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Masons Built Replica Temple in Canada
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[quote:PapaDunc:MV8xNDA3Njc0XzIzMTcyMjE5X0VGMjk1OTdB] OH! I also forgot to mention... Manitoba's previous provincial leader didn't get voted out or his time was up, he left his position and was immediately appointed Embassador to the United States, regardless of being from totally opposite ends of the political party spectrum from the Prime Minister. Take a look at this photo op with the new Manitoba leader. http://vimeo.com/7129813 Notice how he does a special handshake at 51 seconds and then a normal one (supposedly off camera) at 1:15? [/quote]
Original Message
Is it possible that the Masons built the government building in Manitoba as a symbol of the future? I mean, if a lot of people feel that the masons are helping to create this 'New World', then why would they build the province's legislative building as a replica of Soloman's Temple?
Its completely freaky to think that this building was built as a replica to Soloman's temple, with the Ark of the Covenant, two Sphinxes, statues of Medusa, Hermes, etc. Its believed that the golden statue of Hermes on top (referred to as the Golden Boy)is holding the torch of the illuminati.
So, I ask? Is it possible that Winnipeg is meant to be the center of a continent in a rebuild mode according to Mason plans? Think of this...
Manitoba's public electrical utility is also one of very few (I think 1 of 3) electrical utilities that protects its grid and substation equipment (special designed transformers) against massive external overloads (EMP?) and owned and run by a sub-government board. They also are attached and exporting power to much of Northern USA and are the only utility (other than sewer and water) not sold to private ownership in the province.
It is already the ground transportation hub to North America. They are just completing an expansion to their airport, doubling the size as well. Its holds by area two of the largest train yards in North American and the world. They're currently working on a complex called 'centreport', emphasing access to the largest shipping airport in North America, the largest trucking center, and, via train transport, a lesser known but major oceanic shipping port in Churchill, Manitoba
Winnipeg has a very large military base sitting unused to house approx. 15,000 military persons. Shilo, Manitoba once was a training ground for various military from around the world. And Winnipeg's air force base is already far larger than the amount of air support and military stationed there with plenty of room for expansion. As well, its home to one of the worlds most high tech jet engine laboratories, and both military and commercial aircraft are produced there as well. (Boing factory stationed there)
Winnipeg is the only city in the world to build a 29 mile long floodwater ditch that can hold 91,700 cubic feet per second of water (actually visible from space) in the 60's going around the city in the event of flooding. (prepared for rising water levels?) The floodway was approved by the provincial leader, Duff Roblin, also a Mason.
The province itself boasts having over 100,000 fresh lakes, many of them clean for drinking, and many stocked yearly with new fish.
To the West of the City is fertile black chernozem soil, considered to be of the best growing soil (and not government forced to use Roundup) To the north there is thousands of square miles of untouched land, forestry for lumber & wild game for hunting. To the East, the Canadian shield, full of untapped mineral resources.
Property value has tripled over the past 10 years.
The city just completed a water treatment facility with water testing the cleanest in North America, and large enough to support 3 million people on a regular day. Thats almost 3 1/2 times the current population that has been decreasing.
As well, they are just nearing completion of an insanely huge "museum of human rights" showcasing issues like the Halocaust in Germany and various other human rights fights and global massacre. It as a building that apparently none of the public wanted, but is being built overtop of what was once sacred Aboriginal ceremony land. It too is supposed to be done in the next year.
link to en.wikipedia.org
The provincial motto is referred to as "Spirited Energy", previously "Friendly Manitoba"
As history see it, Winnipeg was an extremely bustling city around 1900. It had the newest theatres, the nicest hotels, and state of the art buildings that matched the likes of New York. But why was Winnipeg considered so important to so many Masons back then? Why did so many high influenced people build in the middle of the prairie, bringing huge luxury and business to a community of farmers? And why does it have its government building representing Masonic beliefs, and why is the city so prepared for global warming, military occupation, human rights history, and overall huge expansion of population?
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What Did 'Humshakals' See When It Looked in a Mirror? A Bad Movie
This week's Bollywood release "Humshakals" [meaning look-alikes] has a slightly confusing plot with three sets of doppelgangers led by actors Saif Ali Khan, Riteish Deshmukh and Ram Kapoor.
You'd probably need to watch the film to make sense of the story but some critics already think you can give the viewing a miss. One even said, "if you have plenty of courage, use it elsewhere."
Here's what critics had to say about director Sajid Khan's sixth directorial attempt.
"Idiocy is a gentle term for what is unleashed upon us," wrote Shubhra Gupta in a review in the national daily Indian Express. Her disapproval for the film showed when she said, "a two-and-a-half hour showreel of plot-less, witless, joyless offensiveness."
She went on to describe the film as "stuffed with Saif [Ali Khan] and Ritiesh [Deshmukh] waving their hands, making faces, sticking their tongues out." And then called it a "jaw-droppingly, numbingly awful plot."
Not surprisingly, Ms. Gupta gave the film zero stars out of five.
The Mint newpaper's Nandini Ramnath did not have any words of appreciation for the film either. She thought it was "a failed over-the-top comedy in which every single moment is spelt out in skyscraper-high letters."
The narrative is sluggish and the disappointing performances by the female actors did nothing to rescue the audience from their male counterparts who were responsible for the "main damage," Ms. Ramnath wrote.
NDTV's Saibal Chatterjee was perhaps the strongest critic of the film. "Even by the pitiable cinematic standards that the director has so defiantly set for himself, Humshakals is the very pits," he said.
The film was "an execrable comedy of horrors that plumbs the depths of stupidity and crassness," he added.
He even said that film proved that its director Mr. Khan was possibly "delusional."
"Sorry, Mr. Khan, no matter how much money your film ends up with at the box office, the joke is entirely on you," he wrote, making evident that he was not only dissatisfied but also angry.
About the acting he said it was "appallingly and consistently bad."
Still, Mr. Chatterjee gave the film half a star out of five.
A review in the Times of India was most generous with its rating. It gave the film three stars out of five and said "Humshakals" had some "brilliant jokes."
"With its convoluted plot, Humshakals needs terrific acting and the actors deliver," wrote critic Srijana Mitra Das. She acknowledged that the first half of the film "distractedly meanders with mindless sequences." But we were not sure what she meant when she described the climax as "tootie-fruity."

subset: commoncrawl


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A large call sale makes up almost all the option volume in Dollar General today.
optionMONSTER systems show that 25,292 DG options have traded so far today, eclipsing its daily average of 1,700 in the last month. One print makes up almost all of that volume.
A trader has sold 25,000 August 50 calls for the bid price of $0.95. Open interest at that strike was just 5 contracts at the beginning of the day, so this is a new position.
The call selling was not tied to any trading in the underlying shares identified by our systems today. This could have been naked selling with an initial bearish bias that would profit with DG anywhere below $50.95 at expiration. The calls could also have been traded against an existing long position in the shares, which would be bullish up to $50 but not beyond. (See our Education section)
DG is trading at $43.11 this afternoon, down 0.5 percent on the day. The discount retailer a 52-week low of $39.73 on Jan. 3 but quickly recovered back above support at $42. Shares were above $50 at the start of December.
More From optionMONSTER
A large call sale makes up almost all the option volume in Dollar General today.


