said. "It's too expensive, isn't it?"
Some public transportation service operators suffered from problems associated with fare revisions.
Keihin Kyuko Bus Co., which operates buses mainly in eastern Japan, overcharged passengers on some routes because of a data-handling mistake on its fare management system. Some buses applied new fares Monday, the day before the actual tax hike occurred.
At Nagoya Railroad Co., 146 ticket vending machines at 95 stations temporarily malfunctioned in the morning due to a programming error.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 9, 1990
|Filing date
|Sep 2, 1987
|Priority date
|Mar 14, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert Bishop
|Original Assignee
|Beltronics, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (109), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation application of Ser. No. 711,995 filed Mar. 14, 1985, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to improved methods of and apparatus for automatic real-time high-speed inspection of objects for such purposes as identifying known and unknown portions thereof, pattern recognition, defect identification, and the like.
A most satisfactory new approach to these problems is described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 477,264, filed Mar. 21, 1983, now Pat. No. 4,589,140, issued May 13, 1986, for Method Of And Apparatus For Real-Time High-Speed Inspection of Objects For Identifying Or Recognizing Known and Unknown Portions Thereof, Including Defects And The Like, of Beltronics Inc., the assignee of the present application. The underlying process involved in the approach of said copending application will be subsequently summarized, the same differing from prior art and other current approaches to defect inspection and the like as applied, for example, to printed circuit boards and related applications (as described in said copending application) in the obviating of the requirements for pre-programming and software programming with image storing of each picture feature to be monitored, or the use of detailed masks and the like, including, if desired, with pre-calculation or programming of such criteria as minimum conductor line widths and similar criteria.
To the contrary, the approach of said copending application and the preferred application of the improvements of the present invention resides in causing the apparatus to "learn" the desired shapes in a "good" object, such as a reference printed circuit board, (as by actual scanning of a "good" object or by CAD/CAM or other signal input), and then to recognize deviations therefrom in real time scanning of future objects. Signals representing images of such an object or parts thereof at effectively different magnifications are presented to constant field of view (FOV) processors, one corresponding to each magnification and having its own respective memory. The shapes in the images are learned by storing the signals of the images in the respective memories. Objects to be inspected are scanned and the signals representing their images at said effectively different magnifications are presented to the corresponding processors. By comparing the stored signals with the last-named signals, a determination is made of shapes not previously learned, and thus defects are indicated.
The presentation at effectively different magnifications is effected by providing signals in memory corresponding to an image having the lowest magnification but with the resolution of the highest magnification, and extracting different portions of the image for the different magnifications, and quantizing the same into sub-elements that constitute the said constant field of view.
The signal images are also preferably perturbated at different magnifications by amounts small compared to the resolution element at the corresponding magnification to discriminate false errors from shapes not learned.
Consider the case, as an illustration, in which the inspection is to locate a break between a conductive pad and a conductor line on a printed circuit card or board or similar device. Initially, the board is scanned at high magnification until a break is detected. Upon detection, the magnification is decreased to determine whether the pad conductor configuration surrounds the break. To perform this task, the inspection correlates pattern information obtained at different magnifications of the same object area to identify certain patterns. In other situations, on the other hand, when the pattern of interest is larger than the FOV provided by the lowest magnification objective, the inspection involves viewing contiguous fields and combining pattern information from each field to identify the object.
There are two categories of operation to consider; those dealing with image acquisition and those dealing with image recognition. Image acquisition comprises:
1. Obtaining images of the object at one or more magnifications;
2. Constructing these images using the minimum number of required light levels; (In the inspection of a copper-conductor printed circuit board or card, the inspection is only concerned with the presence and absence of metalization and not with small variations in copper reflectivity; so the number of light levels of interest may be limited in order to facilitate the recognition process.); and
3. Dividing each image at each magnification into N2 discrete receptor elements.
Image recognition comprises performing any number of combinations of the following operations to locate patterns of interest:
1. Examining the N2 elements from each field at each magnification independently looking for a pattern of interest within each field;
2. Correlating patterns of the same object area generated at different magnifications;
3. Combining pattern information generated from contiguous fields at a single magnification; and
4. Performing recognition 3, above, at each of the different magnifications and correlating the obtained pattern information.
In applying this type of inspection philosophy to machine and electronic simulation or operation, as disclosed in said copending application, a first step (a) is performed of creating a high resolution large field (HRLF) image memory for simulation of FOV's at different magnifications. The field has an area coverage equal to that of a low magnification objective, but has the resolution of a high magnification. The field size is selected to accommodate the largest single pattern of interest. For a printed circuit board or card, this usually corresponds to a field size sufficient to store 1 1/2 to 2 pads. It is interesting to note that if one attempted to store all the patterns in even a moderately sized HRLF image, an astronomical amount of memory would be required. For example, if the HRLF image contained only 32�32 pixels and each pixel was represented as a single binary bit, a total of:
232.spsp.2 =10154
memory locations would be required. To eliminate this memory requirement and still accomplish the desired task, one proceeds in accordance with this inspection technique to (b) select FOV's that represent the desired magnifications; (c) divide each FOV into N�N elements; (d) set the brightness value of each element equal to the average brightness value of the pixels within the element; (e) quantize the brightness value of each element into the minimum number of light levels required to represent the pattern; and (f) use the quantized element values as the address to a recognition memory and store information about the pattern in the addressed location. If each element is quantized into b bits and there exists a total of N2 elements, then the recognition memory would contain 2bN.spsp.2 locations.
At step (g), a separate recognition memory is used for each FOV. To inspect a printed circuit card, each element is quantized into two light levels to represent the presence or absence of metal within the element. This corresponds to b=1. For b=1, the table below lists the number of 64 K. memory chips required to store the 2N2 patterns as a function of N2.
______________________________________Number of Number of Possible Number ofElements (N2) Patterns (2N.spsp.2) 64 K Memories______________________________________32 5.12 � 102 142 6.55 � 104 152 3.35 � 107 51262 6.87 � 1010 1,048,576______________________________________
To "learn" a new object for the first time, all the above operations are performed and a unique pattern of elements (POE) composed of bN2 bits is generated for each FOV. Each POE is applied to the address lines of the recognition memory for the specific FOV. At each accessed address location, an identification code is entered to tell the memory that this pattern has been seen.
In the inspect mode, the object is scanned and operations (a) through (g) above are performed. The contents of each accessed memory location for each FOV is read to determine whether the pattern has been previously seen. If within a given area of the object a sufficiently large number of unseen patterns exists, the area is identified as foreign. This usually constitutes a defect when inspecting a printed circuit card in the above illustration.
