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Ayittey, whose famed "cheetahs vs. hippos" TED speech I've blogged before, is co-founder of an inspired new project called Radio Free Africa. (thanks, Emeka Okafor) Read the rest
Ayittey, whose famed "cheetahs vs. hippos" TED speech I've blogged before, is co-founder of an inspired new project called Radio Free Africa. (thanks, Emeka Okafor) Read the rest
The story begins at a student runway showing, where Linsday is looking on:
Lindsay, it should be noted, has no hands to clap and no feet on which to get up. She had them back in the summer of 2007, when she was tall and thin and had just graduated from VCU with a fashion merchandising degree. Then, to use her words, a blur. When she entered Henrico Doctors' Hospital that summer, the procedure to remove a small piece of inflamed intestine, a nagging complication of her Crohn's disease, was supposed to go routinely. But supposed to go routinely rarely turns out well, and there hasn't been a routine day in Lindsay's life ever since. Not since the leak, not since the sepsis, not since the organ failures, the brain seizures, and not since the coma. Definitely not the coma. Not since one day in August turned to October and then drifted on towards Christmas. Certainly not since the quadruple amputations, the cruel coda to having been so close to death all those months and then surviving.Read the rest
Here's a scanned copy of an interview with the recently-departed punk poet icon Jim Carroll, by Joseph Menn in the Boston Globe. The article is not available anywhere online, and it's a fascinating read, so I'm glad Joe scanned it and published to Flickr.
Joe says, "[The interview took place] in person, at a Boston hotel in 1987. He was an amazing mix of imaginative power at work and straight-up stoner dude. He talked about how when he was in heroin withdrawal, the images he wanted would pile up uselessly like parked cars, then move too fast for him to catch, as in Koyanisqaatsi. But first he saw the chocolate on his pillow and said, 'Man, I could dig THAT later!'"
Flickr set of scanned images. Click "all sizes" on each scanned page to view a size large enough to read comfortably on-screen, they're scanned in high-rez. You can follow Joe on Twitter here.
Previously on BB: The great punk poet Jim Carroll has died. Read the rest
Glen E. Friedman, a photographer who chronicled the birth of skate culture, shares sad news:
If skateboarding was a town, this guy was its mayor. Andy Kessler, one of the good ones, died yesterday apparently of an allergic reaction from a wasp sting that led to a heart attack. This was a great dude, NO ONE could say anything wrong about this dude.Above, a portrait of Kessler around 1976 or 1977 which Glen says was among the skater's favorite. If you know the name of the photog, please share in the comments and I'll amend the post. Photo credit, via a commenter in this thread: "KESS cuttin' it off the lip at the 9' marker, the Deathbowl in Riverdale, 1978. (Photo by Marc André Edmonds)"
He was one of the oldest, if not the oldest, skater in New York City, holding it down, real since the 70's. Andy will be seriously missed by many including myself. Obituaries and discussion threads: ESPN, bulldogskates, newyorksurf, bulldogskates 2.
Another striking portrait, skating the streets of Manhattan, here.
After the jump: a 2007 video interview. Kessler immediately strikes you as a gentle, thoughtful person -- who could shred like nobody. Read the rest
Snip from an essay by artist Michaela Melián on Hedy Lemarr, the Austrian-born American scientist and actress who was once described as the most beautiful woman in the world by MGM's Louis B. Mayer. Art Fag City Editor Paddy Johnson says, "Not only was she the first actress to simulate an orgasm onscreen in 1933, but her frequency-switching device (now known as frequency hopping) developed with partner George Antheil, is the technology upon with cell phones are built."
Melián assembled this online essay for Art Fag City's annual IMG MGMT which, in which artists are invited to curate image essays on the blog. She also wrote a score to accompany the old school style slide show, which is embedded in the post.
Image above: Michaela Melián, Frequency Hopping, 2008, C-print, watercolor, thread, 35 x 28 cm.
In her ex-husband's Salzburg villa, the immigrant had seen plans for remote controlled torpedoes, which were never built because the radio controls proved to be too unreliable. After the outbreak of the Second World War, she worked on practical ideas to effectively fight the Hitler regime. At a party in Hollywood, Lamarr met George Antheil, an avant-garde composer who also wrote film scores. While playing the piano with the composer, the actress suddenly has an important idea for her torpedo control system. Antheil sets up the system on 88 frequencies, as this number corresponds to the number of keys on a piano. To construct it, he employs something similar to the player piano sheet music that he used in his Ballet Mécanique.Read the rest
We covered Doug Fine's radical off-the-grid lifestyle experiment last year on Boing Boing TV -- embed above. He is the author of Farewell, My Subaru: An Epic Adventure in Local Living, and he's still going strong out there on the Funky Butte Ranch. When he's not out in the fields turning the compost heap or feeding chickens, he's working on his next book, which I'm looking forward to reading. Doug has a thought-provoking piece out in this Sunday's Washington Post Outlook section, here's a preview:
I have a fiancee and a son to provide for, so I decided to take a hard look at our prospects for survival if our consumer safety nets went away. For now, my green lifestyle choices at my remote 41-acre outpost in the American Southwest are optional. You know, growing lettuce instead of buying Chilean. Using organic cotton diapers instead of buying Pampers. But what if one morning in, say, 2049, I wake up to milk my goats and find out that supplies are no longer streaming in from China and California? What would I do if both box stores and crunchy food co-ops suddenly were no more? In other words, I'm examining my place in a hypothetical post-oil, post-consumer society 40 years in the future.Read the rest
Now, I'm not rooting for such a thing. Slave labor, forest depletion, climate change and global resource wars aside, globalization has a lot going for it. I love that I can email a musician in Mauritania and ask to download his latest album.
Tibetan filmmaker Dhondup Wangchen, who directed and filmed the documentary "Leaving Fear Behind" (excerpt embedded above) has been charged with "inciting separatism" and is awaiting trial in Siling in eastern Tibet (Chinese: Xining, Qinghai Province). The Chinese government will not allow his lawyers to represent him, so there is not much hope for a fair trial.
Supporters are urging people to take action, by sending a letter to Wu Aiying, China's Minister of Justice and Zhang Yesui, China's Ambassador to the United Nations, demanding Dhondup Wangchen's immediate and unconditional release.
Dhondup Wangchen has been detained since March 2008 and has suffered torture and ill-treatement at the hands of the Chinese authorities. He is being targeted for simply exercising his right to freedom of expression, and the charges against him are part of the Chinese government's widespread campaign to punish and silence Tibetan voices of dissent.(via Students for a Free Tibet)
Previously:Tibet: "Beijing 10" return to USA; new Tibet docu "Leaving Fear ... Read the rest
On 15 July Natalya Estemirova, 50, was kidnapped and murdered by unknown assailants in the Chechen capital Grozny. The mother-of-one worked for the human rights organisation Memorial and was a close friend of the journalist Anna Politkovskaya, also murdered in 2006.
A human rights activist is killed like a dog, executed, dumped and humiliated in front of the eyes of a million people, who know that what she was saying was true, right, honest and proper.
Because, you see, WE ALL DO KNOW THAT. Good and bad guys know Natalya was telling the truth, in Russia, in Chechnya, in US in Europe. And yet we all stay silent about her death. Most of us turn the head the other way, as if it is none of our business, as if it is inevitable, as if it were somebody else's world.
Presidents sometimes say: a serious inquiry should be done in this case. Violence on journalists is not permitted. How could they say otherwise? Today when words count almost nothing compared to the escalating violence, to the human annihilation.
Where are the movie stars, those celebrities who adopt poor children, sing songs in the deserts, catwalk all the politically correct arenas? Read the rest
The first word came from abroad. An aunt in the United States called her Saturday in a panic. "Don't go out into the streets, Golshad," she told her. "They're killing people."Read the rest
The relative proceeded to describe a video, airing on exile television channels that are jammed in Iran, in which a young woman is shown bleeding to death as her companion calls out, "Neda! Neda!"
A dark premonition swept over Golshad, who asked that her real name not be published. She began calling the cellphone and home number of her friend Neda Agha-Soltan who had gone to the chaotic demonstration with a group of friends, but Neda didn't answer.
At midnight, as the city continued to smolder, Golshad drove to the Agha-Soltan residence in the eastern Tehran Pars section of the capital. As she heard the cries and wails and praising of God reverberating from the house, she crumpled, knowing that her worst fears were true. "Neda! Neda!" the 25-year-old cried out. "What will I do?"
Neda Agha-Soltan, 26, was shot dead Saturday evening near the scene of clashes between pro-government militias and demonstrators who allege rampant vote-count fraud in the reelection of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The jittery cellphone video footage of her bleeding on the street has turned "Neda" into an international symbol of the protest movement that ignited in the aftermath of the June 12 voting.
Miles "Intergalactic Space Badass" O'Brien, whose work we've been featuring as a guest contributor on Boing Boing Video, has a must-read piece at True Slant about the recent end of NASA's mission to repair/upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope.
I have always had a soft spot in my heart for Hubble Repair Missions. After all, I cut my teeth on the space beat covering the legendary STS-61 mission in December 1993 - the first, the most dramatic - and certainly the most important - of the five astronaut telescope calls now inscribed in the space history books.The Hubble Constant: High Interest (True Slant)
So I must confess I am a bit wistful - even a little misty - now that it is all over. We will no longer have the good fortune to witness the live drama of human beings pushing the envelope of impossibility to improve a machine that pushes the boundaries of our understanding of the universe.
Over the years, sixteen Mr. Starwrenches finessed, improvised - and sometimes used brute force - to fix what ailed Hubble - or make it better. It was Reality TV for the Space Cadet Nation.
Image: "The Ten Billion Dollar Man - Last Shuttle-eye view of Hubble."Previously: BB Video - Miles O'Brien Reports: An Astronaut Climbs Everest ... BB Video: This Week in Space, with Miles O'Brien BB Video - Diving into Space: Miles O'Brien in NASA's Neutral ... Boing Boing Video: Welcome, Miles O'Brien! Read the rest
Maggie Koerth-Baker is a guest blogger on Boing Boing. A freelance science and health journalist, Maggie lives in Minneapolis, brain dumps on Twitter, and writes quite often for mental_floss magazine.
Note: No Mormons are mocked in the making of this posting.
In a Linda Richman-esque turn of events, Mormon crickets are neither Mormon, nor crickets. In reality, they're katydids whose religious proclivities (if any) remain unknown. The bugs' association with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints comes from stories told by early Mormon settlers in Utah about how thousands of the creatures swarmed in to devastate crops before being miraculously stopped by the arrival of a pack of ravenous seagulls. God worked in mysterious ways.
And continues to do so, apparently. Mormon crickets are still a periodic threat to farmers out west. Every so often (possibly prompted by weather patterns, but nobody's exactly sure), millions of Mormon crickets will band together into a pack--dense as 100 bugs per square meter--and march forward, devouring every scrap of plant life in their path. The flood of bugs can be nigh-on impossible to staunch. Besides eating up crops and lawns, they've been known to stop traffic, and come stomping right through people's homes. Discover magazine's Discoblog quotes a resident of Tuscarora, Nevada:
You'll wake up and there'll be one sitting on your forehead, looking at you
And you thought the scutigera coleoptrata was bad.
But the townsfolk of Tuscarora have found a Mormon cricket defense system almost as miraculous as the bugicidal seagull brigade. Read the rest
(Snapshots from the BBV Throbbing Gristle shoot by Chris Cooper).
Wang Hongwen went to see Marshal Zhu De, requesting him to hand over power. "You may take over, but only if you can make this egg stand upright," Zhu said, while handling him an egg.Jokes from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) (Part One) Read the rest
After trying for several days, Wang was still unable to make it stand, so he went to see Deng Xiaoping for help.
"This is easy," said Deng, and he forcefully smashed the egg down into the table.
"Ai ya, it broke!" Wang exclaimed.
"Chairman Mao has said, 'nothing can stand without destruction,'" said Deng, "look, isn't the egg standing upright now?"
Translator's notes: The phrase "nothing can stand without destruction" was a revolutionary slogan that encouraged destruction of old, feudal things.