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Cambro WCR1220110 Black Full Size Well Cover For CamKiosk and Camcruiser Vending Carts 21"L x 13"W x 2"H
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The Cambro WCR1220110 black full size well cover works with the CamKiosk and Camcruiser vending carts. With it, you can create additional work space or keep items out of sight by covering the food pan wells.
Dimensions are 21"L x 13"W x 2"H
Because this item is not stocked in our warehouse, processing, transit times and stock availability will vary. If you need your items by a certain date,
please contact us prior to placing your order. Expedited shipping availability may vary. We cannot guarantee that this item can be cancelled off of the order or returned once it is placed.
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The Puck Stops Here
Lydman's +/-
by PuckStopsHere on 01/15/11 at 06:44 PM ET
Comments (0)
In December, I wrote about Andrej Meszaros's league leading +/- rating. I explained that while his +/- is a good thing, it is not a sign that he is one of the NHL's elite defencemen. Meszaros is a player who has shown the ability to get a top +/- rating when he plays a secondary role on a top team, but has not been able to sustain it when given a bigger role.
Since then Toni Lydman of the Anaheim Ducks has tied Meszaros for the NHL +/- lead with +26. This is probably more impressive than Meszaros because Anaheim has allowed more goals than they have scored, while Philadelphia has the third best team +/- in the league.
Lydman has a +26 rating and the next best players on his team are Bobby Ryan at +9 and his often linemate Lubomir Visnovsky at +8. Is Lydman really that much better than his teammates?
Although it looks like a huge difference, it is almost entirely explained by special teams play. At even strength, Visnovsky and Lydman often play as linemates. On special teams they rarely do. Visnovsky usually plays power play without Lydman and Lydman usually penalty kills without Visnovsky.
Power play goals do not count in +/- ratings, but shorthanded goals do. This means that when Visnovsky is apart from Lydman, he can only earn a minus and when Lydman is apart from Visnovsky he can only earn a plus. So it is to be expected that Lydman will have a higher +/- rating than Visnovsky will. In fact this alone essentially explains the difference between them.
Toni Lydman has been on the ice for 16 more power play goals against than goals for. Lubomir Visnovsky has been on the ice for 27 more power play goals for than against. These numbers are clearly related to the fact that Lydman tends to kill penalties and Visnovsky tends to play power plays.
Given the small sample size of +/- events; both defencemen have 60 or 70 events that count toward their +/- ratings at this point in the season and about 30 more that do not as they are power play goals, it is quite likely that luck and uncertainty in numbers makes up much of the difference between them. When all goals are taken into account (including power play ones), Visnovsky is + 35 and Lydman +10 and that would give us a very different outlook on things.
This is not to say that Lydman is not playing well. He clearly is and he is doing it against as tough competition as any Anaheim defenceman, but the difference between him and the other top Anaheim defenceman (Visnovsky) is greatly exaggerated by the way he is used and the way +/- is counted. Toni Lydman has had a borderline all star season so far. He will not be in this year's game but he could be. He is playing as well as some of the borderline selections to the all star game. Toni Lydman's +/- rating shows that he is playing quite well this season. As with any number +/- requires context and while some people like to criticize this number, after all it is unreasonable to suggest Lydman is the best defenceman in hockey or a serious candidate for that position, it shows that he is playing quite well. Anaheim may not have depth at defence, but with Toni Lydman and Lubomir Visnovsky, they have one very good line this season.
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A JDAM is big enough that they can strap Bowe to one side and his pro-terrorist father Bob to the other. They can then "drop in" on their friends just as soon as the Air Force can book the flight.Read the rest of this entry »
Archive for the 'Terrorism & War' Category
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No wonder King Putt has threatened CIA assets and attempted to hide military personnel who were privy to what happened the night the U.S. Ambassador to Libya was killed in a raid; the President's blatant dereliction of duty armed al Qaeda with weapons powerful enough to blast airliners out of the sky: A former U.S. […]Read the rest of this entry »
Tranny traitor treason case begins today
Bradley "I want to lop it off and be a girl named Brianna," Manning's espionage case begins today. The angry dwarf has already admitted to stealing and publishing 700,000 classified documents and posting them to WikiLeaks. He only faces life in prison. Manning has admitted to sending the material to WikiLeaks — an online, non-profit […]Read the rest of this entry »
Obama Admin told Special Forces team in Libya to stand down, and not rescue Benghazi consulate survivors
The lies told by the Obama Administration about Benghazi for the last six months have started to unravel in recent days, and every revelation is more disturbing than the last. The deputy of slain U.S. Ambassador Christopher Stevens has told congressional investigators that a team of Special Forces prepared to fly from Tripoli to Benghazi […]Read the rest of this entry »


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Economic Growth Package
The committee continued its examination of the health of the U.S. economy. Members heard testimony on a number of congressional proposals aimed at providing tax relief to middle-income…22 views
The committee continued its examination of the health of the U.S. economy. Members heard testimony on a number of congressional proposals aimed at providing tax relief to middle-income…22 views
Representative Cardin and Representative Shays responded to viewers' phone calls regarding important legislation pending in Congress.7 views
The House passed S. 2050, to ensure that the ceiling established with respect to health education assistance loans does not prohibit the provision of federal loan insurance to new and previous…63 views
The House agreed to the conference report on H.R. 2521, to make appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992. The House agreed to the…69 views
Rep. Cardin, a member of the House Ways and Means Committee, discussed the U.S. economy.5 views
The committee heard testimony on the high costs of health care and health insurance on Americans and American businesses. Witnesses on the third day of the committee's hearings on health…26 views
The committee continued to hear testimony on the effects of rising health care costs on several industries and testimony on several universal health care proposals.53 views
The committee heard testimony on the high costs of health care to American businesses and individuals. Witnesses testified on the effects of the high costs, and on reform measures including H.R.…14 views
The Ways and Means committee heard testimony from several members of Congress on health care reform proposals designed to provide basic health care to all Americans and stabilize the costs of…44 views
The House passed H.R. 1096, to authorize appropriations for programs, functions, and activities of the Bureau of Land Management for fiscal years 1992-95.23 views
The committee discussed H.J. Res. 263, which would disapprove of the extension of most favored nation status to China, H. 2212, which would extend most favored nation status to China for one year…33 views
The House failed to agree to H. Res. 101, disapproving the extension of fast-track procedures to start trade negotiations. The House agreed to H.Res. 146, expressing the sense of the House…58 views
The committee debated resolutions canceling the extension of fast-track legislative authority for the president. Fast-track authority would allow the president to submit trade legislation…32 views
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A Resolution expressing support for the United States Forces in the Persian Gulf will be considered Friday, January 18, 1991.63 views


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We're sorry, this listing is off the market. Try these listings instead:
Independent Busy Pizza Shop in Richmond #448984 posted Jul 7, 2016
- Richmond, Virginia, United States
- $57,750
Profitable Italian pizzeria and sub shop, also serving hamburgers, french fries, etc. Located in busy metro area with lots of pedestrian traffic and plenty of parking. Relatively new equipment, well maintained, nice and clean operation with house made specialties. Room for expansion.
Restaurant for Sale Near Richmond, Virginia #461985 posted Jan 31, 2017
- Richmond, Virginia, United States
- $499,000
Our firm is pleased to offer a restaurant for sale in the Richmond area. The restaurant offers traditional American fare. The business has been family-owned and operated since it was established nearly 20 years ago. The restaurant does very little advertising. The majority of the business comes from...
Popular Indian Restaurant for Sale #470552 posted Jun 16, 2017
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Popular specialty restaurant with good location on high traffic thoroughfare. Ample parking. Offering lunch and dinner Monday - Saturday. Renowned for its weekly buffet and specials. Popular Live Music events.
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text: Last week the Food and Drug Administration did what people who monitor that agency predicted it would do, rejecting over-the-counter sales of the morning-after pill. The decision was motivated by politics, not science, and it was wrong.This society long ago decided that government cant deny access to birth control to women or men on the basis of moral considerations.The right to practice birth control or not is left to the individual. The focus of the FDA should only be whether a drug is safe and effective. Dayton Daily News, May 13


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Have Relationship Questions? Ask a Counselor for Answers ASAP
I know that he will make it hard, he wont want to move out and I can not afford anywhere. I dont know where I stand. We are buying the house together and when he is working he pays his share of the bills, legally i can not make him move out and I dont want to get into a war with him that will effect archie. I have looked into help but because i work and am a home buyer the help available to me is just not there.


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The dapper presenter said his dark colouring, inherited from his Armenian grandfather, was now "paying dividends".
His appearance has prompted comedians and impersonators to poke fun, with his perma-tan coming in for the most stick.
But Dickinson, who is also known as The Duke, is having the last laugh.
He told the Radio Times: "I'm in the middle of negotiating an advertising deal with one of the biggest suntan oil manufacturers in the world.
"So the tan much joked about by Terry Wogan - all that stuff about me being dipped in tea and being the love child of Peter Stringfellow and a mahogany hat stand - is now paying dividends. Big dividends, Terry," he joked.
Dickinson, 61, hit the big time late in life, with daytime auction show Bargain Hunt launching him to cult fame.
But when the show moved to primetime he became a household name, along with his often-quoted catchphrases such as "cheap as chips" and "bobby dazzler".
He recently posed nude in aid of Children in Need, showing off his all-over tan with just a Pudsey Bear teddy to hide his modesty.
As well as negotiating a suntan oil deal, Dickinson is also keen on promoting spectacles and clothing, with dreams of launching his own label for the high street.


