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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) continue to overcome many of the challenges related to wireless sensor monitoring, such as for example the design of smarter embedded processors, the improvement of the network architectures, the development of efficient communication protocols or the maximization of the life cycle autonomy. This work tries to improve the communication link of the data transmission in wireless sensor monitoring. The upstream communication link is usually based on standard IP technologies, but the downstream side is always masked with the proprietary protocols used for the wireless link (like ZigBee, Bluetooth, RFID,
Sensor monitoring had seen its own technological revolution in the low scaling of the wireless communication technologies. As soon as the electronic technology was able to offer good performance—in terms of power consumption and cost—in analog to digital converters (ADC), data processing units and radiofrequency front ends, wireless embedded systems were integrated with sensor technologies for a non-intrusive monitoring [
A WSN is made up of distributed devices (known as nodes or tags) with some kind of sensing capability to monitor physical or environmental parameters. They are connected wirelessly creating different type of networks based on the IP wired technology and they cover a large range of application areas, mainly when power or infrastructure limitations make a wired solution difficult to use.
Despite the maturity of the WSNs, there are still many challenges to overcome, like the increase of the computational power of the sensor devices with lower power requirements [
The interaction within WSNs,
In both cases, there is a data transmission phase that is done with standard TCP/IP protocols, but there is another one that always depends on the technology used in the wireless link. This work tries to take one step ahead in the interaction within WSNs, proposing an integral web interaction from the end user to the sensor tags in order to take advantage of the IP network technologies during all the data transmission process. In other words, we put each sensor tag directly in the Internet as part of the Internet of Things paradigm [
The primary purpose of the current paper is to present the new concept of near field sensor tags with a web browsing interaction for secure applications. This is done by tunneling the TCP/IP traffic over a near field radiofrequency technology (NFC), avoiding the use of proprietary protocols and application program interfaces. As the NFC identification technology is not intended to exchange large amount of data, the problems found so far and the way they have been solved, as well as the advantages of this near field web access approach, will be shown in the next sections.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the basic access modes of sensor monitoring used nowadays and the main wireless technologies used. Section 3 introduces the concept of the proposed sensor tag with a web access. Section 4 presents a summarized explanation of the implementations and the system evaluation of the WebTag. The conclusions of this paper are summarized in Section 5.
Sensor wireless monitoring can be analyzed and classified in many ways, but in this section we are going to focus on one specific aspect: the access mode.
Regarding the interaction in sensor wireless monitoring, we can simplify it into two access modes: near field or remote access, depending on where the information is processed. In the first case, a dedicated device (
In both cases, the communication process can be divided into two main stages: the former (on the right side of the
Let's focus on the data acquisition stage. Each communication technology specifies part of the communication protocols required for the data transmission [
Security issues have been briefly mentioned, but they have a key importance in this work. Regarding the access modes, both remote and near field modes have differences and common problems in security issues.
The near field access mode, as it is based on point-to-point communication links, allows authentication, encryption and compression methods in a more efficient way [
As the present work is focused on web based access for secure wireless sensor monitoring, let's go more in deep in topics like web access and near field point-to-point technologies.
The web based access in the data acquisition stage of sensor wireless monitoring systems has increased due to the progressively use of Internet Protocol (IP) in computational and sensing devices [
The IP for Smart Objects (IPSO) Alliance and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) have recently promoted the use of IP in low power embedded systems in order to avoid proprietary standards. This way, in remote access systems, the data acquisition and transmission stages can be connected without any network gateway, and in near field solutions, the reader will not be dedicated anymore, as any web browser would be able to interact with the sensor tag using the standard TCP/IP communication protocols.
On the other hand, a standard suite of protocols like TCP/IP can improve the security performance by means of classical security solutions, like cryptography, web authentication, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) for web traffic and IPsec for the network layer security. The fact of using the Internet based security techniques in WSNs is an added security improvement compared to the proprietary protocols.
Therefore, proprietary protocols are trying to enhance their application capabilities with native IP support. ZigBee for example is now supporting IP, seamlessly enabling the use of diverse devices (even from different vendors) without using a gateway translation layer.
Bluetooth is also moving towards IP tunneling [
The challenge on this topic relies on the IP tunneling of proprietary near field wireless technologies over the tight performance requirements of the sensor tags: power consumption, computing capacities, bidirectional data transmission, costs,
There are not many technologies that allow a near field point-to-point access for sensor monitoring, maybe radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology in all its variants (LF/HF/UHF/Microwave) is the most used since the passive radio link was merged with sensing and small computing tasks [
One of best examples is Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) [
The major advantages of these sensor tags are the ones directly inherited from the use of classic RFID: tiny, inexpensive and long-life tags, and the point-to-point and its simple communication procedure, where the tag is seen by the reader as a standard tag and the sensor data is attached to the identification string. There is also a growing tendency that tries to make these sensing RFID devices cooperate with wireless sensor networks [
However, RFID sensing devices have many drawbacks. On the one hand, when no reader is present, the sensor tags have no power supply and therefore they cannot work, the data is not internally saved and obviously there is no radio communication link. In the other hand, they use proprietary communication protocols and
Bluetooth instead is a bidirectional, short-range and master-slave wireless technology working at 2.4 GHz and it is mainly used to connect computers, mobile phones, and handheld devices. Bluetooth is also a proprietary protocol, but it allows a bidirectional and point-to-point interaction, but needs of a pairing process to enable that communication link. Bluetooth has also been used to form wireless sensor networks using TCP/IP [
Near Field Communication (NFC) is another near field point-to-point wireless communication technology that is achieving importance in some sectors for user identification because of the bidirectional capacity. NFC works in the HF band (13.56 MHz) and it somehow extends and covers the capabilities of RFID, despite RFID is mainly applied to item, product or people tracking, and NFC has been used to provide contactless payment services [
That is because RFID can operate to reading ranges of several meters, which could be not suitable for reliable applications. However, the NFC read range, of only a few centimeters, provides a good performance in high secure and reliable applications like mobile payments and access control, which need the exchange of creditable information.
The drawbacks of NFC are the greater complexity of the bidirectional communication and the need of batteries. Thus, systems with NFC readers provide broader use than RFID because NFC allows the deployment of new services based on its bidirectional (peer-to-peer) communication capacities [
When compared with other point-to-point (see
NFC is the best technology for high security applications, web based interaction and continuous monitoring, mainly because the near field point-to-point access, the bidirectional capability that allows the implementation of IP tunneling and the use of batteries. That is why NFC was the technology selected for the present work. The next section shows the WebTag concept for web access in NFC sensor tags.