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Category Archives: Child support
Mediating Rather than Litigating
The process of mediating rather than litigating is simple. Instead of running out and hiring a lawyer right away, one or both spouses run out and find a mediator. The cost savings are instant because… Continue reading
Posted in Assignment of debt, Attorney Fees and Other Costs, Child cusotd, Child custody, Child support, Distribution of property, Divorce / Dissolution of Marriage, Family Law, Mediation & Conflict Resolution, Time-share, Uncategorized Tagged alternative dispute resolution, attorney fees, child custody, conflict resolution, cost-saving alternatives, dissolution of marriage, divorce, family law, mediaiton, timeshare Leave a comment
Family Law and Bankruptcy Jurisdictional Intersection
You see, the divorce decree created an obligation between the ex-husband and ex-wife even though a third party was the direct creditor…. Continue reading
Legal Separation v Divorce
One would be hard pressed to find an attorney in Kentucky who would bring up, much less advocate, the use of legal separation over that of a dissolution of marriage (divorce) in situations where… Continue reading
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subset: commoncrawl


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"Think Batman, think Vader, think Lara Croft… Geralt is a guy who's cool because of who he is" – CDProjektRED on The Witcher 3
In the run up to its release, The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt is whipping up a storm. It has the potential to ride the Xbox One and PS4's hardware to its limit, using CD Projekt RED's internal REDengine 3 to render environments and characters that will do justice to the finely tuned worlds once set out by Andrezj Sapkowski. We had the opportunity to talk to Michał Krzemiński – senior art producer at the studio – about how his game hits upon all the core mechanics a gamer expects from an RPG, and what the game can achieve with the new powers made available with next-gen tech.
You've previously stated that the game will feature '36 different endings, 12 world states and 3 fully playable epilogues' – can you tell us how the game will accommodate for so many different possibilities?
Michał Krzemiński: Choices and consequences. It's something we popularized and put emphasis on since the beginning of The Witcher series. Basically, you make a choice (remember, inaction is also a choice!) and you have to face its consequences. This mechanic allows us to weave a lot of moments into gameplay which influence the world during later parts of the game, and determine one of the many endings you'll see when you beat the main story arc. We have certain key choices throughout the whole game and they culminate at the end. Everything's connected and it's done in a very non-intrusive way, sometimes you might not even think that that choice is so pivotal in the later part of the game.
In a lot of other RPGs, part of the appeal to players is the ability to create their character in their own image. Geralt is as rigid in his design as they come – how do you think offering the one, definite player character sets you apart from other RPGs?
Ha! I could turn the question around and say that in a lot of other RPGs, part of the appeal to players is a strong, well-defined character, who is so awesome, you just don't want to change anything (well, some small cosmetic changes, maybe). Think Batman, think Lord Vader, think Lara Croft… We see Geralt as a guy who's so cool because of who he is; he's a witcher, an elite warrior who hunts big-ass monsters and is second to none when it comes to solving problems.
People often compare the Witcher series of games to the Elder Scrolls – do you think these comparisons are relevant? Do you think your series appeals to the same audience of Bethesda's?
That's a tough question. At their core, both games are RPGs and there is a big number of similarities between them. However, the deeper you go, the more differences you see. Ultimately, I think that Skyrim and The Witcher 3 are entirely different games. Skyrim is a sandbox set in an open world. You get a set of game mechanics and you play with them. The Witcher 3 is all about the story, it's the core of the whole game and around this core, you get a huge, open world with a ton of things to do. In terms of audience, well, I think that it's not the case that if you like The Witcher, you can't like the Elder Scrolls (or the other way around). You can like both games for what they offer and get a different kind of buzz from playing them.
What has the next-gen hardware allowed you to do specifically that was unobtainable on previous generations?
There's no one specific thing that next-gens allowed us to do. There's a whole ton of them. Essentially, the game can look mind blowing, we've got seamless gameplay with no loading screens (almost everything is streamed during gameplay, cutscenes etc.), we can add visual effects unavailable to us because of performance issues and so on, the list is huge. All this constitutes a giant, lush open world with a myriad of things to do, quests, adventures, monster hunts, events and so on.
The full interview with Michał Krzemiński is available in games™ issue 146, out now.


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HOORAY! The summer season of streaming anime official begins with Crunchyroll's announcement of Recorder and Randsell Mi. The latest in the Recorder and Randsell series starts on Monday July 1, at 7:30 am PDT, and will be available to worldwide audiences except for Japan.
Here's a story synopsis
"On the surface it seems as if Atsushi is an adult, but really he's just an elementary student! However, he is paired with a second-year high school student Atsumi, whose height is just the opposite of his. These two together create an unusual relationship and will undoubtedly instigate some comedic antics in this slice of life comedy!"
You can watch previous episodes of Recorder and Randsell right here on Crunchyroll.
Stay tuned to News for more new show announcements today!
Patrick Macias is editor in chief of Crunchyroll News. He also runs the Japanese Fashion Inferno tumblr blog. Follow him on twitter at @Patrick_Macias.


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GENEALOGY-DNA-L ArchivesArchiver > GENEALOGY-DNA > 2010-11 > 1290841222
From: "Julie Frame Falk" <>
Subject: Re: [DNA] SNP Breakthrough for I1*-AS
Date: Sat, 27 Nov 2010 18:00:22 +1100
References: <email@example.com>
In-Reply-To: <email@example.com>
<<L338 could be a great tool for better understanding the outliers you are describing. As long as the parties are willing, the test wouldn't hurt. But initially I would test one representative from each Frame subgroup, as well as the Hamilton subgroups - particularly group C.>>
Thanks for replying and yes, I hope L338 works for the purpose. I agree we should support this test to whatever degree is helpful to both the I1 and our individual projects.
On my GAP, there are 32 Frames in Frame A with 67-marker haplotypes.
Of these:
3 carry the mod. hap.67-0 Sub-Group 4
7 match the modal 67-1. Sub-Groups 1, 3, 4, 6
10 match the modal 67-2. Sub-Groups 3, 4, 5, 7
2 match the modal 67-3. Sub-Groups 1, 6
6 match the modal 67-4. Sub-Groups 1, 3, 4, 6
1 matches the modal 67-5. Sub-Group 2*
1 matches the modal 67-6. Sub-Group 2*
2 match the modal 67-8. Sub-Group 2*, 1 (outliers GT2D7* & 4G8B9
* These 3 are pretty much tied together by a 2-step mutation at DYS413a. I have a theoretical chart of how they might connect to the Frames of Merryton, Hamilton par.
I'm sure there won't be a problem getting L338 tests for the *outlier* Sub-Groups 1 and 2. Sub-Group 4 carries the modal and there is only GD=1 between some in Sub-Groups 3 (Dalserf LKS) and 4 (the West Virginians); L338 for Sub-Group 3 is already ordered and there is not much GD between the others so it may be difficult to justify testing all Frame A Sub-Groups. The nearest individuals in Frame A/Hamilton C match 67-2. From memory, modal to modal GD is 4 over 67 markers. MRCA is probably within the last few hundred years. A Hamilton B tester of L338 will likely cover Frame B and I thought the test for Frame A (X73PB) might have adequately represented Hamilton C, but I could be wrong! :o)
Kind regards
Julie Frame Falk
This thread:
|Re: [DNA] SNP Breakthrough for I1*-AS by "Julie Frame Falk" <>


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If you have issues with someone and want to sue, you will need a litigation lawyer. Litigation lawyers handle the litigation process and understand all of the ins and outs of the courtroom. A litigation lawyer can also help you decide whether your case is appropriate for a lawsuit, or if it might be better handled through the mediation or arbitration process. The litigation lawyer will research the facts that caused the dispute, and analyze them to identify the appropriate law and how it applies. After this preliminary review, the litigation lawyer gives you an analysis of your rights and an estimate of your ability to be successful in court. The litigation lawyer will know the information you need to present in court as well as the process, procedures, and deadlines you must meet to keep your lawsuit on track.