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BMW has never had a 7 Series M to rival performance-tuned competitors from Mercedes-Benz, Audi and Jaguar. So the Alpina B7 is the next-best thing for customers who think of an ordinary 7 Series sedan as insufficiently athletic. Alpina has long been tuning BMWs, but in 2007 the B7 became the first Alpina sold through US BMW dealers.
The current model—based on the 750i—is an exclusive vehicle with only 500 units allocated per year, and available in short- or long-wheelbase versions. The twin-turbocharged V8 pumps out 540 horsepower and produces more low-end torque than a standard BMW V8 thanks to larger turbos.


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Waka Flocka Flame Debuts 'I Can't Rap Vol. 1′ Mixtape
Since breaking out with 'O Let's Do It' and 'Hard In Da Paint' four years ago, Waka Flocka Flame has been the bane of "real hip-hop heads." Although he's never taken much notice of the backpack-clutching critics, he's smugly throwing it back in their faces with his new mixtape 'I Can't Rap Vol. 1.'
The sweet irony here, however, is that Waka Flocka can rap, and these are some of the best bars of his career. From Future's 'Move That Dope' to Drake's '0 to 100,' Fozzie Bear steps up his pen game and blazes some of the biggest rap records right now. He also serves up original new music — the highlight being '3 Gold Chains,' featuring unlikely guest Troy Ave.
Flocka fans better enjoy his rhymes while they can, because his sights are set on taking over the EDM world next. He's currently working on a new album called 'Turn Up God,' which will see him link up with the likes of Diplo, Steve Aoki and Borgore.


text: To get from Torvaianica to Pozzallo by train you can catch one of the 2 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Pozzallo leaves from Torvaianica at 06:52 and the last train departs at 13:19. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 07:11 hours. For your trip from Torvaianica to Pozzallo by train you can choose to leave from one of Torvaianica main stations: Pomezia-S. Palomba, Reggio di Calabria Centrale On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Pozzallo and book the best itinerary starting from Torvaianica.


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Toyota LandCruiser 70 / 75 / 78 Series
2004: Toyota has launched a unique LandCruiser Turbo-diesel Cab/Chassis model that combines a tough, sporty image with workhorse practicality.
It has the additional features of 16×7 inch five-spoke alloy wheels with 265/70R16LT Grandtrek All Terrain tyres, front wheel over fender flares, aluminium side steps and chrome front grille.
Inside, LC78 Muster has the added feature of a 2-DIN size Fujitsu Ten 3-in-1audio system which includes radio/cassette & single CD player.
LandCruiser 78 Series' Turbo-diesel engine delivers 122kW of power at 3400rpm and 380Nm of torque at 1400rpm.
2001 May: Toyota Australia reports that it has won a contract to supply 600+ vehicles to the Australian Department of Defence this year. The order is for a mix of Spacia, HiAce, Commuter Bus, Coaster, HiLux 4x2, LandCruiser 100-Series Wagon and LandCruiser 78-Series TroopCarriers.
6x6 Australia
six wheel drive conversion of a Toyota LandCruiser.
Another interesting LandCruiser modification is the addition of a
third (and fourth) side door to the Troop Carrier, as seen at recent
1999 October: Toyota Australia launched the LandCruiser 78-series, updating the trusty, not to say rustic, 70-series with the addition of a coil-sprung front axle and a choice of petrol and diesel motors from the 100-series.
Toyota's 70 had persisted with leaf-springs all round for a lot longer than its main competitors (Patrol & Defender) and indeed the 78 still has leaf springs at the rear. Now it has the 100's live front axle and coil springs, which also bring a wider track and four-spot caliper front disc brakes.
The wheel-base has been extended by 200mm to 3180mm (125") putting it up there with the 130. Some of those 200mm are taken up in stretching the cab by 120mm to increase interior room. The rear leaf-springs are longer for more travel.
The choice of engines is between the 4477cc 6-cylinder petrol engine (165 at 4600r, 387 at 3600r), and the 4146cc 6-cylinder naturally aspirated diesel (96 at 3800r, 285 at 2200r). The diesel "is matched to a new manual transmission ([also] proven in LandCruiser 100 Series) and a shorter final drive ratio - to improve performance." (Note that the Patrol now has a 4.2L turbo-diesel option.)
Prices of the 78-series LandCruiser range "from 45,100 for the 3-seat petrol cab-chassis to 53,000 for the 11-seat diesel troop-carrier" ().
- 4wd.sofcom.com/Toyota/70.html
Toyota LandCruiser 78-Series 2000
The 70 / 75 series Toyota LandCruisers took over from
the 40 / 45 series of workhorse four wheel drives in 1985.
The styling maintained a family resemblance to the 40 / 45 series
but became more angular.
The 70 series is the short wheel base (SWB)
and the 75 series is the long wheel base (LWB).
The latter comes as cab-chassis (tray),
ute or pickup with a "panelled" tray,
and "troop carrier" hard-top (HT).
Suspension is by live axles and leaf springs all round
although Land Rover and Nissan have switched to coils
on even their basic four wheel drives.
The SWB LandCruiser
(right) did come with coil springs but the
80-series & 100-series station wagons were the only other LandCruiser so
suspended until the 78-series came along.
Toyota LandCruiser 75 Series c1995
Go to the
40 / 45 series
Toyota (main)
b+w pic' by Toyota
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text:
Tried every filler out there for my lips, My body absorbs the fillers in approx 3 months, looking for something permanent. Latest was the surgimend strips in my lips, disappointed with results. No fullness, looks like the dissolved. Want to try the new Surgisil Permalip, but what to be sure of exchange or removal procedure and if the surgimend strips need to be removed.
Can the permalip implants be placed over the Surgimend product that was briefly being used by some plastic surgeons for lip enhancment? If you wanted to exchnge the Permalip implants from larger to smaller is there a waiting period between removal of larger to smaller size ? Can it be done at the same time?


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The Best Apps for Staying on Task
Posted on April 18, 2014
Though most collegiate assignments mandate access to at least a computer—if not also the Internet—laptops can frequently inhibit workflow rather than encourage it. The choice between procrastination (Facebook, Netflix, Tumblr…) and productivity (JSTOR, OnCourse, Google Docs…) is hardly a fair one, since Frank Underwood supersedes final exam prep almost every time, and no one can resist checking smartphone notifications. Thankfully, programmers all over the world feel our pain, and have developed these three apps to enforce efficient work habits on MacBooks and PCs alike.
The Self-Control app is a free, open-sourced program for apple operating systems that blocks email servers and websites for an allotted period of time. Even if the app has been deleted, of if your computer has been restarted, Self Control will continue to restrict access to any websites placed on your blacklist until the timer has run out!
2. SelfRestraint
Based on Self-Control, SelfRestraint works on Windows and Linux operating systems instead of apple's iOS. Though the app remains in beta mode, its creator has left it open-source and totally free to users. There's even a section on the website for known bugs and fixes, in addition to available Python code where anyone with coding experience can fiddle and customize.
This one isn't complimentary—$15 for user access—but it works across the board and has been hailed everywhere from AppStorm to the New York Times. They offer excellent customer service and support, access to the Freedom app (which blocks the web entirely), as well as a 60-day money-back guarantee. Great for those who want the whole package and easy access to experts.
-- Julie Bogen '14