There are occasions, however, where limited variations in conductor shapes or dimensions on the printed circuit board from those on the reference or standard or "good" circuit board or other object are entirely acceptable; and, though different from the learned shapes or dimensions, should accordingly not be flagged as a defect. As an example, thinner (or thicker) versions of learned shapes may be acceptable within predetermined ranges of tolerances from art work, such as later-described CAD/CAM data, or in etching the printed circuit boards (or other types of objects, more generically). Improvements in providing electronic flexibility automatically to teach the machine such allowable shape-dimension tolerances or permissible variations, and to enable improved art work defect detection itself and registration of the same, are thus principal objectives of the present invention.
An object of the present invention, accordingly, is to provide a new and improved method of and apparatus for automatic real-time high-speed inspection of objects that are not subject to the previously described limitations of other systems, but provide a universal approach to pattern recognition, defect identification and related problems, with the improved flexibility to embrace variations or deviations within predetermined limits in shape and/or dimensions of the patterns learned from reference or "good" object standards.
A further object is to provide a novel high-speed automatic recognition and identification method and apparatus operating under the inspection philosophy and technique described in said copending application with other improvements in object shape identification and other operational features including, but not limited to, acceptable printed circuit card via holes in conductive pads, and acceptable tolerances in registration or alignment.
Still a further object is to provide such a novel method and apparatus that is of more general utility and application, as well.
Other and further objects will be explained hereinafter, being more particularly delineated in the appended claims.
In summary, from one of its important aspects as applied to printed circuit boards and similar applications, the invention embraces a method of inspection of circuit board conductor shapes wherein digital signal information is stored representing shapes to be monitored in future board inspections, the method comprising, storing digital signal information representing an image of a desired predetermined object shape to be learned; predetermining at least one of acceptable size or dimension variations in such object shapes as conductor lines, interconnects, patterns and pads and acceptable hole and hole position variations in pads; modifying the stored digital signal information to create a fictitious image of said object shapes to be learned that incorporates the acceptable variations therein; storing the modified digital signal information representing said fictitious stored image; and, during the inspecting of future boards, ignoring said acceptable variations as possible defects by responding to recognition of the same in the said fictitious stored image. In another aspect, by comparison of coordinate location variations, registration or alignment can be checked. Other features of the invention and preferred and best mode embodiments, including preferred apparatus and constructional details, are hereinafter presented.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings,
FIG. 1 of which is a combined block and circuit diagram illustrating a preferred inspection system operating in accordance with the above-described inspection technique and embodying the improvement features of the present invention;
FIGS. 2 and 3a, b and c are views of circuit board conductors and tolerances in dimensions of the same;
FIG. 4 is a block circuit diagram of a preferred sub-system for particularly advantageous use in the machine of FIG. 1 to enable the automatic learning of a range of dimensional variations or tolerances in learned shape images that are satisfactory to the inspection, such as, for example, variations in manufactured versions (such as printed circuit boards or other objects) from art work and the like;
FIG. 5 is a similar diagram of a modification for detecting via holes in PCB pads and the like and predetermined tolerances therein; and
FIGS. 6A, B and 7 illustrate the use of reflected and back or transmitted light, respectively, particularly useful for PCB inspection with feed-through holes and the like; and
FIG. 8 illustrates reference and inspected board pictures at particular x,y positions.
Considering FIG. 1, a system is illustrated constructed in the manner described in said copending application, with optical scanning of an area or a region of interest of an object PCB (abbreviation for the illustrative example of a printed circuit board), being shown as performed by a "CCD" imager, so labelled. Digitizing the scanned signals in real time is effected in an analog-to-digital converter A/D to produce successive trains of digital signals corresponding to the optical scanned lines. The digitized output of CCD is then transferred into a two-dimensional buffer memory BM and then into a sliding window memory SWM to create large field high resolution images. This technique enables the resolution to be equal to that obtained from high magnification objectives, while the FOV is equal to or greater than that obtained from low magnification objectives. In addition, object blurring can be totally eliminated by moving the object PCB in a plane (shown horizontal with X-Y coordinates) perpendicular to the axis of the CCD and reading out the CCD into the buffer memory BM each time the object image has moved a distance equal to one CCD element; which may, for example, be approximately 1/2000 of an inch. Specifically, the analog signal output of the CCD, after conversion to digital form by the A/D converter (which may be in the form of a conventional sampling pixel quantizer, so labelled) is transferred into the buffer memory BM (which can be modelled as a series of shift registers each equal in length to the number of CCD elements). The digital output of each shift register is connected to the input of the next register and also to one row of the sliding window memory SWM such that the image appearing in the window memory SWM is similar to what would be seen by moving a magnifying glass over the entire object. This is schematically illustrated within the block SWM by FOVS and FOVL (later described) seen in the window memory SWM, corresponding to high and low magnification, respectively.
The optical configuration incorporated in the system of FIG. 1 is extremely flexible. The image size of the object produced on the CCD can be magnified or demagnified (from 1/3� to 3� using, for example, a photo lens L1 ; 2� to 10� or 1/2 � to 1/10� using an imaging lens) by simply moving the relative positions of the CCD, lens L1 and object PCB. Since the CCD is relatively very long (1728 pixels for a Reticon CCD apparatus, for example, and 2000 pixels for a Fairchild equipment) and each pixel is extremely small (0.64 mils for Reticon, 0.5 mils for Fairchild), a large variety of high resolution large field images are obtainable.
The operation of the system of FIG. 1 with the improvements of the present invention will now be explained for input signals generated from either the CCD imager or computergenerated CAD/CAM equipment. In the following example, the apparatus is taught the superimposed image of the two sides of the printed circuit board object PCB. Recognition codes are computed directly from signals supplied by the CAD/CAM system that designed the board. These codes are then compared with codes being generated from the CCD image signals as the CCD scans the printed circuit board and checking for front to back pattern registration.
To teach the machine the "good" or reference PCB pattern, digital signals from the CAD/CAM system A, FIG. 1, are supplied to the later-described shape-modifying module B. In accordance with the invention, this module B adds and/or deletes picture elements (pixels) along object boundaries within predetermined tolerances. Adding pixels serves effectively to thicken lines and pads; and deleting pixels, thins lines and pads. The number of pixels added or subtracted sets the range of allowable line width and pad dimension tolerances which may exist on the final PCB, such as the fictitious dashed or dotted outlines in the example of FIG. 2. These modified digital image signals are then learned by the apparatus, as later explained. For example, if up to a�2 pixel tolerance is desired, images are learned at �0, �1 and �2 pixels. These modified signals are generated in a sequential linear fashion representing consecutive lines of the image. A number of lines "L" are then stored in the before mentioned buffer memory BM (FIG. 1) to create a two dimensional image equal to the width of one CCD scan line.