The main goal of WebTag is to modify the interaction and accessibility method of sensor tags to a web browsing model, reducing the impacts on the battery life, the computational requirements and the security threats regarding the ubiquity of the wireless access.
For this purpose, WebTag intends to merge the benefits of the accessing methods shown before. On the one hand, the security of the near field point-to-point access and on the other hand the usage of non proprietary protocols and user interfaces over the NFC technology. This approach will put the sensor tags directly in the Internet without using a protocol gateway, with all the advantages of web browsing and service invocation, improving the response time to an emergency, malfunction or damage of the sensor tag, and reducing the related costs. The basic requirements of WebTag can be classified as follows:
Embedded microcontroller Optimized battery based design Battery charger system onboard Bidirectional radiofrequency communication (NFC) Real Time Clock (RTC) Set of sensors Communication Protocol
Use common and standardized communication protocols (TCP/IP) Processing Unit
Use of embedded web server to serve the data to the client side Security
Web access control methods aside encryption implementations Header and data encryption Wireless Transmission
Minimize the information exchange due to the low rates and latencies of embedded systems TCP/IP header compression HTML data compression Power Consumption
Enable low power modes
Embedded microcontroller Optimized battery based design Battery charger system onboard Bidirectional radiofrequency communication (NFC) Real Time Clock (RTC) Set of sensors
Embedded microcontroller
Optimized battery based design
Battery charger system onboard
Bidirectional radiofrequency communication (NFC)
Real Time Clock (RTC)
Set of sensors
Communication Protocol
Use common and standardized communication protocols (TCP/IP)
Use common and standardized communication protocols (TCP/IP)
Processing Unit
Use of embedded web server to serve the data to the client side
Use of embedded web server to serve the data to the client side
Web access control methods aside encryption implementations Header and data encryption
Web access control methods aside encryption implementations
Header and data encryption
Wireless Transmission
Minimize the information exchange due to the low rates and latencies of embedded systems TCP/IP header compression HTML data compression
Minimize the information exchange due to the low rates and latencies of embedded systems
TCP/IP header compression
HTML data compression
Power Consumption
Enable low power modes
Enable low power modes
In next sections some details are disclosed for each subject.
The WebTag architecture (see
Sensors are normally connected through conditioning circuits and these are completely application dependent. The physical principle, resolution, power and signal conditioning requirements define both microcontroller and battery specifications, and therefore the overall system life cycle, but from the architecture point of view, the use of standard interfaces and battery cells allows us to cover a wide range of sensors.
The communication technologies depends on the coverage, data rate, power and legal requirements, and the architecture depends on the communication procedure. For the NFC wireless solution the system needs to include a radiofrequency transceiver, an antenna and the matching circuitry between them.
Last but not least, it is mandatory the use of some kind of active power source, even its dimensioning is carefully optimized regarding the application duty cycle, the microcontroller operation modules, the communication strategy and the alternative power harvesting techniques. This is, along with the sensor technologies, one of the biggest challenges within the wireless sensor networks.
WebTag uses the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) communication protocol. It is the basic communication protocol used in the Internet and it is composed by two layers: TCP provides the communication with the application layer (HTTP) and IP layer handles the destination of each packet.
TCP/IP has a client/server model: a client asks a service petition trough the web browser, then a request is sent to the proper server, and the server (WebTag in this case) uses TCP/IP to respond to the browser. That means TCP/IP communication is primarily bidirectional and point to point, from the client side to the server side.
NFC is not intended to carry TCP/IP traffic. NFC uses a master-slave model and small payloads, about 250 bytes, and TCP/IP instead is commonly used for constant and large data traffic. Then, the information to be transmitted has to be divided to the NFC payload in as many packets as needed, and all those packets have to include the TCP/IP headers.
An approach was made a while ago to prove that TCP/IP could travel over NFC [
Regarding the reader device (mobile phone, laptop,
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the
These embedded web servers have some functional limitations depending on the microcontroller memory constraints and the network protocols. As a general rule, memory and CPU utilization should be minimized and the web server should be able to serve different pages from application memory. There it is one of the big challenges of WebTag.
WebTag allows a reduction of the risk related to the malicious wireless access by means of two important design rules, inherited from the near field point-to-point access and IP. The former is simply to reduce the read coverage up to a few centimeters, making the interaction by radio coupling. The latter is a consequence of the use of an embedded web server, as it allows deploying web authentication based methods. Sensor tags usually provide encryption techniques as security method for transmitting data over the air, but if exchanged data contains private or significant information, deploying security systems beyond encryption as authentication methods may be necessary. Implementing a login utility to access WebTag prevents third party users without permission to access the system. In addition, we can keep a record of successful and unsuccessful accesses over time.
Sensor tags usually have small bandwidths, intended to exchange small amount of data (personal identification or sensor data) so they are not prepared for transmitting large information.
For WebTag, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) pages and all the extra data introduced by the used protocols and physical layers would be too large for the radiofrequency channel capabilities. This always means the need to split the data in several parts, increasing the channel usage, reducing the data transmission efficiency (more overheads), and therefore increasing again the overall transmitted data.
This decrease in transmission efficiency affects directly to the user experience if the read range is very short, because the user should be close to the tag for too long. WebTag proposes the use of compression techniques based on the idea that TCP/IP headers do not change very much during a connection and that the format of the data is previously known (HTML syntax).
Power consumption is among the most significant performance metrics for sensor tags due to the fact they are usually powered by small batteries. Power consumption depends not only on the hardware used, but also on how the hardware is used and how often high computational and memory processes are made by the CPU.
As sensor tags have to remain operational through a determinate amount of time, it is important to use dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, reducing the supply voltage and clock frequency, and dynamic power management techniques, as powering down the unused hardware or peripherals. Moreover, the system should stay in low power modes when possible to save batteries.
The current WebTag prototype (
In this implementation two sensors have been used: digital temperature and humidity sensor (SHT15) and a light dependent resistor (LDR). The LDR is connected to the microcontroller through an analog interface, and the data conditioning is done with internal analog to digital converter (ADC). The SHT15 digital temperature/humidity sensor uses a SPI interface to communicate with the CPU. All the sampled values are stored in memory with the sampling time and date. A hardware Real Time Clock (DS1337) has been used to keep track of the current time, so that the microcontroller has a solid clock reference. For sampling the sensors, an alarm is set in the RTC so the microcontroller wakes up from sleep.
WebTag is based on the uIP TCP/IP communication stack. It is an implementation of the TCP/IP protocol stack intended for small 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. It provides the necessary protocols for Internet communication with a very small code footprint and RAM (Random Access Memory) requirements. It is open source and it has been ported to a wide range of 8-bit microcontrollers and it is used in a large number of embedded products and projects.