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This page contains a PDF, which requires
Adobe Acrobat Reader (opens in new window)
to view.
Palmer College of Chiropractic offers a
Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree. Each candidate for the degree is
required to complete a minimum of five academic years (eight months each
of classroom work) in the prescribed curriculum. Students transferring
from other accredited chiropractic colleges must complete a minimum of
25 percent of the prescribed curriculum while in residence at Palmer
College. The final academic year prior to graduation must be completed
at the Palmer campus where the degree is being awarded.
The Doctor of Chiropractic curriculum on each campus focuses on the teaching and subsequent evaluation of student clinical competency. The Council on Chiropractic Education has identified mandatory meta-competencies that ensure the graduate will demonstrate attainment of the skills necessary to function as a primary care chiropractic physician. These meta-competencies, along with the Palmer Abilities, present our vision of the specific knowledge, skills and attitudes that will be demonstrated by all Palmer graduates in the Doctor of Chiropractic degree program.
Detailed information on CCE Accreditation Standards
In addition to learning each skill, students will be able to associate with it a cognitive, an affective and psychomotor component.
For example, a student studying radiology examination should, among other things, be able to demonstrate knowledge of the various physical and chemical processes involved in taking an X-ray, demonstrate an attitudinal awareness of patient apprehensions and discomfort, and demonstrate the capability to select a proper exposure.
Main campus
Davenport campusAcademic Affairs
1000 Brady St.Davenport, IA 52803-5214(563) 884-5466
Branch campuses
Florida campusAcademic Affairs
4777 City Center ParkwayPort Orange, FL 32129-4153
(386) 763-2760
West campusAcademic Administration
90 East Tasman Dr.San Jose, CA 95134-1617(408) 944-6021
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Mountain Cedar Vent Free Gas Log Set
These dual rated, Mountain Cedar, gas log sets can be installed in a vented or vent free setting. With three sizes to choose from, these 6-piece refractory log sets provide radiant heat and an attractive focal point.
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Thermostat remote systems allow you to input your desired room temperature, and they feature safety features such as a child lockout mode and thermo shutdown.
Visit Ambient Technologies for more information.


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By Sarah Chacko
Killeen Daily Herald
When early American pioneers set their sights on the wild west, there were lessons to be learned.
They tried to survive amid hardships and loss, hoping for economic gain.
The trials have paid off for the nation in general, but Killeen's land rush could be as much of an opportunity for success as it is for failure.
Surrounded to the east, west and north, south is the only territory left for the city to conquer.
Having already made large investments in that area an $83 million regional airport, a state veteran's cemetery, and hopefully, a four-year university city officials and residents know the south will allow for growth beyond what has been seen thus far.
"There's going to be development, but it needs to be good development," said resident Jason Mitcham. "So much more can be done (in the south) either in a really good or really bad way. It's just too early to tell."
Which is why officials are busy creating land use plans and zoning studies to ensure that the development boom won't backfire.
"We want to make sure we plan the development out there and not just let it happen," said Ward 4 Councilman Ernest Wilkerson, who represents the southwestern part of Killeen.
"Do we really want houses so close they're touching each other? Do we want dollar stores popping up? I think we're better than that," he said.
So do many residents, most of whom live in the future extension of Killeen and don't want to see rows of tin-roofed businesses where their open pastures used to be.
"I don't think you need to cover the world with duplexes and dollar stores," resident Wayne Duncan told the council Tuesday. "Take your time, think about it."
At a stakeholder meeting regarding the land-use plan for state highways 195 and 201 last April, Duncan said he appreciates that the city sought resident input, but whether it will respond to it remains to be seen.
"It's good the city sees a need for planning," said Duncan, who owns about 100 acres with written records back to the 1850s. "But what scares most people in here is which way you're going to plan it."
The majority of the development under way is in housing.
Mitcham raised concerns at the level of multifamily housing that the city is allowing, which is expected to be a topic of discussion for the council and the Planning and Zoning Commission.
Wilkerson also is pushing for changes in the subdivision ordinance, which was created when Killeen was a smaller community.
"It's no longer adequate," he said.
Wilkerson estimates that by the middle of next year, the city will be hitting a critical mass of developed land.
"I don't have an issue with fourplexes replacing dilapidated homes," he said. "But when you have a whole 83 acres of fourplexes, that's a problem."
Dick Young, chairman of the land-use committee, said city officials have a pretty good idea where certain things are going to locate.
"That's something the council needs to decide on, so that when they begin to develop it, we have a plan ... and it's not just a jungle of neon signs and junk metal," he said.
City Manager Connie Green said the city is doing a location study for the new police headquarters and next fire station.
While recommendations are yet to be made to the council, Green said they will be servicing the southern part of Killeen.
The water and sewer master plan is in the process of being updated to include more area to the south, he said.
Even the Killeen Independent School Districtis in on the action.
Kirk Thomas, special assistant to business services at KISD, said the district picks sites where it knows or feels development is anticipated, based on conversations with the city and developers.
"Indicators are that the city has nowhere to go but south," Thomas said. "Trustees wanted to try and get there ... ahead of the frenzy."
Thomas said the district has plans to meet with developers in the Goodnight Ranch area east of the airport.
"Obviously, if they develop all of that, we're going to need some school sites there," he said.
Placing schools within large developments is part of the district's neighborhood site philosophy.
Home buyers like to have a school nearby, especially one their kids can walk to.
Within the last five years, school sites have followed the neighborhood trend Iduma and Timber Ridge elementaries, Live Oak Middle, and by this fall Saegert Ranch and Skipcha Mountain elementaries.
Dollar stores
City Planner Tom Dann said the intersection of state highways 195 and 201 is ideal for commercial development, while more secluded land could be left completely alone, Dann said.
"Individuals have the opportunity to come and tell the (planning and zoning) commission what they want to do with their land," Dann said. "And the commission generally listens."
While some of SH 195 heading south is already assigned the least restrictive business zoning, Young said they are hoping to add overlays to that area and further on, where it is still mainly zoned for agriculture, to better delineate what businesses will be allowed there and how they can be built.
Billy Dunivan, who owns more than 20 acres at the corner of SH 195 and 201, said that when he bought the first piece of land there about 20 years ago, he expected that at one time or another it would become commercial.
"I wish it had been quicker," he said.
Still waiting to be hooked onto the city's sewer system, which he was told would be added when the intersection is reconstructed, and water lines, Dunivan said those amenities will ensure quick development.
Dunivan said he sees more subdivisions sprouting up than strip malls, bringing in the traffic that will hopefully incite commercial development.
While some residents to the south are worried about an increase in traffic and crime, Dunivan said there's always a negative that comes with a positive.
But growth is positive.
"I think it will be great," Dunivan said. "The more, the better for me."
While some residents are still coming to terms with the nature of growth, it is inevitable.
"Whether people want to face it or not, in 10 to 20 years, Copperas Cove and Killeen will be connected," Mitcham said.
With the majority of the council on the way out within the next two years, he said this is a delicate time for the city in securing the direction of future development.
"We all would like our small little towns to stay the way they are," Mitcham said. "But it can be painless. It doesn't have to hurt to grow."
Contact Sarah Chacko at email@example.com


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When a sandwich is too big, it can be held together with a toothpick or blended into a purée and spread between two pieces of bread. Keep it together with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
$11 for lunch for two (up to a $21.16 total value)
- Two sandwiches (up to a $4.99 value each)
- Two sides (up to a $2.99 value each)
- Two drinks (up to a $1.85 value each)
- Two cookies (a $0.75 value each)

$21 for lunch for four (up to a $41.82 total value)
- Four sandwiches (up to a $4.99 value each)
- Four sides (up to a $2.99 value each)
- Four drinks (up to a $1.85 value each)
- Four cookies (a $2.50 value)

The Sandwich Shoppe
At The Sandwich Shoppe, owners and chief sandwich artists Glenn and Patti Doherty share their love of homemade foods with their menu of made-from-scratch sandwiches, soups, and baked desserts. Open for breakfast and lunch, the shop serves up pancakes and omelets until 11am, at which point the kitchen transitions to grilling burgers, piling sandwiches high with corned beef, and baking trays of cookies and brownies.