From buffer BM, as previously described, the rows of pixels are fed to sliding window memory SWM of dimensional size W�W pixels, where W>L. In one preferred mode of implementation, the SWM may, for example, contain 32�32 pixels. FIG. 3a illustrates a typical image of a pad which would be contained within the SWM of such size. It is interesting to high-light at this juncture that if one were to attempt to store all the possible patterns that could be seen in an SWM of only 32�32 pixels, where each pixel is represented by a single binary bit, one would require, as previously stated, a total of 232.spsp.2 =10154 memory locations. To eliminate this memory requirement and still accomplish the desired task of recognizing all pattern types, the following functions are performed in accordance with the invention:
Function 1.
Divide the sliding window memory SWM into fields of view (FOV) of decreasing size and subdivide each FOV into N�N sections. Each section referred to as an element.
FIG. 3a illustrates the small and large field of view of FOV S and FOV L, respectively, previously referred to in connection with block SWM of FIG. 1, and FIGS. 3b and c illustrate the division of these two FOV's into N�N elements for N=4.
The next function performed in accordance with the invention is:
Function 2.
Set the brightness value of each element equal to the average brightness value of the pixels contained in each element, and represent each average element value with V bits.
Functions 1 and 2 are both performed in block (e) of FIG. 1, illustrating C2 pixels (VC2 bits) applied from SWM, and the FOV with C2 pixels divided into N2 elements (E11 -E1n, En1, Enn) with each element having (C/N)2 pixels. The average brightness value for each element is then computed and available at the output of (e), as shown.
The invention then utilizes element quantization at (f), FIG. 1, performing:
Function 3.
Quantize the average brightness value of each element represented by V bits into the minimum number of bits Y required to represent the pattern.
For example, in the inspection of objects such as PCB's, one is only interested in the presence and absence of metalized conductors on the board. If, therefore, more than 50% of the pixels contained in the spatial area of an element indicate the presence of metal, the entire element may be said to contain metal, and is accordingly quantized to the logical value 1. If this condition does not exist, the element is considered to be void of metal and is quantized to the logical value 0. In this example, of course, Y equals one bit.
The invention uses this quantized brightness value for address input in a recognition memory (j), FIG. 1, in performing the next step:
Function 4.
Use the YN2 quantized element values, representing a unique pattern of elements labelled POE (upper-right, FIG. 1) as the address to a recognition memory (j) and store this information about the pattern in the addressed location. Given YN2 bits, there exists 2YN.spsp.2 memory locations in the memory (j).
As before stated, in accordance with the invention a separate processing is employed for each different FOV as defined by:
Function 5.
Use a separate "FOV Processor" composed of an element computational unit (e), FIG. 1, element quantizer (f), and recognition memory (j), to process each FOV extracted from the sliding window memory SWM. (Note "FOV Processor For Field S" and block to left labelled "FOV Processor For Field L", etc.).
Under the technique of the invention, in order for the machine to "learn" the shapes of a new object for the first time, functions 1 through 5, above, are performed for each FOV extracted from the SWM, FIG. 1. A unique pattern of elements (POE) composed of YN2 bits is generated for each FOV and is applied to the address lines ("ADDRESS IN" in FIG. 1) of the recognition memory (j) within each FOV processor. At each accessed memory location, an identification code is entered to indicate that that pattern has been learned. This may be referred to as Function 6.
In this example, the CAD/CAM system supplies signals to the inspection apparatus in a learn mode to describe the superposition of the front and back sides of the printed circuit board innerlayer for later inspection of registration. Fields of view (FOV) up to W�W pixels are extracted from sliding window memory SWM and the last-described operation (Function 6) is performed in each FOV processor.
Whether the CAD/CAM provided the learning signals or an actual CCD scan of a standard object, the apparatus is now ready for use in inspection--Function 7. The object under test is scanned, and operational functions 1 through 5, above, are performed. The contents of each accessed memory location in each FOV processor recognition memory is read to determine whether the pattern has been previously learned and addressed in recognition memory (j). If, within a given area of the object, a sufficiently large number of previously unseen or unlearned patterns exist, the area is identified as foreign or, for example, a defect.
To implement this foreign-area detection function, a two-dimensional error code memory is used, shown to the left in block (k) of FIG. 1. This memory stores codes read from the recognition memory (j) indicating whether patterns have been previously seen and learned. If, within the two-dimensional area covered by the memory, the number of unseen patterns exceeds a minimum predetermined number, shown summed and compared with the minimum MV in (k), FIG. 1, an image of the foreign area is then passed to a computer (L) for further identification, if such is desired.
In this illustrative example, a PCB innerlayer may be inspected for front-to-back pattern registration by placing the innerlayer on a glass top x-y table (to the left in FIG. 1), with illumination provided from beneath. The illumination passes through the innerlayer creating an image on the CCD which is the superposition of the two sides of the board. As the x-y table scans the image across the CCD, functions 1 through 5 and function 7, above, are performed. Upon detection of a foreign area, an image of the area is displayed on TV monitor TV, FIG. 1, and the x-y coordinates are recorded. If a sufficient number of foreign patterns exist, the two sides of the PCB innerlayer are considered to be mis-aligned.
Another application of the invention is the generation of drill tapes for automatic drilling of pads in the final PCB. In this application, a negative artwork containing the position of all pads serves as the OBJECT and is scanned on the x-y table with the illumination placed beneath the artwork. Images of pads are learned. The artwork is now rescanned with the apparatus placed in the inspect mode. Each time a pad is recognized, pad center coordinates are recorded (as at L) on a drill tape (not shown) which may later be used to drill the final PCB.
As before explained, one of the important improvements of this invention resides in the obviating of the necessity for "learning" and storing in memory all the tolerable variations in shapes and/or dimensions of "good" objects, such as PCB lines, pads, etc., through use of the shape-modifying module B of FIG. 1 which adds or removes picture elements (pixels) along all boundaries or perimeters to produce fictitious images of tolerable thick or thin versions of the actual image. Whereas a particular object thickness may have been learned, fictitious thinner or thicker versions (within acceptable tolerances) will be recognized as if they were the standard shape. It is in order, to describe a useful form of shape modifying module, illustrated in FIG. 4, for the case of a line thinning modifier B. Nine single unit delays A through I, two line delays LDl and LD2, equal in length to that of the CCD, and one read-only memory ROM comprise the module. The signal input comes from the CCD of FIG. 1, which is then delayed by three unit delays at A, B and C. The output of the CCD is also delayed one line at LDl and then fed into delay units D, E and F. In addition, the output of the first delay unit LDl is delayed a second line in the line delay LD2, the output of which is applied to unit delays G, H and I, thus creating a three-by-three matrix or data block. The data arising from each of the delay units A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I is applied to corresponding address lines (bearing the same letters) to the read-only memory ROM. The contents of the read-only memory ROM is a new computed value with the center element of the three-by-three data block. One can select the proper output from the read-only memory ROM to indicate what the new computed value is; such that one output line 00 may be the data if one wants a thinner line image; or output line 01 if on wants to thicken the image line. If desired, to obtain thicker or thinner images, one may cascade circuits of the type of FIG. 4, with the output from a first such circuit acting as the input for the next circuit. The final circuit is then connected to the CCD buffer memory BM of FIG. 1.