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|Publication ID: Spring 2011
|Title: Metal and Nonmetal Dams
|Abstract: On August 13, 2010, MSHA issued an advance notice of proposed rulemaking requesting information about proper design, construction, operation and maintenance of impoundments at metal and nonmetal mines, as well as related safety issues for impoundments at metal and nonmetal mines. MSHA has withdrawn this item at this time and will address this issue through a nonregulatory approach.
|Agency: Department of Labor(DOL)
|Priority: Other Significant
|RIN Status: Previously published in the Unified Agenda
|Agenda Stage of Rulemaking: Completed Actions
|Major: No
|Unfunded Mandates: No
|CFR Citation: 30 CFR 56; 30 CFR 57
|Legal Authority: 30 USC 811; 30 USC 812
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|Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required: Undetermined
|Government Levels Affected: None
|Small Entities Affected: Businesses
|Federalism: No
|Included in the Regulatory Plan: No
|RIN Data Printed in the FR: No
Agency Contact:
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Department of Labor
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Department of Labor, 1100 Wilson Boulevard, Room 2350,
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Robbery Bob™
Introducing the Man of Steal…
Play as Bob, the hapless burglar intent on changing his ways. Unfortunately for Bob, however, he's going to be forced into a few final jobs before he's allowed out of the criminal life.
This app offers in-app purchases. You may restrict in-app purchasing using your device settings.


text:
If you cast your mind back to the clothes your grandparents wore, you may remember much-darned socks, trilby hats and perhaps even wristers, also known as wrist-warmers.
These were the woollen items made to cover the lower arms and loop over the thumbs for added warmth - they bridged the gap between gloves and the beginning of coat sleeves.
In those days, wrist-warmers were typically made in utility colours such as khaki so didn't look especially attractive, but they certainly did a good job at keeping wintry draughts from blowing up sleeves on particularly cold days.
You may be wondering why we are giving you a clothing history lesson at this point. Well, it's because we've noticed that wrist-warmers have made a huge comeback and are being sold on the high street as a winter must-have.
Of course, we think you can get a much more personal result by eschewing purchasing them in favour of getting out some super-soft wool and making your own - we recommend Tumble, a soft and lofty yarn comprising of 90 per cent alpaca and ten per cent cotton.
Wrist-warmers are very quick to stitch up of an evening and you can find a stylish pattern in our Tumble brochure to get you going. All you'll have to do is a few short stretches of knitting and purling to create your ribbing and you'll have the finished garments in no time.
They look great in a single colour, but why not mix two for extra personality? You could even stitch in patterns if you'd prefer.
Although you're likely to have finished your knitting for Christmas gifts, wrist-warmers make an ideal present at any point during the winter - or you can just make a few pairs for yourself.
They are particularly good for people who work from home - you'd be amazed how chilly hands get at the computer all day - and those who take public transport and so have to take gloves on and off several times each morning and evening.
Why not give some a try and enjoy the re-emergence of this useful winter warmer?


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Whether you're a experienced runner with your eyes on dominating your next race, or just getting started, our selection of men's running shoes empower you to run fast, confident and true. Our shoes feature technical designs that supports every running style, aimed at helping you achieve your goals.
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1. For starters, consider what type of surface you'll be running on. Treadmills, roads or trails all require different types of running shoe features. How often and for how long you run is also an important factor when choosing your men's running shoes. So whether you're training for a marathon with early morning jogs, or are a casual once-a-week runner, we have an ideal running shoes made to get you where you're going.
2. Make sure you consider your current weight when shopping for different cushion options for your shoes, because that will afffect how your feet connect with the ground. Also, when trying them on, think about going half a size larger as feet can expand during any extended sports activity. Before taking your new men's running shoes for a longer jog, it's important to break them in for a couple of days.
3. Now let's talk about distance, because it's important to not over-wear your shoes as you train. Make sure you don't use the same pair of running shoes for too long. Even though they will look new, regular running shoes should only be worn for about 250 to 375 miles. Additionally, it's smart to rotate through a few pairs of shoes to help prevent injuries.
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Experience Matters
While style is important, you need to keep your experience and history in mind. Don't switch up the type of shoe you're using just before a marathon. Additionally, if you'r new to the sport there are men's running shoes designed specifically for you.