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Road Trip Along The French Riviera
Our travel along the coast began with our first stop in Marseilles to visit Boris' dear friend, Marc. The city is known for its strong pride among its residents especially for its local football team. There is no doubt what a beautiful city it is, especially around the old harbor. Unfortunately, as you enter the city, you will soon learn how chaotic it is. As always, I enjoyed listening to Marc's enthusiasm about the city of Marseilles and trying to get me to like Pastis, a favorite drink among locals. Thank you Marc and Alexiane for hosting us!
A visit to Marseilles could not be complete without seeing Cassis, which is about 20 km east. We chose the scenic route on La Gineste where you get a sweeping view of Marseilles from the mountaintop. As you continue further along the road, where the houses start to get grander, you know you have arrived in Cassis.
Even road tripping in France is different from in the states. I got accustomed to making frequent mandatory breaks for coffee and rest versus stopping only when needed. Our next mandatory break brought us to the village of Bormes les Mimosas, which is known for its flowers used to make perfume. We had a pleasant stroll through the village and to the church on top of the hill.
By this time, I have passed out in the car for a few hours and have awoken to the sounds of the popular French Riviera. As I opened my eyes and try to gaze out the window, I was instantly swept away by the Cap Esterel. On the right side were just beaches and the blue sea. The entire left side was orange rock and it reminded me of Arizona. This had to be one of my favorite scenic parts and now I understand why people would give up the sandy beaches and settle for rocks.
Famous for holding an annual film festival, we wanted to see Cannes. While the old town was nice, the main avenue was heavily commercialized. Before visiting Cannes, it is probably useful to know that it costs about 50-80 euros to rent a beach chair for the day.
With less expensive beach chairs (not by much), Nice is a better option to stay overnight. Our generous friend, Megan, shared with us her grand hotel room with waterfront views. It's been a while since we have experienced something that luxurious so I couldn't help but admire the details of the room, especially the free chocolates. At night we went to a nearby restaurant and because our food took a little longer than it should, we got free drinks and appetizers. We love the service in Nice!
Merci Megan for visiting us and for a great trip. Let's do it again soon!
3 Responses to "Road Trip Along The French Riviera"
Quelle surprise de nous voir apparaître sur ce blog ! Merci pour le
petit clin d'œil… Pour ma part je garde un très bon souvenir de
notre soirée au Domino, au lieu de la gastronomie italienne à
Marseille. Notre repère à Boris et moi ! Et pour ceux qui à
l'instar de Muimui ne sont pas allergiques au pastis, vous pouvez
toujours venir avoir un aperçu plus complet du quotidien
marseillais sur http://www.photos-marseille.fr ! :p
C'est vrai, nous avons oublié de mentionner Domino. Merci encore,
pour votre hospitalité. On a passé un trés bon moment.
You're right, it does look like Arizona.


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Miley Cyrus spent some time relaxing in her Madrid, Spain, dressing room today before Sunday's MTV Europe Music Awards.
But as she took a break there, tongues were wagging here over TMZ's photo of Miley, 17, holding a beer at a club last night. Miley turns 18 on Nov. 23 and TMZ says technically that's the legal drinking age in Spain, but the law is rarely enforced.
In addition, People.com was busy reporting that just as her parents are splitting, so are Miley and her boyfriend Liam Hemsworth. (We thought they were already broken up?) "Their on- and off-again relationship is currently off," an unnamed source tells People.
Sign up for Lifeline Live e-mail alerts


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Alternative Stress Relief Treatment
We all have stress. If you experience stress and carry it in your back, neck, shoulders, head, or legs you may find relief through a session on our Migun Thermal Massage Bed which is being offered at Wholeness Healing Center. This bed offers an alternative means to rid your body of the stress and toxins that accumulate and may give you discomfort which, if ignored, may even move into illness or injury.
Our Migun Thermal Massage Bed may be a "calgon take me away" experience for you, leaving you feeling like "butter" when your time is over. Very little is required of you as you remove your shoes, lie down on the bed, and begin your relaxation process. Infrared heat is projected through the jade massage heads that travel automatically up and down the spine, neck, head, and legs. Jade stones are said to contain healing properties that hold the heat as it provides your body release. Release of the stress is further stimulated when the massage heads apply stimulation to acupuncture and pressure points, providing you a soothing relaxation to your body as layers of stress begin to be peeled off.
Hand-held external jade massage heads can allow specific target areas of stiffness or soreness; neck, shoulder, chest, ribs, abdomen, thighs, knees and ankles also reap the powers of the heated Migun massage. This whole experience provides release of toxins in the body. As the massage heads stimulate specific points of the body through its acupressure, it accesses the Eastern philosophy of recharging life force to bring proper balance back. This is done through temporarily blocking the circulation of Qi (energy) and then release "jump starting" the Qi movement to flush out the toxins. This will be further enhanced when you drink water after the session.
These massage beds blend the philosophy of Western and Oriental medicine as it works on five basic principles: chiropractic, massage, acupressure, acupuncture, and heat therapy (moxibustion). People have experienced the use of the bed restoring alignment in their body, thereby relieving nerve interference. It has been reported to increase the function of tissue cells and enhance blood circulation with its therapeutic infrared heat that penetrates deep into the tissues.
You may experience ease of chronic pain, speed recovery from sports injuries and make your muscles more agile. Because it stimulates your tissues and nerves around the acupressure points, it is comparable to an hour of jogging. Muscles that are not used are awakened through these thirty minutes of stimulation.
The Migun Thermal Massage System is approved by FDA as a Class II medical instrument under the 510 k regulation, and can be used without a prescription. Call to schedule at 308-382-5297. Sessions, lasting approximately 40 minutes, are $20.00. You can purchase a package and recieve 4 sessions for $60.00, if purchased up front. A 15 minute session is offered for $15.00.
2608 Old Fair Road, Grand Island, NE, 68803 Tel: (308) 382-5297Fax: (308) 382-5315
525 9th Avenue, Broken Bow, NE, 68822Tel: (308) 872-5040Fax: (308) 872-5060
3500 Central Ave., Ste. CKearney, NE 68845Tel: (308) 455-1560Fax: (308) 455-1450
© Wholeness Healing Center | Website Designed and Hosted by K & K Innovations


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Due to copyright restrictions you cannot buy this product in your country
With his stock as a producer ever rising since footwork veritably invaded the wider electronic music world, DJ Rashad serves up another potent brew of high tempo sample daggering for Hyperdub after choice LPs for the likes of Lit City Trax and Ghettophiles in the past. There's a smooth quality to many of the tracks on offer here as Rashad gets ever more intimate with synthesis in his tracks, the tender chords on a track such as "Only One" softening out the edges of the rapid fire vocal triggering. It's not all sweetness and light, with the title track whipping up a nod to the raw nastiness of old Dance Mania with its farting bassline in the lead in to the track. Either way, across fourteen tracks you get a real feel for where one of the leading lights of the footwork scene is at.
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IN A season dominated by widespread focus on his failings, Cameron White will start today's home Sheffield Shield match against South Australia with rare cause to be optimistic.
White's 147 for Richmond on Saturday ended a century drought at every level that had lasted since his 111 for Australia A against England in November 2010.
His exclusion from the Australian ODI team, due to his prolonged form slump, has made him available to lead the Bushrangers at the MCG, a match that will see him eclipse Bill Lawry as Victoria's most prolific shield captain with 57 matches.
Despite playing in just over half of the Bushrangers' matches in the past five years White will, as of today, be ninth in the ranks of shield captains, 23 behind overall leader Les Favell with 80.
White was unable to highlight why the late David Hookes and his assistant Greg Shipperd, the current Bushrangers coach, anointed him in 2003-04 when he was just 20 - but reiterated his appreciation that they did.
''I remember having quite a few senior players. Darren Berry and Matthew Elliott were in the team back then, and even Shane Warne in the odd game when he wasn't playing for Australia. It was a challenge but something I enjoyed - and still enjoy,'' said White, now 28.
''Even in under-age cricket I thought I had a half-decent handle on captaincy out on the field, but probably the thing I've learnt over the years is dealing with players off the field, getting the best out of a team, and a squad. No doubt I've made plenty of mistakes there but I've probably got better.''
In White's 22 innings this summer across the three formats he has averaged a meagre 15.21, with a top score of 36. He will nevertheless remain in the No.4 batting slot for this match, insisting leading the Bushrangers was not hampering his bid to regain form.
''I've asked that question all along, since I took over as a young captain, but I've never thought that was the case. Hopefully it's not the case at the moment and I can keep doing it, and start playing better,'' he said.
Peter Siddle will make his second shield appearance of the season after national selectors decided he was sufficiently rested after the summer's six Tests. He will be joined by Australian Twenty20 representative Aaron Finch.
Finch will replace Alex Keath and will bat at No.3, with Peter Handscomb likely to drop to number six. Siddle will seemingly replace either seamer Scott Boland or all-rounder Will Sheridan.
The last-placed Redbacks, whose only points this season were from a first-innings lead against New South Wales in October, have included seamer Chadd Sayers for Jake Haberfield and finger-spinner Aaron O'Brien for Cam Williams.
With three rounds remaining, Victoria is fourth, four points behind Tasmania (22), eight behind Western Australia (26) and 12 behind leader Queensland (30).
White said the results of this match, and next week's in Perth against WA, would shape whether the Bushrangers remain in contention to win the four-day competition.
''We played very well the other day in Adelaide and got the points there so hopefully a repeat performance [will be produced in Melbourne], having a couple of people coming back in and Peter Siddle being one of them,'' he said.
VICTORIA (from): White (c), Boland, Carters, Finch, Handscomb, Herrick, Holland, McDonald, Quiney, Rogers, Sheridan, Siddle.
SOUTH AUSTRALIA (from): Klinger (c), Cooper, Crosthwaite, Ferguson, George, Head, Mennie, O'Brien, Sayers, Smith, Stray, Tietjens.