Thus, by predetermining desired size variation in image shapes that are to be acceptable, the present invention enables electronically removing or adding pixel signals to the stored image to provide substitute stored fictitious, but acceptable, image information representing a different size of said object shape.
While for purposes of the illustrations previously presented the illumination of the object was described as from below the x-y table, clearly there are many useful applications for light reflection from above the object, as also described in said copending application. The concept of providing a range of different-dimensioned acceptable conductive lines or shapes is useful, of course, whether the object is being illuminated by reflection of light or, in the case of the camera negative artwork of the circuit board, or similar transparencies, by transmission of light from behind the artwork.
Returning to the case of artwork, it will hereinafter be shown that placing the artwork in the position of the object in FIG. 1, with back lighting, is most useful. Combinations of front and back lighting are also useful in PCB and other object inspection and registration applications. If lines, pads or other items on the front and back sides are unaligned relative to one another, and the machine has learned a good innerlayer while it was illuminated from behind and now, when inspecting a board, sees an irregular pattern resulting from the shift of the pattern on the front and back side, this previously unseen shifted pattern will be flagged as a defect.
Reflected and scattered lighting may be utilized to yield optimal results when processing PCB's and innerlayers without feed-through holes; and a combination of transmitted and reflected lighting may be incorporated for scanning innerlayers with feed-through holes; and transmitted lighting may be used for processing of artwork.
Transmitting light through the artwork ensures detecting defects such as pinholes and hairline cracks which would not be detected using conventional techniques that reflect light off a mirror placed behind the artwork. When artwork is placed on a mirror, light passing through a hole reflects off the mirror in a direction away from the hole such that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflectance, FIG. 6A (1). If the artwork is not perfectly flat, the reflected beam could be blocked by the dark area around the hole thereby preventing detection of the defect. For example, if the artwork has a bump which raises it only 10 mils above the mirror (h=10 mils in FIG. 6A (2)) and the angle of light incidence Q equals 70 degrees, then a hole or break less than 7.28 mils would not be detected.
With the back-lighting method of the invention, FIG. 6B, the operation is not affected by small bumps and surface perturbations, thereby ensuring detection of all defects, enabling holes in various orientations along a bumpy section of artwork all to be detected by the light rays that travel through the holes and then directly toward the camera.
The optimal scanning configuration for artwork is therefore a hollow stage (x-y) with a clear lucite top in which the illuminating source is placed in a stationary position below the table, as in FIG. 1, to provide light rays perpendicular to the surface. The artwork is placed on the lucite top and suction is applied along at least two or more sides.
For inspecting innerlayers with feedthrough holes, the innerlayers may be illuminated from above and below to eliminate the hole from the image, as shown in FIG. 7, eliminating false errors due to perturbations in feedthrough hole positioning. Transmitted (back) illumination also permits back-to-front side registration to be checked. This is accomplished by increasing the intensity of the transmitted illumination source such that the light passes through the innerlayer lamination but is still blocked by the copper traces on the PCB board or the like. The superimposed front-to-back pattern can be learned and inspected as previously described.
There are problems in dimensional tolerance, shape and position detection that arise particularly in connection with through-board or via holes or the like in conductive pads or PCB's or in similar applications. Artwork and CAD/CAM data bases do not indicate or have via hole positions. Even if a via hole were indicated perfectly centered within a pad, in the final PCB, in practice, a via hole anywhere within the pad area is entirely acceptable, though deviating in shape and position from the centered hole of the "good" board. Such should not, therefore, be flagged as "defects".
Whereas for acceptable line thinning and thickening, fictitious "learned" images of lines thicker and thinner than the actually "learned" "good" object lines were created, a somewhat similar philosophy has proven an admirable solution to the via hole problem; i.e. fictitiously making a pad with an acceptable via hole look like a solid pad during the inspection process.
To enable inspection of boards with pads containing via holes (i.e. annular rings) without sacrificing the ability to detect pin holes, defect holes and pads with defective interiors, the method of the invention first uniquely identifies annular rings, checks them for proper formation and then disguises them during the inspection process to look like the solid pad of the original artwork. To accomplish this, it has been found desirable to illuminate the PCB simultaneously from both sides; reflecting a constant beam off the top surface, in FIG. 1, and transmitting a coded or otherwise distinctly different beam through the annular ring formed by the via hole in the pad and component holes in the board from the bottom of the board. This is more specifically shown in FIG. 5. The rendering of the bottom beam distinctively different from and thus "coded" with respect to the upper reflected beam is shown effected through a light-modulating rotating chopper RC, with the resulting pulsed beam being fed by a fiber optic bundle to a linear illumination head below the PCB object (which also serves to reduce heating effects by removing substantial infra-red energy, or other spectral band filtering may also be employed). Detection of the coded pattern at the output of the CCD image indicates the presence of a via annular ring or component hole (by-pass switch S1 open, FIG. 5). The ring of metalization surrounding the coded pattern is then examined for continuity ("annular ring processing"), and if, and only if continuity exists, pixels are effectively added to the center fictitiously to " fill-in" the entire hole during the inspection process, thus disguising the ring as a solid pad. If continuity is not found to exist, the ring is not "filled" and a defect is flagged.
Further in connection with hole detection and alignment problems, when PCB's are manufactured, they are produced using tooling holes at the perimeter of the board to hold the board during the fabrication process. The holes are used to align the board for drilling, projecting the conductor pattern onto the board and, once completed, to align multilayer boards relative to one another. One is interested in inspecting the locational relationship between the tooling holes, and PC pattern as well as the relationship between different conductors on the PC pattern. If either the pattern is shifted relative to the holes or part of the pattern is shifted relative to another part greater than a certain tolerance, there is an error.