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Wednesday, 21 December 2016
On stashes....
Talk to a sewist, and you will talk about THE STASH. It is a strange topic really, as it is both an emblem of pride, of identity, of potential, but also of failure, guilt and waste. On one hand, we collect fabric to give ourselves options, to express ourselves. We see endless options and dreams and we get all excited. On the other hand however, we often collect more fabric than we use, so it sits there, reminding us of all the dreams we had, all the plans we made. Now don't get me wrong, not all sewists build up stashes at all (you efficient people slightly terrify me!) and many others love their stashes, viewing them as a fabric shop in their own home. I don't though, and based on my wanderings on the interwebs, a lot of other sewists don't either.
If I see some fabric I love, I want to own it. It eats at me, "BUY ME , BUY ME! I would be so perfect for a .....". Sometimes I buy it, sometimes I don't. But the stash grows. I don't sew nearly as much as I think I do, and so the stash keeps creeping up, overflowing another box in my spare wardrobe, another bag on the floor of my sewing room. Drip, by drip, by drip. Even when I have used a piece, there's some left, a bit too big to throw away,; so into another bag it goes.. I might need to repair it, I might want to contrast line a pocket, or make a cushion cover...
I love the pieces of fabric in my stash, I have a plan for each, touching them thrills my fingers and looking at the colours and patterns makes my eyes happy. I love the potential of it all, that I could whip up anything I wanted in a weekend - screw shopping! I feel like a sewist in my room, looking at it all, it is evidence of this aspect of my identity, of the community I belong to.
It troubles me though. It sits there, taking up space, requiring organisation, gathering dust. And I can see the money invested in it. The ideas I had that I haven't put into practice. As you go further back, the identities I had that no longer really apply, but which I am still attached to. It is full of memories, and not necessarily pleasant ones, memories of enthusiasm for things that never ended up happening.
The trouble is that I approach buying fabric the way I buy clothes - I see that, I want it, I possibly buy it. And clothes also costs money, and take up space, and you get weirdly nostalgic about them. But the key difference is that you can at least wear the clothes. I actually have to use the fabric for it to help me. It is like I am thirsty, so I keep buying drinks, but instead of drinking them and feeling relieved, I just put them in a cupboard, and keep being thirsty.
I had a moment of realisation earlier (and hence this post). I was looking at my fabric options form the stash on Trello (this has been a very useful app for me btw), thinking of some things I could make over Christmas. And I realised that the idea of making things with my stash bothered me. I was worried about using the fabric. Worried that I would waste it, that I wouldn't have it later in case I needed it then. Which is utterly ludicrous. What is the point of having it if I don't use it? That's what it is for! What weird fabric emergency am I an anticipating that I need to keep half a fabric shop in reserve?!
So I am going to use it. Make things with it as quickly as I can, experiment, give bits away, sell some. Make it an active thing again, not just a museum.
How though? so I have some plans:
1) Make some stuff. Motivation is a muscle they say, the more you sew, the more you want to. I am going to make some stuff over Christmas, some new stuff that is making me excited now, and some old stuff that got me excited before.
2) Tear up old plans. This is a big one for me. When I look at pieces of fabric I have had for YEARS, I still see the original plan for it. That might be a great plan, but frankly often it isn't. Who I am, what I wear, has moved on, and my understanding of what fabric would be good for (based on quality, fabric type etc) has drastically changed. So I look at some soft cotton and think: "I should make this into a lovely pencil skirt -why have I not done this yet. I am a failure, I should place it here in this pile where I will see it and make the skirt soon." But I don't make it, because I know really that it wont make a good pencil skirt, it will be see-through, and crease, and annoy me. So I don't make it. But I still remember the plan, the dream, so it stays in the stash. It is time to stop this. I am going to look at every piece I have, and really think about that dream plan. If it is rubbish, I abandon it. I shall abandon it by either making a new plan that might actually work, or getting rid of it. I need to write over all my old plans. It is bad enough having good ideas you haven't yet got round to, it's ridiculous to beat myself up over stupid plans!
3) Get rid of fear. Probably easier said than done this one! When I started sewing I sewed more. I had no idea what was hard, or shouldn't be attempted. I consequently sewed all kinds of stuff, with mixed results. Now I am scared, I know slippery fabrics are hard to work with, I know wool is expensive and can shrink weird. About a quarter of my stash is fabrics I am too scared to use - put away for "when I am a better sewist". I am probably never going to be much better. And when I am I will just know more things I can be scared of - that is the nature of knowledge. The only thing that makes you braver is trying. So I am going to try. I am going to commit to ruining fabric and making wonky things again. Because I probably wont. And if I do, it is no more a waste than them waiting forever.
Thursday, 1 December 2016
Using the high bust measurement for more accurate bodices.
I posted this over at the Curvy Sewing Collective's Facebook group, and thought I might as well stick it on here too.
A major problem that people have who are not a B/C cup is that patterns use full bust measurements to judge how big a bodice you should make. The bodice, at every size, is proportioned for a B/C cup lady, so if you pick the size that fits you and you have a larger or smaller bust then it will end up the wrong size as it is based on a different shape. The easiest way to get the right proportions thorough your shoulders, neck and back is to use your high bust measurement.
The diagram above shows two ladies with the same size bodies but different size boobs. Both ladies need a pattern with the same size shoulders, back and upper chest, but the E cup lady can't work out what size that is from her full bust as it will all come out too big, as the bigger bust size is just larger all over.
On the E cup diagram the lower red line is showing the measurement to the full bust of the B/C cup lady, so that you can see it is basically the same as the measurement of the high bust (the top red line) of the E cup lady. Using this measurement, the E cup lady can start with the size that fits her upper body apart from her boobs, then just do a FBA to add in extra boob space at the front.
Whilst this shows the general idea! (I hope), when measuring yourself, you don't have to have the tape on a crazy diagonal as in the picture, as your back gets a bit wider as you go up and it's wider where your arms attach, which compensates. Just measure where it is comfortable to do so, it shouldn't make that much difference, and should certainly be a better fit that using your full bust!
This should also work if you are smaller busted, you just do a Small Bust Adjustment afterwards instead.
A major problem that people have who are not a B/C cup is that patterns use full bust measurements to judge how big a bodice you should make. The bodice, at every size, is proportioned for a B/C cup lady, so if you pick the size that fits you and you have a larger or smaller bust then it will end up the wrong size as it is based on a different shape. The easiest way to get the right proportions thorough your shoulders, neck and back is to use your high bust measurement.
The diagram above shows two ladies with the same size bodies but different size boobs. Both ladies need a pattern with the same size shoulders, back and upper chest, but the E cup lady can't work out what size that is from her full bust as it will all come out too big, as the bigger bust size is just larger all over.
On the E cup diagram the lower red line is showing the measurement to the full bust of the B/C cup lady, so that you can see it is basically the same as the measurement of the high bust (the top red line) of the E cup lady. Using this measurement, the E cup lady can start with the size that fits her upper body apart from her boobs, then just do a FBA to add in extra boob space at the front.
Whilst this shows the general idea! (I hope), when measuring yourself, you don't have to have the tape on a crazy diagonal as in the picture, as your back gets a bit wider as you go up and it's wider where your arms attach, which compensates. Just measure where it is comfortable to do so, it shouldn't make that much difference, and should certainly be a better fit that using your full bust!
This should also work if you are smaller busted, you just do a Small Bust Adjustment afterwards instead.
Sunday, 30 October 2016
Those poor unfortunate souls! The Ursula costume
I love Halloween, and dressing up generally, I love the planning and thinking and working bits out. I was really annoyed with myself last year as I was a bit under the weather and tired and so had a hissy fit and just reused a costume. This year I was determined to do better!
I always find it had to decide on what I want to be. I am not a Halloween purist who thinks you have to dress up scary, but I do like my Halloween costumes to have some creepy element, or have some connection with death. Previous costumes have included Cruella deVille, a weeping angel and dead Amelia Earheart (I used to have blog posts about these but I removed a lot of material when I trained to be a teacher - Sorry!). This year I eventually decided on Ursula from the Little Mermaid, as she is excellently evil! I always think she gets a bad rep, she should totally have won, Ariel is a bit useless!
So.. to the costume! I decided right away that I wanted actual tentacles. Lots of the costumes online are a bit lacking in this respect, often with flat ones or teeny ones. There are also some amazing cosplays with enormous tentacles, but I wasn't going to be standing in a big empty convention centre so mine were going to have to be more practical! I was going to a semi-crowded pub so my costume needed to be squashable, not trail on the floor, not too hard to sit in and possible to use the toilet!
Now another key issue, as a fairly well endowed lady, I do not ever wear strapless bras. They just don't work, they are uncomfortable, need tugging up all the time and just look rubbish on me. But Ursula is very strapless. I decided to experiment - I read somewhere that bustiers are better for the larger busted, but I couldn't find any size appropriate ones easily to hand. I instead compromised, and got a cheap corset from Amazon and wore it with a strapless bra, so the corset bits held me up. I wasn't sure if this would work but it did brilliantly! I didn't lace it that tight so it was actually very comfortable, and I never had to worry about the strapless bra at all! Frankly it was a revelation - I won't be wearing it under a summer top of anything but it would be great for formal wear. Here is Agnetha wearing it - its fits me better as Agnetha doesn't squash like I do!
I went round a bit on the plan for the skirt and tentacles, but eventually ended up with a series of layers.
I have to confess with slight shame as a sewist that the top didn't really involve any sewing at all. I ruched the front a bit with some elastic, but then I basically made a rectangle of t-shirting and just wrapped it round and pinned it at the front with a safety pin. I then just tucked it in to the corset at the back. I was going to hand sew it but when I put it on it worked fine so I just left it.
The next layer was a long, full skirt. I made it out of very thin slippy poly cotton. It's extremely full, and when I first tried it on I kept dancing round the flat like a Disney princess as it was very swooshy. BUT NO - I am not a princess, I am a villainess! I was going to gather it onto elastic but it was too full, so I sewed it on every couple of inches instead; as it is an underlayer it didn't matter that it wasn't all joined on. Conveniently, the width from selvedge to selvedge was exactly right for my height so I didn't have to sew it. (You may be sensing a theme, there is surprisingly little sewing involved in this costume!)