At this point, it is important to note how NFC works. In peer-to-peer applications NFC communication procedure follows a master-slave mode, in which one end of the communication acts as the initiator and the other end, in this case WebTag, acts as a target (see
Unfortunately, the target can only respond to an initiator if this last one has sent a packet or a request. As TCP/IP traffic does not work like this, as sometimes one end has more data to send than the other one, a specific communication procedure has to be used. In this case, the initiator knows if the target has still information to send by a byte used as a flag in the NFC header. When this flag is on, the initiator sends another packet to the target so all the remaining data can be sent.
Once the communication is ended, the target gets back to its low power state waiting for another initiator request.
WebTag uses a downsized embedded web server that listens on port 80 for incoming HTTP requests and it can handle POST and GET methods. The way it manages the information that has to exchange with the client is based on states. Thus, the embedded web server has a variable which contains the actual state of the server and depending on that state and the request message received from the client side, serves different contents.
Contents are HTML web pages stored in memory. Hence, web server can display different pages, as: login, real time sensors diagram, values of the sensor samplings saved to date with the chance of sending them through POST/GET to an outside server for further processing, an email form and a webpage which displays information about WebTag and also allows modifying certain run time variables, as sampling time.
In order to establish an IP connection with WebTag, a bash script has been developed in Ubuntu environment. This script creates a virtual network interface (matching the IP address of WebTag), reads and processes the packets from the NFC reader (connected via USB) and sends the encapsulated TCP/IP packets to the virtual network interface so the user can surf WebTag in a transparent way.
When a connection is established with WebTag, the embedded web server analyzes every incoming HTTP packet and its actual state to know what content the user is demanding.
To test the proper performance of the web server, the information stored in WebTag can be sent to a remote server. All the stored values are processed in a configurable format to build as many strings as necessary to send the information within the HTML pages. All those values will be visible to the client through its web browser in the specified format, and if desired, the browser can send that information to a remote server through a POST method and its Internet connection for further processing. When the data arrives to the server and it is stored, an acknowledge packet is sent back to the client in order to redirect it to WebTag, and once that confirmation from the remote server has been received, those stored values are erased from memory. The fact of seeing real time sensor values and the chance of sending all the stored values to a remote server through Internet for further processing, all by web browser interaction allows different kind of scenarios and usability.
Keeping unauthorized users from accessing the information is something mandatory in many identification and monitoring systems related with security applications. To avoid any external user to access the information within the web server two methods of security are implemented.
The first one is a ciphering implementation based on ARC4 or ARCFOUR. This encryption system is one of the most used software stream cipher and it is used in popular protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). It is very simple and lightweight but has some weaknesses, as the insufficient key schedule, in which the first encrypted bytes reveal some information about the key. If these bytes are discarded, efficiency can be improved. For WebTag we believe this kind of encryption gives us a good compromise between security and computational needs, so we have developed a small encryption implementation based on ARC4. We generate a key stream using a key-scheduling algorithm (KSA) for the permutation of bytes and a pseudo-random generation algorithm (PRGA) to generate the stream.
The WebTag prototype also implements a login access control service in order to avoid any external user to access the information within the web server (
The NFC module is connected to one UART in the CPU. Every time a packet arrives, the microcontroller gets the TCP/IP header and payload and sends it to the IP stack for processing. After a response, the packet is compressed if possible (header and data), the NFC header is calculated and sent to the NFC module for wireless transmission.
Although we have tried different maximum transmission units (MTU), we have noticed that sometimes the response time is not as quick as desired, which is understandable.
The used NFC chip has a receive and transmit buffer of only 64 bytes that can be processed and transmitted at once, so a bottleneck problem could happen if we try to send more data at once. Besides, the master-slave working mode of NFC forces us to send some control packets in order to ensure the whole information exchange, increasing the channel usage and its latency.
On the other hand, the path those packets have to travel between the NFC device, the CPU and the internal processes, their different processing speeds, among the several partly buffers for data processing increased the transmission latency.
That is why reducing the size of the headers of those packets flowing through the wireless link provides many positive aspects to data exchange, like an improvement of the response time seen by the user. The compression allows the use of small packets (suitable for interactive traffic) without affecting the efficiency of the bandwidth of the channel.
Header compression is especially desirable in environments where links have low values of the MTU, as NFC. This feature responds to the need to minimize the error probability of the packets flowing through the network.
Considered the power and memory limitations, it is mandatory to implement a low profile header compression. We have developed a compression algorithm based on Van Jacobson compression due to its greater simplicity compared to other standards. This standard is based on delta coding, which transmits only the differences between successive packets. The algorithm is based on two characteristics of TCP/IP connection traffic:
Some of the fields of the header remain invariant during a connection. Another fields change a predictable value.
Some of the fields of the header remain invariant during a connection.
Another fields change a predictable value.
Then, the fields which vary along the connection are replaced by increments of the same field of the immediately preceding segment. For example, the sequence number of each received segment is calculated from the previous segment by adding the incremental value indicated by the new segment. Keeping header buffers for both incoming and outgoing packets allows us to increase the compression range by calculating some fields from both headers. After a compressed packet is sent, the header buffer is updated with the new values.
Following this implementation we have been able to achieve a compression rate of 87.5%, sending only 5 bytes of TCP/IP header, sufficient to convey all the necessary information, like the total length, TCP checksum and flag or the ACK number increment. After a connection is set free, header buffers are cleaned and next time a packet arrives (SYN) the process starts all over again.
The power consumption of WebTag is shown in
Power management efforts have been focused in minimizing CPU, memory and peripheral device usage by implementing some energy management software techniques and using low power modes. In order to avoid wasting power, the peripherals that are not used, like different timers and interfaces, are powered down permanently, but the ones that are used only in short periods are powered down till they are requested for activation. Thus, a considerable amount of power is saved in large periods. When there is no web server activity the NFC device and the CPU enter low power modes. Only two external interrupts can wake up again the system: NFC initiator request and the hardware RTC triggering.
A configurable alarm based on the RTC is the responsible of triggering the sensor samplings. When it is time to check the sensors, the CPU exits from the low power mode and turns on the ADC module to perform the conversion. After sensors are sampled, the current values are compared with the previous values and if they do not differ a configurable percentage, they are not saved in memory, reducing CPU and memory usage. Then, the ADC is powered down and the alarm is set again into the RTC to wake the CPU when it is time to sample the sensors again (see
This paper introduces WebTag, a new concept of smart sensor tags with web access. It is based on the near field (NFC) point-to-point technology over a micro embedded web server. It represents a step forward to the evolution of the Internet—from a simple inter-computer connection to an Internet of Things paradigm—applied to the wireless sensor monitoring for secure applications.