To inspect a board for these purposes in accordance with the invention, one starts off with a known "good" reference board or artwork. The PCB is placed on the x-y scanner table of FIG. 1. At predetermined locations reference images are taken and stored, such as a reference hole at one coordinate position FIG. 8-Al, a pad at another FIG. 8-A2, a diagonal line FIG. 8-A3 at a third, and two intersecting lines FIG. 8-A5 at a fourth, etc.
To inspect another board to determine whether the board has the circuit conductors, interconnects, holes, or specifically the reference image (typically located at the extreme boundaries of the board) at the proper locations, the board is placed on the x-y table using the tooling holes to carefully register the table and the board. The board is scanned and images FIGS. 8-B1 and 8-B5 of the board are taken at the same coordinates of the x-y table as previously used for the reference images.
Since the holes drilled through the board (pictures Bl and B4 FIG. 8) agree with reference pictures Al and A4, the holes in board B are positioned correctly; but the pad and conductor traces images B2, B3 and B5 are shifted to the right by 8 units indicating an error in the location of these conductors.
Though there may be correspondence between the reference drilled hole images and x-y location, if the line intersects, rings, etc. are shifted by more than a predetermined tolerance, there will be an indication of error in the location of these conductors.
Further modifications will also occur to those skilled in this art, including implementation of components and sub-assemblies of FIG. 1 in a manner similar to that described in said copending application and the systems therein referenced, it clearly being understood that the exemplary explanations for PCB's are illustrative only and that the techniques of the invention are readily adaptable to other inspection problems as well and such are considered to fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
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|Aug 28, 1997
|Oct 12, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Focus or exposure dose parameter control system using tone reversing patterns
|Aug 28, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Process for controlling exposure dose or focus parameters using tone reversing pattern
|May 13, 1999
|Dec 21, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Etching parameter control system process
|Apr 26, 1999
|Feb 22, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Process for controlling etching parameters
|Jul 28, 1998
|Oct 3, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Combined segmented and nonsegmented bar-in-bar targets
|Aug 28, 1997
|Oct 10, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optical metrology tool and method of using same
|Jul 28, 1998
|Oct 24, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Segmented bar-in-bar target
|Jan 22, 1998
|Jan 16, 2001
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Optical inspection method and apparatus
|Feb 28, 1997
|Apr 3, 2001
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image processing method and apparatus therefor
|Jul 12, 1999
|Nov 13, 2001
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optical metrology tool and method of using same
|Aug 31, 1999
|Dec 11, 2001
|Nec Corporation
|Image alignment method in checking reticle pattern
|Feb 1, 1999
|Jun 4, 2002
|Steven M. Hoffberg
|Adaptive pattern recognition based control system and method
|May 4, 1999
|Jul 9, 2002
|Steven M. Hoffberg
|Ergonomic man-machine interface incorporating adaptive pattern recognition based control system
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|Sep 10, 2002
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Patterned figure resolution verification method and semiconductor pattern forming method
|Jun 3, 2002
|Oct 28, 2003
|Steven Hoffberg
|Media recording device with packet data interface
|Dec 22, 2000
|Dec 2, 2003
|Cognex Corporation
|Fast high-accuracy multi-dimensional pattern inspection
|Oct 5, 2001
|Mar 2, 2004
|Electro Scientific Industries, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for circuit pattern inspection
|Dec 5, 2000
|Sep 21, 2004
|Orbotech Ltd.
|Adaptive tolerance reference inspection system
|May 30, 2002
|Apr 18, 2006
|Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd.
|Hole inspection apparatus and method
|Mar 29, 2001
|May 9, 2006
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Method for examining foreign matters in through holes
|Oct 25, 2004
|Aug 28, 2007
|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for correlating semiconductor process data with known prior process data
|Sep 14, 2004
|Sep 1, 2009
|Westside Equipment Co.
|Small scale tomato harvester
|Aug 24, 2009
|Apr 13, 2010
|Westside Equipment Co.
|Small scale tomato harvester
|Aug 31, 2006
|Apr 12, 2011
|Westside Equipment Company
|Small scale tomato harvester
|Aug 29, 2006
|Jul 5, 2011
|Steven Mark Hoffberg
|Intelligent electronic appliance system and method
|Nov 13, 2006
|Oct 25, 2011
|Hoffberg Steven M
|Ergonomic man-machine interface incorporating adaptive pattern recognition based control system
|Jul 22, 2003
|Dec 20, 2011
|Cognex Technology And Investment Corporation
|Method for partitioning a pattern into optimized sub-patterns
|Sep 25, 2007
|Jan 24, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
|System and method for detecting flaws in objects using machine vision
|Dec 30, 2004
|Jul 24, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Dec 31, 2004
|Aug 14, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Dec 31, 2004
|Aug 21, 2012
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|Dec 31, 2004
|Aug 28, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Dec 21, 2004
|Sep 11, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Dec 24, 2004
|Sep 18, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
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|Dec 31, 2004
|Oct 23, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Dec 31, 2004
|Nov 27, 2012
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|Dec 30, 2004
|Dec 11, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Dec 31, 2004
|Dec 18, 2012
|Cognex Corporation
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|Cognex Technology And Investment Corporation
|Methods for finding and characterizing a deformed pattern in an image
|Dec 31, 2004
|Jan 29, 2013
|Cognex Technology And Investment Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Dec 30, 2004
|Jan 29, 2013
|Cognex Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Dec 31, 2004
|Jan 29, 2013
|Cognex Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
|Mar 7, 2011
|Feb 5, 2013
|Hoffberg Steven M
|Alarm system controller and a method for controlling an alarm system
|Sep 25, 2004
|May 7, 2013
|Cognex Technology And Investment Corporation
|General pose refinement and tracking tool
|Mar 8, 2011
|Nov 12, 2013
|Steven M. Hoffberg
|Internet appliance system and method
|Dec 19, 2006
|Nov 19, 2013
|Cognex Corporation
|Method and apparatus for automatic measurement of pad geometry and inspection thereof
|Oct 19, 2012
|Oct 21, 2014
|Cognex Technology And Investment Corporation
|Method for fast, robust, multi-dimensional pattern recognition
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|Nov 18, 2014
|Blanding Hovenweep, Llc
|Adaptive pattern recognition based controller apparatus and method and human-interface therefore
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|Sep 29, 2015
|Woodtech Measurement Solutions
|System and method for image selection of bundled objects
|Dec 19, 2011
|Sep 29, 2015
|Cognex Technology And Investment Llc
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|Jan 3, 2017
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|Internet appliance system and method
|Nov 25, 2015
|May 23, 2017
|Cognex Corporation
|Semi-supervised method for training multiple pattern recognition and registration tool models
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|Jun 13, 2017
|Cognex Corporation
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|May 30, 2002
|Dec 5, 2002
|Norio Asai
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|Nov 6, 2003
|Noboru Goto
|Method for examining foreign matters in through holes
|Nov 20, 2003
|Jun 10, 2004
|Yusuke Konno
|Method and apparatus for inspecting a bump electrode
|Mar 26, 2004
|Sep 16, 2004
|James Burdorf
|Process for detecting defects in photomasks
|Jul 22, 2003
|Jun 2, 2005
|Jason Davis
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|Feb 26, 2004
|Sep 1, 2005
|Kohler James P.