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Before he could become a hosting legend, Reege had to pay his dues as the sidekick to Joey Bishop on The Joey Bishop Show.
And so, Bennett has volunteered himself to be Lapid's sidekick, in return for no meaningful progress on the peace process.
Mahmud still has his faithful (if drunken) sidekick Lenny: Can Muslim and Jew unite to save the day?
Originally, Cosby was supposed to be much more of a sidekick.
Playing an aging superhero named Merman (with sidekick Barnacle Boy), Borgnine takes on the "champion of the deep."
But what could be more retro-tired than bringing back Andy Richter, his original Late Night sidekick?
Look at what they did with Danger Inc., an early mobile device maker that created the sidekick, a really cool early smartphone.
Did Dexter have room in his life for a friend, even a sidekick, and could Prado be trusted?
If a sidekick is flamboyantly dressed in pastels or tailored velvet, he must be morally corruptible.
It's even more interesting that his sidekick is a crooked electronics engineer or scientist.
also side-kick, "companion or close associate," 1901, also side-kicker (1903), American English, of unknown origin. Earlier terms were side-pal (1886), side-partner (1886).
[origin uncertain; side-pal in the first sense is found by 1886]


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Meet People Interested in Dining Out in the London area.
Come to a local Dining Out Meetup to break bread with fellow foodies and gourmets, discover new restaurants, enjoy delicious meals and make satisfying conversation with friendly dinner companions.
All welcome.
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LAST weekend's 24-13 win over Cardiff Blues may have been a low-key affair by Bath's standards this season – but it meant the world to David Sisi.
The 20-year-old back row stepped off the bench to replace number eight Leroy Houston during the LV= Cup clash and finally make his competitive debut in club colours.
Sisi was one of a quartet of player to arrive from London Irish last summer, but while Anthony Watson, Jonathan Joseph and Matt Garvey all made impressive starts to their Rec careers, he was a frustrated bystander.
An ankle operation, necessary after suffering a pre-season injury against Bristol, kept Sisi sidelined for the opening half of the campaign.
Having been a key member of England's victorious U20 team, with Watson, at last summer's Junior World Championship though, there is little doubt about Sisi's pedigree and he is relishing the opportunity to show it in the remainder of the campaign.
"The ankle was a bit more long term than we thought and then, for the Amlin (Challenge Cup) and Aviva A League, I wasn't registered, so I was a bit unlucky not to get involved earlier,'' said Sis, who could be involved at Leicester in the final LV= Cup pool match tonight.
"Coming to the club and meeting up with your clubmates, but not being involved is more frustrating than tough but hopefully that's in the past now and I was really pleased to get involved (against Cardiff) and get through it.
""Probably what makes it more frustrating is to see those guys (Watson, Garvey and Joseph) do so well.
"It's awesome to see Tony (Watson) in the England squad and JJ was doing really well until he got injured, while I thought Garvs was very unlucky not to be part of the Saxons.
"All these guys have come into Bath and made big steps but we are where we are. Rugby is a contact sport and bad luck can happen.''
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text:
"First off, your website was easy to use. Uploading pictures to my gallery was easy. When it came time to pick what pictures I wanted to put on my birth announcement they were all there and easy to view/sort. I loved the big selection of birth announcements that you offer. The modern script boy birth announcement was simple and elegant. I loved that I could pick how many pictures I wanted to place on the announcement. I decided to place 7 pictures on the front, 6 were smaller but the center picture on the front was nice and big, it was the centerpiece of the entire announcement. I love the font selections as well as being able to write a little message about my sons birth. The pictures turned out great and the card stock was nice and sturdy. The only thing that I would say that I would of liked is a few more color choices for the border and body of the card. It did not seem like there was a big enough selection of colors. Other than that I was very happy with my purchase and so was my family. It shipped really fast to me and came packaged great so nothing got bent in the mail. I will be purchasing future items from shutterfly such as birthday announcements and photo books."
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When you have twins, you'll likely receive more than your fair share
advice and comments from family, friends and even strangers. People will
want to know if they are identical or fraternal, how you manage two
babies at once and whether or not twins run in your family. With all the
inquiries, it's nice to have a time and place all your own to announce
the special arrival of this pair. With twin birth announcements, you get
to choose the style, photos and information to reveal to the world.
If your family has been blessed by the arrival of two at once, you
have many unique adventures in the next several years, from double
strollers to twice as many hugs. When it comes time for newborn photos,
consider calling in some backup to make the day go smoothly. An extra
set of willing hands, be they grandma's or just a friend's will surely
find plenty to do during the photos. Keep the room warm so both babies
are comfortable during the session. Consider these other tips for a
successful photo shoot:
• Schedule early for the best availability
• Choose neutral colors, but avoid black and white
• Feed the babies about 30 minutes prior to the session
• Find a sitter for older children
• Make your bed for those cozy family shots
While many newborn photographers suggest taking photos within the
two weeks after the birth of a child, don't fret if your twins need a
few extra weeks in the hospital. Darling poses and props make beautiful
pictures possible at any age.
You will likely want to enlarge a few newborn shots for the nursery
other rooms in the house. Canvas
prints are a great medium for
displaying tiny fingers and toes and work well in any home. Consider
preserving all your favorite shots with a custom
photo book. The kids
will love flipping through pages of their tiny selves for years to come.


text:
The Adult Antiretroviral Treatment and Resistance Study (Tshepo)
This study has been completed.
Harvard School of Public Health
Princess Marina Hospital, Botswana
Botswana Ministry of Health
McGill University Health Center
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Richard Marlink, Harvard School of Public Health
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: September 12, 2005
Last updated: September 14, 2012
Last verified: September 2012
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study has been completed.
|Study Completion Date:
|December 2007
|Primary Completion Date:
|No date given