WebTag tries to merge the advantages of the NFC and IP technologies,
Unless WebTag has been validated in a near field point-to-point application, this is the first step to its integration in wireless sensor networks. This work shows the challenges of integrating a web access into a sensor tag. On the one hand, we found some of the problems related with the low power requirements. All the hardware and software designs need to be optimized in power consumption, and the inclusion of web based communication technologies in low power microcontrollers has been solved successfully.
On the other hand, the fact of providing a web access over radiofrequency identification technology has been a major challenge. This is because NFC and TCP/IP differ in their basic way of functioning. TCP/IP is prepared for the exchange of large and constant amount of data, while NFC is prepared for small payloads, few exchanges and a master-slave model. Thus, enabling an acceptable TCP/IP tunnel over NFC in terms of latency, number of exchanges and memory usage has been fulfilled also successfully.
The paper remarks the critical design guidelines and implementation details, and the final validation as a functional web based access over NFC: the stored data is sent to a remote server for data processing through the Internet access of the NFC reader in a transparent way for the end user. We expect WebTag to be the first step of a future sensor tag generation with new interaction capabilities and more tracking and monitoring application opportunities.
Remote and near field access modes.
WebTag architecture.
Reduced NFC communication procedure.
Authentication process.
Sensor sampling procedure.
|Hardware and protocol level
|Hardware and protocol level
|Protocol level
|Up to 100 m
|<0.2 m
|∼100 m (class 1)
|13.56 MHz
|2.4–2.5 GHz
|Varies with frequency
|Up to 424 kbit/s
|2.1 Mbit/s
|<0.1 s
|<0.1 s
|<6 s
|Varies with frequency
|<15 mA
|Varies with class
Power consumption.
|Low power
|Active and NFC usage


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My husband had catarac surgery in july and had implants put in. His vision was great but he had one eye that was little lower in seeing than other so we had dr. correct that. It went fine. Then he said that my husband should have eyelid surgery with sling because he had droopy eye and this would really improve his sight. So he did and also at same time Dr. lifted the other eyelid by muscle surgery. Well long story short the good eye now has double vision and blurry Dr. said shape of cornea chang
Upper Eyelid Lift Surgery?
Doctor Answers 5
Updated Refraction after Ptosis Surgery
Sometimes the refraction changes after ptosis repair, and this can lead to the blurry one eye problem described.
Double vision after eyelid surgery
It is difficult to answer your question without examination. There are various causes of monocular or binocular diplopia (double vision). You should see an ophthalmologist or oculoplastic specialist.
Learn more: http://www.TabanMD.com
True double vision?
Its important to know whether your husband as true double vision or just a ghosting or blurring of images. The two are often confused. If your husband as double vision which goes away when one eye is covered, then there is a problem with alignment between the two eyes.
If the "double vision" doesn't go away when one eye is closed, then the open eye has some refractive issues. Cornea or the lens are usually the culprit in these cases. Since you are saying that the "good eye" has "double vision and blurry", it seems that the second scenario is most likely the case. The shape of the cornea CAN change after ptosis surgery, in which case new glasses would be in order.
Discuss these issues with your surgeon [sounds like he's an Ophthalmologist/ Oculoplastics surgeon?]
You might also like...
Upper Eyelid Lift Surgery?
This can be a very challenging problem. The best physician to tackle a revision procedure such as that your husband requires is an oculoplastic specialist. It would be helpful to get a second opinion to assess all of your options but it sounds like he might require a revision surgery. I hope this information is helpful.
Stephen Weber MD, FACS
Learn more: http://weberfacialplasticsurgery.com/blepharoplasty/
Correction of Eyelid Ptosis??
Correction of Eyelid Ptosis or the Lazy Upper Eyelid can be difficult in some patients. Sometimes more than one procedure is required. It never hurts to get copy's of all your operative reports and seek out a second option from another Occulo-Plastic Surgeon in your area. Hopefully, time will improve your husbands condition. Best,
Gary R Culbertson, MD, FACS
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Adapted from: http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=40
According to the spotlight review on the india.gov website the India, a successful ICT powered nation, has always laid a lot of emphasis on the use of ICTs, not only for good governance but also in diverse sectors of the economy such as health, agriculture and education etc.
The use of ICTs in education has certainly been improved over the years with several initiatives worth mentioning. According to the review the most vital contribution of ICTs in the field of education is easy access to learning resources, enabling the students to have easy access to resources. The examination results (held by several Boards/ Institutions/ Commissions) are now available online and also through email, SMS and IVRS (Interactive Voice Response System). Online admissions counseling is available for admissions to professional degree courses as well information regarding scholarship opportunities and educational loans are disseminated to the meritorious students across backgrounds and financial status. Information related to admissions to foreign universities is readily available to the students.
Several Distance Education programs are being run which make it easy for students in remote areas to continue their education. The textbooks of the national curriculum (NCERT), from grade 1 to 12, have been uploaded online for convenience of students and teachers. Sample papers for many entrance exams and other competitions are also available online. Such a facility is also being provided by Indira Gandhi National Open University.
One of the most vital ICT initiatives is the development of Brihaspati, a virtual classroom; an endeavor is by The Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Brihaspati is a web-based e-learning program, which enables instructors to enhance on campus learning by sharing course materials, having class discussions, and making assessments on the web. It can also be used to deploy e-learning content for off campus self as well as mentored learning. This tool is open source software and can be used by any university.
© Copyright 2017, International Telecommunication Union
The information presented within this blog comes from various organizations around the world. ITU encourages users to seek more detailed information from the original source through the links provided.
Links to third-party websites are provided for the convenience of all users. The ITU is not responsible for the accuracy, currency or the reliability of the content on these third-party websites. ITU does not offer any guarantee in that regard nor does ITU endorse the third-party organizations, their sites or content.


text:
Countdown to One Spark
The stage is set. Downtown is decorated. And Jacksonville's One Spark Festival is looking for the next big thing.
"One Spark is an opportunity for creators to come to Jacksonville and put their ideas on display," said Joe Sampson, Director of Field Operations.
Creators can come from four different categories: art, music, science, and technology. Spectators and potential investors come Downtown [List of Venues], see the talents and ideas presented, then vote on their favorites.
Sampson said, "They can do that through an app. They can do it on the website. They can do it at one of the many voting and information kiosks throughout the festival."