So, the tentacles... This had me scratching my head for a bit, but after some excessive googling I decided on stuffed tentacles, attached to a waistband. They tentacles are made of half black pvc, and half purple sequin. (I got all the fabrics from Leeds market.) I had to add another layer of black t-shirting under the purple as it turned out a bit see-through and you could see the stuffing. I just cut out long triangles that were rounded at one end. I made the purple sections slightly narrower so the black would curve round more. Once I had sewed each side, I added some medium thickness green garden wire, just bent into a long v shape. I tacked this into the seam every 6 inches or so. I then stuffed them with old pillow innards, it took 3 pillows. I then sewed the open ends up, using a longer section of the underneath (so the end was sort of squared off 3-dimensionally).
I needed to be able to take the tentacles off, so I wanted them to be separate from the rest of the costume. I decided to sew them onto a wide elastic waistband. This worked well, but was a bit tricky to do, as the tentacles got in the way once I had sewed a few on! Not the straightest sewing I have ever done, but it worked. I then used clear fishing line to pull them up at the front. I left the back not pulled up as they are easier to squash and were more flexible that way.
To cover the waist join and made it all a bit dressier I then cut a short circle skirt of weird black sparkly material (it's like a flat tinsel, close up it looks like woven binbags) and popped it over the top.
My hair and makeup were fantastically done by the lovely Vee Hartley - she did an amazing job! She also made my shell necklace from Fimo. Here she is showing some more excellent makeup work as Cleopatra.
Overall I absolutely loved it! I got loads of compliments and the dress is enormously fun to wear. I thought, what with the corset and tentacles, that it might be difficult to wear for long. It was actually really comfy and the fun to swish!
(I hadn't finished my arm makeup here!)
As I finished it quite late, the light wasn't great for pictures so I put it all on again (minus makeup) for more detailed photos in daylight today. I really enjoy wearing it - would it be weird to wear it to work?
via GIPHY
Wednesday, 1 June 2016
Summer rain Lady Skater
So this dress has been a long time in the making. Probably about 3 or 4 years. After meeting the charming kitschy-coo at the Crafter's Ceilidh back in the day I purchased some lovely raindrop print jersey from her shop (stop by- she has a great selection now too!). I always intended to make it into a Lady Skater - but I was always too chicken because I liked the fabric too much!
So... years pass and I eventually decide to cut in! Of course then I realise that I only bought a meter and a half... Sigh. Cue the most fiddly and time consuming piece layout jigsaw I've ever attempted! It took about 2 hours and at the end I had all my pieces and a remarkably tiny amount of scraps- this dress ended up almost zero waste! I did have to piece the sleeves and back waistband but otherwise perfect! Here are the remains!
Once cut out it was very straightforward - the pattern goes together very easily. I was a little worried it would be too tight and too short, and I didn't have any extra fabric to extend, but I needn't have worried. I added an inch to each side bust area and it was all fine. The dress is super comfy and relaxed, though perhaps a little mad due to the raindrops! It still needs hemming but I'm at my parents and forgot to bring the hemming tape!
I also managed the best neck binding in my history - its not perfect, but it lies properly flat and hugs my upper chest - Result!
Thanks as before to my lovely photographer (ie my sister with time on her hands!) who coaxed some half decent facial expressions out of me (let's forget about the 30 or so photos that did not make the cut due to my inexplicable face pulling!). Also thanks to my mother, who's gardening skills have really paid off!
I also managed the best neck binding in my history - its not perfect, but it lies properly flat and hugs my upper chest - Result!
Thanks as before to my lovely photographer (ie my sister with time on her hands!) who coaxed some half decent facial expressions out of me (let's forget about the 30 or so photos that did not make the cut due to my inexplicable face pulling!). Also thanks to my mother, who's gardening skills have really paid off!
Tuesday, 31 May 2016
The weekend of binding begins...
So, stretch binding isn't really my thing. I've only managed two tops with bound necks that were remotely wearable, and one of them only works because the top is so slouchy!
This weekend however I made / altered a number of things, most of which involved stretch binding. I can't say I'm a pro now unfortunately - the last thing I made has ground to an unfinished halt after a few too many binding ****ups! But my technique has improved substantially.
Item 1 - recutting a neckline in a scuba dress.
I found this rtw dress and loved the pattern and fit. The neckline however I was underwhelmed by. I tend to avoid high neck things to avoid the dreaded 'shelf boob', and while this isn't too bad for that, it's a little sportier looking than I like on me. (I am not sporty - a few years ago I took a quiz on the BBC website where you put in your age and general athleticism and it suggested the perfect Olympic sport for you - I got lawn bowls.)
I cut in a lower scoop neck (luckily the scuba meant it wasn't going to misshape). I then thought I'd have a go with some fold-over elastic I'd ordered after everyone on the Internet talked about it all the time.
Now fold-over elastic is easy to use. Of course that does require you to use it properly. ... I did no research and plowed in. Do not try to insert it in one go. It doesn't work. At all. Look at this mess.
I did some googling (and cursing), and realised I should have sewed it on the back first, and used a zig zag. I cut off the previous effort (screw seam ripping!) And tried again. Much better! It is lucky I was using scuba though as a softer knit would probably not have been recoverable so easily!
Tuesday, 26 April 2016
Peacock (D)ruyere
Well I did it – I have completed the thing I always wanted to do but never have previously managed – I made something that fit, kept the pattern in a useable and understandable state and then made another thing using it without faffing about! Yeah! Unprecedented. Which is very silly given the dramas I have fitting things.
I took my Bruyere shirt pattern and made it into a dress! (Apologies for the creases -I had been wearing it!) The dress part was easy enough –I just lengthened the bottom section and added in extra width to the skirt so that it would fit over my hips properly. To make it a bit different on top I lowered the front and back neckline into deep scoops and took off the sleeves. I again dodged the buttonholes (my machine has been playing up and also, I just hate doing buttonholes!) and instead added on my new bright blue snaps.
It's very comfortable dress to wear, I again used some lovely eBay rayon, this time from here, in this fabulous peacock print. I made no attempt to match as the pattern is massive and a sort of border print with a repeat so giant I couldn't really spot it. I did try and avoid any massive peacock print mishaps with pattern placement but I didn't quite manage it –though the massive print across the bust is much less obvious in person.
In fact, that's basically the story of the whole dress – I foresaw several problems and took steps to avoid them, and yet they all still seem to have snuck in anyway (though presumably less than they would otherwise have! So close! Just like the print issue however they all look way worse in the photos than in real life! (Oh unforgiving cameras! Anyone else like a project less once they'd photographed it?
I know from previous experience that if you drastically scoop out a neckline you get massive neckline/armpit gaping (not entirely sure why.. but is a definitely a general principle). I therefore rotated the straps in a bit on the front and back to stop this – I clearly did not do this enough though so at some point I'll put in some darts which will hopefully help reduce the gap and strap slippage.
I feared that the skirt might hang a bit flat with the inverted box pleats. It does. I ironed the pleats quite a long way down and I don't think this helped. It will probably look better when they've relaxed a bit. It looks much better in real life though as it moves quite nicely.
I also feared that my press on snaps wouldn't go through the extra thick bits of the placket, and they didn't, but I bodged that by sewing large snaps on the inside (with extras at the key gap spots) and then glued snap parts onto the front at those places so it looks like each one is a normal snap. This worked well.
Overall I like it – it's very cool and comfy to wear and though the neckline is a bit gapey it's also very flattering. I see myself getting a lot of wear out of this in the summer. I am also very pleased that for the first time ever I sewed up a bodice from a pattern and it fit perfectly (neckline aside obs!). I shall adjust the strappy pattern and put it aside carefully!
(In other news - I obviously didn't have my lovely paparazzi sister to take these pictures and I couldn't find my camera or tripod so I did it myself using my phone and a complex web of tape and pins stuck to the shoulder of my dress form! Worked pretty well! I am especially pleased with the burst function on my new phone camera app that I can set to take 10 pictures in a row, one every 2 seconds – really takes the stress out of photos without a remote).
Tuesday, 19 April 2016
Fitting clues
One of the hardest things about sewing is working out how to fit yourself- but it's also the most rewarding -and often the reason we started in the first place! As a beginner though it is very hard to know where to start. There is a wealth of tutorials out there for every fitting dilemma, but without knowing what you are googling its harder to find them.
I have therefore made a diagram with many of the common fitting changes on it. Obviously I haven't included everything - but I hope I've got most of them (let me know if you think any obvious ones are missing!). I have also not included any links (except to the insanely thorough pants fitting guide by Colette patterns which is amazingly detailed and I know nothing about pant fitting myself!) as everyone finds different resources helpful and I certainly haven't seen the whole internet!
I've done it by body area, and generally stuck to things which wouldn't automatically require you to just make a different size -though I have pointed this out as an option in some places. For each problem I have just listed possible solutions -obviously you need to look at your body and google stuff and see which one is likely to help you.
I hope this is helpful!
(EDIT -for some reason the image isn't coming up on mobiles-probably too big, so click through to the full page if you want to see it or here.)
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About Me
Doing a PhD in Anthropology in Central Africa, among the Baka Pygmies. At the University of Barcelona (ICTA - UAB)
I was born in the north of France where I studied Geography. Travelled a lot in Asia, lived in Brussels and then in Paris during 3 years, studying Ecological Anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History.
I was leaving in the countryside, in the idea to keep a strong link with manual activities (gardening, art, ceramic), then I went to Cameroon for one year to live in a forest village among the Pygmies, in order to study human-animal relations, hunting techniques and conservation issues.
I am now on writing my Phd dissertation....
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
I have practiced Couch Surfing during a long trip across Asia in 2006-2007. Never had the oppurtunity to receive, but you will welcome as soon as I will have a couch (and a home...).
Craft (ceramic, wood), winter time, walk, animals, french poetry, birdwatching, playing music, yoga, seawatching, permaculture, good music, old maps, wacky activities, botany, landscapes and land-art.....
Rivers also.
- animals
- arts
- writing
- poetry
- yoga
- gardening
- music
- hunting
- surfing
- anthropology
- cartography
- geography
- history
- rivers
Music, Movies, and Books
Folk songs (Bob Dylan fanatic), traditional french music, blues and bluegrass, Klezmer music, traditionnal arabic and asian music, and all good music from seventies rock until new electro pop.
Readings : Kenneth White, Nicolas Bouvier, Blaise Cendrars, Maiakovski, Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, Jack London, Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire, Paul Eluard.
One Amazing Thing I've Done
Teach, Learn, Share
I can teach you to speak French ! (among others things...)
Countries I've Visited
Albania, Bhutan, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, China, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Laos, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom
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Belgium, France, Spain