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|Aug 12, 2005
|Feb 16, 2006
|James Mahon
|Machine vision analysis system and method
|Sep 14, 2004
|Mar 16, 2006
|David Meester
|Small scale tomato harvester
|Aug 29, 2006
|Mar 8, 2007
|Hoffberg Steven M
|Intelligent electronic appliance system and method
|Feb 1, 2007
|Aug 9, 2007
|Jason Davis
|Methods for finding and characterizing a deformed pattern in an image
|Dec 19, 2006
|Jun 19, 2008
|Gang Liu
|Method and Apparatus for Automatic Measurement of Pad Geometry and Inspection thereof
|Aug 21, 2009
|Feb 11, 2010
|Westside Equipment Co.
|Small Scale Tomato Harvester
|Jun 8, 2006
|Jul 28, 2010
|Profile analyzing method for investigating defect of printed circuit board
|Apr 13, 2006
|Sep 3, 2008
|Method and device for automatically adjusting Fanout design line width
|Feb 27, 1991
|Jun 11, 1992
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and system for verifying substrate machining
|Dec 5, 2000
|Jun 7, 2001
|Orbotech Ltd.
|Adaptive tolerance reference inspection system
|Dec 5, 2000
|Mar 28, 2002
|Orbotech Ltd
|Adaptive tolerance reference inspection system
|Jan 17, 2001
|Jul 26, 2001
|Solvision Inc.
|Method and system for detecting defects on a printed circuit board
|Jan 17, 2001
|Aug 8, 2002
|Solvision Inc
|Method and system for detecting defects on a printed circuit board
|U.S. Classification
|382/147, 382/209, 382/155
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 22, 1989
Owner name: NIKON CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BELTRONICS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005217/0096
Effective date: 19891101
|Jul 9, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 19, 1997
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 11, 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 24, 1998
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19980114


text:
Casa De Lava
Release Date: 24 September 2012 | Certificate: Suitable for 15 years and over
Featuring: Isaach De Bankole and Edith Scob
£10.39 includes FREE UK Postage (other delivery options available)
Shipping Destinations for this item
UK - Shipping Included
United Kingdom
Europe Zone 1 - £1.29
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Europe Zone 2 - £1.49
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Europe Zone 3 - £1.69
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Falkland Islands
Sorry, this product is currently unavailable.
This rather esoteric Portuguese-French drama is filled with poetic imagery. It is notable for its beautiful photography as it follows a devoted nurse from her Portuguese home to the strange Cape Verde islands. Mariana is the nurse assigned to care for the injured immigrant worker Leao who is in a coma. With him she returns to his Cape Verde village. She was dissatisfied with her currently depressing life and willingly went. She begins to feel almost claustrophobic in the grim environment as she encounters a series of disturbing characters who drag her deeper into their depressing and hopeless lives. Mariana begins to re-evaluate her former life.
Interview with director Pedro Costa, CASA DE LAVA scrapbook featurette, Interview with cinematographer Emmanuel Machuel
Release Date: 24 September 2012
Certificate: 15 - Suitable for Persons Aged 15 or Over
Actors: Isaach De Bankole and Edith Scob
Directed by: Pedro Costa
Region 2
Sound: Dolby Digital
Main Language: English
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Catalogue No: SECONDRUN053


text:
Linda Groen
68, went home to be with her Lord and Savior on June 7, 2013. Linda was born in Auburn, IN on March 9, 1945; she graduated from Ashley HS in 1963. Linda and Bernie Groen were married on September 10, 1966. Linda is survived by her loving husband of 46 years, Bernie; her daughter, Carmen Flowers; her twin sons, Alan Groen (Toni) and Bruce Groen (Tawnya); her 11 grandchildren, her two brothers, Dan Hamman (Jan) of GA and John Hamman (Gaylene) of CO; six nieces, 12 great-nieces and nephews and one aunt, Joan Ramsey of IN. Bernie and Linda were farmers in Remington, IN, until they moved their family and farm to Dalhart, TX in 1978. Then in 1987 they moved to Tucson where Linda worked as a self-employed bookkeeper. Linda loved music and used her talent to serve her Lord by singing in the choir and being the church pianist in the various churches she attended for the last 40 years. The last few years Linda enjoyed giving her time and love to working with the preschool children at her church. If you choose to make a donation in Linda's honor, her desire would be for it to go to the new preschool building fund at Mt. View Baptist Church, 3500 W. Overton Rd., Tucson, AZ 85742. There will be a Visitation at ADAIR FUNERAL HOMES, Avalon Chapel, 8090 N. Northern Ave., Oro Valley on Thursday, June 13, 2013 from 5:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. There will be a Celebration of Life service on Saturday, July 20, 2013 at Mt. View Baptist Church (Tucson).


text:
SovereignVa's homemade almond-anise biscotti
SovereignVa still needs to upload a photo of this so you can check it out.
Description: Price paid for ingredients depends on current market rates.
Have a question about this item? Contact the owner.
Join NeighborGoods or login to your account to borrow this item.
Condition: Like New
Original Price: $5
Location: Lee, VA


text:
Organic K-Biogreen (HF 016)
Organic K-Biogreen is a well-balanced and nutritious organic food source made from ingredients such as beans, grains, vegetables, seaweed, bifido-bacteria and food enzyme to cleanse and detoxify, rejuvenate and restore the healthy functions of the body.
Riddance (HF 006)
Riddance is formulated from natural herbs and is a detoxification product. It cleanses and detoxifies our entire body. RIDDANCE plays the role of a filter to the body and also cleanses toxins.
Propolis Platinum (HF 015)
Propolis Platinum is made of plant compounds that have high quality antioxidant properties and possess rich bioflavonoid content. Bioflavonoid stimulate white blood cells that help to improve the body's immune system.
K-OmegaSqua (HF 029)
K-OmegaSqua is a supplement that provides benefits for our health. It consist of Omega 3, Squalene and Vitamin E that help to improve our body and immune system.
K-OsteoCal (HF 028)
K-OsteoCal powder contains a unique blend of organic calcium, marine collagen, multi-vitamins and multi-minerals. It is formulated as a readily available and well assimilated calcium and collagen source particularly recommended to people from all walks of life. In addition, this unique product also contains health-promoting ingredients that contribute to boosting your immune system and is particularly useful for health problems of bones.