Festival-goers decide how a $250,000 crowd fund will be distributed. "And then, you also have the Shad Khan money," he said.
Don't forget about that. Jaguars owner, Shad Khan, is getting into the mix by offering an additional investment of up to one million dollars to the creator who takes the top prize.
The City of Jacksonville has ponied up about $84,000 to make sure the five day festival goes off without a hitch.
"We're definitely providing the operations, providing the manpower, because we put on a lot of big events," said Mayor Alvin Brown. "So, we're supporting them. But they're literally running the show." He went on to say, "I think over time, it could be very successful. They did it in Grand Rapids, Michigan. I think we can do it here."
One Spark covers 26 square blocks of Downtown, about one square mile. And Sampson says this could be the place where the next big idea is born. "You could see the next Facebook or Twitter."
The festival runs Wednesday through Sunday. It's FREE and open to the public.
The Jacksonville Sheriff's Office has created a map of road closures for the event, which begins tomorrow, and runs through Sunday.


text:
Marma is a member of the Lolo-Burmese branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family. It is spoken by about 180,600 people in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, particularly in Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari districts. It is considered one of the dialects of Arakanese, along with Ramree and Sandowa.
Marma is written with a version the Burmese alphabet
Text carved by Tim Brookes of endangeredalphabets.com
Information about the Marma language and people
Achang, Arakanese, Balti, Bantawa, Bisu, Burmese, Dzongkha, Garo, Hajong, Hmar, Karen, Kayah Li, Ladakhi, Lahu, Lepcha, Limbu, Lisu, Manipuri, Marma, Mro, Naxi, Nepal Bhasa / Newari, Sikkimese, Sunuwar, Tibetan, Tshangla, Tujia, Yi


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c media ac97 audio device free download »
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Delphi/C++ Builder VCL and FireMonkey (FMX) components library for fast audio processing. Allows audio capture, processing, playback, and broadcastiong with zero lines of program code.
With this free tool, you can edit your audio files like editing text files, display a waveform window of an audio file and apply zooming; Record new ...
Do you have an iPod? Do you use iTunes? You are not alone. Over 100 million iPod users use iTunes to manage their video and audio media files.
Webcam Tracker Live! is a video and audio capture software that can broadcast captured data via internet (or local area network) to other users in real time (streaming).
Detachable USB storage media recovery program restore files from smart media, pen drive, flash drive, memory stick lost due to formatting, accidentally deleted, virus attack or unplugged removable media when device was on.
DVD Audio Ripper is the ultimate DVD Audio converter program. Our software will extract the audio tracks from a DVD, which makes ripping DVD concerts by your favorite artist a simple one step process.
What is TVble? TVble is a DLNA digital media server that serves content streamed from torrent files. It is a software product that is compatible with Microsoft Windows Operating system.
Need4 Video to MP3 Converter - is an extremely popular tool that converts any video to MP3, AVI to MP3, DVD to MP3.
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For proper operation of any computer device (like modem, printer, video or sound card) the device driver must be installed.
Icecream Media Converter deals with all types of audio and video files and offers high quality conversion.
All Media to Mp4 All is all-in-one mp4 converter software, it design for anyone who wants to enjoy movies on the portable video device such as iPod, PSP, Cell phone, Xbox, PDA, Pocket PC, PMP.
Media Studio Lite is an easy to use multimedia converting tool. It convert audio files from one format to another, convert ing 4 files at once for acc...
Aurora Media Workshop is such a kind of program that includes prefessional features in Video, Audio, and Compact Disc media.
If you have deleted or lost data due to accident off any external hard drive, we have software that can get your data back to you.
Glory Media Center comes with Cinema, Media library, Web browser, Media Searcher, and Downloader. The Cinema can play different media format (MPEG, AVI, WMV, MP3, WAV, JPG, and GIF).
Secret Media uses a specialized technique of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless media files.
Daniusoft Digital Media to Zen Converter is a powerful yet easy-to-use application that can convert audio and video to Zen compatible formats.
With Home Audio Editor you can: Open, create, and save audio files in any of the supported formats (can also save any portion of a loaded file to dis...
Glory Media Center comes with Cinema, Media library, Web browser, Media Searcher, and Downloader. The Cinema can play different media format (MPEG, AVI, WMV, MP3, WAV, JPG, and GIF).


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3 new toad species found in Nevada — but one may already be in trouble
July 24, 2017, 6:55 a.m. by Russell McLendon
The newly discovered species have been isolated from other toads for 650,000 years.
Navy divers rescue elephant 9 miles offshore
July 14, 2017, 10:30 a.m. by Russell McLendon
A wild Asian elephant was swept far into the Indian Ocean this week, so Sri Lanka's navy spent 12 hours saving it.
These 3 gray wolf pups are cause for celebration (and not just because they're cute)
July 13, 2017, 4:16 p.m. by Mary Jo DiLonardo
The endangered species adds to its numbers in an adorable way.
6 things to know about Earth's 6th mass extinction
July 11, 2017, 10:18 a.m. by Russell McLendon
At least five similar die-offs have happened before, but this is the first in human history — and the first with human help.
School-age boy saves a species after quest to find an 'extinct' frog
July 10, 2017, 12:38 a.m. by Bryan Nelson
The frog had been feared extinct for at least the last 30 years.
This photographer is saving species, one camera click at a time
July 4, 2017, 2:04 p.m. by Jaymi Heimbuch
New PBS show lets you follow National Geographic's Joel Sartore around the world as he photographs endangered animals.
12 surprising flightless birds
June 2, 2017, 11:34 a.m. by Jaymi Heimbuch
We all know ostriches, emus and penguins can't fly. But these flightless ducks, sea birds and parrots will make you do a double take.
Happy World Turtle Day
May 23, 2017, 10:38 a.m. by Russell McLendon
With 40 percent of all turtle species at risk of extinction, it's a crucial time to stick out our necks for these ancient animals.
Why California's salmon species are in hot water
May 22, 2017, 7:13 a.m. by Jaymi Heimbuch
The native fish are disappearing due to climate change and habitat loss, but with a little help, dozens of species could be preserved.
It's a girl! Critically endangered black rhino calf born in Australian zoo
May 2, 2017, 11:29 a.m. by Mary Jo DiLonardo
The calf has been closely following her mother, who is very protective of her first baby.
11 of the most endangered trees in America
April 27, 2017, 8:21 a.m. by Angela Nelson
From the California coast to an Arkansas forest, rare species of threatened and endangered trees can be found in our own backyard.
8 species on life support
April 26, 2017, 10:33 a.m. by Bryan Nelson
Here are the world's rarest animals, the loneliest creatures on Earth: 8 species with fewer than 10 confirmed individuals left alive.