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Sparrow Cowl by Americo Original Design Team
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Sparrow Cowl
Feather-light cowl in a bias stocking knit to wear with your favorite sweaters.
Pattern is free with purchase of Americo yarn for this project.
We ship internationally!
For more information, see: http://www.americo.ca/collections/scarves-wraps-cowl...


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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB), produced from
Polymeric drug delivery systems are designed to deliver drugs to the local site of action for extended periods of time, so that the therapeutic levels of drugs with short
The solvent evaporation method is the most frequently used technique to prepare polymeric microspheres for drug delivery. The characteristics of the microspheres produced are largely dependent on the type of polymer (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and drug used. Other processing parameters such as solvent type and concentration of the emulsifier, drug/polymer ratio and stirring rate are also known to affect the physicochemical properties of the microspheres [
The double emulsion method has been used by several researchers to entrap highly hydrophilic drugs such as gentamicin within biodegradable hydrophobic microspheres [
Although these biodegradable polymers such as PLA prove to be advantageous since they can circumvent some of the problems faced when long term implants are used, they have a risk of toxicity and immunogenicity due to their acidic by-products. Other properties such as high price, lack of tailorability, presence of chemical catalysts and fast degradation rate has challenged their commercialization [
In this paper, P(3HB) microspheres containing gentamicin for the treatment of bone infections such as osteomyelitis were developed. Localised drug delivery at the site of infection using these drug loaded microspheres is being proposed, for example incorporating the microspheres into 3D porous scaffolds [
Distilled water and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade water were used where appropriate. The two types of water were obtained from Elga Pure Lab Options distillation units. All chemicals, buffers and drugs used were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset UK). Care was taken to make sure that the chemicals used were of the best grade available (analytical or HPLC where appropriate) for the experiment.
P(3HB) was isolated from the Gram-positive bacteria
A solid-in-oil-in-water emulsion technique was used for P(3HB) microsphere preparation. Quantities of 1 or 3 g of P(3HB) were dissolved in 8 mL of chloroform and agitated for 3 min. This mixture was then transferred into the first solid-in-oil emulsion (w/o) of 40 mL of 1% or 0.5% w/v aqueous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, and stirred at 1000 rpm for 3 min. This solution was then added to a second solid-in-oil-in-water emulsion (w/o/w) of 500 mL of 0.5% or 0.05% w/v aqueous PVA solution, forming the second oil-in-water emulsion. This emulsion was stirred either at 300 rpm or 800 rpm for 4 h to eliminate the chloroform used as solvent and then to form P(3HB) microspheres. The resulting microspheres were isolated by centrifugation at 3680 g for 5 min and then washed with distilled water three times, air dried and stored in a desiccator until further use.
Gentamicin-loaded P(3HB) microspheres were produced using similar methods as described in section 2.2. In this case, 2 mg/g of P(3HB) mixed with gentamicin were dissolved in 8 mL of chloroform and agitated for 3 min. This solution was then added to the aqueous first solid-in-oil emulsion of 40 mL of 1% or 0.5% w/v aqueous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, and stirred at 1000 rpm for 3 min. This solution was then added to a second solid-in-oil-in-water emulsion of 500 mL of 0.5% or 0.05% w/v aqueous PVA solution, forming the second oil-in-water emulsion. This emulsion was stirred either at 300 rpm or 800 rpm for 4 h to eliminate the chloroform used as solvent and to form P(3HB) microspheres. The resulting microspheres were isolated by centrifugation at 3680 g for 5 min and then freeze-dried (Savant Modulyo D Freeze-drier, Thermo Electron Corp, K) and stored at 4 °C until further use.
The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the drug-loaded microspheres prepared under different conditions as mentioned in Section 2.2. was determined using
To determine the EE values, 5 mg of the drug loaded microspheres were dissolved in 1 mL of chloroform, to which 5 mL of water was added after the microspheres were well dissolved. Drugs used in this study, being hydrophilic in nature, separated into the water phase on vortexing. The water phase was then analysed for the drug content using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS).
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for analysing the drug content from the release buffer. 15 μL samples collected at different time points were injected onto the HPLC column (Dionex HPLC) coupled with an atmospheric pressure (AP)-electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer (Dionex). Separation was carried out at 50 °C on a reversed-phase C18 60 RP column of dimensions 250 mm × 4 mm [
The mobile phase used for gentamicin quantification was an isocratic flow of 60% pentafluoropropionic acid (20 mM in ultra-pure water from Fluka Chemicals, Bucks, Switzerland) and 40% methanol. The standard curve was plotted for gentamicin concentrations ranging between 1.0 and 2000 μg mL−1 [
Malvern Mastersizer particle size analyser (Worcestershire, UK) was used to measure the particle size of the microspheres. Microspheres were dispersed well in water and following a background measurement; the suspensions were added drop wise to the analyser until the ideal concentration was reached.
P(3HB) microspheres were observed using a JEOL 5610LV scanning electron microscope (SEM). The samples were placed on 8 mm diameter aluminum stubs using a sticky tag to hold the sample. A gold sputtering device (EMITECH-K550) was used to coat the samples, operating at a pressure of 7 × 10−2 bar and deposition current of 20 mA for 2 min; images were taken at various magnifications to analyse the samples.
The porosity (ɛ) of the microspheres was measured using the liquid displacement method. Briefly, 5 mL of ethanol was used as the displacement liquid in a measuring cylinder and weighed. The P(3HB) microspheres immersed in ethanol in the cylinder were sonicated in a water bath to assist penetration of ethanol within the pores.
The % residual PVA content present on the surface of the microspheres prepared using different conditions were determined by the formation of a coloured complex between two adjacent hydroxyl groups of PVA and an iodine molecule [
1 mg microsphere samples prepared using different conditions, as mentioned in Section 2.1, were incubated with different concentrations of Rose Bengal dye (4–20 μg/mL) for 3 h at room temperature. The samples were then centrifuged at 110,000 g for 30 min in a microcentrifuge (Sorvall legend RT, UK) to spin down the particles. The supernatant from each of the samples was analysed at 542.7 nm (Novaspec II Visible spectrophotometer, UK) to determine the unbound dye. The dye solution without any microspheres was used as a control and run each time under the same condition to account for the dye bound to the centrifuge tubes [
In order to determine the protein adsorption onto the surface of the microspheres 25 mg of the microspheres prepared using different conditions, as mentioned in Section 2.2, were added to 5 mL of distilled water containing 1 mg of BSA. The microspheres were then removed by centrifugation and the concentration of BSA in the supernatant after adsorption on the surface of the microspheres was determined using UV spectroscopy (Eppendorf Biophotometer, UK). The absorbance was measured at 280 nm wavelength. A calibration curve was prepared using known concentrations of BSA. The protein adsorbed (
The specific surface area (SSA) of the microspheres was measured according to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, with nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The physical adsorption of nitrogen gas molecules on a solid surface was measured using a Micromeritics Tristar instrument after degassing for 1 h at 150 °C. The particle diameter (dBET) for the P(3HB) microspheres was calculated from the SSA value, using
where ρ = density of P(3HB),
2 g of the P(3HB) microspheres mixed with water were stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 30 min. Following that, the microspheres were centrifuged and re-dispersed in 5 mL of water and stirred once again for 30 min. Water was used as the dispersant for the microspheres to measure their zeta-potential. The zeta-potential analysis of the microspheres was measured using an Agilent 7020 Zeta Probe (Foster City, USA). 1N NaOH and 1N HCl solutions were added as necessary to adjust the pH [
The surface chemistry of the gentamicin loaded microspheres was analysed using XPS (Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff). An Axis Ultra DLD system (Kratos Axis Ultra., Cardiff, UK) with the following acquisition parameters; monochromated 120 W X-ray Power (10 mA emission × 12 kV), 20 eV Pass energy, Analysis Area (700 × 300 μm2) was used to analyse the samples.
P(3HB) microspheres were prepared by the solid-oil-in-water (s/o/w) technique using different conditions presented in
The particle size distribution curve of the P(3HB) microspheres prepared using different conditions shown in
The amount of P(3HB) used per unit volume of the solvent in this study was varied from 1 g to 3 g, respectively. Microspheres prepared under conditions 1 and 2 had an average size of 1.7 μm and 2 μm, as shown in
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration, which was used as a surfactant, was varied from 0.5% w/v to 1% w/v, as shown in
In addition, the microspheres prepared using conditions 3 and 4 had a smoother finish to the surface and were not coalesced together. An optimal viscosity of the emulsion phase is often required as this prevents the solids from precipitating out of the solution leading to the formation of smoother finished microspheres [
Once the microspheres were prepared they were washed 3 times with water to remove any residual PVA present on the surface. Residual PVA on the surface of microspheres can have a significant effect on the physical properties, such as surface charge, surface hydrophobicity
In order to study the effect of stirring rate on microsphere size, the stirring rate was maintained at 300 rpm and 800 rpm in the final emulsification step under varying PVA and P(3HB) concentrations. The microsphere sizes were 1.7 μm and 1.54 μm when prepared under conditions 1 and 4 (
The specific surface area of the microspheres varied depending on the different conditions used as represented in
Microspheres with a higher specific surface area also exhibited an increase in the higher % residual PVA adsorbed on the surface. Researchers like Poletto
The surface morphology of microspheres using different conditions was observed by SEM (
The type of solvent is known to influence the surface morphology of microspheres. In this study chloroform was chosen as the solvent as opposed to dichloromethane due to lesser miscibility of chloroform in water, which is 1 in 200 parts when compared to dichloromethane, which is 1 in 50 parts [
The surface hydrophobicity of microspheres fabricated using higher and lower concentrations of PVA was determined by comparing the amount of hydrophobic Rose Bengal dye that was adsorbed per mg of the microspheres. As seen in
Microspheres fabricated with a higher PVA (1%) concentration appeared to be more hydrophilic in nature as compared to those that were formulated with 0.5% PVA, as seen from the lesser amounts of Rose Bengal Dye bound to their surfaces. In a relevant study Sahoo
Microspheres prepared with a higher PVA concentration in conditions 3 and 4 (
From the zeta-potential-pH profiles it was observed that all microspheres exhibited a negative surface charge at pH 7, as shown in
The zeta-potential values reflect the change in the surface charge due to the deposition of PVA on the surface of the microspheres [
The changes in the surface properties of the microspheres can have a significant impact on their use in biological applications [
In this study, a higher amount of protein was adsorbed on microspheres with a lesser negative charge when compared to those with a higher negative charge. BSA adsorption on the surface of an adsorbent at neutral pH occurs due to electrostatic interaction. Since BSA is negatively charged at neutral pH and the microspheres fabricated using different conditions also exhibited a negative surface charge at neutral pH, other interactive factors such as van der Waals forces, and steric interactions would have contributed to the protein adsorption [
In order to achieve higher drug loadings, the effects of polymer concentration, PVA concentration and stirring rate on encapsulation efficiency during microsphere preparation was investigated. In this study, gentamicin was investigated with an initial drug loading of 2 mg/g in P(3HB) microspheres fabricated using the different conditions described in section 2.1.
Microspheres prepared under condition 4, with the smallest particle size, exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency of 48% when compared to microspheres produced using other conditions. Sendil
Microspheres fabricated with higher concentrations of PVA are known to yield stable emulsions which prevent the transfer of the encapsulated hydrophilic drugs/proteins into the surroundings; as a result the drug/protein is more evenly distributed within the interior of the microspheres [
Also, variations in the polymer/drug ratio influence the encapsulation efficiency [
The surface chemistry of microspheres with the highest encapsulation efficiency of 48% was investigated using XPS. As shown in
The assessment of gentamicin adsorption on the microsphere surface prepared under condition 4 (
The cumulative
A solid-in-oil-water (s/o/w) technique was used to produce tailored poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) P(3HB) microspheres. The effect of several parameters such as polymer concentration, surfactant concentration and stirring rate were investigated regarding their influence on microsphere properties, shape and dimensions. The average size of the microspheres varied from 2 μm to 1.54 μm with specific surface areas from 9.60 m2/g to 6.05 m2/g. Microspheres produced using low stirring rates of 300 rpm exhibited slightly larger size than the microspheres produced when the stirring rate was increased to 800 rpm. The presence of residual PVA on the surface of the microspheres affected several properties of microspheres such as zeta-potential, surface hydrophobicity, protein adsorption and encapsulation efficiency. The surface and internal morphology, drug distribution and release kinetics of microspheres exhibiting the highest encapsulation efficiency (48%), were investigated. The hydrophilic nature of the drug also had an influence on the drug release behaviour. The
Lydia Francis would like to thank the Cavendish Scholarship Committee, University of Westminster, London, UK, for financial support. This work was supported in part by WCU Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No. R31-10069).
Size distribution analysis of P(3HB) microspheres prepared using different conditions (
The effect of surfactant concentration on the P(3HB) microsphere sizes.
The specific surface area of P(3HB) microspheres prepared using different conditions (
(SEM) of P(3HB) microspheres prepared under different conditions described in
Amount of Rose Bengal Dye bound onto the surface of P(3HB) microspheres (sample1, sample 2, sample 3, sample 4) as a function of an increase in Rose Bengal dye concentration.
Zeta-potential values of P(3HB) microspheres fabricated using different conditions (
Zeta-potential values of P(3HB) microspheres fabricated using different conditions (
Amount of BSA adsorbed on the surface of P(3HB) microspheres (sample 1, sample 2, sample 3, sample 4) as a function of zeta-potential.
The varying processing conditions (amount of surfactant, polymer concentration and stirring rate) used for the synthesis of P(3HB) microspheres.
|Polymer Concentration (g/L)
|PVA Concentration (%)
|Stirring Rate (rpm)