text:
The obvious advantage to wireless communication over wired is, as they say in the real estate business, location, location, location. Individuals and industries choose wireless because it allows flexibility of location--whether that means mobility, portability, or just ease of installation at a fixed point. The challenge of wireless communication is that, unlike the mostly error-free transmission environments provided by cables, the environment that wireless communications travel through is unpredictable. Environmental radio-frequency (RF) "noise" produced by powerful motors, other wireless devices, microwaves--and even the moisture content in the air--can make wireless communication unreliable.
Despite early problems in overcoming this pitfall, the newest developments in self-healing wireless networks are solving the problem by capitalizing on the inherent broadcast properties of RF transmission. The changes made to the network architectures are resulting in new methods of application design for this medium. Ultimately, these new types of networks are both changing how we think about and design for current applications and introducing the possibility of entirely new applications.
To capitalize on the benefits of wireless and to compensate for its challenges, much research and development to date has been focused on creating reliable wireless networks. Various approaches have been tried, but many wireless networks follow the traditional wired models and are manually configurable. This means that to join a network, a particular "node," or transceiver-enabled device, must be programmed to direct its communications to another particular node--often a central base station. The challenge here is that if the node loses contact with its designated peer, communication ends.
To compensate for this possibility, a small army of businesses has formed that will complete exhaustive (and expensive) RF site surveys to determine the optimal placement of nodes in a particular space. Unfortunately, sometimes even this step is not enough to ensure reliability, as the character of the environment can change from day to day. This is especially true in industrial environments and has led some early adopters of wireless technology to declare the whole medium to be useless for their purposes. They may change their minds about this fairly soon, however.
The most promising developments are in the area of self-healing wireless networks. Often referred to as ad hoc networks, they are decentralized, self-organizing, and automatically reconfigure without human intervention in the event of degraded or broken communication links between transceivers. [See "Routing in Ad Hoc Networks of Mobile Hosts," by David B. Johnson, from the Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, December 1994.]
These networks may have bridges or gateways to other networks such as wired Ethernet or 802.11, the strength of their architecture is that they do not require a base station or central point of control. It is these purely wireless decentralized networks we are addressing here.
Self-healing ad hoc networks have a decentralized architecture for a variety of reasons. The first, and perhaps the least expected, is historical. The earliest provider of funds for research in this area was the U.S. military. The requirements of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) SensIT program focused on highly redundant systems, with no central collection or control point. This makes sense even in the civilian world. Centralized networks, while optimized for throughput functions, risk a single point of failure and limit network scalability. Decentralized networks, in which each node acts as both an endpoint and a router for other nodes, naturally increase the redundancy of the network and open up the possibilities for network scaling as well. These attributes make for an attractive base on which to build self-healing network algorithms.
Automated network analysis through link and route discovery and evaluation are the distinguishing features of self-healing network algorithms. Through discovery, networks establish one or more routes between the originator and the recipient of a message. Through evaluation, networks detect route failures, trigger renewed discovery, and--in some cases--select the best route available for a message. Because discovery and route evaluation consume network capacity, careful use of both processes is important to achieving good network performance.
The work done to date on discovery and routing in self-healing networks divides along a few lines, although these lines are often blurred after the first classification. As a general rule, however, wireless self-healing networks have proactive or on-demand discovery, and single-path or dynamic routing. These characteristics affect network latency, throughput, resource needs, and power consumption in varying amounts, with reference as well to the particular applications running over them.
Proactive discovery. Proactive-discovery networks configure and reconfigure constantly. They assume that link breakages and performance changes are always happening, and they are structured to continuously discover and reinforce optimal linkages. Proactive discovery occurs when nodes assume that all routes are possible and attempt to "discover" every one of them. The Internet is like this in the sense that it is possible, at least in principal, to route from any station to any other station once you know its IP address, without adding any new information to the tables in routers along the path.
This is a great strategy for the Internet, but it is usually considered impractical for an embedded network because of its limited resources. Proactive discovery networks are "always on;" thus, a significant amount of traffic is generated and bandwidth occupied to keep links up to date. Also, because the network is always on, conserving power is more difficult.
On-demand discovery. On-demand discovery, in contrast, establishes only the routes that are requested by higher-layer software. On-demand discovery networks are only "on" when called for. This allows nodes to conserve power and bandwidth and keeps the network fairly free of traffic. If, between transmissions, the link quality between nodes has degraded, however, on-demand networks can take longer to reconfigure and, thus, to deliver a message.
Once routes have been established, they must generally be maintained in the presence of failing equipment, changing environmental conditions, interference, etc. This maintenance may also be proactive or on-demand.
Single-path routing. As for routing, network algorithms that choose single-path routing, as the name suggests, single out a specific route for a given source-destination pair. Sometimes, the entire end-to-end route is predetermined. Sometimes, only the next "hop" is known. The advantage of this type of routing is that it cuts down on traffic, bandwidth use, and power use. If only one node at a time needs to receive the packet, others can stop listening after they hear that they're not the recipient.
The pitfall is non-delivery. If any links along the predetermined route are degraded or broken, the packet will not get through. Depending on the maintenance scheme, it can take a long time for the network to recover enough to build a new route.
Dynamic routing. Rather than ignoring the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, dynamic routing takes advantage of it. Messages are broadcast to all neighbors and forwarded according to a "cost-to-destination" scheme. Messages act as multiple objects rolling downhill toward their ultimate destination. Although this type of routing takes advantage of multiple redundant routes from originator to destination, it can also generate a lot of traffic on the network. Without modification, it can result in messages traveling in endless loops, jamming up the network.
These definitions may seem fairly rigid, but in practical implementation many self-healing networks take advantage of a blending of these characteristics. Often, with the more open-ended algorithms, applications can be developed to be more restrictive than the underlying network architecture. Research institutions, standards bodies, and corporations are building best-of-breed technologies out of all these options, balancing the requirements of latency, bandwidth, memory, and scalability in different ways.
AODV. Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing is, as its name states, an on-demand discovery protocol. [For more information, see "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing," by Charles E. Perkins and Elizabeth M. Royer, from the Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, LA, February 1999, pp. 90-100.] It will discover routes to destinations only as messages need to be sent, although it bends this rule a bit by using periodic proactive "Hello" messages to keep track of neighboring nodes.
As for its routing scheme, AODV is actually a combination of dynamic and single-path routing (see Figure 1). It uses the cost-based gradients of dynamic routing to discover routes, but thereafter suppresses redundant routes by choosing a specific "next-hop" node for a particular destination. Thus, even if other nodes are within range, the chosen "next-hop" node is the one that receives the message. This choice is made to save memory and bandwidth, and comes at the cost of higher latency in the face of changing RF environment conditions and mobility of nodes, as it takes time to recover from broken routes.
DSR. Another on-demand discovery example, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is actually a single-path routing scheme, as shown in Figure 2. [See "Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks," by David B. Johnson and David A. Maltz, Mobile Computing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.] DSR is a source-routing scheme, where the entire end-to-end route is included in the header of the message being sent. Those routes are developed using dynamic discovery messages, however, and multiple possible routes are stored in case of link breakage.
The "key advantage to source routing is that intermediate nodes do not need to maintain up-to-date routing information in order to route the packets they forward, since the packets themselves already contain all the routing decisions," according to Josh Broch, David A. Maltz, David B. Johnson, Yih-Chun Hu, and Jorjeta Jetcheva in "A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad-Hoc Network Routing Protocols," [Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '98), October 25-30, 1998, Dallas, TX]. This choice reduces memory usage for tables, as well as administrative traffic, because this, "coupled with the on-demand nature of the protocol, eliminates the need for the periodic route advertisement and neighbor detection packets present in other protocols," according to Broch et al.
The main drawback to DSR is its increased packet overhead--because the whole route needs to be contained in the packet. For nodes that need to communicate to many other nodes, there is also a high memory penalty, as that node needs to store entire routes and not just a next hop or cost.
GRAd. Gradient routing in ad hoc networks (GRAd) is our first example of totally dynamic routing, shown in Figure 3. [See "Gradient Routing in Ad Hoc Networks," by Robert D. Poor, MIT Media Laboratory, 2000.] It is an on-demand discovery scheme as well. GRAd's routing capitalizes on the potential availability of redundant routes from originator to destination nodes to optimize for lowest latencies. To reduce network traffic once the message has made it to the destination, GRAd suppresses message proliferation loops by returning an acknowledgment. The maintenance of multiple sets of routes adds memory cost and network traffic, but the return is an increase in both reliability and speed of message delivery.