This feral 'grandpa' cat may not care for humans, but oh, does he love kittens
How to find a campsite, Airbnb style
Giant mega-swan discovered in New Zealand, confirming Māori legend
Mom may be gone, but what about all her stuff?
Nobody wants the family heirlooms anymore
12 plants that repel unwanted insects
Why are my plants turning yellow?
A closer look at yellowing leaves on plants can help gardeners get to the root of the problem.
7 surprising facts about dragonflies
Like did you know they can fly backward, have almost 360-degree vision and they're ferocious?
What is the best way to get rid of poison ivy?
The simplest and best answer is 'very carefully.'
Top 10 vegetables to grow in your garden
These nutritional powerhouses can flourish in your yard or in containers.
Good bug, bad bug: How can you tell the difference?
Most bugs are harmless, but here's how to tell the good from the bad — plus organic solutions.
Got moles? Read this
Don't make a mountain of a literal mole hill. Follow these tips to a mole-free lawn.


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In the latest issue of Cosmopolitan, the Sports Illustrated cover girl poses naked in a bathtub and talks about love life with her husband John Legend.
Chrissy Teigen shows off her slim body in the latest issue of Cosmopolitan. In a photo for the June edition, the Sports Illustrated cover girl can be seen posing in a bathtub with foam covering her body. She is all smiles, wearing only a blue headband on her head.
In an interview with the magazine, Teigen talks about her career, husband John Legend and shares a steamy story about their sex life. "I got so lucky that I met Brooklyn Decker and she [hooked me up with] Sports Illustrated. I got so lucky that I met John, who propelled my career. I'm not delusional: that definitely helped," she tells the magazine.
She then goes on talking about their romance. "I'm not going to lie. We hooked up. [When he went on tour] I left him be himself for a while. The worst thing you can do is try to lock someone like that down early on, then have them think, 'There's so much more out there.' I played it cool for a long time. Never once did I ask, 'What are we?' Marriage was never my goal, because I've never been very traditional. I was just happy to be with him," she explains.
The 28-year-old model, who admits that her husband "loves when I wear a dress, so he can do some upper-thigh rubbing," then reveals the craziest place they have had sex. "We were on our way to Thailand to see my parents, flying commercial first-class. We were under a blanket. We weren't even in one of those pod things. I feel like we should get a trophy for that," Teigen says.
Introducing June cover girl @chrissyteigen! See all three of her stunning Cosmo covers here: http://t.co/7DMxb5lzmq pic.twitter.com/XBJIPWlL0I— Cosmopolitan (@Cosmopolitan) April 28, 2014


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Global commercial landlord Brookfield Office Property has boosted its sustainability credentials to take advantage of surging tenant demand for green space.
The group's Australian portfolio-wide NABERs rating has improved by one full star, to 4.8 stars, in the past three years.
Lifting the energy efficiency ratings of its assets made commercial sense for
"It makes perfect sense for us to improve our key sustainability metrics. It drives down our operational costs within each property," he said.
"What we are talking about is minimising the consumption of energy and the diversion of waste.
"That has a direct impact on the bottom line, in terms of direct operating costs. If you can improve energy efficiency in your assets, if you can improve water efficiency in your assets, it drives outgoings down, which has a direct impact on valuation."
Mr Loader said four key properties were upgraded to bolster the sustainability of the company's assets. It had upgraded building management systems, core services, lighting and air conditioning at 2-12 Macquarie Street, Parramatta; 388 George Street, Sydney; 15 Blue Street, North Sydney and 10 Eagle Street, Brisbane, to achieve the higher rating.
"[We are] running what we feel is the best property portfolio within the Australian market. We are continuously targeting new technology."
Mr Loader said the federal government's changes to the treatment of sustainable property would not make much difference to its upgradings.
In its May budget, the government elected not to introduce $1 billion in tax breaks for retrofitting green buildings, as it had pledged.
It also closed its Green Building Fund, which Mr Loader said Brookfield had taken advantage of in retrofitting its North Sydney property.
He said the Green Building Fund funded 35 per cent of its upgrade to its Blue Street tower. "The extent of this upgrade may have been limited had we not had access to the Green Building fund," he said.
He felt some landlords might reconsider planned upgrades.
"The greening of buildings has been exponentially increased through the existence of capital raising schemes such as Green Building fund and many owners would be reconsidering investing given the changes," he said.
Mr Loader said more emphasis was needed on driving down the costs of green technologies.
"The cost of retro-fitting buildings is still extremely expensive and the more energy-efficient plant and equipment is, the more expensive it appears to be. And that is an equation that doesn't appear to make a great deal of sense," he said.
"If you look at the embedded energy within the existing assets and take into account there was a huge amount of energy expended in terms of building a particular asset, to then go and knock that down and build something in its place seems like an insane proposition."
The Australian Financial Review


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Wednesday, June 15, 2011 | 3:30 p.m.
Dana White UFC 131 Fireside Chat
UFC President Dana White prides himself on putting together the fights everyone wants to see.
Because of that reputation, it's hard to imagine a bout pitting the eventual winner of the Strikeforce Heavyweight Grand Prix and the UFC heavyweight champion not happening sometime next year. As the Grand Prix marches on with its second slate of opening round matches Saturday in Dallas, demand is growing from fans and fighters alike about a future showdown between the two champions.
"If I win this Grand Prix, I will count the titles," Fabricio Werdum said. "I want to be the champ of this Grand Prix and defeat the champ of UFC."
Werdum (14-4-1) fights Alistair Overeem (34-11) in the main event Saturday, while Josh Barnett (29-5) and Brett Rogers (11-2) also clash for the right to advance to the Grand Prix semifinals. The main card airs on Showtime at 10 via tape delay on the west coast and live at 7 on the channel's east coast feeds.
Even though it's happening in the quarterfinals, Overeem vs. Werdum is arguably the most anticipated bout of the whole tournament. Both men have established themselves as the top two heavyweights in Strikeforce.
Werdum, an elite grappler, submitted Overeem, a top striker, when the two fought in 2006 in PRIDE. But Overeem now hasn't lost a fight in four years and comes in as high as a 5-to-1 favorite against Werdum.
Strikeforce CEO Scott Coker said the matchup was set for the first round so fans would be guaranteed to see the highly anticipated scrap. Neither fighter was upset about facing potentially their biggest threat right from the beginning.
"You're going to have to face the strongest guy anyway," Overeem said. "And I never complain about a fight."