K-Sage Plus (HF 030 & HF 030s)
K-Sage Plus is a herbal extract dietary supplement specially designed help to improve the function of the body and used for general well-being.
K-Sauda VCO (HF 031)
K-Sauda VCO is a combination of Virgin Coconut Oil and Habbatus Sauda Oil. It helps to enhance the body's immune system for our general well-being. K-Sauda VCO is processed using a special technique, therefore reducing the possibility of damaging its Fatty Acid. K-Sauda VCO is prepared in a soft capsule for easy consumption and not easily damaged or contaminated by air and bacteria.
K-Lingzhi Gold (HF 043S)
K-Lingzhi Gold helps to enhance your immune system and acts as an antioxidant. The Lingzhi are grown in a Green House Hygienic Environment which is chemical-free.
K-NutraMix (HF 044)
K-NutraMix is a natural and nutritious high fibre soy protein beverage mix. K-NutraMix can be served as a dietary beverage or used in weight and health management plans.
Osaji (HF 051)
Osaji is specially formulated from a type of natural plant called Sea Buckthorn. The pure Sea Buckthorn oil is rich with nutrients and contains nutrients beneficial to the body.
BeauSKEEN (HF 049)
BeauSKEEN is a traditional formulation specially derived from plants, based on Pueraria Mirifica, Labisia Photoina (Kacip Fatimah), Nigella Sativa (Habatus Sauda) and Terminalia Chebula (Manjakani). It is traditionally used for women's general health and to improve skin texture and body contour.
Apricot B17 Beverage (HF 058)
Apricot B17 Beverage is a supplementary drink with wholesome goodness of apricots, fruits, seeds, barley grass, sea coral and probiotics, which helps support your diet in a natural way.
K-Siberian Chaga (HF 053)
Chaga (scientific name: Inonotus obliquus) is a fungus that grows on birch trees in Siberia, Northern parts of Europe, China, Japan and other cold, harsh regions. Since as early as in the 16th century, people in Russia and Eastern Europe have already been using chaga to maintain their wellbeing. Among all varieties of mushrooms, Siberian Chaga is believed to be one of the best as it contains richer antioxidants.
Mixed Skim Milk with Colostrum and Beta Glucan (HF 063)
Nourish your body everyday with the goodness of milk, colostrum and beta glucan packed in Mixed Skim Milk with Colostrum & Beta Glucan from K-LINK. Made from low fat skim milk, nutrient-rich colostrum and immune-boosting beta glucan, it is a convenient, delicious yet nutritious way to give that extra boost your body needs to stay healthy and strong.
K-Ginkgo Extract 50mg Tablet (HF 060)
K-Ginkgo Extract 50mg Tablet has traditionally been used to improve blood circulation and promote general health.
This is a traditional product advertisement.
K-Kids (HF 066)
K-Kids contains omega-3 fish oil, cod liver fish oil, vitamin A and vitamin D to help support your children's nutritional needs.
This is a supplement product advertisement.
K-Cenzyme Plus (HF 064)
K-Cenzyme Plus is a highly alkaline health beverage which is rich in enzyme that is produced from natural fruits and vegetables essence through an advanced fermentation technology. It is highly effective in body detoxification and enhancing the absorption of nutrients in our body.


text: I'm pretty meticulous in keeping my iTunes organized and free of bad files. I even have most of my albums displayed in order of release date with the help of iTunes handy "sort by" feature. My problem is that some songs that play fine on iTunes only play for a few seconds on my iPod before cutting off and skipping to the next track. I've tried deleting the songs from my iPod and then re-syncing with iTunes, but the problem prevails for some reason. In another completely unrelated problem, some albums that display fine on iTunes are sorted weird on my iPod. For example, under one artist, on my ipod, the first two albums are displayed over and over again 5 or 6 times (listed like Album 1, Album 2, Album 1, Album 2, etc.). Each album listing claims to contain only 2 or 3 songs each, but when i select any of them the entire song list for the album displays just fine. I mean obviously this problem doesn't affect playback, it's just kind of annoying to have to scroll down past all the "separate" entries for the first two albums just to get to the other albums, plus it just kind of bothers me because i'm mildly OCD about my music organization I have over 23,000 songs, and the problematic ones are few and far between, but since it happens to be music I've been listening a lot to lately it's kind of irritating to deal with. Hopefully I didn't foolishly miss a previous thread about this, I tried searching around and did several Google searches but never found a solution. does anyone know how I can fix this?


text:
Download PDF
20 July 2000
There has been a number of confusing media reports about the carriage of firearms by foreign security personnel during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.
Australia has a longstanding policy regarding carriage of firearms by foreign security personnel. Responsibility for security rests with the relevant Australian authorities. It is their role and responsibility to ensure that protective security for dignitaries and athletes is fully effective. Foreign security officials have no operational role in Australia.
The policy has served Australia well over many years, and has been endorsed by successive Commonwealth and State/Territory Governments. After consultation with the States, it has been agreed that the policy will not be changed for the Games.
Primary responsibility for security of the Games and for the protection of dignitaries and athletes rests with the New South Wales Police Service. The Commonwealth has broad security responsibility for gathering and disseminating security and criminal intelligence, border control, aviation security, counter-terrorism, dignitary protection and enforcement of Federal law. In terms of carriage of firearms by foreign security officials, importation is a matter for the Commonwealth, and licensing is a matter for the local State jurisdiction, in this case NSW.
Australia's firearms policy will come as no surprise to countries participating in the Sydney 2000 Games. Over a number of years,
Australian agencies have explained and reinforced the roles and responsibilities of foreign security personnel during the Games to many participating countries. These briefings have included the strict conditions that surround firearms in Australia.
No foreign government nor national Olympic committee of any foreign country has made any formal approach to the Commonwealth for exemptions to the carriage of firearms regulations, or sought permission to import firearms.
The Commonwealth Government is committed to world class security for the Games and is assisting NSW Police with security arrangements for the Games. Our two governments are confident that security preparations are world class and have the endorsement of the International Olympic Committee.
On Monday 24 July, I will be addressing the Dignitary and Athlete Protection Olympic Conference in Sydney. This conference, a joint Commonwealth/NSW initiative, has been organised to provide a comprehensive briefing to foreign security personnel on arrangements to protect their dignitaries and athletes at Games time. I will take the opportunity to stress again the firm Australian position on non-carriage of firearms.
Return to Index


text:
You need to add a source line to your /usr/local/etc/kismet.conf file.