Cluster-Tree. The Cluster-Tree algorithm ["Cluster Tree Network," by Ed Callaway, IEEE p.802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks, 2001] is the most significantly different protocol in both discovery and routing from the other algorithms described here. To initialize the network, one of the nodes is designated as the "root" of the tree. It assigns network addresses to each of its neighbors. These neighbors then determine the next layer of addresses, and so on. Routing is rigidly defined, and messages by default go up to the closest jointure and back down branches to get to their destinations. Discovery in the Cluster-Tree algorithm is proactive. Periodic "Hello" messages follow the setup of the network to ensure that links remain unbroken or to rearrange the tree if damage has occurred.
The great benefit to this algorithm is a small memory footprint, as a node has to remember only the addresses of its neighbors. This type of system is a good choice for smaller applications where all data needs to flow to a single sink. For that small footprint, however, it sacrifices speed across the network (some nodes may have to go all the way to the root to contact another node that is physically close by) and scalability.
The significant compromise to the robustness of any self-healing wireless network versus a wired network, or a centralized wireless network, is the increased latency and loss of throughput to the overhead costs of network maintenance and the inherent costs of store-and-forward messaging. To recover some of that lost network performance, developers need to focus on designing extremely efficient applications--those that take advantage of the processing power available in wirelessly enabled endpoints and that tailor the transport layer of the network to the needs of the particular application. This results in the need to do more careful code building and can mean a steeper learning curve for those wanting to use self-healing technologies. Ultimately, however, the results will be a proliferation of low-power, low-latency, highly scalable applications that will transform the technology landscape yet again.
Network application design--particularly the design of the "simple" applications most likely to run on severely resource-constrained hardware--often exhibits an unfortunate inertia. In the earliest days of embedded digital networks, developers used bus-sharing strategies such as query-response and token-passing to control traffic. Perhaps by habit, some developers try to employ these strategies even when a viable MAC layer is in place. Unfortunately, this redundant traffic control adds overhead and reduces network capacity; when the selection of a self-healing network is already squeezing network capacity, developers designing these networks should question the need to directly control access to it. These kinds of trade-off choices are the hallmark of design for self-healing networks.
One especially useful strategy for avoiding unnecessary overhead is to decentralize tasks within the network. Digital communications assume some degree of processing power at each node, and using that power to handle tasks in a distributed way often requires no hardware changes. Some types of processing are cheaper than sending data in self-healing networks--even the simplest devices can compare data against thresholds, so it is possible to limit messaging to cases where there is something interesting to say. Rather than a periodic temperature report, for example, a temperature-sensing device can be programmed to report "exceptions," conditions under which the temperature falls outside a prescribed range. This kind of exception-based or "push" messaging can greatly reduce traffic in a network, leaving more capacity for communication. Depending on the amount of processing power available at the endpoint and the complexity of the application, a significant portion of the data processing and analysis needed for an application can be done before the data ever leaves the endpoint. Developers need to evaluate their applications carefully to discover how useful this strategy will be for them.
Developers encounter another challenge at the point where data leaves the endpoint. In extremely resource-constrained applications, using extraordinary methods may be necessary to satisfy application specifications. As a concrete example, consider the conscious relaxation of encapsulation in the classical Open System Interconnection (OSI) model in a network using dynamic route selection. Developers need to ask, "Is pure separation of layers appropriate here?"
According to good programming practice and the OSI model, developers should encapsulate routing tasks in the network layer and transmission and reception tasks in the physical layer. Any interaction between these layers should be indirect and mediated by the network layer. Unfortunately, efficient dynamic route selection often depends upon immediate access to physical data such as signal strength or correlator error rate.
In this case, performance can suffer if there are artificial barriers to this interaction. Ultimately, this suggests that the OSI networking model may need to change to suit the characteristics of these new networks, whose importance is growing all the time and should not be underestimated.
Thanks to Moore's Law, the cost of radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and microcontrollers is falling rapidly, making possible the manufacture of very low-cost wireless communication nodes. Commercial wireless chipsets are available for less than $5 (with a typical total module cost of $20), less than the cost of the connectors and cables that are the hallmark of wired network systems--and that cost is still decreasing.
When these low-cost wireless nodes are provisioned with self-healing networking algorithms, the result is a network that is simultaneously inexpensive to manufacture and easy to deploy. Because the network is wireless, you don't need to drill holes and pull cables. And because it is self-organizing and self-healing, you don't need to be an RF expert to deploy a reliable network; the network takes care of itself.
So the stage is set. We have at hand a new kind of network that can be mass-produced inexpensively and deployed with no more effort than bringing one wireless node within range of another. What kinds of applications can we expect from these self-healing wireless networks within the next 18 months? And what changes can we expect in the long term?
Expect to see a profusion of sensor networks, characterized by a large quantity of nodes per network, where each node produces low-bit-rate, low-grade data that is aggregated and distilled into useful information. Using wireless sensor networks, bridges and buildings will be outfitted with strain gauges to monitor their structural health. Air-handling systems in airport terminals and subway tunnels will be equipped with detectors for toxic agents, giving an early warning in case dangerous substances are released into the air. Orchards and vineyards will be peppered with tiny environmental monitors to help determine the optimal irrigation and fertilization schedule and to raise an alert if frost is imminent.
Expect to see numerous wire replacement applications in buildings and in factories. Within buildings, lighting and HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning) systems will use wireless connections to reduce the cost of installation and remodeling. The ZigBee Alliance [www.zigbee.org] is an industry alliance developing profiles on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Network devices [www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html]; some of the first profiles being developed are specifically for lighting and HVAC applications.
Expect to see a variety of asset management applications, where commercial goods are equipped with inexpensive wireless nodes that communicate information about their state and provenance. Imagine a wireless maintenance log attached to every jet turbine in a giant warehouse, making it possible to do a live query of the warehouse to learn the presence, current state, and maintenance history of each turbine. This not only reduces the time required to locate parts, but also is indispensable for rapid product recalls.
In the longer term, individual wireless networks will interconnect to offer functionality above and beyond their original intent. In the office building, wireless light switches and thermostats will cooperate with motion detectors and security sensors and, over time, form a detailed model of the usage patterns of the building. The building can "learn" to anticipate ordinary events and to flag abnormal events, resulting in lower energy costs and more effective security systems. In the case of a fire or other emergency, the building can alert rescue personnel as to which rooms are occupied and which are empty.
Imagine a city in which each lamppost is outfitted with a simple go/no-go sensor to indicate if its light is working properly or not. From the outset, this system can save the city substantial revenue by automatically identifying which lamps need replacing and which are wasting energy. Imagine that each bus in the city is outfitted with a wireless node. As a bus drives down the street, its position is relayed through the wireless network to a display at the next bus kiosk, informing the waiting passengers how long they must wait for the next bus.
The important common factor in all these applications is that humans are barely involved: The devices, sensors, and networks must function without human intervention. As David Tennenhouse eloquently stated in his visionary article, "Proactive Computing," [Communications of the ACM (CACM), May 2000, Volume 43, #5], widespread adoption of networked devices can't happen until humans "get out of the loop," simply because there will be too many devices for us to attend to. It is the autonomous nature of self-organizing, self-healing networks that makes these applications possible.
Self-healing networks are designed to be robust even in environments where individual links are unreliable, making them ideal for dealing with unexpected circumstances, such as public safety systems. The dynamic nature that gives these networks their self-healing properties, however, also makes them difficult to test. Even after multiple deployments and thorough simulation, it's difficult to predict how these systems will work (or fail) in actual emergencies. Can wireless, self-healing networks be trusted with anything but the most trivial of data?
As with any new technology that touches our daily lives, perhaps the biggest challenge is anticipating the sociological effects of a very networked world. Trusted technologies will need to address challenges of privacy in network and data security, in regulatory issues, and in civil liberties. Buildings that know where we are will keep us safe in an emergency, but do they infringe on our rights of privacy and freedom?
Ultimately, if self-healing networks can provide truly useful services to a wide range of applications at a good cost, all the challenges facing them--both social and technological--will be readily solved. Remembering that the best uses for technologies are often difficult to predict (after all, e-mail was an afterthought for the developers of the Internet), we can be fairly certain that the killer app for self-healing networks is out there, waiting to be developed. Q
ROBERT POOR founded Ember Coorporation in 2001. As a doctoral student at the MIT Media Lab, he developed Embedded Networking, a new class of wireless network that enables inexpensive, scalable, easily deployed connections for common manufactured goods. He has accrued more than 25 years of technical and management-level experience from Silicon Valley. He received a patent for self-organizing networks in 2000 and was awarded his Ph.D. from MIT in 2001.
CHARLOTTE BURGESS AUBURN is the marketing manager for Ember Corporation. She holds a bachelor's degree from Oberlin College and a master's degree from Tufts University. She has professional experience in creative production with the MIT Media Laboratory.
CLIFF BOWMAN is an applications engineer at Ember Corporation. He has been developing embedded solutions for industrial, defense, and automotive applications since 1991.
Originally published in Queue vol. 1, no. 3—
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