The winner of the fight will face Antonio Silva, who defeated Fedor Emelianenko in February, in the second round early this fall. The championship bout will likely come in early 2012, according to Coker.
UFC champion Cain Velasquez will follow it along the way as an interested observer. Velasquez is one of the many people clamoring for the tournament winner getting a shot at the UFC belt.
"Those guys are great, top level guys," Velasquez said earlier this year. "I'm glad that the UFC can finally, later down the road match everybody together so we can have a true No. 1 champion. I want to fight the best guys and those are the best guys, too."
But White said it wasn't that easy. He's trying to keep a peaceful relationship with Showtime, Strikeforce's television partner, by not pillaging the promotion's top fighters for the UFC.
Although White has already pulled one Strikeforce champion into the UFC, Nick Diaz, he said it was a unique situation and couldn't promise the same would happen with the heavyweight division.
"I'm glad the fans are excited about it," White said. "Part of being a fight fan is getting excited about fights. The fact that the fans, the media and guys get excited about fights, I love it. It's just that I don't know. We're trying to figure this thing out."
Both Overeem and Werdum will expect a chance in the UFC in they come out of the tournament on top. One of the two will emerge as the favorite to do so after Saturday's scrap.
"Alistair is very good standing and I'm very good on the ground," Werdum said. "So, it's going to be a fight that has the best in standing and the best on the ground. Everybody knows I don't have secrets. I'm very prepared and I will do my job."
Case Keefer can be reached at 948-2790 or [email protected]. Follow Case on Twitter at twitter.com/casekeefer.


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THE debut novel by top percussionist Pete Lockett is partly set in Basingstoke and the surrounding area.
Pete has worked with many famous musicians including Robert Plant, Peter Gabriel and Bjork, and he arranged and recorded all the ethnic percussion for five Bond movies. He has also released nearly 20 CDs under his own name.
A Survivor's Guide to Eternity is a mind‐bending journey into the afterlife. Sections of the book are set along the A303, with one key incident occurring at Dummer, and in one chapter, the main character ends up in Basingstoke.
He is befriended by, and stays for a while with, a father and son who happen to be Basingstoke Town FC fans. They head off to watch a match at the Camrose.
A Survivor's Guide to Eternity has been published by Mirador Publishing and is available now as both a paperback and as an eBook.
Pete, who is from Portsmouth, explained: "I wrote it on numerous planes and tour buses, in recording studio lounges, lying beside the river Ganges with a laptop, in a sushi bar in Tokyo with an iPad, reclining backstage before a show, on a train in China and in many other unusual locations.
"Thus the book slowly evolved from the seed of an idea into a passionate pursuit."
Sarah Luddington, Mirador Publishing's commissioning editor added: "We were swept away when Pete presented his manuscript to us.
"It's very rare to see a new author prepared to tackle something like this with such confidence with their first novel."


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The latest suitor is Arthur Imperatore, Sr., CEO of NY Waterway. Mr. Imperatore is interested in moving his ferry maintenance and fueling station plus shuttle bus parking from the Weehawken waterfront to this Hoboken site. The plan is to have New Jersey Transit purchase the property on behalf of this private ferry service.
After neighboring residents began asking public officials about the project, Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer wrote to Imperatore and New Jersey Transit Executive Director James Weinstein. Mr. Weinstein responded in a June 1, 2012 letter acknowledging the potential acquisition and stating that state statutes authorize NJ Transit to construct, operate and maintain capital projects "that support robust ferry service in the trans-Hudson corridor."
In his letter, Weinstein claimed that the proposed uses conform to local zoning but it appears that the Hoboken Zoning Ordinance for this district would require a conditional use variance. In the past, however, NJ Transit has insisted that it is exempt from local zoning regulations.
Mayor Zimmer in her letter to NY Waterway and NJ Transit stated the hope of the Hoboken community that this property "would one day become open space and part of the continuous Hudson River Waterfront Walkway."
The state and federal governments have spent over $200 million to build new ferry terminals/slips in Weehawken and Hoboken. Despite these heavy subsidies, the cost of riding the NY Waterway ferries has rapidly escalated. A one-way ride from Weehawken to mid-town Manhattan is now $9. Same price from 14th Street in Hoboken to mid-town.
In 2001, Stevens Institute of Technology proposed to construct a soccer field at this site, mostly built on a pile-supported platform over the Hudson River. Later, Union Dry Dock entered into a contract to sell the property for $15 million. The case ended up in court when the prospective buyers backed out of the deal and unsuccessfully sought to recoup their down payment. In 2009, a Hoboken developer, Lawrence Bijou proposed to build four 12-story towers at the site that is zoned for 2 stories. Bijou quickly backed down when community objections were voiced to the project.
Related links
FBW letter to Governor Christie 8-16-2012
Mayor Zimmer-NJ Transit letters May-June 2012
City Council Oct 17-2012 resolution re Union Dry Dock
Union Dry Dock RFP 7-18-2012
Mayor Sept&Oct letters to NJT
NJTransit letter to Mayor 10-17-2012


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They Were Collaborators #261
Nelson Riddle and Francis Albert Sinatra
This was posted by Tom Sutpen
|your thoughts:
The series is: They Were Collaborators
3 comments:
- Nick Zegarac said...
Sinatra - chairman of the board or not, his is the voice that ear marks one of the greatest centuries for singers...ever.
- January 30, 2007 8:13 PM
- SomeNYGuy said...
Don't forget to credit Riddle, one of the most influential arrangers in pop history. They're still channeling him today -- the climactic ballad in the new Broadway musical GREY GARDENS is orchestrated to sound like it came straight off "In the Wee Small Hours".
- January 31, 2007 11:03 AM
- Dick said...
Nelson Riddle and Capital Records brought out the best of Sinatra. He was never quite as good after he abandoned riddle.
- February 19, 2010 5:30 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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There are things to watch as the season comes to a close. Joe Mauer is inching closer to the top of the leader board for the batting title in the American League. It would be his fourth batting title and his first title since 2009, his MVP year and the last season in the Metrodome. Over the last six games with the Tigers and the Blue Jays, Scott Diamond could add to his already impressive season and Glen Perkins could increase his final save total. If Willingham is healthy, he could tack on a few more home runs to his final tally.
After losing two out of three to the Yankees, the Twins will try to play the upset role with the Tigers over the weekend. Twins pitchers can help Mauer get closer to a batting title if they can hold Miguel Cabrera in check. Before the start of the weekend, check out the latest edition of "Friday Links-N-Thinks."
- Glen Perkins took a reporter pitch by pitch through his save against the Yankees and it turned into an interesting and entertaining article.