text: A member of blues royalty, the indefatigable "Blues Boy" King has been singing the music of his native Mississippi with unparalleled passion since the 1940s. B.B. King borrowed freely from West Coast jazz and blues to pattern his unique style. Starting in the late 1960s, he broadened his musical horizons and his spectrum of audiences. From the neck of the guitar named Lucille was born a spare and fluid signature sound that inspired generations of bluesmen and rockers, among them Eric Clapton, the Rolling Stones and U2. Continue reading


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Scars are visible because of color and/or surface texture changes compared to the surrounding skin. Scar treatment or revision is a very individualized procedure that depends upon the appearance, characteristics, and size of the scar. Scars resulting from brachioplasty can be very difficult to manage, and of all the scars resulting from plastic surgical procedures these are often more of a struggle, and tend to be more visible. Arm lift scars can also take 18 months, or more, to completely mature.
Below are some general comments about ways some scars can be managed. Treatments that are appropriate for you can only be recommended after an examination.
Scar excision/revision involves an actual surgical procedure to cut out the scar and then close the skin, followed by months of care to try to optimize the healing and maturation. Sometimes this is the best option, if the non-surgical treatments will not provide substantial benefit. Generally, we would evaluate a scar and determine if some reasonable improvement could be obtained with surgery. Surgical scar revision is better undertaken if there is good probability for at least moderate improvement. Some physicians may recommend that certain skin care products be used topically before and after surgery to improve the results. Surgical scar revision does involve certain risks: changes in pigmentation (hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation), possible red/pink coloration, fine visible capillaries within a scar, infection, and surface texture changes (hypertrophy or atrophy). Your surgeon would explain these in relationship to the scarring you have and your skin type. It is important to consider all these risks when evaluating a scar for possible surgical treatment.
Scars located in regions of significant motion, or that experience tension, often widen; atrophy (thinning) or hypertrophy (thickening) can occur along with this widening in some situations. Areas on the upper back, shoulders, upper/mid chest, elbows, and knees often produce scars that are raised or thinned, and widened. Medial arm scars can widen, and can show areas of thinning and thickening, sometimes within the same scar.
If the scar is pink in color, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL™) may help to lighten that coloration; but it does nothing for the surface texture. We frequently use IPL to treat dilated capillaries and rosacea on the face with good results; but similar appearances in scars do not always respond as consistently. IPL can only be used on lighter skin types. A vascular laser, such as the Nd:YAG could be used to achieve a similar result; and can be used on darker skin types.
Steroids can be injected in to the scar to improve itching, pain, and to try to soften and flatten raised scars. Steroids are more effective if used while the scar is healing, as opposed to after maturation is complete. Steroids may flatten raised scars but they do not make scars narrower.
Laser resurfacing (Fraxel laser, Pearl Fractional, fractionated or broad based CO2) may be helpful as an additional modality to improve scars. Lasers are used more commonly to address textural issues and provide smoothing and blending. Some lasers may not be used in all skin types - laser resurfacing may be more risky, or not possible, in individuals who have dark skin colors. The details of laser resurfacing are best discussed during a consultation, after the scar's appearance, consistency, and location have been evaluated.
Pigmentation of the scar, or skin around the scar, can occur in almost anyone; but is more common in those patients with darker skin colors. Many times the only way to effectively remove the pigment from a scar is to excise the entire scar. In individuals with darker skin types there will be a risk that the pigmentation may occur again in the new scar. Pre-surgical and post-surgical treatment with skin care products (bleachers, retinol, etc.) may help to reduce recurrent hyperpigmentation. In patients with darker skin types, the fibrotic tissue in the scar may appear paler/whiter than the surrounding skin color. This is difficult to address, because there is no guarantee that scar excision will result in a scar that matches the skin color.
Often times the best way to optimize the appearance is to spend the time and effort while the scar is healing the first time. This is best achieved with attentive surgeons and patients. Scar massage, taping, silicone gel sheeting, skin bleaching agents, topical silicone or steroid creams, injected steroids, sunscreen, and sun protection methods may all play an important role in the final appearance.
Your surgeon should be able to provide recommendations and treatment options.
Best wishes, Ken Dembny


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John Hernandez's Articles
Streamlining Customer Collaboration
One of the best aspects of my job is the opportunity to meet with customers, partners, and analysts–not just to talk about our industry-leading products, but even more importantly, toRead More
Cisco Shines in Gartner's Contact Center Magic Quadrant
Industry research firm Gartner recently issued their annual "Magic Quadrant" report for Contact Center Infrastructure, and once again Cisco improved its position in the "Leaders" quadrant compared to our competitors.Read More
Customer Collaboration takes the Big Stage at Cisco Live
Those of you who have been to Cisco Live know what an incredible, near-overwhelming experience it is. Cisco Live is such a big event that there's simply too much goingRead More
Cisco Customer Collaboration: Moving Full Steam Ahead
As we continue our march to #1 worldwide market share in contact center, guidance and input from the analyst community, partner ecosystem and valued customers is critical. The last fewRead More
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Those of you who follow my blogs know about the tremendous, sustained growth in Cisco's contact center business over the last several years. For example, in the last four yearsRead More
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The March 2012 issue of Customer Relationship Management Magazine presents the editors' annual Service Leader awards. Building on our success in previous contests, Cisco customer care products received awards inRead More