Just installed BT3 on hdd. When I run Kismet, I pick ath0, using an Airlink card.
It goes to load and then quits. Here is what my Kismet.conf reads. Any help will be appriciated.
Kismet config file
# Most of the "static" configs have been moved to here -- the command line
# config was getting way too crowded and cryptic. We want functionality,
# not continually reading --help!
# Version of Kismet config
# Name of server (Purely for organizational purposes)
# User to setid to (should be your normal user)
# Do we try to put networkmanager to sleep? If you use NM, this is probably
# what you want to do, so that it will leave the interfaces alone while
# Kismet is using them. This requires DBus support!
# Comma-separated list of sources to enable. This is only needed if you defined
# multiple sources and only want to enable some of them. By default, all defined
# sources are enabled.
# For example:
# enablesources=prismsource,ciscosource
# Automatically destroy VAPs on multi-vap interfaces (like madwifi-ng).
# Madwifi-ng doesn't work in rfmon when non-rfmon VAPs are present, however
# this is a fairly invasive change to the system so it CAN be disabled. Expect
# things not to work in most cases if you do disable it, however.
# Do we channelhop?
# How many channels per second do we hop? (1-10)
# By setting the dwell time for channel hopping we override the channelvelocity
# setting above and dwell on each channel for the given number of seconds.
# Do we split channels between cards on the same spectrum? This means if
You need to add a source line to your /usr/local/etc/kismet.conf file.
Thanks for response, Prez
I did the source line to read source=madwifi_g,wifi0,madwifi and saved.
When a ran kismet again it did the same thing. Checked the conf.file and it reads the same as I posted. Is there just a way I can completely remove this
version of kismet and install the latest version 2007-10-R1. If you can please walk me through this I would greatly appreciate it. Everything else seems to work fine, except for Kismet.
every time I type /usr/local/etc/kismet.conf file I get
bt ~ # /usr/local/etc/kismet.conf
-bash: /usr/local/etc/kismet.conf: Permission denied
Because your trying to run a config file.
edit it.....You need some basic linux skills it seems
bt ~ # nano -w /usr/local/etc/kismet.conf
edit the file and save with control and o
thanks Purehate
I was typing out nano /usr/local/etc/kismet.conf
Of course, if you really wanted to have some fun, go to Wal-Mart late at night and ask the greeter if they could help you find trashbags, roll of carpet, rope, quicklime, clorox and a shovel. See if they give you any strange looks. --Streaker69


text:
Search results for 'petit fours'
Bittersweet Chocolate Petits Fours$52.00Beautifully decorated petits fours in ginger, chocolate, champagne and lemon flavors. Each petit four is four layers of cake layered with decadent filling, dipped in bittersweet chocolate.
Ginger, Chocolate, Champagne and Lemon Petits Fours Learn More
Rose Petal Petits Fours$50.00
Featured on Food Network's The Best Thing I Ever Ate, our Rose Petal Petits Fours are the traditional gift of a dozen roses, in a charmingly edible form.Learn More
Each rose petal petit four contains 4 layers of delicate vanilla bean cake, alternating with a rose petal passion fruit ganache, and covered in white chocolate. Atop each petit four is a single candied rose petal. Presented in an ivory corduroy-embossed box tied with a rose colored ribbon.
A modern interpretation of the classic confection, Valerie's Rose Petal Petits Fours make a deliciously decadent gift.
Assorted Petits Fours$50.00
Our petits fours are a modern interpretation of the classic confection. Each petit four has four layers of cake and three layers of decadent filling that are surrounded with a unique chocolate glaze.
Rose Petal, Ginger, Lemon, Orange Petits Fours. Learn More
Petit Four Bouquet$50.00Earl Grey, Lemon, Rose Petal, and Lavender Petits Fours Learn More
Petit Four Subscription$0.00A 6 or 12 month petit four subscription, with delicious assortments delivered every month. Learn More
The Vivian Gift Tower$100.00A delicious survey of our line which includes a 9 piece Truffle Assortment, 8 piece Toffee Assortment in bittersweet chocolate, and 12 piece Assorted Petits Fours.
Wrapped with black satin ribbon. Learn More
The Isabelle Gift Tower$310.00This collection includes a 24 piece Bittersweet Toffee Assortment, a 12 piece Petits Fours Assortment, a 20 piece Liquid Caramel and 72% Ganache Truffle Assortment, a 20 piece Tea Truffle Assortment, a 15 piece box of Salt & Pepper Truffles, a 14 piece box of Holiday Nougat, and a 6 piece box of Bittersweet Almond Fleur de Sel Toffee. Learn More
Mint Petits Fours$50.00Mint Petits Fours Learn More
Matcha and Rose Petal Petits Fours$53.00Matcha and Rose Petal Petits Fours Learn More
Champagne Petits Fours$55.00Each of our beautiful Champagne Petits Fours is made of rich butter cake layered with Champagne ganache and hand-dipped in dark chocolate. As a finishing touch, each piece is topped with edible 23-karat gold. Learn More


text:
Sources tell the Wall Street Journal that Accenture (ACN) is negotiating a deal to purchase privately-held consulting firm Booz & Co., though no agreement has yet been finalized.
Booz & Co. has a strong presence in operations consulting, a market in which Accenture would like to increase its business. If a deal is secured, it will mark just the latest acquisition by Accenture, which has already purchased two other companies this year.
Formerly a division of Booz Allen Hamilton (BAH), Booz & Co. was spun off from the defense and government services contractor in 2008. The consulting business generated revenue of $1.4 billion last year, up from $1.2 billion in 2011.
Accenture's, which competes with IBM (IBM) and Hewett-Packard (HPQ) in the global enterprise consulting business, posted $27.9 billion in worldwide revenue during its most recent fiscal year. The company employs 266,000 workers, compared to 3,000 for Booz & Co.
Shares of Accenture were flat in Wednesday pre-market trading.


text:
Welcome to AlbanyHilltowns.com - your best source of historic information for Berne, Knox, Rensselaerville, and Westerlo - the Helderberg Hilltowns of Albany County, NY.
The Helderberg Hilltowns cover 40% of Albany County , yet comprise only 4% of the population. Berne, Knox, Rensselaerville, and Westerlo make up the western part of Albany County, a remote and rural area frequently unfamiliar to those living "below the hill."
|Click HERE to enter AlbanyHilltowns.com
|For information about the new site, including account information so you can contribute, contact Amy Lynn Anderson at firstname.lastname@example.com
|Even more impressive to grant givers is your donation made through PayPal (PayPal or a credit card.) Donations are NOT tax deductible at this time.
|An older version is still available. HERE