- Since 1990, there has been quite the variety of Twins prospects to crack Baseball America's Top 100 list.
- It has been quite the journey for Sam Deduno to get to this point.
- Jared Burton has looked good for the Twins this year so what should they do about his future?
- As the season comes to a close, it's time for the Twins to concede that it was a lost year.
- Josh Willingham has most likely been the most clutch player on the Twins in 2012.
- Is clubhouse chemistry something the Twins need to consider going into the offseason?
- Baseball America named Byron Buxton as the top prospect in the Gulf Coast League and later in the week he was named top prospect in the Appalachian League.
- For Liam Hendriks, it has been a homer happy season at the big league level.
- Since Ron Gardenhire took over as manager, the Twins have followed an interesting pattern.
- There are questions in the middle infield for the Twins and it's tough to know where Jamey Carroll fits into the picture.
- It was a turnaround year for Ben Revere.
- Kevin Love threw out the first pitch at a Twins game earlier this week.
- In one of the coolest stories of the year, Adam Greenberg is going to get one at-bat in the big leagues after a tragic end to his only plate appearance.
- With every victory for RA Dickey this year, it looks like Twins had him on their roster a few years too early.
- Cleveland is making a managerial change with six games to go in the season. Luckily, they had their next manager wanting to take over.
- Doug Fister set a new American League record by striking out nine consecutive batters.
- An interesting Babe Ruth autograph was found in an surprising location.
- Brandon McCarthy suffered quite the head injury when he was hit in the side of the head with a ball off the bat. He doesn't think helmets should mandatory for pitchers though.
- Torii Hunter Jr. is a very good high school wide receiver and he committed to play football at Notre Dame.
- It might be tough for Ozzie Guillen to find another managing job if the Marlins fire him.
- Is it time to rethink Native America imagery in sports?
- The Wall Street Journal named the most bias announcers and there wasn't much of a surprise at the top.
My Weekly Rundown:
Video of the Week: One of the best defensive plays of the year happened this week and it came from an unlikely source. Travis Snider did his best impersonation of Michael Jordan and Spider-Man while hauling in a ball for the Pittsburgh Pirates. I enjoy the fan underneath Snider and a little to the right that is standing up and pointing at him making the catch. Enjoy and have a great weekend!


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ICD-10 Diagnosis Code D36.13
Ben neoplm of prph nrv & autonm nrv sys of low lmb, inc hip
Diagnosis Code D36.13
Short Description: Ben neoplm of prph nrv & autonm nrv sys of low lmb, inc hip
Long Description: Benign neoplasm of peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system of lower limb, including hip
This is the 2017 version of the ICD-10-CM diagnosis code D36.13
Valid for Submission
The code D36.13 is valid for submission for HIPAA-covered transactions.
Code Classification
Neoplasms (C00–D48)
Benign neoplasms, except benign neuroendocrine tumors (D10-D36)
- Benign neoplasm of other and unspecified sites (D36)
- Benign neoplasms, except benign neuroendocrine tumors (D10-D36)
Information for Medical Professionals
The diagnosis code D36.13 is grouped in the following Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG V34.0)
Convert to ICD-9 General Equivalence Map
The ICD-10 and ICD-9 GEMs are used to facilitate linking between the diagnosis codes in ICD-9-CM and the new ICD-10-CM code set. The GEMs are the raw material from which providers, health information vendors and payers can derive specific applied mappings to meet their needs.
- 215.9 - Ben neo soft tissue NOS (approximate) Approximate Flag
The approximate flag is on, indicating that the relationship between the code in the source system and the code in the target system is an approximate equivalent.
- Benign neoplasm of peripheral nerves of hip
- Benign neoplasm of peripheral nerves of lower limb
- Neoplasm of peripheral nerves of hip
- Neoplasm of peripheral nerves of lower limb
- Neuroma of foot
- Neuroma of lower limb
Information for Patients
Autonomic Nervous System Disorders
Also called: Dysautonomia
Your autonomic nervous system is the part of your nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as the beating of your heart and the widening or narrowing of your blood vessels. When something goes wrong in this system, it can cause serious problems, including
- Blood pressure problems
- Heart problems
- Trouble with breathing and swallowing
- Erectile dysfunction in men
Autonomic nervous system disorders can occur alone or as the result of another disease, such as Parkinson's disease, alcoholism and diabetes. Problems can affect either part of the system, as in complex regional pain syndromes, or all of the system. Some types are temporary, but many worsen over time. When they affect your breathing or heart function, these disorders can be life-threatening.
Some autonomic nervous system disorders get better when an underlying disease is treated. Often, however, there is no cure. In that case, the goal of treatment is to improve symptoms.
NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Autonomic neuropathy
- Multiple system atrophy
[Read More]
Benign Tumors
Also called: Benign cancer, Benign neoplasms, Noncancerous tumors
Tumors are abnormal growths in your body. They can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancer. Malignant ones are. Benign tumors grow only in one place. They cannot spread or invade other parts of your body. Even so, they can be dangerous if they press on vital organs, such as your brain.
Tumors are made up of extra cells. Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as your body needs them. When cells grow old, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when your body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form tumor.
Treatment often involves surgery. Benign tumors usually don't grow back.
NIH: National Cancer Institute
- Biopsy - polyps
- Cherry angioma
[Read More]
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Also called: Neuritis, Peripheral neuritis, Peripheral neuropathy
Your peripheral nerves are the ones outside your brain and spinal cord. Like static on a telephone line, peripheral nerve disorders distort or interrupt the messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
There are more than 100 kinds of peripheral nerve disorders. They can affect one nerve or many nerves. Some are the result of other diseases, like diabetic nerve problems. Others, like Guillain-Barre syndrome, happen after a virus infection. Still others are from nerve compression, like carpal tunnel syndrome or thoracic outlet syndrome. In some cases, like complex regional pain syndrome and brachial plexus injuries, the problem begins after an injury. Some people are born with peripheral nerve disorders.
Symptoms often start gradually, and then get worse. They include
- Numbness
- Pain
- Burning or tingling
- Muscle weakness
- Sensitivity to touch
Treatment aims to treat any underlying problem, reduce pain and control symptoms.
NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Axillary nerve dysfunction
- Chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy
- Common peroneal nerve dysfunction
- Distal median nerve dysfunction
- Femoral nerve dysfunction
- Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
- Metabolic neuropathies
- Mononeuritis multiplex
- Neuralgia
- Neuropathy secondary to drugs
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Radial nerve dysfunction
- Sensorimotor polyneuropathy
- Tibial nerve dysfunction
- Ulnar nerve dysfunction
[Read More]