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Townsend, Tennessee - Fly Fishing in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, East Tennessee and Western North Carolina
Welcome to the Fishing Report from the Great Smoky Mountains. It is partly cloudy and 66 degrees in Townsend on this typical Summer morning. Wait a minute! This is December 21st. Some weather websites are reporting temperatures between 49 degrees and 52 degrees right now. They are wrong. I'm here. I can read a thermometer.
Little River is warming along with the air. The water temperature at 7:50 am is 49 degrees. Flow in the river is good at 276 cubic feet per second (cfs) or 2.22 feet on the gauge. Median flow for this date is 216 cfs.
I think fishing today is going to be good. It's been pretty good lately anyway. This spike in the water temperature will improve the conditions. Trout should be active.
There is a strong front moving our direction from the West. Sometimes that has an effect on trout and other fishes feeding habits. The effect could be good or bad. I have not figured that out after 57 years pretty serious fishing.
The three contributing factors to successful fishing according to my experience are: clouds are good, water temperatures are good and the flows are good. I'm lost when it comes to the barometer. Right now, the barometer is steady.
Nymphs will work. Dry flies may work. Try both. I would choose a Tellico Nymph, Prince Nymph, Pheasant Tail Nymph or a small black Elk Hair Caddis, #16.
We may get some rain today. We will certainly get rain tonight and tomorrow. It is going to be windy today. I hate that. We may have strong thunderstorms tomorrow. It could be very windy and we may see heavy rain tonight through tomorrow. If you have a choice, go today. If it gets too windy, pack it up and go home.
Fishing in the stocked water in Townsend has been very good. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency stocked a good number of large trout. I saw a picture of one that was reported to weigh 9 pounds. It looked like a 9 pounder to me. I've seen photos of other large rainbows caught here lately. The hatchery culls out older brood fish and release them in Townsend most years during December. What we have now is fairly normal though I've never seen a 9 pound rainbow caught in Townsend.
I saw a local fellow heading out of town early this morning pulling his jon boat. You would not see me on the lake today with 30 mph wind gusts possible. If he was planning to fish the Little Tennessee River, that could be worse. That river is flanked on both sides by mountains. Wind is funneled through those hills along the river. My experience has been, if the expected wind speed is 10 mph, it will probably be more like 20 mph. Wind direction on that river and the lakes is also impossible to predict. Once the wind blows on that river, it follows the river's path. You can also be cruising in your boat on flat water, turn in a bend, and get blasted in your face by whitecaps.
We should be busy today with mostly local shoppers and visitors alike. There are plenty of visitors in Townsend for the holidays. Our mail order business will come to a grinding halt at some point in the next day or so. We do sell gift cards online and we can e-mail a temporary gift card if necessary to meet a deadline, which we do right before Christmas for last minute shoppers.
Clayton Gist will be tying today for your enjoyment. This is the last of our Free Tying Demonstrations until after January 1st. Then, we will start again, every Saturday. Clayton is a lifelong fly fisherman with broad experience. I think of him as a trout tailwater fisherman. He fishes the tailwaters here and makes several trips to the San Jaun River in New Mexico each year. The flies you will see him tie and talk about today are his favorite patterns. Come by and watch Clayton. Listen to what he has to say. You will learn a lot about fishing rivers that see plenty of anglers and flies.
This event is free. Just show up. Clayton will be demonstrating between 10 am and 2 pm today.
Have a great day and thank you for being here with us.
Byron Begley
December 21, 2013
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text: After some thoughts, I agree that inheritance of pure @safe, and nothrow is good feature. But I disagree to const inference, because const attribute interacts with overloadings. Kenji Hara 2012/2/17 Walter Bright <newshound2 at digitalmars.com>: > Given: > > class A { void foo() { } } > class B : A { override pure void foo() { } } > > This works great, because B.foo is covariant with A.foo, meaning it can > "tighten", or place more restrictions, on foo. But: > > class A { pure void foo() { } } > class B : A { override void foo() { } } > > fails, because B.foo tries to loosen the requirements, and so is not > covariant. > > Where this gets annoying is when the qualifiers on the base class function > have to be repeated on all its overrides. I ran headlong into this when > experimenting with making the member functions of class Object pure. > > So it occurred to me that an overriding function could *inherit* the > qualifiers from the overridden function. The qualifiers of the overriding > function would be the "tightest" of its explicit qualifiers and its > overridden function qualifiers. It turns out that most functions are > naturally pure, so this greatly eases things and eliminates annoying typing. > > I want do to this for @safe, pure, nothrow, and even const. > > I think it is semantically sound, as well. The overriding function body will > be semantically checked against this tightest set of qualifiers. > > What do you think?


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Let's TalkZapaday, Verrijn Stuartlaan 7, Rijswijk, Netherlands.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
A group of pro-Kurdish politicians visits the jailed leader of the Kurdistan Working Party (PKK) in a crucial step to advance peace talks on ending a 28-year-old insurgency, which has killed more than 40,000 people to date.
The delegation to visit Abdullah Öcalan will consist of non-Kurdish leftist film-maker Sirri Sureyya Onder, Altan Tan, who has an Islamist background and Pervin Buldan, a long-time Kurdish female activist.
The PKK, which is considered a terrorist organization by Ankara, the United States and the European Union, is a guerrilla movement that has been fighting for the autonomy of Kurdistan and greater rights for Kurds in Turkey.
It is expected that Ocalan will call for a ceasefire via the delegation in exchange for reforms boosting the rights of Turkey's Kurdish minority.


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Booth and Brennan seek help from his old friend to find a map which could lead them to the suspect behind the crimes.
"Bones" will introduce Geoff Stults' Walter Sherman when Booth gets in touch with his old friend to help him solve a murder case. Sherman is a former Iraqi soldier with an uncanny gift to unearth anyone and anything.
The remains of a maritime museum security guard are found in the Florida Everglades after an attempt to steal an obsolete 17th century nautical chart fragment used to find treasures. With Sherman's help, as well as that of his colleague, Ike Latulippe (guest star Saffron Burrows), and his legal advisor, Leo Knox (guest star Michael Clarke Duncan), the team is led to tattoo artist who points them in the direction of a tough young woman.
But when the woman is found murdered with remnants of the map lodged in her remains, the team discovers centuries of history linked to the map and the suspect behind the crimes. Meanwhile, Brennan puts Sherman's remarkable skill to the test, and Booth harbors cold feelings toward his former military comrade.
Speaking about Booth and Stult's not-too-good relationship, Sherman said, "Booth has always been resentful of that because I arrested him, and he's always wanted to get me back, but he's also known that I'm really good at finding things." His character also flirts with Brennan as he shared, "I kind of fall in love with her. And then she has a minute of like, 'Wait, do I like him?' "
"Finder" has been set as a backdoor pilot of the crime drama series. The spin-off episode will air Thursday, April 21 on Fox.


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by Staff Writers
Aarhus UK (SPX) Mar 19, 2013
The core drill slides through a drill pipe, extending from the drill ship at the sea surface, through a water depth of 2.5 km and hundreds of metres of sediment, into the oceanic crust off the west coast of North America. Microbiologist Mark Lever is on board the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program's research vessel JOIDES Resolution to examine rock samples from the depths. The results of the studies he and his colleagues carried out are published in the journal Science.
"We're providing the first direct evidence of life in the deeply buried oceanic crust. Our findings suggest that this spatially vast ecosystem is largely supported by chemosynthesis," says Dr Lever, at the time a PhD student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, and now a scientist at the Center for Geomicrobiology at Aarhus University, Denmark.
We have learned that sunlight is a prerequisite for life on Earth. Photosynthetic organisms use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into organic material that makes up the foundation of Earth's food chains. Life in the porous rock material in the oceanic crust is fundamentally different. Energy - and therefore life's driving force - derives from geochemical processes.
"There are small veins in the basaltic oceanic crust and water runs through them. The water probably reacts with reduced iron compounds, such as olivine, in the basalt and releases hydrogen. Microorganisms use the hydrogen as a source of energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic material," explains Dr Lever. "So far, evidence for life deep within oceanic crust was based on chemical and textural signatures in rocks, but direct proof was lacking", adds Dr Olivier Rouxel of the French IFREMER institute.
Our biosphere is extended
"The hot springs are mainly found along the edges of the continental plates, where the newly formed oceanic crust meets seawater. However, the bulk of oceanic crust is deeply buried under layers of mud and hundreds to thousands of kilometres away from the geologically active areas on the edges of continental plates. Until now, we've had no proof that there is life down there," says Dr Lever.
Even though this enormous ecosystem is probably mainly based on hydrogen, several different forms of life are found here. The hydrogen-oxidising microorganisms create organic material that forms the basis for other microorganisms in the basalt. Some organisms get their energy by producing methane or by reducing sulphate, while others get energy by breaking down organic carbon by means of fermentation.
Basalt is their home
"We collected rock samples 55 kilometres from the nearest outcrop where seawater is entering the basalt. Here the water in the basaltic veins has a chemical composition that differs fundamentally from seawater, for instance, it is devoid of oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The microorganisms we found are native to basalt," explains Dr Lever.
Active life or dead relics?
"We subsequently analysed the chemical signatures in the rock material, and our work with carbon isotopes provided clear evidence that the organic material did not derive from dead plankton introduced by seawater, but was formed within the oceanic crust.
"In addition, sulphur isotopes showed us that microbial cycling of sulphur had taken place in the same rocks. These could all have been fossil signatures of life, but we cultured microorganisms from basalt rocks in the laboratory and were able to measure microbial methane production," explains Dr Lever.
Dr Jeff Alt of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor adds that "Our work proves that microbes play an important role in basalt chemistry, and thereby influence ocean chemistry".
Chemosynthetic life plays a role
As Dr Andreas Teske of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill expresses "this study would not have been possible without the close collaboration of microbiologists, geochemists and geologists from the US, Denmark, France, Germany, the UK and Japan - each team member going to the limits of what was technically possible. Such strong proof for life in the deep ocean crust has eluded scientists for a long time".
Exploring the oceanic crust is still a young science. However, the prospects are great.
"Life in the deeply buried oceanic crust is supported by energy-sources that are fundamentally different from the ones that support life in both the mud layers in the sea bed and the oceanic water column.
"It is possible that life based on chemosynthesis is found on other planets, where the chemical environment permits. Our continued studies will hopefully reveal whether this is the case, and also what role life in the oceanic crust plays in the overall carbon cycle on our own planet," says Dr Lever.
'Evidence for Microbial Carbon and Sulfur Cycling in Deeply Buried Ridge Flank Basalt' by Mark A. Lever, Olivier Rouxel, Jeffrey C. Alt, Nobumichi Shimizu, Shuhei Ono, Rosalind M. Coggon, Wayne C. Shanks, III, Laura Lapham, Marcus Elvert, Xavier Prieto-Mollar, Kai-Uwe Hinrichs, Fumio Inagaki, and Andreas Teske in Science, 15 March 2013.
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Learn how to make a table skirt in this 10 minute instructional video from a 22-year master seamstress!
How Much Fabric Do I Need? | Where to Find Fabric
Written Instructions
A great look that fits any room is a round table with a custom skirt. Skirts are easy to make and so much better than using sheets.
Decorator fabric usually comes in 54" widths (2" of these inches are salvage edges). To make a custom table round use the Tablecloth Calculator and enter your table dimensions to see what size round cloth you need.
Start with 5 yards of solid fabric